Wikipedia testwiki https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.39.0-wmf.26 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Thread Thread talk Summary Summary talk Test namespace 1 Test namespace 1 talk Test namespace 2 Test namespace 2 talk Draft Draft talk Campaign Campaign talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk SecurePoll SecurePoll talk CNBanner CNBanner talk Translations Translations talk Gadget Gadget talk Gadget definition Gadget definition talk Topic Newsletter Newsletter talk 4 32559 540528 539826 2022-08-28T13:30:44Z TTP1233 54883 /* Requests for user rights */ +1 request from TTP1233 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Shortcut|WP:R/P|WP:RfP|WP:RfA|WP:PERM|WP:RFR|WP:RFPERM}}</noinclude> {{Wikipedia:Requests/Top}} == Requests for user rights == * Subpages: [[Wikipedia:Requests/Permissions/All|All (current and archived)]] * Request: <inputbox> type=create prefix=Wikipedia:Requests/Permissions/ preload=Template:PA2 buttonlabel=Requests for user rights placeholder=Enter your username </inputbox> <!-- Please transclude your requests below this line, latest at the top, in the form {{Wikipedia:Requests/Permissions/Example}} --> {{Wikipedia:Requests/Permissions/TTP1233}} {{Wikipedia:Requests/Permissions/JohanahoJ}} {{Wikipedia:Requests/Permissions/Tacsipacsi}} [[Category:!Requests]] [[Category:Really big category]] 8o023ywj72kr2b94kjjo4pz9v6uj7yk 0 71485 540923 540244 2022-08-28T21:32:35Z PhantomTech 27808 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Acetotyce|Acetotyce]] wikitext text/x-wiki Only removing a red link, feel free to expand on this. 476pqrpwrf4vmssac7hfq6wbhazk2dp 828 77700 540938 210487 2022-08-28T22:01:09Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{High-risk|3,600,000}} {{module rating|p}} This is a meta-module that implements the message box templates {{tl|mbox}}, {{tl|ambox}}, {{t1|asbox}}, {{tl|cmbox}}, {{tl|dmbox}}, {{tl|fmbox}}, {{tl|imbox}}, {{tl|ombox}}, and {{tl|tmbox}}. It is intended to be used from Lua modules, and should not be used directly from wiki pages. If you want to use this module's functionality from a wiki page, please use the individual message box templates instead. == Usage == To use this module from another Lua module, first you need to load it. <source lang="lua"> local messageBox = require('Module:Message box') </source> To create a message box, use the <code>main</code> function. It takes two parameters: the first is the box type (as a string), and the second is a table containing the message box parameters. <source lang="lua"> local box = messageBox.main( boxType, { param1 = param1, param2 = param2, -- More parameters... }) </source> There are nine available box types: {| class="wikitable" ! Box type !! Template !! Purpose |- | <code>mbox</code> || {{tl|mbox}} || For message boxes to be used in multiple namespaces |- | <code>ambox</code> || {{tl|ambox}} || For article message boxes |- | <code>cmbox</code> || {{tl|cmbox}} || For category message boxes |- | <code>fmbox</code> || {{tl|fmbox}} || For interface message boxes |- | <code>imbox</code> || {{tl|imbox}} || For file namespace message boxes |- | <code>tmbox</code> || {{tl|tmbox}} || For talk page message boxes |- | <code>ombox</code> || {{tl|ombox}} || For message boxes in other namespaces |- | <code>asbox</code> || {{tl|asbox}} || For article stub boxes |- | <code>dmbox</code> || {{tl|dmbox}} || For disambiguation page message boxes |} See the template page of each box type for the available parameters. == Usage from #invoke == As well as the <code>main</code> function, this module has separate functions for each box type. They are accessed using the code <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:Message box|mbox|...}}</nowiki></code>, <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:Message box|ambox|...}}</nowiki></code>, etc. These will work when called from other modules, but they access code used to process arguments passed from #invoke, and so calling them will be less efficient than calling <code>main</code>. == Technical details == The module uses the same basic code for each of the templates listed above; the differences between each of them are configured using the data at [[Module:Message box/configuration]]. Here are the various configuration options and what they mean: * <code>types</code> - a table containing data used by the type parameter of the message box. The table keys are the values that can be passed to the type parameter, and the table values are tables containing the class and the image used by that type. * <code>default</code> - the type to use if no value was passed to the type parameter, or if an invalid value was specified. * <code>showInvalidTypeError</code> - whether to show an error if the value passed to the type parameter was invalid. * <code>allowBlankParams</code> - usually blank values are stripped from parameters passed to the module. However, whitespace is preserved for the parameters included in the allowBlankParams table. * <code>allowId</code> - whether it is possible to set an "id" attribute to the html table tag. * <code>allowSmall</code> - whether a small version of the message box can be produced with "small=yes". * <code>smallParam</code> - a custom name for the small parameter. For example, if set to "left" you can produce a small message box using "small=left". * <code>smallClass</code> - the class to use for small message boxes. * <code>substCheck</code> - whether to perform a subst check or not. * <code>classes</code> - an array of classes to use with the message box. * <code>usePlainlinksParam</code> - whether to allow "plainlinks=no" to turn off the plainlinks class. * <code>imageEmptyCell</code> - whether to use an empty {{tag|td}} cell if there is no image set. This is used to preserve spacing for message boxes with a width of less than 100% of the screen. * <code>imageEmptyCellStyle</code> - whether empty image cells should be styled. * <code>imageCheckBlank</code> - whether "image=blank" results in no image being displayed. * <code>imageSmallSize</code> - usually, images used in small message boxes are set to 30x30px. This sets a custom size. * <code>imageCellDiv</code> - whether to enclose the image in a div enforcing a maximum image size. * <code>useCollapsibleTextFields</code> - whether to use text fields that can be collapsed, i.e. "issue", "fix", "talk", etc. Currently only used in ambox. * <code>imageRightNone</code> - whether imageright=none results in no image being displayed on the right-hand side of the message box. * <code>sectionDefault</code> - the default name for the "section" parameter. Depends on <code>useCollapsibleTextFields</code>. * <code>allowMainspaceCategories</code> - allow categorisation in the main namespace. * <code>templateCategory</code> - the name of a category to be placed on the template page. * <code>templateCategoryRequireName</code> - whether the <code>name</code> parameter is required to display the template category. * <code>templateErrorCategory</code> - the name of the error category to be used on the template page. * <code>templateErrorParamsToCheck</code> - an array of parameter names to check. If any are absent, the <code>templateErrorCategory</code> is applied to the template page. dpu1oprp7krcbd6f9s2sg817ugokvo0 540941 540938 2022-08-28T22:01:44Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{High-risk|3,600,000}} {{module rating|p}} This is a meta-module that implements the message box templates {{tl|mbox}}, {{tl|ambox}}, {{tl|cmbox}}, {{tl|dmbox}}, {{tl|fmbox}}, {{tl|imbox}}, {{tl|ombox}}, and {{tl|tmbox}}. It is intended to be used from Lua modules, and should not be used directly from wiki pages. If you want to use this module's functionality from a wiki page, please use the individual message box templates instead. == Usage == To use this module from another Lua module, first you need to load it. <source lang="lua"> local messageBox = require('Module:Message box') </source> To create a message box, use the <code>main</code> function. It takes two parameters: the first is the box type (as a string), and the second is a table containing the message box parameters. <source lang="lua"> local box = messageBox.main( boxType, { param1 = param1, param2 = param2, -- More parameters... }) </source> There are nine available box types: {| class="wikitable" ! Box type !! Template !! Purpose |- | <code>mbox</code> || {{tl|mbox}} || For message boxes to be used in multiple namespaces |- | <code>ambox</code> || {{tl|ambox}} || For article message boxes |- | <code>cmbox</code> || {{tl|cmbox}} || For category message boxes |- | <code>fmbox</code> || {{tl|fmbox}} || For interface message boxes |- | <code>imbox</code> || {{tl|imbox}} || For file namespace message boxes |- | <code>tmbox</code> || {{tl|tmbox}} || For talk page message boxes |- | <code>ombox</code> || {{tl|ombox}} || For message boxes in other namespaces |- | <code>asbox</code> || {{tl|asbox}} || For article stub boxes |- | <code>dmbox</code> || {{tl|dmbox}} || For disambiguation page message boxes |} See the template page of each box type for the available parameters. == Usage from #invoke == As well as the <code>main</code> function, this module has separate functions for each box type. They are accessed using the code <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:Message box|mbox|...}}</nowiki></code>, <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:Message box|ambox|...}}</nowiki></code>, etc. These will work when called from other modules, but they access code used to process arguments passed from #invoke, and so calling them will be less efficient than calling <code>main</code>. == Technical details == The module uses the same basic code for each of the templates listed above; the differences between each of them are configured using the data at [[Module:Message box/configuration]]. Here are the various configuration options and what they mean: * <code>types</code> - a table containing data used by the type parameter of the message box. The table keys are the values that can be passed to the type parameter, and the table values are tables containing the class and the image used by that type. * <code>default</code> - the type to use if no value was passed to the type parameter, or if an invalid value was specified. * <code>showInvalidTypeError</code> - whether to show an error if the value passed to the type parameter was invalid. * <code>allowBlankParams</code> - usually blank values are stripped from parameters passed to the module. However, whitespace is preserved for the parameters included in the allowBlankParams table. * <code>allowId</code> - whether it is possible to set an "id" attribute to the html table tag. * <code>allowSmall</code> - whether a small version of the message box can be produced with "small=yes". * <code>smallParam</code> - a custom name for the small parameter. For example, if set to "left" you can produce a small message box using "small=left". * <code>smallClass</code> - the class to use for small message boxes. * <code>substCheck</code> - whether to perform a subst check or not. * <code>classes</code> - an array of classes to use with the message box. * <code>usePlainlinksParam</code> - whether to allow "plainlinks=no" to turn off the plainlinks class. * <code>imageEmptyCell</code> - whether to use an empty {{tag|td}} cell if there is no image set. This is used to preserve spacing for message boxes with a width of less than 100% of the screen. * <code>imageEmptyCellStyle</code> - whether empty image cells should be styled. * <code>imageCheckBlank</code> - whether "image=blank" results in no image being displayed. * <code>imageSmallSize</code> - usually, images used in small message boxes are set to 30x30px. This sets a custom size. * <code>imageCellDiv</code> - whether to enclose the image in a div enforcing a maximum image size. * <code>useCollapsibleTextFields</code> - whether to use text fields that can be collapsed, i.e. "issue", "fix", "talk", etc. Currently only used in ambox. * <code>imageRightNone</code> - whether imageright=none results in no image being displayed on the right-hand side of the message box. * <code>sectionDefault</code> - the default name for the "section" parameter. Depends on <code>useCollapsibleTextFields</code>. * <code>allowMainspaceCategories</code> - allow categorisation in the main namespace. * <code>templateCategory</code> - the name of a category to be placed on the template page. * <code>templateCategoryRequireName</code> - whether the <code>name</code> parameter is required to display the template category. * <code>templateErrorCategory</code> - the name of the error category to be used on the template page. * <code>templateErrorParamsToCheck</code> - an array of parameter names to check. If any are absent, the <code>templateErrorCategory</code> is applied to the template page. 3kbfmyjjs4f5rnqjf6t9k32x9mnst25 540944 540941 2022-08-28T22:02:56Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{High-risk|3,600,000}} {{module rating|p}} This is a meta-module that implements the message box templates {{tl|mbox}}, {{tl|ambox}}, {{tl|asbox}}, {{tl|cmbox}}, {{tl|dmbox}}, {{tl|fmbox}}, {{tl|imbox}}, {{tl|ombox}}, and {{tl|tmbox}}. It is intended to be used from Lua modules, and should not be used directly from wiki pages. If you want to use this module's functionality from a wiki page, please use the individual message box templates instead. == Usage == To use this module from another Lua module, first you need to load it. <source lang="lua"> local messageBox = require('Module:Message box') </source> To create a message box, use the <code>main</code> function. It takes two parameters: the first is the box type (as a string), and the second is a table containing the message box parameters. <source lang="lua"> local box = messageBox.main( boxType, { param1 = param1, param2 = param2, -- More parameters... }) </source> There are nine available box types: {| class="wikitable" ! Box type !! Template !! Purpose |- | <code>mbox</code> || {{tl|mbox}} || For message boxes to be used in multiple namespaces |- | <code>ambox</code> || {{tl|ambox}} || For article message boxes |- | <code>cmbox</code> || {{tl|cmbox}} || For category message boxes |- | <code>fmbox</code> || {{tl|fmbox}} || For interface message boxes |- | <code>imbox</code> || {{tl|imbox}} || For file namespace message boxes |- | <code>tmbox</code> || {{tl|tmbox}} || For talk page message boxes |- | <code>ombox</code> || {{tl|ombox}} || For message boxes in other namespaces |- | <code>asbox</code> || {{tl|asbox}} || For article stub boxes |- | <code>dmbox</code> || {{tl|dmbox}} || For disambiguation page message boxes |} See the template page of each box type for the available parameters. == Usage from #invoke == As well as the <code>main</code> function, this module has separate functions for each box type. They are accessed using the code <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:Message box|mbox|...}}</nowiki></code>, <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:Message box|ambox|...}}</nowiki></code>, etc. These will work when called from other modules, but they access code used to process arguments passed from #invoke, and so calling them will be less efficient than calling <code>main</code>. == Technical details == The module uses the same basic code for each of the templates listed above; the differences between each of them are configured using the data at [[Module:Message box/configuration]]. Here are the various configuration options and what they mean: * <code>types</code> - a table containing data used by the type parameter of the message box. The table keys are the values that can be passed to the type parameter, and the table values are tables containing the class and the image used by that type. * <code>default</code> - the type to use if no value was passed to the type parameter, or if an invalid value was specified. * <code>showInvalidTypeError</code> - whether to show an error if the value passed to the type parameter was invalid. * <code>allowBlankParams</code> - usually blank values are stripped from parameters passed to the module. However, whitespace is preserved for the parameters included in the allowBlankParams table. * <code>allowId</code> - whether it is possible to set an "id" attribute to the html table tag. * <code>allowSmall</code> - whether a small version of the message box can be produced with "small=yes". * <code>smallParam</code> - a custom name for the small parameter. For example, if set to "left" you can produce a small message box using "small=left". * <code>smallClass</code> - the class to use for small message boxes. * <code>substCheck</code> - whether to perform a subst check or not. * <code>classes</code> - an array of classes to use with the message box. * <code>usePlainlinksParam</code> - whether to allow "plainlinks=no" to turn off the plainlinks class. * <code>imageEmptyCell</code> - whether to use an empty {{tag|td}} cell if there is no image set. This is used to preserve spacing for message boxes with a width of less than 100% of the screen. * <code>imageEmptyCellStyle</code> - whether empty image cells should be styled. * <code>imageCheckBlank</code> - whether "image=blank" results in no image being displayed. * <code>imageSmallSize</code> - usually, images used in small message boxes are set to 30x30px. This sets a custom size. * <code>imageCellDiv</code> - whether to enclose the image in a div enforcing a maximum image size. * <code>useCollapsibleTextFields</code> - whether to use text fields that can be collapsed, i.e. "issue", "fix", "talk", etc. Currently only used in ambox. * <code>imageRightNone</code> - whether imageright=none results in no image being displayed on the right-hand side of the message box. * <code>sectionDefault</code> - the default name for the "section" parameter. Depends on <code>useCollapsibleTextFields</code>. * <code>allowMainspaceCategories</code> - allow categorisation in the main namespace. * <code>templateCategory</code> - the name of a category to be placed on the template page. * <code>templateCategoryRequireName</code> - whether the <code>name</code> parameter is required to display the template category. * <code>templateErrorCategory</code> - the name of the error category to be used on the template page. * <code>templateErrorParamsToCheck</code> - an array of parameter names to check. If any are absent, the <code>templateErrorCategory</code> is applied to the template page. 4xwka1x2lv3miyjvyoscve6qw2aitki 10 77736 540588 443107 2022-08-28T15:00:11Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mbox | type = content | image = [[File:Sandbox Not.svg|50px|alt=|link=]] | text = '''This page is ''not'' a sandbox and should not be used for test editing.''' To experiment, please use [[Wikipedia:Sandbox]] or [[Wikipedia:List of sandboxes|the other sandboxes]]. }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 2oukqku4rb8c0smxn9knwndw9ex96mx 6 78320 540593 540503 2022-08-28T15:05:37Z Pywikibot-test 23124 Pywikibot-test uploaded a new version of [[File:MP sounds-pwb.png]] wikitext text/x-wiki pywikibot test mvex885are6ahaz42kwh4kn9swdrp8i 540596 540593 2022-08-28T15:07:47Z Pywikibot-test 23124 Pywikibot-test uploaded a new version of [[File:MP sounds-pwb.png]] wikitext text/x-wiki pywikibot test mvex885are6ahaz42kwh4kn9swdrp8i 540598 540596 2022-08-28T15:08:05Z Pywikibot-test 23124 Pywikibot-test uploaded a new version of [[File:MP sounds-pwb.png]] wikitext text/x-wiki pywikibot test mvex885are6ahaz42kwh4kn9swdrp8i 540603 540598 2022-08-28T15:10:15Z Pywikibot-test 23124 Pywikibot-test uploaded a new version of [[File:MP sounds-pwb.png]] wikitext text/x-wiki pywikibot test mvex885are6ahaz42kwh4kn9swdrp8i 540695 540603 2022-08-28T16:10:16Z Pywikibot-test 23124 Pywikibot-test uploaded a new version of [[File:MP sounds-pwb.png]] wikitext text/x-wiki pywikibot test mvex885are6ahaz42kwh4kn9swdrp8i 540701 540695 2022-08-28T16:12:26Z Pywikibot-test 23124 Pywikibot-test uploaded a new version of [[File:MP sounds-pwb.png]] wikitext text/x-wiki pywikibot test mvex885are6ahaz42kwh4kn9swdrp8i 540708 540701 2022-08-28T16:15:05Z Pywikibot-test 23124 Pywikibot-test uploaded a new version of [[File:MP sounds-pwb.png]] wikitext text/x-wiki pywikibot test mvex885are6ahaz42kwh4kn9swdrp8i 540711 540708 2022-08-28T16:17:15Z Pywikibot-test 23124 Pywikibot-test uploaded a new version of [[File:MP sounds-pwb.png]] wikitext text/x-wiki pywikibot test mvex885are6ahaz42kwh4kn9swdrp8i 540840 540711 2022-08-28T17:59:27Z Pywikibot-test 23124 Pywikibot-test uploaded a new version of [[File:MP sounds-pwb.png]] wikitext text/x-wiki pywikibot test mvex885are6ahaz42kwh4kn9swdrp8i 540842 540840 2022-08-28T18:01:37Z Pywikibot-test 23124 Pywikibot-test uploaded a new version of [[File:MP sounds-pwb.png]] wikitext text/x-wiki pywikibot test mvex885are6ahaz42kwh4kn9swdrp8i 540946 540842 2022-08-28T22:38:32Z Pywikibot-test 23124 Pywikibot-test uploaded a new version of [[File:MP sounds-pwb.png]] wikitext text/x-wiki pywikibot test mvex885are6ahaz42kwh4kn9swdrp8i 540947 540946 2022-08-28T22:40:41Z Pywikibot-test 23124 Pywikibot-test uploaded a new version of [[File:MP sounds-pwb.png]] wikitext text/x-wiki pywikibot test mvex885are6ahaz42kwh4kn9swdrp8i 540995 540947 2022-08-29T05:28:53Z Pywikibot-test 23124 Pywikibot-test uploaded a new version of [[File:MP sounds-pwb.png]] wikitext text/x-wiki pywikibot test mvex885are6ahaz42kwh4kn9swdrp8i 540996 540995 2022-08-29T05:31:02Z Pywikibot-test 23124 Pywikibot-test uploaded a new version of [[File:MP sounds-pwb.png]] wikitext text/x-wiki pywikibot test mvex885are6ahaz42kwh4kn9swdrp8i 0 80080 540974 497128 2022-08-29T02:03:28Z InternetArchiveBot 34092 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--österreichbezogen--><!--123--> [[Datei:Franz Mali 2012 cropped.jpg|mini|hochkant=0.9|Franz Mali (2012)]] '''Franz Mali''' (* [[28. Dezember]] [[1960]] in [[Oberzeiring]], [[Steiermark]]) ist ein [[Österreich|österreichischer]] [[Römisch-katholische Kirche|römisch-katholischer]] [[Priester]] und [[Theologe]]. Er ist [[Universitätsprofessor]] für [[Altgriechische Sprache|griechische]] [[Patristik]], [[Geschichte]] der [[Alte Kirche|Alten Kirche]] und [[Sprache|Sprachen]] des [[Christlicher Orient|christlichen Orients]] an der [[Theologische Fakultät|Katholisch-Theologischen Fakultät]] der [[Bilingualismus|zweisprachigen]] [[Universität Freiburg (Schweiz)|Universität Freiburg]] ({{FrS|''Université de Fribourg''}}, {{LaS|''Universitas Friburgensis''}}) in der [[Schweiz]]. == Leben == === Herkunft und Ausbildung === Franz Mali wuchs als eines von sechs Kindern einer katholischen Familie in Oberzeiring, [[Obersteiermark]], auf. Sein 1989 gestorbener Vater war [[Arbeiter|Fabrikarbeiter]] und vorher [[Holzknecht]]. [[Seine]] 2014 gestorbene Mutter war [[Hausfrau]] und [[Landwirt|Landwirtin]].<ref name = "sonntagsblatt">[http://www.sonntagsblatt.at/kirche-hier-und-anderswo/vorgestellt?d=franz-mali-theologe-und-dekan-in-fribourgweil-es-mir-gefallen#.VNNEVyzCpME ''Franz Mali, Theologe und Dekan in Fribourg „Weil es mir gefallen hat und sympathisch war“''], sonntagsblatt.at, abgerufen am 5. Februar 2015.</ref> Ein Bruder starb 2003. Mali besuchte die [[Volksschule]] in seinem Heimatort. Danach absolvierte er das [[Bischöfliches Gymnasium Graz|Bischöfliche Gymnasium in Graz]] und studierte anschließend an der Theologischen Fakultät der [[Universität Graz]] [[Christliche Theologie#Katholische Theologie|römisch-katholische Theologie]]. Er schloss dieses [[Studium]] 1984 mit der [[Sponsion]] zum [[Magister Theologiae|Magister der Theologie]] ab. Während seines Studiums entdeckte er nach eigener Angabe seine Liebe zu den „unkomplizierten, Probleme nicht unter den Teppich kehrenden“ [[Kirchenvater|Kirchenvätern]].<ref name = "sonntagsblatt"/> In weiterer Folge studierte er vier Semester in [[Rom]] Patristik und erwarb das [[Lizenziat#Katholische Theologie|Lizenziat]] der Patristik. Wieder zurück in [[Graz]], unterrichtete er [[Religionsunterricht in Österreich|Religion]] im Privatgymnasium [[Sacré Coeur Graz]] und war [[Pastoralassistent|Pastoralpraktikant]] in der Grazer [[Pfarrkirche Graz-Graben|Grabenpfarre]].<ref name = "sonntagsblatt"/> Gleichzeitig arbeitete er an seiner [[Dissertation]] bei Universitätsprofessor [[Johannes B. Bauer]] am Institut für [[Ökumenische Bewegung|Ökumenische Theologie]], [[Ostkirchenkunde|Ostkirchliche Orthodoxie]] und [[Patrologie]] der Universität Graz. Mit Abschluss seines [[Doktor|Doktoratsstudiums]] wurde er zum [[Doctor Theologiae|Doktor der Theologie]] [[Promotion (Doktor)|promoviert]]. Er wurde 1990 von [[Diözesanbischof]] [[Johann Weber (Bischof)|Johann Weber]] im [[Grazer Dom]] zum Priester geweiht<ref name = "sonntagsblatt"/> und wirkte in den drei anschließenden Jahren als [[Pfarrvikar|Kaplan]] in [[Gnas]] und [[Trautmannsdorf in Oststeiermark|Trautmannsdorf]], [[Mittelsteiermark|Oststeiermark]]. In weiterer Folge [[Habilitation|habilitierte]] er sich an der [[Universität Augsburg]] mit einer Arbeit über den Kirchenvater [[Pseudo-Dionysius Areopagita]], während dieser Zeit arbeitete er in der Nähe von [[Augsburg]] auch als [[Seelsorger]]. Ein zusätzliches halbes Studienjahr absolvierte er ab Herbst 1998 in [[Sankt Petersburg]], [[Russland]].<ref name = "sonntagsblatt"/> === Berufliche wissenschaftliche Tätigkeit === Franz Mali wurde mit 1. August 1999 als Assoziierter Universitätsprofessor auf den [[Lehrstuhl]] für griechische Patristik, Geschichte der alten Kirche und Sprachen des christlichen Orients an der zweisprachigen Katholisch-Theologischen Fakultät der Universität Freiburg (Université de [[Canton of Fribourg|Fribourg]]), der sechstgrößten und einzigen zweisprachigen Universität in der Schweiz, berufen<ref name = "sonntagsblatt"/><ref>[http://www.unifr.ch/patr/patr110de.htm Website des Lehrstuhles für Patristik und Geschichte der alten Kirche, Universität Freiburg, Schweiz], abgerufen am 5. Februar 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.unifr.ch/annuaire/fr/index.php?do=detail&id=yz49zd62 Mali Franz], Website der Universität Freiburg, abgerufen am 5. Februar 2015.</ref> und war von 1. August 2012 bis 31. Jänner 2015 deren Dekan.<ref name = "sonntagsblatt"/> [[Datei:University Fribourg 004.JPG|mini|links|[[Universität Freiburg (Schweiz)|Universität Freiburg]], Hauptgebäude Miséricorde (Geisteswissenschaftliche Fakuläten mit der Theologischen Fakulät)]] Der Lehrstuhl für Patristik und Geschichte der Alten Kirche der Universität Freiburg (Fribourg) gehört zum [[Abteilung (Organisation)|Departement]] für Patristik und [[Kirchengeschichte]] und zum Institut für [[Antike]] und [[Byzantinisches Reich|Byzanz]]. Lehrstuhlinhaber ist Franz Mali. Er vertritt in Forschung und Lehre das Gebiet der [[Kirchengeschichte#Alte Kirche|Alten Kirchengeschichte]], die Theologiegeschichte und die [[Literaturgeschichte]] der Alten Kirche sowie die [[Altorientalische Kirchen|altorientalischen Kirchen]]. Zum Lehrstuhl gehört ebenfalls ein [[Wissenschaft#Lehre|Lehr-]] und [[Forschung|Forschungsrat]] für Patristik und [[Dogmengeschichte]].<ref name = "patristik">[http://www.unifr.ch/patr/patr100de.htm Website des Lehrstuhles für Patristik und Geschichte der alten Kirche, Universität Freiburg, Schweiz], abgerufen am 7. Februar 2015.</ref> Seit 1970 ist an den Lehrstuhl das Institut für Sprachen der [[Bibel|biblischen Welt]] und des christlichen Orients angegliedert.<ref name = "patristik"/> Dieses Institut hat sich zum Ziel gesetzt, das Erlernen antiker und [[Mittelalter|mittelalterlicher]] Sprachen zu ermöglichen und zu fördern, die für das Verständnis der Bibel und die Erschließung wichtiger literarischer Quellen der [[Kirchengeschichte]] notwendig und nützlich sind. Aufgrund der [[Ökumenische Theologie|ökumenischen]] [[Relevanz]], der interreligiösen und [[Konfession|interkonfessionellen]] Perspektive will das Institut weiters Institutionen, die mit Kulturen, Religionen und Kirchen des Ostens befasst sind, besonders in sprachlichen und [[Biblische Exegese|exegetischen]] Fragen unterstützen und für Beratung zur Verfügung stehen. Zu den Aufgaben des Institutes gehört ebenfalls die Unterstützung der Schweizerischen Patristischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft.<ref>[http://www.unifr.ch/patr/patr500de.htm Theologische Fakultät der Universität Freiburg: Institut für Sprachen der biblischen Welt und des christlichen Ostens], abgerufen am 7. Februar 2015.</ref> Franz Mali ist Mitglied mehrerer [[Direktorium (Gremium)|Direktorien]], darunter das Direktorium des ''Studienzentrums für Glaube und Gesellschaft'' am Institut für Ökumenische Studien der Universität Freiburg (Fribourg)<ref>[http://www.glaubeundgesellschaft.ch/ueber-uns/organisation/direktorium/ ''Über uns: Direktorium''], glaubeundgesellschaft.ch, abgerufen am 19. Februar 2015</ref>, das Direktorium des ''Institutes für Antike und Byzanz'', eines Institutes an der Philosophischen Fakultät<ref>[http://lettres.unifr.ch/de/institute/institut-fuer-antike-und-byzanz.html ''Institut für Antike und Byzanz''], Website abgerufen am 5. März 2015.</ref>, das Direktorium des ''Institutes Dominique Barthélemy''<ref>[http://www.institut-barthelemy.ch/willkommen.html ''Institut Dominique Barthélemy''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402151506/http://www.institut-barthelemy.ch/willkommen.html |date=2015-04-02 }}, Website abgerufen am 5. März 2015.</ref> und der Stiftungsrat des ''Spicilegium Friburgense''.<ref>[http://www.unifr.ch/liturgie/de/spicilegium/spicilegium_friburgense ''Spicilegium Friburgense''], Website abgerufen am 5. März 2015.</ref> === Pilgerreise nach Israel === [[Datei:Franz Mali 2011 Westjordanland B.jpg|mini|Franz Mali gegen Ende der Pilgerreise am 22. Dezember 2011 im [[Westjordanland]] (nahe Mitspe Jericho, GPS-Position: N31°49.263' E35°23.348')]] Franz Mali [[Pilger|pilgerte]] von [[Christi Himmelfahrt]] bis [[Weihnachten]] 2011 gemeinsam mit [[Christian Rutishauser|Christian M. Rutishauser SJ]], damals Leiter des [[Lassalle-Haus|Lassalle-Hauses]], eines Zentrums für [[Interreligiöser Dialog|interreligiöse Begegnung]] mit den Schwerpunkten [[Spiritualität]], [[Dialog#Dialog der Religionen|Dialog]] und [[Verantwortung]], in [[Bad Schönbrunn]] in der Schweiz, Esther Rüthemann und Hildegard Aepli<ref>[http://www.zuonline.ch/artikel_116668.html ''Zu Fuss nach Jerusalem''], Zürcher Unterländer online, abgerufen am 5. Februar 2015.</ref> ausgehend vom Lassalle-Haus, zu Fuß über [[Italien]], Österreich, [[Slowenien]], [[Kroatien]], [[Serbien]], [[Bulgarien]], die [[Türkei]], [[Syrien]] und [[Jordanien]] bis nach [[Israel]].<ref>[http://www.sonntagsblatt.at/index.php/serien/sonntagsblicke/serien/menschengerecht?d=vier-zu-fuss-nach-jerusalem#.VNshjizz-gc ''Vier zu Fuß nach Jerusalem''], sonntagsblatt.at, abgerufen am 11. Februar 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/12/24/184279.html ''From The Jordan Times: Journey of faith brings Swiss pilgrims to Jordan''], Artikel auf alarabiya.net vom 24. Dezember 2011, abgerufen am 16. Februar 2015.</ref><ref>[http://jordantimes.com/journey-of-faith-brings-swiss-pilgrims-to-jordan ''Journey of faith brings Swiss pilgrims to Jordan''], Artikel auf jordantimes.com vom 22. Dezember 2011, abgerufen am 16. Februar 2015.</ref> Er plante als Leiter der Pilgergruppe die gesamte Route minutiös und führte die Gruppe mit [[Global Positioning System|GPS]]-Unterstützung sicher.<ref>[http://lassalle-haus.org/beitraege-lesen/items/zu-fuss-nach-jerusalem-pilgern-von-suedtirol-nach-kaernten-177.html ''Zu Fuss nach Jerusalem - Pilgern von Südtirol nach Kärnten''], lassalle-haus.org., abgerufen am 16. Februar 2015.</ref> Die vier Pilger begegneten der Geschichte der [[Kreuzzug|Kreuzfahrer]], des christlichen Byzanz und des [[Osmanisches Reich|osmanischen Reichs]]. Auf dem [[Balkanhalbinsel|Balkan]] sahen sie die Spuren der [[Balkankriege]], in Syrien kamen sie mit dem [[Bürgerkrieg in Syrien|Bürgerkrieg]] in Berührung. Auch die israelisch-palästinensische Trennmauer war zu passieren. Der [[Interreligiöser Dialog|Dialog der Religionen]] war für sie zentral: Auf einer [[Friedenskonferenz]] in [[Jerusalem]] wurde erörtert, wie Pilger und die [[Wallfahrtsort|Wallfahrtsorte]] im [[Heiliges Land|Heiligen Land]] zur Verständigung beitragen. In einem [[Blog]] war die Pilgerreise auch begleitbar. Die Gruppe feierte zu Weihnachten in Jerusalem und [[Bethlehem]] den Abschluss dieser ungefähr siebenmonatigen [[Wallfahrt|Pilgerreise]] mit über 4000 zu Fuß zurückgelegten Kilometern.<ref>Kilometerangabe nach schriftlicher Information von F. Mali an [[Benutzer:Dnalor_01|Dn@lor_01]] vom 14. Februar 2015: Die gesamte bewältigte, auf das Minimum bereinigte Strecke der Israelwallfahrt betrug 4393,30 Kilometer, zwischendurch fuhr die Gruppe an einigen Streckenabschnitten jeweils einige Kilometer (insgesamt ungefähr 300) mit einem Verkehrsmittel (Fähre, Auto, Bus oder Taxi): von [[Istanbul]] nach [[Mudanya]] (über das [[Marmarameer]]) mit der Fähre; in Syrien auf dem Autobahnring um [[Homs]] herum (der syrische [[Nachrichtendienst|Geheimdienst]] ließ sie hier nicht zu Fuß gehen, weil es nicht mehr sicher war); in Syrien fuhren sie von [[Damaskus]] bis auf die andere Seite der syrisch-jordanischen Grenze auf der Autobahn und dann auf Landstraßen bis [[Irbid]]. Hier waren parallele Nebenstraßen, auf denen zu gehen geplant war, schon von den [[Rebell|Rebellen]] und nicht mehr von der [[Streitkräfte Syriens|syrischen Armee]] kontrolliert; an der jordanisch-israelischen Grenze von der [[Taufe Jesu|Taufstelle Jesu]] auf jordanischer Seite bis [[Jericho]], weil dort (fast) alles [[Sperrgebiet|militärisches Sperrgebiet]] und für Fußgänger nicht passierbar ist.</ref><ref>[http://www.sonntagsblatt.at/kirche-hier-und-anderswo?d=zu-fuss-nach-jerusalem#.VNItpyz09pI ''Zu Fuß nach Jerusalem''], sonntagsblatt.at, abgerufen am 5. Februar 2015.</ref><ref>[http://blog.lassalle-haus.org/author/franz-mali/ ''Zu Fuss nach Jerusalem''], Website des Lassalle-Hauses Bad Schönbrunn, abgerufen am 5. Februar 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.hanspeter.stalder.ch/dossiers/palastina-israel/rutishauser-christian-zu-fuss-nach-jerusalem ''Rutishauser, Christian: Zu Fuss nach Jerusalem''], Seite auf www.hanspeter.stalder.ch, abgerufen am 5. Februar 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/ausland/naher-osten-und-afrika/Schweizer-wandern-zu-Fuss-durch-Syrien/story/18722937 ''Schweizer wandern zu Fuss durch Syrien''], Seite auf tagesanzeiger.ch, abgerufen am 5. Februar 2015.</ref> Franz Malis Reiseerfahrungen waren nach der Rückkehr Inhalt vieler seiner Vorträge in Österreich, Deutschland und der Schweiz.<ref>[http://www.kathtalk.ch/Video-Franz-Mali-Hildegard-Aepli-Jerusalempilger-4 KathTalk mit Hildegard Aepli und Franz Mali], abgerufen am 5. Februar 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.bannjongg.com/cgi-bin/sbb/sbb.cgi?&a=print&forum=77&beitrag=54 ''Zu Fuss nach Jerusalem''], Seite auf bannjongg.com, abgerufen am 5. Februar 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.meinbezirk.at/sankt-stefan-im-rosental/chronik/priester-pilgerte-3871-kilometer-d258466.html ''Priester pilgerte 3.871 Kilometer''], meinbezirk.at, abgerufen am 5. Februar 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.kleinezeitung.at/s/steiermark/murtal/4123635/Zu-Fuss-nach-Jerusalem ''Zu Fuß nach Jerusalem''], kleinezeitung.at, abgerufen am 11. Februar 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.zu-fuss-nach-jerusalem.org/empfehlungen.html ''Empfehlungen''], zu-fuss-nach-jerusalem.org, abgerufen am 11. Februar 2015.</ref><ref>[http://cms.bistum-speyer.de/www2/index.php?cat_id=&myELEMENT=260479 ''Vier zu Fuß nach Jerusalem''], bistum-speyer.de, abgerufen am 11. Februar 2015.</ref> Am 25. März 2015 soll unter dem Titel ''Vier Pilger – ein Ziel. Zu Fuß nach Jerusalem'' ein Buch erscheinen, das die vier Pilger über ihre gemeinsame Pilgerreise verfassten.<ref>[http://shop.echter-verlag.de/glauben-religion/vier-pilger-ein-ziel.html''Vier Pilger - ein Ziel: Zu Fuß nach Jerusalem''], echter-verlag.de, abgerufen am 16. Februar 2015.</ref> === Weiteres === Franz Mali nimmt neben seiner hauptberuflichen [[Lehren|Lehrtätigkeit]] auch immer wieder aktuell in verschiedenen [[Massenmedien|Medien]] zu konkreten Themen des [[Glaube#Christentum|Glaubens]] und der [[Kirche (Organisation)|Kirche]] Stellung.<ref>[http://www.kathtalk.ch/Video-Franz-Mali-Professor-f%C3%BCr-Kirchengeschichte-Fribourg KathTalk mit Professor Franz Mali], abgerufen am 5. Februar 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.bistum-augsburg.de/index.php/bistum/Kirchliche-Bildungsarbeit/Akademisches-Forum/Chronik/NACH-CHRISTI-GEBURT_id_100000 ''... nach Christi Geburt''], Seite auf bistum-augsburg.de, abgerufen am 5. Februar 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.paulus-akademie.ch/index.php?PHPSESSID=istlcvj83lf91m09udfgc1qv34&na=1,3,0,0,d,113766 ''Pilgern. Über die Wiederentdeckung des langsamen Reisens''], paulus-akademie.ch, abgerufen am 5. Februar 2015.</ref><ref>[http://extern.peoplecheck.de/link.php?q=franz+mali&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pfarreiimweb.ch%2Findex.php%3Finc%3Dpodcast%2Fpodcast Prof. Dr. Franz Mali, Professor für Geschichte der Alten Kirche in Fribourg und Priester], Pfarrei im Web, Seite auf peoplecheck.de, abgerufen am 5. Februar 2015.</ref> Er ist auch im neu entstandenen Projekt ''Kirche mit* den Frauen'' engagiert, das sich für eine geschwisterliche und dialogische Kirche einsetzt: „Für eine Kirche mit den Frauen“ wird im Mai und Juni 2016 eine 1000 Kilometer lange Pilgerreise nach [[Rom]] stattfinden, in deren Rahmen die genannten Anliegen bei [[Franziskus (Papst)|Papst Franziskus]] deponiert werden sollen.<ref>[http://www.kirche-mit.ch/de/das-projekt.html ''Kirche mit* den Frauen'' - Das Projekt], Website ''Kirche-mit'', abgerufen am 6. März 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.kirche-mit.ch/de/die-pilgergruppe.html ''Kirche mit* den Frauen'' - Pilgergruppe], Website ''Kirche-mit'', abgerufen am 6. März 2015.</ref> „Dauerspannung“ beschert es dem begeisterten [[Chor (Musik)|Chorsänger]] und [[Wandern|Wanderer]] im zweisprachigen Freiburg (Fribourg) nach wie vor, ob er mit einem Gegenüber gerade [[Deutsche Sprache|Deutsch]] oder [[Französische Sprache|Französisch]] reden soll.<ref name = "sonntagsblatt"/><ref>[http://www.institut-mehrsprachigkeit.ch/de/veranstaltungen1/2010/vortrag-franz-mali ''Κοντραδικιτουρ – Verstanden alle Griechen Latein? Blitzlichter auf Mehrsprachigkeit in der Spätantike'', Vortrag Franz Mali, 18. November 2010], Institut für Mehrsprachigkeit, abgerufen am 28. Februar 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.institute-multilingualism.ch/en/events/2010/18-november-public-lecture-franz-mali ''Κοντραδικιτουρ – Verstanden alle Griechen Latein? Blitzlichter auf Mehrsprachigkeit in der Spätantike'', Public lecture Franz Mali, 18 November 2010], Institute of Multilingualisme, abgerufen am 28. Februar 2015.</ref> Er wurde nach dem am 28. Jänner 2015 vom [[Heiliger Stuhl|Heiligen Stuhl]] angenommenen Rücktritt des [[Diözese Graz-Seckau|steirischen]] [[Diözesanbischof]]s [[Egon Kapellari]]<ref>[https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/de/bollettino/pubblico/2015/01/28/0074/00159.html Rinunce e nomine, 28.01.2015], press.vatican.va, abgerufen am 5. Februar 2015.</ref> Anfang Februar 2015 in den [[Massenmedien|Medien]] als einer seiner möglichen Nachfolger im [[Bischof]]samt genannt.<ref>[http://www.katholische-kirche-steiermark.at/upload/file/default/41-56255655.pdf ''Nachdenken auch über den Zölibat'', pdf], Artikel in den [[w:Salzburger Nachrichten|Salzburger Nachrichten]] vom 3. Februar 2015, abrufbar auf der Website der Diözese Graz-Seckau, abgerufen am 5. Februar 2015.</ref> == Bibliographie (Auszug) == === Monographien === * „[[Kommunion#Mundkommunion und Handkommunion|Handkommunion]]“: Erläuterungen zur vereinzelt in Zweifel gezogenen Praxis. Hrsg. v. Pastoralamt der Diözese Graz-Seckau. Graz 1999 (= Liturgische Reihe 1). * Das „Opus imperfectum in [[Matthäus (Evangelist)|Matthaeum]]“ und sein Verhältnis zu den Matthäuskommentaren von [[Origenes]] und [[Hieronymus (Kirchenvater)|Hieronymus]]. [[Innsbruck]] 1991 (= Innsbrucker theologische Studien 34). === Sammelbände === * Für uns und unser Heil. [[Soteriologie]] in Ost und West. Forscher aus dem Osten und Westen Europas an den Quellen des gemeinsamen Glaubens. Studientagung [[Esztergom]], 3.–5. Okt. 2012: « Pour nous et pour notre salut » – Sotériologie vue de l’Orient et de l’Occident. Hrsg. v. Th. Hainthaler, F. Mali, G. Emmenegger u. M. Lenkaityte Ostermann. Innsbruck 2014 (Pro Oriente Bd. 37 / Wiener Patristische Tagungen Bd. VI). * [[Nerses von Lambron]] – Die Ungeduld der Liebe. Zur Situation der christlichen Kirchen. Synodalrede zu [[Hromkla]] (1179) – Brief an König [[Leo II. (Armenien)|Lewon II.]] (1195). Übers. u. hrsg. v. Iso Baumer / unter Mitarbeit von Franz Mali, Abel Manoukian, Boghos Levon Zekiyan und Thomas Kremer. Paulinus-Verlag [[Trier]] 2013 (Sophia Bd. 36). * [[Athanasius der Große|Athanasius]]: Das Leben des [[Antonius der Große|heiligen Antonius]]. Im Auftrag der Inländischen Mission herausgegeben und mit einer Einführung versehen von Franz Mali. Freiburg / Fribourg 2010. * [[Pro Oriente|Pro-Oriente]]-Studientagung „Heiligkeit und Apostolizität der Kirche“. Forscher aus dem Osten und Westen Europas an den Quellen des gemeinsamen Glaubens. [[Thessaloniki]], 22.–26. September 2009. Hrsg. von Th. Hainthaler, F. Mali und G. Emmenegger. Innsbruck 2010 (Pro Oriente Bd. 35 / Wiener Patristische Tagungen Bd. V), === Beiträge in Sammelbänden/Lexika === * Descendit ad inferos. Das Heil Christi für den verstorbenen 'Adam'. Erlösung nach dem [[Nikodemusevangelium|Nikodemus-Evangelium]]. In: Für uns und unser Heil. Soteriologie in Ost und West. Forscher aus dem Osten und Westen Europas an den Quellen des gemeinsamen Glaubens. Studientagung Esztergom, 3.–5. Okt. 2012: « Pour nous et pour notre salut » – Sotériologie vue de l’Orient et de l’Occident. Hrsg. v. Th. Hainthaler, F. Mali, G. Emmenegger u. M. Lenkaityte Ostermann. Innsbruck 2014 (Pro Oriente Bd. 37 / Wiener Patristische Tagungen Bd. VI), 67-79. * Aşa numitul Edict de la Milano şi scrierea De mortibus persecutorum a lui Lactanţiu. In: Cruce şi misiune. Sfinţii Împăraţi Constantin şi Elena - promotori ai libertăţii religioase şi apărători ai Bisericii, vol. II. Studii culese şi publicate de Emilian Popescu şi Viorel Ioniţă, [[Bukarest|Bucureşti]], 2013, pp. 289-298. (= Übers. des Artikels: Das sogenannte [[Edikt von Mailand]] und die Schrift De mortibus persecutorum des [[Lactantius|Laktantius]]. In: Ebd. pp. 277-287.) * Dionysius Ps.-Areopagita und seine [[Astronomie|astronomischen]] Kenntnisse, in: Nomina divina. Colloquium Dionysiacum Pragense (Prag, den 30.-31. Oktober 2009). Hrsg. von L. Karfíková, M. Havrda, unter Mitwirkung von L. Chvátal. Fribourg 2011 (Paradosis 52), 89-106. * Die Kirche, eine „keusche [[Dirne]]“ (casta meretrix): Anmerkungen zur Heiligkeit der Kirche beim [[Ambrosius von Mailand|hl. Ambrosius von Mailand]]. In: Pro Oriente-Studientagung „Heiligkeit und Apostolizität der Kirche“. Forscher aus dem Osten und Westen Europas an den Quellen des gemeinsamen Glaubens. Thessaloniki, 22.–26. September 2009. Hrsg. von Th. Hainthaler, F. Mali und G. Emmenegger. Innsbruck 2010 (Pro Oriente Bd. 35 / Wiener Patristische Tagungen Bd. V), 343-357. === Beiträge in wissenschaftlichen Zeitschriften === * Die Wallfahrt des [[Romanus von Condat|Romanus]] nach Acaunus / St-Maurice. Ein Beitrag zum Reiseweg. In: Helvetia archaeologica 41 (2010) Nr. 161, 5-12. * [[Pelagius (Heiliger) |Pelagius]] and [[Augustinus von Hippo|Augustine]]: More than a Doctrinal Controversy. In: Augustiniana 60 (2010) 9-10. * [[Julianischer Kalender|Julianische Berechnung]] des [[Ostern|Osterdatums]] und [[Gregorianischer Kalender]]? In: Ostkirchliche Studien 53 (2004) 309–327. * Hristologia Bisericii din Orient: Creştinii în regatul sasanid. In: Hristos. Bucureşti 2004 (Sfinţii Parinţi pe întelesul tuturor 2) 119–140. == Weblinks == {{commonscat|3=S}} * [http://www.unifr.ch/patr/patr240de.htm Vollständige Bibliographie], abgerufen am 5. Februar 2015. * [http://www.unifr.ch/patr/patr110de.htm Website des Lehrstuhles für Patristik und Geschichte der alten Kirche, Universität Freiburg, Schweiz], abgerufen am 5. Februar 2015. * [http://www.unifr.ch/theo/de/fakultat/personen/professoreninnen Website der Theologischen Fakultät der Universität Freiburg: Departement für Patristik und Kirchengeschichte], abgerufen am 5. Februar 2015. == Einzelnachweise == <references /> {{Normdaten|TYP=p|LCCN=nr/2006/10709|VIAF=92673512|GNDName=112929362|GNDfehlt=ja|GNDCheck=2015-02-05}} {{SORTIERUNG:Mali, Franz}} [[Kategorie:Hochschullehrer (Universität Freiburg, Schweiz)]] [[Kategorie:Patristiker]] [[Kategorie:Römisch-katholischer Geistlicher (20. Jahrhundert)]] [[Kategorie:Römisch-katholischer Geistlicher (21. Jahrhundert)]] [[Kategorie:Römisch-katholischer Theologe (20. Jahrhundert)]] [[Kategorie:Römisch-katholischer Theologe (21. Jahrhundert)]] [[Kategorie:Absolvent der Universität Graz]] [[Kategorie:Person (Oberzeiring)]] [[Kategorie:Österreicher]] [[Kategorie:Geboren 1960]] [[Kategorie:Mann]] {{Personendaten |NAME=Mali, Franz |ALTERNATIVNAMEN= |KURZBESCHREIBUNG=österreichischer römisch-katholischer Priester und Theologe |GEBURTSDATUM=28. 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ontmynplkd90rfy45n83sf5kavl05xq 540568 540561 2022-08-28T14:30:57Z Pywikibot-test 23124 wikitext text/x-wiki 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ddhl339vm4bal7arrbwa3b8gn9c9wo8 540635 540568 2022-08-28T15:36:30Z Pywikibot-test 23124 wikitext text/x-wiki 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er28a7itx5ljt3e0n6caexz7uing9sv 540647 540635 2022-08-28T15:39:08Z Pywikibot-test 23124 wikitext text/x-wiki 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bdumq7jftubooo50oysw02vwrybj2bn 540815 540647 2022-08-28T17:25:19Z Pywikibot-test 23124 wikitext text/x-wiki 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kofcw55fquxfocylkfjhlsul88zldmv 540936 540815 2022-08-28T22:00:57Z Pywikibot-test 23124 wikitext text/x-wiki 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7jmwicjpqtqgpn26ncljoh0xnwc0v9x 540991 540936 2022-08-29T04:53:55Z Pywikibot-test 23124 wikitext text/x-wiki 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d91ji6dgg0tc09ochuxy4lcq53xg01y 541040 540991 2022-08-29T11:41:26Z Pywikibot-test 23124 wikitext text/x-wiki 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1ha3dgqq0jyt6h7zz4iaweawq4m2hty 541041 541040 2022-08-29T11:41:29Z Pywikibot-test 23124 wikitext text/x-wiki 1433650768.531433650922.331433651729.111433670166.311433675620.231434189298.391434190713.181434466819.82218051434544025.22135851434556196.60172341435173199.59346151435175699.59451271435227022.74044541435528701.75742911435530425.45590261435603389.080081437231694.72999551437247968.58793571437249806.3797741437298795.05681351437299498.54262071437301447.66920381437302227.7655441437303194.27986031437304101.72397661437310188.7074311437310950.0167771437312161.48824671437313010.34581731437313729.64502261437508795.02368621437509778.81783961437516631.40031891438256915.00195531438380338.75435851438383980.68647171438454064.30758831438457192.55998851438473558.4497151438475370.52737021438888563.82252121439048615.09364531439242551.86522051439284878.94054751439567068.00147221439645869.40761881439653355.34343361439892097.89366271439893989.92894151439937872.74017361439942911.25551271440071096.08264111440280762.25626281440718001.3262011440893319.42683861441040710.94389411441045094.56088661441367039.71286131441492543.00856571441494238.9647241443131370.03606581443212814.54482251454969098.621455143085.01455479939.331458010578.141646415352.6267931646418236.303551646419108.5554141646480673.1255151646486361.30947541646489252.55788281646497776.8472891646500951.96962931646503090.90285371646508464.6270851646557704.72482941646560644.88797711646568704.91856581646573733.00244281646576832.29534481646608917.34515641646654969.60378361646656319.4402261646656560.3573951646667875.37336181646669840.47606131646671473.95034121646674984.85814431646826562.7642131646830600.84946161646833174.90316631646834856.9354641646836733.8114731646848463.33862281646854361.6220061646921244.61630941646929392.52481341646933478.7709891646989628.14013271646993317.0693991647006535.8758381647010068.79893281647067797.81312181647070228.9538041647088146.43666861647129259.68616061647160403.20344641647161418.68453741647165213.34464841647182471.8682351647203984.8648061647204146.85476951647205856.08880071647229928.91692161647232863.2489111647244837.81863951647253131.60572861647253341.66492151647257374.36275241647261586.3715681647328114.68083791647328863.86457971647338369.03202411647345322.46875211647352352.98292641647362207.4400921647376689.68484851647377054.13237741647507817.3071141647520722.49061581647537658.91502861647537706.9929851647537724.92751151647537734.26552411647537734.81241751647537796.29433751647600884.78828861647603345.3407491647607378.26923131647607451.39406541647610335.08369161647619863.80975681647636713.9665881647684938.94061331647686327.2922681647690808.45028761647692744.59212851647732431.32598611647772952.28326751647781284.95441991647800669.47089581647849904.41088181647854192.1383851647860875.18231251647874602.63781051647879297.1874931647883065.4647961647924265.03851251647936769.8719151647951966.8961621648054226.68201351648059130.80152961648060298.43086981648069938.0877581648125306.6112961648143342.68760181648143650.04991751648188528.68711191648196925.6356741648203876.69900561648211369.0150091648230332.54617121648281987.22994761648283693.56241941648285224.71328661648286447.91258651648291573.67376261648291846.70330291648294060.07191231648296246.83941861648298801.97048331648305016.80210021648334644.85586831648379305.4112821648389448.81566381648405605.99447971648411133.04927181648412522.24783181648422117.89680721648446617.8572281648450264.77608821648454199.90044761648467787.75208971648467856.83117841648718888.7086471648726868.34113621648731002.50412491648735298.12991521649690895.66212321649691467.9696281649743553.52938491649755873.90303251649763327.8892521649774138.0124031649777526.37097861649778489.48823021649784790.27565621649860160.37698861649936556.74318031649955430.38933971650002447.5759611650006360.23943541650028605.97354981650039495.475341650041154.52726721650041204.27767731650043469.9524181650182871.47858071650185429.33433821650203503.7359421650214109.96521881650231719.77891951650281824.2778291650288925.13755371650295721.33825951650295882.12538961650300339.22233131650341815.28370641650380832.94509431650402613.69048711650518905.2356281650522569.2941071650530608.544891650531430.3989611650533914.10076831650542738.41888791650546175.9846881650568044.03694751650631023.97239781650632899.72227331650634830.3925491650637007.66384821650640862.5720661650689309.4054381650701657.98250581650703185.78357031650703771.5033541650735123.8095531650738484.06956341650776192.5568211650813066.8977991650848683.918771650861187.31198121650876020.82570171650880474.35385231650881868.45988561650883153.22984271650884549.92777321650886892.40727421650897830.36771461650949494.34935431650949911.4991251650954397.3235271650990281.23737171650995523.8559241651056953.48302131651058845.9713631651060365.91917781651065711.69361521651066891.44208121651068680.67229721651068949.30104371651068950.86070821651069866.21405341651077973.48218511651150569.5798041651150701.53431841651159306.89410231651163972.5414571651207135.13229251651314580.08892971651323639.1569731651335350.97018341651337464.360449165134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jk9ycsqjnmw4il7c7n28owalqr50pjn 2 82252 540558 540494 2022-08-28T14:29:54Z Pywikibot-test 23124 pywikibot unit test. Do NOT actually delete. wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete|1=pywikibot unit test. Do NOT actually delete.}} foo cymfz8u3wtlps4m6nlzq7086mgmr0cz 540559 540558 2022-08-28T14:29:59Z Pywikibot-test 23124 unit test wikitext text/x-wiki foo 1e6gpc3ehk0mu2jqu8cg42g009s796b 540565 540559 2022-08-28T14:30:41Z Pywikibot-test 23124 pywikibot unit test. Do NOT actually delete. wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete|1=pywikibot unit test. Do NOT actually delete.}} foo cymfz8u3wtlps4m6nlzq7086mgmr0cz 540566 540565 2022-08-28T14:30:46Z Pywikibot-test 23124 unit test wikitext text/x-wiki foo 1e6gpc3ehk0mu2jqu8cg42g009s796b 540633 540566 2022-08-28T15:36:13Z Pywikibot-test 23124 pywikibot unit test. Do NOT actually delete. wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete|1=pywikibot unit test. 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Do NOT actually delete.}} foo p3iq6n8c7edf2ixnt6imxphglc6d5j3 0 87224 541028 539869 2022-08-29T08:26:04Z InternetArchiveBot 34092 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use Australian English|date=September 2015}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}} {{Infobox AFL biography | name = Jobe Watson | image = | caption = | image_size = | fullname = Jobe Watson | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1985|2|8}} | birth_place = [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] | death_date = | death_place = | originalteam = [[Sandringham Dragons]] ([[TAC Cup]]) | draftpick = No. 40 (<small>[[Father-Son Rule|F/S]]</small>), [[2002 AFL Draft|2002 National Draft]] | heightweight = 190&nbsp;cm / 94&nbsp;kg | position = [[Australian rules football positions#Midfield|Midfielder]] | currentclub = {{AFL Ess}} | guernsey = 4 | years = 2003– | clubs = {{AFL Ess}} | games(goals) = 200 (111) | nationalyears = 2014 | nationalteams = [[Australia international rules football team|Australia]] | nationalgames(goals) = 1 (0) | statsend = 2016 | repstatsend = | careerhighlights = * [[Brownlow Medal]]list: 2012 * 2× [[All-Australian team]]: 2012, 2013 * 3× [[W. S. Crichton Medal]]list: 2009, 2010, 2012 * [[AFLPA Awards|AFLPA Best Captain Award]]: 2012 * [[International rules series]]: 2014 * [[Yiooken Award]]: 2013 * [[Lou Richards Medal]]: 2012 * [[Archer-Hird Medal]]: 2010 }} '''Jobe Watson''' (born 8 February 1985) is a professional [[Australian rules football]]er, and the current captain of the [[Essendon Football Club]] in the [[Australian Football League]] (AFL). Watson won the game's highest individual honour, the [[Brownlow Medal]], in 2012, and is a dual [[All-Australian team|All-Australian]], three-time [[W. S. Crichton Medal]]list, and a representative of [[Australia international rules football team|Australia]] in the [[2014 international rules test]]. ==Early life== Watson was educated at Kostka Hall preparatory school before studying at [[Xavier College]] in Melbourne, and played for the [[Sandringham Dragons]] in the [[TAC Cup]]. He is the son of [[Seven Network]] commentator and former Essendon player [[Tim Watson]]. ==AFL career== {{tone|section|date=January 2016}} Watson was selected at pick 40 under the [[father–son rule]] in the [[2002 AFL Draft|2002 national draft]]. He was initially coached as a [[Full-forward|key forward]] by [[Kevin Sheedy (Australian footballer)|Kevin Sheedy]], who also coached his father, Tim Watson.<ref>[[The Age]] [http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/06/28/1056683950398.html Watsons show it's still a family game] By Caroline Wilson. 29 June 2003</ref> His poor kicking by AFL standards drew criticism,<ref>Michael Gleeson, 12 July 2008. [http://www.realfooty.com.au/news/news/jobes-jolt/2008/07/11/1215658140361.html "Jobe's jolt"]. The Age, Retrieved 4 August 2009</ref> and it was determined that he would be more suited to the midfield at Essendon. At the time, his weight was criticised by the media, as he was overweight for an AFL player. Over the next two seasons, he began to develop his craft in the Essendon midfield and became one of the competition's elite midfielders. Watson had a consistent season in 2009, polling ten [[Brownlow Medal]] votes and winning the Essendon best-and-fairest award, the [[W. S. Crichton Medal]]. Watson polled 335 votes in 15 of the 21 games he played in the 2009 season, with only one game missed due to an ankle [[injury]]. Watson was 46 votes ahead of runner-up [[Dustin Fletcher]], who polled 289 votes.<ref>[http://www.essendonfc.com.au/news/news.asp?nid=7063 Watson wins 2009 Crichton Medal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091002235816/http://www.essendonfc.com.au/news/news.asp?nid=7063 |date=2 October 2009 }} 30 Sept 2009</ref> By the end of the 2009 season, Watson had gathered a reputation as Essendon's most important midfielder (coming first in the club's overall clearances) and improved his once-criticised kicking ability to above the standard of an AFL player. Watson was announced as the captain of the Essendon Football Club on 21 December 2009, taking over from retired champion goalkicker [[Matthew Lloyd]]. Despite Essendon suffering a disappointing 2010 season, winning only seven games and finishing 14th on the AFL ladder, Watson enjoyed a successful first year as captain. He was a consistent performer in an inconsistent season for the Bombers, polling 16 Brownlow votes from a total of only 43 received by Essendon players,<ref>[[Herald Sun]] [http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/afl/brownlow-medal-votes-club-by-club/story-fn422eni-1225927054838] 21 September</ref> finishing equal-seventh in the 2010 Brownlow Medal count, and having the highest number of votes for a player from a team finishing outside the final eight.<ref>[http://www.essendonfc.com.au/news/news.asp?nid=7783 Watson finishes equal seventh in Brownlow stakes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921162437/http://essendonfc.com.au/news/news.asp?nid=7783 |date=21 September 2010 }} 21 September 2010</ref> Watson was once again awarded the Crichton Medal, earning 291 points, which was 50 points clear of runner-up [[Heath Hocking]]. Watson had a relatively good season in 2011 despite missing six weeks with a hamstring injury, earning 15 Brownlow votes and finishing runner-up in the Crichton Medal, losing out to up-and-coming third-year midfielder [[David Zaharakis]]. Watson completed an outstanding 2012 season by winning his first Brownlow Medal with 30 votes.<ref>[http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/148393/default.aspx Jobe takes out Charlie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927015016/http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/148393/default.aspx |date=27 September 2012 }} 24 September 2012</ref> Along with his third Crichton Medal, he also won a handful of other accolades, including the [[AFLPA Awards|AFLPA Best Captain Award]], the [[Lou Richards Medal]] and a place in the [[All-Australian team]] for the first time. Watson missed three weeks with a broken collarbone in 2013, but had another consistent season, earning 17 Brownlow votes, finishing runner-up in the Crichton Medal to former [[St Kilda Football Club|St Kilda]] utility [[Brendon Goddard]], and making the All-Australian team for the second time. Between 2006–2013, Watson finished all but one season in the top two for votes for the Crichton Medal. Watson had a good start to the 2014 season, but injured his hip flexor in round 12 and consequently missed ten weeks. Watson later returned to play in the final three games of the home-and-away season and Essendon's elimination final loss to [[North Melbourne Football Club|North Melbourne]]. Watson then went on to poll eight Brownlow votes, behind up-and-coming midfielder [[Dyson Heppell]]. Watson was also selected in the [[Australia international rules football team|Australian team]] for the first time in his career to play in the [[2014 international rules test]]. Watson was among the best players in the one-test series, which Australia won by ten points. In 2015, despite controversy surrounding the team's lack of fitness (following a compromised pre-season) and a tough first half of the season for Essendon, Watson continued to lead his team well early in the season despite his own injury clouds, further enhancing his status as one of the game's best captains late in his career. In Round 14, Watson played his 200th AFL match in what proved to be a torrid day for the Bombers, as they lost to St Kilda by 110 points. Following that match, Watson was ruled out for the rest of the season with a shoulder injury, having injured it the previous week. Watson polled seven Brownlow votes in the first five rounds prior to the injury. ==Supplements controversy== {{main|Essendon Football Club supplements controversy}} On 24 June 2013, whilst the [[Essendon Football Club]] was being investigated by the [[Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority]] (ASADA) over the legality of its supplements program during the 2012 season, Watson admitted on the [[Fox Footy]] program ''[[On The Couch]]'' that he believed he was given the substance AOD-9604 during the 2012 season with the assistance of the club.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.theage.com.au/afl/afl-news/i-took-banned-drug-watson-20130624-2ota0.html |title=I took banned drug: Watson |access-date=18 January 2016 |archive-date=30 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730014126/http://www.theage.com.au/afl/afl-news/i-took-banned-drug-watson-20130624-2ota0.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[World Anti-Doping Agency]] (WADA) released a statement clarifying that AOD-9604 fell into the "S0. Non-Approved Substances" category in their List of Prohibited Substances and Methods.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://playtrue.wada-ama.org/news/wada-statement-on-substance-aod-9604/ |title=WADA statement on substance AOD-9604 |access-date=18 January 2016 |archive-date=12 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212115336/http://playtrue.wada-ama.org/news/wada-statement-on-substance-aod-9604/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ASADA also stated that the use of AOD-9604 is prohibited for use by athletes in any circumstances.<ref>{{cite news|last=Robinson|first=Mark|last2=Warner|first2=Michael|url=http://www.news.com.au/sport/afl/asada-has-confirmed-that-banned-drug-aod9604-is-prohibited-under-any-circumstances/story-fni5f6kv-1226671797587|title=ASADA has confirmed that banned drug AOD-9604 is prohibited under any circumstances|work= Herald Sun|date=1 July 2013}}</ref> During the second phase of the investigation, Watson was among the thirty-four present and former Essendon players issued [[show cause]] notices by ASADA and infraction notices by the AFL, alleging the use of the banned peptide [[Thymosin beta-4]] during the 2012 season. On 31 March 2015 the AFL Anti-Doping Tribunal found all thirty-four players not guilty of all charges.<ref>{{cite news|last=Twomey|first=Callum|title=Thirty-four present and former Bombers cleared of all drug charges|url=http://www.afl.com.au/news/2015-03-31/tribunal-hands-down-verdict|work=AFL.com.au|date=March 31, 2015|accessdate=March 31, 2015}}</ref> In January 2016 following an appeal by WADA against the AFL Tribunal's not guilty finding, Watson, along with the other 33 players, had their not-guilty verdict overturned. All 34 players were suspended for two years, backdated to March 2015, ending in November 2016, meaning that he will miss the entire [[2016 AFL season]].<ref>{{cite web|last=King|first=Travis|title=Guilty: court bans the Essendon 34 for 2016|url=http://www.afl.com.au/news/2016-01-12/guilty-court-bans-the-essendon-34-for-2016|work=AFL.com.au|date=12 January 2016|accessdate=12 January 2016}}</ref> Following the suspension, the [[AFL Commission]] announced that it would review the status of Watson's 2012 Brownlow Medal at a commission meeting in February 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pierik|first=Jon|title=Essendon CAS verdict: Jobe Watson could be stripped of Brownlow Medal, review in February|url=http://www.theage.com.au/afl/afl-news/essendon-supplements-saga-jobe-watson-could-be-stripped-of-brownlow-medal-20160111-gm3svh.html|work=The Age|date=12 January 2016|accessdate=16 January 2016}}</ref> ==Media career== Whilst being unable to play in 2014 due to a hip flexor injury, Watson began doing commentary work for the [[Seven Network]] as a [[boundary rider]]. ==Statistics== :''Statistics are correct to the end of the 2016 season.''<ref>http://afltables.com/afl/stats/players/J/Jobe_Watson.html</ref> {{AFL player statistics start}} |- style="background-color: #EAEAEA" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[2003 AFL season|2003]] |style="text-align:center;"|{{AFL Ess}} | 4 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 2.0 || 2.0 || 0.0 || 2.0 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[2004 AFL season|2004]] |style="text-align:center;"|{{AFL Ess}} || 4 || 7 || 6 || 2 || 37 || 42 || 79 || 23 || 16 || 0.9 || 0.3 || 5.3 || 6.0 || 11.3 || 3.3 || 2.3 |- style="background-color: #EAEAEA" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[2005 AFL season|2005]] |style="text-align:center;"|{{AFL Ess}} | 4 || 5 || 2 || 0 || 23 || 32 || 55 || 14 || 5 || 0.4 || 0.0 || 4.6 || 6.4 || 11.0 || 2.8 || 1.0 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[2006 AFL season|2006]] |style="text-align:center;"|{{AFL Ess}} | 4 || 21 || 6 || 7 || 203 || 276 || 479 || 114 || 69 || 0.3 || 0.3 || 9.7 || 13.1 || 22.8 || 5.4 || 3.3 |- style="background-color: #EAEAEA" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[2007 AFL season|2007]] |style="text-align:center;"|{{AFL Ess}} | 4 || 19 || 6 || 5 || 193 || 249 || 442 || 85 || 62 || 0.3 || 0.3 || 10.2 || 13.1 || 23.3 || 4.5 || 3.3 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[2008 AFL season|2008]] |style="text-align:center;"|{{AFL Ess}} | 4 || 19 || 4 || 8 || 193 || 265 || 458 || 54 || 68 || 0.2 || 0.4 || 10.2 || 14.1 || 24.1 || 3.8 || 3.6 |- style="background-color: #EAEAEA" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[2009 AFL season|2009]] |style="text-align:center;"|{{AFL Ess}} | 4 || 22 || 10 || 10 || 221 || 322 || 543 || 73 || 98 || 0.4 || 0.4 || 10.0 || 14.6 || 24.7 || 3.3 || 4.4 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[2010 AFL season|2010]] |style="text-align:center;"|{{AFL Ess}} | 4 || 21 || 10 || 1 || 209 || 363 || 572 || 77 || 91 || 0.5 || 0.0 || 10.0 || 17.3 || 27.2 || 3.7 || 4.3 |- style="background-color: #EAEAEA" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[2011 AFL season|2011]] |style="text-align:center;"|{{AFL Ess}} | 4 || 17 || 15 || 11 || 237 || 208 || 445 || 77 || 65 || 0.9 || 0.6 || 13.9 || 12.2 || 26.2 || 4.1 || 3.8 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[2012 AFL season|2012]] |style="text-align:center;"|{{AFL Ess}} | 4 || 22 || 20 || 8 || 343 || 295 || 638 || 106 || 105 || 0.9 || 0.4 || 15.6 || 13.4 || 29.0 || 4.8 || 4.8 |- style="background-color: #EAEAEA" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[2013 AFL season|2013]] |style="text-align:center;"|{{AFL Ess}} | 4 || 19 || 16 || 18 || 259 || 264 || 523 || 74 || 60 || 0.8 || 1.0 || 13.6 || 13.9 || 27.5 || 3.9 || 3.2 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[2014 AFL season|2014]] |style="text-align:center;"|{{AFL Ess}} | 4 || 15 || 10 || 2 || 185 || 226 || 411 || 70 || 70 || 0.7 || 0.1 || 12.3 || 15.1 || 27.4 || 4.7 || 4.7 |- class="sortbottom" |-style="background-color: #EAEAEA" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[2015 AFL season|2015]] |style="text-align:center;"|{{AFL Ess}} | 4 || 12 || 6 || 6 || 124 || 163 || 287 || 45 || 53 || 0.5 || 0.5 || 10.3 || 13.6 || 23.9 || 3.8 || 4.4 |- class="sortbottom" |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[2016 AFL season|2016]] |style="text-align:center;"|{{AFL Ess}} | 4 || 0 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- class="sortbottom" ! colspan=3| Career ! 200 ! 111 ! 78 ! 2227 ! 2707 ! 4934 ! 804 ! 764 ! 0.6 ! 0.4 ! 11.1 ! 13.5 ! 24.6 ! 4.0 ! 3.8 |} ==Honours and achievements== {| style="margin-right:4px; margin-top:8px; float:right; border:1px #000 solid; border-radius:8px; background:#fff; font-family:Verdana; font-size:8pt; text-align:center;" |- style="background:#fff;" | colspan="2;" style="padding:3px; margin-bottom:-3px; margin-top:2px; font-family:Arial; "| '''[[Brownlow Medal]] votes''' |- ! style="width:50%;"| Season ! style="width:50%;"| Votes |- | [[2003 Brownlow Medal|2003]] | — |- | [[2004 Brownlow Medal|2004]] | — |- | [[2005 Brownlow Medal|2005]] | — |- | [[2006 Brownlow Medal|2006]] | — |- | [[2007 Brownlow Medal|2007]] | 5 |- | [[2008 Brownlow Medal|2008]] | 5 |- | [[2009 Brownlow Medal|2009]] | 10 |- | [[2010 Brownlow Medal|2010]] | 16 |- | [[2011 Brownlow Medal|2011]] | 15 |- |- style="background:#D9F9E9;" | '''[[2012 Brownlow Medal|2012]]''' | '''30''' |- | [[2013 Brownlow Medal|2013]] | 17 |- | [[2014 Brownlow Medal|2014]] | 8 |- | [[2015 Brownlow Medal|2015]] | 7 |- | [[2016 Brownlow Medal|2016]] | — |- | '''Total''' | '''113''' |- | colspan=2| <small>Key:</small> |- style="background:#d9f9e9; border:1px solid #aaa; width:2em;" | colspan=2| <small>Green / '''Bold''' = [[List of Brownlow Medal winners|Won]]<!-- <br />* = joint winner</small> |- style="background-color:#FFCCCC; border:1px solid #aaaaaa; width:2em;" | colspan=2| <small>Red / ''Italics'' = [[Brownlow Medal#Ineligibility|Ineligible]]</small> --> |} *'''Individual''' **'''[[Brownlow Medal]]''': 2012 **'''[[All-Australian team|All-Australian]]''': 2012, 2013 **'''[[W. S. Crichton Medal]]''': 2009, 2010, 2012 **'''[[AFLPA Awards|AFLPA Best Captain Award]]''': 2012 **'''[[Australia international rules football team|Australian Representative Honours in]] [[International rules football|International Rules Football]]''': 2014 **'''[[Yiooken Award]]''': 2013 **'''[[Lou Richards Medal]]''': 2012 **'''[[Archer-Hird Medal]]''': 2010 **'''[[List of Essendon Football Club captains|Essendon F.C. Captain]]''': 2010–present == References == {{reflist}} == External links == {{Commons category|Jobe Watson}} * {{Essplayer}} *[http://australianfootball.com/players/player/Jobe%2BWatson/14492 Jobe Watson's profile] at AustralianFootball.com *{{AflRleague|ref=J/Jobe_Watson.html}} *{{Twitter|JobeWatson}} {{Essendon player squad}} {{Current AFL captains}} {{Essendon Football Club captains}} {{W. S. Crichton Medal}} {{Brownlow Medal winners}} {{2012 All-Australian team}} {{2013 All-Australian team}} {{Archer-Hird Medal}} {{Yiooken Award}} {{2014 Australian international rules team}} {{2002 AFL Draft}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Watson, Jobe}} [[Category:1985 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Essendon Football Club players]] [[Category:W. S. Crichton Medal winners]] [[Category:People educated at Xavier College]] [[Category:Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)]] [[Category:Doping cases in Australian rules football]] [[Category:Sandringham Dragons players]] [[Category:Brownlow Medal winners]] [[Category:All-Australians (AFL)]] [[Category:Australian sportspeople in doping cases]] h7gmt9l7ritnhenckge1cj9scbskoki 0 87385 540841 438723 2022-08-28T18:00:07Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Sandbox}} Assume good faith please. 28qpj7w0flcxzhwblj2im42lqjtn6lk 2 98278 541033 539939 2022-08-29T08:58:59Z JohanahoJ 37147 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="width: 250px; height: 400px; padding: 1em; background: #fff; border: 1px solid #c8ccd1; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: 0 0 10px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); text-align: left; z-index: 10; position: fixed; right: 60px; bottom: 80px;"></div> m579tvg5h313cq8psij4gk3s488ee41 2 102226 540851 509102 2022-08-28T18:07:43Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Sandbox}}</noinclude> {{CleanSandbox}} == Please start your testing below this line == {{User contrib|500000}} [[Category:Example and test user accounts]] qo47uvf79r8buc26x1j9zdoo5p6kode 540852 540851 2022-08-28T18:08:02Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Sandbox}}</noinclude> {{CleanSandbox}} == Please start your testing below this line == {{User contrib|500,000}} [[Category:Example and test user accounts]] 5lfxg8hu1o4vzr33089gxqq9dhlaimz 540855 540852 2022-08-28T18:10:19Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Sandbox}}</noinclude> {{CleanSandbox}} == Please start your testing below this line == <noinclude>{{Sandbox}}</noinclude> {{CleanSandbox}} == Please start your testing below this line == [[Category:Example and test user accounts]] eq4370po1nfbl5rj1tst1ihjc89610g 540856 540855 2022-08-28T18:11:13Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Sandbox}}</noinclude> {{CleanSandbox}} == Please start your testing below this line == [[Category:Example and test user accounts]] gbzhryj16btbm0gswlrmu3vi8pcqpik 10 104218 540571 514649 2022-08-28T14:31:23Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude> {{Tfm/dated|page=POV|otherpage=Unbalanced|link=Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 June 15#Template:POV|help=off|bigbox={{#invoke:Noinclude|noinclude|text=yes}}}} {{Tfm/dated|page=POV|otherpage=Unbalanced|link=Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2022 June 15#Template:POV|help=off|bigbox={{#invoke:Noinclude|noinclude|text=yes}}}} </noinclude> {{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= <!--{{POV}} begin-->{{Ambox | name = POV | subst = <includeonly>{{subst:substcheck}}</includeonly> | small = {{{small|}}} | type = content | class = ambox-POV | style = {{{style|}}} | image = [[File:Unbalanced scales.svg|50x40px|link=]] | issue = The '''[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|neutrality]] of this {{{what|article}}} is [[Wikipedia:NPOV dispute|disputed]]'''. | talk = {{{talk|#}}} | fix = Please do not remove this message until [[Template:POV#When to remove|conditions to do so are met]]. | removalnotice = yes | date = {{{date|}}} | cat = NPOV disputes | all = All NPOV disputes }}<!--{{POV}} end--> }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> cbj5lwf4z5bklosz21pfsrrm0rlevhy 0 107437 540924 540264 2022-08-28T21:32:47Z PhantomTech 27808 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Bluetpp (WMF)|Bluetpp (WMF)]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{Underlinked|date=tháng 7 năm 2018}} {{one source|date=November 2014}} {{no footnotes|date=November 2014}} {{Vấn đề| }} {{Infobox mobile phone | name = Samsung Galaxy A5 | codename = | logo = | image = | imagesize = | caption = | slogan = | brand = Samsung | manufacturer = | series = A | modelnumber = | networks = | released = | available = | predecessor = | successor = | related = | type = | form = | size = | weight = 123 gr | operatingsystem = | soc = Qualcomm snapdragon 410 | cpu = lõi tứ 1.2 GH 64 bit | gpu = Adreno 306 | memory = 2GB RAM | storage = 16GB | memory_card = lên đến 64GB | battery = 2300mAh | input = | display = 5 inch | rear_camera = 13 megapixels | front_camera = 5 megapixels | media_formats = | ringtone = | connectivity = }} '''Galaxy A5''' tên của một [[điện thoại thông minh]] bằng nhôm của Samsung. Nó được giới thiệu vào [[30 tháng 10|30 tháng 10]]{{not done}} năm 2014. == Thiết kế == Điện thoại này cũng [[Tín hiệu tương tự|tương tự]]{{not done}} như những chiếc điện thoại trước của Samsung nhưng được [[Thiết kế phần mềm|thiết kế]]{{not done}} với khung nhôm, tạo nên sự khác biệt.Nó mỏng 6.7&nbsp;mm và nặng 123g. == Phần cứng == Chi[ [[Qualcomm|Qualcomm]]{{done}} snapdragon 410 sử dụng trên điện thoại này là lõi tứ 1.2&nbsp;GHz và vi xử lý [[Điện toán 64-bit|64 bit]]{{done}} và ARM Cortex-A53. [[Đồ họa|Đồ họa]]{{done}} trên thiết bị này là Adreno 306. Nó có 2GB [[RAM|RAM]]{{done}} và bộ nhớ trong 16GB. Thiết bị này hỗ trợ MicroSD. ==Tham khảo== {{tham khảo}} ==Liên kết== *[http://www.phonearena.com/phones/Samsung-Galaxy-A5_id8944 Samsung galaxy A5] *[http://www.gsmarena.com/samsung_galaxy_a5-6761.php Samsung galaxy A5] {{Samsung smartphone}} {{Điện thoại Samsung}} {{Các thiết bị Android}} {{Sơ khai điện thoại Samsung}} [[Thể loại:Thiết bị Android]] [[Thể loại:Điện thoại di động được giới thiệu năm 2014]] [[Thể loại:Điện thoại di động Samsung]] 9yfwagj5dfqk5inemtnzjh4szjobea9 0 108253 540969 539817 2022-08-29T01:03:52Z InternetArchiveBot 34092 Rescuing 9 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Multiple issues|{{more footnotes|date=March 2018}} {{Underlinked|date=June 2016}} {{BLP sources|date=May 2011}} {{cleanup rewrite|reason=events are written in improper order and not coherent fashion|date=March 2017}}}} {{EngvarB|date=October 2014}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2014}} {{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --> | name = Mohd Faizal Musa | image =FORUM_BAHASA_JIWA_BANGSA_ATAU_BAHASA_GILA_KUASA_170514_TMISHAFIQ_04.jpg | imagesize = | caption = | pseudonym = Faisal Tehrani | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1974|08|07}} | birth_place = [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]] | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = Malaysian | period = | genre = Novel, short-story, poem and stage play | subject = | movement = | influences = | influenced = | signature = | website = }} '''Mohd Faizal Musa''' (born 7 August 1974), also known under the pen name '''Faisal Tehrani''', is a [[Malaysia]]n [[author]] and [[playwright]]. Due to the frequent writing and ideas he was known as a [[Controversy|controversial]] person.<ref>''“Tidak syak lagi, sejauh ini, suaranya, suara ‘menentang’ yang cuba mencari kewarasan setiap peristiwa yang sedang berlaku di seputarnya.”'' (A. Samad Said dalam Dewan Sastera, November 2002) ''"There is no doubt, so far, his voice, the 'opposing' voice that tries to find the sanity of every occasion that is happening around him."'' (A. Samad Said in the Literature Council, November 2002)</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1060994|title=A voice for the voiceless|website=www.thesundaily.my|language=en|access-date=2018-07-27}}</ref> He is the author of many books and literary works of various lengths, including stage plays. National Laureate [[Anwar Ridhwan|Anwar Ridwan]] praises of Faisal's writing "conscious of high literature and full of vision."<ref>http://irep.iium.edu.my/5099/1/Anwar_Ridhwan._Interview_article.pdf</ref> Faisal has won numerous literary prizes and awards, including the [[National Arts Awards|National Art Award]] (''[[:ms:Anugerah Seni Negara|Anugerah Seni Negara]]'') in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2006&dt=1123&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Sastera&pg=sa_02.htm|title=Anugerah Seni Negara pengiktirafan kepada penggiat seni|last=Ani Awang|date=23 November 2006|website=Utusan Malaysia|access-date=16 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thesundaily.my/node/164367|title=Writing for change|last=Bissme S.|date=31 July 2008|website=[[The Sun (Malaysia)|The Sun]]|language=en|access-date=16 March 2017}}</ref> == Education == Mohd Faizal Musa was born on August 7, 1974 in [[Kuala Lumpur]] before moving to [[Malacca]] at the age of 5. He started school at [[Sacred Heart]] School of Malacca, then at [[Primary school|Primary School]] Jalan Dato Palembang. Faisal continued his studies at Sekolah Menengah Sultan Muhammad until the age of 15, managing to get excellent [[Penilaian Menengah Rendah|Lower Certificate of Education]] results, after which he continued his studies at the Klang Islamic College (now the [[Sultan Alam Shah Islamic College]]). Faisal often honed his skills by supplementary writing of his teenage experiences in a teenage [[magazine]]. === Expertise === Mohd Faizal is a graduate of Bachelor of Syariah-Politics of the [[University of Malaya]] (1998), a [[Master of Arts]] from [[University of Science, Malaysia|Universiti Sains Malaysia]] (2000), [[Doctor of Philosophy]] from the [[National University of Malaysia]] (2010). He now works at the [[National University of Malaysia]]. As a Research Fellow at the Institute of Malay World and Civilisation, his research is on the Shiite minority in the [[Malay world|Malay world]]{{تم}}. In 2019, he was appointed as an [https://shiism.wcfia.harvard.edu/people/mohd-faizal-musa Associate of the Global Sh’ia Diaspora] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023064823/https://shiism.wcfia.harvard.edu/people/mohd-faizal-musa |date=23 October 2019 }} at the [[Weatherhead Center for International Affairs|Weatherhead Center for International Affairs]]{{تم}}, Project on Shi’ism and Global Affairs at [[Harvard University]], [[United States|United States of America]]. == Writing career == Faisal began his writing career with ''Cinta Hari-hari Rusuhan'' published by Creative Enterprise and ''Perempuan Politikus Melayu'' by Penerbitan Pemuda, both published in 2000. Both of his works lead to his nomination in the 2000-2001 Hadiah Sastera Perdana Malaysia. There was also ''Maaf Dari Sorga'', which only managed to be published in 2003 by Zebra Publications. Johan Jaafar, a famous [[Literary criticism|literary critic]] {{تم}}named some good political novels from Malaysia and the Malay Politic Women as "highlighting the pattern of women's political thinking".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/rencana/article/pengajaran-politik-dalam-sastera-melayu-johan-jaaffar |title=Archived copy |access-date=5 March 2020 |archive-date=6 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106210013/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/rencana/article/pengajaran-politik-dalam-sastera-melayu-johan-jaaffar |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2002 he released ''1515'', an [[Alternate history|alternative historical fiction]] that takes on [[Capture of Malacca (1511)|the Portuguese conquest of Malacca]] with victory siding instead to the [[Malacca Sultanate|Malacca Sultanate]]{{تم}}. It won first place in the 2002 Utusan Malaysia-Exxon Mobil Literature Prize plus the 2005 [[National Book Award]] in the General Malay Fiction category. The book is also used as a reading text for Malay studies at the [[University of Cologne|University of Cologne in Germany]]. The book was eventually translated in 2011 by the National Translation Institute of Malaysia (Institut Terjemahan Buku Malaysia, or ITBM). ''1515'' is considered to be the most significant work by Faisal Tehrani at the beginning of his writing. For instance, Professor [[Emeritus]] Dr Salleh Yaapar, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), talks about the greatness of 1515; "which re-reveals the history and identity of the Malays".<ref>http://www.dbp.gov.my/klikdbp/klikdbp1jun7.pdf</ref> In an academic paper, Professor Salleh also named ''1515'' as a masterpiece.<ref>http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1256&context=kunapipi</ref> Professor Sohaimi Abdul Aziz, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), also named 1515 as a novel full of techniques and literary approaches.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Am2mCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT76&lpg=PT76&dq=FAISAL+TEHRANI+1515&source=bl&ots=kSpFPGJ72p&sig=8C8Zl6LYJlY8CPoo6K9j2VF5HcA&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=FAISAL+TEHRANI+1515&f=false|title=Dahsyatnya Kesusasteraan Memerihalkan Kehidupan (Penerbit USM)|first=Sohaimi Abdul|last=Aziz|date=23 July 2014|publisher=Penerbit USM|via=Google Books}}</ref> Rosma Derak from [[Universiti Malaysia Sabah|Universiti Malaysia Sabah]] {{تم}}, Malaysia, described ''1515'' as the best of Faisal Tehrani's works and his strength was the use of 'deconstructing historiography' or 'rewriting history'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.myjurnal.my/public/article-view.php?id=82068|title=MyJurnal - Malaysian Citation Centre|website=www.myjurnal.my|access-date=5 March 2020|archive-date=31 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731220311/http://www.myjurnal.my/public/article-view.php?id=82068|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''1515'' is also the only contemporary Malaysian novel mentioned in The Encyclopedia of the Blackwell issue of the novel (2011).<ref>Razif Bahari. 2011. 'Southeast Asian Archipelago'. Dlm. John Wiley & Sons. The Encyclopedia of the Novel. Wiley Blackwell Publishing. UK. Hlm. 754.</ref> ''Rahsia Ummi'' published by Zebra Publications, 2003. In the meantime there are also used to find the ''Tunggu Teduh Dulu'' serialized in the room of [[Utusan Malaysia|Utusan Malaysia]] {{تم}}and expired in December 2003. The novel was published by Penerbitan Se-lain (2004) and Ameen Publishing (2008). Another of his famous novel is ''1511H Kombat'' by Utusan Publications and Distributors (2004).<ref>http://www.ukm.my/penerbit/akademika/ACROBATAKADEMIKA75/akademika75%5B01%5D.pdf{{Dead link|date=August 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It won first place in the 2003 Utusan Malaysia-Exxon Mobil Literature Prize in 2003; and ''Advencer Si Peniup Ney'' by Utusan Publications and Distributors (2004). It won first place Hadiah Sastera Utusan Malaysia-Exxon Mobil in 2004. He wrote the [[Young adult fiction|young adult novel]] {{تم}}''Detektif Indigo'' in 2004, published by Utusan Publications and Distributors. It won second place Hadiah Sastera Utusan Malaysia-Exxon Mobil in 2004. In the meantime, he began composing the historical novel ''Surat-surat Perempuan Johor,'' which was released by Yayasan Warisan [[Johor|Johor]] {{لا}}in the following year. He won the Sayembara Novel Sejarah dan Tradisi Johor 1. The popularity of ''Detektif Jingga'' lead to a sequel titled ''Ikan Fugu, Lukisan & Jimson'' in 2007. In the academic papers 'Adolescent Knowledge Indexes in Detective Indigo' (2013), published in Malay Literature 26 (12): 80-99, two University Malaya scholars, Dr Tengku Intan Marlina Mohd Ali and Dr Salinah Ja'afar from the Malay Studies Academy stated that Detective Indigo novel is very loaded with science knowledge for teens and useful for practicing skills.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://malayliterature.dbp.my/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/5-Adolescent-Knowledge-Indexes-in-Detektif-Indigo.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=5 March 2020 |archive-date=21 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121065317/http://malayliterature.dbp.my/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/5-Adolescent-Knowledge-Indexes-in-Detektif-Indigo.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Novel ''Tunggu Teduh Dulu'' and ''Surat-surat Perempuan Johor'' received praise by Siti Rabeah Masri, Kamariah Kamarudin and Pabiyah Hajimaming (Universiti Putra Malaysia) in their paper entitled ''<nowiki/>'The Muslim Woman's Personality and the Development of Insan Al-Kamil in the Novels of Faisal Tehrani and Isa Kamari ''', published in Malay Literature 26 (1): 38-64; the scholars stated ''<nowiki/>'Faisal Tehrani's novels are more dominant in putting forth depictions Muslim women with extraordinary character.'<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://malayliterature.dbp.my/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/3-The-Muslim-Woman.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=5 March 2020 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730110914/http://malayliterature.dbp.my/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/3-The-Muslim-Woman.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>'' In 2007, Faisal Tehrani wrote ''Bedar Sukma Bisu'', published by [[Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka]]. It won the Sayembara Jubli Emas DBP general novel category. ''Bedar Sukma Bisu'' also won the Hadiah Sastera Perdana Malaysia 2006/2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L38_jNlkADAC&pg=PA59&lpg=PA59&dq=faisal+tehrani+bedar+sukma+bisu&source=bl&ots=Bn2dZHxDUL&sig=CoJgaNHbXf2HqZ-lfQkBrxqAPig&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=faisal+tehrani+bedar+sukma+bisu&f=false|title=The Sustainability of the Translation Field|first=Hasuria Che|last=Omar|date=23 July 2009|publisher=ITBM|via=Google Books}}</ref> The work was translated into English under the title of ''The Prau with the Silent Soul'' in 2009 by Zawiyah Baba. SM Zakir in the paper ''The Myth and Religion in the Fu Numeral'' and ''The Prau With the Silent Soul'' (Bedar Sukma Bisu) published in Malay Literature 22 (2): 168-190, praising Faisal's uses of composed myth in the novel.<ref>http://www.myjurnal.my/filebank/published_article/22886/168_190.PDF{{Dead link|date=August 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ''<nowiki/>'' ''Manikam Kalbu'' by Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (2007). It won the Sayembara Jubli Emas DBP teens novel category. , ''Manikam Kalbu'' was awarded the winner for the Teen Fiction Book of the Year category in the National Book Award at a ceremony held by the [[Ministry of Education (Malaysia)|Ministry of Education]] and the National Book Council on 22 December 2009. Also won the ''Manikam Kalbu'', Hadiah Sastera Perdana Malaysia 2006/2007. In a study, this novel is regarded as saturated with local knowledge by Dr Wan Zaliha Wan Othman and Professor Dr. Mohamad Mokhtar Abu Hassan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://umexpert.um.edu.my/file/publication/00001256_98072.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=5 March 2020 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305045522/http://umexpert.um.edu.my/file/publication/00001256_98072.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Faisal continued the prolific producing ''Tuhan Manusia'' by Ameen Publishing (2007). Independent writer and director [[Amir Muhammad (director)|Amir Muhammad]] calls it "a provocative and surprising work. It is thematically conservative, but why should conservatives not be allowed to be provocative?"<ref>Amir Muhammad. 2009. You Gotta Have Faith. Malay Mail. 25 February.</ref> Faisal however disowned the work and ''Tunggu Teduh Dulu'' during a panel meeting at the Singapore Writers Festival 2015, saying it was just ''<nowiki/>'water under the bridge'.'' Mohd Faizal also refused to be associated with the movement of Islamic literature to the next phase of her writing, by asserting Islamic literature has distanced the audience and failed to achieve the purpose of humanity. Faisal, however, has yet to write anything critical essay about his points he is. The same thing he repeated during his opening remarks at the Fourth ASEAN Literary Festival in Jakarta, Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aseanliteraryfestival.com/?page=archive_full&id=190|title=aseanliteraryfestival.com&nbsp;-&nbsp;Diese Website steht zum Verkauf!&nbsp;-&nbsp;Informationen zum Thema aseanliteraryfestival.|website=www.aseanliteraryfestival.com}}</ref> In 2017, ten years after the publication of ''Tuhan Manusia'', Faisal stated in his column article in Free Malaysia Today that he hoped to rewrite the novel after believing the aspect of belief or religion was the affair between man and God.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/opinion/2017/08/17/dari-tuhan-manusia-ke-manusia-tuhan/|title=Dari Tuhan manusia ke manusia Tuhan|first=Faisal|last=Tehrani|date=17 August 2017|access-date=5 March 2020|archive-date=20 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220102017/https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/opinion/2017/08/17/dari-tuhan-manusia-ke-manusia-tuhan/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''<nowiki/>'' He continued writing children's literature with ''Nama Beta Sultan Alauddin'' (2007) published Aberdeen World. In 2008, he released a continuation of the ''Detektif Indigo'' series, ''Detektif Indigo Kembali'' published by Ameen Publishing. It was followed by ''Ketupat Cinta'', originally published in [[Harian Metro]] from 13 January to 5 August of the same year and reissued by Ameen Publishing as ''Ketupat Cinta Musim Pertama'' in 2009 followed by ''Ketupat Cinta Musim Kedua Penggal Pertama'' in 2012. Then, another historical novel authored the issue ''Saasatul Ibaad'' Aberdeen World (2008) and a novel ''Bahlut'' about the origin issue Ameen Publishing (2010). In 2011, Faisal Tehrani produce novel ''Sebongkah Batu di Kuala Berang'' with PTS Litera. In 2012, he released ''Perempuan Nan Bercinta'' published with the Institut Terjemahan Buku Malaysia (ITBM), which had caused repercussions by the government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sinarharian.com.my/nasional/faisal-harap-jaminan-pm-perempuan-nan-bercinta-tidak-diharam-1.64259|title=Nasional|first=Sinar|last=Harian|date=26 December 2018|website=Sinarharian}}</ref><ref>http://www.malaysiandigest.com/archived/index.php/12-news/local2/8748-jakim-mulls-banning-book-launched-by-najib</ref> It was later banned by the government of Malaysia in 2014. Undeterred by government pressure, he published the novel ''Bagaimana Anyss Naik Ke Langit'' with independent publisher DuBook Press that tells of the fate of an academic-activist who fights for the rights of the [[Penan people]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theantdaily.com/Main/It-s-not-sensational-it-s-just-human-rights|title=It’s not sensational, it’s just human rights|last=Neo Ming Yi|date=25 July 2014|website=The Ant Daily|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729160945/http://www.theantdaily.com/Main/It-s-not-sensational-it-s-just-human-rights|archive-date=29 July 2014|url-status=}}</ref> Faisal also wrote a poem titled ''Di Tembok Berlin'' on the same year,which was dedicated to [[Chris Gueffroy]], the last victim of the [[Berlin Wall]] who was killed on 5 February 1989. The poem was translated into German as ''An der Berliner Mauer'' by Hedy Holzwarth, Holger Warnke, and Volker Wolf in the ''Kuala Lumpur-Berlin'' anthology released by ITBM.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.itbm.com.my/catalogue/buku/kuala_lumpur_-_berlin/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=16 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724201645/http://www.itbm.com.my/catalogue/buku/kuala_lumpur_-_berlin/ |archive-date=24 July 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the field of drama, Faisal Tehrani is work; ''Rintih Chicago'' (winning the Hadiah Sastera Perdana Malaysia 1996/97). ''Angin Madinah'' (Hadiah Sastera Berunsur Islam organized by Yayasan Pelajaran Islam Malaysia-DBP and won the Hadiah Sastera Perdana Malaysia 2000-2001). ''MISI'' (1999-2000) was sponsored by Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka to carry around Malaysia, it was staged in Kota Kinabalu, Kuching and Penang. ''TiVi'' is an adaptation of a novella national laureate [[Shahnon Ahmad|Shannon Ahmad]] and directed himself in 2003 and funded under the program by the Teater Kecil of the Sastera Kebangsaan Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Faisal also released a collection of short stories published by Sasbadi titled ''Sehari Dalam Perang'' (1997). Also mini collection of short stories published Sasbadi under the title ''Safari Gilgit'' (1997), a collection of short stories with Azman Husin in 2000, a collection of short stories ''‘Lagi-Lagi Underground’'' with Sharil Hasril Sanin 2002. Short story collection ''Perempuan Anggerik published'' DBP in 2002, this collection of short stories shortlisted for Hadiah Sastera Perdana Malaysia 2002/2003, kumpulan Cerpen ''Kekasih Sam Po Bo'' issue Aberdeen World (2006). In 2010 he published a collection of short stories ''Tiga Kali Seminggu''. In the field of poetry Faisal Tehrani came with his first collection of poetry, namely ''Ingin Jadi Nasrallah'' in 2010. It is published by Ameen Publishing. National Laureate Datuk Anwar Ridwan described ''Ingin Jadi Nasrallah'' as "a publication that highlights his talent as a poet. Some of his poems have thought deeply reinforced with imagery, metaphor, and diction effective." He also writes creative writing handbook with the title ''Karya Nan Indah'' (Ameen Publishing, 2007). == Adaptations of his works == A stage adaption of ''Monsopiad dan lain-lain Cerita'' was held from 5 to 7 December 2003 at the [[Esplanade – Theatres on the Bay|Esplanade]] in [[Singapore]], funded by the National Art Council of Singapore. The play was nominated at the Cameronian Awards Award 2003 for the category of best Malay drama script.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://awards.kakiseni.com/winners/2003-awards/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=5 March 2020 |archive-date=17 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817192530/http://awards.kakiseni.com/winners/2003-awards/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Karbala'' (2008) published by Aberdeen World. ''2 Jam Sebelum Sultan Alauddin Syahid Diracun'' staged on August 25 to 29, 2008 in the Auditorium Akademi Pengajian Islam UM and characterized by Pentas magazine Volume 3 Number 4 issue of the Palace of Culture as a 'staging the monumental'. On 13–16 August 2009 at Wisma ITNM (Institut Terjemahan Negara Malaysia), Faisal Tehrani back to lead a religious theater show ''Kopitiam Ghadir''. It featured songs nasyid group singing 'Peace Culture Revolution'. ''Kopitiam Ghadir'' repeated the play on 1 to 4 July 2010. The drama ''Derik Kerisek'' published by Ameen Serve in 2011. In 2011, members of the [[Kuala Lumpur City Hall]] Cultural Artists collective staged a play adaptation of his novel ''Nama Beta Sultan Alauddin'' in conjunction with the Kuala Lumpur Festival on the same year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://robinwong.blogspot.com/2011/07/nama-beta-sultan-alauddin-dance-theater.html|title=Nama Beta Sultan Alauddin: A Dance Theater|first=Robin|last=Wong}}</ref> Beginning in 2012, [[TV2 (Malaysia)|TV2]] had released a television adaptation of ''Pelangi Ada Tujuh Warna'', which tells a female entrepreneur trapped in misyar often practiced by adherents of the Wahhabi ideology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.budiey.com/drama-pelangi-ada-tujuh-warna/|title=Drama Pelangi Ada Tujuh Warna|date=6 February 2012|website=Sensasi Selebriti}}</ref> The television directed by Bade and produced by actress Erma Fatima for. It is played by Ahmad Tarmimi Siregar and Lydiawati. == Academic writing == In academia, Faisal known in the three disciplines of Comparative Literature, Syiahisme, and the field of Human Rights.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ukm.academia.edu/MohdFaizalMusa|title=Mohd Faizal Musa &#124; National University of Malaysia - Academia.edu|website=ukm.academia.edu}}</ref> Among his academic writings which had reference is ''The Malaysian Shi'a: A Preliminary Study of Their History, Oppression, and Denied Rights'' (2013), ''Axiology of Pilgrimage: Malaysian Shi'ites Ziyarat in Iran and Iraq'' (2013), ''Javanese Sufism and Prophetic Literature'' (2011), ''Pengantar Hak Asasi Manusia Moden dan Hujah Sangkalan Ia Bertentangan Dengan Islam'' (2015),<ref>Musa, MF. 2015. 'Pengantar Hak Asasi Manusia Moden dan Hujah Sangkalan Ia Bertentangan Dengan Islam'. International Journal of the Malay World and Civilisation (Iman) 3(3): 79 - 94.</ref> ''Human Rights Lesson from Selected Malay Proverbs'' (2016) and ''Religious Freedom in Malaysia: The Reading of Qur’an 2:256'' (2016) which is contained in ''The Qur’an in the Malay-Indonesian World'' under series ''Routledge Studies in the Qur’an''. His expertise in academia is assessed by reference to the international standards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ukm.pure.elsevier.com/en/persons/mohd-faizal-musa|title=Mohd Faizal Musa, Dr.|website=The National University of Malaysia|access-date=5 March 2020|archive-date=23 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723071601/https://ukm.pure.elsevier.com/en/persons/mohd-faizal-musa|url-status=dead}}</ref> There are also a book ''Sinema Spiritual: Dramaturgi dan Kritikan'' (published Unit Buku Harakah) and ''Wacana Sastera Islam di Malaysia dan Indonesia'' (published UPM) was published in 2012. === Translation work === There are two Faisal novels translated into English which, ''1515'', Shahnaz Mohd Said's translation into English. ''1515'' reversed the history of the Portuguese attack on Malacca by giving the success of the Malays through the heroic character of Tun Nyemah Mulia. The 272-page novel was published by the National Translation Institute of Malaysia (now known as the Institute of Translation and Book Malaysia or ITBM) in 2011.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_BzfyAYVl0sC&dq=the+pray+of+the+silent+soul&source=gbs_navlinks_s|title=The Prau with the Silent Soul|first=Faisal|last=Tehrani|date=23 July 2009|publisher=ITBM|via=Google Books}}</ref> Faisal's second novel translated Bedar Sukma Bisu, translated by Dato Zawiyah Baba, former Director of the National Library of Malaysia with the title The Prau with the Silent Soul (2009). The 250-page novel is also published by ITBM.<ref name="auto"/> Four of his short stories can also be read in English the ''Perempuan Anggerik'' translated as The Orchid Lady (2000), translation Associate Professor Dr Noraini Md Yusof. It is published in Malay Literature 13 (1): 65-75. Madame short stories translated ''Cikgu Tomok'' by Kadir Ahmad for ''A Teacher for Tomok'' and published in Malay Literature 22 (1): 65-70.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.myjurnal.my/filebank/published_article/22879/065_070.PDF |title=Archived copy |access-date=5 March 2020 |archive-date=18 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518130618/http://www.myjurnal.my/filebank/published_article/22879/065_070.PDF |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Cik Siti Mustika'' (2009), translated by National Laureate Professor Dr Muhammad Haji Salleh with the title ''Miss Siti Mustika'' and published in the anthology of short stories ITBM ''Sea of Rainbows''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ArvR4UTeDRIC&pg=PA53&dq=miss+siti+mustika+sea+of+rainbows&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=3#v=onepage&q=miss+siti+mustika+sea+of+rainbows&f=false|title=Sea of Rainbows|first=Muhammad Haji|last=Salleh|date=23 July 2009|publisher=ITBM|via=Google Books}}</ref> ''Seorang Muslim, Seorang Lutheran'' origin published by ''Malaysiakini'' dated January 27, 2014. Translation ''A Muslim, A Lutheran'' done by Yana Rizal.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.projekdialog.com/featured/a-muslim-a-lutheran/|title=A Muslim, A Lutheran}}</ref> Faisal poem entitled The Berlin Wall (2012) translated by Hedy Holzwarth, Holger Warnk, and Volker Wolf is included in Kuala Lumpur - Berlin / Berlin - Kuala Lumpur ITBM issue''.''<ref name="auto1"/> The poem, whose translation is called An der Berliner Mauer, warned him to commemorating Chris Gueffroy, the last victim of the Berlin Wall who died on February 5, 1989. 'Bagaimana Anyss Naik ke Langit' translated into English as How Anyss Went to Heaven (2016), and published by DuBook Press. ''1515' translated into French by Monique Zaini-Lajoubert, published by [https://lettresdemalaisie.com/bibliographie/romans-et-nouvelles/romans-malaisiens/faisal-tehrani-1515/ Les Indes Savantes] in Paris (2016). In 2019, [https://www.gerakbudaya.com/the-professor-by-faisal-tehrani The Professor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511020028/https://www.gerakbudaya.com/the-professor-by-faisal-tehrani |date=11 May 2020 }}, a novel on human rights was published by Gerak Budaya. It was translated by Brigitte Bresson. == Controversies == === Shia === In 2008, Mufti of Perlis Dr Mohd Asri Zainul Abidin whom often associated with Salafiism<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/113886|title=Saya bukan Wahabi, kata Mohd Asri|website=Malaysiakini}}</ref> had written a letter to the chief editor of Harian Metro plus its copies to the Department of Islamic Development (JAKIM) and the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (Malaysia)|Home Affiars Ministry]] alleging Faisal of spreading the teachings of [[Shia Islam]] –a very taboo topic on part of the Malaysian government– through one of the chapters published in the ''Ketupat Cinta'' series;<ref name="MKini1">{{cite web|author1=Jimadie Shah Othman|title=Dr Asri tuduh Faisal 'berbohong'|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/83792|website=Malaysiakini|accessdate=16 March 2017|language=ms-MY|date=2 June 2008}}</ref> which was further supported by JAKIM's Assistant Director for the Section of Aqidah, Mohd Aizam Mas’od.<ref name="MKini2">{{cite web|title=Novel dilancar PM diharamkan Jakim|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/247887|website=Malaysiakini|accessdate=16 March 2017|language=ms-MY|date=28 November 2013}}</ref> Apart from Mohd Asri, another Salafi figure who frequently accuses Faisal Tehrani as 'Shi'ite author' including Fathul Bari Mat Jahya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/117350|title=Jais tolak 7 penceramah Wahabi?|website=Malaysiakini}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2uSzdmvVvCo|title=UFB - Tulisan Faizal Tehrani Banyak Unsur Syiah|date=6 December 2012|via=YouTube}}</ref> Due to the influence of Salafism takes place in Malaysia since the middle of 2000,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/rise-of-salafism-in-malaysia-cause-of-controversial-fatwas-says-sociologist |title=Archived copy |access-date=5 March 2020 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112050/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/rise-of-salafism-in-malaysia-cause-of-controversial-fatwas-says-sociologist |url-status=dead }}</ref> the allegations of the preachers have affected Faisal Tehrani's authority as a creative author. Faisal however denies such allegations and affirmed that he did not belong to this group, though he had stated his openness to the various schools of thought that have evolved in Islamic tradition; citing precedents like [[Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas]] and [[Burhanuddin al-Helmy]] with their efforts of reconciling syncretic Sunni and Shia traditions as a way of bridging understanding between both groups.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Faisal Tehrani|title=Isu Perempuan Nan Bercinta: Medan Baharu Persuratan Melayu|url=http://irfront.net/post/opinion-features/isu-perempuan-nan-bercinta-medan-baharu-persuratan-melayu/|website=Islamic Renaissance Front|accessdate=16 March 2017|language=Malay|date=7 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/203071|title='Saat kita perlukan sergahan minda'|last=Faisal Tehrani|date=9 July 2012|work=Malaysiakini|access-date=16 March 2017|language=ms-MY}}</ref> Among the denials ever recorded is in his writing in Malaysiakini.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/202940|title=Faisal Tehrani: Jangan guna kuasa jawab buku saya|date=2012-07-07|work=Malaysiakini|access-date=2018-07-27|language=ms-MY}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/203071|title='Saat kita perlukan sergahan minda'|date=2012-07-09|work=Malaysiakini|access-date=2018-07-27|language=ms-MY}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/203298|title=Mendobrak tembok feudalisme dalam persuratan|date=2012-07-11|work=Malaysiakini|access-date=2018-07-27|language=ms-MY}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://theklreview.org/faisal-tehrani-bukan-sasterawan-masturbasi/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=5 March 2020 |archive-date=4 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104081138/http://theklreview.org/faisal-tehrani-bukan-sasterawan-masturbasi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2014/05/07/author-says-novel-not-a-syiah-book/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=5 March 2020 |archive-date=4 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104155950/http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2014/05/07/author-says-novel-not-a-syiah-book/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, Faisal's idea has not been accepted, and Mohd Azizuddin Mohd Sani, a lecturer at the School of International Studies, Universiti Utara Malaysia, said Faisal was one of the victims of the trend of the agenda of Islamic authorities to maintain its popularity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.todayonline.com/world/asia/using-islam-score-political-points|title=Using Islam to score political points|website=TODAYonline}}</ref> In 2011, Faisal Tehrani produced a novel titled ''Sebongkah Batu in Kuala Berang'' with PTS Litera.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pts.com.my/index.php/berita/isu-sebongkah-batu-di-kuala-berang-pts-belum-terima-maklumat-rasmi|title=Isu Sebongkah Batu di Kuala Berang: PTS Belum Terima Maklumat Rasmi|website=pts.com.my}}</ref> On 5–6 October 2011, at the 79th Islamic Content Publishing Materials Committee Meeting Department of Islamic Development Malaysia (JAKIM) meeting, the novel Sebongkah Batu was banned. No solid reason was given by the agency as a pretext for a ban. ''Sebongkah Batu in Kuala Berang'' however continues to be sold in the open market as JAKIM has no absolute power to prohibit books. In 2012, her work titled ''Perempuan Nan Bercinta'' published with the Malaysian Institute of Books (ITBM) once again raised furore. On December 3, 2013, Faisal Tehrani received a letter from the Publishing and Text Control Division of the Quran, the Home Ministry announced five of his works were banned by JAKIM. The works are ''Sebongkah Batu di Kuala Berang, Perempuan Nan Bercinta,'' drama ''Karbala'', kumpulan puisi ''Ingin Jadi Nasrallah'' dan kumpulan cerpen ''Tiga Kali Seminggu.'' In an interview with Wall Street Journal Faisal explains that the novel's claim was banned by Shiite elements, ''"In this book, Ali Taqi questioned whether the possibility of a school of thought in Islam could be utilized to resolve the problem and the clutter of the Islamic version faced by the Sunni school of thought, which is merely a discourse, an academic discourse, so the Professor asked, Sunni and Shia are jointly put together to help resolve disputes, conflicts and crises? It is a complex novel There are various thought ideas in it".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indonesiarealtime/2014/05/08/qa-faizal-tehrani-and-his-banned-beloved-lady/|title=Q&A: Faizal Tehrani and His Banned Beloved Lady|first=Celine|last=Fernandez|date=7 May 2014}}</ref>'' === Human Rights in Literature === In 2008, Professor Dr. Nor Faridah Abdul Manaf from International Islamic University called Faisal as a bold author and never failed to voice the truth to the authorities compared to other authors in Malay literature that often chose a safe path. It is mentioned in his paper ''<nowiki/>'Human Rights and National Literature: A Comparative Study of the Experiences in Malaysia, Thailand and the Philippines''' published in Asiatic 2 (2): 74-84.<ref>http://journals.iium.edu.my/asiatic/index.php/AJELL/article/viewFile/49/35</ref> According to Uthaya Sankar SB, the fact that authors in Malaysia are afraid of the authorities to curb them to produce literary works capable of receiving the attention of the Nobel Prize, is not seen in the work of Faisal Tehrani.<ref>http://www.beritadaily.com/news/2016-01-18/32047/address-issues-not-ban-books-says-uthaya{{Dead link|date=August 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Nowadays after various of controversies, Faisal is considered as the founder of the human rights movement in Malay literature.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.beritaharian.sg/bahasa-budaya/hak-asasi-lewat-persuratan|title=Hak asasi lewat persuratan, Berita Bahasa & Budaya - BeritaHarian.sg|date=18 May 2015|website=BeritaHarian}}</ref> Among his works, which are evidently human rights include ''Homosektual'' short stories published in Mingguan Malaysia on June 24, 2012<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2012&dt=0624&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Sastera&pg=sa_01.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=5 March 2020 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730110650/http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2012&dt=0624&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Sastera&pg=sa_01.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> and a short story translated by Yana Rizal for the Dialog Project site entitled ''A Muslim, A Lutheran'' published on October 19, 2015.<ref name="auto2"/> In the year 2015, Faisal produced a children's book entitled ''<nowiki/>'Advencer Yaya and Fufu. Book 1: Jangan Cakap Begitu '''. The Dubook Press publication briefly introduces Articles 1 and 2 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 with the target audience under the age of five. ''<nowiki/>'' === Reprimand from the United Nations === On May 2014, the United Nations Human Rights Organization in a formal communication ''‘Communications report of Special Procedures: Communication Sent 1 March to 31 May 2014 Replies Received 1 May to 31 July 2014 Case Number MYS 4/2014’ A/HRC/27/72, 2014''' has sent a letter to the Malaysian government asking for clarification of why the novel ''Perempuan Nan Bercinta'' is prohibited, and stated that it is a violation of human rights. [[File:Maina Kiai.jpeg|thumb|Dr Mohd Faizal Musa and Mr Maina Kiai, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Rights to Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and of Association.]]''<nowiki/><nowiki/><nowiki/><nowiki/>'' In relation to that, the four United Nations Special Rapporteur has reprimanded the Malaysian government in a special communications ''<nowiki/>'AL Cultural rights (2009) G/SO 214 (67-17) Assembly & Association (2010-1) G/SO 214 (56-23) MYS 4/2014'<nowiki/>'' on May 27, 2014. They mentioned two novels: ''<nowiki/>'Perempuan Nan Bercinta''' and ''<nowiki/>'Sebongkah Batu Berang '.'' The Special Rapporteur considers the banning of these books is an act of intimidating and humiliating Faisal Tehrani, a human rights activist, as well as academicians studying in the field. The Special Rapporteur is; ''Special Rapporteur in the field of cultural rights; the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of'' ''opinion and expression; the Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association;'' and&nbsp;''the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief''. In the letter it is also possible for some other books to be prohibited.it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spcommreports.ohchr.org/Tmsearch/SPDB_Redirect|title=SPDB_Redirect|website=spcommreports.ohchr.org}}</ref> The Malaysian government ignored this reprimand, and even proceed with the banning of four Faisal Tehrani books effective April 1, 2015. 5.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/banning-my-books-absurd-as-they-were-published-years-before-author-says |title=Archived copy |access-date=5 March 2020 |archive-date=5 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105052815/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/banning-my-books-absurd-as-they-were-published-years-before-author-says |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''<nowiki/><nowiki/><nowiki/><nowiki/><nowiki/><nowiki/><nowiki/><nowiki/>'' Faisal Tehrani then challenged the banning of the four books on June 29, 2015 and requested a court review of the four books; ''Sebongkah Batu di Kuala Berang'', ''Perempuan Nan Bercinta'', ''Karbala'' drama, collection of Poetry, ''Ingin Jadi Nasrallah'' and a collection of short story of ''Tiga Kali Seminggugugu.<ref>http://www.nst.com.my/news/2015/12/118685/novelist-faisal-tehrani-seeks-overturn-book-ban</ref>'' === Liberal Islam === In addition to Shiite allegations, Faisal is also often mocked by a liberal title. Liberal Islam claims in Malaysia are often viewed negatively. Some of the accusations are Khalid Muammar A Harris who accuses Faisal of insulting Islamic institutions in this country and religious institutions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ismaweb.net/2015/07/11/luahan-kemarahan-faisal-tehrani-satu-kebiadaban-terhadap-islam-institusi-raja/|title=Luahan kemarahan Faisal Tehrani satu kebiadaban terhadap Islam, institusi raja|date=11 July 2015}}</ref> Faisal stressed that liberal lifestyles are not a negative, even claimed by the Rukun Negara, namely the national ideology of Malaysia; ''"The head of the Rukun Negara is often left behind by many people, so many are left behind or overlooked that Malaysia wants to" a liberal way of rich cultural tradition".''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/columns/286667|title=Aku, liberalis|website=Malaysiakini}}</ref> Faisal also believes that the influence of 'Literal Islam' or Salafism has make it complicated for the atmosphere of plurality and multiracial in Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2014/06/12/academic-arabification-of-islam-behind-allah-ban/686059|title=Academic: Arabification of Islam behind ‘Allah’ ban &#124; Malay Mail|first=Boo|last=Su-Lyn|website=www.malaymail.com}}</ref> According to him, the situation in Malaysia is now rampant with teo-fascism and the hope to see Malaysia as a moderate Muslim country is straying away.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/what-you-think/2014/06/26/theofascism-and-the-myth-of-moderate-malaysia-dr-mohd-faizal-musa/695153|title=Theofascism and the myth of ‘Moderate Malaysia’ — Dr Mohd Faizal Musa &#124; Malay Mail|first=Published 5 years ago on 26|last=June 2014|website=www.malaymail.com}}</ref> === Death Threats === Since falling prey to Shia charges and the liberal Islamic agnets, Mohd Faizal Musa often gets death threats. He has also faced several death threats made against him, in which he documents them on his Twitter account.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/drfaisaltehrani/status/557003335861940225|title=Death Threat (3):pic.twitter.com/Ev0Bhrmz2T|first=Mohd Faizal|last=Musa|date=18 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/drfaisaltehrani/status/580544207372324864|title=Death Threat (4):pic.twitter.com/WVgI5zHg9p|first=Mohd Faizal|last=Musa|date=24 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/drfaisaltehrani/status/640537735640449024|title=Another death threat.pic.twitter.com/XwifRq7OA8|first=Mohd Faizal|last=Musa|date=6 September 2015}}</ref> == Further Development == Following the ban on Women Nan Bercinta, Faisal Tehrani seems to be submerged from the mainstream of Malaysian literature. However, his writings and excerpts can still be traced through his column at Malaysiakini BM which often accepts warm comments from readers. In 2014, after publishing How Anyss Going Up to Heaven (''Bagaimana Anyss Naik Ke Langit)'' with the DuBook Press, Faisal republished his short stories in two previous underground short stories with Thukul Cetak publishers. The short story is titled ''Cerpen2 Underground'' (2015) with the addition of about 20 miniature short stories. Faisal made a move to publish his first essay book entitled ''Aku______, Maka Aku Ada!''&nbsp; (DuBook Press 2015). The book's cover presented him and his late Master Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat, and on his back cover written; ''‘Usah ajari aku bagaimana menjadi Muslim. Engkau tidak semua tahu. Dan aku tidak selalu jahil’. (''Do not teach me how to become a Muslim. You all do not know. And I'm not always ignorant) On May 6, 2015, Faisal Tehrani was shocked when the Home Ministry decided to ban his four books''Karbala''(2008),<span class=""> </span>''Ingin Jadi Nasrallah''<span class=""> </span>(2010),&nbsp;''Tiga Kali Seminggu''<span class=""> </span>(2010) and ''Sebongkah Batu di Kuala Berang''&nbsp;(2011). The ban comes into effect on April 1, 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/248504|title=3 Lagi buku sastera Faisal Tehrani diharamkan|website=Malaysiakini}}</ref> ''Karbala'', which was banned by the government, was the subject of study by Professor Dr Edwin Wierenga of the University of Cologne, Germany in his paper ''<nowiki/>'A Ta'ziya from 21st-century Malaysia: Faisal Tehrani's Passion Play Karbala'''. It is included in the academic book titled 'Shi'ism in South East Asia' by Chiara Formichi's edits. This book is the publication of C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd and goes on sale in the open market beginning May 21, 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hurstpublishers.com/book/shiism-in-south-east-asia/|title=Shi‘ism in South East Asia &#124; Hurst Publishers|website=HURST}}</ref> 'Karbala' was once created in the Literature Hall from Vol. 36, No. 12 (2006). The Karbala Drama is serialized between December 2006 and July 2007. Despite his pressure on Faisal, he published his second poem; The Mek Bah Bahia chapter published by Print (2015) and a children's book entitled ''‘Advencer Yaya dan Fufu.'' ''Buku 1: Jangan Cakap Begitu’.'' This book briefly introduces Articles 1 and 2 of [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights|the Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] {{تم}}1948 with the target audience below the age of five. Mohd Faizal also produced a film in 2015 titled Leukerbad, which captures the travel of human rights activists in Geneva, Switzerland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FT6ZZADlr1Y|title=Leukerbad: A Film by Faisal Tehrani (First Trailer)|date=1 July 2015|via=YouTube}}</ref> On January 10, 2018, the Court of Appeal quashed a Home's Ministry order banning four books authored by Faisal. A three-man panel comprising [[Tengku Maimun Tuan Mat|Tengku Maimun Tuan Mat]] {{تم}}, Ahmadi Asnawi and Zaleha Yusof found that the order issued on Feb 12, 2015, was not in accordance with Section 7 (1) of the [[Printing Presses and Publications Act 1984|Printing Presses and Publications Act 1984]] {{تم}}. Justice Zaleha, said that the order of banning the books was a restrcition of Faisal's fundamental right of freedom of speech. Justice Zaleha also added, the books – ''Sebongkah Batu di Kuala Berang'' (published by PTS Litera Utama Sdn Bhd); ''Karbala'' (published by Aberdeen Books World), ''Tiga Kali Seminggu'' and ''Ingin Jadi Nasrallah'' (both published by Al-Ameen Serve Holdings Sdn Bhd) – were not a threat to national security and public order. The panels stated that they had read the books, and nothing comes to their attention and they could not apprehend how the four books could create public disorder or be a threat to the society.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2018/01/10/court-of-appeal-quashes-ban-on-faisal-tehranis-books/|title=Court of Appeal quashes ban on Faisal Tehrani’s books|date=2018-01-10|work=Free Malaysia Today|access-date=2018-08-01|language=en-US|archive-date=10 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110155514/http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2018/01/10/court-of-appeal-quashes-ban-on-faisal-tehranis-books/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/01/11/court-quashes-ban-on-faisal-tehranis-books/|title=Court quashes ban on Faisal Tehrani’s books - Nation {{!}} The Star Online|website=www.thestar.com.my|access-date=2018-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thesundaily.my/news/2018/01/10/appeals-court-quashes-ban-faisal-tehranis-books|title=Appeals court quashes ban on Faisal Tehrani's books|website=www.thesundaily.my|language=en|access-date=2018-08-01}}</ref> On June 27, 2018, Faisal was called up by Putrajaya's [[Council of Eminent Persons (Malaysia)|Council of Eminent Persons]] to present his input on the way forward for Islamic bodies in Malaysia. Faisal was among scholars and activists called by the council to get feedback on the reform of Islamic institutions. Faisal suggested to the council that the advisers for religious agencies should also be academics such as anthropologists and sociologists. Faisal proposed that the government set up an advisory council comprising experts in religious and non-religious sciences to advise Islamic agencies in the country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2018/06/27/islamic-bodies-need-advisers-banned-author-tells-putrajaya-council/|title=Islamic bodies need advisers, banned author tells Putrajaya council|date=2018-06-27|work=Free Malaysia Today|access-date=2018-07-31|language=en-US|archive-date=2 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102215914/https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2018/06/27/islamic-bodies-need-advisers-banned-author-tells-putrajaya-council/|url-status=dead}}</ref> During and interview with [[Free Malaysia Today|Free Malaysia Today]] {{تم}}(FMT), on July 19, 2018, Faisal Tehrani warns of likely conservative backlash as the [[Pakatan Harapan|Pakatan Harapan]] {{تم}}triumph on the [[Malaysian general election, 2018|Malaysian 14th General Election]], and the fall of [[Barisan Nasional]] government. Faisal Tehrani stated that 'he feels the fresh air of change' after the week Pakatan Harapan took over the administration. Faisal is optimistic about the serious changes that the 'new government' are bringing.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2018/07/19/be-careful-what-you-wish-for-faisal-urges-impatient-liberal-reformers/|title=Be careful what you wish for, Faisal urges impatient liberal reformers|date=2018-07-19|work=Free Malaysia Today|access-date=2018-07-31|language=en-US|archive-date=16 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216040521/https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2018/07/19/be-careful-what-you-wish-for-faisal-urges-impatient-liberal-reformers/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Bibliography == * ''1515'' (2002) * ''1511H Kombat'' * ''Perempuan Politikus Melayu'' (2000) * ''Detektif Indigo'' (2004) * ''Advencer Si Peniup Ney'' * ''Bedar Sukma Bisu'' (2007) ''/ The Prau with the Silent Soul'' (2009) * ''Cinta Hari-Hari Rusuhan'' * ''Ikan, Fugu, Lukisan dan Jimson'' (2007) * ''Maaf Dari Sorga'' * ''Rahsia Ummi'' (2003) * ''Surat-Surat Perempuan Johor'' (2005) * ''Tunggu Teduh Dulu'' * ''Bila Tuhan Berbicara'' * ''Tuhan Manusia'' (2007) * ''Nama Beta Sultan Alauddin'' (2007) * ''Manikam Kalbu'' (2007) * ''Karya Nan Indah'' * ''Karbala'' (2008)''#'' * ''Perempuan Nan Bercinta#'' (2012) * ''Detektif Indigo Kembali'' (2008) * ''Saasatul Ibaad'' (2008) * ''Sebongkah Batu di Kuala Berang''# (2011) <nowiki>#:</nowiki> banned by Home Ministry of Malaysia under claims of promoting Shia Islam—a highly volatile issue by the Malaysian Government—which are detrimental to public order and safety of Sunni Muslims in Malaysia. == References == {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tehrani, Faisal}} [[Category:Malaysian writers]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:1974 births]] [[Category:People from Malacca]] [[Category:Malaysian novelists]] [[Category:Malaysian poets]] [[Category:Malaysian people of Malay descent]] [[Category:Malaysian Muslims]] [[Category:University of Malaya alumni]] [[Category:National University of Malaysia alumni]] [[Category:Malay-language poets]] oe37n8cw04z8g8mcp9fpaa8edkkw66r 2 112884 540667 540509 2022-08-28T15:53:36Z JohanahoJ 37147 css text/css .scriptcss-test { width: 30px; 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menuButton.setAttribute( 'id', 'scriptid-menubutton' ); menuButton.classList.add( 'mw-ui-icon', 'oo-ui-icon-menu', 'scriptcss-buttonstyle' ); // menu menu = document.createElement( 'div' ); bodyElement.appendChild( menu ); menu.setAttribute( 'id', 'scriptid-menu' ); menu.classList.add( 'scriptcss-menustyle', 'scriptcss-hidemenu' ); menuButton.addEventListener( 'click', function () { menu.classList.toggle( 'scriptcss-hidemenu' ); } ); } ); } if ( document.readyState === 'loading' ) { document.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', main ); } else { main(); } 9xfe1p55p16l9ro1fkvl8q7qrn3q9p9 0 113152 540982 447925 2022-08-29T03:28:36Z InternetArchiveBot 34092 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Multiple issues| {{Non-free|date=July 2020}} {{Cleanup reorganize|date=July 2020}} }} {{Copypaste|date=July 2020}} {{Use mdy dates|date=December 2019}} {{Infobox building | name = Graham Court | native_name = | former_names = | alternate_names = | image = Graham Court.jpg | alt = | caption = | map_type = | map_alt = | map_caption = | altitude = | building_type = | architectural_style = [[Italian Renaissance]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xvGhQoNT27IC&lpg=PA315&dq=%22graham%20court%22%20astor&lr=&pg=PA315#v=onepage&q=%22graham%20court%22%20astor&f=false|title=The New York Chronology: The Ultimate Compendium of Events, People, and Anecdotes from the Dutch to the Present. By James Trager. 2004.|publisher=|accessdate=September 17, 2014}}</ref> | structural_system = | cost = | ren_cost = | location = [[Harlem]], [[Manhattan]], [[New York City]] | address = 1921-1935<ref> [http://a810-bisweb.nyc.gov/bisweb/PropertyProfileOverviewServlet?boro=1&houseno=1921&street=Seventh+Avenue&requestid=0&s=A03C41B885B461E4F46BD08866A7430E NYC Department of Buildings "Property Profile Overview" using a "BIS (Building Information System) Web Query"] </ref>(or 1923-1937<ref name="Landmarks Preservation Commission"/>) 1925 [[Seventh Avenue (Manhattan)|Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard]], [[Manhattan|New York]], [[New York (state)|NY]] 10026 | client = | owner = | current_tenants = | landlord = | coordinates = {{coord|40|48|12.26|N|73|57|8.28|W|type:landmark_region:NY|display=inline,title}} | start_date = 1898<ref name="NYSUN"/> | completion_date = 1901<ref name="NYSUN"/> | inauguration_date = | renovation_date = | demolition_date = | destruction_date = | height = Eight stories<ref name="NYSUN"/> | diameter = | other_dimensions = | floor_count = | floor_area = | main_contractor = Developed by [[William Waldorf Astor]]<ref name="NYSUN"/> | architect = [[Clinton and Russell]]<ref name="Landmarks Preservation Commission"/> | architecture_firm = | structural_engineer = | services_engineer = | civil_engineer = | other_designers = | quantity_surveyor = | awards = | ren_architect = | ren_firm = | ren_str_engineer = | ren_serv_engineer = | ren_civ_engineer = | ren_oth_designers = | ren_qty_surveyor = | ren_awards = | url = | references = }} '''Graham Court''' is a historic apartment building in [[Harlem]], [[Manhattan]], [[New York City]], along [[Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard]] between West 116th and 117th Streets. It was commissioned by [[William Waldorf Astor]], designed by the architects [[Clinton and Russell]], and constructed in 1899-1901 as part of the great Harlem real-estate boom.<ref name="Landmarks Preservation Commission"/> The [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] designated the building a landmark in 1984, characterizing the Graham Court as "one of the premier reminders of the urban development of Harlem at the turn of the century" and "one of the signal achievements in the history of the apartment house in New York City."<ref name="Landmarks Preservation Commission">{{cite web|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1254.pdf|title=Graham Court Apartments|date=October 16, 1984|website=|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|access-date=December 9, 2019|ref={{harvid|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1984}}}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' suggested that it might be Harlem's "equivalent to [[the Dakota]]".<ref name="dame"/> ==Description== Graham Court has 800 rooms,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/31/realestate/31scapes.html|title=Buildings for a City He Could Live Without|last=Gray|first=Christopher|date=May 28, 2009|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 9, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> currently divided into 93 apartment units.<ref name="Renovation"/> The property is eight stories<ref name="dame">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/12/realestate/streetscapes-graham-court-grande-dame-tries-regain-her-respectability-harlem.html|title=Streetscapes: Graham Court; Grande Dame Tries to Regain Her Respectability in Harlem|last=Gray|first=Christopher|date=1987-07-12|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-12-09|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and contains eight elevators.<ref name="welcometoharlem">[http://www.welcometoharlem.com/page/central_harlem_history/;jsessionid=d8e128o00cg?ct=cdisplay&nt=true&cd_v=dispclean&cd_p=-1&cd_eid=38068 "Central Harlem History" at welcometoharlem.com, 12/30/05] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718023555/http://www.welcometoharlem.com/page/central_harlem_history/%3Bjsessionid%3Dd8e128o00cg?ct=cdisplay&nt=true&cd_v=dispclean&cd_p=-1&cd_eid=38068 |date=July 18, 2011 }}</ref> It runs the full length of the block between 116th and 117th Streets along Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard, with a depth of {{Convert|175|ft||abbr=}} on the side streets.<ref name="dame"/> ===Exterior=== It is a "boxy mass" designed in the mode of an Italian [[palazzo]].<ref name="dame"/> The first two floors of the exterior [[facade]] are of rusticated limestone, with tan or gray brick above and a crowning story of foliate [[terra cotta]] capped by a copper cornice.<ref name="dame"/> ==== Main facade ==== The building is divided horizontally into three parts. The main facade, on [[Seventh Avenue (Manhattan)|Adam Clayton Powell, Jr., Boulevard]], is divided into five parts vertically as well, having slightly projecting central and end pavilions. The two-story rusticated base, consisting of [[limestone]] set in alternating wide and narrow horizontal bands which show only the horizontal joints, has simple rectangular [[wikt:fenestration|fenestration]] and rises above an areaway with molded [[watertable]] and [[wrought-iron]] railing.<ref name="Landmarks Preservation Commission" /> Capping the base is a projecting [[stringcourse]] which is decorated with a wave molding on the center and end pavilions. The monumental main entrance, leading through an arcade to the interior courtyard, is a [[Palladian motif]] consisting of a central molded arch, with a keystone ornamented with a [[cartouche]], rising from an interrupted entablature which is supported by pinkish polished [[granite]] columns of composite order and [[pilaster]]s with [[entasis]]. A pair of large central ornamental wrought-iron gates is flanked by smaller gates. The [[spandrel]]s carry inset granite [[roundel]]s. The entrance is flanked by round-arched first-story windows with molded surrounds and keystones and second-story rectangular windows with surrounds.<ref name="Landmarks Preservation Commission"/> The inscription "Graham Court" appears above the arch, flanked by horizontal terra cotta panels with [[anthemion]] motif decoration. The arcade leading into the courtyard continues the treatment of columns and pilasters. A barrel vault, faced with [[Guastavino tile]]s, rises from the [[entablature]] and is decorated with broad ribs which extend from the columns.<ref name="Landmarks Preservation Commission"/> The pavilions of the midsection of the building, extending from the third through the seventh stories, are framed by [[Quoin (architecture)|quoin]]s; the rusticated stone bands of the central pavilion are punctuated by fenestration. All windows have simple rectangular terra cotta surrounds; those at the fourth, fifth, and seventh stories of the center most portion of the central pavilion have entablatures.<ref name="Landmarks Preservation Commission"/> Each floor is separated by a continuous stone stringcourse. Above the entrance on the third story, between the windows, are terra cotta panels of foliate design. The fourth floor of the central pavilion has a stone balcony with cartouches (part of the coping is missing), and there are also iron balconies with a harp motif at the fourth-story end and a seventh-story central and end pavilions.<ref name="Landmarks Preservation Commission"/> The seventh story is capped by an ornamental terra-cotta stringcourse (reeds bound by bay leaf garlands) with central and end cartouches. The top story has alternating round-arched windows and terra-cotta panels with decoration of classical derivation. The metal [[cornice]], originally denticulated and [[modillioned]], has been removed; remaining are the [[dentils]] and an [[egg-and-dart motif]] molding. A [[parapet]] wall, acting originally as subtle [[pediment]]s for the central and end pavilions, is now fully exposed and covered with [[tar]].<ref name="Landmarks Preservation Commission"/> ====Side facades==== The two side faces are identical mirror images (except for two round-arched entrances at either end on 116th Street and one larger one at the western side on 117th Street) and continue the same treatment as the main facade. The two side facades are arranged vertically as three pavilions. The unarticulated rear facade is of plain brick.<ref name="Landmarks Preservation Commission" /> ====Courtyard==== The [[courtyard]], reached by an open arcaded entry from Seventh Avenue, is 79 feet by 108 feet square and was originally planted with grass and ornamental shrubbery.<ref name="dame"/> Its gate is now locked against intruders.<ref name="dame"/> The court itself creates a genteel but cozy feeling, grand but also comfortably secure from the outside - an unusual amenity in a city where there are few private unroofed spaces. It also gives cross ventilation to every apartment.<ref name="dame"/> One of the great issues in apartment design at the turn of the century was the disposition of the courts - often reduced to mere air shafts. But because of its size, Graham Court could have a courtyard shared with no other building.<ref name="dame"/> In the courtyard, a driveway and sidewalk encircle an oval garden area with walks in a cross pattern which originally had a central fountain (the stone base remains).<ref name="Landmarks Preservation Commission"/> Eight iron lampposts were located in the oval and one pair flanked each of the four interior entrances (only four posts, one globe, and the stone pedestals remain). The reverse of the front facade entry arch, on the courtyard, is similar to it but without the keystone and is flanked by a pair of blind oval bulls-eyes with top and bottom keystones.<ref name="Landmarks Preservation Commission"/> The building is entered from the courtyard through four porticoes with columns of composite order, Guastavino tile ceilings, and balustrades (part of the one at the northeast corner is missing) which are set against the angled corner. Wood double doors with glass central panels and [[transom (architectural)|transoms]] are surrounded by egg-and-dart moldings and are flanked by small round-arched windows (most of which have been filled with polished granite). The courtyard walls maintain the building's overall horizontal division and materials, except that the base is one story high and is composed only of wide limestone bands and the brick is set in horizontal bands with plain and denticulated stringcourses.<ref name="Landmarks Preservation Commission"/> The first story has simple rectangular fenestration; the windows of the second through seventh stories have flat-arched lintels with triple keystones (some have end voussoirs), except for the second-story corner windows above the entrance porticoes which have molded surrounds with cartouche keystones. The top story has round-arched windows with keystones and is capped by a copper cornice with egg-and-dart and patterned motif moldings.<ref name="Landmarks Preservation Commission"/> ===Interior=== The planning of the apartments was a bit crude. Andrew Alpern, in his book ''Apartments for the Affluent,'' says the building has an "awkward circulation pattern" and the bedrooms tend to be small and narrow. But each apartment combines features - oak kitchen cabinets, mosaic foyer floors, mahogany and oak flooring, paneled dining rooms and multiple fireplaces - that later, simpler buildings could only sample.<ref name="dame"/> ==History== ===Origins=== The land on which Graham Court stands was acquired by [[William Backhouse Astor, Sr.|William Backhouse Astor]] in the 1860s and was transferred to [[William Waldorf Astor]] by the Astor estate in 1890. Graham Court was constructed by architects [[Clinton and Russell]] at an approximate cost of $500,000 as one of New York City's largest and finest "flathouses" (apartment buildings). The builder was John Downey.<ref name="Landmarks Preservation Commission"/> The Graham Court then got caught in the market collapse of 1904–05, which hit Harlem particularly hard. Moving up from the West Side, blacks turned Harlem into a "community where Negroes as a whole are better housed than in any other part of the country," according to historian Gilbert Osofsky.<ref name="NYSUN">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nysun.com/real-estate/once-heralded-address-lags-behind-rest-of-harlem/26140/|title=Once-Heralded Address Lags Behind Rest of Harlem|last=Vitullo-Martin|first=Julia|last2=|first2=|date=2006-01-19|website=The New York Sun|access-date=2019-12-09}}</ref> The building remained under the control of the William Waldorf Astor estate until 1933.<ref>New York County, Office of the Register, Liber Deeds and Conveyances. Cited in {{harvnb|ps=.|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1984}}</ref> The building was one of the last major apartment buildings in Harlem to become integrated. One source says that it was not opened to black residents until 1928;<ref>Gilbert Osofsky, Harlem: The Making of a Ghetto (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1966)</ref> another asserts that it did not rent to any black tenants until 1933, when new management's decision to "accept colored was accompanied by a reduction in services and an increase in the reduced, Depression-era rents."<ref name="NYSUN"/> Many eminent blacks moved in, including Dr. Cyril Dolly, a physician who organized the Consolidated Tenants League to protect tenants.<ref name="NYSUN"/> Famous residents also include James Pemberton and his wife Edna. James Pemberton was member of the state assembly representing Harlem, part of the Tammany Hall establishment and led protests at Yankee Stadium pressing for the integration of the game. On opening day 1945 after acquisition of team by MacPhail, Webb and Topping Pemberton led a group of protesters carrying signs that asked, "If we can pay, why can't we play?" and, "If we can stop bullets, why not balls?" ===Decline=== By the 1960s, the building had begun a precipitous decline.<ref name="Renovation"/> Then, Graham Court fell into city hands in 1978, when its owner failed to pay taxes.<ref name="NYSUN"/> In 1979, Mohammed Siddiqui, a pharmacist, bought the building for $55,000 and a promise to pay $150,000 in back taxes.<ref name="NYSUN"/> The sellers were Bankers Trust and the Astor Trust.<ref name="rescue">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/04/nyregion/rise-in-values-spurs-rescue-of-buildings.html|title=Rise in Values Spurs Rescue of Buildings|last=Williams|first=Winston|date=1987-04-04|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-12-09|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> But Siddiqui fell behind on his tax bill and, according to the tenants association, let the building slide further into disrepair. In the meantime, some residents said drugs were being sold illegally from apartments in the building.<ref name="NYSUN"/> During this six-year window of ownership by Siddiqui, tenants ran the building with the help of a court-appointed administrator.<ref name="rescue"/> By 1986, the city moved to foreclose the building from Mohammed Siddiqui for nonpayment of $933,000 in taxes.<ref name="NYSUN"/> It looked as though the city would foreclose on the building for delinquent taxes, allowing the tenants to buy their apartments for a mere $250 each under a city sale program.<ref name="rescue"/> But in mid-February, only hours before the foreclosure was to become final, the landlord took advantage of the city's four-month grace period and handed $933,000 to city tax collectors to reclaim the building. Then, Mr. Siddiqui, whose pharmacist license was suspended that year for three months for "negligence" in handling prescription drugs, sold it for $2 million to Leon Scharf, a West Side real estate investor with a large apartment building portfolio throughout Manhattan.<ref name="NYSUN"/> In 1986, Mr. Scharf told the New York Times that he was spending $1 million on improvements that year, and was optimistic about the future of the building: ''Eventually, maybe we would go to a co-op plan'' he said.<ref name="dame"/> In 1990, movie producer [[George Jackson (film director/producer)|George Jackson]] used Graham Court as the setting for a crack factory in ''[[New Jack City]]'', a depiction which the New York Magazine real estate section characterized as "all-too-believable".<ref name="NYMAG">{{cite web|url=http://nymag.com/nymetro/realestate/features/2652/index3.html|title=REAL E$TATE 2000: Uptown Boomtown|last=|first=|date=April 10, 2000|website=NYMag.com|access-date=December 9, 2019}}</ref> ===Revitalization=== In 1998, Mr. Scharf sold the majority interest to the current owners, the "Graham Court Owners' Corporation", under the management company "Residential Management",<ref name="Renovation">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/03/nyregion/neighborhood-report-harlem-when-renovation-erases-the-past.html|title=NEIGHBORHOOD REPORT: HARLEM; When Renovation Erases the Past|last=Kennedy|first=Randy|date=1994-04-03|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-12-09|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> who still owned the building as of 2003.<ref name="GCOC v. Green">{{cite web|url=http://www.nycourts.gov/reporter/3dseries/2006/2006_50333.htm|title=Graham Ct. Owners Corp. v Green|publisher=|accessdate=September 17, 2014}}</ref> The Graham is currently home to notable residents such as radio talk show host [[Alex Bennett (broadcaster)|Alex Bennett]], who fell in love with the apartment complex from the first time he and his girlfriend saw it. Major interior designer [[Sheila Bridges]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/18/garden/weeding-out-the-riffraff.html|title=Weeding Out the Riffraff|last=Green|first=Penelope|date=2013-07-17|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-12-09|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> lives in the same unit in Graham Court where the director [[Spike Lee]] shot his 1991 film ''[[Jungle Fever]]''. Bridges, whose unit still contains the original built-in cabinetry and [[wainscoting]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newyorksocialdiary.com/NYSDhouse/sheilabridges.php|title=New York Social Diary - NYSD House|publisher=|accessdate=September 17, 2014}}</ref> had to clean up "the fake-blood stain left over from the scene where [[Samuel L. Jackson]] is shot at the end".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brownalumnimagazine.com/content/view/1706/40/|title=Brown Alumni Magazine - Designing Women|publisher=|accessdate=September 17, 2014}}</ref> ==Tenant concerns== {{Update|type=section|date=November 2010}} ===Interior renovation=== In the early 1990s, the Graham Court Owners Corp. began a multi year renovation of the building's interior, which is not protected by the building's landmark code.<ref name="Renovation"/> A representative of Residential Management explained: "Basically, the rent stabilization law does not allow us to increase the rent unless we've put substantial money into renovating the apartments and that's what we're doing."<ref name="Renovation"/> The New York Times cited tenants who said that the purpose of the renovation was "to raise rents and eventually turn the building into a co-op."<ref name="Renovation"/> "What they do is just go in and strip the apartment – original mirrors and oak cabinets in the kitchen are taken out and they don't even save these things. It's all just trashed and the more valuable things, I suppose, are sold."<ref name="Renovation"/> ===Window replacement=== In 1996, the landlord received permission from the [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] to install new windows after an inspection found that 20 percent of them were beyond repair.<ref name="windows"/> The plan called for replacing the building's 400 original mahogany windows with aluminum ones.<ref name="windows"/> An employee of the landlord said the repairs were necessary, and said that the company planned to install the aluminum windows and seek rent increases.<ref name="windows"/> In the summer of 2000, in a survey by the tenants association, only two of 55 respondents wanted their windows replaced; most wanted them repainted and repaired. Some tenants were quoted as saying that was unnecessary, and was contrived to drive up the rent, which can be increased if certain work is done to the building.<ref name="windows"/> The tenants enlisted the support of Community Board 10, hoping that the Department of Housing and Community Renewal would reject the owner's request for a rent increase. But officials at the housing department said it was unlikely that the agency will intervene before the new windows are in place.<ref name="windows"/> ===Security services=== As early as 2000, the guardhouse was gone,<ref name="windows">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/24/nyregion/neighborhood-report-harlem-tenants-suspect-a-plot-in-a-plan-to-replace-windows.html|title=NEIGHBORHOOD REPORT: HARLEM; Tenants Suspect a Plot In a Plan to Replace Windows|last=Day|first=Sherri|date=2000-12-24|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-12-09|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and as of 2006, the building had no doorman or intercom system.<ref name="NYSUN"/> While a security guard on duty from 4 p.m. to midnight would admit visitors, the rest of the time tenants had to go down to the gate to greet guests. Residents said there was a direct connection between the lack of security and the regular presence of drug dealers, some of whom live in the building.<ref name="NYSUN"/> In 2007, tenants sought a reduction in rents on the grounds that a reduction in building security constituted a reduction in building-wide services, and got a ruling in their favor from the DRA (Directory and Resource Administrator).<ref name="DHCR">{{cite web|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb6166/is_2007_June/ai_n29356979/|title=Guard house replaced by security guard office and intercom|work=New York Landlord v. Tenant|via=FindArticles.com|publisher=Describing Graham Court Tenants Association: DHCR Adm. Rev. Docket No. UL430016RT |date=March 29, 2007|accessdate=September 17, 2014}}</ref> Landlord then signed a settlement agreement with tenants and filed an application to decrease or modify services. The DRA granted landlord's application, noting that landlord and tenants agreed that the security guard be located so that he could see and be seen at two spots within view of the front gate of the building. Landlord then filed a second rent restoration application, which the DRA granted and the DHCR affirmed; a DHCR inspector observed a security guard sitting at a security station designated as one of the two viewing spots in the agreement between landlord and tenants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Landlord+restored+security+guard+service.-a0215924746|title=Landlord restored security guard service. Graham Court Tenants' Assn.: DHCR Adm. Rev. Docket Nos. XB430036RT, XB430043RT (7/10/09) 3-pg. doc.|publisher=|accessdate=September 17, 2014|archive-date=October 17, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017214317/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Landlord+restored+security+guard+service.-a0215924746|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Harlem}} [[Category:Residential buildings completed in 1901]] [[Category:Apartment buildings in New York City]] [[Category:Residential buildings in Manhattan]] [[Category:Harlem]] [[Category:Seventh Avenue (Manhattan)]] [[Category:1901 establishments in New York (state)]] [[Category:New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan]]<noinclude> <small>This page was moved from [[:en:Graham Court]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Graham Court/edithistory]]</small></noinclude> 2urulldcnl35v4y0cgcracg9p7k2t1d 0 113154 540963 447884 2022-08-29T00:06:40Z InternetArchiveBot 34092 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox diocese |jurisdiction = Diocese |name = Hawai῾i |country = [[United States]] |territory = [[Hawaii]] |denomination = [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]] |image = Diocese of Hawaii seal.jpg |image_size = 150px |province = [[Province 8 of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America|Province VIII]] |bishop = [[Robert Fitzpatrick (Bishop)|Robert L. Fitzpatrick]] |cathedral = [[Cathedral Church of Saint Andrew, Honolulu|Cathedral of Saint Andrew]] |subdivisions = |congregations = 33 (2014) |members = 6,288 (2018) |established = 1969 |website = [https://www.episcopalhawaii.org/ episcopalhawaii.org] |map = Hawaii Locator Map.PNG |map_caption = Location of the Diocese of Hawaii |coordinates={{coord|21.309777|-157.857375|display=it}} }} The '''Episcopal Diocese of Hawai'i''' is the ecclesiastical territory or [[diocese]] of the [[Episcopal Church in the United States of America|Episcopal Church]] of the [[Anglican Communion]] in the [[United States]] encompassing the state of [[Hawaii]]. It is led by the Episcopal Bishop of Hawaii [[pastor]]ing the [[Hawaiian Islands]] from the [[Cathedral Church of Saint Andrew, Honolulu|Cathedral Church of Saint Andrew]] in [[Honolulu, Hawaii|Honolulu]]. The territorial jurisdiction which the Episcopal Diocese of Honolulu holds today was given up to American Episcopalians after the 1893 [[Overthrow of the Hawaiian Monarchy|overthrow]] of [[Liliuokalani|Queen Liliuokalani]], head of the [[Church of Hawaii]]. The Church of Hawaii, also called the Hawaii Reformed Catholic Church, was established by [[Kamehameha IV]] and Emma in 1862. The king and queen, friends of [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]] of the [[United Kingdom]], were devout members of the [[Church of England]]. Episcopalians continue the Anglican Church of Hawaii tradition of celebrating the [[Feast of the Holy Sovereigns]] each November 28, in honor of Kamhehameha IV and Queen Emma. ==Bishops== *[[Thomas Nettleship Staley]] (1862–1870) [British] *[[Alfred Willis]] (1870–1902) [British]; married Emma Mary Simeon, daughter of [[Charles Simeon (colonist)|Charles Simeon]]<ref>{{cite book | page = 75 | last = Blain | first = Rev. Michael | title = The Canterbury Association (1848-1852): A Study of Its Members’ Connections | year = 2007 | publisher = Project Canterbury |location=Christchurch | url = http://anglicanhistory.org/nz/blain_canterbury2007.pdf | accessdate = 26 May 2013 }}</ref> ==Missionary== [[File:John D. LaMothe.jpg|thumb|The Rt. Revd. John Dominique LaMothe]] # [[Henry Bond Restarick]] (1902–1920) (American jurisdiction after Restarick) # [[John Dominique LaMothe]] (1921–1928) # [[Samuel Harrington Littell]] (1930–1943) # [[Harry S. Kennedy]] (1944–1966) ==Diocesan== # [[Lani Hanchett|Edwin Lani Hanchett]] (1969–1975) # [[Edmond L. Browning]] (1976–1985) # [[Donald Purple Hart]] (1986–1994) # [[Richard Sui On Chang]] (1997–2006) # [[Robert Fitzpatrick (Bishop)|Robert Fitzpatrick]] (2007–)<ref name="List">{{Cite web |url=http://stjameshawaii.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/2013-history.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221002327/http://stjameshawaii.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/2013-history.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Churches== {{Update|section|date=October 2019}} ; Hawaii * [http://www.episcopalchurchhilo.org/ Church of the Holy Apostles], [[Hilo, Hawaii|Hilo]], (''no current vicar)'' * [http://www.christchurchkona.com/ Christ Church, Kona], [[Kealakekua, Hawaii|Kealakekua]], (''no current vicar)'' * [http://www.staugustineskohala.com/ St. Augustine's Church], [[Kapaau, Hawaii|Kapa'au]], Vicar, * St. Columba Church, Pa'ahau, Priest with oversight, The Reverend David Stout * [http://stjameshawaii.org/ St. James Church], [[Waimea, Hawaii County, Hawaii|Waimea]], Rector, The Reverend David Stout * St. Jude's Church, Oceanview, (''no current vicar)'' ; Kauai * All Saints', [[Kapaʻa, Hawaiʻi|Kapaʻa]] (first Episcopal Church built in 1925), Rector, The Reverend Ryan Newman * Christ Memorial, [[Kilauea, Hawaii|Kilauea]] * St. John’s, [[Eleele]] * St. Paul’s, [[Kekaha]] * [http://www.stmichaels-kauai.org/ St. Michael and All Angels and All Angels], [[Lihue]] (dedicated in 1991),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.episcopalhawaii.org/Island%20Descriptions/kauai.html |publisher=episcopalhawaii.org |accessdate=December 20, 2013 |title=Kauai, the garden isle |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221001532/http://www.episcopalhawaii.org/Island%20Descriptions/kauai.html |archivedate=December 21, 2013 }}</ref> Rector, The Reverend Andrew McMullen ; Maui<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.episcopalhawaii.org/Island%20Descriptions/maui.html |publisher=episcopalhawaii.org |accessdate=December 20, 2013 |title=Maui - the valley isle |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216045856/http://www.episcopalhawaii.org/Island%20Descriptions/maui.html |archivedate=December 16, 2013 }}</ref> * [http://www.goodshepherdmaui.org/ Good Shepherd Episcopal Church], [[Wailuku]] * [http://www.holyimaui.org/ Holy Innocents], [[Lahaina]] * [http://stjohnsmaui.org/ St. John's Episcopal Church], [[Kula, Hawaii|Kula]], Rector, The Reverend Kerith Harding * [http://www.trinitybts.org/ Trinity-by-the-Sea] ; Molokai * [http://www.gracechurchmolokai.com/ Grace Church], [[Hoolehua, Hawaii|Hoolehua]], Father John Lunn ; Oahu * [http://www.thecathedralofstandrew.org Cathedral of Saint Andrew], [[Honolulu, Hawaii|Honolulu]], Priest in Charge, The Reverend Robert Moki Hino; Associate, The Reverend Malcolm Keleawe Hee; Associate, The Reverend Heather Patton-Graham * [http://www.calvarykaneohe.com/ Calvary Mission], [[Kaneohe, Hawaii|Kaneohe]], (''no current vicar'') * [http://www.emmanuelkailua.com/#/welcome Emmanuel Church], [[Kailua, Honolulu County, Hawaii|Kailua]], Vicar, vacant * [http://www.epiphanyhi.org/site/index.php Epiphany Church] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316204754/http://www.epiphanyhi.org/site/index.php |date=2017-03-16 }}, [[Honolulu, Hawaii|Honolulu]], Rector, vacant * [http://www.goodsamaritanhawaii.org/ Good Samaritan Church], Honolulu, Vicar, vacant * Holy Cross Church, [[Kahuku, Hawaii|Kahuku]], (''no current rector'') * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130517165400/http://www.holynativityhawaii.episcopalhawaii.org/ Holy Nativity Church], Honolulu, Interim Rector, The Rev. Cn. Kate Cullinane; Curate, The Rev. Christopher Bridges; Deacon, The Rev. Dcn. Robert Steele * [http://www.stchristopherkailua.org/#/home St. Christopher's], [[Kailua, Honolulu County, Hawaii|Kailua]], Rector, The Reverend Giovan King * [http://www.stclem.org/ St. Clement's], [[Makiki]], Interim Rector, The Reverend Canon Catherine Cullaine * [http://stelizabeth720.org/wordpress/ St. Elizabeth's] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218225735/http://stelizabeth720.org/wordpress/ |date=2019-12-18 }}, [[Kalihi, Hawaii|Kalihi]], Rector, The Reverend David Gierlach * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140413140546/http://www.stgeorgeshonolulu.com/index.html St. George's Church and School], [[Pearl Harbor, Hawaii|Pearl Harbor]], Closed. * [http://www.stjohnsbytheseahawaii.org/default.htm St. John's By-The-Sea], [[Kaneohe, Hawaii|Kaneohe]], Vicar, The Reverend Paul Nahoa Lucas * St. John's The Baptist, [[Waianae, Hawaii|Waianae]], Acting Vicar, The Reverend Kaleo Patterson * St. Luke's, Vicar, The Reverend Raymond Woo * [http://www.stmarkshonolulu.org/ St. Mark's], [[Honolulu, Hawaii|Honolulu]], Rector, The Reverend Paul Lillie * [http://www.jsrsys.com/stmattshi/#mission St. Matthew's], [[Waimanalo, Hawaii|Waimanalo]], Vicar, The Reverend Mahi Bemis * [http://www.stmaryshawaii.org/ St. Mary's], Mo`ili`ili, Rector, vacant * [http://www.stnickschurch.org St. Nicholas'], [[Kapolei, Hawaii|Kapolei]], Vicar, The Reverend Ernesto Pasalo, Jr. * St. Paul's, Honolulu, Vicar, The Reverend Randolph Albano (jointly administered by the Episcopal Church and the [[Philippine Independent Church]]) * [http://www.stpetershonolulu.org/ St. Peter's], [[Honolulu, Hawaii|Honolulu]], Rector, The Reverend Diane Martinson * St. Stephen's, [[Wahiawa, Hawaii|Wahiawa]], Acting Vicar, The Reverend Kaleo Patterson * [http://www.sttimsaiea.org/ St. Timothy's], [[Aiea, Hawaii|Aiea]], Priest-in-Charge, The Rev. Daniel Leatherman == Schools == * [[St. Andrew's Priory School|St. Andrew Schools]], Honolulu, Chaplain, The Reverend Annalise Castro * [[ʻIolani School|Iolani School]], Honolulu, Chaplains, The Reverend Daniel Leatherman, The Reverend Nicole Simopoulos, The Reverend Heather Graham * [[Seabury Hall]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== *[http://hawaii.anglican.org Diocese of Hawai'i website] *''[http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/serial?id=jcepisdiohi Journal of the Annual Convocation of the Missionary District of Honolulu]'' {{ECUSA Province 8}} {{Christianity in Hawaii}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Dioceses of the Episcopal Church|Hawaii]] [[Category:Episcopal Church in Hawaii|Diocese of Hawaii]] [[Category:Religious organizations established in 1893]] [[Category:Anglican dioceses established in the 19th century]] [[Category:1893 establishments in Hawaii]]<noinclude> <small>This page was moved from [[:en:Episcopal Diocese of Hawaii]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Episcopal Diocese of Hawaii/edithistory]]</small></noinclude> 6sf7qbd4j52yx5w181t22vyjmfejuzt 0 113300 540971 447890 2022-08-29T01:10:35Z InternetArchiveBot 34092 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Favilla Guitars, Inc.''' was a family-run musical instrument company which produced quality [[string instrument]]s for approximately 96 years until 1986. Originally called "Favilla Bros.", the company built [[guitar]]s, [[mandolin]]s, [[banjo]]s, [[ukulele]]s, and [[violin]]s.<ref name="Those Fabulous Favillas">{{cite web|title=Those Fabulous Favillas|url=http://www.catfish1952.com/favilla.html|accessdate=4 July 2014}}</ref> ==Company history== Brothers John (ca. 1871-1956) and Joseph Favilla, after having emigrated from [[Italy]] to [[New York City]], formed Favilla Bros. (or Favilla Brothers, predecessor to Favilla Guitars, Inc.) either in 1890<ref name="Wheeler 1992 95">{{harvnb|Wheeler|1992|p=41}}</ref><ref name="Beloff 2003">{{harvnb|Beloff|2003|pp=102–103}}</ref> or 1894.<ref name="Those Fabulous Favillas"/> By the 1920s, the company had expanded to over 50 employees. The company produced instruments in various New York locations, but around 1930 settled into the West 16th Street location where it would remain until 1959. At that time, Hercules (“Herk”) Favilla, son of John Favilla and a former vaudeville performer,<ref name="Beloff 2003"/> took over the business and renamed it Favilla Guitars, Inc.<ref name="Those Fabulous Favillas"/> Herk’s older brother Frank had been running administrative affairs for the company since the late 1940s. John Favilla died in 1956, and when his son Herk took over in 1959, the company was moved to a larger facility in [[Brooklyn]].<ref name="Wheeler 1992 95"/> In 1965 the company relocated again, this time to [[Long Island]]. Around this time, guitar production peaked at 3,000-3,500 per year. Herk’s son Tom (b. 1942) worked for the company, and in 1970 began importing guitars from Japan under the Favilla name. (These instruments can be distinguished by their having the Favilla name in script on the guitar, instead of the full Favilla crest.)<ref name="Wheeler 1992 95"/><ref name="Blue Book of Guitar Values">{{cite web|title=Favilla Acoustic Guitar Values|url=http://bluebookofguitarvalues.com/Acoustic_Guitar_Values/Guitar_Manufacturer.aspx?id=FAVILLA|accessdate=5 July 2014|archive-date=2 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702060345/http://bluebookofguitarvalues.com/Acoustic_Guitar_Values/Guitar_Manufacturer.aspx?id=FAVILLA|url-status=dead}}</ref> Due to a shift in the guitar market from acoustic instruments to electric instruments, the Favilla company ceased production in 1973. However Herk and his son Tom continued building custom instruments until their retirements, in 1980 and 1986, respectively.<ref name="Those Fabulous Favillas"/> == Instruments == {{Expand section|date=July 2014|reason=This section needs more information.}} Over almost a century, the Favilla family produced a wide range of instruments in America. Some of these bore names such as “Favilla Bros.”, “Favilla”, and “Marca Aquila.” * [[Guitar]]s (including [[Classical guitar|classical]], [[Archtop guitar|archtop]], [[Dreadnought (guitar type)|dreadnought]], and [[Tenor guitar|tenor]]) * [[Mandolin]]s (including “bowl back” and “flat back” models) * [[Banjo]]s * [[Ukulele]]s (including “Teardrop” models, soprano, concert, tenor, baritone) * [[Violin]]s * Other ** Dulcet Guitarette ** Wimbrola ** [[Mandolin-banjo]] == Publications == In the 1950s and 1960s Herk Favilla was involved with music publication as well. In 1951<ref name="Beloff 2003"/> he authored and published a two-volume baritone ukulele method, one volume for self-taught beginners, the other for students and professionals.<ref name="Baritone Ukulele">“The Baritone Ukulele” (c. 1958 by Herk Favilla in Brooklin, NY.; c. 1962 by Favilla Guitars, New York, NY) (OCLC numbers 428979358 and 20191514, respectively). Book one: A Self-teaching Method for the Beginner; Book two: A Practical Method for Students and Professionals.</ref> He also published a collection of arranged guitar music in 1965.<ref name="World Classics for the Guitar">"World Classics for the Guitar" transcribed and edited by Howard David (c. 1965 by Herk Favilla Publications) (OCLC number 79822350).</ref> == Footnotes == {{reflist|2}} == References == * {{cite book |ref=harv | last = Beloff | first = Jim | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = 2003 | title = The Ukulele: A Visual History (Rev. & expanded) | publisher = Backbeat Books | location = San Francisco | isbn = 978-0-879-30758-5 | url = }} * {{cite book |ref=harv | last = Wheeler | first = Tom | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = 1992 | title = American Guitars: An Illustrated History (rev. and updated ed.) | publisher = HarperPerennial | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-062-73154-8 | url = }} * Cagnetta, Andrew (2017) ''Favilla Familia: A History & Guidebook'' ASIN: B073ZNMT1K == External links == * [http://www.catfish1952.com/favilla.html Those Fabulous Favillas: A pictorial tribute to Favilla string instruments (and the family who built them)] {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}} [[Category:Guitar manufacturing companies of the United States]] [[Category:Banjo manufacturing companies]]<noinclude> <small>This page was moved from [[:en:Favilla Guitars]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Favilla Guitars/edithistory]]</small></noinclude> d1tmxp9ftz314vtpz6ycytmcgfjl3fm 0 113346 540985 539841 2022-08-29T03:55:07Z InternetArchiveBot 34092 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Paleoproterozoic surge in atmospheric oxygen}} {{about|the prehistoric event|the hypothetical use of nanotechnology sometimes called "green goo"|Glossary of nanotechnology#G}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}} [[Image:Oxygenation-atm-2.svg|thumb|upright=2|O₂ build-up in the [[Earth's atmosphere]]. Red and green lines represent the range of the estimates while time is measured in billions of years ago (Ga). <br />Stage 1 (3.85–2.45 Ga): Practically no O₂ in the atmosphere. The oceans were also largely anoxic with the possible exception of O₂ in the shallow oceans. <br />Stage 2 (2.45–1.85 Ga): O₂ produced, rising to values of 0.02 and 0.04 atm, but absorbed in oceans and seabed rock. <br />Stage 3 (1.85–0.85 Ga): O₂ starts to gas out of the oceans, but is absorbed by land surfaces. No significant change in oxygen level. <br />Stages 4 and 5 (0.85 Ga–present): Other O₂ reservoirs filled; gas accumulates in atmosphere.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Holland, Heinrich D. |title=The oxygenation of the atmosphere and oceans |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: Biological Sciences |volume=361 |year=2006 |issue=1470 |pages=903–915 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2006.1838|pmid=16754606 |pmc=1578726 }}</ref>]] The '''Great Oxidation Event''' ('''GOE'''), sometimes also called the '''Great Oxygenation Event''', '''Oxygen Catastrophe''', '''Oxygen Crisis''', '''Oxygen Holocaust''',<ref>{{cite book |title=Microcosmos: Four Billion Years of Microbial Evolution |last1=Margulis |first1=Lynn |last2=Sagan |first2=Dorion |publisher=University of California Press |year=1986 |isbn=9780520210646 |location=California |page=99 |chapter=Chapter 6, "The Oxygen Holocaust" |author-link1=Lynn Margulis |author-link2=Dorion Sagan |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eo_sMMRxgAUC&lpg=PA99&dq=oxygen%20holocaust&pg=PA99#v=onepage}}</ref> or '''Oxygen Revolution''', was a time period when the [[Atmosphere of Earth|Earth's atmosphere]] and the shallow ocean experienced a rise in oxygen, approximately 2.4&nbsp;billion years ago (2.4&nbsp;[[Year#SI prefix multipliers|Ga]]) to 2.1–2.0 Ga during the [[Paleoproterozoic]] era.<ref name="Lyons 307–315">{{Cite journal |last1=Lyons |first1=Timothy W. |last2=Reinhard |first2=Christopher T. |last3=Planavsky |first3=Noah J. |date=February 2014 |title=The rise of oxygen in Earth's early ocean and atmosphere |journal=Nature |volume=506 |issue=7488 |pages=307–315 |doi=10.1038/nature13068 |pmid=24553238 |issn=0028-0836 |bibcode=2014Natur.506..307L}}</ref> Geological, [[Isotope|isotopic]], and chemical evidence suggests that [[Biota (ecology)|biologically]] produced molecular oxygen ([[Oxygen#Allotropes|dioxygen]], O₂) started to accumulate in Earth's atmosphere and changed Earth's atmosphere from a weakly [[reducing atmosphere]] to an oxidizing atmosphere, <ref>{{cite book |title=Sustaining Life on Planet Earth: Metalloenzymes Mastering Dioxygen and Other Chewy Gases |last1=Sosa Torres |first1=Martha E. |last2=Saucedo-Vázquez |first2=Juan P. |last3=Kroneck |first3=Peter M.H. |publisher=Springer|year=2015 |isbn=978-3-319-12414-8 |editor1=Kroneck, Peter M.H. |editor2=Sosa Torres, Martha E. |series=Metal Ions in Life Sciences |volume=15 |pages=1–12|chapter=Chapter 1, Section 2: The rise of dioxygen in the atmosphere |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-12415-5_1 |pmid=25707464}}</ref> causing many existing species on Earth to die out.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hodgskiss |first1=Malcolm S.W. |last2=Crockford |first2=Peter W. |last3=Peng |first3=Yongbo |last4=Wing |first4=Boswell A. |last5=Horner |first5=Tristan J. |title=A productivity collapse to end Earth's Great Oxidation |journal=PNAS |date=August 27, 2019 |df=dmy-all |volume=116 |issue=35 |pages=17207–17212 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1900325116 |pmid=31405980 |pmc=6717284|bibcode=2019PNAS..11617207H }}</ref> The [[cyanobacteria]] producing the oxygen caused the event which enabled the subsequent development of [[multicellular]] forms.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/01/130117084856.htm |author=University of Zurich |title=Great Oxidation Event: More oxygen through multicellularity |work=ScienceDaily |date=17 January 2013 |access-date=27 August 2019}}</ref> ==Oxygen accumulation== {{see also|Oxygen cycle}} {{Life timeline}} A chronology of oxygen accumulation suggests that free oxygen was first produced by [[Prokaryote| prokaryotic]] and then later by [[eukaryotic]] organisms in the ocean. These organisms carried out [[photosynthesis]] more efficiently,{{Compared to?|date=November 2019}} producing oxygen as a waste product.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://www.astrobio.net/news-exclusive/the-rise-of-oxygen/ |title=The Rise of Oxygen |website=Astrobiology Magazine |date=30 July 2003 |access-date=2016-04-06 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://uwaterloo.ca/science/news/researchers-discover-when-and-where-oxygen-began-its-rise |title=Researchers discover when and where oxygen began its rise |date=March 2019 |publisher=University of Waterloo |department=Science News}}</ref> In one interpretation, the first oxygen-producing [[cyanobacteria]] could have arisen before the GOE,<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dutkiewicz |first1=A. |last2=Volk |first2=H. |last3=George |first3=S.C. |last4=Ridley |first4=J. |last5=Buick |first5=R. |year=2006 |title=Biomarkers from Huronian oil-bearing fluid inclusions: An uncontaminated record of life before the Great Oxidation Event |journal=Geology |volume=34 |issue=6 |pages=437 |bibcode= 2006Geo....34..437D |doi=10.1130/G22360.1}}</ref> from 2.7–2.4&nbsp;Ga and perhaps even earlier.<ref name="Lyons 307–315"/><ref name="ELSVR-201803062">{{cite journal |last=Caredona |first=Tanai |date=6 March 2018 |title=Early Archean origin of heterodimeric Photosystem&nbsp;I |journal=[[Elsevier (magazine)|Elsevier]] |volume=4 |issue=3 |page=e00548 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00548 |pmid=29560463 |pmc=5857716}}</ref><ref name="AST-201803072">{{cite web |last=Howard |first=Victoria |title=Photosynthesis originated a billion years earlier than we thought, study shows |url=https://www.astrobio.net/also-in-news/photosynthesis-originated-billion-years-earlier-thought-study-shows/ |date=7 March 2018 |work=[[Astrobiology Magazine]] |accessdate=23 March 2018}}</ref> However, oxygenic photosynthesis also produces organic carbon that must be segregated from oxygen to allow oxygen accumulation in the surface environment, otherwise the oxygen back-reacts with the organic carbon and does not accumulate. The burial of organic carbon, sulfide, and minerals containing [[ferrous]] iron (Fe{{sup|2+}}) is a primary factor in oxygen accumulation.<ref name=":0"/> For example, when organic carbon is buried without being oxidized, the oxygen is left in the atmosphere. In total, the burial of organic carbon and pyrite today creates {{nowrap|15.8 ± 3.3 [[Tera-|T]] mol}} {{nowrap|(1 T mol {{=}} 10¹² moles)}} of O{{sub|2}} per year. This creates a net O{{sub|2}} flux from the global oxygen sources. The rate of change of oxygen can be calculated from the difference between global sources and sinks.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |title=Atmospheric Evolution on Inhabited and Lifeless Worlds |last1=Catling |first1=David C. |last2=Kasting |first2=James F. |date=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139020558 |location=Cambridge |doi=10.1017/9781139020558}}</ref> The oxygen sinks include reduced gases and minerals from volcanoes, metamorphism and weathering.<ref name=":02"/> The GOE started after these oxygen-sink fluxes and reduced-gas fluxes were exceeded by the flux of O₂ associated with the burial of reductants, such as organic carbon.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/01/130117084856.htm |author=University of Zurich |title=Great Oxidation Event: More oxygen through multicellularity |date=17 January 2013 |website=ScienceDaily}}</ref> For the weathering mechanisms, {{nowrap|12.0 ± 3.3 T mol}} of O{{sub|2}} per year today goes to the sinks composed of reduced minerals and gases from volcanoes, metamorphism, percolating seawater and heat vents from the seafloor.<ref name=":02"/> On the other hand, {{nowrap|5.7 ± 1.2 T mol}} of O{{sub|2}} per year today oxidizes reduced gases in the atmosphere through photochemical reaction.<ref name=":02" /> On the early Earth, there was visibly very little oxidative weathering of continents (e.g., a lack of [[Red beds| redbeds]]) and so the weathering sink on oxygen would have been negligible compared to that from reduced gases and dissolved iron in oceans. Dissolved iron in oceans exemplifies O₂ sinks. Free oxygen produced during this time was chemically captured by [[Banded iron formation#Origins |dissolved iron]], converting iron <chem>Fe</chem> and <chem>Fe^2+</chem> to [[magnetite]] (<chem>Fe^2+Fe2^3+O4</chem>) that is insoluble in water, and sank to the bottom of the shallow seas to create [[banded iron formation]]s such as the ones found in Minnesota and [[Pilbara]], Western Australia.<ref name=":1"/> It took 50&nbsp;million years or longer to deplete the oxygen sinks.<ref name="Anabar20072">{{cite journal |last1=Anbar |first1=A. |last2=Duan |first2=Y. |last3=Lyons |first3=T. |last4=Arnold |first4=G. |last5=Kendall |first5=B. |last6=Creaser |first6=R. |last7=Kaufman |first7=A. |last8=Gordon |first8=G. |last9=Scott |first9=C. |first10=J. |last10=Garvin |last11=Buick |first11=R. |year=2007 |title=A whiff of oxygen before the great oxidation event? |journal=Science |volume=317 |issue=5846 |pages=1903–1906 |bibcode=2007Sci...317.1903A |doi=10.1126/science.1140325 |pmid=17901330}}</ref> The rate of photosynthesis and associated rate of organic burial also affect the rate of oxygen accumulation. When land plants spread over the continents in the [[Devonian]], more organic carbon was buried and likely allowed higher O₂ levels to occur.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dahl |first1=T.W. |last2=Hammarlund |first2=E.U. |last3=Anbar |first3=A.D. |last4=Bond |first4=D.P.G. |last5=Gill |first5=B.C. |last6=Gordon |first6=G.W. |last7=Knoll |first7=A.H. |last8=Nielsen |first8=A.T. |last9=Schovsbo |first9=N.H. |date=2010-09-30 |df=dmy-all |title=Devonian rise in atmospheric oxygen correlated to the radiations of terrestrial plants and large predatory fish |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=107 |issue=42 |pages=17911–17915 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1011287107 |pmid=20884852 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=2964239 |bibcode=2010PNAS..10717911D}}</ref> Today, the average time that an O{{sub|2}} molecule spends in the air before it is consumed by geological sinks is about 2&nbsp;million years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Catling |first1=David C. |last2=Claire |first2=Mark W. |date=August 2005 |title=How Earth's atmosphere evolved to an oxic state: A status report |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=237 |issue=1–2 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2005.06.013 |issn=0012-821X |bibcode=2005E&PSL.237....1C }}</ref> That residence time is relatively short compared to geologic time - so in the [[Phanerozoic]] there must have been feedback processes that kept the atmospheric O{{sub|2}} level within bounds suitable for animal life. Eventually, oxygen started to accumulate in the atmosphere, with two major consequences. * First, it has been proposed that oxygen oxidized [[atmospheric methane]] (a strong [[greenhouse gas]]) to carbon dioxide (a weaker one) and water. This weakened the [[greenhouse effect]] of the Earth's atmosphere, causing planetary cooling, which has been proposed to have triggered a series of ice ages known as the [[Huronian glaciation]], bracketing an age range of 2.45–2.22&nbsp;Ga.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Bekker |first=Andrey |chapter=Huronian Glaciation |year=2014 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Astrobiology |pages=1–8 |editor-last=Amils |editor-first=Ricardo |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_742-4 |isbn=9783642278334 |df=dmy-all |editor2-last=Gargaud |editor2-first=Muriel |editor3-last=Cernicharo Quintanilla |editor3-first=José |editor4-last=Cleaves |editor4-first=Henderson James}}</ref><ref name="Kopp20052">{{Cite journal |author1=Kopp, Robert E. |author2=Kirschvink, Joseph L. |author3=Hilburn, Isaac A. |author4=Nash, Cody Z. |date=2005 |title=The Paleoproterozoic snowball Earth: A climate disaster triggered by the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis |url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/0504878102v1 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=102 |issue=32 |pages=11131–11136 |bibcode=2005PNAS..10211131K |doi=10.1073/pnas.0504878102 |pmc=1183582 |pmid=16061801 |access-date=6 July 2020 |archive-date=8 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108045031/http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/0504878102v1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="NS2">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20527461.100-first-breath-earths-billionyear-struggle-for-oxygen.html |title=First breath: Earth's billion-year struggle for oxygen |magazine=New Scientist |issue=2746 |date=5 February 2010 |first=Nick |last=Lane}}</ref> A fourth glaciation event found in South Africa is ~2.22&nbsp;Ga in age. Because geological evidence suggests that the ice reached sea-level in some areas and that the South African event occurred at low latitudes, the latter is associated with a so-called [[Snowball Earth]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Evans |first1=D.A. |last2=Beukes |first2=N.J. |last3=Kirschvink |first3=J.L. |date=March 1997 |title=Low-latitude glaciation in the Palaeoproterozoic era |journal=Nature |volume=386 |issue=6622 |pages=262–266 |doi= 10.1038/386262a0 |issn=0028-0836 |bibcode=1997Natur.386..262E}}</ref> * Second, the increased oxygen concentrations provided a new opportunity for [[Evolution| biological diversification]], as well as tremendous changes in the nature of chemical interactions between [[Rock (geology) |rocks]], [[sand]], [[clay]], and other geological substrates and the Earth's air, oceans, and other surface waters. Despite the natural recycling of [[organic matter]], life had remained energetically limited until the widespread availability of oxygen. This breakthrough in metabolic evolution greatly increased the [[Thermodynamic free energy |free energy]] available to living organisms, with global environmental impacts. For example, [[mitochondria]] evolved after the GOE, giving organisms the energy to exploit new, more complex morphology interacting in increasingly complex ecosystems, although these did not appear until the late Proterozoic and Cambrian.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sperling |first1=Erik |last2=Frieder |first2=Christina |last3=Raman |first3=Akkur |last4=Girguis |first4=Peter |last5=Levin |first5=Lisa |last6= Knoll |first6=Andrew |date=Aug 2013 |title=Oxygen, ecology, and the Cambrian radiation of animals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=110 |issue=33 |pages=13446–13451 |bibcode=2013PNAS..11013446S |doi=10.1073/pnas.1312778110 |pmc=3746845 |pmid=23898193}}</ref> {{clear}} [[File:GlaciationsinEarthExistancelicenced annotated.jpg |thumb|upright=3.5|center| Timeline of glaciations, shown in blue.]] {{clear}} == Geological evidence == === Continental indicators === [[Paleosol]]s, [[Detritus (geology)|detrital]] grains, and [[Red beds|redbeds]] are evidence of low-level oxygen.<ref name=":02"/> {{verify source |reason=This was improperly placed in the heading. I don't know what it was supposed to support |date=August 2019}} The paleosols older than 2.4&nbsp;Ga have low iron concentrations that suggests anoxic weathering.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Utsunomiya |first1=Satoshi |last2=Murakami |first2=Takashi |last3=Nakada |first3=Masami |last4=Kasama |first4=Takeshi |date=January 2003 |title=Iron oxidation state of a 2.45&nbsp;Byr-old paleosol developed on mafic volcanics |journal=Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=213–221 |doi=10.1016/s0016-7037(02)01083-9 |issn=0016-7037 |bibcode=2003GeCoA..67..213U}}</ref> [[Detritus (geology)|Detrital]] grains older than 2.4&nbsp;Ga also have material that only exists under low oxygen conditions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hofmann |first1=Axel |last2=Bekker |first2=Andrey |last3=Rouxel |first3=Olivier |last4=Rumble |first4=Doug |last5=Master |first5=Sharad |date=September 2009 |title=Multiple sulphur and iron isotope composition of detrital pyrite in Archaean sedimentary rocks: A new tool for provenance analysis |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=286 |issue=3–4 |pages=436–445 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2009.07.008 |issn=0012-821X |bibcode=2009E&PSL.286..436H |hdl=1912/3068 |url=https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/bitstream/1912/3068/1/manuscript_revised_with_figs.pdf}}</ref> [[Red beds|Redbeds]] are red-colored [[sandstone]]s that are coated with [[hematite]], which indicates that there was enough oxygen to oxidize iron.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eriksson |first1=Patrick G. |last2=Cheney |first2=Eric S. |date=January 1992 |title=Evidence for the transition to an oxygen-rich atmosphere during the evolution of red beds in the lower proterozoic sequences of southern Africa |journal=Precambrian Research |volume=54 |issue=2–4 |pages=257–269 |doi=10.1016/0301-9268(92)90073-w |issn=0301-9268 |bibcode=1992PreR...54..257E}}</ref> === Banded iron formation (BIF) === {{see also|Banded iron formation}} === Iron speciation === The concentration of [[wikt:ferruginous|ferruginous]] and [[Euxinia|euxinic]] states in iron mass can also provide clues of the oxygen level in the atmosphere.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lyons |first1=Timothy W. |last2=Anbar |first2=Ariel D. |last3=Severmann |first3=Silke |last4=Scott |first4=Clint |last5=Gill |first5=Benjamin C. |date=May 2009 |title=Tracking Euxinia in the Ancient Ocean: A Multiproxy Perspective and Proterozoic Case Study |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=507–534 |doi=10.1146/annurev.earth.36.031207.124233 |issn=0084-6597 |bibcode=2009AREPS..37..507L}}</ref>{{verify source |reason=This was improperly placed in the heading. I don't know what it was supposed to support |date=August 2019}} When the environment is anoxic, the ratio of ferruginous and euxinic out of the total iron mass is lower than the ratio in an anoxic environment such as the deep ocean.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal |last1=Canfield |first1=Donald E. |last2=Poulton |first2=Simon W. |date=2011-04-01 |df=dmy-all |title=Ferruginous Conditions: A Dominant Feature of the Ocean through Earth's History |journal=Elements |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=107–112 |doi=10.2113/gselements.7.2.107 |issn=1811-5209}}</ref> One of the hypotheses suggests that microbes in the ocean already oxygenated the shallow waters before the GOE event around 2.6–2.5&nbsp;Ga.<ref name=":02"/><ref name=":3"/> The high concentration of ferruginous and euxinic states of sediments in the deep ocean showed consistency with the evidence from banded iron formations.<ref name=":02"/> === Isotopes === There are two types of isotope fractionation considered: [[mass-dependent fractionation]] (MDF) and [[mass-independent fractionation]] (MIF). Isotopes in marine sediments of the accumulation of oxygen such as carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, transitional metals ([[chromium]], [[molybdenum]] and iron) and other non-metal elements ([[selenium]]) are considered as MDF evidence.<ref name=":02"/> For example, a spike in chromium contained in ancient rock deposits formed underwater shows accumulated chromium washed off from the continental shelves.<ref name="Frei20093">{{cite journal |last1=Frei |first1=R. |last2=Gaucher |first2=C. |last3=Poulton |first3=S.W. |last4=Canfield |first4=D.E. |year=2009 |title=Fluctuations in Precambrian atmospheric oxygenation recorded by chromium isotopes |journal=Nature |volume=461 |issue=7261 |pages=250–253 |bibcode=2009Natur.461..250F |doi=10.1038/nature08266 |pmid=19741707 |lay-url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/461179a}}</ref> Since chromium is not easily dissolved, its release from rocks requires the presence of a powerful acid such as [[sulfuric acid]] (H₂SO₄) which may have formed through bacterial reactions with pyrite.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.livescience.com/16714-oxygen-breathing-life-chromium.html |title=Evidence of Earliest Oxygen-Breathing Life on Land Discovered |website=LiveScience.com |access-date=2016-04-06 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The critical evidence of GOE was the MIF of sulfur isotopes that only existed in anoxic atmosphere and disappeared from sediment rocks after 2.4–2.3&nbsp;Ga.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Farquhar |first=J. |s2cid=12287304 |date=2000-08-04 |df=dmy-all |title=Atmospheric Influence of Earth's Earliest Sulfur Cycle |journal=Science |volume=289 |issue=5480 |pages=756–758 |doi=10.1126/science.289.5480.756 |pmid=10926533|issn=0036-8075 |bibcode=2000Sci...289..756F }}</ref> MIF only existed in an anoxic atmosphere since oxygen (and its photochemical product, an ozone layer) would have prevented the photolysis of sulfur dioxide. The process of MIF sedimentation is currently uncertain.<ref name=":02" /> === Fossils and biomarkers === {{see also|Biomarker}} [[Stromatolite]]s provide some of the fossil evidence of oxygen, and suggest that the oxygen came from photosynthesis. [[Biomarker]]s such as 2α-methylhopanes from cyanobacteria were also found in [[Pilbara]], Western Australia. However, the biomarker data has since been shown to have been contaminated and so results are no longer accepted.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=French |first1=Katherine L. |last2=Hallmann |first2=Christian |last3=Hope |first3=Janet M. |last4=Schoon |first4=Petra L. |last5=Zumberge |first5=J. Alex |last6=Hoshino |first6=Yosuke |last7=Peters |first7=Carl A. |last8=George |first8=Simon C. |last9=Love |first9=Gordon D. |date=2015-04-27 |df=dmy-all |title=Reappraisal of hydrocarbon biomarkers in Archean rocks |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=19 |pages=5915–5920 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1419563112 |pmid=25918387 |issn=0027-8424|pmc=4434754 |bibcode=2015PNAS..112.5915F}}</ref> === Other indicators === Some elements in marine sediments are sensitive to different levels of oxygen in the environment such as [[transition metal]]s [[molybdenum]] and [[rhenium]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Anbar |first1=Ariel D. |last2=Rouxel |first2=Olivier |s2cid=130960654 |date=May 2007 |title=Metal Stable Isotopes in Paleoceanography |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=717–746 |doi=10.1146/annurev.earth.34.031405.125029 |issn=0084-6597 |bibcode=2007AREPS..35..717A }}</ref> Non-metal elements such as [[selenium]] and iodine are also indicators of oxygen levels.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stüeken |first1=E.E. |last2=Buick |first2=R. |last3=Bekker |first3=A. |last4=Catling|first4=D. |last5=Foriel |first5=J. |last6=Guy |first6=B.M. |last7=Kah |first7=L.C. |last8=Machel |first8=H.G. |last9=Montañez |first9=I.P. |date=2015-08-01 |df=dmy-all |title=The evolution of the global selenium cycle: Secular trends in Se isotopes and abundances |journal=Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta |volume=162 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.1016/j.gca.2015.04.033 |issn=0016-7037 |bibcode=2015GeCoA.162..109S|doi-access=free }}</ref> == Hypotheses == There may have been a gap of up to 900&nbsp;million years between the start of photosynthetic oxygen production and the geologically rapid increase in atmospheric oxygen about 2.5–2.4&nbsp;billion years ago. Several hypotheses propose to explain this time lag. === Increasing flux === Some people suggest that GOE is caused by the increase of the source of oxygen. One hypothesis argues that GOE was the immediate result of photosynthesis, although the majority of scientists suggest that a long-term increase of oxygen is more likely the case.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kirschvink |first1=Joseph L. |last2=Kopp |first2=Robert E. |date=2008-08-27 |title=Palaeoproterozoic ice houses and the evolution of oxygen-mediating enzymes: the case for a late origin of photosystem&nbsp;II |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society&nbsp;B: Biological Sciences |volume=363 |issue=1504 |pages=2755–2765 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2008.0024 |pmid=18487128 |pmc=2606766 |issn=0962-8436}}</ref> Several model results show possibilities of long-term increase of carbon burial,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=des Marais |first1=David J. |last2=Strauss |first2=Harald |last3=Summons |first3=Roger E. |last4=Hayes |first4=J.M. |date=October 1992 |title=Carbon isotope evidence for the stepwise oxidation of the Proterozoic environment |journal=Nature |volume=359 |issue=6396 |pages=605–609 |doi=10.1038/359605a0 |pmid=11536507|issn=0028-0836 |bibcode=1992Natur.359..605M}}</ref> but the conclusions are indecisive.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Krissansen-Totton |first1=J. |last2=Buick |first2=R. |last3=Catling|first3=D.C. |date=2015-04-01 |title=A statistical analysis of the carbon isotope record from the Archean to Phanerozoic and implications for the rise of oxygen |journal=American Journal of Science |volume=315 |issue=4 |pages=275–316 |doi=10.2475/04.2015.01 |issn=0002-9599 |bibcode=2015AmJS..315..275K}}</ref> === Decreasing sink === In contrast to the increasing flux hypothesis, there are also several hypotheses that attempt to use decrease of sinks to explain GOE. One theory suggests that composition of the volatiles from volcanic gases was more oxidized.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last=Holland |first=Heinrich D. |date=November 2002 |title=Volcanic gases, black smokers, and the great oxidation event |journal=Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta |volume=66 |issue=21 |pages=3811–3826 |doi=10.1016/s0016-7037(02)00950-x |issn=0016-7037 |bibcode=2002GeCoA..66.3811H}}</ref> Another theory suggests that the decrease of metamorphic gases and [[Serpentinite|serpentinization]] is the main key of GOE. Hydrogen and methane released from metamorphic processes are also lost from Earth's atmosphere over time and leave the crust oxidized.<ref name="Catling 839–843">{{Cite journal |last=Catling |first=D.C. |date=2001-08-03 |title=Biogenic Methane, Hydrogen Escape, and the Irreversible Oxidation of Early Earth |journal=Science |volume=293 |issue=5531 |pages=839–843 |doi=10.1126/science.1061976 |pmid=11486082 |bibcode=2001Sci...293..839C}}</ref> Scientists realized that hydrogen would escape into space through a process called methane photolysis, in which methane decomposes under the action of ultraviolet light in the upper atmosphere and releases its hydrogen. The escape of hydrogen from the Earth into space must have oxidized the Earth because the process of hydrogen loss is chemical oxidation.<ref name="Catling 839–843"/> ===Tectonic trigger=== [[File:Black-band ironstone (aka).jpg|thumb|right|2.1-billion-year-old rock showing banded iron formation]] One hypothesis suggests that the oxygen increase had to await tectonically driven changes in the Earth, including the appearance of shelf seas, where reduced organic carbon could reach the sediments and be buried.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=T.M. |last1=Lenton |first2=H.J. |last2=Schellnhuber |first3=E. |last3=Szathmáry |date=2004 |title=Climbing the co-evolution ladder |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=431 |pmid=15496901 |issue=7011 |pages=913 |doi=10.1038/431913a |bibcode=2004Natur.431..913L}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eguchi |first1=James |last2=Seales |first2=Johnny |last3=Dasgupta |first3=Rajdeep |date=2019 |title=Great Oxidation and Lomagundi events linked by deep cycling and enhanced degassing of carbon |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-019-0492-6.epdf |journal=Nature Geoscience |doi=10.1038/s41561-019-0492-6 |access-date=2019-12-13 |df=dmy-all |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=71–76|pmid=31807138 |pmc=6894402 |bibcode=2019NatGe..13...71E }}</ref> The newly produced oxygen was first consumed in various chemical reactions in the oceans, primarily with [[iron]]. Evidence is found in older rocks that contain massive [[banded iron formation]]s apparently laid down as this iron and oxygen first combined; most present-day [[iron ore]] lies in these deposits. It was assumed oxygen released from cyanobacteria resulted in the chemical reactions that created rust, but it appears the iron formations were caused by anoxygenic phototrophic iron-oxidizing bacteria, which does not require oxygen.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://phys.org/news/2013-04-iron-primeval-seas-rusted-bacteria.html |date=Apr 2013 |title=Iron in primeval seas rusted by bacteria |website=Phys.org}}</ref> Evidence suggests oxygen levels spiked each time smaller land masses collided to form a super-continent. Tectonic pressure thrust up mountain chains, which eroded to release nutrients into the ocean to feed photosynthetic cyanobacteria.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/5C271294-EE45-D925-BEBBEF03016A7CF4/ |title=Abundant Oxygen Indirectly Due to Tectonics |last=American |first=Scientific |website=Scientific American |access-date=2016-04-06}}</ref> ===Nickel famine=== Early [[Chemosynthesis|chemosynthetic organisms]] likely produced [[methane]], an important trap for molecular oxygen, since methane readily [[Oxidation|oxidizes]] to [[carbon dioxide]] (CO₂) and water in the presence of [[Ultraviolet|UV radiation]]. Modern [[methanogens]] require [[nickel]] as an [[Cofactor (biochemistry)|enzyme cofactor]]. As the Earth's crust cooled and the supply of volcanic nickel dwindled, oxygen-producing algae began to out-perform methane producers, and the oxygen percentage of the atmosphere steadily increased.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/breathing-easy-thanks-to-great-oxid-09-04-13/ |title=Breathing Easy Thanks to the Great Oxidation Event |publisher=Scientific American |access-date=2016-04-06 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> From 2.7 to 2.4&nbsp;billion years ago, the rate of deposition of nickel declined steadily from a level 400&nbsp;times today's.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Konhauser, Kurt O. |display-authors=etal |title=Oceanic nickel depletion and a methanogen famine before the Great Oxidation Event |journal=Nature|volume=458 |issue=7239 |pages=750–753 |year=2009 |pmid=19360085 |doi=10.1038/nature07858 |bibcode=2009Natur.458..750K}}</ref> ===Bistability=== Another hypothesis posits a model of the atmosphere that exhibits [[bistability]]: two [[steady state]]s of oxygen concentration. The state of stable low oxygen concentration (0.02%) experiences a high rate of methane oxidation. If some event raises oxygen levels beyond a moderate threshold, the formation of an [[ozone layer]] shields UV rays and decreases methane oxidation, raising oxygen further to a stable state of 21% or more. The Great Oxygenation Event can then be understood as a [[phase transition|transition]] from the lower to the upper steady states.<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Goldblatt, C. |author2=Lenton, T.M. |author3=Watson, A.J. |date=2006 |title=The Great Oxidation at 2.4&nbsp;Ga as a bistability in atmospheric oxygen due to UV shielding by ozone |journal=Geophysical Research Abstracts |volume=8 |page=00770 |url=http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/EGU06/00770/EGU06-J-00770.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Claire |first1=M.W. |last2=Catling |first2=D.C. |last3=Zahnle |first3=K.J. |date=December 2006 |title=Biogeochemical modelling of the rise in atmospheric oxygen |journal=Geobiology |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=239–269 |doi=10.1111/j.1472-4669.2006.00084.x |issn=1472-4677}}</ref> ==Role in mineral diversification== {{Main|Mineral evolution}} The Great Oxygenation Event triggered an explosive growth in the diversity of [[mineral]]s, with many elements occurring in one or more oxidized forms near the Earth's surface.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sverjensky|first1=Dimitri A. |last2=Lee |first2=Namhey |date=2010-02-01 |df=dmy-all |title=The Great Oxidation Event and Mineral Diversification |journal=Elements |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=31–36 |doi=10.2113/gselements.6.1.31 |issn=1811-5209}}</ref> It is estimated that the GOE was directly responsible for more than 2,500 of the total of about 4,500&nbsp;minerals found on Earth today. Most of these new minerals were formed as [[hydrated]] and [[oxidized]] forms due to dynamic [[Mantle (geology)|mantle]] and [[Crust (geology)|crust]] processes.<ref name="sciam1">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=evolution-of-minerals |title=Evolution of Minerals |magazine=Scientific American |date=March 2010}}</ref> {{Simple Horizontal timeline |caption=Million years ago. [[Age of Earth]] = 4,560 |collapsible=yes |row1=note |row1-1-at=-2400 |row1-1-text=Great Oxygenation |row1-2-at=-2100 |row1-2-text=End of Huronian glaciation |row2=timeline |row2-1-to=-635 |row2-2-to=0 |row2-2-text={{Geological periods|-635|height=2.5em}} |row3={{Geological eons|-2500|height=2.5em}} |row4=scale |from=-2500 |to=0 |axis-nudge=-1em |inc=200 }} == Role in cyanobacteria evolution == In a field research done in Lake Fryxell, Antarctica, researchers found out that mats of oxygen-producing cyanobacteria can produce a thin layer, one to two&nbsp;millimeters thick, of oxygenated water in an otherwise anoxic environment even under thick ice. Thus, before oxygen started accumulating in the atmosphere, these organisms could have possibly adapted to oxygen.<ref>{{cite news |website=ScienceDaily.com |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150901140759.htm |date=Sep 2015 |title=Oxygen oasis in Antarctic lake reflects Earth in distant past}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Doran |first1=Peter T. |last2=Jungblut |first2=Anne D. |last3=Mackey |first3=Tyler J. |last4=Hawes |first4=Ian |last5=Sumner |first5=Dawn Y. |date=2015-10-01 |df=dmy-all |title=Antarctic microbial mats: A modern analog for Archean lacustrine oxygen oases |journal=Geology |volume=43 |issue=10 |pages=887–890 |doi=10.1130/G36966.1 |issn=0091-7613 |bibcode=2015Geo....43..887S |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9gr788vv}}</ref> Eventually, the evolution of aerobic organisms that consumed oxygen established an equilibrium in the availability of oxygen. Free oxygen has been an important constituent of the atmosphere ever since. ==Origin of eukaryotes== It has been proposed that a local rise in oxygen levels due to [[cyanobacteria]]l photosynthesis in ancient microenvironments was highly toxic to the surrounding biota, and that this selective pressure drove the evolutionary transformation of an [[archaea]]l lineage into the first [[eukaryote]]s.<ref name="pmid20731852">{{cite journal |author1=Gross, J. |author2=Bhattacharya, D. |title=Uniting sex and eukaryote origins in an emerging oxygenic world |journal=Biol. Direct |volume=5|pages=53 |date=August 2010 |pmid=20731852 |pmc=2933680 |doi=10.1186/1745-6150-5-53}}</ref> [[Oxidative stress]] involving production of [[reactive oxygen species]] (ROS) might have acted in synergy with other environmental stresses (such as [[ultraviolet]] radiation and/or [[desiccation]]) to drive selection in an early archaeal lineage towards eukaryosis. This archaeal ancestor may already have had [[DNA repair]] mechanisms based on DNA pairing and [[homologous recombination|recombination]] and possibly some kind of cell fusion mechanism.<ref name="pmid29436502">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hörandl E, Speijer D |title=How oxygen gave rise to eukaryotic sex |journal=Proc. Biol. Sci. |volume=285 |issue=1872 |page=20172706 |date=February 2018 |pmid=29436502 |pmc=5829205 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2017.2706}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Bernstein, H. |author2=Bernstein, C. |article=Sexual communication in archaea, the precursor to meiosis |pages=103–117 |title=Biocommunication of Archaea |editor=Witzany, Guenther |year=2017 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-319-65535-2 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-65536-9}}</ref> The detrimental effects of internal ROS (produced by [[endosymbiont]] proto-[[Mitochondrion|mitochondria]]) on the archaeal [[genome]] could have promoted the [[origin and function of meiosis|evolution of meiotic sex]] from these humble beginnings.<ref name="pmid29436502"/> Selective pressure for efficient DNA repair of oxidative DNA damages may have driven the evolution of eukaryotic sex involving such features as cell-cell fusions, cytoskeleton-mediated chromosome movements and emergence of the [[nuclear membrane]].<ref name="pmid20731852"/> Thus the evolution of eukaryotic sex and eukaryogenesis were likely inseparable processes that evolved in large part to facilitate DNA repair.<ref name="pmid20731852" /><ref>{{cite book |author1=Bernstein, Harris |author2=Bernstein, Carol |chapter=Chapter&nbsp;3 – Evolutionary origin and adaptive function of meiosis |title=Meiosis |publisher=Intech Publ |editor1=Bernstein, Carol |editor2=Bernstein, Harris |pages=41–75 |year=2013}}</ref> ==See also== *[[Geological history of oxygen]] – Timeline of the development of free oxygen in the Earth's oceans and atmosphere * {{annotated link|Medea hypothesis}} * {{annotated link|Pasteur point}} *[[Rare Earth hypothesis]] – Hypothesis that complex extraterrestrial life is an extremely rare phenomenon * {{annotated link|Stromatolite}} ==References== {{Reflist|25em}} ==External links== * {{cite magazine |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20527461.100-first-breath-earths-billionyear-struggle-for-oxygen/ |title=First breath: Earth's billion-year struggle for oxygen |magazine=New Scientist |issue=2746 |date=5 February 2010 |first=Nick |last=Lane |access-date=6 July 2020 |archive-date=6 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106141826/http://ptc-cam.blogspot.com/2010/02/first-breath-earths-billion-year.html |url-status=dead }} {{Proterozoic Footer}} [[Category:Paleoproterozoic]] [[Category:Origin of life]] [[Category:Oxygen]] [[Category:Climate history]] [[Category:Events in the geological history of Earth]] [[Category:Extinction events]] [[Category:Meteorological hypotheses]]<noinclude> <small>This page was moved from [[:en:Great Oxidation Event]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Great Oxidation Event/edithistory]]</small></noinclude> f6f4fcsick8hgsheao4bsgvw3w7qg4q 0 113368 540981 473496 2022-08-29T03:06:37Z InternetArchiveBot 34092 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{advert|date=November 2015}} [[File:Gill Foundation logo.jpg|thumb|Gill Foundation logo]] The '''Gill Foundation''' is one of the largest funders of efforts to secure full equality for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender ([[LGBT]]) people in the United States.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Donnelly|first1=Shannon|title=Report: Arcus Foundation tops list of donors to gay causes|url=http://www.palmbeachdailynews.com/news/lifestyles/society/report-arcus-foundation-tops-list-of-donors-to-g-1/nLh8Z/|accessdate=11 November 2015|publisher=Palm Beach Daily News|date=March 6, 2012|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101944/http://www.palmbeachdailynews.com/news/lifestyles/society/report-arcus-foundation-tops-list-of-donors-to-g-1/nLh8Z/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The foundation's mission is "to secure equal opportunity for all [[People of the United States|Americans]], regardless of [[sexual orientation]] or [[gender|gender identity and expression]]." <ref>{{cite web|title=Caroline Preston|url=http://philanthropy.com/blogs/the-giveaway/tag/gill-foundation|work=Grant Making to Gay Causes Exceeds $750-Million|accessdate=22 Feb 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Shannon Donnelly|url=http://www.palmbeachdailynews.com/society/report-arcus-foundation-tops-list-of-donors-to-2220969.html|work=Report: Arcus Foundation tops list of donors to gay causes|accessdate=6 Mar 2012}}{{Dead link|date=August 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Based in [[Denver|Denver, Colorado]], the foundation has four board members: [[Tim Gill]], Scott Miller, [[Mary Bonauto]], and [[Eliza Byard]].<ref name="gill-board">{{cite web|url=http://gillfoundation.org/about/board/|title=Board Members|publisher=Gill Foundation}}</ref> == History == The Gill Foundation was founded by [[Tim Gill]] in 1994, two years after the passage of [[Romer v. Evans|Amendment 2]], a [[Colorado]] ballot initiative denying [[lesbian]], [[gay]], and [[bisexual]] people equal protection under the law. As of 2017, the foundation had granted more than $335 million to various nonprofits.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gillfoundation.org/|title=Gill Foundation}}</ref> In 2004, the Association of Fundraising Professionals (AFP), the largest association of charitable fundraisers in the world, honored the Gill Foundation with its 2004 Outstanding Foundation award.<ref>{{cite web|title=Allison McGee Johnson|url=http://www.asaecenter.org/Resources/EUArticle.cfm?ItemNumber=11597|work=Foundation Management: Getting the Most Out of Giving|accessdate=June 2004}}</ref> ==Grant-making activities== The Gill Foundation is most known for its support of nonprofit organizations across the country working to bring about equality for LGBT people. Beyond its grant-making, the foundation also has been recognized for its OutGiving program, through which the foundation seeks to build a larger base of philanthropists giving strategically in support of LGBT causes.<ref name=chronicle>{{cite news|last1=Ustinova|first1=Anastasia|title=Philanthropists ensure gay community's future|url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Philanthropists-ensure-gay-community-s-future-3289534.php|accessdate=11 November 2015|publisher=San Francisco Chronicle|date=March 31, 2008}}</ref> In recognition of the OutGiving program, [[Liberty Hill Foundation]] honored [[Tim Gill]] with its Upton Sinclair Award in 2011 "for his vision, passion and leadership in helping to create and continuing to inspire the modern day LGBTQ donor movement."<ref name=chronicle/><ref>{{cite web|title=Tim Gill to Receive Liberty Hill Foundation’s Highest Honor|url=http://www.prweb.com/releases/TimGillreceives/LibertyHillhonor/prweb8176437.htm|publisher=PR Web|accessdate=11 November 2015}}</ref> The Gill Foundation invests a significant portion of its funding in its home state of Colorado, supporting nonprofits working to improve the quality of life for all Colorado residents. In 2016, $1.7 million was invested in Colorado organizations.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://annualreports.gillfoundation.org/annual-reports/year-2016/|title=Gill Foundation 2016 Annual Report|last1=|first1=|date=|work=|accessdate=|publisher=}}</ref> The foundation is particularly well known in Colorado for its Gay & Lesbian Fund for Colorado program. The Gay & Lesbian Fund's $1 million challenge grant in 2005 to the Mile High chapter of American Red Cross was one of the largest non-corporate donations in the country for Hurricane Katrina disaster relief.<ref>{{cite news|title=Coloradans Can Get Red Cross Donations Matched|url=http://www.thedenverchannel.com/money/coloradans-can-get-red-cross-donations-matched|accessdate=11 November 2015|publisher=ABC 7|date=September 2, 2005|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304132818/http://www.thedenverchannel.com/money/coloradans-can-get-red-cross-donations-matched|url-status=dead}}</ref> At its inception, the Gill Foundation office was based in Colorado Springs. In June 2012, to consolidate operations, the Gill Foundation closed down the office in Colorado Springs while continuing its presence in Denver. The foundation donated the Colorado Springs building to Rocky Mountain PBS to create the Tim Gill Center for Public Media. The foundation reevaluated the future direction of the Gay & Lesbian Fund, although it remains committed to its Colorado programs.<ref>{{cite news|title=Karen Auge|url=http://www.denverpost.com/news/ci_19110007|work=Gill Foundation to re-evaluate Gay & Lesbian Fund's grant-giving|accessdate=14 Oct 2011}}</ref> == Leadership == *Brad Clark, President & CEO *Penny Hamilton, Chief Operating Officer *Heidi Overbeck, Vice President of Communications *Jeff Criteser, Vice President of Partnerships ==See also== {{Portal|LGBT}} *[[List of LGBT organizations]] *[[Gay & Lesbian Fund for Colorado]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== *{{official website|http://www.gillfoundation.org}} *[https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/features/meet-tim-gill-megadonor-behind-lgbtq-rights-movement-wins-w489213 Meet the Megadonor Behind the LGBTQ Rights Movement] *[http://www.advocate.com/commentary/2014/02/03/op-ed-where-will-lgbt-activism-dollars-go-next The Advocate Op-ed: Where will activism dollars go next?], Feb. 3, 2014 *{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/12/giving/12GILL.html?_r=3&oref=slogin&oref=slogin |title=Grants for Gay Services Grow and Go Mainstream |first=Dirk |last=Johnson|work=[[The New York Times]] |date=11 December 2007 |issn=0362-4331 |accessdate=April 12, 2012}} [[Category:LGBT organizations in the United States]] [[Category:Organizations based in Colorado]] <noinclude> <small>This page was moved from [[:en:Gill Foundation]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Gill Foundation/edithistory]]</small></noinclude> o8fmgsj6tgzrjmzo6sormbtord9y1dx 0 113440 540955 447876 2022-08-28T23:32:44Z InternetArchiveBot 34092 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | name = Electro World | logo = Electro World logo.png | industry = [[Retailer|Retail]] | products = [[Consumer electronics]] | parent = }} [[Image:Všebořice, Elektro World (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|300px|Electro World store in [[Ústí nad Labem]], [[Czech Republic]]]] '''Electro World''' is an electronics online retailer founded in 2002 and operating in [[Sweden]]. It also operated in [[Czech Republic]], [[Slovakia]], [[Poland]], [[Greece]] and [[Turkey]], as a subsidiary of [[Dixons Retail]] (formerly DSG International), until operations in those countries were sold off. Electro World operated stores in some countries, and was online-only in others. It arrived in Sweden as an online brand, replacing the [[PC City]] website there.<ref name='electroworld'>{{cite web |url=http://www.electroworld.se/cms/c-Rs2sGQVlWvMAAAEwVCITHgWt/pc-city-blir-electroworld |title=PC City blir Electroworld |accessdate=5 August 2013 |language=Swedish |trans-title=PC City becomes Electroworld |quote=PC City blir Electroworld [..] Electroworld har övertagit hanteringen av befintliga kunder till PC City. ''(Automated translation: "Electro World has come to Sweden! [..] Electro World has taken over the management of existing customers to PC City. "'') |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811211949/http://www.electroworld.se/cms/c-Rs2sGQVlWvMAAAEwVCITHgWt/pc-city-blir-electroworld |archive-date=11 August 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> PC City's physical stores in Sweden had already been closed down in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bitterwallet.com/mama-mia-fresh-dsgi-bother-as-swedish-pc-city-stores-to-close/9321|title=Mama Mia! Fresh DSGi bother as Swedish PC City stores to close|quote=More bad news for DSGi, as PC City, their Swedish version of PC World, has announced the closure of all eight of their stores|date=26 March 2009|accessdate=5 August 2013|archive-date=4 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604052949/http://www.bitterwallet.com/mama-mia-fresh-dsgi-bother-as-swedish-pc-city-stores-to-close/9321|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2009, the Polish Electro World operation was sold by DSG International to Mix Electronics.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://biznes.interia.pl/kraj/news/mix-electronics-sa-wykupuje-100-proc-udzialow-w-electro,1362782,4200| title=Mix Electronics S.A. wykupuje 100 proc. udziałów w Electro World Polska sp. z.o.o.|trans-title=Mix Electronics SA acquires 100 percent. shares in Electro World Poland Sp zoo| date=3 September 2009| accessdate=6 August 2013}}</ref> In September 2013, Dixons Retail announced that they would sell the Electro World operations in Turkey to [[Bimeks]], one of the leading specialist electrical retailers in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dixonsretail.com/media-centre/press-releases/sale-electroworld-operations-turkey#.UihHNn_pwwo|title=Sale of Electroworld Operations in Turkey|date=5 September 2013|accessdate=5 September 2013|archive-date=7 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907051119/http://www.dixonsretail.com/media-centre/press-releases/sale-electroworld-operations-turkey#.UihHNn_pwwo|url-status=dead}}</ref> Electro World in Turkey was subsequently integrated into Bimeks.{{citation needed|date=September 2014}} Dixons Retail agreed in May 2014 to sell Electro World in the Czech Republic and Slovakia to Nay.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dixons Retail sells Electroworld chain ahead of Carphone tie-up |last=Jefford |first=Kasmira |publisher=City AM |date=20 May 2014 |url=http://www.cityam.com/article/1400546345/dixons-retail-sells-electroworld-chain-ahead-carphone-tie |accessdate=9 September 2014 |archive-date=10 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910195225/http://www.cityam.com/article/1400546345/dixons-retail-sells-electroworld-chain-ahead-carphone-tie |url-status=dead }}</ref> The online Electro World operations in Greece have been merged with Dixons Retail's existing business [[Kotsovolos]].{{citation needed|date=September 2014}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131218181058/http://www.electroworld.com/ electroworld.com] - Pan-European gateway for Czech, Slovak, Greek, Turkish and Swedish sites {{DSGi}} {{-}} [[Category:Dixons Carphone]] [[Category:Retail companies established in 2002]] [[Category:Consumer electronics retailers]] {{Retail-company-stub}}<noinclude> <small>This page was moved from [[:en:Electro World (retailer)]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Electro World (retailer)/edithistory]]</small></noinclude> 4pzelorxqiti93my8z6cfcwdx5f0p54 0 113460 540865 447850 2022-08-28T19:38:59Z InternetArchiveBot 34092 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Cuban Americans|Cuban American]] literature''' overlaps with both [[Cuban literature]] and [[American literature]], and is also distinct in itself. Its boundaries can blur on close inspection. Some scholars, such as Rodolfo J. Cortina, regard "Cuban American authors" simply as Cubans "who live and write in the United States."{{sfn|Cortina|2008}} [[Literary canon|Canonical]] writers include [[Reinaldo Arenas]], [[Rafael Campo (poet)|Rafael Campo]], [[Nilo Cruz]], [[Carlos Eire]], [[Roberto G. Fernández]], [[Gustavo Pérez Firmat]], [[Cristina García (journalist)|Cristina García]], [[Carolina Garcia-Aguilera]], [[Oscar Hijuelos]], [[Melinda Lopez]], [[Eduardo Machado]], [[Orlando Ricardo Menes]], [[José Martí]], [[Achy Obejas]], [[Ricardo Pau-Llosa]], and [[Virgil Suárez]].{{sfn|Ortiz|2013}} ==History== {{Expand section|date=February 2017}} The literature of Cuban Americans may be read in light of [[Cuban immigration to the United States]] and/or [[Cuban exile]]. Cortina incorporates this history into his grouping of Cuban American literary output into "generations": neoclassical (circa 1800–1825), romantic (1825–1850), realist–naturalist (1850–1880), [[Modernismo|impressionist]] (1880–1910), avant-garde (1910–1940), existentialist (1940–1960), revolutionary (1960–1985), and postmodern (1985–).{{sfn|Cortina|2008}} Cuban-American literature may be found in Spanish-language United States newspapers such as:{{sfn|Lazo|2005}} * ''El Eco de Cuba'' (est. 1855 in New York) * ''El Horizonte'' (est. 1850 in New York by [[Miguel Teurbe Tolón]]) * ''El Mulato'' (est. 1854 in New York) * ''La Verdad'' (1848-1860, New York) ==See also== * [[List of Cuban-American writers]] * [[Cuban immigration to the United States]] * [[Cuban literature]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliography== ===in English=== * A. R. Hernández and Lourdes Casal. “Cubans in the United States: A Survey of the Literature” Estudios Cubanos Vol. 5 (1975). * {{cite book |editor=Carolina Hospital |title= Cuban–American Writers: Los Atrevidos |location= Princeton |publisher= Linden Lane Press |year= 1988 }} (Anthology) * {{cite book |title= Breaking Boundaries: Latina Writings and Critical Readings |editor= Asunción Horno–Delgado|display-editors=et al |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-X__c9VkTH8C |location=Amherst |publisher= U of Massachusetts Press |year= 1989 |author=Eliana S. Rivero |chapter=From Immigrants to Ethnics: Cuban Women Writers in the U.S. }} [https://www.loc.gov/item/n92118595/eliana-rivero-cuba-1941/] * {{cite book |title=Cuban-American Theater |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jQHEGBzdFh8C |editor= Rodolfo J. Cortina |publisher=Arte Publico Press |location=Houston |year=1991 }} * {{cite book |editor= Francisco Lomeli |title=Handbook of Hispanic Cultures in the United States: Literature and Art |url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofhispan00lome |url-access= registration |publisher=Arte Publico Press |location=Houston |isbn=978-1-61192-163-2 |year=1993 |chapter= History and Development of Cuban American Literature: a Survey |pages=[https://archive.org/details/handbookofhispan00lome/page/40 40]–61 |author= Rodolfo J. Cortina }} [http://www.chicst.ucsb.edu/people/francisco-lomel%C3%AD] * Lillian D. Bertot. The Literary Imagination of the Mariel Generation. Miami: Cuban American National Foundation, 1995. * {{cite book |author=Maria Cristina Garcia |title= Havana USA: Cuban Exiles and Cuban Americans in South Florida, 1959-1994 |url=https://archive.org/details/havanausacubanex0000garc |url-access=registration |publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-91999-0 |year= 1996 |chapter= Cuban Writers and Scholars in Exile |pages= 169+ |ref= {{harvid|Garcia|1996}} }} * {{cite book |editor1=Carolina Hospital |editor2=Jorge Cantera |title=A Century of Cuban Writers in Florida: Selected Prose and Poetry |url=https://archive.org/details/centuryofcubanwr0000hosp |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Pineapple Press]] |location=Sarasota |isbn=978-1-56164-104-8 |year= 1996 |ref= {{harvid|Hospital|1996}} }} (Anthology; includes writer biographies) * {{cite book |author=Isabel Álvarez Borland |title= Cuban–American Literature of Exile: From Person to Persona |publisher= University of Virginia Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Zu3xtTme4YC |year= 1998 }} * Rodrigo Lazo. "Los Filibusteros: Cuban Writers in the United States and Deterritorialized Print Culture" [[American Literary History]] 15 (January 2003): 87-106. * {{cite book |author=M. Delores Carlito|title=Cuban-American Fiction in English: An Annotated Bibliography of Primary and Secondary Sources|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=51GR3C64woIC|year=2005|publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |isbn=978-0-8108-5680-6 }} * {{cite book |title=Writing to Cuba: Filibustering and Cuban exiles in the United States |author= Rodrigo Lazo |publisher=Univ. of North Carolina Press |isbn=0807829307 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWsBXgzwREYC |series= Envisioning Cuba |year= 2005 |ref = {{harvid|Lazo|2005}} }}[http://www.faculty.uci.edu/profile.cfm?faculty_id=5139] * {{citation |editor= Nicolás Kanellos |title= Greenwood Encyclopedia of Latino Literature |publisher= ABC-CLIO |year=2008 |chapter=Cuban Literature in the United States |author= Rodolfo J. Cortina |ref = {{harvid|Cortina|2008}} }} [http://www.uh.edu/class/spanish/faculty/kanellos_n/] * {{cite book |editor1=Isabel Álvarez Borland |editor2= Lynette M. F. Bosch |title= Cuban–American Literature and Art: Negotiating Identities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75syCBcz0HUC |publisher= State University of New York Press |isbn=0791493741 |year= 2009 |chapter=Literature |pages=15–128 }} (Essays by Jorge Febles, Gustavo Pérez Firmat, Iraida H. López, William Luis, Elena Rivero, Adriana Méndez Rodenas) * {{cite book |editor1=Suzanne Bost |editor2=[[Frances Aparicio|Frances R. Aparicio]] |title= Routledge Companion to Latino/a Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90MHF_rZuCwC|year= 2013 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-22160-6 |chapter=Canons: Cuban-American Literature |pages=413–422 |author= Ricardo L. Ortiz |ref = {{harvid|Ortiz|2013}} }} [http://explore.georgetown.edu/people/ortizr/] *Armando Simon (2014) The Cult of Suicide and Other Scifi Stories. Raleigh: Lulu Press. ===in Spanish=== * {{citation |title =Linden Lane Magazine |language=es |issn=0736-1084 }} 1982- (Founded by [[Belkis Cuza Malé]] and [[Heberto Padilla]]) * {{citation |title =Mariel |location=Miami, FL |language=es, en |issn=0892-7820 }} 1986- * González, Yara, “La poesía cubana en los Estados Unidos” in Culturas hispánicas en los Estados Unidos, eds. María Jesus Buxó Rey; Tomás Calvo Buezas (Cultura Hispánica Madrid, 1990) * Armando Simon, "Infidel!" Raleigh, Lulu Press, 2008. ==External links== * {{cite web |url=http://uab.libguides.com/cafiction |work=Library Guides |title=Cuban American Fiction in English |publisher= [[University of Alabama at Birmingham]] }} * {{cite web |url=https://artepublicopress.com/recovery-project/?s=cuba |title=Recovering the U.S. Hispanic Literary Heritage Project |publisher=Arte Publico Press |location=Houston |access-date=2020-07-06 |archive-date=2017-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227201642/https://artepublicopress.com/recovery-project/?s=cuba |url-status=dead }} (includes information about Cuban-American literature) * {{cite web |url=http://dloc.com/exhibits/cubanexilenewspapers |via=[[Digital Library of the Caribbean]] |author1=University of Miami |author2=University of Florida |title= Cuban Exile Newspapers at the University of Miami }} {{North American topic|| literature}} [[Category:Cuban-American literature| ]]<noinclude> <small>This page was moved from [[:en:Cuban American literature]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Cuban American literature/edithistory]]</small></noinclude> 3k4an9tsgb49bujnysop52cz7jcjclp 0 113462 541016 539863 2022-08-29T06:58:00Z InternetArchiveBot 34092 Rescuing 8 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}} {{advert|just too self-promotional for nations. Flags are an irritant used for sports usually or "twinning" but not for factual articles! Needs restructuring|date=November 2011}} [[File:Helping Haiti.PNG|{{largethumb}}|Helping Haiti by the whole countries financially.]] The humanitarian response by national governments to the [[2010 Haiti earthquake]] included numerous national governments from around the world pledging to send [[humanitarian aid]] to the [[Haitians|Haitian people]]. The [[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] (OCHA) and [[ReliefWeb]] are coordinating and tracking this aid.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2010/jan/14/haiti-quake-aid-pledges-country-donations |title=Haiti quake aid pledges country donations |date= 14 January 2010|work=The Guardian |location=London | first=Peter | last=Walker}}</ref> Test123. More than six months later after the earthquake, less than one-tenth of the money that was pledged by foreign governments to the United Nations special fund for the Haiti quake was actually received. {{Asof|2010|7|20}} of all the nations that had pledged money to this fund only 20 countries had actually sent any money: [[Australia]], [[Brazil]], [[Canada]], [[China]], [[Denmark]], [[Estonia]], [[Finland]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Ireland]], [[Italy]], [[Netherlands]], [[New Zealand]], [[Norway]], [[South Africa]], [[Spain]], [[Sweden]], [[Switzerland]], [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]].<ref name="CNN-20100715">{{cite news |last1=Johns |first1=Joe |last2=Fox |first2=MaryAnne |title=Most countries fail to deliver on Haiti aid pledges |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/07/15/haiti.donations/?fbid=S8GMY1Tbhaj#fbid=ciRP7OG30vh |accessdate=1 February 2019 |work=CNN |date=15 July 2010}}</ref> Others have sent supplies and/or personnel instead of money, and/or they pledged or sent money outside of the [[United Nations|UN]] channels. Initial pledges of assistance were tracked by the US [[Congressional Research Service]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Redacted |title=Haiti Earthquake: Crisis and Response |url=https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/20100506_R41023_4e47b5eb49b08746742873a9a970fcfe9bdb82d8.pdf |website=Congressional Research Service|pages=59–66 |accessdate=1 February 2019 |date=6 May 2010}}</ref> In 2015, the United Nations reported that US$13.34 billion had been earmarked for Haiti through 2020, though in the two years following the quake, less than half of that amount had been deployed.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Connor |first1=Tracy |last2=Rappleye |first2=Hannah |last3=Angulo |first3=Erika |title=What Does Haiti Have to Show for $13 Billion in Earthquake Aid? |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/investigations/what-does-haiti-have-show-13-billion-earthquake-aid-n281661 |accessdate=30 January 2019 |work=NBC News |date=15 January 2015}}</ref> ==Americas== ===North America=== [[File:Obama, Bush, and Clinton discuss the 2010 Haiti earthquake.jpg|thumb|right|[[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Barack Obama]] (center) in the [[White House]] with two former presidents [[Bill Clinton]] (right) and [[George W. Bush]] (left) to discussing the [[2010 Haiti earthquake]].]] [[File:MinistrosHaiti.jpg|thumb|right|[[President of Brazil|Brazilian President]] [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] and his Brazilian high-ranking officials convene an emergency meeting in [[Brasília]], [[Brazil]] to discuss the [[2010 Haiti earthquake]].]] [[File:Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper and U.S. State Secretary Hillary Clinton at the Haiti Ministerial Preparatory Conference in Montreal, January 25, 2010.jpg|thumb|right|[[Prime Minister of Canada|Canadian Prime Minister]] Stephen Harper (right) and [[United States Secretary of State|U.S. Secretary of State]] [[Hillary Clinton]] (left) at the Haiti Ministerial Preparatory Conference addressing the [[Humanitarian response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake|humanitarian response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake relief efforts]] in [[Montreal]], [[Canada]].]] '''Canada:''' Haitian-born [[Governor General of Canada|Canadian Governor General]] [[Michaëlle Jean]] issued a statement, with parts in [[Haitian Creole language|Haitian Creole]], thanking the [[Cabinet of Canada|Cabinet]] for its swift action and the Canadian media for its coverage, as well as urging strength and courage to Haitians.<ref>{{Cite news| title=Governor General delivers tearful statement on Haiti| newspaper=Toronto Star| date=13 January 2010| url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/haiti/article/750385--governor-general-delivers-tearful-statement-on-haiti| accessdate=14 January 2010 | first=Tonda | last=MacCharles}}</ref> [[Prime Minister of Canada|Canadian Prime Minister]] [[Stephen Harper]] stated, "While officials are currently assessing the damage and the possibility of Canadians injured, Canada stands ready to provide any necessary assistance to the people of Haiti during this time of need."<ref>{{Cite news | last=Iype| first=Mark|author2=Barrera, George |author3=Edwards, Steven | title=One Canadian nurse confirmed dead| work=Canwest| date=13 January 2010| url=http://www.canada.com/news/Canada+ready+help+Haiti/2433727/story.html| accessdate=14 January 2010}}</ref> Prior to the disaster, Haiti was Canada's second largest aid recipient.<ref name=Harris /> The [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] then announced that Canada, home of a large Haitian community,<ref name=Harris>{{Citation| last=Harris| first=Kathleen| last2=Raj| first2=Althia| title=Canada offers help to Haiti| newspaper=Winnipeg Sun| date=14 January 2010| url=http://www.winnipegsun.com/news/canada/2010/01/12/12441031.html| accessdate=14 January 2010}}</ref> would be donating an additional [[C$]]5 million dollars in emergency aid,<ref>{{Cite news | last=Harris| first=Kathleen| title=Canada donating up to $5M to Haiti| newspaper=Toronto Sun| date=13 January 2010| url=http://www.torontosun.com/news/canada/2010/01/13/12447521.html| accessdate=13 January 2010}}</ref> as well as matching donations from [[Canadians]] to build an emergency fund up to [[C$]]100&nbsp;million to help humanitarian efforts in Haiti.<ref>{{Citation| last=Harris| first=Kathlees| title=Feds to match donations for Haiti| newspaper=Toronto Sun| date=14 January 2010| url=http://www.torontosun.com/news/canada/2010/01/14/12461761.html| accessdate=14 January 2010}}</ref> The Canadian government made Haitian immigrants in the [[immigration to Canada#Immigration categories|family class]] a priority.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2010/01/16/haiti-canadian-military.html |title=Canada to fast-track Haitian immigration |work=CBC|date=16 January 2010 |accessdate=3 March 2011}}</ref> On 19 January 2010, the Canadian government announced an additional [[C$]]80&nbsp;million for relief efforts in Haiti. This includes [[C$]]60&nbsp;million to the UN appeal, including [[C$]]39&nbsp;million to the [[World Food Program]] for food security needs and [[C$]]15&nbsp;million to UNICEF; [[C$]]11.5&nbsp;million to six Canadian NGOs; [[C$]]8.5&nbsp;million to the Red Cross; and smaller amounts to other organizations including the [[International Organization for Migration]], the [[World Health Organization]], the [[Pan-American Health Organization]], The [[United Nations Population Fund]], and the [[United Nations Department for Safety and Security]]; for a total donation of up to [[C$]]135&nbsp;million including the original [[C$]]5&nbsp;million and the promise to match donations made by [[Canadians]] to charities providing Haiti relief up to [[C$]]50&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2010/01/19/haiti-canada.html |title=$80&nbsp;million for Haitian relief: Oda |work=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=19 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/article/752641--ottawa-boosts-haitian-aid-to-135m |title=Ottawa boosts Haitian aid to $135M |work=Toronto Star |date=19 January 2010 | first=Richard J. | last=Brennan | accessdate=30 March 2010}}</ref> [[Canadian Forces]] mounted [[Operation Hestia]], led by [[Brigadier General]] [[Guy Laroche (Canadian)|Guy Laroche]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.comfec-cefcom.forces.gc.ca/pa-ap/ops/hestia/index-eng.asp |last=Department of National Defence |authorlink=Department of National Defence (Canada) |title=CEFCOM Home – International Operations – Operation HESTIA |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada |accessdate=14 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121132046/http://www.comfec-cefcom.forces.gc.ca/pa-ap/ops/hestia/index-eng.asp |archivedate=21 January 2010 }}</ref> with a mandate to deliver a wide range of services in support of security and reconstruction<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.thestar.com/sports/article/751870--ottawa-to-send-additional-1-000-soldiers-to-haiti | work=The Star | location=Toronto | title=Canadian soldiers rescue students, infant | first=Tonda | last=MacCharles | date=17 January 2010 | accessdate=30 March 2010}}</ref> Canada's [[Disaster Assistance Response Team]] (DART) was sent to Haiti, along with the frigate {{HMCS|Halifax (FFH 330)}} and the destroyer {{HMCS|Athabaskan (DDH 282)}}.<ref>{{Citation| last=Mehler Paperny| first=Anna| last2=Ibbitson| first2=John| author2-link=John Ibbitson| title=Strong quake strikes Haiti, leaves disaster in its wake| newspaper=The Globe and Mail| date=12 January 2010| url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/strong-quake-strikes-haiti-leaves-disaster-in-its-wake/article1428806/| accessdate=14 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| title=Canadian toll in Haiti quake rises to 3| work=CBC| date=13 January 2010| url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/canadian-toll-in-haiti-quake-rises-to-3-1.892794| accessdate=14 January 2010}}</ref> [[Boeing C-17|CC-177 Globemaster]] and [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|CC-130 Hercules III]] transports delivered personnel and equipment, including six [[Mercedes-Benz G-Class|G-Wagen]] armored cars and six [[CH-146 Griffon]] search and rescue helicopters.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Minister Says More Than 1,400 Canadians Still Missing in Haiti Quake |work=CityTV |date=15 January 2010 |url=http://www.citytv.com/toronto/citynews/news/international/article/68069--minister-says-more-than-1-400-canadians-still-missing-in-haiti-quake |accessdate=15 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119042832/http://www.citytv.com/toronto/citynews/news/international/article/68069--minister-says-more-than-1-400-canadians-still-missing-in-haiti-quake |archivedate=19 January 2010 }}</ref> The [[CH-124 Sea King]] from {{HMCS|Athabaskan (DDH 282)}} also participated in the operation including search and rescue and evacuation.<ref>{{Cite news| title=DART recon team en route to Haiti, C-17, choppers ready| work=CTV| date=14 January 2010| url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20100112/canada_haiti_100113/20100113?hub=TopStoriesV2| accessdate=14 January 2010| archive-date=17 March 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100317223012/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20100112/canada_haiti_100113/20100113?hub=TopStoriesV2| url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Canadian Forces]] also deployed 1,200 troops from the [[Royal 22e Régiment|3^e Bataillon, Royal 22^e Régiment]], including two rifle companies and one field engineer.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Canadian Forces |date=12 January 2010 |url=http://www.comfec-cefcom.forces.gc.ca/pa-ap/ops/hestia/index-eng.asp |accessdate=12 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121132046/http://www.comfec-cefcom.forces.gc.ca/pa-ap/ops/hestia/index-eng.asp |archivedate=21 January 2010 }}</ref> A further 60 vehicles were deployed along with crews, bringing the total number of Candian troops in Haiti to 2,000, including the 500 sailors aboard the ''Athabaskan'' and the ''Halifax''. Canadian Forces collaborated directly with [[Canadian Medical Assistance Team]] in the operation of their field hospital in Léogâne.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=2469819 | work=National Post | title=Canadian-run field hospital in Haiti faces hard reality of quake victims | first=Sheldon | last=Alberta | date=21 January 2010 | accessdate=23 April 2014}}</ref> On 21 January 2010, [[Minister of National Defence (Canada)|Canadian Defence Minister]] [[Peter MacKay]] announced that 1 [[Field Hospital]] based in [[Petawawa, Ontario]] would be sent to [[Léogâne]] along with its medical staff of at least 100 personnel in the next couple of days.<ref>{{Cite news| title=Canada sending military field hospital to Haiti| work=CTV| date=21 January 2010| url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20100121/canada_aid_100121/20100121?hub=TopStoriesV2| accessdate=21 January 2010| archive-date=23 January 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123195357/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20100121/canada_aid_100121/20100121?hub=TopStoriesV2| url-status=dead}}</ref> Almost 2,000 persons were evacuated from Haiti to Canada on 20 flights.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/number-of-canadians-killed-in-haiti-now-16-ottawa-says/article1440107/Foreign |title=Affairs and International Trade Canada |work=The Globe and Mail |accessdate=3 March 2011 |archive-date=20 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020221757/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/number-of-canadians-killed-in-haiti-now-16-ottawa-says/article1440107/Foreign/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 23 January 2010, [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)|Canadian Foreign Minister]] [[Lawrence Cannon]] announced that 17 Canadians have died, 1,939 Canadians have been located, and that 236 remain unaccounted for.<ref>{{Cite news| title=Ottawa removes cap on matching donations for Haiti| work=CTV| date=23 January 2010| url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20100123/canada_haiti_100123/20100123?hub=TopStoriesV2| accessdate=23 January 2010| archive-date=27 January 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127015310/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20100123/canada_haiti_100123/20100123?hub=TopStoriesV2| url-status=dead}}</ref> Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper announced on Saturday that the government has removed the [[C$]]50&nbsp;million cap placed on the donation amount the government would match. Approximately [[C$]]113&nbsp;million<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2010/02/08/haiti-donations-matching-relief-oda.html|title=Matching funds reach $113&nbsp;million for Haiti donations|work=CBC|date=8 February 2010}}</ref> has been donated by Canadians. An English language [[Canada for Haiti]] telethon raised [[C$]]16&nbsp;million and its Francophone counterpart generated [[C$]]6.6&nbsp;million. With the matching donation from the federal government, Canada's total aid contribution will be over [[C$]]226&nbsp;million. On 26 January 2010, the DART team established a new 5,000-litre [[drinking water]] system in [[Jacmel]].<ref>{{cite news|title=DART produces clean drinking water for Haitians|work=CTV|date=26 January 2010|url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20100126/haiti_aid_100126/20100126?hub=TopStoriesV2|accessdate=26 January 2010}}{{Dead link|date=August 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> '''Mexico:''' After the [[1985 Mexico City earthquake]], the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Mexico)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] will deploy a plan used to aid civilians during the natural disasters in Haiti.<ref name="afp"/> As an emergency response the government sent three Hercules C-130 military aircraft carrying over 20 tons in supplies, as well as satellite communication devices, water treatment plants, electricity generators, and over 160 specialists in search and rescue, health professionals, and engineers sent to set up communications in Haiti. One of these airplanes, with 60 federal policemen, had to temporarily abort its mission, due to lack of space at the airport. The water treatment plant had to be returned to Mexico, due to lack of ground transport. The government also sent the [[Mexican Navy|Navy's]] [[ARM Papaloapan (A411)|ARM ''Papaloapan'']] amphibious lander with several thousand tons of aid materials and the ''ARM Huasteco'' hospital ship as well as additional aircraft.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20100113-713703.html?mod=WSJ_latestheadlines |title=Mexico To Send Rescue Teams, Doctors, Supplies To Haiti |work=Wall Street Journal |accessdate=13 January 2010 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presidencia.gob.mx/en/press/?contenido=52035 |title=President Calderón Urges Mexicans to Support Haiti |website=Office of the President of the United Mexican States| date=13 January 2010 |accessdate=14 January 2010}}</ref> In the aftermath of the earthquake, the Mexican government granted humanitarian visas to the family members of Haitian-Mexicans.<ref name= "LATMX">{{cite news|title= Haitians reunite with families in Mexico| url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/laplaza/2010/04/haitians-arrive-mexico.html |work=Los Angeles Times |accessdate=12 January 2015}}</ref> As of 27 April 2010, the number of Haitian citizens granted visas was 324, with 250 arriving on the Mexican naval ship [[ARM Usumacinta (A412)|ARM ''Usumacinta'' (A412)]].<ref name= "LATMX"/> During a visit to the national Mexican Red Cross Collection Center, [[President of Mexico|Mexican President]] [[Felipe Calderón]] announced that Mexico will make a special donation to Haiti of US$8&nbsp;million, which will be channeled through the United Nations.<ref>{{cite web|last=Zarate |first=Leslie |url=http://www.mexicopremiere.com/?p=2960 |title=unk |website=Mexico Premiere |accessdate=3 March 2011}}</ref> To help with Haiti's recovery, Mexico will give scholarships to 300 Haitian students to study at Mexican universities.<ref name ="Excelsior">{{cite news|url= http://www.excelsior.com.mx/nacional/2014/08/06/974665 |title=Llegan estudiantes haitianos a México |work=Excelsior |accessdate= 12 January 2015}}</ref> These students will also each receive a US$625 monthly stipend while their studies continue.<ref name ="Excelsior"/> The first 103 students arrived in 2013, followed by 93 in 2014 and the rest arriving in 2015.<ref name ="Excelsior"/> '''United States:''' [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Barack Obama]] pledged an initial US$100&nbsp;million in aid.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/303794,us-promises-100-million-dollars-to-haiti-as-relief-efforts-underway.html |title=US promises 100 million dollars to Haiti as relief efforts underway|work=Earth Times|accessdate=15 January 2010}}</ref><ref name=CNN-20100715/><ref>[https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo46895 Haiti: Is U.S. AID effective?: Hearing Before the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, October 9, 2013]</ref> Obama said: "My thoughts and prayers go out to those who have been affected by this earthquake. We are closely test monitoring the situation and we stand ready to assist the people of Haiti."<ref name="NYT">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/13/world/americas/13haiti.html?hp |title=Quake Rocks Haiti, Causing Widespread Damage |last=Robbins |first=Liz |date=12 January 2010 |work=New York Times |accessdate=12 January 2010}}</ref> The aid amount was later raised to US$379&nbsp;million. The aid is distributed through the military and through the [[U.S. Agency for International Development]] The expected breakdown of aid was: * 42% for direct disaster assistance * 33% for U.S. military aid * 9% for food * 9% to transport the food * 5% for paying Haitian survivors employed in recovery efforts * less than 1% directly to the Haitian government * about 0.5% to the Dominican Republic for dealing with Haitian refugees.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sltrib.com/nationworld/ci_14281151 |title=Haiti government gets 1 penny of U.S. aid dollar |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100204212957/http://www.sltrib.com/nationworld/ci_14281151 |archivedate=4 February 2010 |publisher=AP |work=The Salt Lake Tribune |date=27 January 2010}}</ref> At the request of President Obama, two former Presidents [[Bill Clinton]] and [[George W. Bush]] have agreed to help, forming the [[Clinton Bush Haiti Fund]], a charity organization to aid the victims of the Haiti earthquake.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clintonbushhaitifund.org/about.php |title=About the Clinton Bush Haiti Fund|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414021406/http://clintonbushhaitifund.org/about.php |archivedate=14 April 2010}}</ref> Elements of the [[United States military|US Military]] were deployed to Haiti as part of [[Operation Unified Response]].<ref name="USmilitary MCT">{{cite news|url=http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/01/ap_haiti_012010/|title=U.S. presence grows as aid trickles into Haiti|last=Melia|first=Mike|last2=Haven|first2=Paul|date=21 January 2010|work=[[Marine Corps Times]]|accessdate=21 January 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308055913/http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/01/ap_haiti_012010/|archivedate=8 March 2012}}</ref> Over 16,000 United States military personnel were deployed to Haiti in support of the US response:<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8471460.stm |work=BBC News|title=US diverts 4,000 troops to Haiti| date=21 January 2010 | accessdate=30 March 2010}}</ref> * The [[United States Coast Guard|US Coast Guard]] cutters {{USCGC|Forward|WMEC-911}} and {{USCGC|Mohawk|WMEC-913}}, both arrived in Port-au-Prince on 13 January 2010. A Maritime Intelligence Support Team aboard the ''Forward'' assessed damage to the port.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.piersystem.com/go/doc/786/452059/|title=unk|website=US Coast Guard|date=13 January 2010|accessdate=11 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729111952/http://www.piersystem.com/go/doc/786/452059/|archive-date=29 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> The cutters were supported by the destroyer {{USS|Higgins|DDG-76}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/34832613|title=First U.S. vessel arrives at Port-au-Prince|date=13 January 2010|work=NBC News|accessdate=14 January 2010}}</ref> Two [[United States Air Force|US Air Force]] special operations [[MC-130H Combat Talon II]] aircraft also arrived with emergency supplies, medical units, and special operations teams.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123185581 |title=unk|format=Press release |publisher=US Air Force|date= 13 January 2010|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120728115515/http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123185581 |archivedate=28 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Other Coast Guard ships including the {{USCGC|Valiant|WMEC-621}} and the {{USCGC|Tahoma|WMEC-908}} were dispatched.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.navytimes.com/news/2010/01/coastguard_haiti_011310w/ |title=Coast Guard sends cutters, aircraft to Haiti|work=Navy Times |accessdate=15 January 2010}}</ref> * As of 14 January 2010, the [[United States Air Force|US Air Force]] Special Operations personnel were controlling operations at [[Toussaint L'Ouverture International Airport]], after having cleared runways and setting up 24-hour air traffic control.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fox10tv.com/dpp/news/international/dozens-of-cargo-planes-arrive-in-haiti |title=unk |work=Fox News }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> * On 15 January 2010, the aircraft carrier {{USS|Carl Vinson|CVN-70}} arrived off Port-au-Prince to provide humanitarian aid, with its trained personnel, emergency supplies and 19 [[helicopters]] on deck.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=50545 |title=USS Carl Vinson Arrives in Haiti to Support Humanitarian Operations |publisher=US Navy|format=Press release|date=15 January 2010|accessdate=11 August 2010}}</ref> * The [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] hospital ship {{USNS|Comfort|T-AH-20}} with 1,000 beds and 956 naval hospital staff was deployed to Haiti, as were the guided-missile frigate {{USS|Underwood|FFG-36}}, and the guided missile cruiser {{USS|Normandy|CG-60}}.<ref>{{cite web|last=Reilly|first=Corinne|url=http://hamptonroads.com/node/537343 |title=Local military providing aid in Haiti|website=Hampton Roads|accessdate=15 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/florida/AP/story/1422836.html |title=Southcom sending experts, equipment to Haiti|work=Miami Herald |accessdate=13 January 2010}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref name=FACTBOX>{{cite news|url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N14193646.htm |title=FACTBOX-U.S. military mobilizes thousands for Haiti relief|agency=Reuters|date= 14 January 2010|work=Alertnet |accessdate=15 January 2010}}</ref> * Approximately 2,000 [[United States Marine Corps|US Marines]] of the [[22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit]] from [[Camp Lejeune]] sailed on the {{USS|Bataan|LHD-5|6}}, {{USS|Carter Hall|LSD-50|6}}, and {{USS|Fort McHenry|LSD-43|6}};<ref name="22nd MEU">{{cite news|url=http://www.navytimes.com/news/2010/01/navy_bataan_haiti_011810/|title=Bataan ARG to begin arriving in Haiti today|last=Faram|first=Mark D.|date=19 January 2010|work=Navy Times|accessdate=20 January 2010}}</ref> and 3,000 [[United States Army]] soldiers of the [[82nd Airborne Division]] from [[Fort Bragg (North Carolina)|Fort Bragg]] were sent on 14 January 2010.<ref name=FACTBOX/><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1953445,00.html?xid=rss-topstories | work=Time | title=How the U.S. Military Will Help Haiti | date=13 January 2010 | accessdate=4 May 2010 | archive-date=2 April 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402010053/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1953445,00.html?xid=rss-topstories | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.tampabay.com/incoming/us-joins-international-aid-mobilization-for-haiti-quake-victims/1065311| title=unk | access-date = 17 January 2010| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150221171925/http://www.tampabay.com/incoming/us-joins-international-aid-mobilization-for-haiti-quake-victims/1065311| archive-date = 21 February 2015| url-status = dead| df = dmy-all}}</ref> * Additional Marines from the [[24th Marine Expeditionary Unit|24th MEU]] on the {{USS|Nassau|LHA-4|6}}, {{USS|Mesa Verde|LPD-19|6}}, and {{USS|Ashland|LSD-48|6}};<ref name="24MEU Haiti">{{cite news|url=http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/01/marine_24th_meu_012010w/ |title=24th MEU joining Haiti relief effort |last=Talton |first=Trista |date=20 January 2010 |work=[[Marine Corps Times]] |accessdate=21 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118064448/http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/01/marine_24th_meu_012010w/ |archivedate=18 January 2012 }}</ref> which sailed from [[Naval Station Norfolk]], were diverted from their scheduled deployment to the Middle East.<ref name="24th MEU">{{cite news|url=http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/01/navy_nassau_haiti_012010w/|title=Nassau ARG, 24th MEU, tapped for Haiti|last=Ewing|first=Philip|date=20 January 2010|work=[[Marine Corps Times]]|accessdate=20 January 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307013959/http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/01/navy_nassau_haiti_012010w/|archivedate=7 March 2012}}</ref> This was the first use of the [[V-22 Osprey]] for a humanitarian mission.<ref name="24MEU Haiti" /> Four injured personnel from the US embassy were evacuated to the [[Guantanamo Bay Naval Base|naval base]] by [[United States Coast Guard|US Coast Guard]] helicopters.<ref name="usmil">{{Cite news |title = U.S. plans massive military response for Haiti |agency=Associated Press|date = 13 January 2010 |url = http://www.nbcnews.com/id/34832613 |accessdate = 13 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url= https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100113/ap_on_re_la_am_ca/cb_haiti_earthquake |title=Tens of thousands feared dead after Haiti quake | accessdate = 13 January 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114182637/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100113/ap_on_re_la_am_ca/cb_haiti_earthquake |archivedate=14 January 2010}}</ref> As of 29 January 2010, the US suspended medical evacuations of critically the injured victims due to a dispute over who would pay for medical care. According to Dr. Barth A. Green, co-founder of Project Medishare for Haiti, a nonprofit group affiliated with the [[Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine|University of Miami's Miller School of Medicine]] that had been evacuating about two dozen patients a day, this suspension could be catastrophic for the injured patients, adding "People are dying in Haiti because they can't get out."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/30/us/30airlift.html |title=U.S. Suspends Haitian Airlift in Cost Dispute |date=29 January 2010 |work=The New York Times |first=Shaila |last=Dewan }}, archived at {{cite web |url=http://www.commondreams.org/headline/2010/01/30-2 |title=unk |access-date=6 July 2020 |archive-date=2 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100202020618/http://www.commondreams.org/headline/2010/01/30-2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Medical evacuations were resumed on 1 February 2010.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704722304575037702285428526?mod=loomia&loomia_si=t0:a16:g2:r4:c0.0504281:b30152614 |title=U.S Is to Resume Haitian Evacuations |date= 1 February 2010|work=Wall Street Journal| first1=David | last1=Gauthier-Villars | first2=Betsy | last2=Mckay | first3=Jennifer | last3=Levitz}}</ref> ===Central America and the Caribbean=== '''Antigua and Barbuda:''' The [[Politics of Antigua and Barbuda|Antiguan government]] donated [[East Caribbean dollar|EC$]]100,000 (US$37,000) to relief efforts.<ref>[http://www.antiguasunonline.com/news/local/253885-help-on-the-waygovernment-pledges-ec100000-to-aid-haiti.html ''Help on the way...Government pledges EC$100,000 to aid Haiti''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421162913/http://www.antiguasunonline.com/news/local/253885-help-on-the-waygovernment-pledges-ec100000-to-aid-haiti.html |date=21 April 2012 }} from ''www.antiguasunonline.com'' 15 January 2010</ref> '''Bahamas:''' Bahamian Immigration Minister John Thompson suspended the repatriation of illegal Haitians residing in the country. With the prospect of a massive exodus of refugees fleeing from Haiti, government officials are sending tents, bedding, food and personnel to the island of [[Inagua]], which is the closest Bahamian island to Haiti.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caribbean360.com/News/Caribbean/Stories/2010/01/15/NEWS0000010079.html |title=Caribbean islands prepare to take in Haitian refugees |website=www.caribbean360.com |date=15 January 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116020251/http://caribbean360.com/News/Caribbean/Stories/2010/01/15/NEWS0000010079.html |archivedate=16 January 2010}}</ref> '''Barbados:''' The [[Government of Barbados]] established a mechanism to coordinate national relief efforts and identify military personnel to aid in the earthquake damaged areas.<ref name=CDEMA>{{cite news|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/SKEA-7ZPKJ8?OpenDocument|title= Haiti Earthquake Update #2|publisher=Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency |date=14 January 2010}}</ref> '''Belize:''' The [[Government of Belize]] has offered aid to Haiti.<ref name="EditionCNN1">{{cite news |title=Aid deliveries face logistical nightmares |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/01/14/haiti.aid/ |accessdate=2 February 2019 |work=CNN |date=14 January 2010}}</ref> '''Costa Rica:''' On 13 January 2010, [[President of Costa Rica|Costa Rican President]] [[Óscar Arias]] announced that Costa Rica would be sending as much help as possible when the United Nations had a list ready. Arias also said that it was time for the world to remember Haiti.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2010/enero/13/mundo2225386.html|title=Presidente Arias pide a comunidad internacional no olvidar a Haití|work=La Nación|author=Jairo Villegas S.|date=13 January 2010|accessdate=7 February 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116130256/http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2010/enero/13/mundo2225386.html |archivedate=16 January 2010}}</ref> On 15 January 2010, Costa Rica sent a team of 55 personnel trained in the search and rescue of victims under collapsed structures. Due to the heavy air traffic in the area and logistical limitations, the team composed of firefighters, doctors, police officers, and Red Cross paramedics had to first land in the Dominican Republic and later brought to Port-au-Prince by an American military airplane. They brought with them satellite communication devices and two [[uninterruptible power supply]] units provided by the [[Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad|Costa Rican Institute of Electricity]] which can create up to 24 satellite phone lines. The team also brought with it two detection dogs trained on search and rescue provided by the Costa Rican Emergency Commission.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2010/enero/18/mundo2229522.html|title=Costarricenses inician labores tras superar obstáculos|work=La Nación|author=Juan Fernando Lara S.|date=18 January 2010|accessdate=7 February 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121155010/http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/2010/enero/18/mundo2229522.html |archivedate=21 January 2010}}</ref> '''Cuba:''' Thirty field hospitals were established within 48 hours.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cubaminrex.cu/Actualidad/2010/Enero/Raúl%20Castro.html|title=Raúl Castro envía mensaje de condolencias a presidente de Haití|publisher=Sitio del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Cuba|date=13 January 2010|accessdate=13 January 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328172033/http://www.cubaminrex.cu/Actualidad/2010/Enero/Ra%C3%BAl%20Castro.html|archivedate=28 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cubaminrex.cu/Cooperacion/2010/0113.html |title=Médicos cubanos atendieron a 676 heridos en Haití, confirma canciller Bruno Rodríguez |publisher=Sitio del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Cuba |date=13 January 2010 |accessdate=13 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326203028/http://www.cubaminrex.cu/Cooperacion/2010/0113.html |archivedate=26 March 2010 }}</ref> Cuba sent another 30 doctors to join 400 medical staff already in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/centralamericaandthecaribbean/haiti/6989532/Haiti-earthquake-global-relief-effort-launched.html|title=Haiti earthquake: global relief effort launched|work=The Telegraph|date=14 January 2010 |first1=Aislinn | last1=Laing | first2=Nick | last2=Collins | accessdate=30 March 2010}}</ref> The Cuban government opened its normally restricted airspace to US government medical evacuation flights, allowing faster evacuation of injured to medical facilities at [[Guantanamo Bay Naval Station|Guantanamo Bay]] and Florida.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/15/AR2010011500930.html?hpid=topnews&sid=ST2010011500929 |title=Relief crews struggle to reach Haiti earthquake victims |work=The Washington Post |date= 16 January 2010|accessdate=16 January 2010}}</ref> '''Dominica:''' The [[Government of Dominica]] announced a six-month grace period for Haitian nationals living illegally in Dominica, thus protecting them from arrest and deportation.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://dominicanewsonline.com/?p=1804|title= Six-month grace period for Haitians residing illegally in Dominica|work=Dominica News Online|date=14 January 2010}}</ref> Dominica pledged to send bottled water and dried goods to Haiti. A special account was set up at the National Bank of Dominica for corporate and private aid donations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://dominicanewsonline.com/?p=1978|title= Government statement on Dominica's relief effort in support of Haiti|work=Dominica News Online|date=15 January 2010}}</ref> '''Dominican Republic:''' The Dominican Republic, which shares the island of [[Hispaniola]] with Haiti, was the first country to send aid to the devastated country.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/01/13/haiti.earthquake.dominican.republic/index.html |title=Dominican Republic aid to Haiti eases historic tensions |work=CNN |date= 14 January 2010|accessdate=15 January 2010}}</ref> [[President of the Dominican Republic|Dominican President]] [[Leonel Fernández]] rallied the international community to help its neighbor to overcome a "real tragedy." The [[Dominican Air Force]] is currently picking up survivors for aid and is transporting trained dogs to sniff for victims under rubble.<ref name="afp"/> The government has sent 15 mobile medical units along with 36 doctors including orthopedics, traumatologists, anesthesiologists, and surgeons. In addition, 39 trucks with canned food have been dispatched, along with 15 mobile kitchens and 110 cooks who can prepare 100,000 meals per day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europapress.es/latam/republicadominicana/noticia-haiti-republica-dominicana-envia-haiti-equipos-emergencia-ayudar-rescate-victimas-20100113162157.html |title=República Dominicana envía a Haití equipos de emergencia para ayudar en el rescate de las víctimas. |publisher=Europapress.es |date=18 September 2007 |accessdate=15 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406051436/http://www.europapress.es/latam/republicadominicana/noticia-haiti-republica-dominicana-envia-haiti-equipos-emergencia-ayudar-rescate-victimas-20100113162157.html |archivedate=6 April 2010 }}</ref> The airport at El Higuero (8&nbsp;km, 5&nbsp;miles, north of [[Santo Domingo]]) is working as a hub to carry help local and international resources. According to sources, 19 private planes and 14 military helicopters are being used to carry help to Haiti.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://duarte101.com/2010/01/13/donaciones-haiti-naciones-unidas/ |title=Ayudando a Haití |accessdate=13 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323220852/http://duarte101.com/2010/01/13/donaciones-haiti-naciones-unidas/ |archivedate=23 March 2010 }}</ref> An air bridge is working between Port-au-Prince and [[Santiago de los Caballeros]] where people are being attended at the Hospital Metropolitano de Santiago (HOMS), a private hospital. Among others, Senator [[Kelly Bastien]] (president of the [[Senate of Haiti]]) is receiving medical assistance there.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elcaribe.com.do/site/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=233408:llevan-al-homs-al-presidente-del-senado-haitiano&catid=104:nacionales&Itemid=115 |title=Llevan al HOMS al presidente del Senado haitiano |accessdate=13 January 2010}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The hospital director stated that "our hospital intends to open a camp in Haiti in order to assist people in the field".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elcaribe.com.do/site/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=233427:preval-podria-venir-a-republica-dominicana&catid=104:nacionales&Itemid=115 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118182703/http://www.elcaribe.com.do/site/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=233427%3Apreval-podria-venir-a-republica-dominicana&catid=104%3Anacionales&Itemid=115 |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 January 2010 |title=René Preval podría venir a República Dominicana |accessdate=13 January 2010 }}</ref> The Dominican government and a large list of contributors from Banks and private companies donated the sum of [[Dominican peso|RD$]]486&nbsp;million (US$13.5&nbsp;Million). '''El Salvador:''' El Salvador for the time being will send a small contingent of eight firefighters, four Red Cross workers and a specially trained rescue dog. The [[Government of El Salvador|Salvadoran government]] has also announced that they will be sending as much help as possible when the United Nations advise them on what is needed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.laprensagrafica.com/el-salvador/social/85661-el-salvador-envia-mision-de-ayuda-a-haiti.html |title=El Salvador envía misión de ayuda a Haití |publisher=laprensagrafica.com |date=13 January 2010 |accessdate=14 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117013338/http://www.laprensagrafica.com/el-salvador/social/85661-el-salvador-envia-mision-de-ayuda-a-haiti.html |archivedate=17 January 2010 }}</ref> On 15 January 2010, the government announced it would be sending a second fleet of 40 armed forces workers to help with the removal of rubble and to aid in the reconstruction of the earthquake-torn country. It was also announced that they would be sending 37 tonnes of goods to help those in need as well as two groups of lifeguards that would help to search for and rescue any missing people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elsalvador.com/mwedh/nota/nota_completa.asp?idCat=6358&idArt=4430510 |title=Fuerza Armada enviará 40 soldados a Haití |publisher=elsalvador.com |date=15 January 2010 |accessdate=15 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115204916/http://www.elsalvador.com/mwedh/nota/nota_completa.asp?idCat=6358&idArt=4430510 |archivedate=15 January 2010 }}</ref> '''Grenada:''' The [[Government of Grenada]] donated US$100,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/SNAA-7ZR8CD?OpenDocument |title=Grenada: Prime Minister announces contribution to assist Haiti |publisher=Reliefweb.int |date=15 January 2010 |accessdate=3 March 2011}}</ref> '''Guatemala:''' [[President of Guatemala|Guatemalan President]] [[Alvaro Colom]] dispatched a military plane with rescue workers to Haiti on 14 January 2010.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110929114810/http://www.cadenagramonte.cubaweb.cu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=4759&Itemid=2 ''Presidente de Guatemala envía ayuda a Haití''] on ''www.cadenagramonte.cubaweb.cu'' 13 January 2010</ref> Guatemala already had a staff and military personnel as part of MINUSTAH. '''Honduras:''' [[Government of Honduras|Honduran government]] officials organized a mission of 15 firefighters, 15 rescue workers, and a team of medics that departed [[Tegucigalpa]] on 14 January 2010. In addition to the team of volunteers, a large shipment of food and cement were also sent.<ref>[http://www.latribuna.hn/web2.0/?p=85667 ''Honduras enviará ayuda humanitaria a Haití''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028181313/http://www.latribuna.hn/web2.0/?p=85667 |date=28 October 2010 }} from ''www.latribuna.hn'' 13 January 2010</ref> '''Jamaica:''' Information Minister [[Daryl Vaz]] stated that 150 [[Jamaica Defense Force|JDF]] personnel, armed with technical expertise in a variety of areas, would be participating in the search-and-rescue mission, the paramount exercise to be executed in the aftermath of the earthquake.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20100114/lead/lead1.html|title=JDF personnel on rescue mission|publisher=The Jamaica Gleaner|last=Spaulding|first=Gary|date=14 January 2010|accessdate=14 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/help-for-Haiti----p-4-5----Thur--Jan-14--2009---Lead_7325219 |title=Jamaica joins Haiti relief efforts |publisher=The Jamaica Observer |date=14 January 2010 |accessdate=14 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116020003/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/help-for-Haiti----p-4-5----Thur--Jan-14--2009---Lead_7325219 |archivedate=16 January 2010 }}</ref> Jamaican hospitals are currently on stand-by to admit Haitians in need of medical attention.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/help-for-Haiti----p-4-5----Thur--Jan-14--2009---Lead_7325219|title=Jamaica joins Haiti relief efforts|publisher=The Jamaica Observer|date=14 January 2010|accessdate=14 January 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116020003/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/help-for-Haiti----p-4-5----Thur--Jan-14--2009---Lead_7325219|archivedate=16 January 2010}}</ref> '''Nicaragua:''' Nicaragua sent 31 rescuers and military doctors of the Humanitarian Rescue Unit (URH) to Haiti on 14 January 2010, along with humanitarian aid. The URH mission included electricians who would participate in rebuilding the damaged electrical system in [[Port-au-Prince]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2010-01/15/content_12811750.htm|title=Nicaragua sends rescuers, military doctors to Haiti|publisher=Xinhua|date=14 January 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117235618/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2010-01/15/content_12811750.htm|archivedate=17 January 2010}}</ref> '''Panama:''' [[Vice-President of Panama|Panamanian Vice-President]] [[Juan Carlos Varela]] indicated that Panama is willing to help, and pledged that the Panamanian government would provide assistance to the United Nations [[Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] (OCHA) in matters of logistical coordination of cooperation. OCHA's Latin America regional offices are in [[Panama City]].<ref name="afp"/> Panama will deploy search-and-rescue experts from the Civil Protection Office and firefighters from the Panama Fire Department, as well as equipment and food supplies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mensual.prensa.com/mensual/contenido/2010/01/13/uhora/local_2010011312101149.asp |title=Última hora: Rescatistas panameños viajarán a Haití |publisher=prensa.com |date=13 January 2010 |accessdate=13 January 2010 |archive-date=18 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118010259/http://mensual.prensa.com/mensual/contenido/2010/01/13/uhora/local_2010011312101149.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''Saint Kitts and Nevis:''' [[Prime Minister of Saint Kitts and Nevis|Kittitian Prime Minister]] [[Denzil Douglas]] established the Haiti Solidarity Fund at the '''St. Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla National Bank''' to enable corporate and individual financial donations towards the relief efforts.<ref>{{cite news|title=PM Douglas announces CARICOM Mission to go to Haiti and establishment of Haiti Solidarity Fund |publisher=Office of the Prime Minister of St. Kitts and Nevis |date=14 January 2010 |url=http://www.sanmarinonotizie.com/?p=907 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716003854/http://www.sanmarinonotizie.com/?p=907 |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 July 2011 |accessdate=19 January 2010 }}</ref> '''Saint Lucia:''' The [[Government of Saint Lucia]] approved [[East Caribbean dollar|EC$]]500,000 (US$19,120) in aid.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.htsstlucia.com/ |title=Government donation to Haiti |publisher=HTS Channel 4 |date=18 January 2010 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329163328/http://www.htsstlucia.com/ |archivedate=29 March 2016 }}</ref> The island nation is ready to provide more relief support via a unified [[CARICOM]] effort.<ref>[http://sflcn.com/story.php?id=7784 ''St. Lucia Government expresses sympathy and solidarity with the people of Haiti following earthquake''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716044543/http://sflcn.com/story.php?id=7784 |date=16 July 2011 }} from ''sflcn.com'' 19 January 2010</ref> '''Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:''' [[Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|Vincentian Prime Minister]] [[Ralph Gonsalves]] has organized a relief effort to transport rice, flour and other emergency supplies to Haiti.<ref>[http://svgblog.blogspot.com/2010/01/caricom-aids-haiti-pm-wants-summit.html ''Caricom Aids Haiti, PM wants summit''] from ''svgblog.blogspot.com'' 15 January 2010</ref> '''Trinidad and Tobago:''' Trinidad and Tobago has committed an immediate relief aid package of [[Trinidad and Tobago dollar|$]]6.3M ({{US$|1M}}) to assist Haiti.<ref>{{cite news|title=T&T pledges US$1m in aid |work=Trinidad & Tobago Express |date=14 January 2010 |url=http://www.trinidadexpress.com/index.pl/article_news?id=161582007 |accessdate=19 January 2010 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> ===South America=== '''Argentina:''' On 13 January 2010, [[President of Argentina|Argentine President]] [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner|Cristina Fernández]] pledged the deployment of two Argentine Air Force C-130 Hercules<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z15lCHNzvvw news video]</ref> aircraft carrying emergency aid. Argentina already had a 600-member force as part of the [[MINUSTAH]] peacekeeping operations including the [[Argentine Air Force Mobile Field Hospital]] treating nearly 1,000 people on the first night following the earthquake, one of the few medical facilities that remained functional.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,20797,26587037-5003402,00.html?from=public_rss|title=Only one hospital open in Haiti's quake hit capital|work=Courier Mail|date=13 January 2010}}</ref> and two [[UH-1N]] military helicopters, part of UN flight, which carried a number of the more severely injured to the [[Dominican Republic]] for medical treatment.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/01/13/haiti.updates/index.html?section=cnn_latest|title=CNN Haiti Earthquake news|date=13 January 2010 |work=CNN | accessdate=30 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.clarin.com/diario/2010/01/13/um/m-02119291.htm|title=Argentina enviará un avión con ayuda humanitaria|work=Diario Clarín|date=13 January 2010}}</ref> A team of [[White Helmets Commission|White Helmets]] (''Cascos Blancos'') arrived in Port-au-Prince on 16 January 2010.<ref name="clarin.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.clarin.com/diario/2010/01/16/um/m-02121268.htm |title=Llegaron a Puerto Príncipe los dos aviones con ayuda argentina |website=Clarin.com |date=16 January 2010 |accessdate=3 March 2011}}</ref> A team of 17 medics set up a new camp at [[Léogâne]] being the first to arrive to the scene four days after the earthquake.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clarin.com/diario/2010/01/21/um/m-02124376.htm |title=Médicos argentinos, en el epicentro de la tragedia de Haití |website=clarin.com}}</ref> A third aircraft was dispatched on 24 January 2010. The airplane made a stop on [[Paraguay]] to pick up aid donated by that country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clarin.com/diario/2010/01/24/um/m-02126338.htm |title=Partió otro Hércules cargado con ayuda para Haití |website=Clarin.com |date=24 January 2010 |accessdate=3 March 2011}}</ref> '''Bolivia:''' The [[Government of Bolivia]] announced it would contribute food and blood donations to the relief efforts.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2010-01/14/content_12808090.htm|title= L. American nations rush aid to Haiti|work=Xinhua|date=14 January 2010}}</ref> '''Brazil:''' [[President of Brazil|Brazilian President]] [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] offered to send US$15 million in aid.<ref name="agenciabrasil1">{{cite web|url=http://www.agenciabrasil.gov.br/noticias/2010/01/13/materia.2010-01-13.3429374978/view |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121128021315/http://www.agenciabrasil.gov.br/noticias/2010/01/13/materia.2010-01-13.3429374978/view |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 November 2012 |title=Ajuda ao Haiti é a maior já enviada pelo Brasil a outros países |website=Agenciabrasil.gov.br |date=13 January 2009 |accessdate=13 January 2010 }}</ref> On 21 January 2010, the [[Government of Brazil|Brazilian government]] announced that its humanitarian aid destined to support Haiti's stabilization and reconstruction process will reach R$375 million (approximately US$210.7&nbsp;million), an amount which includes the previously promised $15&nbsp;million. Also, 900 more troops will be immediately sent to Haiti in order to increase the strength of the 1,300 Brazilian servicemen currently supporting [[MINUSTAH]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Mundo/0,,MUL1457677-5602,00-GOVERNO+DEVE+EDITAR+MP+QUE+LIBERA+R+MI+PARA+AJUDA+AO+HAITI.html|title=Governo deve editar MP que libera R$375 mi para ajuda ao Haiti|author=VRT|date=21 January 2010|website=G1.com.br|accessdate=21 January 2010}}</ref> Additionally, Brazil will deploy aid in the form of food and supplies. Two [[Cabinet of Brazil|government ministries]] expect to send 600 tons of rice, beans, and powdered milk.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/nacional,brasil-pode-enviar-600-toneladas-de-alimentos-ao-haiti,495231,0.htm |title=Brasil pode enviar 600 toneladas de alimentos ao Haiti |website=O Estado de S. Paulo |date=14 January 2010 |accessdate=14 January 2010}}</ref> Immediate aid will be dispatched in two aircraft carrying, in total, 28&nbsp;tons of food (sugar, powdered milk, sardines and ham), bottled water, and other supplies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Mundo/0,,MUL1445375-5602,00.html |title=Jobim já embarcou rumo ao Haiti |author=VRT |date=13 January 2010 |website=G1.com.br |accessdate=13 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100120204127/http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Mundo/0%2C%2CMUL1445375-5602%2C00.html |archivedate=20 January 2010 }}</ref> Four smaller aircraft will also be sent with relief workers, since a larger [[C-137 Stratoliner#Variants of other militaries|Boeing KC-137]] of the [[Brazilian Air Force]] was unable to land on 13 January 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Mundo/0,,MUL1446450-5602,00-AVIAO+DA+FAB+COM+TONELADAS+DE+MANTIMENTOS+DECOLA+PARA+O+HAITI.html|title=Avião da FAB com 13 toneladas de mantimentos decola para o Haiti|author=VRT|date=13 January 2010|website=G1.com.br|accessdate=13 January 2010}}</ref> In addition, the [[Brazilian Navy]] will deploy a ship to Haiti with equipment capable of producing potable water.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.diariodecanoas.com.br/site/noticias/geral,canal-8,ed-60,ct-212,cd-238258.htm|title=Marinha enviará ao Haiti navio com equipamento que produz água potável|author=VRT|date=13 January 2010|work=Diário de Canoas|accessdate=13 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717124104/http://www.diariodecanoas.com.br/site/noticias/geral,canal-8,ed-60,ct-212,cd-238258.htm|archive-date=17 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> This is Brazil's largest foreign aid contribution in response to a natural disaster.<ref name="agenciabrasil1"/> The headquarters of the Brazilian-led [[MINUSTAH]] was destroyed in the quake. The Brazilian Army forces' building remains intact, however. The Brazilian army is currently doing its work on foot due to the amount of debris on roads. Brazil's servicemen are providing help in the search for survivors.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://noticias.uol.com.br/ultnot/internacional/2010/01/13/ult1859u2190.jhtm|title=População do Haiti procura base brasileira para socorro e auxílio de feridos|author=VRT|date=13 January 2010|work=UOL News|accessdate=13 January 2010}}</ref> The [[Brazilian Army]] is also sending 18 sniffer dogs to help with the body search.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/bichos/ult10006u679144.shtml|title=Cães brasileiros ajudarão em salvamentos no Haiti |author=VRT|date=13 January 2010|work=[[Folha Online]]|accessdate=13 January 2010}}</ref> On 2 February 2010 the Brazilian navy [[Brazilian landing ship Almirante Sabóia (G25)|Landing Ship Almirante Saboia (G25)]] was sent to Haiti with 700 tons of cargo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mar.mil.br/menu_h/noticias/haiti/ndcc_direcao_haiti/ndcc.html |title=unk |website=unk |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212055321/http://www.mar.mil.br/menu_h/noticias/haiti/ndcc_direcao_haiti/ndcc.html |archivedate=12 February 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alide.com.br/joomla/index.php/component/content/article/75-extra/1059-ndcc-almirante-saboia-embarca-ajuda-humanitaria-brasileira-para-o-haiti |title=NDCC Almirante Sabóia embarca ajuda humanitária brasileira para o Haiti |website=Alide|accessdate=11 August 2010}}</ref> The Brazilian Red Cross of the state of Ceara has raised 160 tons worth of donations. The [[Brazilian navy]] checks the possibility of sending a second ship to Haiti.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jornalnacional.globo.com/Telejornais/JN/0,,MUL1475780-10406,00-DOACOES+PARA+O+HAITI+ESTAO+PARADAS+NO+CEARA.html |title=unk |website=jornalnacional.globo.com}}</ref> The Brazilian air force has as of 9 February 2010 transported 708 tons of cargo to Haiti.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fab.mil.br/portal/capa/index.php?mostra=4729 |title=unk |website=unk |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719030952/http://www.fab.mil.br/portal/capa/index.php?mostra=4729 |archivedate=19 July 2011 }}</ref> A second Brazilian navy ship, the [[Brazilian landing ship Garcia D'Avila (G29)|Landing Ship Garcia D'Avila (G29)]] was sent to Haiti with 900 tons of cargo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alide.com.br/joomla/index.php/component/content/article/75-extra/1123-garcia-davila-parte-para-haiti-e-helicopteros-da-mb-voltam-de-la |title=Garcia d’Ávila parte para Haiti e helicópteros da MB voltam de lá|website=Alide}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.naval.com.br/blog/2010/02/23/ndcc-garcia-davila-embarca-material-que-levara-para-o-haiti/ |title=NDCC 'Garcia D’Ávila' embarca material que levará para o Haiti |website=unk}}</ref> '''Chile:''' [[President of Chile|Chilean President]] [[Michelle Bachelet]] sent Juan Gabriel Valdés, first chief of the UN mission in Haiti, as presidential delegate to coordinate the humanitarian aid sent by Chile, just 46 days before the [[2010 Chile earthquake|another earthquake]]. The Chilean presidential airplane was used to send the first aid to Haiti, arriving in the morning on 14 January 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/detalle/detallenoticias.asp?idnoticia=393748|title=Ministros de RR.EE. y Defensa coordinan con Valdés ayuda para Haití|work=El Mercurio|date=13 January 2010|accessdate=13 January 2010}}</ref> '''Colombia:''' On 14 January 2010, a C-130 aircraft departed for Haiti with three tonnes of rescue, medical and security supplies, a mobile military hospital, several medical and rescue teams plus search and rescue dogs.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/colombia-ofrece-ayuda-a-haiti-por-el-fuerte-terremoto_6938807-1 |title=Gobierno de Colombia anunció su ayuda a Haití tras el fuerte sismo |work=El Tiempo |accessdate=13 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925050820/http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/colombia-ofrece-ayuda-a-haiti-por-el-fuerte-terremoto_6938807-1 |archivedate=25 September 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wradio.com.co/nota.aspx?id=937776|title=Avión colombiano llevará hoy primeras ayudas para Haití|publisher=W Radio|accessdate=15 January 2010|archive-date=2 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002000311/http://www.wradio.com.co/nota.aspx?id=937776|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Ministry of National Defense (Colombia)|National Defense Ministry]] and [[Colombian Air Force]] enabled several military bases and international airports as regional hubs for humanitarian logistics from other Haiti-supporting countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fac.mil.co/?idcategoria=46697&facmil_2008_2009=a1b1316f3100321578333be756f0da24|title=Comunicado a la opinión pública|website=Fuerza Aérea Colombiana |accessdate=15 January 2010}}</ref> '''Ecuador:''' A [[Government of Ecuador|Ecuadorian government]] delegation arrived in Port-au-Prince airport with five tons of food, including the urban search and rescue team, members of the Quito Fire Department. Red Cross, police, and military also arrived in Port-au-Prince airport on 13 January 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mmrree.gov.ec/2010/bol005.asp |title=Ecuador envia ayuda para damnificados por el terremoto en Haiti |publisher=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Comercio e Intergracion, Ecuador |date=13 January 2010 |accessdate=14 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131005903/http://www.mmrree.gov.ec/2010/bol005.asp |archivedate=31 January 2010 }}</ref> '''Guyana:''' [[President of Guyana|Guyanese President]] [[Bharrat Jagdeo]] announced US$1&nbsp;million in financial assistance for Haiti.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.trinidadexpress.com/index.pl/article_news?id=161582011|title=Haiti in ruins|last=Rampersad|first=Curtis|date=14 January 2010|work=[[Trinidad & Tobago Express]]|accessdate=14 January 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116220418/http://www.trinidadexpress.com/index.pl/article_news?id=161582011 |archivedate=16 January 2010}}</ref> '''Paraguay:''' Paraguay dispatched 12 humanitarian workers including doctors and surgeons and over 56,000 kilograms of food to Haiti on 14 January 2010.<ref>[http://www.abc.com.py/abc/nota/66375-Paraguay-env%C3%ADa-ayuda-humanitaria-a-Hait%C3%AD/ ''Paraguay envía ayuda humanitaria a Haití''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214123741/http://www.abc.com.py/abc/nota/66375-Paraguay-env%C3%ADa-ayuda-humanitaria-a-Hait%C3%AD/ |date=14 December 2018 }} from ''www.abc.com.py'' 14 January 2010</ref> On 24 January 2010, more aid was sent aboard an [[Argentine Air Force]] C-130 Hercules,<ref>[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2010/01/24/um/m-02126338.htm ''Partió otro Hércules cargado con ayuda para Haití''] from ''www.clarin.com'' 24 January 2010</ref> '''Peru:''' Peru sent a total of aid 100 tons in food and medical aid,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elcomercio.pe/noticia/397488/gobierno-se-movilizo-enviar-ayuda-humanitaria-devastada-haiti |title=El mundo se solidariza con Haití y el Perú envió 24 toneladas de ayuda &#124; El Comercio Perú |website=Elcomercio.pe |accessdate=15 January 2010}}</ref> and 18 health professionals and two field hospitals suited for emergency surgical interventions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=116102&sectionid=351020706 |title=Latin American nations send aid to Haiti |website=presstv.com |date=14 January 2010 |accessdate=14 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221165210/http://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=116102&sectionid=351020706 |archivedate=21 February 2011 }}</ref> Peru's MINUSTAH contingent, consisting of 205 peacekeeping troops, will help in Haiti's reorganization.<ref name="afp"/> Peru also sent rescue teams with sniffer dogs. '''Suriname:''' Suriname has dispatched military and police personnel to Haiti, as well as blankets and rice.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naharnet.com/domino/tn/NewsDesk.nsf/0/D2610B07EF9BB687C22576AE00576AF9?OpenDocument |title=Celebrities Support Haiti Relief Efforts |website=Naharnet.com |accessdate=3 March 2011}}</ref> '''Uruguay:''' Uruguay has sent two water purifying plants donated by the national water management company, as well as a team of trained rescuers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/epa/article/ALeqM5i7eLWUgsv1tO7L-OjaQhBeXkmknQ |title=Uruguay dona a Haití dos plantas potabilizadoras de agua para las víctimas |website=EFE |accessdate=16 January 2010}}</ref> '''Venezuela:''' Foreign Minister [[Nicolás Maduro]] ordered 50 members of the "Army of Peace", the Brigade "Simón Bolívar" from his country to transport food and aid.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mre.gov.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3124:-venezuela-enviara-ayuda-humanitaria-a-haiti&catid=2:actualidad&Itemid=44 |title=Venezuela enviará ayuda humanitaria a Haití |website=Gobierno Bolivariano de Venezuela |date=12 January 2010 |accessdate=14 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716154633/http://www.mre.gov.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3124%3A-venezuela-enviara-ayuda-humanitaria-a-haiti&catid=2%3Aactualidad&Itemid=44 |archivedate=16 July 2011 }}</ref> The Foreign Ministry has also set up a collection center in Caracas so [[Venezuelans]] can donate food, water, clothes, and other goods.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mre.gov.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3130:se-instala-centro-de-acopio-en-la-casa-amarilla-en-apoyo-al-pueblo-haitiano&catid=2:actualidad&Itemid=44 |title=Se instala centro de acopio en la Casa Amarilla en apoyo al pueblo haitiano |website=Gobierno Bolivariano de Venezuela |date=13 January 2010 |accessdate=14 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716154650/http://www.mre.gov.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3130%3Ase-instala-centro-de-acopio-en-la-casa-amarilla-en-apoyo-al-pueblo-haitiano&catid=2%3Aactualidad&Itemid=44 |archivedate=16 July 2011 }}</ref> In total Venezuela provided 616 tonnes of emergency relief, establishment of shipping and air corridor, medical and SAR teams; 116 tons of special machinery for reconstruction; food (10,000 tonnes), non-food items (30,000 tents), medicines and 225,000 barrels of diesel fuel and gasoline and transported SAR teams on six flights (total 107.5 tons; 520 aid personnel)<ref name="ocha.unog.ch"/> Two Venezuelan Navy ships are "loading the more than 1,200 tons of food such as pasta, sugar and milk, among others, and once we have filled those ships, undoubtedly will be shipped to Haiti" said Luis Díaz Curvelo, National Chief of Lifeguards.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.noticias24.com/actualidad/noticia/139736/|title=Venezuela enviará un cargamento de 1.200 toneladas de alimentos hacia Haití|website=Gobierno Bolivariano de Venezuela|date=12 January 2010|accessdate=17 January 2010|archive-date=16 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716072359/http://www.noticias24.com/actualidad/noticia/139736/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[President of Venezuela|Venezuelan President]] [[Hugo Chávez]] promised to send as much gasoline as Haiti needs for electricity generation and transport.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bt.com.bn/en/news-world/2010/01/19/chavez-says-us-occupying-haiti-name-aid-supply |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722211540/http://www.bt.com.bn/en/news-world/2010/01/19/chavez-says-us-occupying-haiti-name-aid-supply |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 July 2012 |title=Chavez says US occupying Haiti in name of aid supply |website=Bt.com.bn |date=19 January 2010 |accessdate=3 March 2011 }}</ref> Venezuela also donated 225,000 barrels of diesel fuel and gasoline for hospitals and generators in Haiti.<ref name="ocha.unog.ch"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news/5086|title=unk |website=Venezuela Analysis}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.brunei.fm/2010/01/16/venezuelan-aid-arrives-in-haiti-to-help-reconstruction-works/ |title=unk |publisher=unk |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121024620/http://news.brunei.fm/2010/01/16/venezuelan-aid-arrives-in-haiti-to-help-reconstruction-works |archivedate=21 January 2010 }}</ref> ==Europe== '''Albania:''' The [[Government of Albania]] pledged or donated €30,000 (US$40,800) to the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ikubinfo.com/ikubLAJME/NewsDetails.aspx?id=aaf7fd17-bdd0-496a-893d-916b044d7256 |title=Shqipëria, 30 mije euro ndihmë për Haitin |publisher=Ikubinfo.com |accessdate=3 March 2011}}{{dead link|date=June 2015}}</ref> '''Andorra:''' The principality's government announced that it will allocate €57,500 to both the United Nations (€50,500) and the country's charitable NGO efforts in Haiti (€7,500).<ref>[http://demo.diariandorra.ad/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=1782 ''57.500 euros d'ajuda governamental per a Haití''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706062203/http://demo.diariandorra.ad/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=1782 |date=6 July 2011 }} from ''diariandorra.ad'' 20 January 2010</ref> The €50,500 was not delivered to the UN fund for Haiti, at least as of six months later.<ref name=CNN-20100715/> '''Austria:''' The [[Government of Austria|Austrian government]] dispatched logistics experts to the country.<ref name=OSAID>{{cite news|url=http://austriantimes.at/news/Panorama/2010-01-13/19600/Austrian_charities_appeal_for_Haiti_help |title=Austrian charities appeal for Haiti help|work=Austrian Times |accessdate=15 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722083747/http://austriantimes.at/news/Panorama/2010-01-13/19600/Austrian_charities_appeal_for_Haiti_help |archivedate=22 July 2010 }}</ref> '''Belgium:''' On 13 January 2010, Belgium dispatched its B-Fast team of 58 people,<ref name="VRT">{{cite news|url=http://www.deredactie.be/cm/vrtnieuws/buitenland/1.693833|title=België stuurt B-fast team|date=13 January 2010|publisher=[[Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroep|VRT]] Nieuws |accessdate=13 January 2010}}</ref> including four sniffer dogs and a [[water purification]] facility.<ref name="Belgian government">{{cite news|url=http://www.belgium.be/en/news/2010/news_aardbevind_haiti_b-fast.jsp|title=Belgium sends B-FAST to Haiti following earthquake there|date=13 January 2010|publisher=[[Belgian federal government]]|accessdate=13 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615081444/http://www.belgium.be/en/news/2010/news_aardbevind_haiti_b-fast.jsp|archive-date=15 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 15 January 2010, Belgian Chief Coordinator Geert Gijs, upon learning that the UN security personnel would not remain overnight at their field hospital, decided to pack up his team's supplies and leave; Gijs said it was a "tough decision", but that he decided to evacuate after the Canadian medical team, also at the hospital, left the site with their security officers on Friday afternoon.<ref name="cnngupta">{{cite news| url= http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/01/16/haiti.abandoned.patients/ | title= Security concerns cause doctors to leave hospital, quake victims | publisher=CNN | date=16 January 2010| accessdate= 18 January 2010}}</ref> The decision left [[Sanjay Gupta]], a CNN correspondent, as the only doctor present overnight at the hospital; Gupta was limited in his ability to help the 25 patients left at the field hospital because the Belgian team had taken their supplies when they left.<ref name="cnngupta"/><ref name="hnb">{{cite news|url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/Article/Detail.aspx?articleID=DMF16012010_019|title=België stuurt 36 soldaten naar Haïti|author=Het laatste Nieuws|date=16 January 2010|publisher=[[Het Nieuwsblad]]|accessdate=17 January 2010}}</ref> Belgian King [[Albert II of Belgium|Albert II]] sent condolences to the [[Government of Haiti|Haitian government]], and the team returned the next morning. '''Bosnia and Herzegovina:''' The chairman of the [[Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Nikola Špirić]], pledged a donation of 100,000 [[Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark|BAM]] (US$75,000) to the Red Cross.<ref name="Bosnia and Herzegovina1">{{cite news|url=http://www.vijeceministara.gov.ba/saopstenja/sjednice/saopstenja_sa_sjednica/?id=9776|title=Održana 112. vanredna sjednica Vijeća ministara Bosne i Hercegovine|date=14 January 2010|publisher=Official press release of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina|accessdate=14 January 2010}}</ref> The Prime Minister of [[Republika Srpska]], [[Milorad Dodik]], pledged {{US$|100,000}} to Haiti.<ref name="Bosnia and Herzegovina2">{{cite news|url=http://www.vladars.net/sr-SP-Cyrl/Vlada/media/vijesti/Pages/Vlada_Republike_Srpsle_odobrila_100000_KM_za_pomoc_stanovnistvu_Haitija.aspx|title= Влада Републике Српсле одржала 6. ванредну сједницу |date=15 January 2010|publisher=Government of Republika Srpska|accessdate=17 January 2010}}</ref> '''Bulgaria:''' The Bulgarian Ministry of Defense contributed 1.5 tonnes of tents, blankets, and household linens to relief efforts.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.focus-fen.net/index.php?id=n206795|title= Bulgaria sends Haiti tents, blankets, household linen |date=15 January 2010|publisher=Focus News Agency |accessdate=15 January 2010}}{{nonspecific|date=February 2019}}</ref> Later, the country sent medical supplies and a medical team to [[Haiti]] and started gathering a second team of volunteers. Also the [[Bulgarian Red Cross]] and [[UNICEF]] started gathering donations via SMS service and a bank account. At least €635,000 have been gathered to date. A number of benefit concerts have been organized in schools and clubs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cross-bg.net/balgariya/88-novini-i-sabitiya/1096719-balgariya-e-gotova-da-izprati-lekarski-ekip-voenno-poleva-bolnitza-i-medikamenti-za-haiti|title= Bulgaria is ready to send more aide to Haiti |date=18 January 2010|publisher=Cross News Agency |accessdate=18 January 2010}}{{nonspecific|date=February 2019}}</ref> '''Croatia:''' The [[Government of Croatia]] approved one million [[Croatian kuna|HRK]] (about {{US$|200,000}}) to be sent to relief efforts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak.aspx?id=470241 |title=Hrvatska vlada šalje milijun kuna humanitarne pomoći žrtvama potresa u Haitiju |publisher=Index.hr |accessdate=15 January 2010}}</ref> '''Cyprus:''' [[President of Cyprus|Cypriot President]] [[Dimitris Christofias]] said that Cyprus has contributed €100,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyprus-mail.com/cyprus/cyprus-offers-100000-aid-haiti/20100116 |title=Cyprus offers €100,000 in aid to Haiti |website=Cyprus-mail.com |date=16 January 2010 |accessdate=3 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604001743/http://www.cyprus-mail.com/cyprus/cyprus-offers-100000-aid-haiti/20100116 |archivedate=4 June 2011 }}</ref> '''Czech Republic:''' The Czech Republic sent [[Czech koruna|Kč]]5&nbsp;million in emergency relief to Haiti and then pledged to send [[Czech koruna|Kč]]20&nbsp;million (US$1,110,000) more, and will channel it through humanitarian organizations operating in Haiti; roughly another [[Czech koruna|Kč]]15&nbsp;million was raised by Czech NGO's.<ref>[http://www.ceskenoviny.cz/zpravy/czech-govt-earmarks-20-million-crowns-in-aid-of-haiti/422224] from ''CeskeNoviny'' 18 January 2010.{{nonspecific|date=February 2019}}</ref> A contingent of Czech humanitarian workers will depart to Haiti (via the Dominican Republic) in the upcoming weeks to assist in reconstruction.<ref>[http://www.ceskenoviny.cz/news/zpravy/czech-rescuers-to-leave-for-haiti-in-several-weeks/421112 ''Czech rescuers to leave for Haiti in several weeks''] from ''www.ceskenoviny.cz'' 15 January 2010{{nonspecific|date=February 2019}}</ref> '''Denmark:''' The Ministry for Development Cooperation has pledged to donate around {{US$|2M}} ([[Danish krone|kr]]10&nbsp;million) to the UN's mission in Haiti.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.um.dk/da/servicemenu/Nyheder/ForsideNyheder/DanmarkStoetterOfreneForJordskaelvetPaaHaiti.htm |title=Danmark støtter ofrene for jordskælvet på Haiti – Udenrigsministeriet |publisher=Um.dk |accessdate=13 January 2010}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> This pledge was increased by another {{US$|8M}} ([[Danish krone|kr]]40&nbsp;million).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nyhederne.tv2.dk/article/27839727/ |title=Vi sender yderligere 40 mio. |publisher=TV2.dk |accessdate=18 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121005736/http://nyhederne.tv2.dk/article/27839727/ |archivedate=21 January 2010 }}</ref> The [[Danes|Danish people]] donated [[Danish krone|kr]]65,000,000.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} In total, Denmark donated [[Danish krone|kr]]115,000,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.um.dk/da/menu/Udenrigspolitik/Landefakta/LandefaktaLatinamerika/LandefaktaHaiti/ |title=unk |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100227013857/http://www.um.dk/da/menu/udenrigspolitik/landefakta/landefaktalatinamerika/landefaktahaiti |archivedate=27 February 2010 }}</ref> '''Estonia:''' Estonia initially announced readiness to aid Haiti with €63,600.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://balticreports.com/?p=8720 |title=Baltic states give €275k to Haiti |website=Baltic Reports |accessdate=25 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.postimees.ee/?id=211291 |title=Eesti on valmis Haitit miljoni krooniga abistama |website=postimees.ee |accessdate=14 January 2010}}</ref> After a few days, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that Estonia will increase this to €2,500,000 via the Red Cross; they will also send three member logistics crew.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.postimees.ee/?id=212376 |title=Eesti eraldab Haiti maavärina ohvritele veel 1,5 miljonit |website=postimees.ee |accessdate=15 January 2010|date=15 January 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://uudised.err.ee/index.php?06191329 |title= unk|url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229132047/http://uudised.err.ee/index.php?06191329 |archivedate=29 February 2012 }}</ref> This amount of aid, once delivered, and would make Estonia the fourth largest donor as a percentage of [[gross domestic product]] in the [[European Union]] (EU).{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} '''Finland:''' The [[Government of Finland|Finnish government]] pledged €1.25&nbsp;million in aid.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hs.fi/ulkomaat/artikkeli/Suomen+valtiolta+125+miljoonaa+Haiti-apua/1135252129309|title=Suomen valtiolta 1,25 miljoonaa Haiti-apua|date=14 January 2010|work=[[Helsingin Sanomat]]|accessdate=14 January 2010|archive-date=15 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115203612/http://www.hs.fi/ulkomaat/artikkeli/Suomen+valtiolta+125+miljoonaa+Haiti-apua/1135252129309|url-status=dead}}</ref> <!---not clear that these are all national endeavors ---> '''France:''' [[Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs|French Foreign Minister]] [[Bernard Kouchner]] said France will dispatch aid to the country.<ref name="afp">{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20100113/wl_afp/haitiquakeworldaid_20100113042124/|title=World gears up to help quake-stricken Haiti|agency=AFP|date=13 January 2010|work=[[Yahoo News]]|accessdate=13 January 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116151240/http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20100113/wl_afp/haitiquakeworldaid_20100113042124 |archivedate=16 January 2010}}</ref> Haiti is a member of [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|La Francophonie]] (Association of French-speaking nations), but officially bilingual. The aid provided by France according to the [[Government of France|French Government]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.consulfrance-miami.org/spip.php?article1258 |title=Récapitulatif de l'aide humanitaire d'urgence au profit d'Haiti |publisher=Ministère des Affaires étrangères et européennes |date=14 January 2010 |access-date=6 July 2020 |archive-date=28 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128105828/http://www.consulfrance-miami.org/spip.php?article1258 |url-status=dead }}</ref> consists of: * A detachment of 67 military from the military civil security (FORMISC) Brignoles and Crisis Support Unit of five persons including two communication specialists * A 70-strong detachment tasked with deploying an advanced medical post and 10 mobile medical teams. This detachment also includes 24 Sécurité civile personnel tasked with supplying water for up to 20,000 people a day, 11 gendarmes to ensure the security of the detachments on the ground, and 11 gendarmes to ensure the security of the detachments on the ground and five German staff of the THW. * A fourth 70-strong detachment of the Sécurité civile rapid medical response unit to provide logistical support and medical care. In total nearly 300 Sécurité civile personnel will eventually be in Haiti with several dozen tonnes of equipment.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.lepoint.fr/actualites-monde/2010-01-18/minute-par-minute-la-france-donne-10-millions-d-euros-a-haiti/924/0/414453|title= Haïti combat contre la mort |work=Le Point |date=18 January 2010}}</ref> Two ships, the [[Siroco (L 9012)|''Siroco'']] and the [[BATRAL]] [[Francis Garnier (L9031)|''Francis Garnier'']], were dispatched as part of [[Opération Séisme Haiti 2010]]. The ''Siroco'', which was off the Senegalese coast was ordered to head for Haiti.<ref>[https://archive.today/20110612050104/http://www.defense.gouv.fr/marine/base/articles/la_marine_mobilisee_en_haiti_actualise_le_19_01_2010 La Marine mobilisée en Haïti (actualisé le 19 January 2010)], Ministry of Defence.</ref> She is equipped with medical facilities (two operating theatres and 50 in-patient beds) and can carry 2,000 tonnes of cargo and 2,000 passengers, as well as four helicopters.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.defense.gouv.fr/marine/base/articles/la_marine_mobilisee_en_haiti |archive-url= https://archive.today/20110612045835/http://www.defense.gouv.fr/marine/base/articles/la_marine_mobilisee_en_haiti |url-status= dead |archive-date= 12 June 2011 |title= La Marine mobilisée en Haïti |publisher=Defence Ministry, France |date=17 January 2010}}</ref> A [[French Air Force]] [[Airbus A340]] was dispatched to Fort-de-France carrying medical personnel to staff the Siroco and members of the [[gendarmerie]].<ref>{{cite news|url= http://qc.news.yahoo.com/s/capress/100119/monde/haiti_seisme_france_arme|title=L'armée française a évacué plus de 500 Français et Européens aux Antilles|work=Yahoo News|date=19 January 2010}}{{dead link|date=March 2011}}</ref> A team of six people, including a TDF (state radio and television company) engineer, was dispatched with the communications hardware required to reestablish the UN radio transmissions of Haiti Minustah FM, and also to repair the large transmitters located on the heights of the city. Radio France also lent assistance to several private radio stations.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.martinique.franceantilles.fr/actualite/faitsdivers/la-martinique-base-arriere-de-l-aide-francaise-18-01-2010-58210.php |title= La Martinique, base arrière de l'aide française |work=France-Antilles Martinique |date=18 January 2010}}</ref> The [[BATRAL]] [[Francis Garnier (L9031)|''Francis Garnier'']], a light transport and supply ship, left Fort-de-France (Martinique) with 100 tons of freight and 60 soldiers. The ship carried six trucks, an ambulance, 4x4 vehicles, three mechanical shovels, food, bottled water, machines of building site, tents, humanitarian material and food. The ship does not require a dock to unload.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.martinique.franceantilles.fr/actualite/faitsdivers/haiti-le-francis-garnier-est-parti-sarkozy-en-attente-15-01-2010-57878.php|title= Haïti: le "Francis Garnier" est parti. Sarkozy en attente |work=France-Antilles Martinique |date=15 January 2010}}</ref> Two [[C-130 Hercules]] belonging to the 2/61 Transport Squadron ('Franche-Comté'), were dispatched to [[Martinique]]. The first C-130 from France arrived with reinforcements, medical equipment and communications equipment. The second airplane arrived 17 January 2010. Together with three [[CASA CN-235]] planes, an [[Airbus A310]] (from the Esterel Squadron), an [[Aérospatiale Puma]] Helicopter and a [[Bombardier Dash 8]] from the civil security they allow up to eight flights daily from the French Antilles to Haiti.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.martinique.franceantilles.fr/actualite/faitsdivers/la-martinique-base-arriere-de-l-aide-francaise-18-01-2010-58210.php|title= La Martinique base arriere de l'aide française |work=France-Antilles Martinique |date=18 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.armees.com/Operation-seisme-Haiti-Point-de,32687.html|title=Actions prévues le 20 Janvier|date=20 January 2010|access-date=21 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124080236/http://www.armees.com/Operation-seisme-Haiti-Point-de,32687.html|archive-date=24 January 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> The French government will contribute €10&nbsp;million (US$14.4&nbsp;million) for relief and rescue work, French Foreign Minister Bernard Kouchner announced on 18 January 2010. The contribution was a response to the appeal for emergency funding launched by the United Nations on 23 January 2010.<ref>[http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/304382,france-commits-10-million-euros-for-haiti-relief.html "France commits 10 million euros for Haiti relief "] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707130627/http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/304382,france-commits-10-million-euros-for-haiti-relief.html |date=7 July 2020 }},</ref> '''Germany:''' The [[Government of Germany|German government]] has released an initial amount of €7.5&nbsp;million (US$10.78&nbsp;m) in aid.<ref name="IAE">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8456192.stm|title=International aid efforts for Haiti under way|date=13 January 2010|work=BBC News |accessdate=13 January 2010}}</ref> [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)|German Foreign Minister]] [[Guido Westerwelle]] said that his country had pledged aid to Haiti and called together a crisis management team to deal with the disaster.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,671674,00.html |title='Catastrophe of Major Proportions': Haiti Devastated by Massive Earthquake|work=Der Spiegel |accessdate=13 January 2010|date=13 January 2010 |last1=Pitze|first1=Marc }}</ref> Two special [[THW]] teams, one trained to rescue survivors from the rubble, and the other equipped to provide them with safe drinking water, were sent to Port-au-Prince.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5125543,00.html |title=Germany rushes funds, rescue teams to Haiti |work=Deutsche Welle |accessdate=15 January 2010}}</ref> Germany offered to send troops to Haiti.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://de.news.yahoo.com/2/20100114/tts-bundeswehr-bietet-hilfe-fuer-erdbebe-c1b2fc3.html |title=Bundeswehr bietet Hilfe für Erdbeben-Opfer in Haiti an |work=Yahoo News |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118115421/http://de.news.yahoo.com/2/20100114/tts-bundeswehr-bietet-hilfe-fuer-erdbebe-c1b2fc3.html |archivedate=18 January 2010}}</ref> '''Greece:''' [[Prime Minister of Greece|Greek Prime Minister]] [[George Papandreou (junior)|George Papandreou]] reminded the public that Haiti had been the first country, in 1822, to acknowledge the [[Greek War of Independence]]. The Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated they will be helping international organisations coordinate humanitarian relief efforts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.neoskosmos.com/news/en/haiti-greek-pm |title=Greek PM: Support for quake-devastated Haiti |website=Neoskosmos.com |date=18 January 2010 |accessdate=3 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303030439/http://www.neoskosmos.com/news/en/haiti-greek-pm |archivedate=3 March 2011 }}</ref> The government announced a donation of €200,000, and that the Foreign Ministry would send a team of 25 healthcare professionals, nurses, rescuers as well as Hellenic Aid officials and rescue workers, along with pharmaceutical supplies.<ref>{{cite news|author=Hellenic News of America |url=http://www.hellenicnews.com/readnews.html?newsid=11377&lang=US |title=Greek Foreign Ministry announcement on the Greek humanitarian aid mission to Haiti |work=Hellenic News of America |accessdate=21 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928005509/http://www.hellenicnews.com/readnews.html?newsid=11377&lang=US |archivedate=28 September 2011 }}</ref> Meanwhile, a bank account was created so that Greek citizens could contribute to relief efforts.<ref>{{cite web|author=troktiko |url=http://troktiko.blogspot.com/2010/01/blog-post_6242.html |title=troktiko: ΥΠΕΞ: Λογαριασμός για την αρωγή των πληγέντων της Αϊτής |website=Troktiko.blogspot.com |accessdate=16 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118084752/http://troktiko.blogspot.com/2010/01/blog-post_6242.html |archivedate=18 January 2010 }}</ref> The Greek Orthodox Church announced their humanitarian organisation "Alilegii" is ready to coordinate charities all over Greece to send aid to Haiti.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.in.gr/news/article.asp?lngEntityID=1094530 |title=Σώοι οι 14 Έλληνες στη σεισμόπληκτη Αϊτή – Ελλάδα |website=in.gr |accessdate=15 January 2010}}</ref> '''Hungary:''' [[Government of Hungary|Hungarian government]] spokesman [[Domokos Szollár]] announced on 16 January 2010 that the Hungarian government had donated €100,000 for Haiti. This is in addition to cash and in kind aid already provided by Hungarian NGOs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nol.hu/lap/mozaik/20100116-haitin_mar_lazadas_fenyeget |title=Haiti Is Threatened by Revolt|website=in.hu}}{{nonspecific|date=February 2019}}</ref> The Hungarian government also sent a medical team.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://index.hu/kulfold/hirek/2010/01/21/mentocsapatot_indit_haitiba_a_magyar_kormany/ |website=index.hu|title=The government send a rescue team in Haiti|date=21 January 2010}}</ref> '''Iceland:''' The Icelandic foreign ministry sent a search and rescue team, specialized in searching for survivors in collapsed buildings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mbl.is/mm/frettir/innlent/2010/01/13/bjorgunarsveitarmenn_a_leid_til_haiti/ |title=Björgunarsveitarmenn á leið til Haítí |website=mbl.is |accessdate=13 January 2010}}</ref> The team consists of 37 people. The team brought 13 tonnes of rescue equipment. The team was among the first to arrived in the disaster zone on 13 January 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isria.com/pages/14_January_2010_52.php |title=Icelandic search and rescue team among the first to Haiti |website=[[ISRIA]] |accessdate=14 January 2010 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> '''Ireland:''' The [[Government of Ireland|Irish government]] had already put €20&nbsp;million into the UN's Emergency Fund beforehand, and has rapid rescue teams on standby if requested. [[Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade|Irish Foreign Minister]] [[Micheál Martin]] has pledged additional money will be given to Haiti in the future. [[Taoiseach]] [[Brian Cowen]] offered his condolences to the [[Haitians|Haitian people]],<ref>[http://www.rte.ie/news/2010/0114/haiti.html RTÉ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117011033/http://www.rte.ie/news/2010/0114/haiti.html |date=17 January 2010 }} "Millions injured or homeless in Haiti", 14 January 2010 22:48</ref> and [[President of Ireland|Irish President]] [[Mary McAleese]] sent her [[personal message]] of [[condolences]] to [[President of Haiti|Haitian President]] [[Rene Preval]], confirming that Ireland was praying for the victims of Haiti earthquake that Ireland would assist with money and she said, "The loss of so many lives and the widespread destruction caused by the earthquake has deeply grieved me".<ref>[http://breakingnews.iol.ie/news/ireland/mcaleese-ireland-praying-for-quake-victims-441917.html Ireland Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117013632/http://breakingnews.iol.ie/news/ireland/mcaleese-ireland-praying-for-quake-victims-441917.html |date=17 January 2010 }}, "McAleese: Ireland praying for quake victims", 14 January 2010</ref> '''Italy:''' Italy sent a military transport plane which will be used to carry in a field hospital and emergency medical team.<ref name=IAE/> Italy sent the aircraft carrier [[Italian aircraft carrier Cavour (550)|''Cavour'']] with 920 military personnel aboard to Haiti to assist in rescue and reconstruction work, as part of [[Operazione White Crane]]. The Cavour sailed from Italy on 19 January 2010, with a stop planned in Brazil to pick up Brazilian military medical staff. It will transport Italian Navy helicopters, tracked and wheeled army vehicles, and hospital facilities with two operating theaters. A company of army engineers is included in the contingent, as well as the Cavour crew members and medical staff, and force protection personnel from the navy, army, and air force. Italian Carabinieri military police will also be on board.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} Italy will also send a further contingent of 200 members of its military Carabinieri police corps to Haiti to help ensure security for the distribution of aid. The Carabinieri would be part of an EU police force to restore order and end looting on the island.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} Italian regional administrations also contributed: *'''[[Lazio]]''': [[Mayor of Rome|Rome Mayor]] Gianni Alemanno announced that the city has organized the departure of a first shipment of humanitarian aid to Haiti. This first tranche of aid, consisting of medicine and first aid valued at more than €600,000.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.romanotizie.it/terremoto-haiti-alemanno-roma-in-prima-fila-per-aiuti-alle-popolazioni.html|title=Terremoto Haiti. Alemanno: "Roma in prima fila per aiuti alle popolazioni"|work=Romanotizie|date=18 January 2010|access-date=6 July 2020|archive-date=22 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722051508/http://www.romanotizie.it/terremoto-haiti-alemanno-roma-in-prima-fila-per-aiuti-alle-popolazioni.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> *'''[[Lombardy]]''': The region has allocated €200,000 as emergency aid to Haiti. The announcement was made by President of the Lombardy Region, Roberto Formigoni. The €100,000 funding will be allocated to the purchase of essential supplies and the restoration of damaged facilities by Fondazione Francesca Rava, sending doctors and engineers and purchasing medical supplies and pharmaceuticals.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.regione.lombardia.it/cs/Satellite?c=News&childpagename=Regione%2FDetail&cid=1213335565986&pagename=RGNWrapper|title=Terremoto Haiti. Dalla Lombardia 200.000 euro per i primi aiuti|author=Lombardy Regional Administration|date=13 January 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120907173011/http://www.regione.lombardia.it/cs/Satellite?c=News&childpagename=Regione/Detail&cid=1213335565986&pagename=RGNWrapper|archivedate=7 September 2012}}</ref> *'''[[Piedmont]]''': The Solidarity Committee of the regional council has earmarked a budget of €250,000.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.regione.piemonte.it/cms/piemonte-informa/diario/haiti-dalla-regione-aiuto-di-250.000-euro.html|title=Haiti dalla regione aiuto di 250.000 Euro|publisher=Piemonte Regional Administration|date=20 January 2010|access-date=22 January 2010|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218202616/http://www.regione.piemonte.it/cms/piemonte-informa/diario/haiti-dalla-regione-aiuto-di-250.000-euro.html|archive-date=18 February 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> *'''[[Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol]]''': The autonomous region has pledged €100,000 in emergency help. It will be distributed through Austrian and Italian Caritas organisations.<ref>[http://www.stol.it/Artikel/Chronik/Lokal/Haiti-Landesregierung-hilft-mit-100.000-Eur "Haiti: Landesregierung hilft mit 100.000 Euro" from "www.stol.it" 18 January 2010]{{dead link|date=March 2011}}</ref> '''Latvia:''' The [[Government of Latvia|Latvian government]] has pledged €15,000, which will be channeled through the United Nations Central Emergency Response Fund.<ref>[http://www.isria.com/pages/19_January_2010_126.php ''Latvia involved in providing aid for Haiti''] from ''www.isria.com'' 18 January 2010 {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> '''Liechtenstein:''' The [[Government of Liechtenstein]] announced that it would allocate [[Swiss franc|CHF]]200,000.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.presseportal.ch/de/pm/100000148/100596790/presse_informationsamt_liechtenstein|title=Soforthilfe für die Erdbebenopfer in Haiti|work=News Aktuell|date=19 January 2010|access-date=19 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225174705/http://www.presseportal.ch/de/pm/100000148/100596790/presse_informationsamt_liechtenstein|archive-date=25 February 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> '''Lithuania:''' [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Lithuania)|Lithuania's Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] allocated [[Lithuanian litas|Lt]]50,000 (€14,500) in aid through its Development Cooperation and Democracy Promotion program.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.isria.com/pages/14_January_2010_161.php |title=Lithuania will aid Haiti's earthquake victims |work=ISRIA |date=14 January 2010 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> '''Luxembourg:''' Rescue teams from Luxembourg accompanied a Belgian contingent of rescue workers that arrived in Haiti shortly after the earthquake.<ref>[http://www.expatica.com/be/news/belgian-news/Belgian_-Luxembourg-rescue-teams-return-from-Haiti-_59166.html ''Belgian, Luxembourg rescue teams return from Haiti''] from ''www.expatica.com'' 18 January 2010</ref> '''Macedonia:''' On 21 January 2010, the [[Government of Macedonia|Macedonian government]] announced that it will donate {{US$|100,000}} in financial assistance.<ref name=Mac>{{cite web|url=http://www.mia.com.mk/default.aspx?vId=70872928&lId=2 |title=Macedonian Government to donate US$100.000 for Haiti quake victims |website=Mia.com.mk |accessdate=3 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308121258/http://www.mia.com.mk/default.aspx?vId=70872928&lId=2 |archivedate=8 March 2012 }}</ref> '''Malta:''' The Civil Protection Department collected blankets, canned food and drinking water for the victims.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.di-ve.com/Default.aspx?ID=72&Action=1&NewsId=68553&newscategory=31|title= Haiti relief effort picks up momentum |date=15 January 2010|work=DI-VE News |accessdate=15 January 2010}}</ref> '''Moldova:''' The [[Government of Moldova|Moldovan government]] provided {{US$|100,000}} to Haiti.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.deca-press.net/?cat=art_com&id=5591 |title= R. Moldova acorda R. Haiti suma de 100 mii USD |work= DECA |date= 17 January 2010 |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110723083345/http://www.deca-press.net/?cat=art_com&id=5591 |archivedate= 23 July 2011 |df= dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://social.moldova.org/news/moldovas-provides-assistance-to-haiti-205456-eng.html |title=Moldova's provides assistance to Haiti |website=Social.moldova.org |date=15 January 2010 |accessdate=3 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722151204/http://social.moldova.org/news/moldovas-provides-assistance-to-haiti-205456-eng.html |archivedate=22 July 2011 }}</ref> '''Monaco:''' Prince [[Albert II, Prince of Monaco|Albert II]] authorised €150,000 in emergency funds to be released to Haiti via the United Nations and the Red Cross.<ref>[http://lci.tf1.fr/filnews/monde/haiti-monaco-debloque-150-000-euros-5642732.html ''Monaco débloque 150.000 euros''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721022117/http://lci.tf1.fr/filnews/monde/haiti-monaco-debloque-150-000-euros-5642732.html |date=21 July 2011 }} from ''lci.tf1.fr'' 16 January 2010</ref> '''Montenegro:''' The [[Government of Montenegro]] announced that it had allocated €50,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rtcg.me/vijesti/svijet/svijet/16825-i-crna-gora-pomaze-haiti.html |title=I Crna Gora pomaže Haiti |website=Rtcg.me |accessdate=3 March 2011}}</ref> '''Netherlands:''' The Netherlands has pledged €3&nbsp;million ({{US$|4.3 million}}) in aid.<ref name=IAE/> On 14 January 2010, the Dutch urban search and rescue (USAR) team (72 persons, eight dogs) was dispatched to Haiti to aid in searching for survivors.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.omroepbrabant.nl/anp.aspx?id=140110089 |title=Omroep Brabant: ANP: Nederlands reddingsteam vertrokken naar Haïti |website=Omroepbrabant.nl |accessdate=15 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724162834/http://www.omroepbrabant.nl/anp.aspx?id=140110089 |archive-date=24 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Royal Netherlands Navy|Royal Dutch Navy]] ship [[HNLMS Pelikaan]] sailed from [[Curaçao]] carrying 80 troops, several transport vehicles, small boats, and relief supplies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rnw.nl/english/article/dutch-navy-vessel-headed-haiti |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120908030339/http://www.rnw.nl/english/article/dutch-navy-vessel-headed-haiti |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 September 2012 |title=Radio Netherlands Worldwide: Dutch Navy vessel headed for Haiti |website=rnw.nl |accessdate=15 January 2010 }}</ref> On 21 January 2010, Dutch radio and TV stations joined together for a day of fundraising and raised €83.4&nbsp;million (US$117.87&nbsp;million), half of which has been donated by the [[Government of the Netherlands|Dutch government]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nu.nl/binnenland/2167605/actie-haiti-brengt-meer-dan-80-miljoen.html |title=Actie Haïti brengt meer dan 80 miljoen op |date=21 January 2010 |website=from Nu.nl }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rnw.nl/english/article/dutch-go-frivolous-over-haiti-disaster |title=Dutch day of action for Haiti |date=21 January 2010 |website=RNW.nl |access-date=22 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100126115939/http://www.rnw.nl/english/article/dutch-go-frivolous-over-haiti-disaster |archive-date=26 January 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''Norway:''' The [[Government of Norway|Norwegian government]] will be sending delegations from the [[Norwegian Red Cross]], including a field hospital and the charitable organization [[Norwegian Church Aid]]. [[Prime Minister of Norway|Norwegian Prime Minister]] [[Jens Stoltenberg]] said the country was initially pledging 40 million [[Norwegian krone|NOK]] ({{US$|7M}}) to the immediate relief work,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dagsavisen.no/utenriks/article463366.ece |title=Norge gir 40 millioner kroner til Haiti: Dagsavisen |website=Dagsavisen.no |accessdate=15 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123220218/http://www.dagsavisen.no/utenriks/article463366.ece |archivedate=23 January 2010 }}</ref> but soon raised it to 100 million NOK ({{US$|17.5M}}),<ref name="Norge øker pengehjelpen med 60 millioner">{{cite news|title=Norge øker pengehjelpen til Haiti med 60 millioner|url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2010/01/16/nyheter/haiti/utenriks/jordskjelv/naturkatastrofer/9962077/|work=Dagbladet|date=16 January 2010}}</ref> then some days later again, to a total of 200 million NOK ({{US$|25M}}), and the money is provided through the various UN agencies and the voluntary organizations.<ref>{{cite news|title=Norge gir totalt 200 millioner i nødhjelp til Haiti|url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2010/01/24/nyheter/utenriks/haiti/nodhjelp/10078600/|work=Dagbladet|date=24 January 2010|first=Jonas Sverrisson|last=Rasch}}</ref> '''Poland:''' Fifty four rescue workers (''Ciężka Grupa Poszukiwawczo Ratownicza'' – USAR Poland) flew out on 15 January 2010 equipped with four tonnes of specialised equipment. Ten search and rescue dogs were also on board, says the [[Ministry of Interior]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.pl/international/?id=123733|title=Polish rescue team flies to Haiti|date=15 January 2010|website=thenews.pl|accessdate=15 January 2010}}</ref> The time delay of sending the team has been strongly criticised in the Polish media. The [[Government of Poland|Polish government]] announced it will send {{US$|150,000}} in aid to the Red Cross.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/303925,poland-sends-rescuers-to-haiti-ups-aid.html|title=Poland sends rescuers to Haiti, ups aid|date=15 January 2010|website=earthtimes.org|accessdate=15 January 2010|archive-date=10 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910154359/http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/303925,poland-sends-rescuers-to-haiti-ups-aid.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Polish Medical Mission will also send a group of doctors and a field hospital.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/Wiadomosci/1,80269,7460283,Pomoc_dociera_za_wolno__Lotnisko_zniszczone__Zolnierze.html|title=Pomoc dociera za wolno. Lotnisko zniszczone. Żołnierze USA sterują ru|date=15 January 2010|website=gazeta.pl|accessdate=15 January 2010}}</ref> Sixty-three firemen from Poland have taken 12 dogs and four tonnes of equipment with them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news-poland.com/result/news/id/3892 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229130920/http://news-poland.com/result/news/id/3892 |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 December 2010 |title=unk |website=News Poland }}</ref> '''Portugal:''' The [[Government of Portugal|Portuguese government]] announced it will send a [[C-130]] with 32 members of the Portuguese search and rescue team "Protecção Civil" ''(Civil Protection)'', supplies like tents, medical equipment and a complete hospital ward and immediate cash relief of €500,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://publico.pt/Mundo/governo-portugues-vai-enviar-aviao-c130-com-32-elementos-da-proteccao-civil_1417825 |title=Governo português vai enviar avião C-130 com 32 elementos da Protecção Civil – Mundo |website=Publico. Pt |accessdate=15 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100202041554/http://www.publico.pt/Mundo/governo-portugues-vai-enviar-aviao-c130-com-32-elementos-da-proteccao-civil_1417825 |archivedate=2 February 2010 }}</ref> The team and supplies have been sent as of 15 January 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://noticias.sapo.pt/lusa/artigo/10552001.html |title=Avião da missão portuguesa descola rumo a Barbados |website=Agência Lusa |accessdate=15 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118102800/http://noticias.sapo.pt/lusa/artigo/10552001.html |archive-date=18 January 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> After many delays, due to both a technical failure and an overcrowded airport, the C-130 of the [[Portuguese Air Force]] arrived in Port-au-Prince on 17 January 2010. The plane brought over 10 tonnes of equipment to help as well as a team of members of the "Protecção Civil", firefighters, and medics from "Assistência Médica Internacional" ''(International Medical Help)'' and "Instituto Nacional de Emergência Médica" ''(National Institute of Medical Emergency)''. On 18 January 2010, a [[TAP Portugal]] plane loaded with 3.5 tonnes of additional equipment departed from [[Lisbon]] en route to [[Caracas]], Venezuela. From there, a C-130 of the Portuguese Air Force already in Haiti would deliver the supplies from Venezuela to Port-au-Prince. Supplies in this second shipment included tents, bathrooms, blankets, water purifiers, medicine, and food products.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tv1.rtp.pt/noticias/?t=Aviao-da-TAP-partiu-para-Port-au-Prince.rtp&headline=20&visual=9&article=311663&tm=7 |title=unk |website=TV1|accessdate=18 January 2009}}</ref> On 30 January 2010, the team left Port-au-Prince for Portugal, ending their mission. The seven elements of AMI remained on the ground providing medical assistance. Six hundred Haitians are living in the Campo Azul da União Portugal Haiti ''(Blue Camp of the Portugal Haiti Union)''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tv1.rtp.pt/noticias/index.php?t=Terminou-ajuda-humanitaria-da-equipa-portuguesa.rtp&article=315058&visual=3&layout=10&tm=8 |title= Ultimas – RTP Notcias|accessdate=30 January 2010}}</ref> The government of the Azores donated €100,000.<ref>[http://noticias-acores.blogspot.com/2010/01/governo-atribui-100-mil-euros-ami-para.html ''Governo atribui 100 mil euros à AMI para apoio às vítimas do sismo no Haiti''] from ''noticias-acores.blogspot.com'' 15 January 2010</ref> '''Romania:''' On 14 January 2010, the [[Government of Romania|Romanian government]] announced that it would send an unspecified amount of material aid to Haiti.<ref>{{cite news|title=Romania sends condolences to Haiti |work=Romanian Times |date=14 January 2010 |url=http://www.romaniantimes.at/news/General_News/2010-01-14/5673/_Romania_sends_condolences_to_Haiti_ |accessdate=18 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118084636/http://www.romaniantimes.at/news/General_News/2010-01-14/5673/_Romania_sends_condolences_to_Haiti_ |archivedate=18 January 2010 }}</ref> On 22 January 2010, the Romanian government announced that it would send €50,000 from its Assistance for Development budget of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on 2010, through the World Food Program.<ref>{{cite news|title=Romania provides humanitarian aid worth €50,000 to Haiti |work=Financiarul |date=22 January 2010 |url=http://www.financiarul.ro/2010/01/22/romania-provides-humanitarian-aid-worth-50000-euros-to-haiti/ |accessdate=22 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006011600/http://www.financiarul.ro/2010/01/22/romania-provides-humanitarian-aid-worth-50000-euros-to-haiti/ |archivedate=6 October 2011 }}</ref> Romania also participated through the European Union contribution, and it is part of the UN mission restoring order in the country.<ref>{{cite news | title =România trimite către Haiti un ajutor umanitar pentru victimele seismului| work=Mediafax| date =20 January 2010 | url =http://www.mediafax.ro/social/romania-trimite-catre-haiti-un-ajutor-umanitar-pentru-victimele-seismului-5389753/| accessdate=15 September 2010}}</ref> '''Russia:''' The [[Ministry of Emergency Situations (Russia)|Ministry of Emergency Situations]] of Russia has sent four [[Ilyushin Il-76]] cargo planes containing rescue workers, supplies, heavy equipment, a mobile hospital including doctors and medical staff, with a capacity of 50 patients,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiomayak.ru/doc.html?id=168783 |title=Россия отправляет на Гаити госпиталь |work=Маяк |accessdate=13 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928113240/http://www.radiomayak.ru/doc.html?id=168783 |archivedate=28 September 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.rian.ru/russia/20100114/157540779.html |title=Russia sends airmobile hospital to help Haiti quake victims|work=RIA Novosti |accessdate=14 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.rian.ru/russia/20100115/157550800.html |title=unk |work=RIA Novosti |accessdate=15 January 2010}}</ref> and psychologists to assist families.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EoTqT71HIYE |title=Russian Aid team arrives in Haiti, save survivors from rubble |work=YouTube |date=18 September 2009 |accessdate=3 March 2011}}</ref> Some of the Russian search and rescue workers were equipped with sniffer dogs to locate trapped survivors. The first two planes from [[Moscow]], Russia contained doctors from the Ministry for Emergencies and the All-Russian Medical Disasters Centre and rescuers, including specialists with sniffer dogs and psychologists, as well as necessary equipment to conduct rescue operations and cross-country vehicles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itar-tass.com/eng/level2.html?NewsID=14717927&PageNum=0 |title=unk |agency=TASS }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The fourth plane included the 15 Russian search and rescuers on board. The aircraft also delivered special hardware for search work, which made it possible to move heavy beams and make passages on the ground floors of destroyed buildings. It also had a light helicopter BK-117 on board, which made possible air reconnaissance and airlifts gravely wounded people from hard-of-access areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itar-tass.com/eng/level2.html?NewsID=14721655&PageNum=0 |title=unk |agency=Itar Tass |accessdate=3 March 2011 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The total cost of the Russian operations stands at US$5&nbsp;million as of 20 January 2010.<ref>Ria Novosti, Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs</ref> On 1 April 2010, Russia's envoy to the UN, Vitaly Churkin, said Russia will donate US$8&nbsp;million to help rebuild Haiti, bringing the total sum of the Russian aid to US$13&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.rian.ru/world/20100401/158388757.html |title=Donor countries pledge billions in aid to Haiti |work=RIA Novosti |accessdate=1 April 2010}}</ref> Russia delivered a total of 30 tonnes of humanitarian aid to Haiti. '''Serbia:''' The [[Government of Serbia]] donated {{US$|100,000}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.srbija.gov.rs/vesti/vest.php?id=62779 |title=Government approves measures for supporting building industry |publisher=Government of the Republic of Serbia |date=21 January 2010 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> It was also announced that Serbia plans to send a few dozen members of the [[Gendarmery (Serbia)|Gendarmery]] in the Italian contingent of peacekeepers in Haiti.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2010&mm=01&dd=30&nav_id=407684 |title=Dačić: Zvaničnici SAD zadovoljni |website=B92.net |date=30 January 2010 |accessdate=3 March 2011}}</ref> '''Slovakia:''' The [[Government of Slovakia|Slovakia]] allocated €50,000 in aid to Haiti.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.rozhlas.sk/inetportal/rsi/core.php?page=showSprava&id=24669&lang=2 |title= Slovakia Will Help Haiti with EUR 50,000 |work=Radio Slovakia International|date=17 January 2010}}</ref> Slovak paramedics were sent to Haiti.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sktoday.com/content/2109_slovak-paramedics-arrived-haiti-provide-help-earthquake-stricken-country |title=Slovak Paramedics Arrived in Haiti to provide help to the earthquake-stricken country |work=SK Today |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918064102/http://www.sktoday.com/content/2109_slovak-paramedics-arrived-haiti-provide-help-earthquake-stricken-country |archivedate=18 September 2010}}</ref> '''Slovenia:''' The [[Government of Slovenia|Slovenia]] allocated €50,000 in aid to Haiti.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.sta.si/en/vest.php?s=a&id=1469251 |title= Slovenia Sends EUR 50,000 to Quake-Struck Haiti |agency=Slovenian Press Agency|date=14 January 2010}}</ref> '''Spain:''' The [[Government of Spain]] initially pledged €3&nbsp;million in immediate emergency aid.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/16/world/europe/16europe.html Europe Sends Aid and Pledges Money for Haiti]</ref> The Spanish national and regional governments as well as semi-public medical and SAR agencies have contributed the following to the humanitarian effort: * A SAR Team together with a team of EDAN (Damage Assessment and Needs Analysis) totaling 39 people and 15 dogs. * A humanitarian charter from the Spanish Logistics Center in Panama. This shipment consists of 24 tonnes of humanitarian supplies from the Spanish Aid organisation, the Spanish humanitarian organizations and the World Food Program United Nations in America. It includes 1000 tarpaulins, 675 family cleaning kits, 4,200 20-litre water bladders, 450 blankets, 1,500 units of body bags and 55 family tents, a disaster kit and other MSF Spain hygiene and WFP food rations. The Logistics Center in Panama is tasked with ensuring humanitarian the air transport in response to the disaster. Shipping is funded by the Office of Humanitarian Action AECID costing over €100,000. Another similar cargo will be shipped from the Logistics Center. * A [[C-130 Hercules]] with medical supplies for emergency care (11 tonnes) and 3.5 tonnes of drugs supplied by Farma Mundi. The five planes sent will also be used for evacuation of foreign nationals. The [[Spanish Navy]] has dispatched the {{ship|Spanish ship|Castilla|L52|2}}, a [[Galicia class landing platform dock]] vessel. The vessel is manned by 423 crew, and is fully equipped to function as a hospital, with two operating theaters, a laboratory, intensive care unit and X-ray facilities. It carries four helicopters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mde.es/gabinete/notasPrensa/2010/01/DGC_20100122_Buque_Castilla_Haiti.html |title=Zarpa el buque 'Castilla' rumbo a Haití con 423 marineros |website=Mde.es |accessdate=3 March 2011 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> It is to arrive at [[Petit-Goâve]] in February 2010.<ref>Journal Ouest-France, [http://www.ouest-france.fr/ofdernmin_-Le-navire-hopital-espagnol-devrait-arriver-a-Petit-Goave-debut-fevrier_6346-1241588-fils-tous-Une_filDMA.Htm "Le navire-hopital espagnol devrait arriver à Petit-Goave début février"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129215655/http://www.ouest-france.fr/ofdernmin_-Le-navire-hopital-espagnol-devrait-arriver-a-Petit-Goave-debut-fevrier_6346-1241588-fils-tous-Une_filDMA.Htm |date=29 January 2010 }}, ''27 January 2010'' (accessed 28 January 2010)</ref> '''Sweden:''' The [[Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency]] (SIDA) donated US$900,000 in emergency aid.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sida.se/Svenska/Kontakta-oss/For-medier/Pressmeddelanden/2009/Svenskt-bistand-for-insatser-till-jordbavningsdrabbade-pa-Haiti-/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725110641/https://www.sida.se/Svenska/Kontakta-oss/For-medier/Pressmeddelanden/2009/Svenskt-bistand-for-insatser-till-jordbavningsdrabbade-pa-Haiti-/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 July 2018 |title=Svenskt bistånd för insatser till jordbävningsdrabbade på Haiti – Sida – Styrelsen för internationellt utvecklingssamarbete |website=Sida.se |date=18 December 2009 |accessdate=13 January 2010 }}</ref> In addition, Sweden sent a two-person delegation,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/article6422435.ab |title=Island skickar 37 hjälparbetare &#124; Nyheter &#124; Aftonbladet |website=Aftonbladet.se |accessdate=13 January 2010}}</ref> with 60 more to come.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dn.se/nyheter/varlden/stort-svenskt-team-pa-vag-mot-haiti-1.1028389 |title=unk |publisher=unk}}</ref> '''Switzerland:''' A [[Rega (air rescue)|Swiss Air-Ambulance]] [[Bombardier Challenger 600|CL604 Challenger]] jet left [[Zürich]] on with a quick-response team from the [[Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation|Swiss Humanitarian Aid Unit]] in order to identify local needs and prepare in case of further deployment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/foreign_affairs/Haiti_relief_effort_begins.html?cid=8075916 |title=An international relief effort for earthquake-struck Haiti gets underway |website=Swissinfo.ch |date=23 September 2004 |accessdate=13 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deza.admin.ch/en/Home/News/Close_up?itemID=185233 |title=SDC – Close-up |website=Deza.admin.ch |accessdate=13 January 2010}}</ref><ref>[http://www.tsr.ch/tsr/index.html?siteSect=200001&sid=11713029 Séisme à Haïti: l'aide suisse reste mesurée]. Retrieved 13 January 2010.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://tagesschau.sf.tv/Nachrichten/Archiv/2010/01/13/Schweiz/Schweizer-Hilfe-unterwegs-nach-Haiti |title=Schweiz/Schweizer-Hilfe unterwegs nach Haiti}}</ref> The plane landed on 16 January with aid such as first aid kits, medical material and medicines, shelters and generators. A total of 41 Swiss experts are also on the ground in the region. Of these 25 were already in Port-au-Prince on Saturday, and another 14 were on their way there.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/swiss_news/Swiss_plane_lands_with_medicines_for_Haiti.html?cid=8102034 |title= Swiss plane lands with medicines for Haiti |website=deza.admin.ch }}</ref> According to the Swiss officials, a second plane will leave Switzerland with more aid on Monday, 18 January 2010. '''Turkey:''' Turkey dispatched a mobile hospital, two check-up devices, a 20-person relief team, and 10 tonnes of medicine and medical equipment. The [[Government of Turkey|Turkish government]] donated US$1&nbsp;million for Haiti.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://worldbulletin.net/news_detail.php?id=52663 |title=Turkey to send mobile hospital, aid to Haiti |website=Worldbulletin.net |accessdate=3 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121163050/http://www.worldbulletin.net/news_detail.php?id=52663 |archivedate=21 January 2010 }}</ref> In kind – Field Hospital, 2 Healthcare Survey Unit, Medical Unit consists of 17 Personnel/paramedics and 10 tonnes of medical/first aid items, 20 tonnes of relief material consisting 200 tents, 2000 blankets, 145 set of kitchen materials, 1000 plastic bags for corpses and three relief personnel, 1.5 tonnes of equipment including food and clothing, fully equipped 10 SAR Personnel of AKUT Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://todayszaman.com/tz-web/news-198681-101-turkey-extends-helping-hand-to-haiti-quake-victims.html|title=unk|publisher=todayszaman.com|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124030140/http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/news-198681-101-turkey-extends-helping-hand-to-haiti-quake-victims.html|archivedate=24 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/news-198978-104-turkish-rescue-team-puts-smiles-on-haitians-faces.html |title=unk |publisher=todayszaman.com |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123201249/http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/news-198978-104-turkish-rescue-team-puts-smiles-on-haitians-faces.html |archivedate=23 January 2010 }}</ref><ref name="turkey.usembassy.gov">{{cite web|url=http://turkey.usembassy.gov/earthquake_haiti2.html |title=unk |publisher=Turkish Emmbassy |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305215028/http://turkey.usembassy.gov/earthquake_haiti2.html |archivedate=5 March 2010 }}</ref> The Turkish rescue workers assistance to Haiti was noted on 18 January 2010 article on Turkish help in a joint rescue at a grocery store in Haiti, "A Creole-speaking man and woman were rescued late Sunday night by a team from [[Miami]], Florida, and a Turkish team."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/01/17/haiti.earthquake.rescue/index.html |work=CNN | title=5 Rescued From Grocery Store Rubble | date=21 January 2010}}</ref> '''Ukraine:''' On 14 January 2010, [[President of Ukraine|Ukrainian President]] [[Viktor Yushchenko]] signed a decree which says that "With the goal of helping to tackle the consequences of the devastating earthquake in Haiti, the [[Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine]] should immediately ensure that humanitarian aid is provided to the country".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.president.gov.ua/documents/10331.html |title=УКАЗ ПРЕЗИДЕНТА УКРАЇНИ № 24/2010 Про надання гуманітарної допомоги Республіці Гаїті |publisher=President of Ukraine official website |date=14 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810005616/http://www.president.gov.ua/documents/10331.html |archivedate=10 August 2011 }}</ref> '''United Kingdom:''' The UK sent US$10&nbsp;million and pledged another US$22&nbsp;million in aid.<ref>UK government Haiti earthquake aid to treble to £20m {{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8464734.stm |title=unk |date= 18 January 2010|work=BBC News }}</ref> A team of 71 British urban search and rescue personnel and two search dogs left from the United Kingdom to fly to Haiti in an effort to rescue survivors. The team are equipped with specialized heavy rescue equipment.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dfid.gov.uk/Media-Room/News-Stories/2010/Haiti-Earthquake/|title=Search and rescue team on their way to Haiti|work=DFID|date=13 January 2010|accessdate=13 January 2010}}</ref> The BBC reported that a British Airways Boeing 747, crewed by volunteers from the airline, carried emergency supplies to Haiti, while another aircraft carried medical and rescue teams. A [[Royal Navy]] support ship is also to deploy to Haiti loaded with aid.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/MilitaryOperations/RoyalNavyShipToDeployToHaitiLoadedWithAid.htm |title=Royal Navy ship to deploy to Haiti loaded with aid |publisher=MoD |date=20 January 2010 |accessdate=21 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607143257/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/MilitaryOperations/RoyalNavyShipToDeployToHaitiLoadedWithAid.htm |archivedate=7 June 2011 }}</ref> [[RFA Largs Bay (L3006)|''Largs Bay'']] sailed for Haiti on 3 February 2010. ==Africa== '''Algeria:''' Algeria allocated US$1&nbsp;million in aid.<ref>{{cite news | title =Algeria donates $1m to Haiti earthquake relief effort | work=Maghaerbia | date =21 January 2010 | url =http://www.magharebia.com/cocoon/awi/xhtml1/en_GB/features/awi/newsbriefs/general/2010/01/21/newsbrief-01 | accessdate=23 January 2009}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://www.aaiusa.org/press/release/arab-nations-unite-in-relief-effort-for-haiti/ |title=Arab Nations Unite in Relief Effort for Haiti |website=Aaiusa.org |date=27 January 2010 |accessdate=3 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202114133/http://www.aaiusa.org/press/release/arab-nations-unite-in-relief-effort-for-haiti/ |archivedate=2 December 2010 }}</ref> '''Benin:''' [[President of Benin|Beninese President]] [[Yayi Boni]] announced that his [[Government of Benin|government]] will be organizing aid.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.apanews.net/public/spip.php?article115765 |title=Benin sends a delegation to Haiti following devastating earthquake |agency=Agence de Presse Africaine |date=15 January 2010 |accessdate=20 January 2010}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> '''Botswana:''' The [[Government of Botswana]] pledged [[Botswana pula|B]]$1M ({{US$|149,000}}) to support relief efforts.<ref>[http://www.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20100118&i=Botswana_donates_P1m_to_Haiti_quake_victims ''Botswana donates P1m to Haiti quake victims''] from ''www.gov.bw'' 18 January 2010 {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> '''Burkina Faso:''' Burkina Faso pledged €152,000 to relief efforts.<ref>[http://www.20minutes.fr/article/377890/Monde-Seisme-Une-nouvelle-replique-ne-fait-aucun-degat-La-reconstruction-prendra-10-ans.php ''Séisme: Une nouvelle réplique ne fait aucun dégât... La reconstruction prendra 10 ans''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124080718/http://www.20minutes.fr/article/377890/Monde-Seisme-Une-nouvelle-replique-ne-fait-aucun-degat-La-reconstruction-prendra-10-ans.php |date=24 January 2010 }} from ''www.20minutes.fr'' 21 January 2010</ref> '''Cameroon:''' The [[Government of Cameroon]] announced that they would provide an undisclosed amount in financial aid to Haiti on 22 January 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cameroononline.org/2010/01/23/cameroon-announces-financial-aid-to-haiti/ |title=Cameroon announces financial aid to Haiti |website=cameroononline.org |date=23 January 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125003422/http://www.cameroononline.org/2010/01/23/cameroon-announces-financial-aid-to-haiti/ |archivedate=25 January 2010}}</ref> '''Chad:''' The [[Government of Chad]] pledged {{US$|500,000}}.<ref name="google.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/canadianpress/article/ALeqM5gkZAW0hSKw1EAzUuneeG_gp8UWFQ |title=A look at foreign quake aid for Haiti |work=[[The Canadian Press]] |date=22 January 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100126014947/https://www.google.com/hostednews/canadianpress/article/ALeqM5gkZAW0hSKw1EAzUuneeG_gp8UWFQ |archivedate=26 January 2010}}</ref> '''Democratic Republic of the Congo:''' The [[Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] pledged {{US$|2,500,000}} in aid.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8466275.stm ''Poor DR Congo offers aid to Haiti''] from BBC 18 January 2010</ref> '''Republic of the Congo:''' The Republic of the Congo donated {{US$|1,000,000}}.<ref>[http://alertnet.org/db/an_art/60167/2010/00/20-173959-1.htm ''Africans pledge support to devastated Haiti''] from [[Reuters]] 21 January 2010.</ref> '''Egypt:''' [[President of Egypt|Egyptian President]] [[Hosni Mubarak]] directed the allocation of medical supplies and personnel to Haiti.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>{{cite web | title =President Hosni Mubarak gives directives to send an urgent relief to Haiti| website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Arab Republic of Egypt | date =19 January 2010 | url =http://www.mfa.gov.eg/MFA_Portal/en-GB/MFA_News/Press_Releases/haiyeete1912010.htm | accessdate=19 January 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215215421/http://www.mfa.gov.eg/MFA_Portal/en-GB/MFA_News/Press_Releases/haiyeete1912010.htm |archivedate=15 February 2010}}</ref> '''Equatorial Guinea:''' [[President of Equatorial Guinea|Equatorial Guinean President]] [[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]] pledged {{US$|2M}} of relief aid to Haiti on 16 January 2010.<ref>[http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/equatorial-guinea-pledges-2m-usd,1122843.shtml ''Equatorial Guinea Pledges US$2 million for Relief and Humanitarian Aid to Earthquake Victims in Haiti''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708202846/http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/equatorial-guinea-pledges-2m-usd,1122843.shtml |date=8 July 2020 }} from ''www.earthtimes.org'' 16 January 2010</ref> '''Gabon:''' The [[Government of Gabon]] pledged {{US$|1M}} in aid.<ref>[http://www.apanews.net/public/spip.php?article115771 ''Gabon donates US$1&nbsp;million for earthquake victims in Haiti'']{{dead link|date=March 2011}}, Agence de Presse Africaine</ref> '''Gambia:''' The [[List of heads of state of the Gambia|Gambian President]] [[Yahya Jammeh]] has pledged {{US$|1M}} in humanitarian aid.<ref>[http://www.freedomnewspaper.com/Homepage/tabid/36/mid/367/newsid367/4878/Breaking-News-Gambia-President-Jammeh-Dashes-One-Million-To-Haiti/Default.aspx ''President Jammeh Dashes One Million To Haiti''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623234327/http://freedomnewspaper.com/Homepage/tabid/36/mid/367/newsid367/4878/Breaking-News-Gambia-President-Jammeh-Dashes-One-Million-To-Haiti/Default.aspx |date=23 June 2011 }} from ''www.freedomnewspaper.com'' 29 January 2010</ref> '''Ghana:''' The [[Government of Ghana]] donated {{US$|3M}}.<ref>[http://www.ghananewsagency.org/s_politics/r_109/ ''Ghana assists Haiti victims''] from ''www.ghananewsagency.org'' 22 January 2010</ref> '''Ivory Coast:''' The [[Government of Côte d'Ivoire|Ivorian Government]] pledged {{US$|1M}} to Haiti.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rnw.nl/africa/article/africa-helps-haiti-earthquake-victims|title=unk|website=rnw.nl|access-date=20 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125172410/http://www.rnw.nl/africa/article/africa-helps-haiti-earthquake-victims|archive-date=25 January 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> '''Liberia:''' [[President of Liberia|Liberian President]] [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]] pledged an initial {{US$|50,000}} in aid to Haiti.<ref>[http://www.apanews.net/public/spip.php?article115846 ''Liberian government provides US$50,000 grant to Haiti'']{{dead link|date=March 2011}}, Agence de Presse Africaine</ref> '''Libya:''' A cargo plane of humanitarian aid that included medicine and equipment departed Methigfha International Airport on 19 January 2010. The shipment was accompanied by Libyan rescue and medical teams that will provide rescue and medical assistance.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>[http://www.libyaonline.com/news/details.php?id=11842 ''Humanitarian Aid Shipment From Great Jamahiriya Heads for Haiti'']{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} from ''www.libyaonline.com'' 19 January 2010</ref> '''Mali:''' The [[Government of Mali|Malian government]] donated [[CFA franc|CFA]]100M ({{US$|213,000}}).<ref>[http://www.ouestaf.com/Solidarite-avec-Haiti-l-Afrique-de-l-Ouest-se-mobilise_a2744.html ''Solidarité avec Haïti: l’Afrique de l’Ouest se mobilise''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201004532/http://www.ouestaf.com/Solidarite-avec-Haiti-l-Afrique-de-l-Ouest-se-mobilise_a2744.html |date=1 February 2010 }} from ''www.ouestaf.com'' 28 January 2010</ref> '''Mauritius:''' The [[Government of Mauritania|Mauritian government]] contributed {{US$|500,000}}.<ref>[http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/mauritius-offers-us$-500,000-to-haiti-earthquake-victims-2010011642185.html ''Mauritius offers US$ 500,000 to Haiti earthquake victims'']{{dead link|date=March 2011}} from ''www.afriquejet.com'' 16 January 2010</ref> '''Morocco:''' On 14 January 2010, Moroccan King [[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Mohammed VI]] approved the release of {{US$|1M}} in emergency humanitarian aid for Haiti.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>{{cite news|title=unk |newspaper=Maghreb Arab Press |date=14 January 2010 |url=http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/world/hm_the_king_grants_e/view }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=show_article_eng&id_article=115656|title= Morocco to send emergency aid to quake-stricken Haiti |agency=African Press Agency|date=14 January 2010}}{{dead link|date=March 2011}}</ref> '''Namibia:''' The [[Government of Namibia|Namibian government]] pledged [[Namibian dollar|N$]]7.4&nbsp;million ({{US$|1M}}).<ref>[http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2010/january/article/nam-gives-n74-m-for-haiti-relief/ ''Nam gives N$7,4 m for Haiti relief''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607144833/http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2010/january/article/nam-gives-n74-m-for-haiti-relief/ |date=7 June 2011 }} from ''www.namibian.com.na'' 18 January 2010</ref> '''Nigeria:''' Minister of Foreign Affairs Alhaji Jibril Maigari announced that the [[Governor of Nigeria|Nigerian government]] would provide an unspecified amount of financial aid towards the Haiti earthquake relief efforts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201001180178.html |title= Nigeria: FG Pledges Assistance for Haitian Quake Victims|website=AllAfrica.com|date=17 January 2010}}</ref> On 20 January 2010, the Nigerian House of Representatives passed a resolution to contribute [[Nigerian naira|NGN]]7.2&nbsp;million to support relief efforts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201001210389.html |title= Nigeria: Haiti – Representatives Contribute N7.2&nbsp;Million to Earthquake Victims |website=AllAfrica.com|date=20 January 2010}}</ref>{{clarify|resolution? Nigeria does not have a budget which the legislature passes? That is worth another article if not already documented|date=November 2011}} '''Rwanda:''' The [[Government of Rwanda]] committed [[Rwandan franc|RF]]56M ({{US$|100,000}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/index.php?issue=14142&article=24878 |title=unk |website=newtimes.co.rw}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=November 2010}} '''Senegal:''' In addition to {{US$|1m}} in aid, [[President of Senegal|Senegalese President]] [[Abdoulaye Wade]] issued a promise of free land and "repatriation" for Haitian refugees.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8463921.stm |title=Senegal offers land to Haitians |work=BBC News |date=17 January 2010 |accessdate=3 March 2011}}</ref> Abdoulaye Wade explained to Euronews: "Take case of Liberia, the Afro-Americans were transplanted there. Today, those people are successfully integrated with the other African peoples, because they’re of African origin anyway, and they had originally been sent to the America's against their will. So, it's not really so extraordinary to transplant those, who want to find a piece of land somewhere in Africa, and with the help of the international community, to create a city, and perhaps a whole country."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.euronews.net/2010/01/18/senegal-offers-haitians-a-new-life-in-africa/ |title=Senegal offers Haitians a new life in Africa |website=Euronews}}</ref> The offer of repatriation was later modified as a resolution on creating a separate, independent state on the continent for repatriated Haitian refugees, the details of which were published by [[Le Soleil (Senegal)|Le Soleil]]<ref>[http://www.lesoleil.sn/article.php3?id_article=55005 ''Résolution sur la Situation en Haïti''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125185623/http://www.lesoleil.sn/article.php3?id_article=55005 |date=25 January 2010 }}, Senegalese government document published by [[Le Soleil (Senegal)|Le Soleil]], 16 January 2009</ref> on 16 January 2010 and slated for submission to the [[African Union]] at a later date. '''Seychelles:''' The [[Government of Seychelles]] offered aid to Haiti.<ref name=EditionCNN1/> '''Sierra Leone:''' The [[Government of Sierra Leone|Sierra Leonean government]] has pledged or provided {{US$|300,000}} to the United Nations' Haiti Disaster Relief Fund.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ernestkoroma.org/haiti.html|title=unk|publisher=unk|accessdate=11 August 2010}}{{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} "Ernest Bai Koroma has on behalf of the people of Sierra Leone '''contributed''' [past tense] the sum of... and our government '''will contribute''' [future tense] $100,000 to the fund-raising": Was the money was already sent, or merely pledged, in the President's own address? Later, only the portion of this statement from the President --the part which is the more self-flattering to the nation-- was re-stated in a secondary source: [http://www.news.sl/drwebsite/publish/article_200514292.shtml News.sl 20 January 2010: ''In Sierra Leone, Government Donates $100,000 to Haiti''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727020757/http://www.news.sl/drwebsite/publish/article_200514292.shtml |date=27 July 2011 }}, and this source (whose head was nearly jailed for libel and sloppy reporting) may be contradicting [http://www.news-medical.net/news/20100720/Most-countries-have-not-delivered-Haiti-aid-commitments3b-Sen-Corker-visits-Haiti-to-observe-recovery.aspx an outside source whose report followed-up on what was pledged versus actually received, 1/2 of a year after the disaster].</ref> [[President of Sierra Leone|Sierra Leonean President]] [[Ernest Bai Koroma]] sends condolences to [[President of Haiti|Haitian President]] [[Rene Preval]], and the country has also pledged to send police, soldiers and medical teams to the Caribbean nations.<ref name="google.com"/> '''South Africa:''' The [[Government of South Africa]] pledged [[South African rand|R]]1M ({{US$|135,000}}) for the relief efforts on 14 January 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mg.co.za/article/2010-01-15-sa-gives-aid-after-haiti-quake |title=SA gives aid after Haiti quake |website=unk|accessdate=11 August 2010}}</ref> '''Sudan:''' Abdel-Baki Al-Gailani, state minister for humanitarian affairs, was named to head a national mobilization campaign that collected and sent humanitarian aid to Haiti; Sudan's aid input consisted of the combined contributions of the government, non-governmental organizations, private individuals and the Sudanese Red Crescent.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article33841|title= Sudan to mobilize efforts to raise aid locally for Haiti earthquake |work=Sudan Tribune|date=20 January 2010}}</ref> '''Tunisia:''' [[President of Tunisia|Tunisian President]] [[Zine el Abidine Ben Ali]] allocated {{US$|1,000,000}} to the UN Emergency Fund.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>[http://www.isria.com/pages/25_January_2010_125.php ''Tunisia – President Ben Ali instructs that Tunisia contributes to international humanitarian assistance to Haiti'']{{dead link|date=March 2011}}</ref> ==Middle East== '''Armenia:''' After the [[1988 Spitak earthquake]] in Armenia, the country kept an earthquake response force to deal with similar emergencies. Fifty-two of these rapid response workers, trained in earthquake response, were deployed to Haiti on 13 January 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asbarez.com/2010/01/14/armenia-sends-rescuers-to-quake-hit-haiti/|title=Armenia Sends Rescuers To Quake-Hit Haiti|website=Asbarez.com|date=14 January 2010}}</ref> The [[Government of Armenia|Armenian government]] said they would provide {{US$|100,000}} for reconstruction projects.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/society/news/41668|title=Armenia to donate $100 thousand for Haiti earthquake relief|website=PanArmenian.net|date=21 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armeniadiaspora.com/news/latest/1047-yerevan-approves-financial-aid-to-haiti.html|title=Yerevan approves financial aid to Haiti|website=ArmeniaDiaspora.com|date=21 January 2010}}</ref> '''Azerbaijan:''' The [[Government of Azerbaijan]] announced that it will allocate {{US$|500,000}} to the United States' Haiti relief efforts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.az/articles/7242 |title=Azerbaijan extends aid to Haiti |website=News.az |date=22 January 2010 |accessdate=3 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009161324/http://www.news.az/articles/7242 |archivedate=9 October 2011 }}</ref> '''Bahrain:''' [[Prime Minister of Bahrain|Bahraini Prime Minister]] Prince [[Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa]] announced the donation of {{US$|1M}} in aid.<ref>{{cite news | title =$1m for Haiti| work=Gulf Daily News| date =18 January 2010 | url =http://www.gulf-daily-news.com/NewsDetails.aspx?storyid=268720 | accessdate=17 January 2010}}</ref> The [[Government of Bahrain]] sent a disaster relief team to assist with relief operations.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iviews.com/Articles/articles.asp?ref=IC1001-4063 |title=Arab & Muslim Nations unite for Haiti Relief |website=unk}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=87760 |title=HAITI: Arab aid making its way |work=Irin News}}</ref> '''Georgia:''' On 13 January 2010, the [[Cabinet of Georgia]] announced that it would send humanitarian aid to Haiti.<ref name="Ambebi.ge">{{cite news|url=http://www.ambebi.ge/politika/15410-saqarthvelo-haitis-humanitaruli-tvirthith-ekhmareba.html/ |work=unk|title=Georgia helps Haiti (in Georgian) |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721025856/http://www.ambebi.ge/politika/15410-saqarthvelo-haitis-humanitaruli-tvirthith-ekhmareba.html/ |archivedate=21 July 2011 }}</ref> The Georgian government coordinated a special flight to carry 40 tons of humanitarian supplies and 405,000 [[Georgian Lari|GEL]] in financial aid. Apart from this, a group of 20 rescue personnel was assembled to fly to Haiti. '''Iran:''' A cargo plane of consumables and goods such as tents, washing powder, sugar, canned food and kitchen utensils departed [[Tehran]] on 16 January 2010 for Haiti.<ref>{{cite web|title=Iran Sends Aid Cargo to Haiti |website=Farsnews.com |date=18 January 2010 |url=http://english.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=8810260729 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503222820/http://english.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=8810260729 |archivedate=3 May 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=8810291157 |title=unk |website=unk |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131111205/http://english.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=8810291157 |archivedate=31 January 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=116253&sectionid=351020101 |title=unk |website=unk |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121021751/http://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=116253&sectionid=351020101 |archivedate=21 January 2010 }}</ref> The Islamic Republic of Iran also dispatched a medical team to Haiti, that was sent via Venezuela. [[Red Crescent Society of the Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran's Red Crescent Society]] said that Iranian medical team consisted of five doctors, three nurses, six relief workers will arrives in [[Port-au-Prince]], Haiti, via Venezuela. Iranian medical team are going to establish a mobile clinic and distribute medicine. The team will stay in Haiti for one month and a second Iranian medical team will depart to the country next week. In the meantime, Iran has dispatched 30 tons of humanitarian aid including food, tents and medicine.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2010/01/mil-100118-irna01.htm |title=unk |website=unk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irna.ir/En/View/FullStory/?NewsId=904784&idLanguage=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607073725/http://www.irna.ir/En/View/FullStory/?NewsId=904784&idLanguage=3 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 June 2011 |title=unk |publisher=unk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=116527&sectionid=351020101 |title=unk |publisher= unk|url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927214417/http://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=116527&sectionid=351020101 |archivedate=27 September 2012 }}</ref> '''Israel:''' The [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)|Foreign Affairs Ministry]] dispatched a rescue team to Haiti consisting of 40 doctors, 20 nurses, and rescue workers, two rescue planes loaded with equipment, and a [[field hospital]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/Communiques/2010/Israeli_rescue_delegation_Haiti_13-Jan-2010.htm |title=Israeli search and rescue delegation departs to Haiti |accessdate=14 January 2010}}</ref><ref>[http://www.israel21c.org/briefs/israelis-rescue-top-haitian-official Israelis rescue top Haitian official] (17 January 2010) in [http://www.israel21c.org/ ''Israel 21c Innovation News Service''] Retrieved 18 January 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.israel21c.org/briefs/israel-is-born-in-idf-field-hospital 'Israel' is born in IDF field hospital] (18 January 2010) in [http://www.israel21c.org/ ''Israel 21c Innovation News Service''] Retrieved 18 January 2010</ref> A [[Magen David Adom]] delegation arrived in Haiti on 17 January 2010 to establish field clinics in cooperation with local rescue groups and as part of a larger [[American Red Cross]] mission.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3835205,00.html |title=Magen David Adom delegation to leave for Haiti Sunday |work=Ynetnews |accessdate=16 January 2010}}</ref> The Israeli search and rescue team remained in Haiti until 28 January 2010.<ref name="cbsnews.com">{{cite news |title=Saudis Donate $50 Million for Haiti Relief |newspaper=CBSnews |date= 25 January 2010|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/01/25/world/main6139051.shtml }}</ref> The [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF) set up a satellite communications room with phone and wireless internet access, and [[video conference]] systems so surgeons working in the field hospital could contact medical experts back in Israel.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1263147942262 |title=IDF communications room a lifeline for many |work=Jerusalem Post |accessdate=20 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917035500/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull&cid=1263147942262 |archivedate=17 September 2011 }}</ref> Following a request from the United States and the United Nations, the [[Israel Police|Israeli Police]] sent 100 officers to join peacekeeping forces in Haiti. Shortly after the earthquake, Israel also sent a group of Israeli Police [[forensics]] investigators to assist in the identification of casualties.<ref>Lappin, Yaakov, [https://archive.today/20120709155326/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1263147942255&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull "UN, US ask Israel to send cops to Haiti"] (21 January 2010), The Jerusalem Post, Retrieved 21 January 2010</ref> Israel also sent 220 personnel of the Home Front Command's search and rescue teams and the Israeli Medical Corps.<ref>{{cite web|author=idfnadesk |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pakGYGwEgAw |title=IDF aid crew loads cargo plane for Haiti |website=YouTube |date=15 January 2010 |accessdate=3 March 2011}}</ref> '''Jordan:''' King [[Abdullah II of Jordan|Abdullah II]] sent a two humanitarian aid aircraft then carrying relief items and a military field hospital to Haiti.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.brunei.fm/2010/01/15/jordanian-aid-aircraft-leaves-for-haiti/ |title=Jordanian Aid Aircraft Leaves for Haiti |date=15 January 2010 |agency=Nam News Network |accessdate=15 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121063209/http://news.brunei.fm/2010/01/15/jordanian-aid-aircraft-leaves-for-haiti |archivedate=21 January 2010 }}</ref> The main Jordanian News Agency, Petra, reported on 15 January 2010: "A second military airplane left to Haiti on Friday to help victims of the earthquake that hit the island on Tuesday. The plane, dispatched upon directives of His Majesty King Abdullah II, is carrying Jordanian medics and medical equipment used during the disaster event times."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.petra.gov.jo/Artical.aspx?Lng=1&Section=8&Artical=161374 |title=A second aid airplane heads to Haiti |agency=Petra |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117140931/http://petra.gov.jo/Artical.aspx?Lng=1&Section=8&Artical=161374 |archivedate=17 January 2010}}</ref><ref>http://archive.jordantimes.com/?news=23225{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Jordan established a 12-bed military hospital in Port-au-Prince, and are also feeding children who enter; dispatched two planes carrying a mobile field hospital, rescue team, doctors and six tons of aid supplies that includes food, medicine, and clothing.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> '''Kuwait:''' The [[Government of Kuwait|Kuwaiti government]] made a {{US$|1M}} donation to the Kuwait Red Crescent Society for distribution to the Haiti relief effort.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.brunei.fm/2010/01/15/kuwait-donates-usd-1-million-to-haiti/ |title=Kuwait Donates US$1&nbsp;Million to Haiti |date=15 January 2010 |agency=Nam News Network |accessdate=15 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119042349/http://news.brunei.fm/2010/01/15/kuwait-donates-usd-1-million-to-haiti |archivedate=19 January 2010 }}</ref> The Kuwaiti government also donated 100 tonnes of humanitarian aid in the form of food, medical supplies, tents and blankets.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> '''Lebanon:''': A contingent of Lebanese aid workers will head to Haiti shortly with medical supplies and tents.<ref>[http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/middleeast/news/article_1525797.php/Lebanon-to-send-aid-to-Haiti ''Lebanon to send aid to Haiti''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119081114/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/middleeast/news/article_1525797.php/Lebanon-to-send-aid-to-Haiti |date=19 January 2010 }} from ''[[Monsters and Critics]]'' 15 January 2010</ref> Lebanon also airlifted 25 tons of tents, 3 tons of medicine, vaccines and other supplies; along with sending aid workers to help in relief effort.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yalibnan.com/2010/01/19/lebanese-aid-plane-to-leave-to-haiti-tuesday/ |title=Lebanese aid plane to leave to Haiti tuesday |website=unk|accessdate=2 February 2019}}</ref> '''Oman:''' Donations from individuals were collected in the nation of Oman. These donations from Oman are noted by the UN OCHA and ReliefWeb groups.<ref name="ocha.unog.ch"/> '''Qatar:''' Qatar sent a 26 members of search and rescue team and [[C-17 Globemaster III]] strategic transport aircraft loaded with 50 tons of relief materials.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news|url=http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=337312&version=1&template_id=57&parent_id=56 |title=Qatar joins global relief effort in Haiti |work=Gulf Times |date=14 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123070653/http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=337312&version=1&template_id=57&parent_id=56 |archivedate=23 January 2010 }}</ref> The Qatari rescue team, headed by Captain Mubarak Sherida Al Kaabi, established a field hospital to receive the urgent cases and help picking up bodies and reach those trapped under the rubble. Captain Al Kaabi said the team has saved a woman found alive and has given her full healthcare. So far, the number of cases have been treated by the team since its arrival reached more than 250 cases suffering from neglected trauma and fractures in addition to some minor surgeries as well as other conditions, Al Kaabi noted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/Display_news.asp?section=Local_News&subsection=Qatar+News&month=January2010&file=Local_News2010012023817.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202433/http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/Display_news.asp?section=Local_News&subsection=Qatar%2BNews&month=January2010&file=Local_News2010012023817.xml |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 March 2016 |title=unk |publisher=unk }}</ref> A pictures of a members of the Qatari urban search and rescue team praying at the [[Toussaint Louverture International Airport]] in [[Port-au-Prince]], Haiti was taken on 20 January 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://66.155.113.196/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=338320&version=1&template_id=36&parent_id=16 |title=unk |publisher=unk }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://66.155.113.196/mritems/images/2010/1/20/2_338311_1_227.jpg |title=unk |publisher=unk }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> '''Saudi Arabia:''' The Saudi Arabian Foreign Ministry announced that the kingdom will donate {{US$|50M}} in humanitarian aid.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="cbsnews.com"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/world/other-world/saudi-government-donates-50-million-to-haiti-1.573543|title= Saudi Arabia Donates $50 million |work=Gulf News|date=25 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news01251001.aspx |title=unk|website=Saudi Embassy |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128092645/http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news01251001.aspx |archivedate=28 January 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5g0aO3Yw-4ZTyy6OnSiuot9E6cu5w |title=unk |website=unk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxbusiness.com/story/saudi-arabia-donates--million-haiti/ |title=Saudi Arabia donates million Haiti |website=Fox }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=9654330 |title=Saudi: Government Donates $50 Million to Haiti |website=ABC News |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128012506/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=9654330 |archivedate=28 January 2010}}</ref> This money is confirmed to have been delivered by the United Nations. From the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA); "The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has contributed US$50&nbsp;million to support the United Nations humanitarian response to the earthquake in Haiti. This makes the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia one of the main contributors to the Haiti Flash Appeal, which was launched on 15 January."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/VVOS-825R4N?OpenDocument&RSS20&RSS20=FS |title=unk |website=Relief Web}}</ref> The Jeddah, Saudi Arabia–based Islamic Development Bank (IDB) also pledged $5&nbsp;million to Haiti. Dr. Ahmad Mohammed Ali, President of the Jeddah-based Islamic Development Bank (IDB), has announced the Bank's approval to extend $5&nbsp;million in aid for the reconstruction of Haitian educational facilities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news02231004.aspx |title= unk|website=Saudi Embassy |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611215503/http://saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news02231004.aspx |archivedate=11 June 2010 }}</ref> '''Syria:''' Deputy Foreign Minister Fayssal Mikdad at the meeting on 19 January 2010 with Honorary Consulate of Haiti in Syria, stated that the [[Government of Syria|Syrian government]] will work with national and international humanitarian organizations as part of the relief effort.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sana.sy/print.html?sid=267714&newlang=eng |title=Syria Ready to Offer All Kinds of Help to Haiti |agency=Syrian Arab News Agency |date=19 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004163549/http://www.sana.sy/print.html?sid=267714&newlang=eng |archivedate=4 October 2011 }}</ref> A Syrian plane with 30 tons of humanitarian aid was sent to Haiti on orders from the President of Syria.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://syria-news.com/readnews.php?sy_seq=108277|title=unk|website=Syria News|access-date=21 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124081017/http://www.syria-news.com/readnews.php?sy_seq=108277|archive-date=24 January 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.brunei.fm/2010/01/21/syria-sends-humanitarian-air-airplane-to-victims-of-haiti-earthquake/ |title=Syria sends humanitarian air airplane to victims of Haiti earthquake |website=unk|url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125153346/http://news.brunei.fm/2010/01/21/syria-sends-humanitarian-air-airplane-to-victims-of-haiti-earthquake |archivedate=25 January 2010 }}</ref> '''United Arab Emirates:''' The United Arab Emirates announced it would set up a relief air bridge to take humanitarian supplies to Haiti. The nation's charitable organizations—including the Khalifa Charity Foundation, Zayed Foundation for Humanitarian and Charitable Works, Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Charity and Humanitarian Foundation—announced the coordination of additional humanitarian relief efforts.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wam.org.ae/servlet/Satellite?c=WamLocEnews&cid=1261832855162&p=1135099400124&pagename=WAM%2FWamLocEnews%2FW-T-LEN-FullNews|title=UAE sets up Air Bridge to take relief supplies to Haiti|agency=Emirates News Agency|date=14 January 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124210626/http://www.wam.org.ae/servlet/Satellite?c=WamLocEnews&cid=1261832855162&p=1135099400124&pagename=WAM%2FWamLocEnews%2FW-T-LEN-FullNews|archivedate=24 January 2010}}</ref> The United Arab Emirates either pledged or gave over US$2.6&nbsp;million; along with three UAE charities donating more than 200 tons of medical equipment, tents and blankets, food and drinking water.<ref name="aaiusa.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.aaiusa.org/press-room/4487/arab-nations-unite-in-relief-effort-for-haiti |title= Arab Nations unite in relief effort for Haiti |website=aaiusa.org |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623083749/http://www.aaiusa.org/press-room/4487/arab-nations-unite-in-relief-effort-for-haiti |archivedate=23 June 2010}}</ref> ==Asia== ===Central Asia=== '''Kazakhstan:''' [[President of Kazakhstan|Kazakh President]] [[Nursultan Nazarbaev]] sent [[condolences]] to [[President of Haiti|Haitian President]] [[Rene Preval]], and said that Kazakhstan would send aid.<ref>{{cite news |title=Правительство Казахстана окажет гуманитарную помощь Гаити – Назарбаев |newspaper=Gazeta |url=http://www.gazeta.kz/art.asp?aid=141943 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120731041638/http://www.gazeta.kz/art.asp?aid=141943 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-07-31 }}</ref> '''Turkmenistan:''' [[President of Turkmenistan|Turkmen President]] [[Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow]] announced that Turkmenistan would send {{US$|500,000}} to the United Nations special fund for Haiti.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://turkmenistan.ru/?page_id=3&lang_id=ru&elem_id=16151&type=event&sort=date_desc |title=Туркменистан направил 500 тыс. долл. США в помощь пострадавшим на Гаити |publisher=Turkmenistan.ru |accessdate=3 March 2011}}</ref> The money was not delivered to the UN fund for Haiti, at least not as of six months after the pledge.<ref name=CNN-20100715/> ===South Asia=== '''Afghanistan:''' Afghanistan pledged or gave US$200,000 in aid to Haiti. "Even countries with their own troubles rushed to Haiti's aid: Afghanistan provided $200,000."<ref name=CNN-20100715/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.boston.com/news/world/latinamerica/articles/2010/03/05/billions_for_haiti_a_criticism_for_every_dollar/ |title=Billions for Haiti a criticism for every dollar |date= 5 March 2010|work=The Boston Globe| first=Jonathan M. | last=Katz}}</ref> '''Bangladesh:''' [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh|Bangladeshi Prime Minister]] [[Sheikh Hasina]] ordered the health ministry to send a medical team to Haiti.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://bdnews24.com/details.php?cid=2&id=150947&hb=1 |title=Bangladesh to send medics to Haiti |publisher=bdnews24.com |date=14 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100202023618/http://bdnews24.com/details.php?cid=2&id=150947&hb=1 |archivedate=2 February 2010 }}</ref> The 30 member medical team of 20 doctors and 10 health technicians will leave for Haiti on 18 January 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=122227|title=Bangladesh to send medical team tomorrow |work=The Daily Star|date=17 January 2010}}</ref> '''India:''' India initially donated {{US$|5M}} to Haiti.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.breakingnewsonline.net/regional/414-india-donates-us-5-million-quake-hit-haiti.html |title=India donates US$5 Million quake-hit Haiti |publisher=Breakingnewsonline.net |date=16 January 2010 |accessdate=3 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515132443/http://www.breakingnewsonline.net/regional/414-india-donates-us-5-million-quake-hit-haiti.html |archivedate=15 May 2011 }}</ref> A 140-member Indian UN peacekeeping paramilitary contingent was already helping with stabilization duties and is now assisting rescue work. '''Pakistan:''' After the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]] in [[South Asia]], several [[Pakistanis|Pakistani]] rescuers and troops are stationed (as part of the UN force) in affected areas by MINUSTAH as Pakistan is largest contributor to the UN peacekeeper forces while [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Pakistani Prime Minister]] [[Yousaf Raza Gilani]] on Monday directed the Cabinet Division to immediately provide relief assistance in the form of 3,000 tents/blankets and eight tons medicines to help for [[Haitians|Haitian people]] affected by the earthquake.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=94335&Itemid=2 |title=PM directs Cabinet division to provide relief assistance for affectees of Haiti earthquake |publisher=App.com.pk |accessdate=3 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130065122/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=94335&Itemid=2 |archivedate=30 January 2016 }}</ref> '''Sri Lanka:''' Sri Lanka had 950 soldiers in Haiti assisting in peacekeeping efforts at the time of the Haiti quake.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news.lk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13226&Itemid=44|title=Lankan Peace Keepers in Haiti safe – Military Spokesman |date=13 January 2010|publisher=Government News Portal|accessdate=16 January 2010}}</ref> ===East Asia=== '''China:''' The People's Republic of China sent a 60-member rescue team (National Earthquake Disaster Emergency Rescue Team),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2010-01/13/content_12802216.htm |title=Chinese rescue team ready to depart for quake-hit Haiti |work=English Xinhua |accessdate=13 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.cctv.com/program/worldwidewatch/20100113/103938.shtml |title=China rescue team leaves for Haiti |publisher=English.cctv.com |accessdate=13 January 2010}}</ref> and [[Red Cross Society of China|Chinese Red Cross Society]] pledged {{US$|1M}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2010-01/14/content_12806338.htm |title=China sends rescue team to quake-hit Haiti, donates one million dollars English Xinhua |work=English Xinhua |date=22 May 2007 |accessdate=15 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117013015/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2010-01/14/content_12806338.htm |archivedate=17 January 2010 }}</ref> The [[Government of China|Chinese government]] itself announced it plans to deliver an additional US$4.41&nbsp;million in humanitarian aid.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2010-01/15/content_12817211.htm |title=China donates $4.4 mln in humanitarian aid to quake-hit Haiti |work=English Xinhua |date=12 January 2010 |accessdate=16 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118094537/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2010-01/15/content_12817211.htm |archivedate=18 January 2010 }}</ref> A medical assistance station has been set up by the Chinese rescue team in [[Port-au-Prince]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Chinese doctors assist Haiti victims |url=http://english.cctv.com/program/chinatoday/20100118/101124.shtml }}</ref> On 21 January 2010, China donated an additional US$2.6&nbsp;million and sent a 40-member medical care and epidemic prevention team.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-01/22/c_13146057.htm|title=China announces more assistance to Haiti|publisher=Xinhua|date=21 January 2010|accessdate=2 January 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124082511/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-01/22/c_13146057.htm|archivedate=24 January 2010}}</ref> '''Japan:''' After the 1995 [[Great Hanshin earthquake]], the [[Government of Japan|Japanese government]] plans to offer up to {{US$|5M}} in grant aid, which will be exercised through international organizations including [[UNICEF]] and the [[World Food Programme]] (WFP). It will also donate emergency relief materials for as much as ¥30&nbsp;million ({{US$|330,000}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2010/1/0114_01.html|title=Aid to the Republic of Haiti for the Earthquake Disaster |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan }}</ref> The Japanese Ministry of Defense deployed a disaster relief team (JDRT).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mod.go.jp/e/pressrele/2010/100115a.html |title=Issuance of Instruction and General Order by the Minister of Defense concerning the Preparation for the Dispatch of the Japanese Disaster Relief Team (JDRT) to the Republic of Haiti |accessdate=27 January 2010 |publisher=[[Ministry of Defense (Japan)|Japanese Ministry of Defense]] |date=15 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001031133/http://www.mod.go.jp/e/pressrele/2010/100115a.html |archivedate=1 October 2012 }}</ref> The Japanese government sent a [[C-130 Hercules]] from [[Arizona]] with a 26 member-JDRT team and emergency relief goods stocked in Florida to Haiti.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mod.go.jp/j/kisha/2010/01/15.html|title=大臣会見概要 平成22年1月15日(10時30分～10時39分)|publisher=Ministry of Defense, Japan|date=15 January 2010|access-date=6 July 2020|archive-date=7 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707002443/http://www.mod.go.jp/j/kisha/2010/01/15.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The medical team arrived at Léogâne, 30&nbsp;km west of Port-au-Prince, and started its operation on 18 January 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/national/news/20100118-OYT1T00375.htm?from=nwla|title=日本政府の医療チーム、ハイチの被災地到着|publisher=Yomiuri OnLine|date=18 January 2010}}{{dead link|date=March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mod.go.jp/e/pressrele/2010/100118a.html |title=Implementation of Airlift Operations by SDF Units for affected persons by the Large-Scale Earthquake Disaster in the Republic of Haiti |date=18 January 2010 |accessdate=27 January 2010 |publisher=[[Ministry of Defense (Japan)|Japanese Ministry of Defense]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110323174907/http://www.mod.go.jp/e/pressrele/2010/100118a.html |archivedate=23 March 2011 }}</ref> The International Disaster Relief Medical Support Unit relieved JDRT of their activities in Léogâne.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mod.go.jp/e/pressrele/2010/100120.html |title=Implementation of International Emergency Relief Activities (Medical Activities) by SDF Units in Response to the Large-Scale Earthquake in the Republic of Haiti |accessdate=27 January 2010 |date=20 January 2010 |publisher=[[Ministry of Defense (Japan)|Japanese Ministry of Defense]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110323174906/http://www.mod.go.jp/e/pressrele/2010/100120.html |archivedate=23 March 2011 }}</ref> '''South Korea:''' South Korean [[Ministry of Public Administration and Security (South Korea)|National Emergency Management Agency]] immediately dispatched team of 35 rescue workers. They set up a clinic in Port-au-Prince.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/national/2010/01/18/44/0301000000AEN20100118008800315F.HTML |title= Seoul to increase aid to Haiti to $10 mln |publisher=Yonhap News|date=18 January 2010}}</ref> In January 2010, an additional 10-member team was sent to review the area and determine on-site needs. In March 2010, South Korea sent in a further [[Task Force Danbi|250 member force]] to Haiti for a United Nations (UN)-led peacekeeping mission to help rebuild.<ref name="chinapost.com.tw"/> South Korea has provided a total of over {{US$|13 million}} in aid, which is by far the largest aid package from [[East Asia]], making it one of the main contributors of humanitarian aid to Haiti. The large-scale relief effort is seen to reflect the South Korea's determination to actively join the international efforts. [[President of South Korea|South Korean President]] [[Lee Myung-bak]] hinted that additional assistance was on its way in a telephone conversation with [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|UN Secretary-General]] [[Ban Ki-moon]] on 16 January 2010, and it sent an immediate {{US$|1 million}} aid package as the first batch, and provided over {{US$|10 million}} worth of aid on the second batch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2010/06/116_59239.html |title=Korea Offers $10 Mil. More in Aid to Haiti |publisher=Koreatimes.co.kr |date=18 January 2010 |accessdate=3 March 2011}}</ref> About the two-thirds came directly from the [[Government of South Korea|South Korean government]] in the form of short and long-term aid, while the rest was the result of collective efforts from the private sector. Private organizations raised the another US$2&nbsp;million for Haiti.<ref name="chinapost.com.tw">{{cite web|url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/asia/korea/2010/01/23/241986/South-Korea.htm |title=South Korea to send 250 troops to aid Haiti |work=The China Post |location=Taiwan (ROC) |date=23 January 2010 |accessdate=3 March 2011}}</ref> ===Southeast Asia=== '''Brunei:''' The [[Politics of Brunei|Government of Brunei]] has pledged or gave US$50,000 in aid to Haiti.<ref name="ocha.unog.ch">{{cite web|title=unk|url=http://ocha.unog.ch/fts/reports/daily/ocha_R10_E15797_asof___1003191239.pdf}}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> '''Cambodia:''' The [[Government of Cambodia|Royal Cambodian government]] contributed {{US$|50,000}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90851/6870735.html |title=Cambodia donates $50,000 for quake-stricken Haiti |publisher=English.people.com.cn |date=16 January 2010 |accessdate=3 March 2011}}</ref> '''Indonesia:''' [[President of Indonesia|Indonesian President]] [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]] said Indonesia would send aid workers to help Haiti earthquake victims.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/01/14/ri-send-relief-team-haiti-sby.html |title=RI to send relief team to Haiti: SBY |work=The Jakarta Post |accessdate=14 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124044301/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/01/14/ri-send-relief-team-haiti-sby.html |archivedate=24 January 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2010-01/14/content_12809939.htm |title=Indonesia to send relief team to Haiti: President |publisher=Xinhuanet |accessdate=14 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118004259/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2010-01/14/content_12809939.htm |archivedate=18 January 2010 }}</ref> Help from the [[Government of Indonesia|government]] will consist of a team of 30 medical personnel including surgeons, a 10-member urban search and rescue (USAR) team, and 10 electrical experts. The remaining 25 are experts in construction and telecommunications. The Indonesian government will also send five tonnes of medical supplies, five tonnes of food, and five tonnes of special equipment and tools. The aid was airlifted by a [[Lion Air]] 747-400 jumbo jet. The aircraft was diverted to [[Santo Domingo]] in the [[Dominican Republic]] due to heavy air traffic in Haiti.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.antara.co.id/en/news/1263477912/ri-to-send-relief-aid-to-haiti |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120718233257/http://www.antara.co.id/en/news/1263477912/ri-to-send-relief-aid-to-haiti |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 July 2012 |title=RI to send relief aid to Haiti |work=Antara|accessdate=15 January 2010 }}</ref> '''Malaysia:''' The Malaysian [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] has created the "Tabung Bencana Kementerian Luar Negeri" Fund to assist Haiti in collecting funds for relief efforts.<ref>[http://www.kln.gov.my/?m_id=15&hid=1179 ''Humanitarian Assistance to The Victims of Earthquake in Haiti Through Tabung Bencana Kementerian Luar Negeri''] from ''www.kln.gov.my'' 27 January 2010</ref> '''Philippines:''' The Philippines deployed a medical team.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20100115-247518/Arroyo-orders-medical-team-sent-to-Haiti |title=Arroyo orders medical team sent to Haiti |publisher=Newsinfo.inquirer.net |date=15 January 2010 |accessdate=3 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511132946/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20100115-247518/Arroyo-orders-medical-team-sent-to-Haiti |archivedate=11 May 2011 }}</ref> The [[Government of the Philippines|Philippine Government]] has also donated US$50,000.{{Citation needed|reason=not in Arroyo-orders-medical-team-sent-to-Haiti citation. Originally that cite was placed after this sentence, but it only supports the previous sentence's claims.|date=July 2010}} '''Singapore:''' The [[Government of Singapore|Singaporean government]] donated {{US$|50,000}} to the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1030772/1/.html|title= President Nathan conveys sympathies to Haitian leader over quake victims|work=Channel News Asia|date=14 January 2010}}</ref> '''Thailand:''' After the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|2004 Indian Ocean tsunami]], the [[Government of Thailand|Thai Government]] had initially decided to donate {{US$|20,000}} for humanitarian assistance in Haiti.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2010/01/14/politics/politics_30120313.php |title=Thais in Haiti are safe: FM |work=The Nation |accessdate=15 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115041555/http://nationmultimedia.com/2010/01/14/politics/politics_30120313.php |archivedate=15 January 2010 }}</ref> Such amount of money gained heavy criticism that it was too little, while Deputy Prime Minister [[Suthep Thaugsuban]] remarked, "That was the first amount of money we could give, but more will come. We may send our military army engineers to join the world, following assessment of the situations. The problem is that Haiti is too far from us, unlike the cases having occurred in our neighbours such as Indonesia or the Philippines. What we could do for Haiti is only donation of money or personnel."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://breakingnews.nationchannel.com/read.php?newsid=426882|title="That was just an initial money", said Suthep.|work=Nation Channel|date=15 January 2010|accessdate=20 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116041728/http://breakingnews.nationchannel.com/read.php?newsid=426882|archive-date=16 January 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thai King [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]] and Thai Queen [[Sirikit]] also sent a [[missive]] of [[condolences]] to [[President of Haiti|Haitian President]] [[Rene Preval]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.posttoday.com/breakingnews.php?id=85510|title=ในหลวง-ราชินีส่งพระราชสาส์นถึงเฮติ|publisher=Post Today|date=16 January 2010|accessdate=20 January 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117233502/http://www.posttoday.com/breakingnews.php?id=85510 |archivedate=17 January 2010}}</ref> Following that, the [[Cabinet of Thailand|Council of Ministers]] resolved to send another {{US$|100,000}}, which was later extended to {{US$|382,000}}, and 20,000 [[tonne]]s of rice.<ref name=ThaisreachouttoHaiti>{{cite news|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2010/01/20/national/national_30120709.php|title=Thais reach out to Haiti.|work=The Nation|date=20 January 2010|accessdate=20 January 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123183919/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2010/01/20/national/national_30120709.php|archivedate=23 January 2010}}</ref> [[Ministry of Education (Thailand)|Deputy Education Minister]] Chaiwuti Bannawat said in a cabinet meeting that medical teams from many educational institutes under his ministry were ready to go to Haiti, but needed funding from the government. While [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Thailand)|Thai Foreign Minister]] [[Kasit Piromya]] proposed to have his ministry co-ordinate the relief effort, but also the [[Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Thailand)|Natural Resources and Environment Minister]] Suwit Khunkitti offered to personally take the aid to the affected country. However, all was turned down by [[Prime Minister of Thailand|Thai Prime Minister]] [[Abhisit Vejjajiva]], citing that money and rice was enough for the moment.<ref name = ThaisreachouttoHaiti/> '''Vietnam:''' Vietnam donated {{US$|130,000}} to support relief efforts.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2010/jan/14/haiti-quake-aid-pledges-country-donations |title=Haiti quake aid pledges country donations |date= 14 January 2010|work=The Guardian| first=Peter | last=Walker}}</ref> ==Oceania== '''Australia:''' The [[Government of Australia|Australian government]] pledged [[Australian dollar|$]]10&nbsp;million in immediate aid funding.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/01/14/2792313.htm|title=Haiti death toll could rival tsunami|publisher=ABC News|date=14 January 2010}}</ref> Australian Government increased aid with additional [[Australian dollar|$]]5&nbsp;million to meet urgent and emergency humanitarian needs such as food, water and sanitation, shelter and medical assistance. The additional assistance in this immediate response phase includes: $3&nbsp;million to the [[World Food Programme]], $1&nbsp;million to Australian Non-Governmental Organizations and $1&nbsp;million to the [[Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]].<ref>[http://www.melbourne.anglican.com.au/main.php?pg=news&news_id=23152&s=157 Australian Government increases aid to Haiti] {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> [[Prime Minister of Australia|Australian Prime Minister]] [[Kevin Rudd]] said the team of specialist [[Royal Australian Air Force]] (RAAF) air traffic controllers will be sent to [[Toussaint Louverture International Airport]] in [[Port-au-Prince]] to assist Haiti after the request from the [[Government of the United States|U.S. government]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Aussie air traffic controllers to Haiti after US request|url=http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/aussie-air-traffic-controllers-to-haiti-after-us-request-20100123-mrb7.html|work=Brisbane Times|date=23 January 2010}}</ref> '''New Zealand:''' The [[Government of New Zealand|New Zealand government]] pledged [[New Zealand dollar|$]]1&nbsp;million in aid, while [[New Zealand Agency for International Development]] (NZAID) agencies are on standby to assist Haiti. [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (New Zealand)|New Zealand Foreign Minister]] [[Murray McCully]] said the aid contribution would be distributed via international relief agencies, such as the [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement]] and the UN agencies, in Haiti.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10620156 |title=Clinton postpones NZ visit over quake, NZ gives Haiti $1m |work=The New Zealand Herald |accessdate=15 January 2010 |date=14 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=$1 million in aid for Haiti, help for New Zealanders|url=https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/1-million-aid-haiti-help-new-zealanders|work=Beehive.govt.nz|date=14 January 2010}}</ref> '''Papua New Guinea:''' The [[Government of Papua New Guinea]] has offered the [[humanitarian aid]] to Haiti. == Other entities == '''Kosovo:''' The [[Government of Kosovo]], which is not universally recognized by foreign governments, donated €50,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www6.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2010&mm=01&dd=16&nav_category=78&nav_id=404492 |title=Kosovo donira 50 000 evra Haitiju |publisher=.b92.net |accessdate=3 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newkosovareport.com/201001162154/Politics/Kosovo-donates-50-thousand-Euros-to-Haiti.html |title=Kosovo donates 50 thousand Euros to Haiti |publisher=Newkosovareport.com |accessdate=3 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323041222/http://www.newkosovareport.com/201001162154/Politics/Kosovo-donates-50-thousand-Euros-to-Haiti.html |archivedate=23 March 2010 }}</ref> '''Palestinian territories:''' Humanitarian efforts in the [[Gaza Strip]] resulted in money, food and clothes collected and donated to the local Red Cross for relief efforts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abcnyheter.no/verden/100118/gazas-befolkning-hjelper-jordskjelvofrene |title=Gazas befolkning hjelper jordskjelvofrene |publisher=unk |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121161408/http://www.abcnyheter.no/verden/100118/gazas-befolkning-hjelper-jordskjelvofrene |archivedate=21 January 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1143436.html |title=unk |publisher=unk}}</ref> '''Taiwan:''' ([[Republic of China]]): A team of 23 rescue workers and two specially trained dogs were sent.<ref> {{cite news|url=http://www.etaiwannews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=1154830&lang=eng_news&cate_img=logo_taiwan&cate_rss=TAIWAN_eng|title=Taiwan sends rescuers to Haiti|last=Staff Writer|date=13 January 2010|publisher=[[Taiwan News]]|accessdate=13 January 2010}}</ref> The [[Government of Taiwan|Taiwanese government]] also promised {{US$|5M}} and 200 metric tons of rice for relief efforts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/foreign-affairs/2010/01/15/240841/More-aid.htm |title=More aid, relief sent for Haitian quake victims |work=The China Post |location=Taiwan (ROC) |date=8 July 2007 |accessdate=16 January 2010}}</ref> A second team of rescuers departed on 16 January 2010, and carried with them more than 3,000&nbsp;kg of equipment and supplies. [[President of the Republic of China|Taiwanese President]] [[Ma Ying-jeou]] is due to be in [[Latin America]] to attend the inauguration of Honduran president-elect [[Porfirio Lobo Sosa]], and is planning a brief stopover in Haiti to express his concern and convey the sympathy of [[Taiwanese people]], as well as deliver more aid and provide long-term support for humanitarian reason.<ref>{{cite news |title=unk |url=http://www.etaiwannews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=1156734&lang=eng_news&cate_img=49.jpg&cate_rss=news_Society_TAIWAN }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/asiapacific/news/article_1525720.php/Taiwan-president-plans-to-visit-quake-stricken-Haiti |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123220123/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/asiapacific/news/article_1525720.php/Taiwan-president-plans-to-visit-quake-stricken-Haiti |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 January 2010 |title=Taiwan President plans to visit quake stricken Haiti }}</ref> ==See also== {{Main|2010 Haiti earthquake}} ===2010 Haiti earthquake=== * [[2010s Haiti cholera outbreak|2010 Haitian cholera outbreak]] * [[Casualties of the 2010 Haiti earthquake]] * [[Damage to infrastructure in the 2010 Haiti earthquake]] * [[List of earthquakes in Haiti]] * [[List of populated places affected by the 2010 Haiti earthquake]] * [[Timeline of relief efforts after the 2010 Haiti earthquake]] ===Humanitarian response=== * [[Humanitarian response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake]] * [[Humanitarian response by non-governmental organizations to the 2010 Haiti earthquake]] * [[Humanitarian response by for-profit organizations to the 2010 Haiti earthquake]] ===Benefits and fundraising=== * [[Canada for Haiti|Canadians for Haiti]] * [[Clinton Bush Haiti Fund]] * [[Digicel Haiti Earthquake Relief Fund]] * [[Ensemble pour Haïti]] * [[Hope for Haiti Now]] * [[Hit for Haiti]] * [[Somos El Mundo 25 Por Haiti]] * [[We Are the World 25 for Haiti]] * [[Young Artists for Haiti]] ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==External links== * [http://ocha.unog.ch/fts/pageloader.aspx?page=emerg-emergencyDetails&emergID=15797 HAITI – Earthquakes – January 2010 Total Humanitarian Funding]{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://ocha.unog.ch/fts/reports/daily/ocha_R10_E15797_asof___1002021855.pdf HAITI – Earthquakes – January 2010 Table A: List of all commitments/contributions and pledges as of 3 February 2010]{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, [[Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|OCHA]] * [http://www.newsweek.com/id/231131/output/print Why Haiti Matters] by U.S. President Barack Obama, ''[[Newsweek magazine]]'' {{2010 Haiti earthquake}} [[Category:2010 Haiti earthquake]] [[Category:2010 Haiti earthquake relief|*]] [[Category:2010 in international relations]] [[Category:International responses to natural disasters]] <noinclude> <small>This page was moved from [[:en:Humanitarian response by national governments to the 2010 Haiti earthquake]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Humanitarian response by national governments to the 2010 Haiti earthquake/edithistory]]</small></noinclude> 8sg6pxor4lx2ggqru7qcbhelxome8cq 0 113690 540860 539795 2022-08-28T18:27:05Z InternetArchiveBot 34092 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Actions to limit the magnitude of climate change and its impact on human activities}} [[File:Global Energy Consumption.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|right|Coal, oil, and natural gas remain the primary global energy sources even as [[Renewable energy|renewables]] have begun rapidly increasing.<ref>{{harvnb|Friedlingstein|Jones|O'Sullivan|Andrew|2019}}.</ref>]] [[File:Climate Change Performance Index.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|right|The [[Climate Change Performance Index]] ranks countries by greenhouse gas emissions (40% of score), renewable energy (20%), energy use (20%), and climate policy (20%).]] '''Climate change mitigation''' consistz of actions to limit the magnitude or rate of [[global warming]] and [[Effects of global warming|its related effects]].<ref>{{citation |title=Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007 |at=[http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch3s3-5.html 3.5 Interaction between mitigation and adaptation, in the light of climate change impacts and decision-making under long-term uncertainty] |author=Fisher, B.S. |chapter=Ch. 3: Issues related to mitigation in the long-term context |display-authors=etal}}, in {{harvnb|IPCC AR4 WG3|2007}}</ref> This generally involves reductions in human emissions of [[greenhouse gas]]es (GHGs).<ref name="ipcc mitigation options">{{citation |title=Climate Change 2007: Working Group III: Mitigation of Climate Change |at=[http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/spmsspm-c.html Table SPM.3, C. Mitigation in the short and medium term (until 2030)] |chapter=Summary for policymakers |chapter-url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/spm.html |author=IPCC |access-date=2020-07-06 |archive-date=2016-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524223546/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/spm.html |url-status=dead }}, in {{harvnb|IPCC AR4 WG3|2007}}</ref> Test123. [[Fossil fuel|Fossil fuels]] account for about 70% of GHG emissions.<ref>{{cite web|title=GHG Emissions|url=https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions?breakBy=sector&chartType=percentage|publisher=CAIT Climate Data Explorer|accessdate=29 January 2020}}</ref> The main challenge is their substitution with [[low-carbon power|low-carbon energy]] sources. Due to massive price drops, [[wind power]] and solar [[photovoltaics]] (PV) are increasingly out-competing oil, gas and coal<ref>{{cite web|title=Falling Renewable Power Costs Open Door to Greater Climate Ambition|url=https://www.irena.org/newsroom/pressreleases/2019/May/Falling-Renewable-Power-Costs-Open-Door-to-Greater-Climate-Ambition|publisher=IRENA|accessdate=29 January 2020}}</ref> but require [[energy storage]] and extended [[electrical grid|electrical grids]]. Mitigation may also be achieved by increasing the capacity of [[carbon sink]]s, for example through [[reforestation]].<ref name="ipcc mitigation options"/> Other examples of mitigation include reducing energy demand by increasing [[efficient energy use|energy efficiency]] and [[Carbon dioxide removal|removing carbon dioxide]] from Earth's atmosphere.<ref name="ipcc mitigation options"/><ref>{{citation |chapter=Sec 5.5 Technology flows and development |title=Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report |chapter-url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/mains5-5.html }}, in {{harvnb|IPCC AR4 SYR|2007|p=68}}</ref> [[Climate engineering]] is often controversial but might have to be used in addition to reducing GHG emissions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/10/191028164351.htm|title=Climate engineering: International meeting reveals tensions: Lack of transparency impedes collaboration, excludes developing world|website=ScienceDaily|language=en|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref> Almost all countries are parties to the [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]] (UNFCCC).<ref>{{citation |title=Introduction to the Convention |author=UNFCCC |url=http://unfccc.int/key_steps/the_convention/items/6036.php |publisher=UNFCCC |date=5 March 2013 }}</ref> The ultimate objective of the UNFCCC is to stabilize atmospheric concentrations of GHGs at a level that would prevent dangerous human interference with the climate system.<ref>{{citation |title=Full Text of the Convention, Article 2: Objectives |author=UNFCCC |url=http://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/background/items/1353.php |publisher=UNFCCC |date=2002 }}</ref> In 2010, Parties to the UNFCCC agreed that future global warming should be limited to below {{convert|2|C-change|F-change|1}} relative to the pre-[[Industrial Revolution|industrial]] level.<ref>{{citation |date=15 March 2011 |author=UNFCCC. Conference of the Parties (COP) |title=Report of the Conference of the Parties on its sixteenth session, held in Cancun from 29 November to 10 December 2010. Addendum. Part two: Action taken by the Conference of the Parties at its sixteenth session |publisher=United Nations |location=Geneva, Switzerland |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2010/cop16/eng/07a01.pdf#page=2 }}, p. 3, paragraph 4. Document [http://unfccc.int/documentation/documents/advanced_search/items/6911.php?priref=600006173 available] in UN languages and text format.</ref> With the [[Paris Agreement]] of 2015 this was confirmed. With the [[Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C]], the [[International Panel on Climate Change]] has emphasized the benefits of keeping global warming below this level, suggesting a global collective effort that may be guided by the 2015 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.<ref>{{Harvnb|IPCC SR15 Technical Summary|2018|p=31}}</ref> Emissions pathways with no or limited overshoot would require rapid and far-reaching transitions in energy, land, urban and infrastructure including transport and buildings, and industrial systems.<ref>{{Harvnb|IPCC SR15 Summary for Policymakers|2018|p=15}}</ref> The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions does not appear to be consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2&nbsp;°C.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Harvey |first1=Fiona |title=UN calls for push to cut greenhouse gas levels to avoid climate chaos |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/nov/26/united-nations-global-effort-cut-emissions-stop-climate-chaos-2030 |accessdate=27 November 2019 |agency=The Guardian |date=26 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cut Global Emissions by 7.6 Percent Every Year for Next Decade to Meet 1.5°C Paris Target - UN Report |url=https://unfccc.int/news/cut-global-emissions-by-76-percent-every-year-for-next-decade-to-meet-15degc-paris-target-un-report |website=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=27 November 2019}}</ref><ref>Victor, D., ''et al.'', Executive summary, in: [http://report.mitigation2014.org/drafts/final-draft-postplenary/ipcc_wg3_ar5_final-draft_postplenary_chapter1.pdf Chapter 1: Introductory Chapter], p. 4 (archived [https://web.archive.org/web/20140703063821/http://report.mitigation2014.org/drafts/final-draft-postplenary/ipcc_wg3_ar5_final-draft_postplenary_chapter1.pdf 3 July 2014)], in {{harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG3|2014}}</ref> However, globally the benefits of keeping warming under 2&nbsp;°C exceed the costs.<ref>{{harvnb|Sampedro|Smith|Arto|González-Eguino|2020}}.</ref> {{TOC limit|3}} ==Greenhouse gas concentrations and stabilization== {{See also|Greenhouse gas#Removal from the atmosphere and global warming potential|Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere}} {{Multiple image |direction=vertical |align=right |image1=Stabilizing carbon dioxide emissions at their present level will not stabilize its concentration in the atmosphere.png |image2=Stabilizing the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide at a constant level would require emissions to be effectively eliminated.png |alt1=refer to caption and adjacent text |alt2=refer to caption and adjacent text |width=320 |caption1=Stabilizing CO₂ emissions at their present level would not stabilize its concentration in the atmosphere.<ref name="meehl stabilizing ghg concentrations">{{citation |title=Climate Change 2007: Working Group I: The Physical Science Basis |author=Meehl, G.A. |at=[http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/faq-10-3.html FAQ 10.3: If Emissions of Greenhouse Gases are Reduced, How Quickly do Their Concentrations in the Atmosphere Decrease?] |chapter=Ch. 10: Global Climate Projections |chapter-url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch10.html |display-authors=etal |access-date=2020-07-06 |archive-date=2016-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415020743/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch10.html |url-status=dead }}, in {{harvnb|IPCC AR4 WG1|2007|pp=824–825}}</ref> |caption2=Stabilizing the atmospheric concentration of CO₂ at a constant level would require emissions to be effectively eliminated.<ref name="meehl stabilizing ghg concentrations"/>}} The UNFCCC aims to stabilize greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere at a level where [[climate change and ecosystems|ecosystems]] can adapt naturally to climate change, [[climate change and agriculture|food production]] is not threatened, and [[economics of global warming|economic development]] can proceed in a sustainable fashion.<ref> {{cite book |year=2007 |author=Rogner, H.-H. |contribution=1.2 Ultimate objective of the UNFCCC |title=Introduction |series=Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |editor=B. Metz |display-editors=etal |url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch1s1-2.html |publisher=Print version: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. This version: IPCC website |accessdate=2011-06-07 |display-authors=etal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923012655/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch1s1-2.html |archive-date=2014-09-23 |url-status=dead }} </ref> Currently human activities are adding CO₂ to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it.<ref name="meehl stabilizing ghg concentrations"/> According to a 2011 US study, stabilizing atmospheric CO₂ concentrations would require anthropogenic CO₂ emissions to be reduced by 80% relative to the peak emissions level.<ref name="us nrc co2 stabilization">[http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12877&page=21 2. Stabilization and Climate Change of the Next Few Decades and Next Several Centuries, p. 21], in: [http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12877&page=11 Summary], in {{harvnb|US NRC|2011}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=April 2020|reason=}} The IPCC works with the concept of a fixed carbon [[emissions budget]]. If emissions remain on the current level of 42 Gt{{CO2}}, the carbon budget for 1.5°C could be exhausted in 2028.<ref>{{Harvnb|IPCC SR15 Ch2|2018|p=96}}</ref> The rise in temperature to that level would occur with some delay between 2030 and 2052.<ref>{{Harvnb|IPCC SR15 Ch1|2018|p=66}}</ref>. Even if it was possible to achieve negative emissions in the future, 1.5°C must not be exceeded at any time to avoid the loss of ecosystems.<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC SR15 Summary for Policymakers|2018|p=5}}</ref> After leaving room for emissions for food production for 9 billion people and to keep the global temperature rise below 2&nbsp;°C, emissions from energy production and transport will have to peak almost immediately in the developed world and decline at about 10% each year until zero emissions are reached around 2030.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Beyond 'dangerous' climate change: emission scenarios for a new world|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A|first1=Kevin|last1=Anderson|first2=Alice|last2=Bows|date=13 January 2011|volume=369|issue=1934|pages=20–44|doi=10.1098/rsta.2010.0290|pmid=21115511|bibcode=2011RSPTA.369...20A|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=A new paradigm for climate change|journal=Nature Climate Change|first1=Kevin|last1=Anderson|first2=Alice|last2=Bows|s2cid=84963926|volume=2|issue=9|pages=639–40|doi=10.1038/nclimate1646|year=2012|bibcode=2012NatCC...2..639A}}</ref><ref>Anderson K. (2012). Real clothes for the Emperor: Facing the challenges of climate change. The Cabot annual lecture, Univ. of Bristol. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RInrvSjW90U&feature=player_embedded Video], [http://www.bris.ac.uk/cabot/documents/anderson-transcript.pdf Transcript]</ref><ref>[http://www.tyndall.ac.uk/radical-emission-reduction-conference-10-11-december-2013-register-here The Radical Emission Reduction Conference: 10–11 December 2013] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027232316/http://www.tyndall.ac.uk/radical-emission-reduction-conference-10-11-december-2013-register-here |date=27 October 2014 }}, sponsored by the [[Tyndall Centre]]. [http://tyndall.ac.uk/communication/news-archive/2013/radical-emissions-reduction-conference-videos-now-online Video proceedings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324225944/http://tyndall.ac.uk/communication/news-archive/2013/radical-emissions-reduction-conference-videos-now-online |date=2017-03-24 }} on-line.</ref>{{Update inline|date=April 2020|reason=}} ===Sources of greenhouse gas emissions=== {{Pie chart | thumb =right | caption =''GHG emissions 2018''<br>without land-use change<br>using 100 year GWP<ref name="Trends">{{harvnb|Olivier|Peters|2020|p=4}}</ref> | label1 ={{CO2}} by fossil fuel | value1 =72 | color1 =black | label2 =CH₄ methane | color2 =brown | value2 =19 | label3 ={{chem|N|2|O}} nitrous oxide | value3 =6 | color3 =grey | label4 =Fluorinated gases | value4 =3 | color4 =blue }} {{Pie chart | thumb =right | caption ={{CO2}} emissions by fuel type<ref name="gcb">{{harvnb|Global Carbon Budget|2019}}</ref> | label1 =coal | value1 =40 | color1 =#602200 | label2 =oil | value2 =34 | color2 =#333333 | label3 =gas | value3 =21 | color3 =#888800 | label4 =cement | value4 =4 | color4 =#888888 | label5 =flaring | value5 =1 | color5 =#000050 }} With the [[Kyoto Protocol]], the reduction of almost all anthropogenic greenhouse gases has been addressed.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Economics of the Kyoto Protocol |author=Grubb, M. |date=July–September 2003 |journal=World Economics |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=146–47 |url=http://www.econ.cam.ac.uk/rstaff/grubb/publications/J36.pdf |accessdate=2010-03-25 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717152152/http://www.econ.cam.ac.uk/rstaff/grubb/publications/J36.pdf |archivedate=2011-07-17 }}</ref> These gases are CO₂, [[methane]] (CH₄), [[nitrous oxide]] (N₂O) and [[fluorinated gases]] (F-Gases): the [[halocarbon|hydrofluorocarbons]] (HFC), perfluorocarbons (PFC), and [[sulfur hexafluoride]] (SF₆). Their [[global warming potential]] (GWP) depends on their lifetime in the atmosphere. Methane has a relatively short atmospheric lifetime of about 12 years but a high immediate impact.<ref>{{cite web|title= Methane vs. Carbon Dioxide: A Greenhouse Gas Showdown|url= http://www.onegreenplanet.org/animalsandnature/methane-vs-carbon-dioxide-a-greenhouse-gas-showdown/|website= One Green Planet|date= 30 September 2014|accessdate= 2015-11-15}}</ref> For methane, a reduction of about 30% below current emission levels would lead to a stabilization in its atmospheric concentration, while for N₂O, an emissions reduction of more than 50% would be required.<ref name="meehl stabilizing ghg concentrations"/> Estatimatons largely depend on the ability of oceans and land sinks to absorb GHGs. The risk of feedback effects in global warming leads to high uncertainties in the determination of GWP values. ====Carbon dioxide ({{CO2}})==== * '''Fossil fuel''': [[oil]], [[gas]] and [[coal]] are the major driver of anthropogenic global warming with annual emissions of 34.6 Gt{{CO2}} in 2018.<ref name="gcb"/> * '''[[cement]]''' production is estimated 1.5 Gt{{CO2}}<ref name="gcb"/> * '''Land-use change''' (LUC) is the imbalance of [[deforestation]] and [[reforestation]]. Estimations are very uncertain at 3.8 Gt{{CO2}}<ref name="Trends"/>. [[Wildfire|Wildfires]] cause emissions of about 7 Gt{{CO2}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2020-fire-emissions/|title=Measuring the Carbon-Dioxide Cost of Last Year's Worldwide Wildfires|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|first1=Laura Millan|last1=Lombrana|first2=Hayley|last2=Warren|first3=Akshat|last3=Rathi|year=2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.globalfiredata.org/_plots/annual_emissions.pdf|title=Global fire annual emissions|publisher=Global Fire Emissions Database}} </ref> * '''[[Gas flare|Flaring]]''': In crude oil production vast amounts of associated gas are commonly flared as waste or unusable gas. ====Methane (CH₄)==== * '''Fossil fuel''' (33%) also accounts for most of the methane emissions including gas distribution, leakages and [[gas venting]].<ref name="Trends2">{{harvnb|Olivier|Peters|2020|p=12}}</ref> * '''Cattle''' (21%) account for two thirds of the methane emitted by livestock, followed by buffalo, sheep and goats<ref>{{harvnb|Olivier|Peters|2020|p=23}}</ref> * '''Human waste and waste water''' (21%): When biomass waste in landfills and organic substances in domestic and industrial waste water are decomposed by bacteria in anaerobic conditions, substantial amounts of methane are generated. <ref name="Trends2"/> * '''Rice cultivation''' (10%) on flooded rice fields is another agricultural source, where anaerobic decomposition of organic material produces methane. <ref name="Trends2"/> ====Nitrous oxide ({{chem|N|2|O}})==== * Most emissions by '''agriculture''', especially '''meat production''': cattle (droppings on pasture), fertilizers, animal manure<ref name="Trends2"/> ====F-Gases==== * Switchgear in the power sector, semi-conducture manufacture, aluminium production and a large unknown source of SF₆<ref>{{harvnb|Olivier|Peters|2020|p=38}}</ref> ===Projections=== Projections of future greenhouse gas emissions are highly uncertain.<ref>{{citation |title=Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007 |chapter=Ch 3: Issues related to mitigation in the long-term context |chapter-url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch3.html |author=Fisher, B.S. |at=[http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch3s3-1.html Sec 3.1 Emissions scenarios] |display-authors=etal}}, in {{harvnb|IPCC AR4 WG3|2007}}</ref> In the absence of policies to mitigate climate change, GHG emissions could rise significantly over the 21st century.<ref name="rogner article 2">{{citation |title=Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007 |author=Rogner, H.-H. |chapter=Ch 1: Introduction |at=[http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch1s1-3-2-4.html Sec 1.3.2.4 Total GHG emissions] |chapter-url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch1.html |display-authors=etal}}, in {{harvnb|IPCC AR4 WG3|2007|p=111}}</ref> Current scientific projections warn of a 4.5 degree temperature rise in decades. <ref name="Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene">{{cite journal |last1=Steffen |first1=Will |last2=Rockström |first2=Johan |last3=Richardson |first3=Katherine |last4=M. Lenton |first4=Timothy |last5=Folke |first5=Carl |last6=Liverman |first6=Diana |last7=P. Summerhayes |first7=Colin |last8=D. Barnosky |first8=Anthony |last9=E. Cornell |first9=Sarah |last10=Crucifix |first10=Michel |last11=F. Donges |first11=Jonathan |last12=Fetzer |first12=Ingo |last13=J. Lade |first13=Steven |last14=Scheffer |first14=Marten |last15=Winkelmann |first15=Ricarda |last16=Hans Joachim Schellnhuber |first16=Hans |title=Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=115 |issue=33 |pages=8252–8259 |date=August 6, 2018 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1810141115 |pmid=30082409 |pmc=6099852 |bibcode=2018PNAS..115.8252S }}</ref> ===Methods and means=== {{quote box|quote=We cannot be radical enough in dealing with those issues that face us at the moment. The question is what is practically possible.|author=[[David Attenborough]]|source=in testimony to the UK [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] [[Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Committee]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/video/2019/jul/09/we-cannot-be-radical-enough-david-attenborough-climate-emergency-video |title='We cannot be radical enough': Attenborough on climate crisis action |date=2019-07-09 |language=en-GB |access-date=2019-09-02 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>}} As the cost of reducing GHG emissions in the [[electricity]] sector appears to be lower than in other sectors, such as in the [[transportation]] sector, the electricity sector may deliver the largest proportional carbon reductions under an economically efficient climate policy.<ref name=issues>[http://www.issues.org/23.3/apt.html Issues in Science] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927013232/http://www.issues.org/23.3/apt.html |date=2013-09-27 }} & Technology Online; "Promoting Low-Carbon Electricity Production"</ref> Economic tools can be useful in designing climate change mitigation policies.<ref name="AR5-WG3-Chap3"> {{citation |chapter=Social, Economic, and Ethical Concepts and Methods, Executive Summary |title=Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change |chapter-url=http://ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg3/ipcc_wg3_ar5_chapter3.pdf}}, in {{harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG3|2014|p=211}} </ref> Abolishing fossil fuel subsidies is very important but must be done carefully to avoid making poor people poorer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iisd.org/blog/lesson-ecuador-fossil-fuel-subsidies|title=How Reforming Fossil Fuel Subsidies Can Go Wrong: A lesson from Ecuador|website=IISD|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11}}</ref> Other frequently discussed means include efficiency, public transport, increasing [[fuel economy in automobiles]] (which includes the use of [[hybrid vehicle|electric hybrids]]), charging [[plug-in hybrid]]s and [[electric car]]s by [[low-carbon power|low-carbon electricity]], making [[individual and political action on climate change|individual changes]],<ref>{{citation |chapter=Sec 4.3 Mitigation options |title=Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report |chapter-url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/mains4-3.html }}, in {{harvnb|IPCC AR4 SYR|2007}}</ref> and [[business action on climate change|changing business practices]]. Replacing gasoline and diesel vehicles with electric means their emissions would be displaced away from street level, where they cause illness. Another consideration is how future [[socioeconomic development]] proceeds.<ref>{{citation |title=Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007 |chapter=Ch 12: Sustainable Development and mitigation |chapter-url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch12.html |author=Sathaye, J. |at=[http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch12s12-2-1-1.html Sec 12.2.1.1 Development paths as well as climate policies determine GHG emissions] |display-authors=etal |access-date=2020-07-06 |archive-date=2018-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807221827/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch12.html |url-status=dead }}, in {{harvnb|IPCC AR4 WG3|2007|pp=701–703}}</ref> ==Fossil fuel substitution== {{main|Fossil fuel phase-out}} As most greenhouse gas emissions are due to fossil fuels, rapidly phasing out oil, gas and coal is critical.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/07/business/energy-environment/climate-energy-experts-debate.html|title=Climate and Energy Experts Debate How to Respond to a Warming World|last=Times|first=The New York|date=2019-10-07|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-10|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The incentive to use [[100% renewable energy]] has been created by global warming and other ecological as well as economic concerns.<ref name=pg11>{{cite web |url=http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/04/100-percent-renewable-vision-building?amp;buffer_share=fdc06 |title=100 Percent Renewable Vision Building |author=Paul Gipe |date=4 April 2013 |website=Renewable Energy World}}</ref> According to the IPCC, there are few fundamental technological limits to integrating a portfolio of renewable energy technologies to meet most of total global energy demand.<ref name="IPCC 2011 17">{{cite web|url=http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report/IPCC_SRREN_SPM.pdf |title=Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation |author=IPCC |year=2011 |website=Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY|page=17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111081913/http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report/IPCC_SRREN_SPM.pdf |archivedate=2014-01-11 }}</ref> The global [[primary energy]] demand was 161,320 TWh in 2018.<ref name="IEA GECO">{{harvnb|Global Energy & CO2 Status Report|2019}}</ref> This refers to electricity, transport and heating including all losses. The primary energy demand in a low-carbon economy is difficult to determine. In transport and electricity production, fossil fuel usage has a low efficiency of less than 50%. Motors of vehicles produce a lot of heat which is wasted. Electrification of all sectors and switching to renewable energy can lower the primary energy demand significantly. On the other hand, storage requirements and reconversion to electricity lower the efficiency of renewable energy. In 2018, biomass and waste was listed with a share of 10% of primary energy, hydro power with 3%. Wind, solar energy and other renewables were at 2%.<ref name="IEA GECO"/> ===Low-carbon energy sources=== {{See also|Low-carbon economy|Renewable energy|Renewable energy commercialization|Renewable energy debate|Emission intensity#Energy sources emission intensity per unit of energy generated}} Wind and sun can be sources for large amounts of low-carbon energy at competitive production costs. Solar PV module prices fell by around 80% in the 2010s, and wind turbine prices by 30–40%.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.irena.org/costs |title = Costs (of renewable energy)|accessdate=27 March 2020}}</ref> But even in combination, generation of [[variable renewable energy]] fluctuates a lot. This can be tackled by extending [[super grid|grids]] over large areas with a sufficient capacity or by using [[energy storage]]. According to the [[International Renewable Energy Agency]] (IRENA), the deployment of [[renewable energy]] would have to be accelerated six-fold though to stay under the 2 °C target. <ref>{{cite web|title=Global Energy Transformation: A Roadmap to 2050 (2019 edition)|url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Apr/IRENA_Global_Energy_Transformation_2019.pdf|publisher=IRENA|accessdate=29 January 2020}}</ref> [[Load management]] of industrial energy consumption can help to balance the production of renewable energy production and its demand. Electricity production by [[biogas]] and [[hydro power]] can [[Load following power plant|follow the energy demand]]. ====Solar energy==== {{main|Solar energy}} [[File:12-05-08 AS1.JPG|thumb|right|The 150 MW [[Andasol solar power station]] is a commercial [[parabolic trough]] [[solar thermal]] power plant, located in [[Renewable energy in Spain|Spain]]. The Andasol plant uses tanks of molten salt to store solar energy so that it can continue generating electricity for 7.5 hours after the sun has stopped shining.<ref>{{cite journal |url= |title=Saving for a rainy day |author=Edwin Cartlidge |date=18 November 2011 |journal=Science |volume=334 |issue=6058 |pages=922–24|doi=10.1126/science.334.6058.922 |pmid=22096185 |bibcode=2011Sci...334..922C }}</ref>]] *Solar [[photovoltaics]] has become the cheapest way to produce electric energy in many regions of the world, with production costs down to 0.015 - 0.02 US$/KWh in desert regions.<ref>{{cite press release|title=KAHRAMAA and Siraj Energy Sign Agreements for Al-Kharsaah Solar PV Power Plant |url=https://www.km.qa/MediaCenter/pages/NewsDetails.aspx?ItemID=327 |publisher=Qatar General Electricity & Water Corporation “KAHRAMAA” |accessdate=26 January 2020}}</ref> The [[growth of photovoltaics]] is exponential and has doubled every three years since the 1990s. *A different technology is [[concentrated solar power]] (CSP) using mirrors or lenses to concentrate a large area of sunlight onto a receiver. With CSP, the energy can be saved up for a few hours. Prices in Chile are expected to fall below 0.05 US$/KWh in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|title=Solar Thermal could fall to 45 Euros in 2020|url=http://helioscsp.com/the-solar-thermal-could-fall-to-45-euros-mwh-in-2020-for-some-concentrated-solar-power-projects|publisher=HeliosCSP|accessdate=24 March 2020}}</ref> *[[Solar water heating]] makes an important and growing contribution in many countries, most notably in China, which now has 70 percent of the global total (180 GWth).{{Citation needed|date=February 2020}} Worldwide, total installed solar water heating systems meet a portion of the water heating needs of over 70 million households.{{Citation needed|date=February 2020}} ====Wind power==== {{main|wind power}} [[File:Shepherds Flat Wind Farm 2011.jpg|thumb |The [[Shepherds Flat Wind Farm]] is an 845 [[megawatt]] (MW) [[nameplate capacity]], wind farm in the US state of [[Oregon]], each turbine is a nameplate 2 or 2.5 MW electricity generator.]] Regions in the higher northern and southern latitudes have the highest potential for wind power.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://science.globalwindatlas.info/datasets.html|title=Global Wind Atlas|publisher=DTU Technical University of Denmark|accessdate=28 March 2020}}</ref> Installed capacity has reached 650 GW in 2019. [[Offshore wind power]] currently has a share of about 10% of new installations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gwec.net/global-wind-report-2019/|title=Golbal Wind Report 2019|date=19 March 2020|publisher=Global Wind Energy Council|accessdate=28 March 2020}}</ref> Offshore [[wind farms]] are more expensive but the units deliver more energy per installed capacity with less fluctuations. ====Hydro Power==== {{main|Hydropower}} [[File:ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg|thumb |The 22,500 [[megawatt|MW]] [[nameplate capacity]] [[Three Gorges Dam]] in the [[People's Republic of China]], the largest hydroelectric power station in the world.]] [[Hydroelectricity]] plays a leading role in countries like Brazil, Norway and China:<ref name="BP">{{cite web|url=https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2019-full-report.pdf|title=BP Statistical Review 2019|accessdate=28 March 2020}}</ref> but there are geographical limits and environmental issues.<ref>{{cite web|title=Large hydropower dams not sustainable in the developing world|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-46098118 |publisher=BBC|accessdate= 27 March 2020}}</ref> [[Tidal power]] can be used in coastal regions. ====Bioenergy==== {{main|Biomass}} [[Biogas]] plants can provide [[Dispatchable generation|dispatchable electricity generation]], and heat when needed.<ref>{{cite web|title=From baseload to peak|url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2015/IRENA_Baseload_to_Peak_2015.pdf|publisher=IRENA|accessdate=27 March 2020}}</ref> A common concept is the co-fermentation of energy crops mixed with manure in agriculture. Burning plant-derived [[biomass]] releases {{CO2}}, but it has still been classified as a renewable energy source in the EU and UN legal frameworks because photosynthesis cycles the {{CO2}} back into new crops. How a fuel is produced, transported and processed has a significant impact on lifecycle emissions. Transporting fuels over long distances and excessive use of nitrogen fertilisers can reduce the emissions savings made by the same fuel compared to natural gas by between 15 and 50 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|title=Biomass - Carbon sink or carbon sinner|url=https://fcrn.org.uk/sites/default/files/Biomass__carbon_sink_or_carbon_sinner_summary_report.pdf|publisher=UK environment agency|accessdate=27 March 2020}}</ref> Renewable [[biofuel]]s are starting to be used in aviation. ====Nuclear power==== In most 1.5 °C pathways [[nuclear power]] increases its share.<ref>{{Harvnb|IPCC SR15 Ch2|2018|p=131}}</ref> The main{{Citation needed|date=April 2020|reason=I thought new nuclear was supposed to be flexible}} advantage is the ability to deliver large amounts of base load. It has been repeatedly classified as a climate change mitigation technology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ramp up nuclear power to beat climate change, says UN nuclear chief|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/10/1048732|publisher=UN|accessdate=1 February 2020}}</ref> On the other hand, nuclear power comes with environmental risks which could outweigh the benefits. Apart from [[Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents|nuclear accidents]], the disposal of [[radioactive waste]] can cause damage and costs [[radioactive waste#Fuel_composition_and_long_term_radioactivity|over more than one million years]]. Separated [[plutonium]] could be used for nuclear weapons. <ref>{{cite web|title=Nuclear Reprocessing: Dangerous, Dirty, and Expensive|url=https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/nuclear-reprocessing-dangerous-dirty-and-expensive|publisher=Union of Concerned Scientists|accessdate=26 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Is nuclear power the answer to climate change?|url=https://wiseinternational.org/nuclear-energy/nuclear-power-answer-climate-change|publisher=World Information Service on Energy|accessdate=1 February 2020}}</ref> Public opinion about nuclear power varies widely between countries.<ref>{{harvnb|Gallup International|2011|pp=9–10}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Ipsos|2011|p=4}}</ref> {{As of|2019}} the cost of extending [[nuclear power]] plant lifetimes is competitive with other electricity generation technologies, including new solar and wind projects.<ref name=IEA2019>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2019/may/steep-decline-in-nuclear-power-would-threaten-energy-security-and-climate-goals.html|title=May: Steep decline in nuclear power would threaten energy security and climate goals|website=www.iea.org|access-date=2019-07-08}}</ref> New projects are reported to be highly dependent on public subsidies.<ref>{{cite report|title=It's Official: The United Kingdom is to subsidize nuclear power, but at what cost? |url=https://www.iisd.org/library/its-official-united-kingdom-subsidize-nuclear-power-what-cost|publisher=[[International Institute for Sustainable Development]]|accessdate=29 March 2020}}</ref> [[Nuclear fusion]] research, in the form of the [[International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor]] is underway but fusion is not likely to be commercially widespread before 2050.<ref name="ITERorg">{{cite web |website=The ITER Project |title=Beyond ITER |publisher=Information Services, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory |url=http://www.iter.org/Future-beyond.htm |accessdate=5 February 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107220145/http://www.iter.org/Future-beyond.htm |archivedate=7 November 2006}} – Projected fusion power timeline</ref> ====Carbon neutral and negative fuels==== Fossil fuel may be phased-out with [[carbon-neutral fuel|carbon-neutral and carbon-negative]] pipeline and transportation fuels created with [[power to gas]] and [[gas to liquids]] technologies.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dodge|first1=Edward|title=Power-to-Gas Enables Massive Energy Storage|url=http://theenergycollective.com/ed-dodge/2166976/power-gas-enables-massive-energy-storage|website=TheEnergyCollective.com|accessdate=25 May 2015|date=December 6, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Scott|first1=Mark|title=Energy for a Rainy Day, or a Windless One|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/08/business/energy-for-a-rainy-day-or-a-windless-one.html|accessdate=26 May 2015|work=New York Times|date=October 7, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Randall|first1=Tom|title=Seven Reasons Cheap Oil Can't Stop Renewables Now|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-01-30/seven-reasons-cheap-oil-can-t-stop-renewables-now|accessdate=26 May 2015|work=BloombergBusiness|agency=Bloomberg L.P.|date=January 30, 2015}}</ref> ====Natural gas==== Natural gas, which is mostly [[methane]], is viewed as a bridge fuel since it produces about [[emission intensity|half as much]] {{CO2}} as burning coal.<ref name="IPCC Annex II">Moomaw, W., P. Burgherr, G. Heath, M. Lenzen, J. Nyboer, A. Verbruggen, [http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report/IPCC_SRREN_Annex_II.pdf 2011: Annex II: Methodology. In IPCC: Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (ref. page 10)]</ref> Gas-fired power plants can provide the required flexibility in electricity production in combination wind and solar energy.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bertsch |first1=Joachim |last2=Growitsch |first2=Christian |last3=Lorenczik |first3=Stefan |last4=Nagl |first4=Stephan |title=Flexibility options in European electricity markets in high RES-E scenarios |url=https://www.ewi.uni-koeln.de/cms/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Flexibility_options_in_the_European_electricity_markets.pdf |publisher=University of Cologne |year=2012|accessdate=29 March 2020}}</ref> But methane is itself a potent greenhouse gas, and it currently leaks from production wells, storage tanks, pipelines, and urban distribution pipes for natural gas.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://news.mit.edu/2019/role-natural-gas-transition-electricity-1216|title=The uncertain role of natural gas in the transition to clean energy|publisher=MIT News Office|year=2019}}</ref> In a low-carbon scenario, gas-fueled power plants could still continue operation if methane was produced using [[power-to-gas]] technology with renewable energy sources. ===Energy storage=== {{Main|Energy storage}} {{See also|Hydrogen economy}} Wind energy and photovoltaics can deliver large amounts of electric energy but not at any time and place. One approach is the conversation into storable forms of energy. This generally leads to losses in efficiency. A study by [[Imperial College London]] calculated the lowest levelised cost of different systems for mid-term and seasonal storage. In 2020, [[Pumped-storage hydroelectricity|pumped hydro]] (PHES), [[Compressed-air energy storage|compressed air]] (CAES) and [[Lithium-ion battery|Li-on batteries]] are most cost effective depending on charging rhythm. For 2040, a more significant role for Li-on and hydrogen is projected.<ref>{{harvnb|Schmidt|Melchior|Hawkes|Staffell|2019}}</ref> *[[Lithium-ion battery|Li-on batteries]] are widely used in [[battery storage power station]]s and, {{as of|2020|lc=y}}, are starting to be used in [[vehicle-to-grid]] storage.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-volkswagen-electric-energy-idUSKBN20Z2D5|title=Volkswagen plans to tap electric car batteries to compete with power firms|date=2020-03-12|work=Reuters|access-date=2020-04-07|language=en}}</ref> They provide a sufficient round-trip efficiency of 75-90&nbsp;%.<ref name="Pellow">{{harvnb|Pellow et al.|2015}}</ref> However their production can cause environmental problems.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/lithium-batteries-environment-impact|title=The spiralling environmental cost of our lithium battery addiction|publisher=WIRED|accessdate=26 January 2020}}</ref> * [[Hydrogen]] may be useful for [[seasonal energy storage]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oilprice.com/Alternative-Energy/Fuel-Cells/Is-Green-Hydrogen-The-Future-Of-Energy-Storage.html|title=Is Green Hydrogen The Future Of Energy Storage?|website=OilPrice.com|language=en|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref> The low efficiency of 30% must improve dramatically before hydrogen storage can offer the same overall energy efficiency as batteries.<ref name="Pellow"/> For the electricity grid a German study estimated high costs of 0.176 €/KWh for reconversion concluding that substituting the electricity grid expansion entirely with hydrogen reconversion systems does not make sense from an economic standpoint.<ref>{{harvnb|Welder et al.|2019}}</ref> The concept of solar hydrogen is discussed for remote desert projects where grid connections to demand centers are not available.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.solarpowereurope.org/blog-solar-and-hydrogen/|title=Solar + Hydrogen: The perfect match for a Paris-compatible hydrogen strategy?|last1=Beauvais|first1=Aurélie|publisher=Solar Power Europe|date=13 November 2019}}</ref> Because it has more energy per unit volume sometimes it may be better to use hydrogen in [[ammonia]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/2014e53c-531f-11ea-a1ef-da1721a0541e|title=Ammonia flagged as green shipping fuel of the future|date=30 March 2020|publisher=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref> ===Super grids=== {{Main|Super grid}} Long distance power lines help to minimize storage requirements. A large network can smoothen variations of wind energy. With a global grid, even photovoltaics could be available all day and night. The strongest [[High-voltage direct current]] (HVDC) connections are quoted with losses of only 1.6% per 1000 km<ref>{{cite web|title=UHV Grid|url=https://en.geidco.org/aboutgei/uhv/|publisher=Global Energy Interconnection (GEIDCO)|accessdate=26 January 2020}}</ref> HVDC is currently only used for point-to-point connections. China has built many HVDC connections within the country and supports the idea of a global, intercontinental grid as a backbone system for the existing national [[alternating current|AC]] grids. <ref>{{cite web|title=GEIDCO development strategy|url=https://en.geidco.org/aboutgei/strategy/|publisher=Global Energy Interconnection (GEIDCO)|accessdate=26 January 2020|archive-date=1 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201182523/https://en.geidco.org/aboutgei/strategy/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A super grid in the USA in combination with renewable energy could reduce GHG emissions by 80%. <ref>{{cite web|title=North American Supergrid|url=http://climate.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/supergrid_9_2019.pdf|publisher=Climate Institute (USA)|accessdate=26 January 2020}}</ref> ===Smart grid and load management=== {{Main|Smart grid|Load management}} Instead of expanding grids and storage for more power, there are a variety of ways to affect the size and timing of electricity demand on the consumer side. Identifying and shifting electrical loads can reduce power bills by taking advantage of lower off-peak rates and flatten demand peaks. Traditionally, the energy system has treated consumer demand as fixed and used centralised supply options to manage variable demand. Now, better data systems and emerging onsite storageand generation technologies can combine with advanced, automated demand control software to pro-actively manage demand and respond to energy market prices.<ref>{{cite web|title=Renewable Energy and Load Management|url=https://arena.gov.au/assets/2018/10/REALM-Industry-Report_public_FINAL.pdf|publisher=UTS University of Technology Sydney|accessdate=28 March 2020}}</ref> [[Net energy metering#Time of use metering|Time of use]] metering is a common way to motivate electricity users to reduce their peak load consumption. For instance, running dishwashers and laundry at night after the peak has passed, reduces electricity costs. [[Dynamic demand]] plans have devices passively shut off when stress is sensed on the electrical grid. This method may work very well with thermostats, when power on the grid sags a small amount, a low power temperature setting is automatically selected reducing the load on the grid. For instance millions of refrigerators reduce their consumption when clouds pass over solar installations. Consumers need to have a [[smart meter]] in order for the utility to calculate credits. [[Demand response]] devices can receive all sorts of messages from the grid. The message could be a request to use a low power mode similar to dynamic demand, to shut off entirely during a sudden failure on the grid, or notifications about the current and expected prices for power. This allows electric cars to recharge at the least expensive rates independent of the time of day. [[Vehicle-to-grid]] uses a car's battery or fuel cell to supply the grid temporarily. ===Decarbonization of transport=== [[File:Societe de transport de Montreal bus 36-902 - 08.jpg|thumb|[[Electric bus]] in [[Montreal]]]] {{Main|Electrification|Electric vehicle}}Between a quarter and three-quarters of cars on the road by 2050 are forecast to be electric.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhp.com/media-and-insights/prospects/2019/05/the-electrification-of-transport-episode-one|title=The electrification of transport: episode one|website=BHP|language=en|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref> [[Hydrogen]] can be a solution for long-distance transport by trucks and [[hydrogen-powered ship]]s where batteries alone are too heavy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/story/want-electric-ships-build-a-better-battery/|title=Want Electric Ships? Build a Better Battery|work=Wired|access-date=2020-04-07|language=en|issn=1059-1028}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalmaritimeforum.org/news/the-scale-of-investment-needed-to-decarbonize-international-shipping|title=The scale of investment needed to decarbonize international shipping|website=www.globalmaritimeforum.org|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref> Passenger cars using hydrogen are already produced in small numbers. While being more expensive than battery powered cars, they can refuel much faster, offering higher ranges up to 700 km.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://h2.live/en|publisher=H2 mobility|title=Filling up with H2|accessdate=5 April 2020}}</ref> The main disadvantage of hydrogen is the low efficiency of only 30%. When used for vehicles, more than twice as much energy is needed compared to a battery powered electric car. <ref name="vw hydrogen">{{harvnb|Volkswagen AG: Hydrogen or battery|2019}}</ref> Although [[aviation biofuel]] is used somewhat, {{as of|2019||lc=y}} decarbonisation of aviation by 2050 is claimed to be "really difficult".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurocontrol.int/publication/aviation-network-decarbonisation-issues|title=The aviation network - Decarbonisation issues|website=www.eurocontrol.int|language=en|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref> ===Decarbonization of heating=== {{See also|Electric heating}} The buildings sector accounts for 23% of global energy-related CO2 emissions<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC SR15 Ch2|2018|p=141}}</ref> About half of the energy is used for space and water heating.<ref>{{harvnb|IEA ETP Buildings|2017}}</ref> A combination of electric heat pumps and building insolation can reduce the primary energy demand significantly. Generally, electrification of heating would only reduce GHG emissions if the electric power comes from low-carbon sources. A fossil-fuel power station may only deliver 3 units of electrical energy for every 10 units of fuel energy released. Electrifying heating loads may also provide a flexible resource that can participate in [[demand response]] to integrate variable renewable resources into the grid. ====Heat pump==== {{Main|Heat pump}} [[File:Outunit of heat pump.jpg|thumb|upright|Outside unit of an air-source heat pump]] A modern heat pump typically produces around three times more thermal energy than electrical energy consumed, giving an effective efficiency of 300%, depending on the [[coefficient of performance]]. It uses an electrically driven compressor to operate a [[heat pump and refrigeration cycle|refrigeration cycle]] that extracts heat energy from outdoor air and moves that heat to the space to be warmed. In the summer months, the cycle can be reversed for [[air conditioner|air conditioning]]. In areas with average winter temperatures well below freezing, ground source heat pumps are more efficient than air-source heat pumps. The high purchase price of a heat pump compared to resistance heaters may be offset when air conditioning is also needed. With a market share of 30% and clean electricity, heat pumps could reduce global {{CO2}} emissions by 8% annually.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Staffell Iain|display-authors=et al |year= 2012 |title= A review of domestic heat pumps |url= |journal= [[Energy and Environmental Science]] |volume= 5 |issue= 11 |pages= 9291–9306 |doi= 10.1039/c2ee22653g}}</ref> Using ground source heat pumps could reduce around 60% of the [[primary energy]] demand and 90% of {{CO2}} emissions of natural gas boilers in Europe in 2050 and make handling high shares of renewable energy easier.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Carvalho |display-authors=et al |year= 2015 |title= Ground source heat pump carbon emissions and primary energy reduction potential for heating in buildings in Europe—results of a case study in Portugal |url= |journal= [[Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews]] |volume= 45 |issue= |pages= 755–768 |doi= 10.1016/j.rser.2015.02.034}}</ref> Using surplus renewable energy in heat pumps is regarded as the most effective household means to reduce global warming and fossil fuel depletion.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Sternberg André, Bardow André |year= 2015 |title= Power-to-What? – Environmental assessment of energy storage systems |url= |journal= [[Energy and Environmental Science]] |volume= 8 |issue= 2 |pages= 389–400 |doi= 10.1039/c4ee03051f}}</ref> ====Electric resistant heating==== [[radiant heating|Radiant heaters]] in households are cheap and wide-spread but less efficient than heat pumps. In areas like Norway, [[Brazil]], and [[Quebec]] that have abundant hydroelectricity, electric heat and hot water are common. Large scale hot water tanks can be used for demand-side management and store variable renewable energy over hours or days. ==Energy conservation== Reducing energy use is seen as a key solution to the problem of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. According to the [[International Energy Agency]], improved energy efficiency in [[energy-efficient buildings|buildings]], industrial processes and [[sustainable transportation|transportation]] could reduce the world's energy needs in 2050 by one third, and help control global emissions of greenhouse gases.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sophie Hebden |url=http://www.scidev.net/News/index.cfm?fuseaction=readNews&itemid=2929&language=1 |title=Invest in clean technology says IEA report |publisher=Scidev.net |date=2006-06-22 |accessdate=2010-07-16}}</ref> ===Energy efficiency=== {{Main|Efficient energy use|Energy conservation}} Efficiency covers a wide range of means from [[building insulation]] to [[public transport]]. The [[cogeneration]] of electric energy and [[district heat]] also improves efficiency. ===Lifestyle and behavior=== The [[IPCC]] [[IPCC Fifth Assessment Report|Fifth Assessment Report]] emphasises that behaviour, lifestyle, and cultural change have a high mitigation potential in some sectors, particularly when complementing technological and structural change.<ref name="edenhofer-etal-2014">{{cite book |first1= Ottmar | last1= Edenhofer |first2= Ramón | last2= Pichs-Madruga |display-authors= etal |editor= IPCC |year= 2014 |title= Climate change 2014: mitigation of climate change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |chapter= Summary for Policymakers |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |place= Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA |isbn= 978-1-107-65481-5 |chapter-url= http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg3/ipcc_wg3_ar5_full.pdf |access-date= 2016-06-21 }}</ref>{{rp|20}} Examples would be heating a room less or driving less. In general, higher consumption lifestyles have a greater environmental impact. Several scientific studies have shown that when relatively rich people wish to reduce their carbon footprint, there are a few key actions they can take such as living [[car-free movement|car-free]] (2.4 tonnes CO₂), avoiding one round-trip transatlantic flight (1.6 tonnes) and eating a [[plant-based diet]] (0.8 tonnes).<ref name=Wynes-Nicholas-2017>{{cite journal |title= The climate mitigation gap: education and government recommendations miss the most effective individual actions |journal= Environmental Research Letters |first1= Seth |last1= Wynes |first2= Kimberly A |last2= Nicholas |date= 12 July 2017 |volume= 12 |page= 074024 |number= 7 |doi= 10.1088/1748-9326/aa7541 |bibcode= 2017ERL....12g4024W|doi-access= free }}</ref> These appear to differ significantly from the popular advice for "greening" one's lifestyle, which seem to fall mostly into the "low-impact" category: Replacing a typical car with a hybrid (0.52 tonnes); Washing clothes in cold water (0.25 tonnes); Recycling (0.21 tonnes); Upgrading light bulbs (0.10 tonnes); etc. The researchers found that public discourse on reducing one's carbon footprint overwhelmingly focuses on low-impact behaviors, and that mention of the high-impact behaviors is almost non-existent in the mainstream media, government publications, school textbooks, etc.<ref name=Wynes-Nicholas-2017/><ref name=Ceballos-Ehrlich-2017-05>{{cite journal |last1=Ceballos|first1=Gerardo|last2=Ehrlich|first2=Paul P |last3=Dirzo|first3=Rodolfo|date=23 May 2017|title=Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]]|volume=114|issue=30|pages=E6089–E6096|quote=Much less frequently mentioned are, however, the ultimate drivers of those immediate causes of biotic destruction, namely, human overpopulation and continued population growth, and overconsumption, especially by the rich. These drivers, all of which trace to the fiction that perpetual growth can occur on a finite planet, are themselves increasing rapidly.|doi=10.1073/pnas.1704949114|pmid=28696295|pmc=5544311}}</ref><ref name="PimmJenkins">{{cite journal |last1=Pimm |first1=S. L. |last2=Jenkins |first2=C. N. |last3=Abell |first3=R. |last4=Brooks|first4=T. M. |last5= Gittleman|first5=J. L. |last6= Joppa |first6=L. N. |last7=Raven|first7=P. H. |last8=Roberts |first8=C. M.|last9= Sexton |first9=J. O.|date=30 May 2014 |title=The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection |url=http://static.squarespace.com/static/51b078a6e4b0e8d244dd9620/t/538797c3e4b07a163543ea0f/1401395139381/Pimm+et+al.+2014.pdf|journal= [[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume= 344|issue=6187|page= 1246752|doi=10.1126/science.1246752 |access-date= 15 December 2016|quote=The overarching driver of species extinction is human population growth and increasing per capita consumption. |pmid=24876501}}</ref> Scientists also argue that piecemeal behavioural changes like re-using plastic bags are not a proportionate response to climate change. Though being beneficial, these debates would drive public focus away from the requirement for an energy system change of unprecedented scale to decarbonise rapidly.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Corner |first1=Adam |title='Every little helps' is a dangerous mantra for climate change |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/plastic-bags-climate-change-every-little-helps |accessdate=31 March 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=13 December 2013}}</ref> ====Dietary change==== {{See also|Low-carbon diet}} Overall, food accounts for the largest share of consumption-based GHG emissions with nearly 20% of the global carbon footprint, followed by housing, mobility, services, manufactured products, and construction. Food and services are more significant in poor countries, while mobility and manufactured goods are more significant in rich countries.<ref name="fleurbaey-etal-2014">{{cite book |first1= Marc | last1= Fleurbaey |first2= Sivan | last2= Kartha |display-authors= etal |editor= IPCC |year= 2014 |title= Climate change 2014: mitigation of climate change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |chapter= Chapter 4: Sustainable Development and Equity |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |place= Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA |isbn= 978-1-107-65481-5 |chapter-url= http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg3/ipcc_wg3_ar5_full.pdf |access-date= 2016-06-21 }}</ref>{{rp|327}} The widespread adoption of a vegetarian diet could cut food-related greenhouse gas emissions by 63% by 2050.<ref name="harvey-2016">{{cite news |last1= Harvey | first1= Fiona |title= Eat less meat to avoid dangerous global warming, scientists say |url= https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/mar/21/eat-less-meat-vegetarianism-dangerous-global-warming |access-date= 2016-06-20 |work= The Guardian |date= 21 March 2016 }}</ref> China introduced new dietary guidelines in 2016 which aim to cut meat consumption by 50% and thereby reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 1{{nbsp}}billion tonnes by 2030.<ref name="milman-2016">{{cite news |last1= Milman | first1= Oliver |title= China's plan to cut meat consumption by 50% cheered by climate campaigners |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/20/chinas-meat-consumption-climate-change |access-date= 2016-06-20 |work= The Guardian |date= 20 June 2016 }}</ref> A 2016 study concluded that taxes on meat and milk could simultaneously result in reduced greenhouse gas emissions and healthier diets. The study analyzed surcharges of 40% on beef and 20% on milk and suggests that an optimum plan would reduce emissions by 1{{nbsp}}billion tonnes per year.<ref name="carrington-2016">{{cite news |last= Carrington | first= Damian |title= Tax meat and dairy to cut emissions and save lives, study urges |date= 7 November 2016 |work= The Guardian |location= London, United Kingdom |issn= 0261-3077 |url= https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/nov/07/tax-meat-and-dairy-to-cut-emissions-and-save-lives-study-urges |access-date= 2016-11-07 }}</ref><ref name="springmann-etal-2016">{{cite journal |last1= Springmann | first1= Marco |last2= Mason-D'Croz | first2= Daniel |last3= Robinson | first3= Sherman |last4= Wiebe | first4= Keith |last5= Godfray | first5= H Charles J |last6= Rayner | first6= Mike |last7= Scarborough | first7= Peter | s2cid= 88921469 |title= Mitigation potential and global health impacts from emissions pricing of food commodities |date= 7 November 2016 |journal= Nature Climate Change |volume =7 | issue= 1 |page =69 |doi= 10.1038/nclimate3155 |issn= 1758-678X |bibcode= 2017NatCC...7...69S}}</ref> ==Carbon sinks and removal== {{Main|Carbon sink|Carbon dioxide removal}} A [[carbon sink]] is a natural or artificial reservoir that accumulates and stores some carbon-containing chemical compound for an indefinite period, such as a growing [[forest]]. [[Carbon dioxide removal]] on the other hand is a permanent removal of carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere. Examples are [[carbon capture and storage|direct air capture]], [[enhanced weathering]] technologies such as storing it in [[geologic sequestration of CO2|geologic formations]] underground and [[biochar]]. These processes are sometimes considered variations of sinks or mitigation,<ref>{{cite web |title=OECD Environmental Outlook to 2050, Climate Change Chapter, pre-release version |url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/32/53/49082173.pdf |publisher=[[OECD]] |year=2011 |accessdate=2012-04-23 }}</ref><ref name="IEA Technology Roadmap Carbon Capture and Storage 2009"> {{cite web |title=IEA Technology Roadmap Carbon Capture and Storage 2009 |url=https://www.iea.org/papers/2009/CCS_Roadmap.pdf |publisher=[[OECD]]/IEA |year=2009 |accessdate=2012-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204203455/http://www.iea.org/papers/2009/CCS_Roadmap.pdf |archive-date=2010-12-04 |url-status=dead }} </ref> and sometimes as geoengineering.<ref>{{cite web |title=Geoengineering the climate: science, governance and uncertainty |url=http://royalsociety.org/policy/publications/2009/geoengineering-climate/ |publisher=[[The Royal Society]] |year=2009 |accessdate=2012-04-23 }}</ref> In combination with other mitigation measures, carbon sinks and removal are crucial for meeting the 2 degree target.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sintef.no/en/latest-news/this-is-what-you-need-to-know-about-ccs-carbon-capture-and-storage/|title=This is what you need to know about CCS – Carbon Capture and Storage|website=SINTEF|language=en|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref> The Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre (ACE-CRC) notes that one third of humankind's annual emissions of {{CO2}} are absorbed by the oceans.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.acecrc.org.au/Research/Southern%20Ocean%20Carbon%20Sink |title=Archived copy |accessdate=July 21, 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811112807/http://www.acecrc.org.au/Research/Southern%20Ocean%20Carbon%20Sink |archivedate=August 11, 2013}}</ref> However, this also leads to [[ocean acidification]], which may harm marine life.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csiro.au/Outcomes/Climate/Understanding/ClimateChangeCO2inOceans.aspx |title=Archived copy |accessdate=July 21, 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514141655/http://www.csiro.au/Outcomes/Climate/Understanding/ClimateChangeCO2inOceans.aspx |archivedate=May 14, 2013}}</ref> Acidification lowers the level of carbonate ions available for calcifying organisms to form their shells. These organisms include plankton species that contribute to the foundation of the [[Southern Ocean]] food web. However acidification may impact on a broad range of other physiological and ecological processes, such as [[Ocean deoxygenation|fish respiration]], larval development and changes in the solubility of both nutrients and toxins.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.acecrc.org.au/Research/Ocean%20Acidification |title=Archived copy |accessdate=July 21, 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811132348/http://www.acecrc.org.au/Research/Ocean%20Acidification |archivedate=August 11, 2013}}</ref> ===Reforestation, avoided deforestation and afforestation=== [[File:Shennongjia virgin forest.jpg|thumb|Transferring [[land rights]] to indigenous inhabitants is argued to efficiently conserve forests.]] {{Main|Deforestation|Reforestation|Biosequestration}} {{See|Carbon_sequestration#Forestry}} According to research by Tom Crowther et al., there is still enough room to plant an additional 1.2 trillion trees. This amount of trees would cancel out the last 10 years of CO₂ emissions and sequester 160 billion tons of carbon.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ehrenberg|first=Rachel|title=Global count reaches 3 trillion trees|url=http://www.nature.com/news/global-count-reaches-3-trillion-trees-1.18287|journal=Nature News|language=en|doi=10.1038/nature.2015.18287}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/17/world/trillion-trees-climate-change-intl-scn/index.html|title=The most effective way to tackle climate change? Plant 1 trillion trees|first=Mark |last=Tutton|website=CNN|access-date=2020-02-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2019/06/we-have-room-to-add-35-more-trees-globally-to-store-160-billion-tons-of-co2.html|title=We Have Room to Add 35% More Trees Globally to Store 580-830 Billion Tons of CO2 – NextBigFuture.com|last=Wang|first=Brian|website=www.nextbigfuture.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.crowtherlab.com/|title=Home|website=Crowtherlab|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-13}}</ref>This vision is being executed by the [[Trillion Tree Campaign]]. According to research conducted at ETH Zurich, restoring all degraded forests all over the world could capture about 205 billion tons of carbon in total (which is about 2/3rd of all carbon emissions, bringing global warming down to below 2&nbsp;°C{{cn|date=November 2019}}).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/04/world/forests-capture-two-thirds-of-carbon-emissions-scn-intl/index.html|title=Restoring forests could capture two-thirds of the carbon humans have added to the atmosphere|first=Mark |last=Tutton|website=CNN|access-date=2020-02-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chazdon|first1=Robin|last2=Brancalion|first2=Pedro|date=2019-07-05|title=Restoring forests as a means to many ends|journal=Science|language=en|volume=365|issue=6448|pages=24–25|doi=10.1126/science.aax9539|issn=0036-8075|pmid=31273109|bibcode=2019Sci...365...24C}}</ref> other research has found large-sacle tree planting can do more harm than good.<ref>{{Cite news|last=McGrath|first=Matt|date=2020-06-22|title=Planting new forests 'can do more harm than good'|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-53138178|access-date=2020-06-23}}</ref> Almost 20 percent (8{{nbsp}}GtCO₂/year) of total greenhouse-gas emissions were from deforestation in 2007.{{Update inline|date=February 2020|reason=}} It is estimated that avoided deforestation reduces CO₂ emissions at a rate of 1{{nbsp}}tonne of CO₂ per $1–5 in [[opportunity costs]] from lost agriculture. [[Reforestation]] could save at least another 1{{nbsp}}GtCO₂/year, at an estimated cost of $5–15/tCO₂.<ref name="stern">Stern, N. (2006). ''Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change: Part III: The Economics of Stabilisation.'' HM Treasury, London: http://hm-treasury.gov.uk/sternreview_index.htm</ref> [[Afforestation]] is where there was previously no forest – such plantations are estimated to have to be prohibitively massive to reduce emissions by itself{{Clarify|reason=reduce emissions by itself? what does that mean here?|date=April 2020}}.<ref>Lena R. Boysen, Wolfgang Lucht, Dieter Gerten, Vera Heck, Timothy M. Lenton, Hans Joachim Schellnhuber. The limits to global-warming mitigation by terrestrial carbon removal. ''Earth's Future'', 2017; https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/05/170518104038.htm DOI: 10.1002/2016EF000469</ref> Transferring rights over land from public domain to its indigenous inhabitants, who have had a stake for millennia in preserving the forests that they depend on, is argued to be a cost-effective strategy to conserve forests.<ref name=Guardian1>{{cite news|url= https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/jul/22/india-follow-china-saving-forest-people-land-rights|title=India should follow China to find a way out of the woods on saving forest people|newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=2 November 2016|date=22 July 2016}}</ref> This includes the protection of such rights entitled in existing laws, such as India's [[The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006|Forest Rights Act]].<ref name=Guardian1/> The transferring of such rights in [[China]], perhaps the largest [[land reform]] in modern times, has been argued to have increased forest cover.<ref name=fp0718/><ref name=rightsandresources>{{cite web|url=http://rightsandresources.org/en/publication/view/chinas-forest-tenure-reforms-impacts-and-implications-for-choice-conservation-and-climate-change/|title=China's forest tenure reforms|publisher=rightsandresources.org |accessdate=7 August 2016}}</ref> Granting title of the land has shown to have two or three times less clearing than even state run parks, notably in the Brazilian Amazon.<ref name="ding-etal-2016-webpage">{{cite web |first1= Helen | last1= Ding |first2= Peter | last2= Veit |first3= Erin | last3= Gray |first4= Katie | last4= Reytar |first5= Juan-Carlos | last5= Altamirano |first6= Allen | last6= Blackman |first7= Benjamin | last7= Hodgdon |date= October 2016 |title= Climate benefits, tenure costs: The economic case for securing indigenous land rights in the Amazon |website= World Resources Institute (WRI) |location= Washington DC, USA |url= http://www.wri.org/publication/climate-benefits-tenure-costs |access-date= 2016-11-02 }}</ref><ref name="ding-etal-2016">{{cite book |first1= Helen | last1= Ding |first2= Peter G | last2= Veit |first3= Allen | last3= Blackman |first4= Erin | last4= Gray |first5= Katie | last5= Reytar |first6= Juan-Carlos | last6= Altamirano |first7= Benjamin | last7= Hodgdon |date= 2016 |title= Climate benefits, tenure costs: The economic case for securing indigenous land rights in the Amazon |publisher= World Resources Institute (WRI) |location= Washington DC, USA |isbn= 978-1-56973-894-8 |url= http://www.wri.org/sites/default/files/Climate_Benefits_Tenure_Costs.pdf |access-date= 2016-11-02 }}</ref> Excluding humans and even evicting inhabitants from protected areas (called "fortress conservation") often lead to more exploitation of the land as the native inhabitants then turn to work for extractive companies to survive.<ref name=fp0718>{{cite magazine|url= https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/07/16/how-conservation-became-colonialism-environment-indigenous-people-ecuador-mining/|title=How Conservation Became Colonialism|magazine=Foreign Policy |access-date=30 July 2018|date=16 July 2018}}</ref> With increased [[intensive agriculture]] and [[urbanization]], there is an increase in the amount of abandoned farmland. By some estimates, for every half a hectare of original [[old-growth forest]] cut down, more than 20 hectares of new [[secondary forest]]s are growing,{{cn|date=November 2019}} even though they do not have the same biodiversity as the original forests and original forests store 60% more carbon than these new secondary forests.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/30/science/earth/30forest.html?pagewanted=all|title=New Jungles Prompt a Debate on Rain Forests|newspaper=New York Times |accessdate=18 July 2016|date=29 January 2009}}</ref><ref>Young, E. (2008). ''IPCC Wrong On Logging Threat to Climate.'' New Scientist, August 5, 2008. Retrieved on August 18, 2008, from https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14466-ipcc-wrong-on-logging-threat-toclimate.html</ref> According to a study in ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'', promoting regrowth on abandoned farmland could offset years of carbon emissions.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/17/science/forests-carbon-dioxide.html?_r=1|title=In Latin America, Forests May Rise to Challenge of Carbon Dioxide|newspaper=New York Times |accessdate=18 July 2016|date=16 May 2016}}</ref> Research by the university ETH Zurich estimates that Russia, the United States and Canada have the most land suitable for reforestation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/05/climate/trees-forests-climate-change.html|title=Restoring Forests Could Help Put a Brake on Global Warming, Study Finds|last=Sengupta|first=Somini|date=2019-07-05|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-07-07|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>[https://cdn.website-editor.net/7b672694d0e642a28c4eb078a071e391/files/uploaded/The%2520Global%2520Tree%2520Restoration%2520Potential.pdf RESTORATION ECOLOGY:The global tree restoration potential] cdn.website-editor.net, 5 July 2019. Retrieved 9 August 2019.</ref> ===Avoided desertification=== Restoring grasslands stores CO₂ from the air in plant material. Grazing livestock, usually not left to wander, would eat the grass and would minimize any grass growth. However, grass left alone would eventually grow to cover its own growing buds, preventing them from photosynthesizing and the dying plant would stay in place.<ref name=Tlovell>{{cite news|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/environment/2011/01/lovell-carbon-ward-climate|title=How fences could save the planet|publisher=newstatesman.com|accessdate=May 5, 2013|date=January 13, 2011}}</ref> A method proposed to restore grasslands uses fences with many small paddocks and moving herds from one paddock to another after a day or two in order to mimic natural grazers and allowing the grass to grow optimally.<ref name=Tlovell/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.mongabay.com/2008/0221-soil_carbon_lovell_interview.html|title=Restoring soil carbon can reverse global warming, desertification and biodiversity|publisher=mongabay.com|accessdate=May 5, 2013|date=February 21, 2008|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130625040133/http://news.mongabay.com/2008/0221-soil_carbon_lovell_interview.html|archivedate=June 25, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1953692,00.html|title=How eating grass-fed beef could help fight climate change|publisher=time.com|accessdate=May 11, 2013|date=January 25, 2010|archive-date=August 17, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817083349/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1953692,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Additionally, when part of the leaf matter is consumed by an animal in the herd, a corresponding amount of root matter is sloughed off too as it would not be able to sustain the previous amount of root matter and while most of the lost root matter would rot and enter the atmosphere, part of the carbon is sequestered into the soil.<ref name=Tlovell/> It is estimated that increasing the carbon content of the soils in the world's 3.5 billion hectares of agricultural grassland by 1% would offset nearly 12 years of CO₂ emissions.<ref name=Tlovell/> [[Allan Savory]], as part of [[holistic management]], claims that while large herds are often blamed for [[desertification]], prehistoric lands supported large or larger herds and areas where herds were removed in the United States are still desertifying.<ref name=ASavory>{{cite news|url=http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2013/03/06/how-cows-could-repair-the-world-allan-savory-at-ted/|title=How cows could repair the world|publisher=nationalgeographic.com|accessdate=May 5, 2013|date=March 6, 2013}}</ref> Additionally, the global warming induced thawing of the [[permafrost#Climate change effects|permafrost]], which stores about two times the amount of the carbon currently released in the atmosphere,<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Global Carbon Cycle: A Test of Our Knowledge of Earth as a System|journal=Science|volume=290|issue=5490|pages=291–6|author=P. Falkowski|date=13 October 2000|pmid=11030643|display-authors=etal|doi=10.1126/science.290.5490.291|bibcode=2000Sci...290..291F}}</ref> releases the potent greenhouse gas, [[Atmospheric methane|methane]], in a [[positive feedback|positive feedback cycle]] that is feared to lead to a [[tipping point (climatology)|tipping point]] called [[runaway climate change]]. A method proposed to prevent such a scenario is to bring back large herbivores such as seen in [[Pleistocene Park]], where their trampling naturally keep the ground cooler by eliminating shrubs and keeping the ground exposed to the cold air.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Methane bubbling from Siberian thaw lakes as a positive feedback to climate warming|author1=K. M. Walter |author2=S. A. Zimov |author3=J. P. Chanton |author4=D. Verbyla |author5-link=F. Stuart Chapin III |author5=F.S. Chapin III|date=7 September 2006|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=443|issue=7107|pages=71–5|doi=10.1038/nature05040|pmid=16957728|bibcode=2006Natur.443...71W }}</ref> Protect healthy soils and recover damaged soils, can remove from the atmosphere 5.5 billion tons of carbon annually, what is approximately equal to the annual emissions of the USA.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rosane |first1=Olivia |title=Protecting and Restoring Soils Could Remove 5.5 Billion Tonnes of CO2 a Year |url=https://www.ecowatch.com/soil-protection-co2-2645518371.html |accessdate=19 March 2020 |agency=Ecowatch |date=18 March 2020}}</ref> ===Carbon capture and storage=== [[File:Carbon sequestration-2009-10-07.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Schematic showing both terrestrial and geological sequestration of carbon dioxide emissions from a large point source, for example burning natural gas]] {{Main|Carbon capture and storage}}{{See also|CCS and climate change mitigation}} Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a method to mitigate climate change by capturing [[carbon dioxide]] (CO₂) from large point sources such as power plants and subsequently storing it away safely instead of releasing it into the atmosphere. The IPCC estimates that the costs of halting global warming would double without CCS.<ref name=guardian0916>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jun/09/co2-turned-into-stone-in-iceland-in-climate-change-breakthrough|title=CO2 turned into stone in Iceland in climate change breakthrough|newspaper=The Guardian|accessdate=2 September 2017|date=9 June 2016}}</ref> The International Energy Agency says CCS is "the most important single new technology for CO₂ savings" in power generation and industry.<ref name=futureenergysummit>{{cite magazine |last=Robinson |first=Simon |url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1954176_1954175,00.html |title=How to Reduce Carbon Emissions: Capture and Store it? |magazine=[[Time.com]] |date=2010-01-22 |accessdate=2010-08-26 |archive-date=2010-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825102246/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1954176_1954175,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Better source|date=February 2020|reason=too old}} Norway's [[Sleipner gas field]], beginning in 1996, stores almost a million tons of CO₂ a year to avoid penalties in producing natural gas with unusually high levels of CO₂.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sequestration.mit.edu/tools/projects/sleipner.html|title=Carbon Capture and Sequestration Technologies @ MIT|website=sequestration.mit.edu|access-date=2020-01-24}}</ref><ref name=futureenergysummit/> According to a [[Sierra Club]] analysis, the US [[Kemper Project]], which was due to be online in 2017, is the most expensive power plant ever built for the watts of electricity it will generate.<ref name="Drajem">{{cite magazine |last= Drajem |first= Mark |title= Coal's Best Hope Rising With Costliest U.S. Power Plant |magazine= Bloomberg Business |date= April 14, 2014 |url= https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-04-14/coal-s-best-hope-rising-with-costliest-u-s-power-plant}}</ref> ===Enhanced weathering=== Enhanced weathering is the removal of carbon from the air into the earth, enhancing the natural [[carbon cycle]] where carbon is mineralized into rock. The [[CarbFix]] project couples with carbon capture and storage in power plants to turn carbon dioxide into stone in a relatively short period of two years. While this project used [[basalt]] rocks, [[olivine]] has also shown promise.<ref name=guardian0916/> ==Geoengineering== {{Main|Climate engineering}} IPCC (2007) concluded that geoengineering options, such as [[ocean fertilization]] to remove CO₂ from the [[atmosphere]], remained largely unproven.<ref>{{cite book |year=2007 |title=C. Mitigation in the short and medium term (until 2030). In (book section): Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (B. Metz ''et al.'' (eds.)) |publisher=Print version: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, US. This version: IPCC website |isbn=978-0-521-88011-4 |author=IPCC |url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/spmsspm-c.html |accessdate=2010-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502182529/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/spmsspm-c.html |archive-date=2010-05-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was judged that reliable cost estimates for geoengineering had not yet been published. Chapter 28 of the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]] report ''Policy Implications of Greenhouse Warming: Mitigation, Adaptation, and the Science Base'' (1992) defined geoengineering as "options that would involve large-scale engineering of our environment in order to combat or counteract the effects of changes in atmospheric chemistry."<ref name="nas_policy_implications">[http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=1605&page=433 Policy Implications of Greenhouse Warming: Mitigation, Adaptation, and the Science Base] (1992), [[Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy]] (COSEPUP)</ref> They evaluated a range of options to try to give preliminary answers to two questions: can these options work and could they be carried out with a reasonable cost. They also sought to encourage discussion of a third question&nbsp;— what adverse side effects might there be. Increasing ocean absorption of carbon dioxide (carbon sequestration) and screening out some sunlight were evaluated. NAS also argued "Engineered countermeasures need to be evaluated but should not be implemented without broad understanding of the direct effects and the potential side effects, the ethical issues, and the risks."<ref name="nas_policy_implications"/> In July 2011 a report by the [[United States Government Accountability Office]] on geoengineering found that "[c]limate engineering technologies do not now offer a viable response to global climate change."<ref>GAO (2011). Technical status, future directions, and potential responses. July 2011. [http://gao.gov/products/GAO-11-71 GAO-11-71]</ref> ===Carbon dioxide removal=== {{Main|Carbon dioxide removal|Greenhouse gas remediation|Carbon sequestration}} {{See also|Carbon air capture}} [[Carbon dioxide removal]] has been proposed as a method of reducing the amount of radiative forcing. A variety of means of artificially capturing and storing carbon, as well as of enhancing natural sequestration processes, are being explored. The main natural process is [[photosynthesis]] by plants and single-celled organisms (see [[biosequestration]]). Artificial processes vary, and concerns have been expressed about the long-term effects of some of these processes.<ref name=RoyalSociety>The Royal Society, (2009) [http://royalsociety.org/displaypagedoc.asp?id=35151 "Geoengineering the climate: science, governance and uncertainty"]. Retrieved 2009-09-12.</ref> It is notable that the availability of cheap energy and appropriate sites for [[carbon capture and storage|geological storage]] of carbon may make [[carbon dioxide air capture]] viable commercially. It is, however, generally expected that carbon dioxide air capture may be uneconomic when compared to [[carbon capture and storage]] from major sources&nbsp;— in particular, fossil fuel powered power stations, refineries, etc. As in the case of the US [[Kemper Project]] with carbon capture, costs of energy produced will grow significantly. CO₂ can also be used in commercial [[greenhouse]]s, giving an opportunity to kick-start the technology. ===Solar radiation management=== {{Main|Solar radiation management}} {{See also|Stratospheric aerosol injection (climate engineering)}} The main purpose of solar radiation management is to reflect sunlight and thus reduce global warming. The ability of stratospheric [[sulfate aerosols]] to create a [[global dimming]] effect has made them a possible candidate for use in [[climate engineering]] projects.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/84j11614488142u8/ |journal=Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A |year=2008 |volume=366 |pages=4039–4056 |title=Global and Arctic climate engineering: numerical model studies |doi=10.1098/rsta.2008.0132 |author1=Launder B. |author2=J.M.T. Thompson |pmid=18757275 |issue=1882 |bibcode=2008RSPTA.366.4039C|doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Agriculture== {{See also|Climate change and agriculture|Environmental impact of meat production|Sustainable agriculture}} [[File:Cow female black white.jpg|thumb|Managed grazing methods are argued to be able to restore grasslands, thereby significantly decreasing atmospheric CO₂ levels.<ref name=ASavory/>]] An agriculture that mitigates climate change is generally called [[sustainable agriculture]], defined as an agriculture that "meets society's food and textile needs in the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://asi.ucdavis.edu/programs/ucsarep/about/what-is-sustainable-agriculture |title=What is sustainable agriculture {{!}} Agricultural Sustainability Institute|website=asi.ucdavis.edu |access-date=2019-01-20}}</ref> One mode of agriculture considered as relatively sustainable is [[regenerative agriculture]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Scanlon |first1=Kerry |title=Trends in Sustainability: Regenerative Agriculture |url=https://www.rainforest-alliance.org/business/blog/2018/10/18/trends-in-sustainability-regenerative-agriculture/ |website=Rainforest Alliance |accessdate=29 October 2019}}</ref> It includes several methods, the main of which are: conservation tillage, diversity, rotation and cover crops, minimizing physical disturbance, minimizing the usage of chemicals. It has other benefits like improving the state of the soil and consequently yields. Some of the big agricultural companies like [[General Mills]] and a lot of farms support it.<ref>{{cite news |title=What Is Regenerative Agriculture? |url=https://www.ecowatch.com/regenerative-agriculture-2639054637.html |accessdate=3 July 2019 |agency=The Climate Reality Project |publisher=Ecowatch |date=July 2, 2019}}</ref> In the United States, soils account for about half of agricultural [[greenhouse gas]] emissions while agriculture, forestry and other land use emits 24%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data|title=Agriculture: Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector|year=2019|publisher=EPA}}</ref> Globally, livestock is responsible for 18 percent of greenhouse gas emissions, according to [[FAO]]'s report called "[[Livestock's_Long_Shadow|Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options]]"<ref>{{cite web|url=ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a0701e/a0701e03.pdf|title=Livestock impacts on the environment|year=2006|website=|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]]|accessdate=October 25, 2016|author=FAO Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828131058/http://www.fao.org/ag/magazine/0612sp1.htm|archivedate=August 28, 2015}}</ref>{{Better source|date=February 2020|reason=too old}} The US [[EPA]] says [[soil management]] practices that can reduce the emissions of [[nitrous oxide]] ({{chem|N|2|O}}) from soils include [[fertilizer]] usage, [[irrigation]], and [[tillage]]. Manure management and rice cultivation also produce gaseous emissions. Important mitigation options for reducing the greenhouse gas emissions from livestock (especially [[ruminant]]s) include genetic selection<ref>[https://www.genomecanada.ca/en/programs/large-scale-science/past-competitions/strategic-initiatives/bovine-genomics Bovine genomics project at Genome Canada]</ref><ref>[https://www.wired.com/story/canada-is-using-genetics-to-make-cows-less-gassy/ Canada is using genetics to make cows less gassy]</ref> introduction of [[Methanotroph|methanotrophic bacteria]] into the rumen,<ref>[https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01137190/document The use of direct-fed microbials for mitigation of ruminant methane emissions: a review]</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/21553769.2015.1063550 |title=Exploring diet-dependent shifts in methanogen and methanotroph diversity in the rumen of Mehsani buffalo by a metagenomics approach |journal=Frontiers in Life Science |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=371–378 |year=2015 |last1=Parmar |first1=N.R. |last2=Nirmal Kumar |first2=J.I. |last3=Joshi |first3=C.G. }}</ref> diet modification and grazing management.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Boadi | first1 = D | year = 2004 | title = Mitigation strategies to reduce enteric methane emissions from dairy cows: Update review | url = | journal = Can. J. Anim. Sci. | volume = 84 | issue = 3| pages = 319–335 | doi = 10.4141/a03-109 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>Martin, C. et al. 2010. Methane mitigation in ruminants: from microbe to the farm scale. ''Animal'' 4 : pp 351-365.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Eckard | first1 = R. J. | display-authors = etal | year = 2010 | title = Options for the abatement of methane and nitrous oxide from ruminant production: A review | url = | journal = Livestock Science | volume = 130 | issue = 1–3| pages = 47–56 | doi=10.1016/j.livsci.2010.02.010}}</ref> Other options include just using ruminant-free alternatives instead, such as [[milk substitute]]s and [[meat analogue]]s. Non-ruminant livestock (e.g. poultry) generates far fewer emissions.<ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03016226/96/1 Livestock Farming Systems and their Environmental Impact]</ref> Methods that enhance carbon sequestration in soil include [[no-till farming]], residue mulching, [[cover crop]]ping, and [[crop rotation]], all of which are more widely used in [[organic farming]] than in conventional farming.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/July05/organic.farm.vs.other.ssl.html |title=Organic farming produces same corn and soybean yields as conventional farms, but consumes less energy and no pesticides, study finds |author=Susan S. Lang |date=13 July 2005 |accessdate=8 July 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pimentel |first1=David |title=Environmental, Energetic, and Economic Comparisons of Organic and Conventional Farming Systems |journal=BioScience |volume=55 |issue=7 |pages=573–82 |year=2005 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0573:EEAECO]2.0.CO;2 |last2=Hepperly |first2=Paul |last3=Hanson |first3=James |last4=Douds |first4=David |last5=Seidel |first5=Rita|doi-access=free }}</ref> Because only 5% of US farmland currently uses no-till and residue mulching, there is a large potential for carbon sequestration.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.1093079 |title=Ecology: Managing Soil Carbon |year=2004 |last1=Lal |first1=Rattan |journal=Science |volume=304 |issue=5669 |page=393 |pmid=15087532 |last2=Griffin |first2=Michael |last3=Apt |first3=Jay |last4=Lave |first4=Lester |last5=Morgan |first5=M. Granger|s2cid=129925989 }}</ref> A 2015 study found that farming can deplete soil carbon and render soil incapable of supporting life; however, the study also showed that [[conservation farming]] can protect carbon in soils, and repair damage over time.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://eos.org/research-spotlights/conservation-farming-shown-to-protect-carbon-in-soil|title=Conservation Farming Shown to Protect Carbon in Soil|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences|author=A. N. (Thanos) Papanicolaou |author2=Kenneth M. Wacha |author3=Benjamin K. Abban |author4=Christopher G. Wilson |author5=Jerry L. Hatfield |author6=Charles O. Stanier |author7=Timothy R. Filley|year=2015|doi=10.1002/2015JG003078|volume=120|issue=11|pages=2375–2401|bibcode=2015JGRG..120.2375P|doi-access=free}}</ref> The farming practice of [[cover crop]]s has been recognized as [[climate-smart agriculture]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/07/business/cover-crops-a-farming-revolution-with-deep-roots-in-the-past.html?_r=0|newspaper=The New York Times|title=Cover Crops, a Farming Revolution With Deep Roots in the Past|year=2016}}</ref> Best management practices for European soils were described to be increase soil organic carbon: conversion of arable land to grassland, straw incorporation, reduced tillage, straw incorporation combined with reduced tillage, ley cropping system and cover crops.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lugato|first1=Emanuele|last2=Bampa|first2=Francesca|last3=Panagos|first3=Panos|last4=Montanarella|first4=Luca|last5=Jones|first5=Arwyn|date=2014-11-01|title=Potential carbon sequestration of European arable soils estimated by modelling a comprehensive set of management practices|journal=Global Change Biology|volume=20|issue=11|pages=3557–3567|doi=10.1111/gcb.12551|pmid=24789378|issn=1365-2486|bibcode=2014GCBio..20.3557L}}</ref> In terms of prevention, vaccines are being developed in Australia to reduce the significant global warming contributions from [[methane]] released by livestock via [[flatulence]] and [[eructation]].<ref>[https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn6431 Burp vaccine cuts greenhouse gas emissions] ''Rachel Nowak'' for NewScientist September 2004</ref>{{Update inline|date=February 2020|reason=}} A project to mitigate climate change with agriculture was launched in 2019 by the "Global EverGreening Alliance". The target is to sequester carbon from the atmosphere with [[Agroforestry]]. By 2050 the restored land should sequestrate 20 billion of carbon annually<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hoffner |first1=Erik |title=Grand African Savannah Green Up': Major $85 Million Project Announced to Scale up Agroforestry in Africa |url=https://www.ecowatch.com/agroforestry-africa-climate-summit-2641102482.html |accessdate=27 October 2019 |agency=Ecowatch |date=October 25, 2019}}</ref> ==Societal responses== ===Sustainable transport concepts=== {{Main|Sustainable transport}} Transportation emissions account for roughly 1/4 of emissions worldwide<ref name="world energy council">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldenergy.org/publications/809.asp |title=Transport Technologies and Policy Scenarios |publisher=[[World Energy Council]] |access-date=2009-05-26 |author=World Energy Council |year=2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204051628/http://www.worldenergy.org/publications/809.asp |archive-date=2008-12-04 |df= }}</ref>{{Better source|date=February 2020|reason=too old}} and are even more important in terms of impact in developed nations especially in North America and Australia. Many citizens of countries like the United States and Canada who drive personal cars often, see well over half of their climate change impact stemming from the emissions produced from their cars.{{cn|date=October 2019}} Modes of mass transportation such as bus, light rail (metro, subway, etc.), and long-distance rail are far and away the most energy-efficient means of motorized transportation for passengers, able to use in many cases over twenty times less energy per person-distance than a personal automobile. Modern [[efficient energy use|energy-efficient technologies]], such as [[electric vehicle]]s and [[carbon-neutral fuel|carbon-neutral synthetic gasoline and jet fuel]]{{Citation needed|date=February 2020}} may also help to reduce the consumption of [[petroleum]], land use changes and emissions of [[carbon dioxide]]. Utilizing [[rail transport]], especially electric rail, over the far less efficient [[environmental impact of aviation|air transport]] and [[road transport|truck transport]] significantly reduces emissions.<ref>{{cite web |author= Lowe, Marcia D. |title= Back on Track: The Global Rail Revival |date= April 1994 |url= http://www.worldwatch.org/node/872 |accessdate= 2007-02-15 |journal= |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061204005745/http://www.worldwatch.org/node/872 |archive-date= 2006-12-04 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= Schwartzman, Peter |title= TRUCKS VS. TRAINS—WHO WINS? |url =http://www.thezephyr.com/environ/trucktrain.html |accessdate= 2007-02-15}}</ref> With the use of electric trains and cars in transportation there is the opportunity to run them with [[low-carbon power]], producing far fewer emissions. ===Urban planning=== {{Main|Urban planning}} {{See|Carfree city}} [[File:BikesInAmsterdam 2004 SeanMcClean.jpg|right|thumb|[[Bicycle]]s have almost no [[carbon footprint]] compared to cars, and canal transport may represent a positive option for certain types of freight in the 21st century.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Future of the Canals|url=http://www.canalmuseum.org.uk/education/teacher/lessonplan-future.pdf|publisher=London Canal Museum|accessdate=8 September 2013}}</ref>]] Effective [[urban planning]] to reduce [[urban sprawl|sprawl]] aims to decrease Vehicle Miles Travelled (VMT), lowering emissions from transportation. Personal cars are extremely inefficient at moving passengers, while [[public transport]] and bicycles are many times more efficient (as is the simplest form of human transportation, walking). All of these are encouraged by urban/community planning and are an effective way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Inefficient [[land use]] development practices have increased infrastructure costs as well as the amount of energy needed for transportation, community services, and buildings. At the same time, a growing number of citizens and government officials have begun advocating a smarter approach to land use planning. These [[smart growth]] practices include compact community development, multiple transportation choices, mixed land uses, and practices to conserve green space. These programs offer environmental, economic, and quality-of-life benefits; and they also serve to reduce energy usage and greenhouse gas emissions. Approaches such as [[New Urbanism]] and [[transit-oriented development]] seek to reduce distances travelled, especially by private vehicles, encourage [[public transit]] and make [[walking]] and [[cycling]] more attractive options. This is achieved through "medium-density", [[mixed-use development|mixed-use planning]] and the concentration of housing within walking distance of [[town center]]s and [[transport node]]s.<!--Energy usage comparisons done in the book "Sustainability and Cities" by Peter Newman and Jeff Kentworthy.--> Smarter growth land use policies have both a direct and indirect effect on energy consuming behavior. For example, transportation energy usage, the number one user of petroleum fuels, could be significantly reduced through more compact and mixed use land development patterns, which in turn could be served by a greater variety of non-automotive based transportation choices. ====Building design==== {{Main|Sustainable architecture|Green building}} Emissions from [[house|housing]] are substantial,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.est.org.uk/myhome/climatechange/stats/homeenvironment/ |title=Energy Saving Trust: Home and the environment |publisher=[[Energy Saving Trust]] |accessdate=2010-08-26}}</ref> and government-supported energy efficiency programmes can make a difference.<ref>{{cite news |last= Osborne |first= Hilary |title= Energy efficiency 'saves £350m a year' |newspaper= Guardian Unlimited |date= 2005-08-02 |url= http://money.guardian.co.uk/utilities/story/0,11992,1541051,00.html?gusrc=ticker-103704 |location=London}}</ref> New buildings can be constructed using [[passive solar building design]], [[low-energy building]], or [[zero-energy building]] techniques, using [[renewable heat]] sources. Existing buildings can be made more efficient through the use of insulation, high-efficiency appliances (particularly [[water heating|hot water heaters]] and [[furnaces]]), [[insulated glazing|double- or triple-glazed gas-filled windows]], external window shades, and building orientation and siting. Renewable heat sources such as [[geothermal heat pump|shallow geothermal]] and [[passive solar]] energy reduce the amount of greenhouse gasses emitted. In addition to designing buildings which are more energy-efficient to heat, it is possible to design buildings that are more energy-efficient to cool by using lighter-coloured, more reflective materials in the development of urban areas (e.g. by painting roofs white) and planting trees.<ref>{{cite web |first1 = Arthur H. |last1 = Rosenfeld |first2 = Joseph J. |last2 = Romm |first3 = Hashem |last3 = Akbari |first4 = Alan C. |last4 = Lloyd |website = Painting the Town White – and Green |title = Technology Review |date = February–March 1997 |publisher = Massachusetts Institute of Technology |url = http://eande.lbl.gov/HeatIsland/PUBS/PAINTING/ |access-date = 2005-11-21 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051108224203/http://eande.lbl.gov/HeatIsland/PUBS/PAINTING/ |archive-date = 2005-11-08 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Committee on Science, Engineering |author2=Public Policy|title=Policy Implications of Greenhouse Warming: Mitigation, Adaptation, and the Science Base |publisher=National Academy Press|place= Washington, D.C.|year=1992|isbn= 978-0-309-04386-1}}</ref> This saves energy because it cools buildings and reduces the [[urban heat island]] effect thus reducing the use of air conditioning. ===Societal controls=== {{Main|Personal carbon credits}} Another method being examined is to make carbon a new currency by introducing tradeable "[[personal carbon credits]]". The idea being it will encourage and motivate individuals to reduce their 'carbon footprint' by the way they live. Each citizen will receive a free annual quota of carbon that they can use to travel, buy food, and go about their business. It has been suggested that by using this concept it could actually solve two problems; pollution and poverty, old age pensioners will actually be better off because they fly less often, so they can cash in their quota at the end of the year to pay heating bills and so forth.{{citation needed|reason=previous source deadlink|date=April 2009}} ====Population==== Various organizations{{cn|date=November 2019}} promote [[human population planning]] as a means for mitigating global warming.<ref>[http://www.populationconnection.org/site/PageServer?pagename=about_us Population Connection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111052139/http://www.populationconnection.org/site/PageServer?pagename=about_us |date=2015-01-11 }} Statement of Policy</ref> Proposed measures include improving access to [[family planning]] and [[reproductive health]] care and information, reducing [[natalistic politics]], public education about the consequences of continued population growth, and improving access of women to education and economic opportunities. According to a 2017 study published in [[Environmental Research Letters]], having one less child would have a much more substantial effect on greenhouse gas emissions compared with for example living car free or eating a plant-based diet.<ref name=Wynes-Nicholas-2017 /> However this has been criticised: both as a [[category mistake]] for assigning descendants emissions to their ancestors<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2017/7/14/15963544/climate-change-individual-choices|title=The best way to reduce your personal carbon emissions: don't be rich|last=Roberts|first=David|date=2017-07-14|website=Vox|language=en|access-date=2019-10-22}}</ref> and for the very long timescale of reductions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/jul/12/want-to-fight-climate-change-have-fewer-children|title=Want to fight climate change? Have fewer children|first=Damian |last=Carrington |date=2017-07-12|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-10-22|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Population control efforts are impeded by there being somewhat of a taboo in some countries against considering any such efforts.<ref>[http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/315/7120/1441 To the point of farce: a martian view of the hardinian taboo—the silence that surrounds population control] Maurice King, Charles Elliott BMJ</ref> Also, various religions [[religious views on birth control|discourage or prohibit]] some or all forms of [[birth control]]. Population size has a vastly different per capita effect on global warming in different countries, since the per capita production of anthropogenic greenhouse gases varies greatly by country.<ref>[http://www.sierraclub.org/population/factsheets/pop_and_globalwarming.asp Who is Heating Up the Planet? A Closer Look at Population and Global Warming] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822013306/http://www.sierraclub.org/population/factsheets/pop_and_globalwarming.asp |date=2011-08-22 }} from Sierra Club</ref> ==Costs and benefits== {{update section|date=October 2019|reason=how risk of tipping points is dealt with}} {{Main|Economics of climate change mitigation}} Globally the benefits of keeping warming under 2&nbsp;°C exceed the costs.<ref>{{harvnb|Sampedro|Smith|Arto|González-Eguino|2020}}.</ref> However some consider [[cost–benefit analysis]] unsuitable for analysing climate change mitigation as a whole, but still useful for analysing the difference between a 1.5 °C target and 2 °C.<ref name=":0" /> ===Costs=== One way of estimating the cost of reducing emissions is by considering the likely costs of potential technological and output changes. Policy makers can compare the [[marginal abatement costs]] of different methods to assess the cost and amount of possible abatement over time. The marginal abatement costs of the various measures will differ by country, by sector, and over time.<ref name="stern" /> Mitigation costs will vary according to how and when emissions are cut: early, well-planned action will minimise the costs.<ref name="stern" /> Many economists estimate the cost of climate change mitigation at between 1% and 2% of [[gross domestic product|GDP]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/blog/can-cost-benefit-analysis-grasp-the-climate-change-nettle-and-can-we-justify-ambitious-targets/|title=Can cost benefit analysis grasp the climate change nettle? And can we…|website=Oxford Martin School|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11}}</ref> In 2019, scientists from [[Australia]], and [[Germany]] presented the "One Earth Climate Model" showing how temperature increase can be limited to 1.5 °C for 1.7 trillion dollars a year.<ref>{{cite web |title=One Earth Climate Model |url=https://oneearth.uts.edu.au/ |website=One Earth Climate Model |publisher=University of Technology, Climate and Energy College, German Aerospace Center |accessdate=22 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chow |first1=Lorraine |title=DiCaprio-Funded Study: Staying Below 1.5ºC is Totally Possible |url=https://www.ecowatch.com/dicaprio-climate-change-2626634576.html |accessdate=22 January 2019 |agency=Ecowatch |date=21 January 2019}}</ref> According to this study, a global investment of approximately $1.7 trillion per year would be needed to [[Paris Agreement|keep global warming below 1.5°C]]. The method used by the One Earth Climate Model does not resort to dangerous geo-engineering methods. Whereas this is a large sum, it is still far less than the [[energy subsidies|subsidies]] governments currently provided to the ailing fossil fuel industry, estimated at more than $5 trillion per year by the International Monetary Fund.<ref>[https://www.oneearth.org/the-one-earth-climate-model/ One Earth Climate Model]</ref><ref>[https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783030058425 Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement goals]</ref> ===Benefits=== By addressing climate change, we can avoid the costs associated with the [[effects of climate change]]. According to the [[Stern Review]], inaction can be as high as the equivalent of losing at least 5% of global gross domestic product (GDP) each year, now and forever (up to 20% of the GDP or more when including a wider range of risks and impacts), whereas mitigating climate change will only cost about [[Stern_Review#Stern's_later_comments|2% of the GDP]]. Also, delaying to take significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions may not be a good idea, when seen from a financial perspective.<ref>[https://theconversation.com/inaction-on-climate-change-risks-leaving-future-generations-530-trillion-in-debt-81134 Inaction on climate change risks leaving future generations $530 trillion in debt]</ref><ref>[https://www.earth-syst-dynam.net/8/577/2017/ Young people's burden: requirement of negative CO2 emissions]</ref> The research organization Project Drawdown identified global climate solutions and ranked them according to their benefits.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drawdown.org/solutions-summary-by-rank|title=Summary of Solutions by Overall Rank|date=2017-04-05|website=Drawdown|language=en|access-date=2020-02-12}}</ref> Early deaths due to fossil fuel [[air pollution]] with a temperature rise to 2&nbsp;°C cost more globally than mitigation would: and in India cost 4 to 5 times more.<ref>{{harvnb|Sampedro|Smith|Arto|González-Eguino|2020}}.</ref> ===Sharing=== One of the aspects of mitigation is how to share the costs and benefits of mitigation policies. In terms of the politics of mitigation, the UNFCCC's ultimate objective is to stabilize concentrations of GHG in the atmosphere at a level that would [[Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change|prevent "dangerous" climate change]] (Rogner ''et al.'', 2007).<ref>{{cite book |year=2007 |author=Rogner, H.-H. |title=Executive Summary. In (book chapter): Introduction. In: Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (B. Metz ''et al.'' (eds)) |url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch1s1-es.html |publisher=Print version: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY. Web version: IPCC website |isbn=978-0-521-88011-4 |accessdate=2010-05-05|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Rich people tend to emit more GHG than poor people.<ref name=banuri>{{cite book |year=1996 |author=Banuri, T. |title=Equity and Social Considerations. In: Climate Change 1995: Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (J.P. Bruce ''et al''. Eds.) |publisher=This version: Printed by Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, US. PDF version: IPCC website |url=https://archive.org/details/climatechange1990000unse_h1m9 |isbn=978-0-521-56854-8 |doi=10.2277/0521568544 |display-authors=etal |url-access=registration }}</ref> Activities of the poor that involve emissions of GHGs are often associated with basic needs, such as [[cooking]]. For richer people, emissions tend to be associated with things such as eating [[beef]], [[car]]s, [[Frequent-flyer program|frequent flying]], and [[Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning|home heating]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/behaviour-change-public-engagement-and-net-zero-imperial-college-london/|title=Behaviour change, public engagement and Net Zero (Imperial College London)|website=Committee on Climate Change|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-21}}</ref> The impacts of cutting emissions could therefore have different impacts on human [[welfare economics|welfare]] according to wealth. ====Distributing emissions abatement costs==== There have been different proposals on how to allocate responsibility for cutting emissions (Banuri ''et al.'', 1996, pp.&nbsp;103–105):<ref name=banuri/> *'''[[Egalitarianism]]''': this system interprets the problem as one where each person has equal rights to a global resource, i.e., polluting the atmosphere. *'''Basic needs''': this system would have emissions allocated according to basic needs, as defined according to a minimum level of [[consumption (economics)|consumption]]. Consumption above basic needs would require countries to buy more emission rights. From this viewpoint, developing countries would need to be at least as well off under an emissions control regime as they would be outside the regime. *'''Proportionality and polluter-pays principle''': Proportionality reflects the ancient [[Aristotelianism|Aristotelian]] principle that people should receive in proportion to what they put in, and pay in proportion to the damages they cause. This has a potential relationship with the "polluter-pays principle", which can be interpreted in a number of ways: **''Historical responsibilities'': this asserts that allocation of emission rights should be based on patterns of past emissions. Two-thirds of the stock of GHGs in the atmosphere at present is due to the past actions of developed countries (Goldemberg ''et al.'', 1996, p.&nbsp;29).<ref name=goldemberg>{{cite book |year=1996 |author=Goldemberg, J. |title=Introduction: scope of the assessment. In: Climate Change 1995: Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (J.P. Bruce ''et al''. Eds.) |publisher=This version: Printed by Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, US. Web version: IPCC website |url=https://archive.org/details/climatechange1990000unse_h1m9 |isbn=978-0-521-56854-8 |doi=10.2277/0521568544 |display-authors=etal |url-access=registration }}</ref> **''Comparable burdens and ability to pay'': with this approach, countries would reduce emissions based on comparable burdens and their ability to take on the costs of reduction. Ways to assess burdens include monetary costs per head of population, as well as other, more complex measures, like the [[UNDP]]'s [[Human Development Index]]. **''[[Willingness to pay]]'': with this approach, countries take on emission reductions based on their ability to pay along with how much they benefit{{cn|date=November 2019}} from reducing their emissions. ====Specific proposals==== *'''Ad hoc''': Lashof (1992) and Cline (1992) (referred to by Banuri ''et al.'', 1996, p.&nbsp;106),<ref name=banuri/> for example, suggested that allocations based partly on [[GNP]] could be a way of sharing the burdens of emission reductions. This is because GNP and economic activity are partially tied to carbon emissions. *'''Equal per capita entitlements''': this is the most widely cited method of distributing abatement costs, and is derived from egalitarianism (Banuri ''et al.'', 1996, pp.&nbsp;106–107). This approach can be divided into two categories. In the first category, emissions are allocated according to national population. In the second category, emissions are allocated in a way that attempts to account for historical (cumulative) emissions. *'''Status quo''': with this approach, historical emissions are ignored, and current emission levels are taken as a status quo right to emit (Banuri ''et al.'', 1996, p.&nbsp;107). An analogy for this approach can be made with [[fishery|fisheries]], which is a common, limited resource. The analogy would be with the atmosphere, which can be viewed as an exhaustible [[natural resource]] (Goldemberg ''et al.'', 1996, p.&nbsp;27).<ref name=goldemberg/> In [[international law]], one state recognized the long-established use of another state's use of the fisheries resource. It was also recognized by the state that part of the other state's economy was dependent on that resource. ==Governmental and intergovernmental action== {{Main|Politics of global warming}} {{See also|Global warming#Political response}} {{further|Global Climate Action (portal)}} {{Reduced pull quote|1=right |2=Bringing down emissions of greenhouse gases asks a good deal of people, not least that they accept the science of climate change. It requires them to make sacrifices today so that future generations will suffer less, and to weigh the needs of people who are living far away. |3=''[[The Economist]]''|4=28 November 2015<ref>Article [https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21678962-how-farmers-poor-countries-are-responding-climate-change-if-you-cant-stand-heat "Adaptation. If you can't stand the heat"], ''[[The Economist]]'', special report on "Climate change", 28 November 2015, page 10-12.</ref>}} In 2019 a report was published by the [[United Nations]] saying that to limit the temperature rise to 2&nbsp;°C, the world will need to cut emissions by 2.7% each year from 2020 to 2030, and triple the climate targets. To limit the temperature rise to 1.5&nbsp;°C the world would need to cut emissions by 7.6% each year from 2020 to 2030 and increase its climate commitments five-fold. Even if all the [[Paris Agreement]] pledges as they are in 2019, are fulfilled the temperature will rise by 3.2 degrees this century<ref>{{cite news |last1=Harvey |first1=Fiona |title=UN calls for push to cut greenhouse gas levels to avoid climate chaos |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/nov/26/united-nations-global-effort-cut-emissions-stop-climate-chaos-2030 |accessdate=27 November 2019 |agency=The Guardian |date=26 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cut Global Emissions by 7.6 Percent Every Year for Next Decade to Meet 1.5°C Paris Target - UN Report |url=https://unfccc.int/news/cut-global-emissions-by-76-percent-every-year-for-next-decade-to-meet-15degc-paris-target-un-report |website=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=27 November 2019}}</ref>. A report published in September 2019 before the [[2019 UN Climate Action Summit]] says, that the full implementation of all pledges made by international coalitions, countries, cities, regions and businesses (not only those in the Paris Agreement) will be sufficient to limit temperature rise to 2 degrees but not to 1.5 degrees.<ref>{{cite web |title=Global climate action from cities, regions and businesses – 2019 |url=https://newclimate.org/2019/09/18/global-climate-action-from-cities-regions-and-businesses-2019/ |website=New Climate Institute |date=17 September 2019 |accessdate=15 December 2019}}</ref> Additional pledges were made in the September climate summit<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.climatechangenews.com/2019/10/02/world-promised-un-climate-action-summit/|title=This is what the world promised at the UN climate action summit|last1=Farland|first1=Chloe|date=2019-10-02|work=|accessdate=15 December 2019|url-status=live|agency=Climate Home News}}</ref> and in December.<ref>{{cite web |title=Global Climate Action Presents a Blueprint for a 1.5-Degree World |url=https://unfccc.int/news/global-climate-action-presents-a-blueprint-for-a-15-degree-world |website=UNFCCC |accessdate=15 December 2019}}</ref> All the information about all climate pledges is sent to the [[Global Climate Action Portal - Nazca]]. The scientific community is checking their fulfillment.<ref>{{cite web |title=Global Data Community Commits to Track Climate Action |url=https://unfccc.int/news/global-data-community-commits-to-track-climate-action |website=UNFCCC |accessdate=15 December 2019}}</ref> ===Paris agreement and Kyoto Protocol=== {{Main|Paris Agreement|Kyoto Protocol}} [[File:Mitigation pathways.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|right|alt=Refer to caption and image description|The graph shows multiple pathways to limit climate change to 1.5&nbsp;°C or 2&nbsp;°C. All pathways include negative emission technologies such as afforestation and [[bio-energy with carbon capture and storage]].]] The main current international agreement on combating climate change is the [[Paris agreement]]. The Paris Agreement's long-term temperature goal is to keep the increase in global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels; and to pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C. Each country must determine, plan, and regularly report on the contribution that it undertakes to mitigate global warming.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unfccc.int/resource/bigpicture/|title=UNFCCC eHandbook: Summary of the Paris Agreement|last=|first=|date=|website=unfccc.int|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-11-12}}</ref> Climate change mitigation measures can be written down in national environmental policy documents like the [[Intended nationally determined contributions|nationally determined contributions (NDC)]]. The Paris agreement succeeds the 1997 [[Kyoto Protocol]] which expires in 2020, and is an [[wikt:amendment|amendment]] to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). [[List of Kyoto Protocol signatories|Countries that ratified the Kyoto protocol]] committed to reduce their emissions of [[carbon dioxide]] and five other greenhouse gases, or engage in [[emissions trading]] if they maintain or increase emissions of these gases. How well each individual country is on track to achieving its Paris agreement commitments can be followed on-line.<ref>[https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/ Climate Action Tracker]</ref> === Additional commitments === Except the main agreements there are many additional pledges made by international coalitions, countries, cities, regions and businesses. According to a report published in september 2019 before the [[2019 UN Climate Action Summit]], full implementation of all pledges, including those in the Paris Agreement, will be sufficient to limit temperature rise to 2 degrees but not to 1.5 degrees.<ref>{{cite web |title=Global climate action from cities, regions and businesses – 2019 |url=https://newclimate.org/2019/09/18/global-climate-action-from-cities-regions-and-businesses-2019/ |website=New Climate Institute |date=17 September 2019 |accessdate=15 December 2019}}</ref> After the report was published, additional pledges were made in the september climate summit<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.climatechangenews.com/2019/10/02/world-promised-un-climate-action-summit/|title=This is what the world promised at the UN climate action summit|last1=Farland|first1=Chloe|date=2019-10-02|work=|accessdate=15 December 2019|url-status=live|agency=Climate Home News}}</ref> and in december of that year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Global Climate Action Presents a Blueprint for a 1.5-Degree World |url=https://unfccc.int/news/global-climate-action-presents-a-blueprint-for-a-15-degree-world |website=UNFCCC |accessdate=15 December 2019}}</ref> All the information about the pledges is collected and analyzed in the [[Global Climate Action (portal)]], what is facilitating to the scientific community to check their fulfillment<ref>{{cite web |title=Global Data Community Commits to Track Climate Action |url=https://unfccc.int/news/global-data-community-commits-to-track-climate-action |website=UNFCCC |accessdate=15 December 2019}}</ref> ===Temperature targets=== Human activities are estimated to have caused approximately 1.0&nbsp;°C of global warming above pre-industrial levels, with a likely range of 0.8&nbsp;°C to 1.2&nbsp;°C. <ref>{{harvnb|IPCC SR15 Summary for Policymakers|2018|p=4}}</ref> There is disagreement among experts over whether or not the 2&nbsp;°C target can be met.<ref>Oppenheimer, M., ''et al.'', Section 19.7.2: Limits to Mitigation, in: [http://ipcc-wg2.gov/AR5/images/uploads/WGIIAR5-Chap19_FGDall.pdf Chapter 19: Emergent risks and key vulnerabilities] (archived [https://web.archive.org/web/20140701114626/http://ipcc-wg2.gov/AR5/images/uploads/WGIIAR5-Chap19_FGDall.pdf July 8 2014]), pp. 49–50, in {{harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG2 A|2014}}</ref> ; Official long-term target of 1.5&nbsp;°C In 2015, two official UNFCCC scientific expert bodies came to the conclusion that, "in some regions and vulnerable ecosystems, high risks are projected even for warming above 1.5&nbsp;°C".<ref>{{cite web |title= Report on the structured expert dialogue on the 2013–2015 review |publisher= UNFCCC, Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice & Subsidiary Body for Implementation |date= 2015-04-04 |url= http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/sb/eng/inf01.pdf |accessdate= 2016-06-21}}</ref> This expert position was, together with the strong diplomatic voice of the poorest countries and the island nations in the Pacific, the driving force leading to the decision of the [[2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference|Paris Conference]] 2015, to lay down this 1.5&nbsp;°C long-term target on top of the existing 2&nbsp;°C goal.<ref>{{cite web |title= 1.5°C temperature limit – key facts |publisher= Climate Analytics |url= http://climateanalytics.org/hot-topics/1-5c-key-facts.html |accessdate= 2016-06-21 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160630193348/http://climateanalytics.org/hot-topics/1-5c-key-facts.html |archive-date= 2016-06-30 |url-status= dead }}</ref> ===Encouraging use changes=== [[File:People's Climate Solidarity March crossing the Mississippi (34309653166).jpg|thumb|Citizens for climate action at the [[People's Climate March (2017)]].]] ====Emissions tax==== {{See also|carbon tax|energy tax|carbon fee and dividend}} An emissions tax on greenhouse gas emissions requires emitters to pay a fee, charge or tax for every tonne of greenhouse gas released into the atmosphere.<ref name="gupta emissions tax"> {{cite book |year=2007 |contribution=13.2.1.2 Taxes and charges |title=Policies, instruments, and co-operative arrangements |series=Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |editor=B. Metz |publisher=Print version: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY. This version: IPCC website |author=Gupta, S. |url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch13s13-2-1-2.html |accessdate=2010-03-18 |display-authors=etal |display-editors=etal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029221927/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch13s13-2-1-2.html |archive-date=2010-10-29 |url-status=dead }} </ref> Most environmentally related taxes with implications for greenhouse gas emissions in OECD countries are levied on energy products and motor vehicles, rather than on CO₂ emissions directly.<ref name="gupta emissions tax"/> As such, non-transport sectors as the agricultural sector which produces large amounts of methane are typically left untaxed by current policies. Also, revenue of the emissions taxes are not always used to [[Emissions trading|offset the emissions directly]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2000 |author1=Vourc'h, A. |author2=M. Jimenez |title=Enhancing Environmentally Sustainable Growth in Finland. Economics Department Working Papers No. 229 |publisher=OECD website |url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/21/10/1880843.pdf |accessdate=2010-04-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hyun-cheol |first= Kim |title=Carbon Tax to Be Introduced in 2010 |work= The Korea Times |date= August 22, 2008 |url= https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2008/11/123_29803.html |accessdate= August 4, 2010}}</ref> Emission taxes can be both cost-effective and environmentally effective.<ref name="gupta emissions tax"/> Difficulties with emission taxes include their potential unpopularity, and the fact that they cannot guarantee a particular level of emissions reduction.<ref name="gupta emissions tax"/> Emissions or energy taxes also often fall disproportionately on lower income classes.{{cn|date=November 2019}} In developing countries, institutions may be insufficiently developed for the collection of emissions fees from a wide variety of sources.<ref name="gupta emissions tax"/> ====Investment==== {{See also|Fossil fuel divestment}} Another indirect method of encouraging uses of renewable energy, and pursue sustainability and environmental protection, is that of prompting investment in this area through legal means, something that is already being done at national level as well as in the field of international investment.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Farah|first1=Paolo Davide|title=Sustainable Energy Investments and National Security: Arbitration and Negotiation Issues|journal=Journal of World Energy Law and Business|date=2015|volume=8|issue=6|ssrn=2695579|accessdate=}}</ref> Although state policies tackling climate change are seen as a threat to investors, so is global warming itself. As well as a policy risk, [[Ernst & Young|Ernst and Young]] identify physical, secondary, liability, transitional and reputation-based risks.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/EY-climate-change-and-investment/$FILE/EY-climate-change-and-investment.pdf|title=Climate Change: The Investment Perspective|last=|first=|publisher=Ernst and Young|year=2016|isbn=|location=|pages=2}}</ref> Therefore, it is increasingly seen to be in the interest of investors to accept climate change as a real threat which they must proactively and independently address. ====Carbon emissions trading==== {{Main|Carbon emissions trading}} With the creation of a [[market (economics)|market]] for [[carbon emissions trading|trading carbon dioxide emissions]] within the Kyoto Protocol, it is likely that London financial markets will be the centre for this potentially highly lucrative business; the [[NYSE|New York]] and [[Chicago Stock Exchange|Chicago]] stock markets may have a lower trade volume than expected as long as the US maintains its rejection of the [[Kyoto Protocol|Kyoto]].<ref>[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/focus/story/0,,1509761,00.html How high-pressure politics threatens action on climate] The Observer June 2005</ref> However, emissions trading may delay the phase-out of fossil fuels.<ref>''StoryOfStuff.com'' (2009) [http://storyofstuff.com/capandtrade/ "The Story of Cap and Trade"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722034154/http://www.storyofstuff.com/capandtrade/ |date=2010-07-22 }}</ref> In the north-east United States, a successful cap and trade program has shown potential for this solution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scienceprogress.org/2013/02/success-of-northeast-cap-and-trade-system-shows-market-based-climate-policy-is-well-within-reach/|title=Success of Northeast Cap-and-Trade System Shows Market-Based Climate Policy Is Well Within Reach}}</ref> The [[European Union Emission Trading Scheme]] (EU ETS)<ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/environment/climat/emission.htm Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS)] from ''ec.europa.eu''</ref> is the largest multi-national, greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme in the world. It commenced operation on 1 January 2005, and all 28 member states of the [[European Union]] participate in the scheme which has created a new market in carbon dioxide allowances estimated at 35&nbsp;billion Euros (US$43&nbsp;billion) per year.<ref>[http://www.opendemocracy.net/globalization-climate_change_debate/2570.jsp The $20,000,000,000,000 question] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050615002442/http://www.opendemocracy.net/globalization-climate_change_debate/2570.jsp |date=2005-06-15 }} ''Robins, Nick'' for Opendemocracy</ref> The [[Chicago Climate Exchange]] was the first (voluntary) emissions market, and is soon to be followed by Asia's first market ([[Asia Carbon Exchange]]). A total of 107 million metric tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent have been exchanged through projects in 2004, a 38% increase relative to 2003 (78 Mt CO₂e).<ref>[http://carbonfinance.org/docs/CarbonMarketStudy2005.pdf State and Trends of the Carbon Market] International Emissions Trading Association 2005</ref> Twenty three [[multinational corporation]]s have come together in the [[G8 Climate Change Roundtable]], a business group formed at the January 2005 [[World Economic Forum]]. The group includes [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], [[Toyota]], [[British Airways]], and [[BP]]. On 9 June 2005 the Group published a statement<ref>[http://www.weforum.org/pdf/g8_climatechange.pdf Statement of G8 Climate Change Roundtable] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508123035/http://www.weforum.org/pdf/g8_climatechange.pdf |date=May 8, 2013}} Convened by the World Economic Forum June 2005</ref> stating that there was a need to act on climate change and claiming that market-based solutions can help. It called on governments to establish "clear, transparent, and consistent price signals" through "creation of a long-term policy framework" that would include all major producers of greenhouse gases. The [[Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative]] is a proposed carbon trading scheme being created by nine North-eastern and Mid-Atlantic [[United States|American]] states; [[Connecticut]], [[Delaware]], [[Maine]], [[Massachusetts]], [[New Hampshire]], [[New Jersey]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Rhode Island]], and [[Vermont]]. The scheme was due to be developed by April 2005 but has not yet been completed. ===Implementation=== [[File:Total CO2 by Region.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Since 2000, rising {{CO2}} emissions in China and the rest of world have eclipsed the output of the United States and Europe.<ref name="Friedlingstein 2019">{{harvnb|Friedlingstein|Jones|O'Sullivan|Andrew|2019}}, Table 7.</ref>]] [[File:Per Capita CO2 by Region.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Per person, the United States generates carbon dioxide at a far faster rate than other primary regions.<ref name="Friedlingstein 2019"/>]] Implementation puts into effect climate change mitigation strategies and targets. These can be targets set by international bodies or voluntary action by individuals or institutions. This is the most important, expensive and least appealing aspect of environmental governance.<ref name="Evans">Evans. J (forthcoming 2012) Environmental Governance, Routledge, Oxon</ref> ====Funding==== {{main|Climate Finance}} Funding, such as the [[Green Climate Fund]], is often provided by nations, groups of nations and increasingly NGO and private sources. These funds are often channelled through the Global Environmental Facility (GEF). This is an environmental funding mechanism in the World Bank which is designed to deal with global environmental issues.<ref name="Evans"/> The GEF was originally designed to tackle four main areas: biological diversity, climate change, international waters and ozone layer depletion, to which [[land degradation]] and [[persistent organic pollutant]] were added. The GEF funds projects that are agreed to achieve global environmental benefits that are endorsed by governments and screened by one of the GEF's implementing agencies.<ref>Mee. L. D, Dublin. H. T, Eberhard. A. A (2008) Evaluating the Global Environment Facility: A goodwill gesture or a serious attempt to deliver global benefits?, Global Environmental Change 18, 800–810</ref> ====Research==== It has been estimated that only 0.12% of all funding for climate-related research is spent on the social science of climate change mitigation.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last1=Overland|first1=Indra|last2=Sovacool|first2=Benjamin K.|date=2020-04-01|title=The misallocation of climate research funding|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629619309119|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|language=en|volume=62|pages=101349|doi=10.1016/j.erss.2019.101349|issn=2214-6296|doi-access=free}}</ref> Vastly more funding is spent on natural science studies of climate change and considerable sums are also spent on studies of impact of and adaptation to climate change.<ref name=":02" /> It has been argued that this is a misallocation of resources, as the most urgent puzzle at the current juncture is to work out how to change human behavior to mitigate climate change, whereas the natural science of climate change is already well established and there will be decades and centuries to handle adaptation.<ref name=":02" /> ====Problems==== There are numerous issues which result in a current perceived lack of implementation.<ref name="Evans"/> It has been suggested that the main barriers to implementation are Uncertainty, Fragmentation, Institutional void, Short time horizon of policies and politicians and Missing motives and willingness to start adapting. The relationships between many climatic processes can cause large levels of uncertainty as they are not fully understood and can be a barrier to implementation. When information on climate change is held between the large numbers of actors involved it can be highly dispersed, context specific or difficult to access causing fragmentation to be a barrier. Institutional void is the lack of commonly accepted rules and norms for policy processes to take place, calling into question the legitimacy and efficacy of policy processes. The Short time horizon of policies and politicians often means that climate change policies are not implemented in favour of socially favoured societal issues. Statements are often posed to keep the illusion of political action to prevent or postpone decisions being made. Missing motives and willingness to start adapting is a large barrier as it prevents any implementation.<ref name="IHDP">Biesbroek. G.R, Termeer. C.J.A.M, Kabat. P, Klostermann.J.E.M (unpublished) Institutional governance barriers for the development and implementation of climate adaptation strategies, Working paper for the International Human Dimensions Programme (IHDP) conference "Earth System Governance: People, Places, and the Planet", December 2–4, Amsterdam, the Netherlands</ref> The issues that arise with a system which involves international government cooperation, such as [[emissions trading|cap and trade]], could potentially be improved with a polycentric approach where the rules are enforced by many small sections of authority as opposed to one overall enforcement agency.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www10.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/pe/2009/04268.pdf |title=A Polycentric Approach for Coping with Climate Change |publisher=World Bank |date=October 2009 |author=Elinor Ostrom |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101164212/http://www10.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/pe/2009/04268.pdf |archivedate=2013-11-01 |series=Policy Research Working Paper Series}}</ref> Concerns about metal requirement and/or availability for essential decarbonization technoloqies such as [[photovoltaics]], [[nuclear power]], and (plug-in hybrid) [[electric vehicle]]s have also been expressed as obstacles.<ref name="Tokimatsu">{{cite journal|last1=Tokimatsu|first1=Koji|last2=Wachtmeister|first2=Henrik|last3=McLellan|first3=Benjamin|last4=Davidsson|first4=Simon|last5=Murakami|first5=Shinsuke|last6=Höök|first6=Mikael|last7=Yasuoka|first7=Rieko|last8=Nishio|first8=Masahiro|title=Energy modeling approach to the global energy-mineral nexus: A first look at metal requirements and the 2 °C target|journal=Applied Energy|date=December 2017|volume=207|pages=494–509|doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.151}}</ref> ====Occurrence==== Despite a perceived lack of occurrence,{{clarify|date=October 2019}} evidence of implementation is emerging internationally. Some examples of this are the initiation of NAPA's and of joint implementation. Many developing nations have made National Adaptation Programs of Action (NAPAs) which are frameworks to prioritize adaption needs.<ref name="EMJ">Preston. B. L, Westaway. R. M, Yuen. E. Y (2004) Climate adaptation planning in practice: an evaluation of adaptation plans from three developed nations, European Management Journal, 22(3) 304–314</ref> The implementation of many of these is supported by GEF agencies.<ref>UNFCCC (2011) Report on the twentieth meeting of the Least Developed Countries Expert Group, Subsidiary Body for Implementation, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</ref> Many developed countries are implementing 'first generation'{{clarify|date=November 2019}} institutional adaption plans particularly at the state and local government scale.<ref name="EMJ"/> There has also been a push towards joint implementation between countries by the UNFCCC as this has been suggested as a cost-effective way for objectives to be achieved.<ref>UNFCCC (2011) Annual report of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee to the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</ref> ===Montreal protocol=== Although not designed for this purpose, the [[Montreal Protocol]] has benefited climate change mitigation efforts.<ref>{{cite journal |date=20 March 2007 |journal=PNAS |volume=104 |issue=12 |pages=4814–19 |author=Velders, G.J.M. |title=The importance of the Montreal Protocol in protecting climate |doi=10.1073/pnas.0610328104 |bibcode= 2007PNAS..104.4814V |pmid=17360370 |pmc=1817831 |display-authors=etal }}</ref> The Montreal Protocol is an international [[treaty]] that has successfully reduced emissions of [[ozone-depleting substance]]s (for example, [[Chlorofluorocarbon|CFCs]]), which are also greenhouse gases. ===Territorial policies=== Many countries are aiming for [[Carbon neutrality|net zero emissions]], and many have either [[carbon tax]]es or [[carbon emission trading]]. [[File:Carbon taxes and emission trading worldwide 2019.svg|alt=Carbon taxes and emission trading worldwide|thumb|upright=1.35|Emission trading and carbon taxes around the world (2019)<ref>{{Citation |author = World Bank Group |title = State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2019 |date = 2019-06-06 |url = https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/31755 |lang = en}}</ref> {{Legend|#009a3e|Carbon [[emission trading]] implemented or scheduled}} {{Legend|#323b90|[[Carbon tax]] implemented or scheduled}} {{Legend|#fbba00|Carbon [[emission trading]] or [[carbon tax]] under consideration}}]] ====United States==== {{Main|Climate change in the United States}} Efforts to reduce [[greenhouse gas emissions by the United States]] include [[energy policy of the United States|energy policies]] which encourage efficiency through programs like [[Energy Star]], [[Commercial Building Integration]], and the [[Industrial Technologies Program]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eere.energy.gov/industry/bestpractices/index.html |title=Industrial Technologies Program: BestPractices |publisher=Eere.energy.gov |accessdate=2010-08-26}}</ref> In the absence of substantial federal action, state governments have adopted emissions-control laws such as the [[Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative]] in the Northeast and the [[Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006]] in California.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/14/science/earth/in-california-a-grand-experiment-to-rein-in-climate-change.html |work=The New York Times |first=Felicity |last=Barringer |title=In California, a Grand Experiment to Rein in Climate Change |date=2012-10-13}}</ref> In 2019 a new climate change bill was introduced in Minnesota. One of the targets, is making all the energy of the state carbon free, by 2030.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kahn |first1=Brian |title=Minnesota Introduces Bold New Climate Change Bill Crafted by Teens |url=https://www.gizmodo.com.au/2019/04/minnesota-introduces-bold-new-climate-change-bill-crafted-by-teens/ |accessdate=15 April 2019 |agency=Gizmodo |date=April 13, 2019}}</ref> ==== China ==== {{main|Greenhouse gas emissions by China}} As to 2019, China implements more than 100 policies to fight climate change. China said in the [[Paris Agreement]] that its emission will begin to fall by 2030, but it will possibly occur by 2026. This can position China as a leader on the issue because it is the biggest emitter of [[GHG emission]]s, so if it really reduces them, the significance will be large.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sims Gallagher |first1=Kelly |last2=Zhang |first2=Fang |title=China is positioned to lead on climate change as the US rolls back its policies |url=https://theconversation.com/china-is-positioned-to-lead-on-climate-change-as-the-us-rolls-back-its-policies-114897 |website=The Conversation |accessdate=13 September 2019}}</ref> ==== European Union ==== {{Further|Climate change in Europe|Climate change in the European Union|European Commissioner for the Environment|European Climate Change Programme|European Green Deal}} The climate commitments of the [[European Union]] are divided into 3 main categories: targets for the year 2020, 2030 and 2050. The European Union claim that their policies are in line with the goal of the [[Climate_change_mitigation#Paris_agreement_and_Kyoto_Protocol|Paris Agreement]].<ref>{{cite web |title=2050 long-term strategy |url=https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/2050_en |website=European Commission |accessdate=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Paris Agreement |url=https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/international/negotiations/paris_en |website=European Commission |accessdate=21 November 2019}}</ref> '''Targets for the year 2020<ref>{{cite web |title=2020 climate & energy package |url=https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/2020_en |website=European Commission |accessdate=21 November 2019}}</ref>:''' * Reduce GHG emissions by 20% from the level in 1990. * Produce 20% of energy from renewable sources. * Increase Energy Efficiency by 20%. '''Targets for the year 2030<ref>{{cite web |title=2030 climate & energy framework |url=https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/2030_en |website=European Commission |accessdate=21 November 2019}}</ref>:''' * Reduce GHG emission by 40% from the level of 1990. In 2019 The European Parliament adopted a resolution upgrading the target to 55%<ref>{{cite web |title=The European Parliament declares climate emergency |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20191121IPR67110/the-european-parliament-declares-climate-emergency |website=European Parliament |accessdate=3 December 2019}}</ref> * Produce 32% of energy from renewables. * Increase energy efficiency by 32.5%. '''Targets for the year 2050<ref>{{cite web |title=2050 long-term strategy |url=https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/2050_en |website=European Commission |accessdate=21 November 2019}}</ref>:''' * Become climate neutral. '''Implementation:''' The European Union claims that he has already achieved the 2020 target for emission reduction and have the legislation needed to achieve the 2030 targets. Already in 2018, its GHG emissions were 23% lower that in 1990.<ref>{{cite web |title=Progress made in cutting emissions |url=https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/progress_en |website=European Commission |accessdate=21 November 2019}}</ref> ==== New Zealand ==== {{further|Climate change in New Zealand}} New Zealand made significant pledges on climate change mitigation in the year 2019: reduce emissions to zero by 2050, plant 1 billion trees by 2028, and made high taxes on farmers who will not reduce emissions in 2025. Already in 2019 New Zealand banned new offshore oil and gas drilling and decided the climate change issues will be examined before every important decision.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ainge Roy |first1=Eleanor |title=Climate change to steer all New Zealand government decisions from now on |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/04/climate-change-to-steer-all-new-zealand-government-decisions-from-now-on |accessdate=4 December 2019 |agency=The Guardian |publisher=The Dunedin |date=4 December 2019}}</ref> ====Developing countries==== In order to reconcile [[economic development]] with mitigating carbon emissions, [[developing countries]] need particular support, both financial and technical. One of the means of achieving this is the Kyoto Protocol's [[Clean Development Mechanism]] (CDM). The [[World Bank]]'s Prototype Carbon Fund<ref>[http://carbonfinance.org/pcf/ Prototype Carbon Fund] from the World Bank Carbon Finance Unit</ref> is a [[public private partnership]] that operates within the CDM. An important point of contention, however, is how [[overseas development]] assistance not directly related to climate change mitigation is affected by funds provided to climate change mitigation.<ref name=ODI>Jessica Brown, Neil Bird and Liane Schalatek (2010) [http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=4931&title=climate-finance-additionality-definitions-implications Climate finance additionality: emerging definitions and their implications] [[Overseas Development Institute]]</ref> One of the outcomes of the UNFCC [[Copenhagen Climate Conference]] was the [[Copenhagen Accord]], in which developed countries promised to provide US$30&nbsp;million between 2010 and 2012 of new and additional resources.<ref name=ODI/> Yet it remains unclear what exactly the definition of additional is and the [[European Commission]] has requested its member states to define what they understand to be additional, and researchers at the [[Overseas Development Institute]] have found four main understandings:<ref name=ODI/> # Climate finance classified as aid, but additional to (over and above) the [[Millennium Development Goals#Funding commitment|'0.7%' ODA target]]; # Increase on previous year's [[Official Development Assistance]] (ODA) spent on climate change mitigation; # Rising ODA levels that include climate change finance but where it is limited to a specified percentage; and # Increase in climate finance not connected to ODA. The main point being that there is a conflict between the [[OECD]] states budget deficit cuts, the need to help developing countries adapt to develop sustainably and the need to ensure that funding does not come from cutting aid to other important [[Millennium Development Goals]].<ref name=ODI/> However, none of these initiatives suggest a quantitative cap on the emissions from developing countries. This is considered as a particularly difficult policy proposal as the economic growth of developing countries are proportionally reflected in the growth of greenhouse emissions. Critics{{Who|date=May 2010}} of mitigation often argue that, the developing countries' drive to attain a comparable living standard to the developed countries would doom the attempt at mitigation of global warming. Critics{{Who|date=May 2010}} also argue that holding down emissions would shift the human cost of global warming from a general one to one that was borne most heavily by the poorest populations on the planet. In an attempt to provide more opportunities for developing countries to adapt clean technologies, [[UNEP]] and [[WTO]] urged the international community to reduce trade barriers and to conclude the [[Doha Development Round|Doha trade round]] "which includes opening trade in environmental goods and services".<ref>[https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=31278&Cr=trade&Cr1=environment# Free trade can help combat global warming, finds UN report] UN News Centre, 26 June 2009</ref> In 2019 week of climate action in [[Latin America]] and the [[Caribbean]] result in a declaration in which leaders says that they will act to reduce emissions in the sectors of transportation, energy, urbanism, industry, forest conservation and land use and "sent a message of solidarity with all the people of Brazil suffering the consequences of the [[Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest|rainforest fires in the Amazon region]], underscoring that protecting the world's forests is a collective responsibility, that forests are vital for life and that they are a critical part of the solution to climate change".<ref>{{cite web |title=Latin America and Caribbean Climate Week 2019 Key Messages for the UN Climate Action Summit |url=https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/LACCW%202019%20Messages%20for%20UN%20Climate%20Action%20Summit.pdf |website=Latin America and Caribbean Climate Week 2019 |accessdate=25 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Latin American & Caribbean Climate Week Calls for Urgent, Ambitious Action |url=https://unfccc.int/news/latin-american-caribbean-climate-week-calls-for-urgent-ambitious-action |website=United Nations Climate Change |accessdate=25 August 2019}}</ref> ==Non-governmental approaches== While many of the proposed methods of mitigating global warming require governmental funding, legislation and regulatory action, individuals and [[business action on climate change|businesses]] can also play a part in the mitigation effort. ===Choices in personal actions and business operations=== Environmental groups encourage [[individual and political action on climate change|individual action against global warming]], often aimed at the [[consumer]]. Common recommendations include lowering home heating and cooling usage, burning less gasoline, supporting renewable [[energy sources]], buying local products to reduce transportation, turning off unused devices, and various others. A [[geophysicist]] at [[Utrecht University]] has urged similar institutions to hold the vanguard in voluntary mitigation, suggesting the use of communications technologies such as [[videoconferencing]] to reduce their dependence on long-haul flights.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Andrew Biggin |date=16 August 2007 |title=Scientific bodies must take own action on emissions |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=448 |issue=7155 |page=749 |doi=10.1038/448749a |pmid=17700677 |bibcode= 2007Natur.448..749B|doi-access=free }}</ref> ====Air travel and shipment==== {{update section|reason=CORSIA|date=October 2019}} In 2008, climate scientist [[Kevin Anderson (scientist)|Kevin Anderson]] raised concern about the growing effect of rapidly increasing global air transport on the climate in a paper,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=K |last2=Bows |first2=A |year=2008 |title= Reframing the climate change challenge in light of post-2000 emission trends |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences |volume=366 |issue=1882 |pages=3863–82 |doi=10.1098/rsta.2008.0138|pmid=18757271 |bibcode= 2008RSPTA.366.3863A}}</ref> and a presentation,<ref name="anderson">{{cite web |last= Anderson |first=K |date=June 17, 2008 |url=http://transitionculture.org/wp-content/uploads/kevin-anderson-2.ppt |title=Reframing climate change: from long-term targets to emission pathways |quote= (esp. slide 24 onward)}}</ref> suggesting that reversing this trend is necessary to reduce emissions. Part of the difficulty is that when [[environmental impact of aviation|aviation emissions]] are made at high altitude, the climate impacts are much greater than otherwise. Others have been raising the related concerns of the increasing [[hypermobility (travel)|hypermobility]] of individuals, whether traveling for business or pleasure, involving frequent and often long distance air travel, as well as air shipment of goods.<ref name="gossling">Gössling S, Ceron JP, Dubois G, Hall CM, Gössling IS, Upham P, [[Earthscan]] London (2009). Hypermobile travellers. and Implications for Carbon Dioxide Emissions Reduction. In: Climate Change and Aviation: Issues, Challenges and Solutions, London. The chapter: ''[https://alicante.academia.edu/documents/0076/1866/chap06_copy.pdf Chapter 6] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619151427/http://alicante.academia.edu/documents/0076/1866/chap06_copy.pdf |date=2010-06-19}}''</ref> ===Business opportunities and risks=== {{Main|Business action on climate change}} ===Investor response=== {{Main|Fossil fuel divestment}} Climate change is also a concern for large institutional investors who have a long term time horizon and potentially large exposure to the negative impacts of global warming because of the large geographic footprint of their multi-national holdings. [[Socially responsible investing]] funds allow investors to invest in funds that meet high ESG (environmental, social, governance) standards as such funds invest in companies that are aligned with these goals.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kiplinger.com/article/investing/T041-C016-S001-5-mutual-funds-for-socially-responsible-investors.html |title=5 Mutual Funds for Socially Responsible Investors |publisher=Kiplinger}}</ref> [[Proxy firm]]s can be used to draft guidelines for [[investment manager]]s that take these concerns into account.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ussif.org/files/publications/institutional_climate.pdf |title=Investing to Curb Climate Change |publisher=USSIF |page=2}}</ref> ===Legal action=== {{See also|Duty to rescue}} In some countries, those affected by climate change may be able to sue major producers. Attempts at litigation have been initiated by entire peoples such as Palau<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/need-to-know/video/video-paradise-lost/14421/|title=Video: Paradise lost? – Need to Know |publisher=PBS|quote=Palau suing the industrialized countries over global warming}}</ref> and the Inuit,<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6908719/site/newsweek/ Inuit suing the US in regards to global warming] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825135526/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6908719/site/newsweek/ |date=August 25, 2010}}</ref> as well as non-governmental organizations such as the Sierra Club.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newson6.com/story/9138384/environmental-integrity-project-sierra-club-announce-plans-to-sue-epa-unless-it-revises-nitrogen-oxide-emissions-standard-curbs-nitrous-oxide?clienttype=printable|title=Environmental Integrity Project, Sierra Club Announce Plans to Sue EPA Unless It Revises Nitrogen Oxide Emissions Standard, Curbs Nitrous Oxide Pollution Linked to Global Warming – NewsOn6.com – Tulsa, OK – News, Weather, Video and Sports – KOTV.com -|access-date=2013-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111204839/http://www.newson6.com/story/9138384/environmental-integrity-project-sierra-club-announce-plans-to-sue-epa-unless-it-revises-nitrogen-oxide-emissions-standard-curbs-nitrous-oxide?clienttype=printable|archive-date=2016-01-11|url-status=dead}}</ref> Although proving that particular weather events are due specifically to global warming may never be possible,<ref>Edward Lorenz (1982): "Climate is what you expect, weather is what you get"</ref> methodologies have been developed to show the increased risk of such events caused by global warming.<ref>Stott, et al. (2004), "Human contribution to the European heatwave of 2003", Nature, Vol. 432, 2 December 2004</ref> For a legal action for [[negligence]] (or similar) to succeed, "Plaintiffs ... must show that, more probably than not, their individual injuries were caused by the risk factor in question, as opposed to any other cause. This has sometimes been translated to a requirement of a relative risk of at least two."<ref>Grossman, Columbia J. of Env. Law, 2003</ref> Another route (though with little legal bite) is the [[World Heritage Convention]], if it can be shown that climate change is affecting [[World Heritage Site]]s like [[Mount Everest]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heatisonline.org/contentserver/objecthandlers/index.cfm?id=4950&method=full |title=Climate change 'ruining' Everest |publisher=Heatisonline.org |date=2004-11-17 |access-date=2010-08-26}}</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2004/11/041117_climate-belize.shtml Climate change 'ruining' Belize] BBC November 2004</ref> Besides countries suing one another, there are also cases where people in a country have taken legal steps against their own government. Legal action for instance has been taken to try to force the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|US Environmental Protection Agency]] to regulate greenhouse gas emissions under the [[Clean Air Act (United States)|Clean Air Act]],<ref>[http://www.climatelaw.org/cases Climate Justice] Ongoing Cases</ref> and against the [[Export-Import Bank of the United States|Export-Import Bank]] and [[Overseas Private Investment Corporation|OPIC]] for failing to assess environmental impacts (including global warming impacts) under [[NEPA]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2007}} In the Netherlands and Belgium, organisations such as the foundation [[Urgenda]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/jun/24/dutch-government-ordered-cut-carbon-emissions-landmark-ruling|title=Dutch government ordered to cut carbon emissions in landmark ruling|first=Arthur Neslen The|last=Hague|date=24 June 2015|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urgenda.nl/themas/klimaat-en-energie/klimaatzaak/|title=Klimaat en Energie – Thema's – Urgenda – Samen Sneller Duurzaam}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tegenlicht.vpro.nl/afleveringen/2015-2016/de-klimaatzaak.html|title=VPRO Tegenlicht}}</ref> and the [[vzw Klimaatzaak]] in Belgium<ref>{{cite web|url=http://deredactie.be/cm/vrtnieuws/binnenland/2.36678|title=Klimaatzaak}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://klimaatzaak.eu/nl/about/|title=Over ons – Klimaatzaak}}</ref> have also sued their governments as they believe their governments aren't meeting the emission reductions they agreed to. Urgenda have already won their case against the Dutch government.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} According to a 2004 study commissioned by [[Friends of the Earth]], [[ExxonMobil]], and its predecessors caused 4.7 to 5.3 percent of the world's man-made carbon dioxide emissions between 1882 and 2002. The group suggested that such studies could form the basis for eventual legal action.<ref>Press release (29 January 2004). [http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/press_releases/exxonmobils_contribution_t_28012004.html Archived press release: Exxonmobil's contribution to global warming revealed]. Friends of the Earth Trust. Retrieved May 25, 2015.</ref> In 2015, [[Exxon]] received a subpoena. According to the ''Washington Post'' and confirmed by the company, the attorney general of New York, [[Eric Schneiderman]], opened an investigation into the possibility that the company had misled the public and investors about the risks of climate change.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2015/11/05/exxonmobil-under-investigation-for-misleading-the-public-about-climate-change/ |title=New York is investigating Exxon Mobil for allegedly misleading the public about climate change |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=November 5, 2015 |access-date=December 29, 2015}}</ref> In October 2019, the trial began.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cook |first1=John |last2=Supran |first2=Geoffrey |last3=Oreskes |first3=Naomi |last4=Maibach |first4=Ed |last5=Lewandowsky |first5=Stephan |title=Exxon has misled Americans on climate change for decades. Here's how to fight back |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/oct/23/exxon-climate-change-fossil-fuels-disinformation |accessdate=27 October 2019 |agency=The Guardian |date=24 October 2019}}</ref> [[Massachusetts]] sued Exxon also, for hiding the impact of climate change.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hirji |first1=Zahra |title=Massachusetts Is Now The Second State Suing The Oil Giant Exxon Over Climate Change |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/zahrahirji/exxon-lawsuit-massachusetts-climate-change |accessdate=27 October 2019 |agency=Buzzfeed.news |date=October 24, 2019}}</ref> In 2019, 22 states, six cities and [[Washington DC]] in [[United States]], sued the Trump administration for repealing the [[Clean Power Plan]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rosane |first1=Olivia |title=29 States and Cities Sue to Block Trump's 'Dirty Power' Rule |url=https://www.ecowatch.com/trump-clean-power-plan-lawsuits-2639814367.html |accessdate=15 August 2019 |agency=Ecowatch |date=14 August 2019}}</ref> === Activism === [[File:People's Climate March (26229656304).jpg|alt=Many people standing on steps of large public building holding banners with signs, including "Act For Climate" and "Go Nuclear."|thumb|Protesters at the Helsinki [[People's Climate March]]{{dn|date=April 2020}}, 29 November 2015]] [[Environmental organization]]s organize different actions such as [[Peoples Climate March]]es and [[Divestment from fossil fuels]]. 1,000 organizations with a worth of 8 trillion dollars, made commitments to divest from fossil fuel to 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=Major milestone: 1000+ divestment commitments |url=https://gofossilfree.org/major-milestone-1000-divestment-commitments/ |website=350.org |accessdate=17 December 2018}}</ref> Another form of action is [[climate strike]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Josh Gabbatiss |first1=Josh |title=Teenage activist inspires school strikes to protest climate change after telling leaders they are 'not mature enough' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/greta-thunberg-school-strike-cop24-climate-change-global-warming-fossil-fuels-a8683376.html |accessdate=17 December 2018 |agency=The Independent |date=15 December 2018}}</ref> In January 2019 12,500 students marched in [[Brussels]] demanding [[Climate action]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Conley |first1=Julia |title=I'm Sure Dinosaurs Thought They Had Time, Too': Over 12,000 Students Strike in Brussels Demanding Bold Climate Action |url=https://www.commondreams.org/news/2019/01/17/im-sure-dinosaurs-thought-they-had-time-too-over-12000-students-strike-brussels |website=Common Dreams |accessdate=20 January 2019}}</ref> In 2019 The organization [[Extinction Rebellion]] organized massive protests demanding "tell the truth about climate change, reduce carbon emissions to zero by 2025, and create a citizens' assembly to oversee progress", including blocking roads. Many were arrested.<ref>{{cite news |title=Extinction Rebellion: Climate protesters block roads |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-47935416 |accessdate=16 April 2019 |agency=BBC |date=16 April 2019}}</ref> In many cases, activism brings positive results.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ruiz |first1=Irene Banos |title=Climate Action: Can We Change the Climate From the Grassroots Up? |url=https://www.ecowatch.com/climate-action-grassroots-2638915946.html |accessdate=23 June 2019 |agency=Deutsche Welle |publisher=Ecowatch |date=June 22, 2019}}</ref> A major event was the global climate strike in September 2019 organized by [[Fridays For Future]] and [[Earth Strike]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zoe Low |first1=Zoe |title=Asia's young climate activists on joining the worldwide campaign for government action on global warming |url=https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/article/3018803/young-climate-change-activists-asia-pacific-pressuring-governments-take |accessdate=5 August 2019 |agency=South China Morning Post |date=18 July 2019}}</ref> The target was to influence the climate action summit organized by the [[UN]] on September 23.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Korte |first1=Kate |title=Elizabeth May holds nonpartisan town hall at UVic for constituents |url=https://www.martlet.ca/elizabeth-may-holds-nonpartisan-town-hall-at-uvic-for-constituents/ |accessdate=2 August 2019 |agency=Martlet Publishing Society |date=July 10, 2019}}</ref> According to the organizers four million people participated in the strike on September 20.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Conley |first1=Julia |title=4 Million Attend Biggest Climate Protest in History, Organizers Declare 'We're Not Through' |url=https://www.ecowatch.com/global-climate-strike-2640528670.html |accessdate=23 September 2019 |agency=Ecowatch |date=23 September 2019}}</ref> ==See also== {{Columns-list|colwidth=30em| *[[4 Degrees and Beyond International Climate Conference]] *[[Alternative fuel vehicle]] *[[Black carbon]] *[[Carbon diet]] *[[Climate bond]] *[[Climate change denial]] *[[Climate Clock]] *[[Contraction and Convergence]] *[[Ecological resilience]] *[[Emissions reduction]] efforts *[[Environmental impact of the coal industry]] *[[Green computing]] *[[Greenhouse gas removal]] *[[Hell and High Water (book)|''Hell and High Water'']] *[[Individual action on climate change]] *[[Iron fertilization]] *[[List of climate change initiatives]] *[[List of energy storage projects]] *[[Lofoten Declaration]] *[[Low-carbon diet]] *[[Low-carbon economy]] *[[Mitigation of peak oil]] *[[Resistance (ecology)]] *[[Stratospheric aerosol injection (climate engineering)]] *[[Vulnerability]] }} ===By country=== *[[Debate over China's economic responsibilities for climate change mitigation]] *[[European Climate Change Programme]] *[[Mitigation of global warming in Australia]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== *{{citation |ref=CITEREFClarkeothers2007 |author=Clarke, L. |date=July 2007 |title=Scenarios of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Atmospheric Concentrations. 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[http://royalsociety.org/policy/publications/2009/geoengineering-climate/ Report website.] *{{citation |author=US NRC |year=2011 |title=Climate Stabilization Targets: Emissions, Concentrations, and Impacts over Decades to Millennia. A report by the US National Research Council (US NRC) |url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12877 |publisher=National Academies Press |location=Washington, D.C. |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327000317/http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12877 |archivedate=2014-03-27 }} *{{citation |date= November 2012 |author= UNEP |title= The Emissions Gap Report 2012 |publisher= United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) |location= Nairobi, Kenya |url= http://www.unep.org/pdf/2012gapreport.pdf |url-status= dead |archiveurl= http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160513232928/http://www.unep.org/pdf/2012gapreport.pdf |archivedate= 2016-05-13 }} Executive summary in [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160513232948/http://www.unep.org/publications/ebooks/emissionsgap2012/ other languages] *{{Include-USGov |agency=[[US EPA]] |source={{citation |author=US EPA |date=14 June 2012 |title=Glossary of Climate Change Terms: Climate Change: US EPA |publisher=US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Climate Change Division |url=http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html }} }} *{{citation |title=Meeting the 2 degree target. From climate objective to emission reduction measures. PBL publication number 500114012 |date=7 December 2009 |author=van Vuuren, D.P. |ref=CITEREFvan Vuurenothers2009 |publisher=Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (Planbureau voor de Leefomgeving (PBL)) |url=http://www.pbl.nl/sites/default/files/cms/publicaties/500114012.pdf |display-authors=etal |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102030225/http://www.pbl.nl/sites/default/files/cms/publicaties/500114012.pdf |archivedate=2013-11-02 }}. Archived. [http://www.pbl.nl/node/46765 Report website] (archived [https://web.archive.org/web/20140821023807/http://www.pbl.nl/node/46765 21 August 2014]). *{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Volkswagen AG: Hydrogen or battery|2019}} |title=Hydrogen or battery? A clear case, until further notice |date=7 November 2019 |publisher=Volkswagen AG |url=https://www.volkswagenag.com/en/news/stories/2019/08/hydrogen-or-battery--that-is-the-question.html }} *{{cite journal|ref={{harvid|Welder et al.|2019}} |last1=Welder|first1= Lara |last2=Stenzel|first2=Peter |last3=Ebersbach|first3= Natalie |last4=Markewitz|first4=Peter |last5=Robinius|first5=Martin |last6=Emonts|first6=Bernd |last7=Stolten|first7=Detlef |date=12 April 2019 |title=Design and evaluation of hydrogen electricity reconversion pathways in national energy systems using spatially and temporally resolved energy system optimization |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0360319918338552 |journal=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy |volume=44 |issue=19 |pages=9594–9607 |doi=10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.11.194 |access-date=5 April 2020}} <br /> == Further reading == * National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2019) ''[[doi:10.17226/25259|Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda]].'' ==External links== *[https://unfccc.int/#content-mitigation UNFCCC Mitigation] *[http://www.ipcc.ch/ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] – Includes the Working Group III Report "Mitigation of Climate Change" as part of the Fourth Assessment Report *[http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/65238/jessica-seddon-wallack-and-veerabhadran-ramanathan/the-other-climate-changers Why Black Carbon and Ozone Also Matter], in September/October 2009 [[Foreign Affairs]] with [[Veerabhadran Ramanathan]] and Jessica Seddon Wallack. *[http://www.theclimateclub.org/about/ The Climate Club] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118223944/http://www.theclimateclub.org/about |date=2018-01-18 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20141027232316/http://www.tyndall.ac.uk/radical-emission-reduction-conference-10-11-december-2013-register-here The Radical Emission Reduction Conference] ===Countries and regions=== *EU [https://ec.europa.eu/clima/ Climate Action] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20051105043801/http://www.seattle.gov/mayor/climate/ U.S. Mayors Climate Protection Agreement] signed by 178 mayors representing nearly 40&nbsp;million Americans *UK [https://www.theccc.org.uk/tackling-climate-change/reducing-carbon-emissions/ Committee on Climate Change] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402192717/https://www.theccc.org.uk/tackling-climate-change/reducing-carbon-emissions/ |date=2020-04-02 }} ===Academic=== *Rivington M, Matthews KB, Buchan K and Miller D (2005) [http://www.macaulay.ac.uk/LADSS/papers.html?2005 "An integrated assessment approach to investigate options for mitigation and adaptation to climate change at the farm-scale"], NJF Seminar 380, [[Odense]], Denmark, 2005. *{{cite journal |last1= Jacobson |first1= M.Z. |last2= Delucchi |first2= M.A. |year= 2009 |title= A Plan to Power 100 Percent of the Planet with Renewables" (originally published as "A Path to Sustainable Energy by 2030") |journal= Scientific American |volume= 301 |issue= 5 |pages= 58–65 |pmid= 19873905 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican1109-58 |bibcode= 2009SciAm.301e..58J}} *[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=living-on-a-new-earth Living On a New Earth], [[Scientific American]] April 2010 *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110201100216/http://globalwarmingnewswire.com/ Global Warming Newswire] – published scientific studies on global warming {{Global warming}} {{Sustainability}} {{Portal bar|Global warming|Energy}} [[Category:Climate change mitigation| ]] [[Category:Climate change policy]] [[no:Klimapolitikk]] <noinclude> <small>This page was moved from [[:en:Climate change mitigation]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Climate change mitigation/edithistory]]</small></noinclude> g987pfhoj1x2803p8qj6cha4is6bjpp 0 113768 540979 447903 2022-08-29T02:33:09Z InternetArchiveBot 34092 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|School leaving qualification in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland}} {{Use British English|date=September 2018}} {{Infobox examination | name = GCE Advanced Level | image_name = | image_size = | image_alt = | caption = | acronym = | type = | test_admin = | skills_tested = | purpose = | year_started = {{Start date|1951}} | year_terminated = <!-- {{End date|YYYY}} --> | duration = | score_range = | score_validity = | offered = Normally Sixth Form | attempt_restriction = | regions = England, Wales and Northern Ireland | language = | test_takers = | prerequisite = | fee = | score_users = | qualification_rate = | free_label = | free = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | footnotes = }} The '''General Certificate of Education''' ('''GCE''') '''Advanced Level''', or '''A Level''', is a main [[school leaving qualification]] in England, Wales, Northern Ireland, the [[Channel Islands]] and the [[Isle of Man]]. It is available as an alternative qualification in other countries. Students generally study for A-levels over a two-year period. For much of their history, A-levels have been examined by "terminal" examinations taken at the end of these two years. A more modular approach to examination became common in many subjects starting in the late 1980s, and standard for September 2000 and later cohorts, with students taking their subjects to the half-credit "AS"-level after one year and proceeding to full A-level the next year (sometimes in fewer subjects). In 2015, [[Ofqual]] decided to change back to a terminal approach where students sit all examinations at the end of the second year. AS is still offered, but as a separate qualification; AS grades no longer count towards a subsequent A-level. Most students [[#Studying|study three or four A level subjects]] simultaneously during the two post-16 years (ages 16–18) in a [[secondary school]], in a [[sixth form college]], in a further and higher education college, or in a tertiary college, as part of their [[further education]]. A Levels are recognised by many universities as the standard for assessing the suitability of applicants for admission in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, and many such universities partly base their admissions offers on a student's predicted A-level grades, with the majority of these offers conditional on achieving a minimum set of final grades. ==History== A Levels were introduced in 1951 as a standardised school-leaving qualification, replacing the [[Higher School Certificate (United Kingdom)|Higher School Certificate]]. The examinations could be taken on a subject-by-subject basis, according to the strengths and interests of the student. This encouraged specialization and in-depth study of three to four subjects. The A Level at first was graded as simply distinction, pass or fail (although students were given an indication of their marks, to the nearest 5%), candidates obtaining a distinction originally had the option to sit a [[Scholarship Level]] paper on the same material, to attempt to win one of 400 national scholarships. The Scholarship Level was renamed the S-Level in 1963. Quite soon rising numbers of students taking the A-level examinations required more differentiation of achievement below the S-Level standard. Grades were therefore introduced. Between 1963 and 1986 the grades were [[Norm-referenced test|norm-referenced]]:<ref>{{cite journal |first=Bruce |last=Choppin |title=Is Education Getting Better? |url=http://www.bera.ac.uk/system/files/Choppin,_1980.pdf |format=PDF |journal=British Educational Research Journal |volume=7 |issue=1 |year=1981 |page=11 |accessdate=6 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224175946/http://www.bera.ac.uk/system/files/Choppin,_1980.pdf |archivedate=24 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="publications.parliament.uk">[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200203/cmselect/cmeduski/153/15304.htm#a3 House of Commons Education and Skills Third Report, 2003] accessed 6 January 2013</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Grade !! width="70px" | A !! width="70px" | B !! width="70px" | C !! width="70px" | D !! width="70px" | E !! width="70px" | O !! width="70px" | Fail |- | Percentage || 10% || 15% || 10% || 15% || 20% || 20% || 10% |} The O grade was equivalent to a [[GCE Ordinary Level (United Kingdom)|GCE Ordinary Level]] pass which indicated a performance equivalent to the lowest pass grade at Ordinary Level. Over time, the validity of this system was questioned because, rather than reflecting a standard, norm referencing simply maintained a specific proportion of candidates at each grade, which in small cohorts was subject to statistical fluctuations in standards. In 1984, the government's Secondary Examinations Council decided to replace the norm referencing with criterion referencing: grades would in future be awarded on examiner judgement<ref>{{cite web|title=THE BACKGROUND TO THE A LEVELS DEBATE|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200203/cmselect/cmeduski/153/15304.htm|website=UK Parliament|publisher=UK Parliament|accessdate=16 August 2015}}</ref> thus eliminating a possible inadequacy of the existing scheme. The criterion referencing scheme came into effect for the summer 1987 exams as the system set examiners specific criteria for the awarding of B and E grades to candidates, and then divided out the other grades according to fixed percentages. Rather than awarding an Ordinary Level for the lowest pass, a new "N" (for Nearly passed) was introduced. Criticisms of A level grading continued, and when Curriculum 2000 was introduced, the decision was made to have specific criteria for each grade, and the 'N' grade was abolished. In 1989, Advanced Supplementary (AS) awards were introduced; they were intended to broaden the subjects a pupil studied post 16, and were to complement rather than be part of a pupil's A-level studies. AS-Levels were generally taken over two years, and in a subject the pupil was not studying at A-Level. Each AS level contained half the content of an A-Level, and at the same level of difficulty. Initially, a student might study three subjects at A-Level and one at [[Advanced Subsidiary level|AS-Level]], or often even four subjects at A-Level.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} However, due to decreasing public spending on education over time, a growing number of schools and sixth form colleges would now arrange for their pupils to study for three A-Levels instead of four.<ref>https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/teenagers-forced-to-study-fewer-alevels-in-squeeze-on-public-spending-says-exam-boss-10446807.html</ref> A levels evolved gradually from a two-year linear course with an exam at the end, to a modular course, between the late 1980s and 2000. By the year 2000 there was a strong educational reason{{clarify|date=August 2015}} to standardise the exam and offer greater breadth to students through modules<ref>See the [[Dearing Report]] and Guaranteeing standards (DfEE, 1997)</ref> and there was also a pragmatic case based on the inefficiency of linear courses where up to 30% of students were failing to complete or pass.<ref>See the Audit Commission/Office for Standards in Education.(1993). Unfinished business: Fulltime educational courses for 16- to 19-year-olds. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. See also [http://eprints.ioe.ac.uk/1555/1/HodgsonSpoursWaring2005479.pdf Higher Education, Curriculum 2000 and the Future Reform of 14–19 Qualifications in England], Ann Hodgson, Ken Spours and Martyn Waring (Institute of Education) p.4. Retrieved 30 September 2010</ref> Curriculum 2000 was introduced in September 2000, with the first new examinations taken in January and June of the following year. The Curriculum 2000 reforms also replaced the S-Level extension paper with the [[Advanced Extension Award]]. The [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] under [[Prime Minister]] [[David Cameron]] initiated reforms for A Levels to change from modular to the current linear structure.<ref>http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140430095946/http://www.education.gov.uk/nctl/examsadmin/news/archive/a00217355/alevels</ref> British Examination Boards ([[Edexcel]], [[Assessment and Qualifications Alliance|AQA]] and [[Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations|OCR]]) regulated and accredited by the government of the United Kingdom responded to the government's reform announcements by modifying [[syllabus|specifications]] of several A Level subjects.<ref>http://www.edexcel.com/quals/gce/gce15/Pages/default.aspx</ref> On the 18 March 2020, A-level examinations were cancelled in order to curtail the spread of [[COVID-19]] in the [[COVID-19 pandemic|2019-2020 coronavirus pandemic]], the measures were announced by [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Boris Johnson]]. The A-level qualifications would instead be awarded based upon a mix teacher assessment and informal "mock" exams taken earlier in the school year. ==Curriculum== ===Structure=== Prior to the 2015 government reforms of the A Level system, A-levels had (since the Curriculum 2000 reforms) consisted of two equally weighted parts: AS (Advanced Subsidiary) Level, assessed in the first year of study, and A2 Level, assessed in the second year of study. Following the reforms, while it is still possible to take the AS Level as a stand-alone qualification, those exams do not count toward the full A Level, for which all exams are taken at the end of the course. An AS course usually comprises two modules, or three for science subjects and Mathematics; full A Level usually comprises four modules, or six for sciences and Mathematics. The modules within each part may have different weights. Modules are either assessed by exam papers marked by national organisations, or in limited cases by school-assessed, externally moderated [[coursework]]. ===Subjects offered=== {{main|List of Advanced Level subjects|l1=List of Advanced Level Subjects (A-Level)}} A wide variety of subjects are offered at A-level by the five exam boards. Although exam boards often alter their curricula, this table shows the majority of subjects which are consistently available for study. See a list of, click on the "show" below, Advanced Level Subjects (usually referred to as A-Level): {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed sortable" |- ! Subject !! width="auto" | # boards !! width="auto" | AQA<ref>http://web.aqa.org.uk/</ref> !! width="auto" | OCR<ref>http://www.ocr.org.uk/qualifications/by-type/as-a-level-gce/</ref> !! width="auto" | Edexcel<ref>http://www.edexcel.com/quals/gce/gce08/Pages/default.aspx</ref> !! width="auto" | WJEC<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wjec.co.uk/index.php?subject=30&level=21 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303022140/http://www.wjec.co.uk/index.php?subject=30&level=21 |archive-date=2014-03-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref> !! width="auto" | CCEA<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rewardinglearning.org.uk/qualifications/Results.aspx?g=1&t=1&c=r&s=0&dt=0&v=0&f=0&d=a |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616165902/http://www.rewardinglearning.org.uk/qualifications/Results.aspx?g=1&t=1&c=r&s=0&dt=0&v=0&f=0&d=a |archive-date=2013-06-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | Accounting || 1 || {{y}} || || || || |- | Arabic || 1 || || || {{y}} || || |- | Art and Design || 5 || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} |- | Bengali || 1 || {{y}} || || || || |- | Biology || 5 || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} |- | Business || 5 || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} |- | Chemistry || 5 || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} |- | Chinese (Mandarin) || 1 || || || {{y}} || || |- | Classical Civilisation || 1 || || {{y}} || || || |- | Computer Science || 3 || {{y}} || {{y}} || || {{y}} || |- | Dance || 1 || {{y}} || || || || |- | Drama and Theatre || 3 || {{y}} || || {{y}} || {{y}} || |- | Design & Technology || 5 || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} |- | D&T: Fashion & Textiles || 1 || {{y}} || || || || |- | D&T: Food Technology || 2 || {{y}} || || {{y}} || || |- | D&T: Product Design || 3 || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} || || |- | Economics || 5 || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} |- | Electronics || 1 || || || || {{y}} || |- | English Language || 4 || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} || |- | English Literature || 5 || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} |- | Environmental Studies/Technology || 2 || {{y}} || || || || {{y}} |- | Film Studies || 2 || || {{y}} || || {{y}} || |- | French || 4 || {{y}} || || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} |- | Geography || 5 || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} |- | Geology || 2 || || {{y}} || || {{y}} || |- | German || 4 || {{y}} || || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} |- | Government and Politics || 5 || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} |- | Greek (Modern/Classical) || 2 || || {{y}} || {{y}} || || |- | Gujarati || 1 || || {{y}} || || || |- | Hebrew (Modern/Biblical) || 2 || {{y}} || {{y}} || || || |- | History || 5 || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} |- | History of Art (and Design) || 3 || {{y}} || || {{y}} || || {{y}} |- | Irish || 1 || || || || || {{y}} |- | Italian || 1 || || || {{y}} || || |- | Japanese || 1 || || || {{y}} || || |- | Latin || 1 || || {{y}} || || || |- | Law || 3 || {{y}} || {{y}} || || {{y}} || |- | Mathematics || 5 || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} |- | Media Studies || 3 || {{y}} || {{y}} || || {{y}} || |- | Music || 5 || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} |- | Music Technology || 1 || || || {{y}} || || |- | Persian || 1 || || {{y}} || || || |- | Philosophy || 1 || {{y}} || || || || |- | Physical Education || 4 || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} || |- | Physics || 5 || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} |- | Polish || 1 || {{y}} || || || || |- | Portuguese || 1 || || {{y}} || || || |- | Punjabi || 1 || {{y}} || || || || |- | Psychology || 4 || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} || |- | Religious Studies || 5 || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} |- | Russian || 1 || || || {{y}} || || |- | Sociology || 3 || {{y}} || {{y}} || || {{y}} || |- | Spanish || 4 || {{y}} || || {{y}} || {{y}} || {{y}} |- | Sports Science || 1 || || || || || {{y}} |- | Statistics || 1 || || || {{y}} || || |- | Turkish || 2 || || {{y}} || {{y}} || || |- | Urdu || 1 || || || {{y}} || || |- | Welsh || 1 || || || || {{y}} || |} ==Process== ===Studying=== The number of A-level exams taken by students can vary. A typical route is to study four subjects at AS level and then drop down to three at A2 level, although some students continue with their fourth subject. Three is usually the minimum number of A Levels required for university entrance, with some universities specifying the need for a fourth AS subject. There is no limit set on the number of A Levels one can study, and a number of students take five or more A Levels. It is permissible to take A Levels in languages one already speaks fluently, or courses with overlapping content, even if not always fully recognized by universities. Many options choose to do coursework. ===Grading=== The pass grades for A Levels are, from highest to lowest, '''A*''', '''A''', '''B''', '''C''', '''D''' and '''E'''. Those who do not reach the minimum standard required for a grade E receive the non-grade '''U''' (unclassified). There is no A* grade at AS level. The process to decide these grades for modular A Levels involves the uniform mark scheme (UMS). Under this scheme, four-module A levels have a maximum mark of 400 UMS (or 200 UMS each for AS and A2), and six-module A levels have a maximum mark of 600 (or 300 UMS each for AS and A2). The maximum UMS within AS and A2 may be split unequally between each modules. For example, a Physics AS may have two exam modules worth 90 UMS and 150 UMS, and a coursework module worth 60 UMS. The 'raw marks' i.e. actual score received on a test may differ from UMS awarded. On each assignment, the correspondence of raw marks to UMS is decided by setting grade boundaries, a process which involves consultation by subject experts and consideration of statistics, aiming to keep standards for each grade the same year on year. Achieving less than 40% results in a U (unclassified). For passing grades, 40% corresponds to an E grade, 50% a D, 60% a C, 70% a B, and 80% an A. The A* grade was introduced in 2010 and is awarded to candidates who average 80% UMS across all modules, with a score over 90% UMS in all A2 modules.<ref>{{cite web|title=A-level results 2010: A* grade boosts new exams record|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-11012369|website=[[BBC News]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|accessdate=18 August 2017}}</ref> In Mathematics, which comprises six 100 UMS modules, only the C3 and C4 modules count towards this requirement. In Further Mathematics and Additional Further Mathematics, where more than three A2 modules can be taken, the three best-scoring A2 modules count. ===International comparisons=== ====Wales and Northern Ireland==== Recent research and the corresponding findings have shown that over a time span of several years students from Northern Ireland would outperform students from England and Wales in A-level examinations.<ref>https://www.irishtimes.com/news/education/north-s-a-level-students-outperform-england-and-wales-1.2316305</ref> ====Hong Kong==== According to UCAS and HKEAA, the Hong Kong A-level examination has historically been benchmarked against the UK A Levels. In general, a UK A grade is broadly equivalent to a Hong Kong A-C grade. This conclusion is based mainly on the percentage of pupils achieving the respective grades in respective exams. In the UK, on average 25% of participants of each subject achieved an A grade every year, compared to the 25% A-C rate in Hong Kong – A(4%), A-B (10%), A-C (25%). According to the BBC, the percentage of students achieving an A* is about 8–10%, which essentially lies within the A-B range of their Hong Kong counterparts in respective subjects.<ref>"[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-11012369]" BBC</ref> ====United States==== In the [[United States]] of America the [[high school diploma]] is the qualification generally required for entry into colleges and universities. Students are usually evaluated and granted admission to US higher education institutions based on a combination of school marks, via a transcript from their high school, and a [[college entrance exam]], most commonly the [[SAT]] or [[ACT (test)|ACT]]. In the [[United Kingdom]], the high school diploma is considered to be at the level of the [[General Certificate of Secondary Education]] (GCSE), which is awarded at Year 11.<ref name="UCASIntQuals">{{cite web |url=http://www.arts.ac.uk/media/arts/colleges/lcf/courses/application-forms/int-quals2013.pdf |title=International Qualifications for entry into college or university in 2013 |access-date=2014-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225115515/http://www.arts.ac.uk/media/arts/colleges/lcf/courses/application-forms/int-quals2013.pdf |archive-date=2016-12-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="ChavegnesUSInfo">{{cite web |url=http://www.chavagnes.org/news/Info_for_US_families.shtml |title=Info for US Families |publisher=Chavegnes International College |access-date=2014-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704014828/http://www.chavagnes.org/news/Info_for_US_families.shtml |archive-date=2017-07-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> For [[sixth form|college]] and [[university]] admissions, the high school diploma may be accepted in lieu of the GCSE if an average grade of C is obtained in subjects with a GCSE counterpart.<ref name="UCASIntQuals" /> As the more academically rigorous [[GCE Advanced Level|A Levels]] awarded at Year 13 are expected for university admission, the high school diploma alone is generally not considered to meet university requirements. Students who wish to study in the United Kingdom may additionally participate in the [[Advanced Placement]] (AP) or [[International Baccalaureate]] (IB) programs, which are considered to be at the level of the A Level qualifications and earn points on the [[UCAS Tariff]],<ref name="UCASIntQuals" /><ref name="UCASTariffTables">{{cite web |url=http://www.ucas.com/how-it-all-works/explore-your-options/entry-requirements/tariff-tables |title=UCAS Tariff Tables |access-date=2014-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027224702/http://www.ucas.com/how-it-all-works/explore-your-options/entry-requirements/tariff-tables |archive-date=2014-10-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> or may opt to take A Level examinations in British [[international school]]s or as private candidates. College Entrance Examination Board (CEEB) tests, such as the [[SAT Reasoning Test|SAT]], [[SAT Subject Test]]s, or the [[ACT (test)|ACT]], may also be considered. The [[Universities and Colleges Admissions Service]] (UCAS) recommends that in addition to a high school diploma, grades of 3 or above in at least two, or ideally three, Advanced Placement exams may be considered as meeting general entry requirements for admission.<ref name="UCASIntQuals"/> The [[IB Diploma]] may also be accepted. For the College Entrance Examination Board tests, a minimum score of 600 or higher in all sections of the SAT or a minimum score of 26 or higher in all sections of the ACT along with a minimum score of 600 in relevant SAT Subject Tests may be considered as meeting general entry requirements for admission.<ref name="UCASIntQuals" /> ===Special educational needs=== The Equality Act says that exam boards are required to take ‘such steps as it is reasonable to have to take to avoid the disadvantage’, meaning that they are required to make reasonable adjustments for students who would otherwise be at a substantial disadvantage when demonstrating their skills, knowledge and understanding in an assessment.<ref>https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/601484/Access-arrangements-for-2015-16-academic_year_-_tracked.pdf</ref> For students taking GCE A Level examinations with learning difficulties, an injury/repetitive strain injury (RSI) or other disabilities, some of the access arrangements offered are: *Extra time (the most common approved is 25%, but the amount depends on the severity of the disability, and the student's processing speed. It can be allowed for: disorders such as [[ADHD]], [[Dyspraxia]], [[Dyslexia]], or any other disabilities that affect your processing speed, an injury that affects the time needed in the exam, or learning in English as a second language provided that the student has been studying in the UK for not more than 2 years) *An [[amanuensis]] (somebody types or handwrites as the student dictates; this is normally used when the student cannot write due to an injury or disability) *A word processor (without any spell checking tools) can be used by students who have trouble writing legibly or who are unable to write quickly enough to complete the exam within the time limit *A different format exam paper (large print, Braille, printed on coloured paper, etc.) *A 'reader' (a teacher/exam [[invigilator]] can read out the words written on the exam, but they cannot explain their meaning) *A different room (sometimes due to a disability a student can be placed in a room by themselves or with selected others; this also happens when an amanuensis is used, so as not to disturb the other candidates. All exam rooms are covered by separate dedicated invigilators.) Access arrangements must be approved by the exam board concerned. There are others available, but these are the most commonly used. ===Examination boards=== A-level examinations in the UK are currently administered through 5 [[Examination boards in the United Kingdom#Creation of the current boards|examination boards]]: [[Assessment and Qualifications Alliance|AQA]], [[OCR (examination board)|OCR]], [[Edexcel]] (London Examinations), [[WJEC (exam board)|WJEC]] and [[CCEA]]. The present 5 can trace their roots via a series of mergers or acquisitions to one or more of the originally 9 GCE Examination boards. Additionally, there are two examination boards offering A level qualifications internationally: Edexcel and the [[Cambridge International Examinations|CIE]]. OCR and CIE are both branches of the parent organization, [[Cambridge Assessment]]. In the UK it is customary for schools to register with multiple examination boards and to "mix and match" A Levels to get a combined curriculum that fits the school profile. ==Usage== ===England, Wales and Northern Ireland=== A Levels are usually studied by students in Sixth Form, which refers to the last two years of secondary education in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, taken at ages 16–18. Some secondary schools have their own Sixth Form, which admits students from lower year groups, but will often accept external applications. There are also many specialist Sixth Form and [[Further education|Further Education]] Colleges which admit from feeder schools across a large geographic area. Admission to A level programmes is at the discretion of providers, and usually depends on GCSE grades. A typical requirement would be 5 A*-C grades at GCSE, although requirements can be higher, particularly for independent schools and grammar schools. ===Scotland=== A Levels are offered as an alternate qualification by a small number of educational institutions in [[Education in Scotland|Scotland]], in place of the standard [[Higher (Scottish)|Scottish Higher]], and the [[Advanced Higher]] levels of the [[Scottish Qualifications Certificate]]. The schools that offer A Levels are mainly private fee-paying schools particularly for students wishing to attend university in England. ===International schools=== Many [[international school]]s choose to use the British system for their wide recognition. Furthermore, students may choose to sit the papers of British examination bodies at education centres around the world, such as those belonging to the [[British Council]]. According to the British Council, A Levels are similar to the American [[Advanced Placement Program|Advanced Placement]] courses<ref>[http://www.britishcouncil.org/usa-education-uk-glossary.htmGlossary – EducationUK – British Council USA<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> which are themselves equivalent to first-year courses of America's four-year bachelor's degrees. ===University admissions=== A Level students often apply to universities before they have taken their final exams, with applications administered centrally through [[UCAS]]. British universities (including Scottish universities, which receive many applicants taking A Levels) consider GCSEs, AS-level results, predicted A Level results, and extracurricular accomplishments when deciding whether applicants should be made an offer through UCAS. These offers may be 'unconditional', guaranteeing a place regardless of performance in A2 examinations. Far more often, the offers are conditional on A level grades, and become void should the student fail to achieve the marks expected by the university (for example, conditional offer of three A Levels at grades B-B-C).<ref name=BBC>{{cite news|title=You asked the expert: A Level results |first=Carol |last=Jones |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-14526439 |newspaper=BBC News |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316194413/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-14526439 |archivedate=16 March 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Universities may specify which subjects they wish these grades to be in (for example, conditional offer of grades A-A-B with a grade A in Mathematics).<ref name=BBC /> The offer may include additional requirements, such as attaining a particular grade in the [[Sixth Term Examination Paper]]. The university is obliged to accept the candidate if the conditions are met, but is not obliged to reject a candidate who misses the requirements. Leniency may in particular be shown if the candidate narrowly misses grades. A Level grades are also sometimes converted into numerical scores, typically [[UCAS Tariff|UCAS tariff]] scores. Under the new UCAS system starting in 2017, an A* grade at A Level is worth 56 points, while an A is worth 48, a B is worth 40, a C is worth 32, a D is 24, and a E is worth 16;<ref>{{cite web|title=The UCAS Tariff calculator|url=https://www.ucas.com/ucas/tariff-calculator|website=UCAS|accessdate=22 October 2017}}</ref> so a university may instead demand that an applicant achieve 112 points, instead of the equivalent offer of B-B-C. This allows greater flexibility to students, as 112 points could also, for example, be achieved through the combination A-B-D, which would not have met the requirements of a B-B-C offer because of the D grade. Depending on the specific offer made, a combination of more than 3 subjects (typically 4 or 5) with lower grades, or points from non-academic input such as higher level music grades or a Key Skills course, may also be accepted by the university. The text of the offer determines whether this flexibility is available – "112 UCAS Points" likely would, while "112 UCAS Points from three A Level subjects" would not. ===International variants=== There are currently two examination boards which provide an international variant of the United Kingdom A level examinations to international students. These are [[Cambridge International Examinations]] (CIE) and [[Edexcel]]. International A Level is widely available worldwide, with more than 125 countries providing the programme with 60 different choices of subjects.<ref>"[http://www.cie.org.uk/qualifications/academic/uppersec/alevel]"</ref> Unlike the current modular system implemented in the UK, the CIE A-Level, or more commonly known as the Cambridge A level, practises a terminal-examination system. Students are required to sit for two major exams, AS and A2, at the end of each academic year. Each of the major exams carries the weightage of 50 percent to form a complete A Level. However, Edexcel A level students will be sitting the same paper as the students in UK concurrently. Additionally, countries outside of the United Kingdom have established academic qualifications with the same or similar name, and with a similar format, to the United Kingdom A levels. However, these qualifications may be distinct in certain ways from those offered in the United Kingdom. ==Awarding== {| class="wikitable" |+ UK: A-level Grades Awarded (%'age)<ref>{{cite web|title=A-Level Results, 2001–2014|url=http://www.jcq.org.uk/examination-results/a-levels|publisher=Joint Council of Qualifications|access-date=2020-07-06|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523053156/https://www.jcq.org.uk/examination-results/a-levels|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Stubbs|first=Brian|title=Student Performance Analysis: National percentage figures for A level grades|url=http://www.bstubbs.co.uk/a-lev.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=So are A-levels getting easier?|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/1495184.stm|newspaper=BBC|date=16 August 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Warning over A-level results claims|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/2190351.stm|newspaper=BBC|date=13 August 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A-level results by subject 2004|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2004/aug/19/alevels2004.alevels|newspaper=The Guardian|date=19 August 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A-level results: Record drop in top grades as fewer get university places|url=http://metro.co.uk/2012/08/16/a-level-results-record-drop-in-top-grades-as-fewer-get-university-places-538068/|newspaper=Metro|date=16 August 2012}}</ref> |- ! ! A* ! A (A*+A) ! B ! C ! D ! E ! O/N ! U/F ! A–E ! entries |- |pre 1960 | | | | | | | | |align=right| 75.3 |align=right| 103,803 |- | 1963–1986 | |align=right| 8–10 |align=right| 15 |align=right| 10 |align=right| 15 |align=right| 20 |align=right| 20 |align=right| 10 |align=right| 68–70 |1975: 498,883 1980: 589,270 |- |1982 | |align=right| 8.9 | | | | | | |align=right| 68.2 | |- |1985 | | | | | | | | |align=right| 70.5 |align=right|634,557 |- |1989 <ref name="1989-90Eng">{{cite web|title=Provisional A-Level Results: England and Wales June 1990|url=http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=norlib&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=BasicSearchForm&docId=IF500318425&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0|website=The Times|publisher=The Times|accessdate=14 August 2015}}</ref> | |align=right| 11.4 |15.2 |16.4 |17.4 |15.3 |10.9 |13.4 |align=right| 75.7 |align=right| 682,997 |- |1990 <ref name="aLevel-1990-91">{{cite web|title=Provisional A-Level Results-June 1991.|url=http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=norlib&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=BasicSearchForm&docId=IF500098076&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0|website=The Times Digital Archive|publisher=Times [London, England]|accessdate=14 August 2015}}</ref> | |align=right| 11.7 |15.5 |16.9 |17.7 |15.2 |10.7 |12.3 |align=right| 76.7 |align=right| 684,065 |- |1991<ref>{{cite web|title=How A-Level Candidates Fared.|url=http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=norlib&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=BasicSearchForm&docId=IF503335683&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0|website=Times [London, England]|publisher=The Times Digital Archive|accessdate=14 August 2015}}</ref> | |align=right| 11.9 |15.5 |16.9 |18.1 |15.6 |10.5 |11.5 |align=right| 78.0 |align=right| 699,041 |- |1992<ref>{{cite web|title=Provisional A-Level Results by Grade.|url=http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=norlib&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=BasicSearchForm&docId=IF502003198&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0|website=Times [London, England]|publisher=The Times Digital Archive|accessdate=14 August 2015}}</ref> | |align=right|12.8 |16.3 |17.4 |18.0 |15.3 |9.8 |align=right|10.4 |align=right| 79.8 |align=right| 731,240 |- |1993 | |align=right| 13.8 |align=right| 16.7 |align=right| 17.7 |align=right| 18.1 |align=right| 14.8 |align=right| 9.3 |align=right| 9.6 |align=right| 81.1 |align=right| 734,081 |- |1994 | |align=right| 14.8 |align=right| 17.1 |align=right| 18.6 |align=right| 18.1 |align=right| 14.4 |align=right| 8.8 |align=right| 8.1 |align=right| 83.0 |align=right| 732,974 |- |1995 | |align=right| 15.8 |align=right| 17.1 |align=right| 19.0 |align=right| 18.1 |align=right| 14.1 |align=right| 8.4 |align=right| 7.5 |align=right| 84.1 |align=right| 730,415 |- |1996 | |align=right| 16.0 |align=right| 18.0 |align=right| 19.8 |align=right| 18.3 |align=right| 13.7 |align=right| 7.8 |align=right| 6.4 |align=right| 85.8 |align=right| 739,163 |- |1997 | |align=right| 16.0 |align=right| 18.9 |align=right| 20.3 |align=right| 18.5 |align=right| 13.4 |align=right| 7.4 |align=right| 5.5 |align=right| 87.1 |align=right| 776,115 |- |1998 | |align=right| 16.8 |align=right| 18.9 |align=right| 20.8 |align=right| 18.3 |align=right| 13.0 |align=right| 7.2 |align=right| 5.0 |align=right| 87.8 |align=right| 794,262 |- |1999 | |align=right| 17.5 |align=right| 19.0 |align=right| 21.0 |align=right| 18.3 |align=right| 12.7 |align=right| 6.9 |align=right| 4.6 |align=right| 88.5 |align=right| 783,692 |- |2000 | |align=right| 17.8 |align=right| 19.2 |align=right| 21.2 |align=right| 18.5 |align=right| 12.4 |align=right| 6.6 |align=right| 4.3 |align=right| 89.1 |align=right| 771,809 |- |2001 | |align=right| 18.6 |align=right| 19.3 |align=right| 21.4 |align=right| 18.1 |align=right| 12.4 |align=right| 6.3 |align=right| 3.9 |align=right| 89.8 |align=right| 748,866 |- |2002 | |align=right| 20.7 |align=right| 21.9 |align=right| 22.7 |align=right| 18.1 |align=right| 10.9 | |align=right| 5.7 |align=right| 94.3 |align=right| 701,380 |- |2003 | |align=right| 21.6 |align=right| 22.9 |align=right| 23.0 |align=right| 17.8 |align=right| 10.1 | |align=right| 4.6 |align=right| 95.4 |align=right| 750,537 |- |2004 | |align=right| 22.4 |align=right| 23.4 |align=right| 23.2 |align=right| 17.5 |align=right| 9.5 | |align=right| 4.0 |align=right| 96.0 |align=right| 766,247 |- |2005 | |align=right| 22.8 |align=right| 23.8 |align=right| 23.3 |align=right| 17.2 |align=right| 9.1 | |align=right| 3.8 |align=right| 96.2 |align=right| 783,878 |- |2006 | |align=right| 24.1 |align=right| 24.0 |align=right| 23.2 |align=right| 16.6 |align=right| 8.7 | |align=right| 3.4 |align=right| 96.6 |align=right| 805,698 |- |2007 | |align=right| 25.3 |align=right| 24.4 |align=right| 23.1 |align=right| 16.0 |align=right| 8.1 | |align=right| 3.1 |align=right| 96.9 |align=right| 805,657 |- |2008 | |align=right| 25.9 |align=right| 24.9 |align=right| 23.1 |align=right| 15.7 |align=right| 7.6 | |align=right| 2.8 |align=right| 97.2 |align=right| 827,737 |- |2009 | |align=right| 26.7 |align=right| 25.3 |align=right| 23.1 |align=right| 15.2 |align=right| 7.2 | |align=right| 2.5 |align=right| 97.5 |align=right| 846,977 |- |2010 |align=right| 8.1 |align=right| 18.9 (27) |align=right| 25.2 |align=right| 23.2 |align=right| 15.2 |align=right| 7.0 | |align=right| 2.4 |align=right| 97.6 |align=right| 853,933 |- |2011 |align=right| 8.2 |align=right| 18.8 (27) |align=right| 25.6 |align=right| 23.6 |align=right| 15.1 |align=right| 6.5 | |align=right| 2.2 |align=right| 97.8 |align=right| 867,317 |- |2012 |align=right| 7.9 |align=right| 18.7 (26.6) |align=right| 26.0 |align=right| 24.0 |align=right| 14.9 |align=right| 6.5 | |align=right| 2.0 |align=right| 98.0 |align=right| 861,819 |- |2013 |align=right| 7.6 |align=right| 18.7 (26.3) |align=right| 26.6 |align=right| 24.3 |align=right| 14.7 |align=right| 6.2 | |align=right| 1.9 |align=right| 98.1 |align=right| 850,752 |- |2014 |align=right| 8.2 |align=right| 17.8 (26.0) |align=right| 26.4 |align=right| 24.3 |align=right| 14.8 |align=right| 6.5 | |align=right| 2.0 |align=right| 98.0 |align=right| 833,807 |- |2015 |8.2 |17.7 (25.9) |26.9 |24.5 |14.7 |align=right| 6.1 | |align=right| 1.9 |align=right| 98.1 |align=right| 850,749 |- |2016 |8.1 |17.7 (25.8) |27.1 |24.7 |14.6 |align=right| 5.9 | |align=right| 1.9 |align=right| 98.1 |align=right| 836,705 |- |2017 |8.3 |18.0 (26.3) |26.8 |24.3 |14.6 |align=right| 5.9 | |align=right| 2.1 |align=right| 97.9 |align=right| 828,355 |- |2018 |8.0 |18.4 (26.4) |26.6 |24.0 |14.5 |align=right| 6.1 | |align=right| 2.4 |align=right| 97.6 |align=right| 811,776 |} Please note: (1) 2018 grades are currently provisional. (2) 2020 grades will not be counted as statistics given that, for the first time ever, the A-Level Exams were cancelled as part of the [[2020 UK education shutdown|2020 UK Education Shutdown]] because of the ongoing [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. ===UK A-Level classifications from June 1989 to 2018=== <br /> {{ #invoke:Chart | bar chart | stack = 1 | group 1 = 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 8.1 : 8.2 : 7.9 : 7.6 : 8.2 : 8.2: 8.1 : 8.3 : 8.0 | group 2 = 10 : 11.4 : 11.7 : 11.9 : 12.8 : 13.8 : 14.8 : 15.8 : 16 : 16 : 16.8 : 17.5 : 17.8 : 18.6 : 20.7 : 21.6 : 22.4 : 22.8 : 24.1 : 25.3 : 25.9 : 26.7 : 18.9 : 18.8 : 18.7 : 18.7 : 17.8 : 17.7: 17.7 : 18.0 : 18.4 | group 3 = 15: 15.2 : 15.5 : 15.5 : 16.3 : 16.7 : 17.1 : 17.1 : 18 : 18.9 : 18.9 : 19 : 19.2 : 19.3 : 21.9 : 22.9 : 23.4 : 23.8 : 24 : 24.4 : 24.9 : 25.3 : 25.2 : 25.6 : 26 : 26.6 : 26.4 : 26.9: 27.1 : 26.8 : 26.6 | group 4 = 10 : 16.4 : 16.9 : 16.9 : 17.4 : 17.7 : 18.6 : 19 : 19.8 : 20.3 : 20.8 : 21 : 21.2 : 21.4 : 22.7 : 23 : 23.2 : 23.3 : 23.2 : 23.1 : 23.1 : 23.1 : 23.2 : 23.6 : 24 : 24.3 : 24.3 : 24.5: 24.7 : 24.3 : 24.0 | group 5 = 15 : 17.4 : 17.7 : 18.1 : 18 : 18.1 : 18.1 : 18.1 : 18.3 : 18.5 : 18.3 : 18.3 : 18.5 : 18.1 : 18.1 : 17.8 : 17.5 : 17.2 : 16.6 : 16 : 15.7 : 15.2 : 15.2 : 15.1 : 14.9 : 14.7 : 14.8 : 14.7: 14.6 : 14.6 : 14.5 | group 6 = 20 : 15.3 : 15.2 : 15.6 : 15.3 : 14.8 : 14.4 : 14.1 : 13.7 : 13.4 : 13 : 12.7 : 12.4 : 12.4 : 10.9 : 10.1 : 9.5 : 9.1 : 8.7 : 8.1 : 7.6 : 7.2 : 7 : 6.5 : 6.5 : 6.2 : 6.5 : 6.1: 5.9 : 5.9 : 6.1 | group 7 = 20 : 10.9 : 10.7 : 10.5 : 9.8 : 9.3 : 8.8 : 8.4 : 7.8 : 7.4 : 7.2 : 6.9 : 6.6 : 6.3 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0: 0 : 0 : 0 | group 8 = 10 : 13.4 : 12.3 : 11.5 : 10.4 : 9.6 : 8.1 : 7.5 : 6.4 : 5.5 : 5 : 4.6 : 4.3 : 3.9 : 5.7 : 4.6 : 4 : 3.8 : 3.4 : 3.1 : 2.8 : 2.5 : 2.4 : 2.2 : 2 : 1.9 : 2 : 1.9: 1.9 : 2.1 : 2.4 | colors = red : yellow : lime : brown : orange : gold : blue : purple | x legends = norm* : : 1990 : : : : : 1995 : : : : : 2000 : : : : : 2005 : : : : : 2010 : : : : : 2015::: | width = 800 | group names = A*: A: B: C: D: E: N/O: F/U | units suffix = % awarded }} '''Note''': norm* - grades allocated per the norm referenced percentile quotas described above. ==Criticism and controversy== ===Grade inflation=== The most common criticism of the A-level system is an accusation of [[grade inflation]]. The press have noted the steady rise in average grades for several consecutive years and drawn the conclusion that A-levels are becoming consistently easier.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-14558490 A-level passes rise amid university places pressure, 18 August 2011] accessed 18 August 2011. [https://www.theguardian.com/education/2011/aug/18/a-level-pass-rate-hits-new-high A-level results 2011: pass rate hits new record high, 18 August 2011] accessed 18 August 2011</ref> In an educational report Robert Coe compared students' scores in the ALIS ability test with equivalent grades achieved in A level exams over the period of approximately 20 years. He found that students of similar ability were achieving on average about 2 grades lower in the past than they were in the present. In the case of maths it was nearer to 3.5 grades lower.<ref>[http://www.atpworld.net/past-papers/, Changes in standards at GCSE and A level: Evidence from ALIS and YELLIS, CEM, Durham, 2007, p.6]</ref> The government and teaching bodies maintain that the improved grades represent higher levels of achievement due to improved and more experienced teaching methods,<ref>", the government and teaching bodies, are not being honest. If one compares O levels(England) from 1970s or earlier, and Higher grades(from 1990s or earlier) and A levels from 1970s or earlier, and O grades(Scotland) from 1980s, all with modern National5, Highers, A levels and GCSE exams, one will see that the exams from earlier decades are much harder. 1950s exams are about 4 times harder than modern ones, and exams from 1980s are about twice as hard as modern exams and exams from the early 1990s are at least 30% harder than modern exams.[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200203/cmselect/cmeduski/153/15303.htm Education and Skills – Third Report]", House of Commons, 26 March 2003. Retrieved 6 January 2013.</ref><ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/3571138.stm Minister attacks A level critics]", BBC News, 17 August 2004. Retrieved 5 June 2006.</ref> but some educationalists and journalists argue that the change is due to grade inflation and the examinations getting easier.<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/1495184.stm So are A levels getting easier?]", BBC News, 16 August 2001. Retrieved 5 June 2006.</ref> It has also been suggested that government pressure on schools to achieve high examination results has led them to coach students to pass the examination rather than understand the subject.<ref name="15-08-05">"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/4153816.stm A levels are not what they were]", BBC News, 15 August 2005. Retrieved 5 June 2006.</ref> In 2000, the A-level system was changed to examine students at the end of each of the two years of A-level study, rather than only at the end of the two years. The results of the first year (AS-level) examinations has allowed students to drop subjects they find difficult after one year and to retake examinations to achieve a higher grade.<ref name="15-08-05" /> The ability of unlimited resits, with the best mark going through, has improved results.<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/2369981.stm A level variations 'nothing untoward']", BBC News, 23 December 2002. Retrieved 5 June 2006.</ref> Some believe that students are tending to select easier subjects instead of harder ones in order to achieve higher grades.<ref>"[http://education.guardian.co.uk/alevels/story/0,,1548150,00.html A level pupils urged to spurn 'soft' subjects]", EducationGuardian.co.uk, 12 August 2005. Retrieved 11 June 2006.</ref><ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4158902.stm Media Studies. Discuss]", BBC News, 18 August 2005. Retrieved 11 June 2006.</ref><ref>"[http://education.guardian.co.uk/alevels/story/0,,1707027,00.html Pupils favouring 'easier' A level subjects]", EducationGuardian.co.uk, 10 February 2006. Retrieved 11 June 2006.</ref> Universities in Britain have complained that the increasing number of A grades awarded makes it hard to distinguish between students at the upper end of the ability spectrum.<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/3773047.stm Call for 'more rigorous' A levels]", BBC News, 3 June 2004. Retrieved 5 June 2006.</ref> The C grade was originally intended to represent the average ability, and students typically required 60% or higher across all assessments to attain it; however, the average result is now at the lower end of the B grade. Many universities have introduced their own entrance tests such as the [[BMAT]] and [[LNAT]] for specific courses, or conduct interviews to select applicants. In addition, the head of admissions at the [[University of Cambridge]] outlined changes<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/4538127.stm Cambridge seeks harder A levels]", BBC News, 11 May 2005. Retrieved 5 June 2006.</ref> he believed should be made to the current system, particularly the use of the [[Advanced Extension Award]]s, a more challenging qualification based on the more advanced content of the A-level syllabus. More universities have wanted to see applicants' individual module results to see how comfortably they have achieved their result<ref>"[http://education.guardian.co.uk/alevels/story/0,,1546360,00.html Universities to see breakdowns of A level results]", EducationGuardian.co.uk, 10 August 2005. Retrieved 11 June 2006.</ref> due to fears that the A-level might not offer an accurate test of ability,<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/2190696.stm A levels 'poor test of ability']", BBC News, 13 August 2002. Retrieved 5 June 2006.</ref> or that it is a good prediction of future academic success.<ref>"[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200203/cmselect/cmeduski/153/15311.htm#n78 Education and Skills – Third Report]", House of Commons, 26 March 2003. Retrieved 6 January 2013.</ref> In 2007, allegations that students had been given lower marks than they deserved in order to fix overall results and make the pass rate seem lower than it had been in previous years were raised. The Tomlinson Inquiry was set up to ascertain whether this was an underhand to disprove that A levels were becoming too easy. As a result, some papers were re-marked but only 1,220 A level and 733 AS-level students saw an improvement to their results.<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/2382423.stm]" BBC News, 'Timeline: A level Grading Row', 31 October 2002. Retrieved 5 January 2007.</ref> ===Reforms=== In response to concerns shown by employers and universities that it was not possible to distinguish exceptional candidates from the large number of students achieving A grades, and in order to mirror the current [[General Certificate of Secondary Education|GCSE]] standards, a debate arose as to whether a new, higher "super A" grade (like the A* grade at GCSE) should be introduced.<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/3753664.stm A++ grade 'will select the best']", BBC News, 18 October 2004. Retrieved 5 June 2006.</ref> It was generally agreed that bringing in higher grades would be a better idea than raising the grade boundaries to keep the standards consistent, and it was proposed that on top of the A, an A* grade should be available at A level in order to stretch the most able students while ensuring others are not disadvantaged. For modular A2 exams sat from 2010 onwards, the highest A level grade is A*, requiring an A grade overall and 90% overall average UMS in A2 papers.<ref>"[http://education.guardian.co.uk/alevels/story/0,,2116699,00.html Highest A level grade is set at 90%]", EducationGuardian.co.uk, 2 July 2007. Retrieved 13 August 2007.</ref> The 2004 reform of the Mathematics syllabus, following calls that it was too hard,<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/2319809.stm AS-level maths syllabus revised]", BBC News, 11 October 2002. Retrieved 12 June 2006.</ref> attracted criticism for allegedly being made easier.<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/3128641.stm Maths A level revival plan approved]", BBC News, 6 August 2003. Retrieved 12 June 2006.</ref> In the change, content consisting of three modules (Pure 1–3) were spread to four modules (Core 1–4). It is alleged that this makes the course easier as students do less work for the same qualifications. Further reforms to make the Mathematics syllabus more popular have been met with mixed opinions.<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/4682548.stm 'Split' over A level maths reform]", BBC News, 5 February 2006. Retrieved 12 June 2006.</ref> Supporters cited it would reverse the downward trend in students taking the subject whilst others were concerned that the subject was "still incredibly difficult". Despite ongoing work to improve the image of A-levels in the business community, a number of business leaders are beginning to express concern about the suitability of the qualification for school leavers and to urge the adoption of the International Baccalaureate in the UK as an alternative qualification at schools. In addition, concerns were raised by Sir Mike Rake, Chairman of [[British Telecom|BT Group]], Sir Terry Leahy, Chairman of [[Tesco]]<ref>"[http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Business/British-Telecom-Boss-Sir-Michael-Rake-And-Tesco-Chief-Executive-Sir-Terry-Leahy-Slam-School-System/Article/200910215405298 British Telecom Boss Sir Michael Rake and Tesco Chief Executive Sir Terry leahy slam school system]", Sky News, 14 October 2009. Retrieved 2 January 2010.</ref> and by Sir Christopher Gent, Chairman of [[GlaxoSmithKline]].<ref>"[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/education/article6873415.ece Tesco boss criticises UK education system]", Times online 14 October 2009. Retrieved 2 January 2010</ref> Some schools have also moved to offering the [[Cambridge Pre-U]]<ref>http://www.cie.org.uk/qualifications/academic/uppersec/preu</ref> as an alternative to A-levels and with higher tariffs.<ref>[http://www.ucas.ac.uk/students/ucas_tariff/tarifftables/ UCAS – Tariff tables<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ===Burden of assessment=== With increased modularisation of subjects, the amount of time that young adults are spending being examined in the UK has risen considerably. It was estimated in a report by educationalists that by the age of 19 children will have spent an entire year of their school education being assessed.<ref>[http://www.ciea.org.uk/upload/pdfs/assessing_assessment_politics_or_progress.pdf%20 Tony Ashmore & Malcolm Trobe, Assessing Assessment – Politics or Progress?, National Education Trust, 2010]{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} accessed 27 July 2011. See also [http://www.ascl.org.uk/Mainwebsite/resources/document/pp48%20the%20future%20of%20assessment%20web.pdf ASCL Policy Paper 48: The Future of Assessment, 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930164201/http://www.ascl.org.uk/Mainwebsite/resources/document/pp48%20the%20future%20of%20assessment%20web.pdf |date=2011-09-30 }} and [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/6943059/School-pupils-spend-a-year-taking-exams.html The Telegraph, School pupils 'spend a year taking exams' 6 Jan 2010] accessed 27 July 2011</ref> As a result of such criticisms about the "burden of assessment", since candidates have taken four papers for most A-levels, instead of six as in the past.<ref>"[http://education.guardian.co.uk/alevels/story/0,,1742007,00.html Exam watchdog unveils plans for A level reform]", ''The Guardian'', 29 March 2006. Retrieved 11 June 2006.</ref> This means that there are two modules for AS and two more for A2 for the majority of A levels. However, this will not be the case for all A levels: Biology, Human Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Electronics, Geology, Music, Welsh and Science will continue with six units, three units for AS and A2 respectively, and 600 [[Uniform Mark Scheme|UMS]] for the A level. Mathematics (including Further Mathematics, Additional Further Mathematics, Statistics, and the Use of Mathematics AS), will not change structurally in the modular reform; it will stay on 600 UMS (300 UMS for AS), but it will include the new A* grade and the 'Stretch and Challenge' provision. Also, Bengali, Modern Hebrew, Punjabi, Polish, Arabic, Japanese, Modern Greek, Biblical Hebrew, Dutch, Gujarati, Persian, Portuguese, and Turkish will remain at two units, one for AS and one for A2.<ref>"[http://www.ocr.org.uk/qualifications/1419changes/alevels/overview.html OCR A level changes overview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927101156/http://www.ocr.org.uk/qualifications/1419changes/alevels/overview.html |date=2011-09-27 }}"</ref><ref>"[http://developments.edexcel.org.uk Edexcel new A level specifications] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111029020733/http://developments.edexcel.org.uk/ |date=2011-10-29 }}"</ref><ref>"[http://www.aqa.org.uk/qual/gce.php AQA new A level specifications] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628104703/http://www.aqa.org.uk/qual/gce.php |date=2009-06-28 }}"</ref> However, they will move to 200 UMS for A level. Chinese will also move to 200 UMS, but instead of two units, it will move to three units: AS will have two units, A2 will have one. It is the first A level to have an odd number of units since Curriculum 2000.<ref>"[http://www.edexcel.com/GCE%20Chinese%20%20shared/spec_gce_chinese.pdf Edexcel A level in Chinese: Specification for teaching from September 2008]"</ref> {{Anchor|Soft options}} [[Cambridge University]] has warned that it is extremely unlikely that it will accept applicants who are taking two or more supposedly 'softer' A level subjects out of 3. It has outlined a list of subjects it considers to be 'unsuitable', which includes Accounting, Design and Technology, Film Studies, Information and Communication Technology, Media Studies, Photography, and Sports studies.<ref>University 'soft' A level warning http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/7174848.stm</ref> As a result of dislike of the modular system, many schools now offer the alternative [[International Baccalaureate Diploma]] qualification. The course offers more subjects, extracurricular activity, a philosophical [[epistemological]] component known as "[[Theory of Knowledge]]", as well as the requirement of an extended essay on any subject of a candidate's choice. Unlike the current AS/A2 system, the International Baccalaureate is not based on a modular system. The Diploma Programme, administered by the [[International Baccalaureate]], is a recognised pre-university educational programme.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibo.org/diploma/|title=What is the Diploma Programme|publisher=ibo.org|accessdate=5 August 2009}}</ref> Former British Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]] suggested in 2013 that one state school in every county should offer the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme as an alternative to A levels.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Level Exams in the UK |url=http://www.britishcouncil.org/types_gcses.pdf |publisher=British Council Australia Education UK |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430183352/http://www.britishcouncil.org/types_gcses.pdf |archivedate=2013-04-30 }}</ref> ===Breadth of study=== The A-level has been criticised for providing less breadth since many A-level students do not generally study more than three subjects in their final year.^[18] A major part of this criticism is that, while a three- or four-subject curriculum can be balanced across the spectrum (e.g. students may choose one science subject (such as Maths, Chemistry, or Biology), a language subject (e.g. English Language, English Literature, French, German, Spanish), and a "creative" subject like Art Studies), in many cases students choose three closely linked subjects, for instance, Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry or Sociology, Psychology, and Politics. This is in part due to university entrance requirements, which, for degree programs such as medicine, may require three related A-level subjects, but non-traditional combinations are becoming more common ("British Council Australia Education UK"). Thus, while the purpose of Curriculum 2000 was to encourage students to undertake contrasting subjects, to broaden their 'skill-base', there is a tendency to pursue similar disciplines. However, others disagree, arguing that the additional AS-level(s) studied would already have provided more breadth compared with the old system. ===Predicted grading=== Students applying to universities before receiving their A Level results typically do so on the basis of predicted grades, which are issued by schools and colleges. A student's predicted grades usually depend on their GCSE results, family income, performance in tests and mock examinations, or a combination of these factors. A possible reformation would be something called the post-qualifications applications system (PQA), where applicants apply to university after they receive their results.<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/5003366.stm Plans to change university entry]", BBC News, 22 May 2006.</ref> It has been argued that this would be fairer to applicants, especially those from lower-income families whose results were thought to be under-predicted. However, a more recent UCAS report shows that although the reliability of predicted grades declines in step with family income, this can still lead to an over-prediction effect for lower income groups. Just 45% of predicted grades are accurate – 47% are over-predictions and 9% under-predictions.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20070206164504/http://www.ucas.com/candq/grades.pdf Estimating the Reliability of Predicted Grades]", University and Colleges Admission Service (UCAS). Retrieved 17 July 2007.</ref> A recent UCAS consultation rejected the implementation of PQA following opposition from universities, schools and awarding bodies.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cambridge International AS and A Level |url=http://www.cie.org.uk/qualifications/academic/uppersec/alevel> |publisher=Cambridge International Examinations}}{{dead link|date=January 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==See also== * [[Scholarship Level|GCE S-Level / Special level]] * [[Advanced Extension Award|GCE Advanced Extension Award (AEA)]] * [[A-level|A-level (International)]] * [[Advanced Higher|Advanced Higher (Scotland)]] * [[Higher School Certificate (United Kingdom)]] * [[IB Diploma Programme]] * [[European Baccalaureate]] * [[T Level]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{-}} {{Education in England}} {{Admission tests}} [[Category:Educational qualifications in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:School examinations]] [[Category:Education in Jersey]] [[Category:Education in Guernsey]] [[Category:Education in the Isle of Man]]<noinclude> <small>This page was moved from [[:en:GCE Advanced Level (United Kingdom)]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[GCE Advanced Level (United Kingdom)/edithistory]]</small></noinclude> to88xfgjj9u5dv6h03cdaxljiaurcvz 0 113776 540986 540135 2022-08-29T04:15:47Z InternetArchiveBot 34092 Rescuing 7 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|Green vehicles}} [[File:2019 Toyota Prius (ZVW50R) 1.8 Hybrid liftback (2018-12-19) 01.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|The [[Toyota Prius]] is the world's top selling [[hybrid electric vehicle]], with global sales of 3.7&nbsp;million units through April 2016.<ref name=PriusTop>{{ cite web | url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2016/05/20160520-tmc.html | title=Worldwide sales of Toyota hybrids surpass 9 million units; Prius family accounts for 63% | first=Mike | last=Millikin | publisher=Green Car Congress |accessdate=2016-05-22}} ''The Prius family accounts for 63% of Toyota's total global cumulative hybrid car sales: 5.691 million units, consisting of Prius liftback: 3.733 million; Aqua, Prius c: 1.249 million; Prius α, Prius v, Prius +: 0.634 million; Prius PHV: 75,000.''</ref> Some owners use its identity to make an environmental statement.<ref>{{cite journal | last =Maynard | first =Micheline | title =Say 'Hybrid' and Many People Will Hear 'Prius' | journal =[[New York Times]]| date =2007-07-04| url =https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/04/business/04hybrid.html?_r=0 | accessdate =2013-07-03}}</ref>]] {{Sustainable energy}} A '''green vehicle''', or '''clean vehicle''', or '''eco-friendly vehicle''' or '''[[environmentally friendly]] vehicle''' is a road [[motor vehicle]] that produces less harmful impacts to the [[Environment (biophysical)|environment]] than comparable conventional [[internal combustion engine]] vehicles running on [[gasoline]] or [[diesel fuel|diesel]], or one that uses certain [[alternative fuels]].<ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/?id=_Ax8ElEN5EcC&pg=PA67&dq=%22Green+vehicle%22| page=67| title=Rainforests | author=R.I.C. Publications | year=2005| isbn=978-1-74126-330-5 }}</ref><ref name=GreenStudent>{{cite web|url=http://www.greenstudentu.com/encyclopedia/green_vehicle_guide|title=Green Vehicle Guide|publisher=Green Student U|accessdate=2010-04-24|archive-date=2013-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203014603/http://www.greenstudentu.com/encyclopedia/green_vehicle_guide|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.cheapcarinsurance.net/the-environmentally-friendly-car/ | title=The Environmentally Friendly Car | author=Staff |publisher=Cheap Car Insurance | accessdate=2016-12-03}}</ref> Presently, in some countries the term is used for any vehicle complying or surpassing the more stringent [[European emission standards]] (such as Euro6), or [[California]]'s [[zero-emissions vehicle]] standards (such as [[Zero-emissions vehicle|ZEV]], [[Ultra-low emission vehicle|ULEV]], [[Super ultra-low emission vehicle|SULEV]], [[Partial zero-emissions vehicle|PZEV]]), or the [[low-carbon fuel standard]]s enacted in several countries.<ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/?id=Y6s7CDzLz5wC&pg=PA84&dq=%22Green+vehicle%22+lev#PPA84,M1| pages=84–85| title=Can cars come clean?| author=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Working Group on Low-Emission Vehicles| publisher=OECD Publishing| year=2004| isbn=978-92-64-10495-2 }}</ref> Green vehicles can be powered by [[alternative fuel]]s and advanced vehicle technologies and include [[hybrid electric vehicle]]s, [[plug-in hybrid electric vehicle]]s, [[battery electric vehicle]]s, [[compressed-air vehicle]]s, [[hydrogen vehicle|hydrogen]] and [[fuel-cell vehicle]]s, [[neat ethanol vehicle]]s, [[flexible-fuel vehicle]]s, [[natural gas vehicle]]s, [[clean diesel]] vehicles, and some sources also include vehicles using blends of [[biodiesel]] and [[ethanol fuel]] or [[gasohol]].<ref name=GreenStudent/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/vehicles/index.html|title=Alternative and Advanced Vehicles|publisher=Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Data Center, [[U.S. Department of Energy]]|accessdate=2010-04-24}}</ref> In November 2016, with an [[EPA]]-rated fuel economy of 136 [[miles per gallon gasoline equivalent]] (mpg-e) ({{convert|136|mpgus|L/100km|abbr=on|disp=out|1}}), the 2017 [[Hyundai Ioniq Electric]] became the most efficient EPA-certified vehicle considering all fuels and of all years, surpassing the 2014-2016 [[model year]] [[electric car|all-electric]] [[BMW i3]].<ref name=EPAMost2017/><ref name=EPAmostMPGe/> Several authors also include conventional motor vehicles with high [[fuel economy in automobiles|fuel economy]], as they consider that increasing fuel economy is the most [[Cost-effectiveness analysis|cost-effective]] way to improve [[Efficient energy use|energy efficiency]] and reduce carbon emissions in the transport sector in the short run.<ref name=TwoBillion/> As part of their contribution to [[sustainable transport]], these vehicles reduce [[air pollution]] and [[greenhouse gas emission]]s, and contribute to [[energy independence]] by reducing oil imports.<ref name=GreenStudent/><ref name=TwoBillion>{{Cite book | author1 = Sperling, Daniel | author2 = Deborah Gordon | title = Two billion cars: driving toward sustainability | year = 2009 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/twobillioncarsdr00sper_0/page/235 235–260] | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]], New York | isbn = 978-0-19-537664-7 | url = https://archive.org/details/twobillioncarsdr00sper_0/page/235 }} See ''Chapter 9: Driving Towards Sustainability''</ref> An environmental analysis extends beyond just the operating efficiency and emissions. A [[life-cycle assessment]] involves production and post-use considerations. A [[cradle-to-cradle design]] is more important than a focus on a single factor such as energy efficiency.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://yosemite.epa.gov/R10/OWCM.NSF/product+stewardship/autos-strategies | title = Strategies for Managing Impacts from Automobiles | work = | publisher = US EPA Region 10 | accessdate = May 22, 2012 | archive-date = March 4, 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051116/http://yosemite.epa.gov/R10/OWCM.NSF/product+stewardship/autos-strategies | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref> {{Citation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/elv_index.htm | title = European Union's End-of-life Vehicle (ELV) Directive | work = End of Life Vehicles | publisher = EU | accessdate = May 22, 2012 }}</ref> ==Energy efficiency== {{main|Energy efficiency in transport}} Cars with similar production of energy costs can obtain, during the life of the car (operational phase), large reductions in energy costs through several measures: * The most significant is by using [[alternative propulsion]]: ** An efficient engine that reduces the vehicle's consumption of [[petroleum]] (i.e. [[petroleum electric hybrid vehicle]]), or that uses [[renewable energy]] sources throughout its working life. ** Using [[biofuel]]s instead of petroleum fuels. * Proper maintenance of a vehicle such as engine [[wikt:tune-up|tune-up]]s, [[oil change]]s, and maintaining proper [[tire pressure]] can also help. * Removing unnecessary items from a vehicle reduces weight and improves fuel economy as well. {| class=" wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto" ! colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|Comparison of several types of green car basic characteristics<br /> (Values are overall for vehicles in current production and may differ between types) |- | style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|Type of vehicle/<br/>powertrain|| style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|[[Fuel economy in automobiles|Fuel economy]] <br/>([[miles per gallon|mpg]] equivalent)|| style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|Range|| style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|Production cost<br/> for given range|| style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|Reduction in [[carbon dioxide|CO₂]]<br/> compared to conventional || style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|Payback period |- style="text-align:center;" |align=left|[[Internal combustion engine|Conventional ICE]]||10–78<!--Audi A2-->||Long<br/>(400–600&nbsp;mi) || Low|| 0%||- |- style="text-align:center;" |align=left|[[Biodiesel]]||18–71<!--Audi A2-->||Long<br/>(360–540&nbsp;mi) || Low|| varies depending on biodiesel source<ref>{{Cite journal|last=van Renssen|first=Sonja|date=2011|title=A biofuel conundrum|url=http://archive.ffue.org/PDF/vanRenssen2011ABiofuelConundrum.pdf|journal=Nature Climate Change|volume=1, November 2011|issue=8|pages=389–390|via=|doi=10.1038/nclimate1265|access-date=2020-07-06|archive-date=2017-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024205954/http://archive.ffue.org/PDF/vanRenssen2011ABiofuelConundrum.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>||- |- style="text-align:center;" |align=left|[[Electric car|All-electric]]||54–118<!--Fisker Karma - Honda Fit EV-->|| Shorter<br/>(73–150&nbsp;mi)<br/>Luxury models<br/>Medium<br/>(160–300&nbsp;mi)<!--Tesla Model S--> ||High<br/><br/>Very high ||varies depending<br/>on energy source|| - |- style="text-align:center;" |align=left|[[Hydrogen car|Hydrogen]] [[fuel cell vehicle|fuel cell]]||80<ref name="str" />|| ||Astronomical || || |- style="text-align:center;" |align=left|[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]]||30–60 ||380&nbsp;mi<ref name="str">[https://www.llnl.gov/str/Hybrid.html S&TR]</ref>||Medium|| ||5 years<ref name="autogenerated2" /><ref name="autogenerated1" /> |} ==Types== [[File:Battery EV vs. Hydrogen EV.png|thumb|right|400px|Comparison of energy efficiency between [[battery electric vehicle|battery]] and [[hydrogen vehicle|hydrogen]] [[fuel-cell]] cars]] {{Multiple image|direction=vertical|align=right|image1=Chevrolet Volt WAS 2011 837.JPG|image2=2011 Nissan Leaf -- 2011 DC.jpg|width=220|caption2=Sales of both the [[Chevrolet Volt]] [[plug-in hybrid]] (top) and the [[Nissan Leaf]] [[all-electric car]] (bottom) began in December 2010.}} [[File:2013-03-05 Geneva Motor Show 8120.JPG|thumb|PSA Peugeot Citroën Hybrid Air concept exhibited at the 2013 [[Geneva Motor Show]] ]] {{Further|Alternative fuel vehicle}} Green vehicles include vehicles types that function fully or partly on alternative energy sources other than [[fossil fuel]] or less carbon intensive than gasoline or diesel. Another option is the use of [[alternative fuel]] composition in conventional fossil fuel-based vehicles, making them function partially on renewable energy sources. Other approaches include [[personal rapid transit]], a [[public transport]]ation concept that offers automated, on-demand, non-stop transportation on a network of specially built guideways. ===Electric and fuel cell-powered=== {{See also| Electric vehicle|Plug-in hybrid}} Examples of vehicles with reduced petroleum consumption include [[electric car]]s, [[plug-in hybrid]]s and [[fuel cell]]-powered [[hydrogen car]]s. [[Electric car]]s are typically more efficient than [[fuel cell]]-powered vehicles on a [[Tank-to-wheel]] basis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.teslamotors.com/display_data/twentyfirstcenturycar.pdf |title=Energy efficiency comparison article |accessdate=2010-12-12 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091014073730/http://www.teslamotors.com/display_data/twentyfirstcenturycar.pdf |archivedate=2009-10-14 }}</ref> They have better [[fuel economy in automobiles|fuel economy]] than conventional [[internal combustion engine]] vehicles but are hampered by [[All-electric range|range]] or maximum distance attainable before discharging the battery. The [[Electric car#Batteries|electric car batteries]] are their main cost. They provide a 0%<ref>http://shrinkthatfootprint.com/electric-car-emissions#.UWMjH5xsYH4.email|"eg India, China, Australia"</ref> to 99.9% reduction in [[carbon dioxide|CO₂]] emissions compared to an [[Internal combustion engine|ICE]] (gasoline, diesel) vehicle, depending on the source of electricity.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.asecert.org/Template.cfm?Section=Clean_Fuels_Clean_Vehicle_Technology1&Template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentFileID=609 |title= Alternate Fuel Technology - Battery Electric Vehicles |access-date= 2020-01-03 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071008073124/http://www.asecert.org/Template.cfm?Section=Clean_Fuels_Clean_Vehicle_Technology1&Template=%2FContentManagement%2FContentDisplay.cfm&ContentFileID=609 |archive-date= 2007-10-08 |url-status= dead }}&nbsp;{{small|(245&nbsp;KB)}}</ref> ===Hybrid electric vehicles=== {{See also| Hybrid vehicle}} [[Hybrid car]]s may be partly fossil fuel (or biofuel) powered and partly electric or hydrogen-powered. Most combine an internal combustion engine with an electric engine, though other variations too exist. The internal combustion engine is often either a gasoline or Diesel engine (in rare cases a Stirling engine may even be used<ref>[http://www.precer.com/Technology.html Precer's BioRacer Stirling engine-electric hybrid]</ref>). They are more expensive to purchase but cost redemption is achieved in a period of about 5 years due to better fuel economy.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite news | title = Consumer Reports Revises Financial Analysis In Report on Ownership Costs for Hybrid Cars | date = 7 March 2006 | publisher = Consumers Union | url = http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/cu-press-room/pressroom/archive/2006/04/eng0604ehv.htm | work = Consumer Reports | accessdate = 2007-04-27 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070921103910/http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/cu-press-room/pressroom/archive/2006/04/eng0604ehv.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-09-21}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web | url = http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/cars/new-cars/high-cost-of-hybrid-vehicles-406/overview/index.htm | title = The dollars & sense of hybrid cars }}</ref> ===Compressed air cars, stirling vehicles, and others=== {{See also| Compressed-air vehicle| Compressed air car}} [[Compressed air car]]s, [[Zero-emissions vehicle|stirling-powered]] vehicles, [[Liquid nitrogen vehicle]]s are even less polluting than electrical vehicles, as the vehicle and its components can be made more environmentally friendly. [[Solar car racing|Solar car races]] are held on a regular basis in order to promote green vehicles and other "[[environmental technology|green technology]]". These sleek driver-only vehicles can travel long distances at highway speeds using only the electricity generated instantaneously from the sun. ===Improving conventional cars=== [[File:Brazilian Fiat Siena TetraFuel four views.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Fiat Siena|Fiat Siena Tetrafuel]] 1.4 is a [[multifuel]] car designed to run as a [[flex-fuel]] on [[gasoline]], or [[w:Common ethanol fuel mixtures#E20, E25|E20–E25 blend]], or neat ethanol ([[Neat alcohol fuel|E100]]); or to run as a [[bi-fuel vehicle|bi-fuel]] with [[Compressed natural gas|natural gas (CNG)]].]] {{Main|Biofuel|compressed natural gas|clean diesel}} {{See also|Volkswagen emissions scandal}} A conventional vehicle can become a greener vehicle by mixing in [[renewable fuel]]s or using less carbon intensive [[fossil fuel]]. Typical [[gasoline]]-powered cars can tolerate up to 10% [[alcohol fuel|ethanol]]. Brazil manufactured cars that run on neat ethanol, though there were discontinued. Another available option is a [[flexible-fuel vehicle]] which allows any blend of gasoline and ethanol, up to 85% in North America and Europe, and up to 100% in Brazil.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dual Fuel Cars Revive Brazil's Alcohol Industry |url=http://www.tierramerica.net/2003/0825/iacentos.shtml |access-date=2020-07-06 |archive-date=2012-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205102730/http://www.tierramerica.net/2003/0825/iacentos.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> Another existing option is to convert a conventional gasoline-powered to allow the alternative use of [[compressed natural gas|CNG]]. [[Pakistan]], [[Argentina]], [[Brazil]], [[Iran]], [[India]], [[Italy]], and [[China]] have the largest fleets of [[natural gas vehicle]]s in the world.<ref name=IANGV>{{cite web|url=http://www.iangv.org/tools-resources/statistics.html |title=Natural Gas Vehicle Statistics |publisher=International Association for Natural Gas Vehicles |accessdate=2009-10-19 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110101111/http://www.iangv.org/tools-resources/statistics.html |archivedate=2010-01-10 }}</ref> [[diesel fuel|Diesel]]-powered vehicles can often transition completely to [[biodiesel]], though the fuel is a very strong [[solvent]], which can occasionally damage [[rubber]] seals in vehicles built before 1994. More commonly, however, biodiesel causes problems simply because it removes all of the built-up residue in an engine, clogging [[filter (chemistry)|filter]]s, unless care is taken when switching from dirty fossil-fuel derived diesel to bio-diesel. It is very effective at 'de-coking' the diesel engines combustion chambers and keeping them clean. Biodiesel is the lowest emission fuel available for diesel engines. Diesel engines are the most efficient car internal combustion engines. Biodiesel is the only fuel allowed in some North American national parks because spillages will completely bio-degrade within 21 days. Biodiesel and [[vegetable oil fuel]]led, diesel engined vehicles have been declared amongst the greenest in the US ''Tour de Sol'' competition. This presents problems, as biofuels can use food resources in order to provide mechanical energy for vehicles. Many experts point to this as a reason for growing food prices, particularly US Bio-ethanol fuel production which has affected maize prices. In order to have a low environmental impact, biofuels should be made only from waste products, or from new sources like [[algae fuel|algae]]. <!--This section needs to be expanded to include clean diesel (lower emissions and higher fuel economy) and the new breed of gasoline high fuel efficient vehicles, otherwise this article will be duplicating the content of alternative fuel vehicles--> ===Electric Motor and Pedal Powered Vehicles=== Multiple companies are offering and developing two, three, and four wheel vehicles combining the characteristics of a bicycle with electric motors. US Federal, State and Local laws do not clearly nor consistently classify<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.electric-bikes.com/nevs/legalnev.html|title=NHTSA/DOT final rule on Neighborhood Electric Vehicles (NEV)63 FR 33913, June 17, 1998|publisher=US DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION|date= |accessdate=2015-11-14}}</ref> these vehicles as [[bicycles]], [[electric bicycles]], [[motorcycles]], [[electric motorcycles]], [[mopeds]], [[Neighborhood Electric Vehicle]], [[motorised quadricycle]] or as a [[car]]. Some laws have limits on top speeds, power of the motors, range, etc. while others do not.<ref>[http://www.cpsc.gov/PageFiles/93295/low.pdf CPSC Requirements for Low-Speed Electric Bicycles]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d107:h.r.727: |title=Search Results - THOMAS (Library of Congress)<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2020-07-06 |archive-date=2016-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110013319/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d107:h.r.727: |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>http://electricbikereport.com/new-california-law-electric-bike-regulations/#more-18708</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/15-16/bill/asm/ab_1051-1100/ab_1096_bill_20151007_chaptered.htm|title=California Assembly Bill No. 1096 CHAPTER 568 October 7, 2015.|date= |accessdate=2015-11-14}}</ref> ===Other=== {{Further|Personal rapid transit}} [[File:Borealis3windmills.jpg|thumb|right|[[Solar vehicle]] ]] * [[Public transportation]] vehicles are not usually included in the green vehicle category, but [[Personal rapid transit]] (PRT) vehicles probably should be. All vehicles that are powered from the track have the advantage of potentially being able to use any source of electric energy, including sustainable ones, rather than requiring liquid fuels. They can also switch regenerative braking energy between vehicles and the electric grid rather than requiring energy storage on the vehicles. Also, they can potentially use the entire track area for solar collectors, not just the vehicle surface. The potential [[Personal rapid transit#Energy efficiency|PRT energy efficiency]] is much higher than that which traditional automobiles can attain. * [[Solar vehicle]]s are [[electric vehicle]]s powered by [[solar power|solar energy]] obtained from [[solar panel]]s on the surface (generally, the roof) of the vehicle. [[Photovoltaic]] (PV) cells convert the Sun's energy directly into [[electrical energy]]. Solar vehicles are not practical day-to-day transportation devices at present, but are primarily demonstration vehicles and engineering exercises, often sponsored by government agencies. However, some cities have begun offering [[solar bus|solar-powered buses]], including the [[Tindo]] in [[Adelaide|Adelaide, Australia]]. * [[Wind-powered land vehicle|Wind-powered electric vehicles]] primarily use wind-turbines installed at a strategic point of the vehicle, which are then converted into electric energy which causes the vehicle to propel. ==Animal powered vehicles== [[Horse and carriage]] are just one type of animal propelled vehicle. Once a common form of transportation, they became far less common as cities grew and automobiles took their place. In dense cities, the waste produced by large numbers of transportation animals was a significant health problem. Oftentimes the food is produced for them using diesel powered tractors, and thus there is some environmental impact as a result of their use. ==Human powered vehicles== [[File:Vélo'v station 5002 - Place des Compagnons de la chanson.jpg|thumb|[[Vélo'v]] [[bicycle sharing system]] in [[Lyon]], [[France]] ]] {{See also|Bicycle sharing system}} Human powered transport includes walking, [[bicycle]]s, [[velomobile]]s, [[row boat]]s, and other environmentally friendly ways of getting around. In addition to the health benefits of the exercise provided, they are far more environmentally friendly than most other options. The only downside is the speed limitations, and how far one can travel before getting exhausted. ==Benefits of green vehicle use== ===Environmental=== Vehicle emissions contribute to the increasing concentration of gases linked to [[climate change]].<ref name="world energy council">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldenergy.org/publications/809.asp |title=Transport Technologies and Policy Scenarios |publisher=[[World Energy Council]] |accessdate=2009-05-26 |author=World Energy Council |year=2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204051628/http://www.worldenergy.org/publications/809.asp |archivedate=2008-12-04 }}</ref> In order of significance, the principal [[greenhouse gases]] associated with road transport are carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O).<ref>{{cite web |first=Marianne |last=Weingroff |url=http://www.ucar.edu/learn/1_4_2_20t.htm |title=Activity 20 Teacher Guide: Human Activity and Climate Change |publisher=Ucar.edu |date= |accessdate=2010-12-12 |archive-date=2011-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610202146/http://www.ucar.edu/learn/1_4_2_20t.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Road transport is the third largest source of greenhouse gases emitted in the UK, and accounts for over 20% of total emissions,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whatgreencar.com/emissionsanalysis.php |title=WhatGreenCar? Ratings Methodology |publisher=Whatgreencar.com |date=2009-12-03 |accessdate=2010-12-12}}</ref> and 33% in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal| url=http://www.climateactionproject.com/docs/crs/80733.pdf| page=16| title=Climate Change: Action by States To Address Greenhouse Gas Emissions| date=January 18, 2007| author=Jonathan L. Ramseur| publisher=Congressional Research Service| accessdate=2009-06-27| archive-date=2011-10-05| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005155215/http://www.climateactionproject.com/docs/crs/80733.pdf| url-status=dead}}</ref> Of the total greenhouse gas emissions from transport, over 85% are due to CO₂ emissions from road vehicles. The transport sector is the fastest growing source of greenhouse gases.<ref name="IPCC">{{cite web|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg3/ar4-wg3-chapter5.pdf|title=IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Mitigation of Climate Change, chapter 5, Transport and its Infrastructure|publisher=[[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]]|accessdate=2009-05-26|author=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|year=2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080718173528/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg3/ar4-wg3-chapter5.pdf|archive-date=2008-07-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Health=== Vehicle pollutants have been linked to human ill health including the incidence of respiratory and cardiopulmonary disease and lung cancer. A 1998 report estimated that up to 24,000 people die prematurely each year in the UK as a direct result of air pollution.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.advisorybodies.doh.gov.uk/comeap/index.htm |title=Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants (COMEAP) |publisher=Advisorybodies.doh.gov.uk |date=2009-11-26 |accessdate=2010-12-12 |archive-date=2011-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719003154/http://www.advisorybodies.doh.gov.uk/comeap/index.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to the [[World Health Organization]], up to 13,000 deaths per year among children (aged 0–4 years) across Europe are directly attributable to outdoor pollution. The organization estimates that if pollution levels were returned to within EU limits, more than 5,000 of these lives could be saved each year. ===Monetary=== [[Hybrid taxi]] [[fleet operator]]s in [[New York City|New York]] have also reported that reduced fuel consumption saves them thousands of dollars per year.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/environmentNews/idUSN1645555920080717| title=NYC speeds transformation of yellow cabs to green| date=July 17, 2008| first=Joan| last=Gralla| work=Reuters }}</ref> ===Criticism=== A study by CNW Marketing Research suggested that the extra energy cost of manufacture, shipping, disposal, and the short lives of some of these types of vehicle (particularly gas-electric [[hybrid vehicle]]s) outweighs any energy savings made by their using less petroleum during their useful lifespan.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Dust to Dust - The Energy Cost of New Vehicles From Concept to Disposal |author=CNW Marketing Research, Inc |year=2006 |url=http://cnwmr.com/nss-folder/automotiveenergy/ |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507155738/http://cnwmr.com/nss-folder/automotiveenergy/ |archivedate=2012-05-07 }}</ref> This type of argument is the long smokestack argument.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bp78rfNkfrY Israeli company builds infrastructure for worlds electric cars]</ref> Critics of the report note that the study prorated all of Toyota's hybrid research-and-development costs across the relatively small number of Priuses on the road, rather than using the incremental cost of building a vehicle; used{{convert|109000|mi|km}} for the length of life of a Prius (Toyota offers a {{convert|150000|mi|km|adj=on}} warranty on the Prius' hybrid components, including the battery), and calculated that a majority of a car's cradle-to-grave energy gets expended during the vehicle's production, not while it is driven.<ref>Brendan I. Koerner, [http://www.slate.com/id/2186786/ "Tank vs. Hybrid: IS IT POSSIBLE THAT A HUMMER'S BETTER FOR THE ENVIRONMENT THAN A PRIUS IS?"], ''Slate'' magazine, March 18, 2008</ref> [[Norwegian Consumer Ombudsman]] official Bente Øverli stated that "Cars cannot do anything good for the environment except less damage than others." Based on this opinion, Norwegian law severely restricts the use of "[[greenwashing]]" to market automobiles, strongly prohibiting advertising a vehicle as being environmentally friendly, with large fines issued to violators.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forbrukerombudet.no/asset/2857/1/2857_1.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-04-21 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123183503/http://forbrukerombudet.no/asset/2857/1/2857_1.pdf |archivedate=2010-11-23 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Independent Newspapers Online|url=http://www.motoring.co.za/index.php?fArticleId=4028677 |title=Prove 'clean, green' ads, Norway tells automakers|publisher=Motoring.co.za |date=2010-05-05 |accessdate=2010-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.treehugger.com/files/2007/09/norway_says_car.php |title=Greenwash Watch: Norways Says Cars Neither Green Nor Clean |publisher=Treehugger.com |date= |accessdate=2010-12-12 |archive-date=2011-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518210605/http://www.treehugger.com/files/2007/09/norway_says_car.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Doyle |first=Alister|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/environmentNews/idUSL0671323420070906 |title=Norways Says Cars Neither Green Nor Clean|publisher=Reuters.com |date= 2007-09-06|accessdate=2010-12-12}}</ref> Some studies try to compare environmental impact of electric and petrol vehicles over complete life cycle, including production, operation, and dismantling. <ref name="GreenComparisonIndustrialEcology">{{cite journal |author=Troy R. Hawkins, Bhawna Singh, Guillaume Majeau-Bettez, Anders Hammer | title=Comparative Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Conventional and Electric Vehicles | journal=Journal of Industrial Ecology | date=16 January 2013 | doi=10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00532.x | volume=17 | pages=53–64}}</ref> <ref name="GreenComparisonScientific">{{cite magazine |author=David Biello | url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/electric-cars-are-not-necessarily-clean/ | title=Electric Cars Are Not Necessarily Clean | magazine=Scientific American | date=11 May 2016 | access-date=2017-09-19 }}</ref> <ref name="GreenComparisonShrink">{{cite web |author= | url=http://shrinkthatfootprint.com/electric-car-emissions | title=Shades of Green: Electric Cars' Carbon Emissions Around the Globe | website= | publisher=Shrink that Footprint | date= |isbn= | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919005547/http://shrinkthatfootprint.com/electric-car-emissions | archive-date=2017-09-19 | access-date=2017-09-19 }}</ref> <ref name="GreenComparisonCitylab">{{cite web |author=Eric Jaffe | url=https://www.citylab.com/environment/2015/06/where-electric-vehicles-actually-cause-more-pollution-than-gas-cars/397136/ | title=Where Electric Vehicles Actually Cause More Pollution Than Gas Cars | website= | publisher=CityLab | date=29 June 2015 |isbn= | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919010906/https://www.citylab.com/environment/2015/06/where-electric-vehicles-actually-cause-more-pollution-than-gas-cars/397136/ | archive-date=2017-09-19 | access-date=2017-09-19 }}</ref> In general, results differ vastly dependent on the region considered, due to difference in energy sources to produce electricity that fuels electric vehicles. When considering only CO₂ emissions, it is noted that production of electric cars generate about twice as much emissions as that of internal combustion cars.<ref name="GreenComparisonIndustrialEcology" /> However, emissions of CO₂ during operation are much larger (on average) than during production. For electric cars, emissions caused during operation depend on energy sources used to produce electricity and thus vary a lot geographically. Studies suggest that when taking into account both production and operation, electric cars would cause more emissions in economies where production of electricity is not clean, e.g., it is mostly coal based.<ref name="GreenComparisonScientific" /><ref name="GreenComparisonShrink" /> For this reason, some studies found that driving electric cars is less environmentally damaging in western US states than in eastern ones, where less electricity is produced using cleaner sources. Similarly, in countries like India, Australia or China, where large portion of electricity is produced by using coal, driving electric vehicles would cause larger environmental damage than driving petrol vehicles. When justifying use of electric cars over petrol cars, these kinds of studies do not provide sufficiently clear results. Environmental impact is calculated based on fuel mix used to produce electricity that powers electric cars. However, when a gas vehicle is replaced by an equivalent electric vehicle, additional power must be installed in electrical grid. This additional capacity would normally not be based on the same ratios of energy sources ("clean" versus fossil fuels) than the current capacity. Only when additional electricity production capacity installed to switch from petrol to electric vehicles would predominantly consist of clean sources, switch to electric vehicles could reduce environmental damage. Another common problem in methodology used in comparative studies is that it only focuses on specific kinds of environmental impact. While some studies focus only on emission of gas pollutants over life cycle or only on greenhouse gas emissions such as CO<small>2</small>, comparison should also account for other environmental impacts such as pollutants released otherwise during production and operation or ingredients that can not be effectively recycled.<ref name="ElectricEnvironmentImpact">{{cite magazine |author=Lizzie Wade | url=https://www.wired.com/2016/03/teslas-electric-cars-might-not-green-think/ | title=Tesla's Electric Cars Aren't as Green as You Might Think | magazine=Wired | date=31 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919145112/https://www.wired.com/2016/03/teslas-electric-cars-might-not-green-think/ | archive-date=2017-09-19 | access-date=2017-09-20 }}</ref> Examples include use of lighter high performing metals, lithium batteries and more rare metals in electric cars, which all have high environmental impact. A study that also looked at factors other than energy consumption and carbon emissions has suggested that there is no such thing as an environmentally friendly car.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eco-logica.co.uk/pdf/wtpp17.3.pdf |author=Tziovaras, T. (2011) |title=Is there such a thing as an environmentally-friendly car? |publisher=World Transport Policy and Practice,17, 3: 27-31|accessdate=2012-07-08}}</ref> The use of vehicles with increased fuel efficiency is usually considered positive in the short term but criticism of any hydrocarbon-based personal transport remains. The [[Jevons paradox]] suggests that energy efficiency programs are often counter-productive, even increasing energy consumption in the long run.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.03.020|last=Alcott |first=Blake |title=Jevons' paradox|journal=Ecological Economics |date=July 2005 |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=9–21|hdl=1942/22574 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Many environmental researchers believe that [[sustainable transport]] may require a move away from hydrocarbon fuels and from our present automobile and highway paradigm.<ref>{{cite book | last =Kunstler | first =James Howard | title =Too Much Magic; Wishful Thinking, Technology, and the Fate of the Nation | publisher =Atlantic Monthly Press | year =2012 | isbn =978-0-8021-9438-1 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Gilbert | first = Richard | chapter = Transportation is the Post Carbon World | editor-last = McKibben | editor-first = D | title = The Post Carbon Reader: Managing the 21st Century Sustainability Crisis | volume = | publisher = Watershed Media | date = 2010 | isbn = 978-0-9709500-6-2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last =Black | first =W R | title =Sustainable transportation: a US perspective | journal =Journal of Transport Geography | volume = 4| issue = 3 | pages =151–159 | year =1996 | doi =10.1016/0966-6923(96)00020-8 }}</ref> ==National and international promotion== ===European Union=== The [[European Union]] is promoting the marketing of greener cars via a combination of binding and non-binding measures.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euractiv.com/Article?tcmuri=tcm:29-117504-16&type=LinksDossier |title=Green cars &#124; EU - European Information on Sustainable Dev |publisher=EurActiv.com |date= |accessdate=2010-12-12}}</ref> As of April 2010, 15 of the 27 [[member states of the European Union]] provide tax incentives for [[Plug-in electric vehicle|electrically chargeable vehicles]] and some [[alternative fuel vehicle]]s, which includes all [[Western Europe]]an countries except [[Italy]] and [[Luxembourg]], plus the [[Czech Republic]] and [[Romania]]. The incentives consist of tax reductions and exemptions, as well as of bonus payments for buyers of [[electric car]]s, [[plug-in hybrid]]s, [[hybrid electric vehicle]]s and [[natural gas vehicle]]s.<ref name=GCC0420>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/04/acea-tax-20100421.html#more|title=Growing Number of EU Countries Levying CO2 Taxes on Cars and Incentivizing Plug-ins|publisher=Green Car Congress|date=2010-04-21|accessdate=2010-04-23}}</ref><ref name=ACEA2>{{cite web|url=http://www.acea.be/index.php/news/news_detail/an_increasing_number_of_member_states_levy_co2_based_taxation_or_incentivis/|title=An Increasing Number of Member States Levy CO2-Based Taxation or Incentivise Electric Vehicles|publisher=[[European Automobile Manufacturers Association]]|date=2010-04-21|accessdate=2010-04-23|archive-date=2010-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425010516/http://www.acea.be/index.php/news/news_detail/an_increasing_number_of_member_states_levy_co2_based_taxation_or_incentivis|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===United States=== The [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) is promoting the marketing of greener cars via the [[SmartWay]] program. The SmartWay and SmartWay Elite designation mean that a vehicle is a better environmental performer relative to other vehicles. This US EPA designation is arrived at by taking into account a vehicle's Air Pollution Score and Greenhouse Gas Score. Higher Air Pollution Scores indicate vehicles that emit lower amounts of pollutants that cause smog relative to other vehicles. Higher Greenhouse Gas Scores indicate vehicles that emit lower amounts of carbon dioxide and have improved fuel economy relative to other vehicles. To earn the SmartWay designation, a vehicle must earn at least a 6 on the Air Pollution Score and at least a 6 on the Greenhouse Gas Score, but have a combined score of at least 13. SmartWay Elite is given to those vehicles that score 9 or better on both the Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Scores. A Green Vehicle Marketing Alliance, in conjunction with the [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]] (ONRL), periodically meets, and coordinates marketing efforts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.edf.org/documents/3687_GVMA_Report_0304.pdf |title=Microsoft Word - GVMA Report to ORNL, March 2004.doc |date= |accessdate=2010-12-12 |archive-date=2010-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724203913/http://www.edf.org//documents/3687_GVMA_Report_0304.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Progressive Insurance Automotive X Prize== The Progressive Insurance Automotive X PRIZE (PIAXP) is a set of competitions, programs and events, from the [[X PRIZE Foundation]] to "inspire a new generation of super-efficient vehicles that help break America's addiction to oil and stem the effects of climate change."<ref>{{cite web|title=Competition Guidelines, Version 1.2, 13 January 2009|page=5|url=http://www.progressiveautoxprize.org/files/downloads/auto/PIAXP_Guidelines_V_1.0_20090110.pdf|publisher=[[X PRIZE Foundation]]|accessdate=2009-06-21|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801164332/http://www.progressiveautoxprize.org/files/downloads/auto/PIAXP_Guidelines_V_1.0_20090110.pdf|archivedate=1 August 2009}}</ref> [[Progressive Corporation|Progressive Insurance]] is the title sponsor of the prize, the centerpiece of which is the Competition Division, within which a $10 million purse will be divided between the winners of three competitions. The essence of each competition is to design, build and race super-efficient vehicles that will achieve 100 [[Miles per gallon of gasoline equivalent|MPGe]] (2.35 liter/100 kilometer) and can be produced for the mass market.<ref>{{cite web|title=Auto X Prize Revs Up|url=http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2007/03/30/107615.aspx|publisher=[[MSNBC]]|first=Alan|last=Boyle|accessdate=2008-09-16|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080808121425/http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2007/03/30/107615.aspx|archivedate=2008-08-08}}</ref> Within the Competition Division, there are two vehicle classes: Mainstream and Alternative. The mainstream class has a prize of $5 million. The alternate class has 2 separate prizes of $2.5 million, one for side-by-side seating and one for tandem seating.<ref name="guidelines">{{cite web|title=Competition Guidelines|url=http://www.progressiveautoxprize.org/files/downloads/auto/PIAXP_Guidelines_V_1.0_20090110.pdf|publisher=progressiveautoxprize.org|accessdate=2009-05-28|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801164332/http://www.progressiveautoxprize.org/files/downloads/auto/PIAXP_Guidelines_V_1.0_20090110.pdf|archivedate=2009-08-01}}</ref> Some of the competitors, such as Aptera and Tesla, are already taking deposits for 'green' vehicles from customers. ==Green car rankings== [[File:Hyundai Ioniq Electric (12).JPG|thumb|[[Hyundai Ioniq Electric]] ]] [[File:2018 BMW i3 facelift (1).jpg|thumb|[[BMW i3]] electric car]] [[File:Toyota Prius (11).JPG|thumb|[[Toyota Prius Eco]] (4th gen)]] [[File:Chevrolet Bolt EV SAO 2016 8836.jpg|thumb|[[Chevrolet Bolt EV]] ]] [[File:2016 Chevrolet Volt NAIAS 2015 trimmed.jpg|thumb|[[Chevrolet Volt (second generation)|Chevrolet Volt (2nd gen.)]] plug-in hybrid]] [[File:DCA 06 2012 Chevy Volt 4035.JPG|thumb|[[Chevrolet Volt]] (1st gen) [[plug-in hybrid]] ]] [[File:2018 Nissan Leaf Tekna Front.jpg|thumb|[[Nissan Leaf]] [[electric car]] ]] [[File:Toyota Mirai in Warsaw, Poland Nov 2015 IMG 0130.JPG|thumb|[[Toyota Mirai]] [[Hydrogen vehicle|hydrogen]] [[Fuel cell vehicle|fuel cell car]] ]] [[File:I MiEV EDTA DC 04 2011 1782.jpg|thumb|[[Mitsubishi i-MiEV]] electric car]] [[File:Ford Focus Electric with badging WAS 2011 924.jpg|thumb|[[Ford Focus Electric]] ]] [[File:Ford C Max Energi PHEV with badging WAS 2011 897.jpg|thumb|[[Ford C-Max Energi]] plug-in hybrid]] [[File:2014 Tesla Model S in Germany.jpg|thumb|[[Tesla Model S]] electric car]] [[File:2016 BMW i8.jpg|thumb|[[BMW i8]] [[plug-in hybrid]] ]] [[File:Ford Fusion Energi SEL with badge WAS 2012 0583.jpg|thumb|[[Ford Fusion Energi]] plug-in hybrid]] [[File:2014 Honda Accord Plug-In Hybrid Sedan trimmed.jpg|thumb|[[Honda Accord (ninth generation)#Accord Plug-in Hybrid|Honda Accord plug-in hybrid]] ]] [[File:FCX Clarity.jpg|thumb|[[Honda FCX Clarity]] [[Hydrogen vehicle|hydrogen]] [[Fuel cell vehicle|fuel cell car]] ]] [[File:2010 Toyota Prius front.JPG|thumb|[[Toyota Prius#2009– (model ZVW30)|Toyota Prius (3rd gen)]] ]] [[File:Honda Civic Hybrid with logo DC 5020 03 2009.jpg|thumb|[[Honda Civic Hybrid#Second generation (2005–2011)|Honda Civic Hybrid (2nd gen)]] ]] [[File:2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid WAS 2010 8830.JPG|thumb|[[Ford Fusion Hybrid#First generation|Ford Fusion Hybrid (1st gen)]] ]] [[File:2010 Honda Insight--DC.jpg|thumb|[[Honda Insight#Second generation|Honda Insight (2nd gen)]] ]] [[File:Honda Civic GX NGV WAS 2010 8943.JPG|thumb|[[Honda Civic GX]] ]] Several automobile magazines, motor vehicle specialized publications and [[environmental group]]s publish annual rankings or listings of the best green [[Car of the Year|cars of a given year]]. The following table presents a selection of the annual top pickings. {| class=" wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto" ! colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#abcdef;"| Selected annual rankings of green cars |- ! style="background:#ABCDEF;"| Vehicle || style="background:#ABCDEF;"|Year<br />model|| style="background:#ABCDEF;"|Type of<br />vehicle/fuel||style="background:#ABCDEF;"| [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]]<br /> Combined <br />[[fuel economy in automobiles|mileage]]<br />([[Miles per gallon|mpg]]) || style="background:#ABCDEF;"| [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]]<br /> City <br />[[fuel economy in automobiles|mileage]]<br />([[Miles per gallon|mpg]])|| style="background:#ABCDEF;"|EPA<br /> Highway<br /> [[fuel economy in automobiles|mileage]]<br />([[Miles per gallon|mpg]]) |- | colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|Most efficient EPA-certified vehicles based on combined MPG rating<ref name=EPAMost2017>{{cite web|url=http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/extremeMPG.jsp|title=Most Efficient EPA Certified Vehicles|publisher=fueleconomy.gov|author=[[U. S. Environmental Protection Agency]] and [[U.S. Department of Energy]]|date=2016-11-16 |accessdate=2016-11-19}} ''The 2014–16 BMW i3 BEV was the most efficient EPA-certified vehicles considering all fuels and of all years until November 2016, when it was surpassed by the 2017 [[Hyundai Ioniq Electric]]. {{As of|2016|11}}, the 2016 Toyota Prius Eco hybrid car is most efficient EPA-certified vehicle with a gasoline engine without plug-in capability.''</ref><ref name=EPAmostMPGe>{{cite news | url=http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1107392_hyundai-ioniq-electric-beats-prius-prime-bmw-i3-on-energy-efficiency | title=Hyundai Ioniq Electric beats Prius Prime, BMW i3 on energy efficiency | first= Stephen |last=Edelstein | work=Green Car Reports | date=2016-11-21 | accessdate=2016-11-21}}</ref><ref name=EPAtop10>{{cite web|url=http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/topten.jsp|title=Fueleconomy.gov's Top Fuel Sippers (EPA Ratings, All Years) |publisher=fueleconomy.gov|author=[[U. S. Environmental Protection Agency]] and [[U.S. Department of Energy]]|date=2015-12-22|accessdate=2015-12-26}} ''Excludes all-electric vehicles. Click on the tab "Top Fuel Sippers (EPA Ratings, All Years)" ''</ref><ref name=2016PriusEcoTop>{{cite news|url=http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1101506_2016-toyota-prius-most-fuel-efficient-car-without-a-plug-ever |title=2016 Toyota Prius: Most Fuel-Efficient Car Without A Plug, Ever |first=John|last=Voelcker|work=Green Car Reports|date=2015-12-21|accessdate=2015-12-26}} The first generation [[Honda Insight]] was the most fuel efficient gasoline-powered car available in the U.S. without [[plug-in electric vehicle|plug-in capability]] for the length of its production run and until December 2015, when it was surpassed by the 2016 [[Toyota Prius#Fourth generation (2015–present)|Toyota Prius Eco]].</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | style="text-align:left;"|[[Hyundai Ioniq Electric]]&mdash; All years, all fuels || 2017 || [[Electric car]] || 136 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]]|| 150 mpg-e|| 122 mpg-e |- style="text-align:center;" | style="text-align:left;"|[[BMW i3]]&mdash; All years, all fuels || 2014/16 || [[Electric car]] ||124 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]]|| 137 mpg-e||111 mpg-e |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[BMW i3 REx]] &mdash; Current year, gasoline fuel||2014/16||[[Plug-in hybrid]] ||88 mpg-e ||97 mpg-e || 79 mpg-e |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Toyota Prius Eco]] &mdash; All years, gasoline fuel||2016 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||56 ||58 || 53 |- | colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|[[Green Car Journal]] &mdash; [[Green Car of the Year]] |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left| [[Chevrolet Bolt EV]] &mdash; 2017 Award<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2016/11/17/chevy-bolt-wins-2017-green-car-of-the-year/ |title=Chevy Bolt wins 2017 Green Car of the Year |first=Sebastian |last=Blanco |work=Autoblog.com |date=2016-11-17 |accessdate=2016-11-21}}</ref> || 2017 || Electric car ||119 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]]|| 128 mpg-e || 110 mpg-e |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[Chevrolet Volt (second generation)]] &mdash; 2016 Award<ref name=GCOY2016>{{cite news|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2015/11/19/2016-chevy-volt-green-car-year/|title=2016 Chevy Volt wins Green Car of the Year |first=Sebastian|last=Blanco|work=Autoblog Green |date=2015-11-19|accessdate=2015-11-21}}</ref><ref name=Volt2015_2016>{{cite web|url=http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/Find.do?action=sbs&id=36863&id=35246|title=Compare Side-by-Side - 2016/2015 Chevrolet Volt|publisher=Fueleconomy.gov|author=[[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] and [[U.S. Department of Energy]]|date=2015-09-01|accessdate=2015-09-02}}</ref>|| rowspan="2"| 2016||rowspan="2"|[[Plug-in hybrid]] || style="background:#f0f0ff;"|Gas equivalent<br/>All-electric mode|| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|Gasoline<br/>only mode || style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]] |- style="text-align:center;" |106 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||42 mpg ||53&nbsp;mi |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left| [[BMW i3]] &mdash; 2015 Award<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.freep.com/story/money/cars/2014/11/20/green-car-year-bmw/70008216/|title=BMW i3 named 2015 Green Car of the Year|first=Alisa|last=Priddle|work=[[Detroit Free Press]]|date=2014-11-20|accessdate=2014-11-21}}</ref>||2014|| Electric car ||124 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]]|| 137 mpg-e||111 mpg-e |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left| [[Honda Accord#Ninth generation (2013–present)|Honda Accord ninth generation line-up]]<br> &mdash; 2014 Award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2013/11/21/honda-accord-hybrid-phev-2014-green-car-of-the-year-la/|title=Honda Accord Hybrid and PHEV win 2014 Green Car of the Year|first=Sebastian|last=Blanco|publisher=Autoblog Green |date=2013-11-21|accessdate=2013-11-23}}</ref>|| 2014 ||Gasoline<br/>hybrid and plug-in variants ||colspan="3"| mim 29 mpg, hybrid 47 mpg, plug-in 115 mpg-e<ref>[http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/Find.do?action=sbs&id=34313&id=34395&id=33557 Compare Side-by-Side 2014 Honda Accord variants]</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Ford Fusion (Americas)#Second generation (2013–)|Ford Fusion 2nd gen line-up]] &mdash; 2013 Award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2012/11/29/ford-fusion-wins-2013-green-car-of-the-year/|title=Ford Fusion wins 2013 Green Car Of The Year |first=Sebastian|last=Blanco|publisher=Autoblog.com |date=2012-11-29|accessdate=2012-11-29}}</ref>|| 2013 ||Gasoline, [[Ford EcoBoost engine|EcoBoost]],<br/> [[Ford Fusion Energi|hybrid and plug-in variants]] ||colspan="3"| mim 34 mpg, hybrid 47 mpg, plug-in 100 mpg-e |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Honda Civic GX]] &mdash; 2012 Award<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/business/autos/la-fi-la-auto-show-2011-honda-civic-natural-gas-wins-green-car-of-the-year-award-20111117,0,3207674.story|title=Honda Civic Natural Gas wins 2012 Green Car of the Year Award |authorlink=Susan Carpenter |first=Susan |last= Carpenter |work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=2011-11-17|accessdate=2011-11-17}}</ref>|| 2012 ||[[Natural gas vehicle|Natural gas]]|| 28||24 ||36 |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[Chevrolet Volt]] &mdash; 2011 Award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencar.com/articles/chevrolet-volt-electric-car-2011-green-car-year.php |title=Chevrolet Volt Electric Car is 2011 Green Car of the Year |publisher=[[Green Car Journal]] |date=2010-11-18 |accessdate=2010-11-18 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124054434/http://www.greencar.com/articles/chevrolet-volt-electric-car-2011-green-car-year.php |archivedate=2010-11-24 }}</ref><ref name=Reuters112410>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6AN65K20101124|title=Chevy Volt tops Prius in fuel economy rating|author1=David Bailey |author2=Kevin Krolicki |work=[[Reuters]]|date=2010-11-24|accessdate=2010-11-24}}</ref><ref name=GCCEPAVolt>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/11/volt-20101124.html#more|title=Volt receives EPA ratings and label: 93 mpg-e all-electric, 37 mpg gas-only, 60 mpg-e combined|publisher=Green Car Congress|date=2010-11-24|accessdate=2010-11-24}}</ref>|| rowspan="2"| 2011||rowspan="2"|[[Plug-in hybrid]] || style="background:#f0f0ff;"|Gas equivalent<br/>All-electric mode|| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|Gasoline<br/>only mode || style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]] |- style="text-align:center;" |93 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||37 mpg ||35&nbsp;mi |- | colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|[[Green Car Journal]] &mdash; [[Green Car Vision Award]] |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[Ford C-Max Energi]] &mdash; 2012 Award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2012/01/26/ford-c-max-energi-wins-2012-green-car-vision-award/?a_dgi=aolshare_email|title=Ford C-Max Energi wins 2012 Green Car Vision Award|first=Sebastian|last=Blkanco|publisher=Autoblog Green |date=2012-01-26|accessdate=2012-01-26}}</ref>|| rowspan="2"| 2013||rowspan="2"|[[Plug-in hybrid]] || style="background:#f0f0ff;"|Gas equivalent<br/>All-electric mode|| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|Gasoline<br/>only mode || style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]] |- style="text-align:center;" | <center>100 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]]</center> || <center>43 mpg</center> || <center>20&nbsp;mi</center> |- style="text-align:center;" |rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[Ford Focus Electric]] &mdash; 2011 Award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2011/01/27/dc-2011-ford-focus-electric-wins-green-car-vision-award/|title=DC 2011: Ford Focus Electric wins Green Car Vision award|publisher=AutoblogGreen |first=Sebastian|last=Blanco|date=2011-01-27|accessdate=2011-01-27}}</ref> ||rowspan="2"|2012|| rowspan="2"| [[Electric car]] || style="background:#f0f0ff;" colspan="2"|Gasoline equivalent<br/>fuel economy|| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]] |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2"|<center>105 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]]</center>||100&nbsp;mi |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[Nissan Leaf]] &mdash; 2010 Award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencar.com/articles/nissan-leaf-electric-car-wins-2010-green-car-vision-award.php|title=Nissan Leaf Electric Car Wins 2010 Green Car Vision Award|publisher=[[Green Car Journal]]|date=2010-01-26|accessdate=2010-05-09|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100504162701/http://www.greencar.com/articles/nissan-leaf-electric-car-wins-2010-green-car-vision-award.php|archivedate=2010-05-04}}</ref><ref name=NYTEPA>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/23/business/23leaf.html?_r=1&hpw|title=Nissan Says Its Electric Leaf Gets Equivalent of 99 M.P.G.|work=[[New York Times]]|first=Nick|last=Bunkley|date=2010-11-22|accessdate=2010-11-23}}</ref>|| rowspan="2"|2011|| rowspan="2"|[[Electric car]] || style="background:#f0f0ff;" colspan="2"|Gasoline equivalent<br/>fuel economy|| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]] |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2"|99 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||73&nbsp;mi |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[Chevrolet Volt]] &mdash; 2009 Award<ref name=Reuters112410/><ref name=GCCEPAVolt/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencar.com/articles/innovative-chevy-volt-wins-2009-green-car-vision-award.php |title=Innovative Chevy Volt Wins 2009 Green Car Vision Award |publisher=[[Green Car Journal]] |date=2009-02-04 |accessdate=2010-05-09 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722072129/http://www.greencar.com/articles/innovative-chevy-volt-wins-2009-green-car-vision-award.php |archivedate=2009-07-22 }}</ref>|| rowspan="2"| 2011||rowspan="2"|[[Plug-in hybrid]] || style="background:#f0f0ff;"|Gas equivalent<br/>All-electric mode|| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|Gasoline<br/>only mode || style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]] |- style="text-align:center;" |93 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||37 mpg ||35&nbsp;mi |- | colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|[[World Car of the Year]] &mdash; World Green Car |-style="text-align:center;" | style="text-align:left;"| [[Toyota Mirai]] &mdash; 2016 Award<ref>{{cite press release | url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/and-now-there-is-one-toyota-mirai-wins-2016-world-green-car-award-300241094.html | title=And Now There Is One… TOYOTA MIRAI Wins 2016 World Green Car Award |publisher=PR Newswire |location=[[New York City]] |date=2016-03-14 |accessdate=2016-03-26}}</ref>|| 2016|| [[Hydrogen vehicle|Hydrogen]] [[Fuel cell vehicle|fuel cell]] || style="background:#f0f0ff;"| 66 mpg-e || 66 mpg-e || 66 mpg-e |-style="text-align:center;" |rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"| [[BMW i8]] &mdash; 2015 Award<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.wcoty.com/web/media_release.asp?release=100&year=2015|title=BMW i8 Wins 2015 World Green Car Award |publisher=[[World Car of the Year]]|location=New York |date=2015-04-02|accessdate=2015-11-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/Find.do?action=sbs&id=36031&id=35599|title=Compare Side-by-Side - 2014/2015 BMW i8|publisher=Fueleconomy.gov|author=[[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] and [[U.S. Department of Energy]]|date=2015-08-14|accessdate=2015-08-16}}</ref>|| rowspan="2"| 2015||rowspan="2"|[[Plug-in hybrid]] || style="background:#f0f0ff;"|Gas equivalent<br/>All-electric mode|| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|Gasoline<br/>only mode || style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]] |- style="text-align:center;" |76 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||28 mpg ||15&nbsp;mi |-style="text-align:center;" |rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"| [[BMW i3]] &mdash; 2014 Award<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jimhenry/2014/04/17/bmwi3-drives-off-with-green-world-car-of-the-year-award-plus-a-surprise/|title=New York Auto Show: BMWi3 Is The 2014 World Green Car Of The Year|first=Jim|last=Henry|work=[[Forbes]]|date=2014-04-17|accessdate=2014-04-17}}</ref>||rowspan="2"|2014||rowspan="2"|[[Electric car]] || style="background:#f0f0ff;" colspan="2"|Gasoline equivalent<br/>fuel economy||style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]] |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2"|124 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||81&nbsp;mi |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[Tesla Model S]] &mdash; 2013 Award<ref name=WGCOTY2012_13>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/press-release/20130328/now-there-one-tesla-model-s-declared-2013-world-green-car-1158695# |title=And Now There Is One.... Tesla Model S Declared 2013 World Green Car |author=PRNewswire |work=[[International Business Times]] |date=2013-03-28 |accessdate=2013-03-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524082052/http://www.ibtimes.com/press-release/20130328/now-there-one-tesla-model-s-declared-2013-world-green-car-1158695 |archivedate=2013-05-24 }}</ref>|| rowspan="2"|2013|| rowspan="2"|[[Electric car]]<br/>(60/85 [[kWh]] battery) || style="background:#f0f0ff;" colspan="2"|Gasoline equivalent<br/>fuel economy|| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]] |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2"|95/89 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||208/265&nbsp;mi |- style="text-align:center;" | style="text-align:left;"|[[Mercedes-Benz S 250 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY]]<br>&mdash; 2012 Award<ref name=WGCOTY2012_13/>|| 2012 ||[[Clean diesel]] ||colspan="3"| {{convert|5.7|l/100 km|abbr=on}} |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[Chevrolet Volt]] &mdash; 2011 Award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wcoty.com/web/media_release.asp?release=72&year=2011|title=Chevrolet Volt Declared 2011 World Green Car|publisher=[[World Car of the Year]]|date=2011-04-21|accessdate=2011-04-21}}</ref>|| rowspan="2"| 2011||rowspan="2"|[[Plug-in hybrid]] || style="background:#f0f0ff;"|Gas equivalent<br/>All-electric mode|| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|Gasoline<br/>only mode || style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]] |- style="text-align:center;" |93 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||37 mpg ||35&nbsp;mi |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[BlueMotion|Volkswagen BlueMotion]] &mdash; 2010 Award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wcoty.com/vehicles/?year=2010&cat=4|title=World Green Car: 2010|publisher=[[World Car of the Year]]|accessdate=2010-05-02|archive-date=2010-03-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100311155817/http://www.wcoty.com/vehicles/?year=2010&cat=4|url-status=dead}}</ref><br/> ([[Volkswagen Golf Mk5|Golf]], [[Volkswagen Passat#Passat Mk6 (B6 PQ46, 2005–present)|Passat]], [[Volkswagen Polo Mk4|Polo]]) ||2010 ||[[Clean diesel]] || n.a.||n.a. ||n.a. |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Honda FCX Clarity]] &mdash; 2009 Award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wcoty.com/vehicles/?year=2009&cat=4|title=World Green Car: 2009 Eligible Vehicles|publisher=[[World Car of the Year]]|accessdate=2010-05-02|archive-date=2010-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101109114153/http://www.wcoty.com/vehicles/?year=2009&cat=4|url-status=dead}}</ref><br/>(miles per kilogram of hydrogen) ||2009 ||[[Hydrogen vehicle|Hydrogen]] [[fuel cell vehicle|fuel cell]]|| 59 mpg-e ||58 mpg-e|| 60 mpg-e |- | colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|[[Consumer Reports]] Top Picks: Green Car Category |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[Tesla Model S]] &mdash; Best overall model 2014<ref name=CR2014/>|| rowspan="2"|2014|| rowspan="2"|[[Electric car]]<br/>(60/85 [[kWh]] battery) || style="background:#f0f0ff;" colspan="2"|Gasoline equivalent<br/>fuel economy|| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]] |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2"|95/89 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||208/265&nbsp;mi |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Toyota Prius#2009– (model ZVW30)|Toyota Prius]] &mdash; Best green car 2014<ref name=CR2014>{{cite web |url=http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/magazine/2014/04/top-picks-2014/index.htm|title=Consumer Reports' Top Picks 2014 - The best models in 10 categories|publisher=[[Consumer Reports]]|date=February 2014|accessdate=2014-04-21}}</ref>||2014||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||50 ||51 || 48 |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|Toyota Prius &mdash; Best green car 2013<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/magazine/2013/04/top-picks-2013/index.htm|title=Top Picks 2013 Best car models of the year in 10 categories|publisher=[[Consumer Reports]]|date=April 2013|accessdate=2014-04-21}}</ref>||2013||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||50 ||51 || 48 |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|Toyota Prius &mdash; Best green car 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/news/2012/02/2012-annual-auto-issue-consumer-reports-names-its-2012-top-picks/index.htm|title=2012 Annual Auto Issue: Consumer Reports names its 2012 Top Picks|publisher=[[Consumer Reports]]|date=2012-02-28|accessdate=2014-04-21}}</ref>||2012||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||50 ||51 || 48 |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|Toyota Prius &mdash; Best green car 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.consumerreports.org/cars/2011/02/consumer-reports-names-2011-top-picks-best-models-in-10-categories-top-10.html|title=Top Picks: Best models of the year in 10 categories|publisher=[[Consumer Reports]]|date=2011-02-28|accessdate=2012-02-08|archive-date=2012-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210223325/http://news.consumerreports.org/cars/2011/02/consumer-reports-names-2011-top-picks-best-models-in-10-categories-top-10.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>||2011||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||50 ||51 || 48 |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|Toyota Prius &mdash; Best green car 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/magazine-archive/2010/april/cars/top-picks/overview/index.htm|title=Top Picks: Best models of the year in 10 categories - Green Car |publisher=[[Consumer Reports]]|date=April 2010|accessdate=2010-05-09}}</ref>||2010 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||50 ||51 || 48 |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Toyota Prius#2004–2009 (model NHW20)|Toyota Prius]] &mdash; Best green car 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.consumerreports.org/cars/2009/02/consumer-reports-top-picks-2009-1.html|title=Consumer Reports Top Picks 2009|publisher=[[Consumer Reports]]|date=2009-02-27|accessdate=2010-05-09|archive-date=2010-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505040335/http://blogs.consumerreports.org/cars/2009/02/consumer-reports-top-picks-2009-1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>||2009 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||46 ||48 || 45 |- | colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|[[Consumer Reports]] American Top Picks: Green Car Category |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Ford Fusion Hybrid]] &mdash; Top Pick 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.consumerreports.org/cars/2011/03/consumer-reports-american-top-picks-2011.html|title=Consumer Reports American Top Picks 2011|publisher=[[Consumer Reports]]|date=2011-03-03|accessdate=2012-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207230358/http://news.consumerreports.org/cars/2011/03/consumer-reports-american-top-picks-2011.html|archive-date=2012-02-07|url-status=dead}}</ref>||2011 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] || 39 ||41 ||36 |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Ford Fusion Hybrid]] &mdash; Top Pick 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.consumerreports.org/cars/2010/02/consumer-reports-american-top-picks-2010.html|title=Consumer Reports American Top Picks 2010|publisher=[[Consumer Reports]]|date=2010-02-26|accessdate=2010-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410191802/http://blogs.consumerreports.org/cars/2010/02/consumer-reports-american-top-picks-2010.html|archive-date=2010-04-10|url-status=dead}}</ref>||2010 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] || 39 ||41 ||36 |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Ford Escape Hybrid]] &mdash; Top Pick 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.consumerreports.org/cars/2009/03/consumer-reports-american-top-picks-2009.html|title=Consumer Reports American Top Picks 2009|publisher=[[Consumer Reports]]|date=2009-03-04|accessdate=2010-05-09|archive-date=2010-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419062532/http://blogs.consumerreports.org/cars/2009/03/consumer-reports-american-top-picks-2009.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>||2009 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] || 32 ||34 ||31 |- | colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|[[What Car?]] Green Awards |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[BMW 320d]] Efficient Dynamics &mdash; Overall Winner 2012<ref name=320d>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.whatcar.com/car-news/bmw-320d-ed-wins-green-car-of-the-year/263929 |title=BMW 320d ED wins Green Car of the Year |magazine=[[What Car?]] |first=Chas |last=Hallett |date=2012-09-19 |accessdate=2012-09-27 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923002630/http://www.whatcar.com/car-news/bmw-320d-ed-wins-green-car-of-the-year/263929 |archivedate=2012-09-23 }}</ref>||2012 ||[[Clean diesel]] || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|UK combined {{convert|56|mpgimp|L/100 km mpgus|abbr=on}}<ref name=320d/> |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Vauxhall Ampera]] &mdash; Overall Winner 2011<ref>{{cite magazine|url= http://www.whatcar.com/car-news/what-car-green-awards-2011/overall-winner/258844|title=What Car? Green Awards 2011 - Overall Winner|magazine=[[What Car?]]|date=2011-09-07|accessdate=2012-02-08}}</ref> ||2012||[[Plug-in hybrid]]|| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|EC combined {{convert|235.4|mpgimp|L/100 km mpgus|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.which.co.uk/news/2012/01/vauxhall-ampera-is-urban-fuel-champion-277055/|title=Vauxhall Ampera is urban fuel champion|publisher=[[Which?]]|date=2012-01-23|accessdate=2012-02-08|archive-date=2012-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125082703/http://www.which.co.uk/news/2012/01/vauxhall-ampera-is-urban-fuel-champion-277055/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Toyota Auris Hybrid]] &mdash; Overall Winner 2010<ref name=AurisH>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.whatgreencar.com/green-car-of-the-year-2010.php#jp|title=What Car? Green Awards 2010 - And the 2010 Award winner is...|magazine=[[What Car?]]|date=2010-07-01|accessdate=2010-07-01}}</ref>||2010 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|UK combined {{convert|74|mpgimp|L/100 km mpgus|abbr=on}}<ref name=AurisH/> |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Volvo S40]] 1.6D DRIVe S &mdash; Overall Winner 2009<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.whatcar.com/car-news/what-car-green-awards-2009/overall-winner/240544|title=What Car? Green Awards 2009 - Overall winner|magazine=[[What Car?]]|date=2009-06-04|accessdate=2010-05-09}}</ref>||2009 ||[[Clean diesel]] || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|UK combined {{convert|60|mpgimp|L/100 km mpgus|abbr=on}}<ref name=S40>{{cite web |url=http://www.volvocars.com/uk/all-cars/volvo-s40/details/pages/technical-spec.aspx |title=Volvo S40 Tech Spec (UK) |publisher=Volvocars.com |date=2010-05-26 |accessdate=2010-12-12 |archive-date=2010-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626114240/http://www.volvocars.com/uk/all-cars/volvo-s40/details/Pages/technical-spec.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Ford Focus (international)#Mk 2 (2004-2010)|Ford Focus]] 1.6 TDCi Style &mdash; Overall Winner 2008<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.whatcar.com/car-news/what-car-green-awards-2008/winner/233126|title=What Car? Green awards 2008 - Winner|magazine=[[What Car?]]|date=2008-07-22|accessdate=2010-05-02}}</ref>||2008 ||[[Clean diesel]] || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|UK combined {{convert|52|mpgimp|L/100 km mpgus|abbr=on}}<ref name=Focus>{{cite web|url=http://www.buyacar.co.uk/ford_focus_diesel_estate/car_16_tdci_style_5dr_110_dpf_3327.jhtml |title=Ford Focus 1.6 TDCi Style 5dr 110 Diesel Estate (UK) |publisher=Buyacar.co.uk |date=2008-01-01 |accessdate=2010-12-12}}</ref> |- | colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|[[Mother Earth News]] Best Green Cars |- |colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"| Best Green Cars of 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motherearthnews.com/2011-best-green-cars-zm0z11zroc.aspx |title=Best Green Cars, 2011|publisher=[[Mother Earth News]]|date=May 2011|accessdate=2012-02-08}} June–July 2011 issue</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[Chevrolet Volt]]|| rowspan="2"| 2011||rowspan="2"|[[Plug-in hybrid]] ||style="background:#f0f0ff;"|Gas equivalent<br/>All-electric mode|| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|Gasoline<br/>only mode || style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]] |- style="text-align:center;" |93 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||37 mpg ||35&nbsp;mi |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[Nissan Leaf]]|| rowspan="2"|2011|| rowspan="2"|[[Electric car]] || style="background:#f0f0ff;" colspan="2"|Gasoline equivalent<br/>fuel economy|| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]] |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2"|99 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||73&nbsp;mi |- style="text-align:center;" |align=left|[[Toyota Prius]]|| 2011 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||50 ||51 || 48 |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left| [[Ford Fiesta]] || 2011 ||[[Gasoline]]|| 33||29 || 38 |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left| [[Honda CR-Z]] CVT || 2011 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]]|| 37||35 || 39 |- style="text-align:center;" |align=left|[[Volkswagen Jetta#Fifth generation (A5, Typ 1K)|VW Jetta TDI]]|| 2011||[[Clean diesel]] ||34 ||30 || 42 |- |colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"| Best Green Cars of 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motherearthnews.com/2010-Best-Green-Cars.aspx|title=2010 Best Green Cars|publisher=[[Mother Earth News]]|date=March 2010|accessdate=2010-05-02}} April–May 2010 issue</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Ford Fusion Hybrid]]||2010 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] || 39 ||41 ||36 |- style="text-align:center;" |align=left |[[Honda Civic Hybrid]]|| 2010||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]]||42 || 40 || 45 |- style="text-align:center;" |align=left|[[Honda Insight]]|| 2010||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||41 ||40 || 43 |- style="text-align:center;" |align=left|[[Toyota Prius]]|| 2010 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||50 ||51 || 48 |- style="text-align:center;" |align=left|[[Volkswagen Golf Mk5|VW Golf TDI]]|| 2010||[[Clean diesel]] ||34 ||30 || 42 |- style="text-align:center;" |align=left|[[Volkswagen Jetta#Fifth generation (A5, Typ 1K)|VW Jetta TDI]]|| 2010||[[Clean diesel]] ||41 ||40 || 43 |- | colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|[[American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy]] Greenest Vehicles of the Year |- |colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|Greenest Vehicles of 2012 (Top 5)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greenercars.org/highlights_greenest.htm|title=Greenest Vehicles of 2012|publisher=GreenCars.org|author=American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy|date=2011-02-08|accessdate=2011-02-08|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070910122720/http://www.greenercars.org/highlights_greenest.htm|archivedate=2007-09-10|author-link=American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Mitsubishi i-MiEV]]||2012 ||[[Electric car]] || 112 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||3.8 mile/[[Kwh]]||2.9 mile/[[Kwh]] |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Honda Civic GX]]|| 2012 ||[[Natural gas vehicle|Natural gas]]|| -||27mpg-e ||38 mpg-e |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Nissan Leaf]]||2012 ||[[Electric car]] || 99 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||3.1 mile/[[Kwh]] ||2.7 mile/[[Kwh]] |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Toyota Prius]]|| 2012 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||50 ||51 || 48 |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Honda Insight]]|| 2012||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||42 ||41 || 44 |- |colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|Greenest Vehicles of 2011 (Top 5)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greenercars.org/highlights_greenest.htm|title=Greenest Vehicles of 2011|publisher=GreenCars.org|author=American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy|date=2011-02-15|accessdate=2011-02-15|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070910122720/http://www.greenercars.org/highlights_greenest.htm|archivedate=2007-09-10|author-link=American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2011/02/chevy-volt-slips-to-13th-place-in-revised-aceee-green-car-rankings.html|title=Chevy Volt Slips to 13th Place in Revised ACEEE Green Car Rankings|publisher=[[Edmunds.com]] Green Car Adviser|author=John O'Dell|date=2011-02-17|accessdate=2011-02-17}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Honda Civic GX]]|| 2011 ||[[Natural gas vehicle|Natural gas]]|| 28||24 ||36 |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Nissan Leaf]]||2011 ||[[Electric car]] || 99 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||3.15 mile/[[Kwh]] ||2.72 mile/[[Kwh]] |- style="text-align:center;" |align=left| [[Smart fortwo]] (Cabriolet/Coupe)|| 2011||[[Gasoline]] || 36||33 || 41 |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Toyota Prius]]|| 2011 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||50 ||51 || 48 |- style="text-align:center;" |align=left |[[Honda Civic Hybrid]]|| 2011||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]]||41 || 40 || 43 |- |colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|Greenest Vehicles of 2010 (Top 5)<ref name=ACEEE>{{cite web|url=http://www.hybridcars.com/news/hybrids-dominate-2010-list-greenest-vehicles-26464.html|title=Hybrids Dominate 2010 List of Greenest Vehicles|publisher=HybridCars.com|date=2010-01-19|accessdate=2010-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122074655/http://www.hybridcars.com/news/hybrids-dominate-2010-list-greenest-vehicles-26464.html|archive-date=2010-01-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Honda Civic GX]]|| 2010 ||[[Natural gas vehicle|Natural gas]]|| 28||24 ||36 |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Toyota Prius]]|| 2010 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||50 ||51 || 48 |- style="text-align:center;" |align=left |[[Honda Civic Hybrid]]|| 2010||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]]||42 || 40 || 45 |- style="text-align:center;" |align=left| [[Smart fortwo]] (Convertible/coupe)|| 2010||[[Gasoline]] || 36||33 || 41 |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Honda Insight]]|| 2010||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||41 ||40 || 43 |- | colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|[[Kelley Blue Book]] Top 10 Green Cars |- style="text-align:center;" |colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|Top 10 Green Cars of 2014 (Top 5)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://insideevs.com/bmw-i3-named-kelley-blue-books-best-green-car-2014/|title=BMW i3 Named Kelley Blue Book's Best Green Car Of 2014|first=Eric|last=Loveday|publisher=InsideEvs.com|date=2014-04-21|accessdate=2014-04-21}}</ref> |-style="text-align:center;" |rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"| [[BMW i3]]||rowspan="2"|2014||rowspan="2"|[[Electric car]] || style="background:#f0f0ff;" colspan="2"|Gasoline equivalent<br/>fuel economy||style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]] |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2"|124 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||81&nbsp;mi |-style="text-align:center;" |rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"| [[Nissan Leaf]]||rowspan="2"|2014||rowspan="2"|[[Electric car]] || style="background:#f0f0ff;" colspan="2"|Gasoline equivalent<br/>fuel economy||style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]] |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2"|99 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||73&nbsp;mi |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Toyota Prius]]|| 2014 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||50 ||51 || 48 |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="2" align=left|[[Tesla Model S]]||rowspan="2"|2014|| rowspan="2"|[[Electric car]]<br/>(60/85 [[kWh]] battery) || style="background:#f0f0ff;" colspan="2"|Gasoline equivalent<br/>fuel economy|| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]] |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2"|95/89 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||208/265&nbsp;mi |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Honda Accord#Ninth generation (2013–present)|Honda Accord Hybrid]]|| 2014 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||47 ||50 || 45 |- style="text-align:center;" |colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|Top 10 Green Cars of 2011 (Top 3)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/greenhouse/post/2011/04/greenest-cars-kelley-blue-book-gas-prices/1|title=Greenest cars? Gas prices drive interest in fuel economy|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|first= Wendy|last= Koch|date=2011-04-12|accessdate=2011-04-15}}</ref><ref name=KBB2011>{{cite web|url=http://www.kbb.com/car-news/all-the-latest/top-10-green-cars-for-2011/?scid=3138|title=Top 10 Green Cars for 2011|publisher=[[Kelley Blue Book]]|date=2011-04-12|accessdate=2011-04-15}}</ref> |-style="text-align:center;" |rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"| [[Nissan Leaf]]||rowspan="2"|2011||rowspan="2"|[[Electric car]] || style="background:#f0f0ff;" colspan="2"|Gasoline equivalent<br/>fuel economy||style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]] |-style="text-align:center;" |colspan="2"|99 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||73&nbsp;mi |-style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[Chevrolet Volt]]||rowspan="2"|2011||rowspan="2"|[[Plug-in hybrid]] ||colspan="2" style="background:#f0f0ff;"|Gasoline equivalent<br/>fuel economy||style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]] |-style="text-align:center;" |colspan="2"|93 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||35&nbsp;mi |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Toyota Prius]]|| 2011 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||50 ||51 || 48 |- |colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|Top 10 Green Cars of 2010 (Top 3)<ref name=KBB2010>{{cite web|url=http://www.kbb.com/kbb/green-cars/articles.aspx?BlogPostId=1783|title=KBB Green: Top 10 Green Cars for 2010|publisher=[[Kelley Blue Book]]|date=April 2010|accessdate=2010-05-02|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424225137/http://www.kbb.com/kbb/green-cars/articles.aspx?BlogPostId=1783|archivedate=2010-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/driveon/post/2010/04/kbbs-green-cars-list-includes-vw-golf-tdi-chevy-tahoe-hybrid/1|title=KBB's green cars list includes VW Golf TDI, Chevy Tahoe hybrid|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|date=2010-04-20|accessdate=2010-05-02}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Toyota Prius]]|| 2010 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||50 ||51 || 48 |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Honda Insight]]|| 2010||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||41 ||40 || 43 |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Ford Fusion Hybrid]]||2010 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] || 39 ||41 ||36 |- |} <!--Continue adding other rankings here --> ==Electric vehicle motor shows== {{See also|Motor show}} Dedicated [[electric vehicle|electric]] and green vehicle motor shows: * Alternative Vehicle and Fuel Show (AVFS), [[Fair of Valladolid]], Spain, in November.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://feriavalladolid.com/vehiculoalternativo/en/index.php |title=Alternative Vehicle and Fuel Show 2010 |publisher=Feriavalladolid.com |date= |accessdate=2010-12-12}}</ref> * Green Fleet Expo, [[Royal Botanical Gardens (Ontario)]], in May.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.toronto.ca/fleet/expo.htm |title=City of Toronto: Fleet Services - Green Fleet Expo |publisher=Toronto.ca |date=2000-10-23 |accessdate=2010-12-12}}</ref> * Green-Car-Guide Live!, [[Arena and Convention Centre]] in [[Liverpool]], in June<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.green-car-guide.com/articles/430/1/Green-Car-Guide-Live-2008-the-UKs-largest-Green-Motor-Show/Page1.html |title=Green-Car-Guide Live! 2008, the UK's largest Green Motor Show |publisher=Green-car-guide.com |date=2008-06-12 |accessdate=2010-12-12 |archive-date=2010-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507214830/http://www.green-car-guide.com/articles/430/1/Green-Car-Guide-Live-2008-the-UKs-largest-Green-Motor-Show/Page1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Electric & Hybrid Vehicle Technology Expo, ([[Sindelfingen, Germany]], April / Novi, [[Detroit, Michigan]], September). [http://www.evtechexpo.eu/about/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628172743/http://www.evtechexpo.eu/about/ |date=2019-06-28 }} * [[European Electric Motor Show]], [[Helsinki Exhibition & Convention Centre]], in November<ref>[http://www.finnexpo.fi/exhibition.asp?Id=1837&code_language=en ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721004250/http://www.finnexpo.fi/exhibition.asp?Id=1837&code_language=en |date=July 21, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Added by Antti View Events |url=http://electricaid.ning.com/events/electric-motor-show-in |title=Electric Motor Show in Helsinki on 6–8 November 2009 - Electric A!D |publisher=Electricaid.ning.com |accessdate=2010-12-12 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519080817/http://electricaid.ning.com/events/electric-motor-show-in |archivedate=19 May 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Yoney |first=Domenick |url=http://green.autoblog.com/2009/10/05/ecorolla-to-debut-at-finnish-electric-motor-show-w-video/ |title=eCorolla to debut at Finnish Electric Motor Show [w/VIDEO&#93; — Autoblog Green |publisher=Green.autoblog.com |date=2009-10-13 |accessdate=2010-12-12}}</ref> {{Expand section|date=June 2008}} ==See also== {{Portal|Energy|Renewable energy|Cars}} {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * [[Alternative fuel vehicle]] * [[Alternatives to the automobile]] * [[Better Place (company)|Better Place]] * [[Emerging technologies]] - e.g. new green vehicle methods * [[Green tuning]] * [[Green Challenge]] * [[Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles]] * [[Hybrid taxi]]s * [[Hybrid Scorecard|Union of Concerned Scientists' Hybrid Scorecard]] * [[Low-carbon fuel standard]] * [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent]] * [[Motorised quadricycle]] * [[Plug-in electric vehicle]]s * [[Progressive Insurance Automotive X Prize]] * [[Zero-emissions vehicle]] {{div col end}} ==Notes and references== {{Reflist|2}} ==Further reading== * {{cite book|title=Build Your Own Electric Vehicle, 2nd Edition|author1=Leitman, Seth |author2=Brant, Bob |date=October 2008 |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]], Inc. |isbn=978-0-07-154373-6 }} * {{cite book| title=Billion Dollar Green| chapter=Waving the Green Flag, Clean Transportation| publisher=John Wiley and Sons| year=2008| pages=[https://archive.org/details/billiondollargre0000smit/page/35 35–46]| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/?id=geig2gf43WkC&pg=PA36&dq=%22Green+vehicle%22#PPA35,M1| isbn=978-0-470-34377-7| author1=Tobin Smith| author2=Jim Woods| author3=Liz Claman| url=https://archive.org/details/billiondollargre0000smit/page/35}} * [[Wikiversity:DFE2008 Automobile Engines|''DFE2008 Automobile Engines'', Wikiversity]] ==External links== {{Wikinewscat|Alternative propulsion}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20140416180107/http://cta.ornl.gov/vtmarketreport/pdf/2013_vtmarketreport_full_doc.pdf 2013 VehicleTechnologies Market Report], [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]] * [http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/ Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Data Center] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060422230409/http://www.greenvehicleguide.gov.au/ AU Green Vehicle Guide] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120504092255/http://iee.ucsb.edu/CleanCarCalculator/ Clean Car Calculator] (Institute for Energy Efficiency) * [http://www.afdc.energy.gov/uploads/publication/60448.pdf Clean Cities - 2014 Vehicle Buyer's Guide], [[National Renewable Energy Laboratory]] (NREL), [[U.S. Department of Energy]], [[Clean Cities]] program. December 2013. * [https://greet.es.anl.gov/publication-c2g-2016-report Cradle-to-Grave Lifecycle Analysis of U.S. Light-Duty Vehicle-Fuel Pathways: A Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Economic Assessment of Current (2015) and Future (2025-2030) Technologies] (includes estimated cost of avoided GHG emissions from different AFV technologies), [[Argonne National Laboratory]], June 2016. * [http://www.earthcars.com Earth cars] * [http://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/ EPA Green Vehicle Guide] * [http://www.autocar.co.uk/blogs/carsandtheclimate/default.aspx Green Cars] ([[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]]) * [http://uk.cars.yahoo.com/green-car-centre/index.html Green Car Center] ([[Yahoo]]) * [http://www.green-car-guide.com/ Green Car Guide]. * [http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120802223010/http%3A//1bog.org/blog/infographic%2Dgreen%2Dcars%2D101/ Infographic: Green Cars 101 (2011)] * [http://sgcs.edenproject.com/ Green cars and eco driving] * [http://www.greenprogress.com/transportation.php Green Progress] *[http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/pdfs/guides/FEG2014.pdf Model Year 2014 Fuel Economy Guide ], [[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] and [[U.S. Department of Energy]], April 2014. * [http://progressiveautoxprize.org/ Progressive Insurance Automotive X PRIZE homepage] * [http://peoplescar.pbwiki.com/ Small Efficient Vehicles Wiki: People's Car Project] * [http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/clean_vehicles/electric-car-global-warming-emissions-report.pdf State of Charge: Electric Vehicles’ Global Warming Emissions and Fuel-Cost Savings across the United States] ([[Union of Concerned Scientists|UCS]]) * [http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/topten.jsp Top Ten EPA-Rated Fuel Sippers (2016) - including BEVs and PHEVs] * [http://www.hybridcenter.org/hybrid-scorecard/index.html#UCS_Hybrid_Scorecard UCS Hybrid Scorecard] ([[Union of Concerned Scientists]]) {{Environmental technology}} [[Category:Green vehicles| ]] <noinclude> <small>This page was moved from [[:en:Green vehicle]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Green vehicle/edithistory]]</small></noinclude> owi3f5juf15jacwtddlc0xyzx4qgthb 0 113822 540980 516370 2022-08-29T02:41:07Z InternetArchiveBot 34092 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unreferenced|date=April 2010}} '''Galgalatz''' ({{lang-he|'''גלגלצ'''}}) is a popular [[Israel]]i [[radio station]] operated by [[Israel Defense Forces Radio]]. This is the second of two [[Israel Defense Forces]]-operated stations, while the first one is [[Army Radio|Israel Defense Forces Radio/Galatz]]. The station was established in 1993 and broadcasts primarily nonstop [[pop music]] and traffic reports, and few content programs. The station was established with the aid of the Israeli Ministry of Transportation (the Israeli National Authority for Traffic Safety), and frequently broadcasts Traffic Safety messages. At the top of every hour the station broadcasts a news report. [[Image:Galgalatz logo.png|right|thumb|Galgalatz' new official logo appears since the station's 20 years anniversary in 2013. ]] Galgalatz is the most popular radio station in Israel. The radio station receives extremely high ratings in Israel, especially amongst younger audiences. The percentage of 18-year-old listeners during 2006 was approximately 25%. The station broadcasters, primarily Israeli soldiers in service, have been trained as radio broadcasters at Galatz. test. == The meaning of the name == The first station of the Israel Defense Forces, established in 1950 is called Israel Defense Forces Radio/Galatz which is an [[Acronym]] of ''Galei Tzahal'' ({{lang-he|גלי צה"ל}}, ''Galei Tzahal'', lit. ''IDF Waves''). This second station was supposed to have traffic safety content in its broadcast, so the name had to express this uniqueness of the station. The word "Galgal" is [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] for wheel ({{lang-he|גלגל}}) and symbolizes the connection to traffic. "Galgalatz" is a [[portmanteau]] of "Galgal" and "Israel Defense Forces Radio/Galatz". This name was created by the Israeli [[Television presenter|presenter]] and [[Feminism|Feminist]] activist [[Merav Michaeli]]. == Tzahal 2 == Galgalatz was established on the basis of radio station Tzahal 2 ({{lang-he|צה"ל 2}}, lit. ''IDF 2''), which had been operating as a daughter-station of Galatz. Tzahal 2 was established in April 1990, during [[Nahman Shai]]'s period as chief of Galatz, by [[Erez Tal]], a renowned Israeli media celebrity. The station broadcast for eight hours each day. The broadcasts included mostly popular and local music. Erez Tal, who was the head of Tzahal 2, was looking at the time for additional sources of funding. Tal eventually made an agreement with The Israeli National Authority For Traffic Safety. The Authority financed a radio program on Tzahal 2 called ''Ototo'' ({{lang-he|אוטוטו}}, slang for ''in a sec''), led by [[Merav Michaeli]], during which Michaeli conversed by [[cellphone]] with two celebrities in separate cars, along with traffic inspectors. The two celebrities raced to arrive first at a destination point, while still driving safely. This was the first use of cellphones in Israeli radio. === The Israeli National Authority for Traffic Safety and Pelephone === The funding the station received was only thirty thousand shekels. The station's chiefs expressed strong criticism of the program's staff and Tzahal 2 and claimed that the very idea of "selling" a show for funding was a disgrace to Galatz, especially for such a low sum. Despite the opposition, this was the first act of cooperation between the station and the authority, and the beginning of a relationship that would eventually lead to the establishment of Galgalatz - in cooperation with the National Authority for Traffic Safety. Amongst the celebrities to race in the show were [[Haim Yavin]] and [[Ilana Dayan]], as well as the music band Portrait, which caused a traffic accident broadcast live via a cellphone of the Pelephone company. This prompted the Pelephone company to embark on a "[[Pelephone]] helps fight Traffic Accidents" advertising campaign, which was to run for many years on Galgalatz. === Threats of closing the station === In 1992 [[Moshe Shlonski]] took over Israel Army Radio. The Israeli chief-of-staff at the time, [[Ehud Barak]], had expressed a desire to close the radio station. Barak told Shlonski that if he found a way to fund the station without costing the military money, he would agree not to close it. The funding sources which Galgalatz (then called Tzahal 2) had found were now critical to the entire Galatz foundation, so it was decided to strengthen the daughter station. ==Galgalatz == [[File:Galgalatz studio at Ta'am ha'ir.jpg|thumbnail|Mobile studio of Galgalatz featuring [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/archive/5/56/20131228104708%21Galgalatz_logo.png original logo]]] === Establishment=== At the time, Galatz was inclined towards news programs, while Tzahal 2 was inclined towards playing music. At the same time, local commercial radio stations were starting up, most of which were planning on focusing on playing music and entertainment shows, and in effect stealing much of Galatz's audience. These were the main reasons Shlonski and the people of Tzahal 2 decided on establishing a new radio station, based on Tzahal 2, which would serve both as a financial 'safety net' for Galatz as well as an alternative for the existing listeners whose needs were not met by the programs on Galatz. The establishing team, which included Moshe Shlonski himself, Erez Tal and [[Oded Nafchi]], began working on the new radio station: "Galgalatz." Between the establishing team and the department heads in Galatz emerged a major argument over the new station's main broadcasting concept. Erez Tal had envisioned a station which would play music as well as traffic-related magazines, and which would be traffic-inclined. In contrast to this, was the option of the station focusing almost entirely on music. The department heads strongly opposed this option and claimed this kind of radio station, a "programless" station, had no chance of succeeding. Many of them threatened to resign if such a station was to be opened. Many at Galei Tzahal feared the new channel would also take a bite out of the Galatz listeners, thereby causing a decline in the popularity of Galatz and eventually its closure. Nonetheless, Shlonski and the establishing team insisted the if the listeners wouldn't turn over to Galatz, they would turn over to other stations. === Broadcasting and rising to fame === Galgalatz broadcasting began on October 31, 1993, at 7:00 a.m., in a show called ''[[Medina BaDerech]]'' ({{lang-he|מדינה בדרך}}, ''Nation on the Road'') with [[Amir Asher]]. The station broadcast for 17 hours a day, beginning at 7 in the morning and until midnight. From day one the programs included mostly music and traffic reports. The musical guidelines were to prefer popular songs, known and favored by the majority of listeners, in an attempt to target the largest possible audience. Within a short time, Galgalatz had made a name for itself amongst the Israeli media – its ratings had escalated from 4 percent to 13 percent, and Galgalatz's traffic reports were considered highly credible amongst the public, and were even recognized as legal evidence: A man sued for being late for a meeting used documentary of the station's traffic reports to prove he had indeed been stuck in a traffic jam, which were eventually accepted by the court as legal evidence. === Policy changes === The broadcasting concept of Galgalatz was changed to target a specific audience, around the clock, with the intention and thought that such a theme of broadcasting would result in a larger, more loyal audience. At first Galgalatz turned to the 18- to 40-year-old audience. In practice, Galgalatz would eventually create an audience consisting mostly of 15- to 35-year-olds, amongst which the station was immensely popular. === Criticism === Despite the high ratings, there was harsh criticism of Galgalatz in the public towards the end of 1997 and the beginning of 1998. The critics claimed the station's chief was only intent on raising ratings, and had lost interest of programming quality. It was claimed that the station limits itself to a very specific type of music, and in essence was broadcasting a very limited number of songs dictated from above, intending to "play it safe". In response the station worked made efforts to receive exclusive rights for new songs and albums, both local and foreign. Record companies gave new singles' copies only to Galgalatz, thereby receiving heightened exposure on the station, for the period of exclusivity. In return, the new singles were included in Galgalatz's playlist at primary spots. Thus began Galgalatz's campaign of "Galgalatz – Before the Rest." == Charts == Galgalatz airs every Thursday the "Official Music Chart Of Israel", which includes top 10 Israeli and international songs, based on the audience's choice on the station's website. The last Friday of the year, Galgaltz also broadcasts the Israeli annual international song chart. On 31 December 2019, Galgalatz aired the official hot 100 decade-chart. == Station executives == * Chief of Galgalatz – [[Nadav Ravid]] * Music Manager – [[Yasmin Ishbi]] * Chief Traffic Editor – [[Beni Kvodi]] == Broadcasting frequencies (FM) and sites == * [[Tel Aviv]] area: 91.8 (broadcast out of [[Bnei Brak]]) * [[Haifa]] and the bay area: 107 (broadcast out of [[Haifa]]) * [[Jerusalem]]: 107.1 (broadcast out of [[Jerusalem]]) * [[Beersheba]]: 99.8 (broadcast out of [[Mishmar HaNegev]]) * [[Northern Israel]]: 104.1 (broadcast out of [[Kiryat Shmona]]) * [[Eilat]] and [[Mitzpe Ramon]]: 107 (broadcast out of [[Eilat]]) == See also == * [[List of radio stations in Israel]] * [[Israeli annual Hebrew song chart]] * [[Army Radio]] == External links == * [http://www.glgltz.co.il/ Galgalatz Homepage at glgltz.co.il {{in lang|he}}] *[https://gglz.net Galgalz Radio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802040042/https://gglz.net/ |date=2019-08-02 }} (in English) [[Category:Israel Defense Forces Radio]] [[Category:Publicly funded broadcasters]] [[Category:Radio networks]] [[Category:1993 establishments in Israel]] <noinclude> <small>This page was moved from [[:en:Galgalatz]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Galgalatz/edithistory]]</small></noinclude> 3avmqqt59kdlk6ok7hj8dzv5lxkciad 0 113852 540907 510544 2022-08-28T20:22:06Z InternetArchiveBot 34092 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Advert|date=March 2018}} {{Infobox comedian | name = Daren Streblow | image = Comedian_Daren_Streblow.jpg | image_size = | caption = | pseudonym = | birth_date = {{Birth-date and age|January 5, 1971}} | birth_place = [[Ely, Minnesota]], [[United States|U.S.]] | death_date = | death_place = | medium = [[Film]], [[Radio]] (1995 - 1998) | nationality = American | years_active = 1995-present | genre = [[Observational comedy]] | subject = [[Everyday life]], [[situational]] <!-- Infobox comedian does not support the following parameter: | influences = [[Brian Regan (comedian)|Brian Regan]], [[Brad Stine]], [[Jeff Allen (Comedian)|Jeff Allen]], [[Jerry Seinfeld]], [[Bill Cosby]], [[Ray Romano]] --> | spouse = | notable_works = Lighten Up and Laugh, Bananas<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Bananas-Daren-Streblow/dp/B000BVNY56/ref=sr_1_sc_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1393529112&sr=8-1-spell&keywords=bananas+with+daren+stebrlow |title=Bananas Series |website=amazon.com}}</ref> | signature = | website = {{URL|http://www.darenstreblow.com/}} | footnotes = }} '''Daren Streblow''' (born January 5, 1971) is an [[United States|American]] stand-up [[comedian]] and [[radio]] show host originally from [[Ely, Minnesota]]. He is most noted for his clean, observational humor. Streblow has been featured in numerous comedy standup [[films]] and [[TV]] shows including Ken Davis and Friends: Lighten Up and Laugh!,<ref name=":1">{{Citation|last=Productions|first=Ken Davis|title=Ken Davis and Friends: Lighten Up and Laugh!|date=2009-02-10|url=https://www.amazon.com/Ken-Davis-Friends-Lighten-Laugh/dp/1897020015/ref=sr_1_2?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1393345719&sr=1-2&keywords=Ken+Davis+and+Friends|publisher=Crown Comedy|accessdate=2018-03-25}}</ref> Bananas,<ref name=":2">{{Citation|title=Bananas - Daren Streblow|date=2005-10-25|url=https://www.amazon.com/Bananas-Daren-Streblow/dp/B000BVNY56/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1393345356&sr=8-1&keywords=daren+streblow|publisher=Guardian Studios|accessdate=2018-03-25}}</ref> Bananas Season 1<ref name=":3">{{Citation|title=Bananas: The Complete First TV Season|url=https://www.amazon.com/Bananas-Complete-First-TV-Season/dp/B000NDDEA2/ref=sr_1_1?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1393345669&sr=1-1&keywords=Bananas+Season+1|publisher=Guardian Studios|language=English|accessdate=2018-03-25}}</ref> and Thou Shalt Laugh 5.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://tsl5.thoushaltlaugh.com/index.cfm|title=Thou Shalt Laugh 5|website=tsl5.thoushaltlaugh.com|language=en|access-date=2018-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206174655/http://tsl5.thoushaltlaugh.com/index.cfm|archive-date=2013-12-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> Daren's syndicated radio program,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.darenstreblowcomedyshow.com/ |title=Daren Syndicated Radio Program |website=darenstreblowcomedyshow.com |access-date=2020-07-06 |archive-date=2018-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821153710/http://www.darenstreblowcomedyshow.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Daren Streblow Comedy Show<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.americascomedy.com/new-national-radio-show-with-comedian-daren-streblow/ |title=Americans Comedy - Daren Show |website=americascomedy.com}}</ref> airs on over 60 stations<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.darenstreblowcomedyshow.com/stations/ |title=Live Stations - Daren Show |website=darenstreblowcomedyshow.com |access-date=2020-07-06 |archive-date=2014-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305194253/http://www.darenstreblowcomedyshow.com/stations/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and regularly includes well-known comedians such as [[Tim Hawkins]] and [[Frank Caliendo]]. ==Style== Daren Streblow performs mostly observational comedy, referencing to everyday subjects for parts of his routine. He has opened for [["Weird Al" Yankovic]], [[James Gregory (comedian)|James Gregory]], and [[Brad Stine]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.darenstreblow.com/main.html |title=Daren Streblow<!-- Bot generated title --> |website=darenstreblow.com |access-date=2008-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629013902/http://www.darenstreblow.com/main.html |archive-date=2008-06-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref> His subjects are usually about [[everyday life]] and what he sees as awkward parts of society, such as waterslides being "torture." His [[nerdy]] offbeat style has earned him the title "The King Of Uncool". He refrains from [[profanity|swearing]] and using sexual [[innuendo]] in his routines, drawing inspiration from everyday life in the style of [[Brian Regan (comedian)|Brian Regan]] and [[Jerry Seinfeld]], though more akin to [[Brad Stine]], as he styles his comedy as a unique style of observational stand-up comedy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thegrablegroup.com/speaker/daren-streblow/|title=The Right Speaker, Every Time {{!}} eSpeakers|website=thegrablegroup.com|access-date=2018-03-25}}</ref> Streblow considers himself an "Outreach Comedian," though his acts do not normally feature topics about his religion. == Career == Originally a radio show host, Streblow stepped down to become a full-time comedian in 1998. Streblow has toured the United States with [[Gotee Records]] recording artist Jeff Anderson and comedian David Phelps, in which [[Bill Dana (comedian)|Bill Dana]] attended.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.darenstreblow.com/streblog/2005/12/ |title=The StreBLOG: December 2005 Archives<!-- Bot generated title --> |website=darenstreblow.com |access-date=2008-06-17 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20070616042721/http://www.darenstreblow.com/streblog/2005/12/ |archive-date=2007-06-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He also performed between bands on both nights of the 2007 [[Rock the Universe]], a [[Christian rock]] festival in [[Universal Studios Florida]]. He regularly tours in the U.S. and continues to host his syndicated radio program, The Daren Streblow Comedy Show. His comedy performances have grown to reach 60 markets internationally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://rbr.com/daren-streblow-comedy-show-hits-50-affiliates/|title=Daren Streblow Comedy Show hits 50 affiliates {{!}} Radio & Television Business Report|website=rbr.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-25}}</ref> ==Personal life== Streblow is a [[Christians|Christian]] and is frequently booked for his squeaky-clean comedy in large churches and youth organizations, though he refrains from "preaching" in routines. It is unknown if he refers to his comedy as "Christian Comedy," though he is a member of [[Christian comedy|Outreach Comedy]]. He has stated that "if you bring God with you... people notice and people will ask questions... just be faithful."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fln.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=787&Itemid=464|title=Family Life ...a friend you can turn to|website=www.fln.org|language=en|access-date=2018-03-25}}</ref> He lives in [[Cloquet, Minnesota]] with his wife and children. == Filmography == * 2005 Bananas<ref name=":2" /> * 2005 Bananas Season One<ref name=":3" /> * Ken Davis and Friends: Lighten Up and Laugh!<ref name=":1" /> * 2006 Thou Shalt Laugh<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Citation|title=Thou Shalt Laugh|date=2006-11-07|url=https://www.amazon.com/Thou-Shalt-Laugh-Patricia-Heaton/dp/B000HEWEIK/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1346275028&sr=8-1&keywords=thou+shalt+laugh+1|publisher=Warner Home Video|language=English|accessdate=2018-03-25}}</ref> ==References== {{unreliable sources|date=March 2014}} {{reflist|30em}} ==External links== * [http://www.darenstreblow.com/ Official Website] {{DEFAULTSORT:Streblow, Daren}} [[Category:1971 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:People from Ely, Minnesota]] [[Category:American Christians]] [[Category:American stand-up comedians]] [[Category:21st-century American comedians]]<noinclude> <small>This page was moved from [[:en:Daren Streblow]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Daren Streblow/edithistory]]</small></noinclude> nglspr4ywsxz30rydnep1648v2qky38 0 113862 540925 447863 2022-08-28T21:35:22Z InternetArchiveBot 34092 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Multiple issues| {{unreferenced|date=February 2013}} {{notability|date=February 2013}} }} Developed by [[Alterface]], '''Desperados''' is a collective [[amusement ride]]. It presents itself as an interactive theater with a western theme. ==Principle== 10 to 60 riders step on their individual horses and pick up their six-shooters. All riders play together on the same large video screen but everyone receives an individual score and every horse moves differently according to how good its rider plays. Both the best and worst riders are acknowledged by the system via Doc, the 3D character animating the show ==Parks with Desperado attractions== * Happy Valley Shanghai - China * Rusutsu Resort - Japan * Bakken - Denmark * Bobbejaanland - Belgium * Fraispertuis City - France ==External links== * [http://www.alterface.com/en/amusement_parks/desperados/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707074130/http://www.alterface.com/en/amusement_parks/desperados/ |date=2020-07-07 }}, with video presentation * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070420194934/http://www.desperadocity.be/ Desperados] at the [[Bobbejaanland]] park (Belgium) * [[:fr:Fraispertuis City#Cin.C3.A9 Desperados|Desperados]] at [[Fraispertuis City]] (France) [[Category:Amusement rides]] {{amusement-ride-stub}}<noinclude> <small>This page was moved from [[:en:Desperados (ride)]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Desperados (ride)/edithistory]]</small></noinclude> 6ewu261rnlcjlye0jlkxwy0dw7w8w3v 0 113944 540970 519582 2022-08-29T01:09:34Z InternetArchiveBot 34092 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|blog covering fashion industry, clothing, and lifestyle}} {{multiple issues| {{Advert|date=January 2013}} {{update|date=November 2013}} {{original research|date=September 2018}} {{more citations needed|date=September 2018}} }} '''Fashion blogs''' are [[blog]]s that cover the [[fashion industry]], clothing, and [[Lifestyle (sociology)|lifestyle]]. Test. ==Definition== A fashion [[blog]] can cover many things such as specific items of [[clothing]] and [[Fashion accessory|accessories]], beauty tips, trends in various apparel markets ([[haute couture]], ''[[ready to wear|prêt-à-porter]]'', etc.), celebrity fashion choices and [[street fashion]] trends.<ref name="corcoran b">Corcoran, Cate T. Blogging for bags, "Women's Wear Daily", October 23, 2006.</ref><ref name="weil">Weil, Jennifer with contributions from Corcoran, Cate T. and Moir, Jane. In their sites, "Women's Wear Daily", June 29, 2006.</ref> They cover fashion at all levels from the largest [[fashion design]] houses to the smallest independent designers.<ref name="weil" /> Many fashion blogs could also be categorised as shopping blogs, similar to the content of fashion [[magazine]]s. Some retailers in the fashion industry have started blogs to promote their products.<ref name="la ferla"/> Some blogs focus more on fashion advice, featuring how-to articles for the lay reader. Articles discuss clothing fit, the matching and [[Complementary colors|complementing]] of colors, and other information on clothes wearing and care along with prescriptive advice on adhering to basic standards and recent trends. ==Impact on the fashion industry== Fashion is a multibillion-dollar industry that has considerable impact on the way ordinary people dress and present themselves and relies heavily on media and [[advertising]] to communicate the producer's preferences and [[goal]]s and influence public perception through various types of [[Promotion (marketing)|promotion]]; at the same time, fashion can be influenced by [[social change]] and counter-trends outside the producer, retailer or advertiser's control. As fashion is driven by trends within and without the fashion industry, fashion blogs and other "[[new media]]" outside the control of [[The Establishment|traditional establishment]] represent a [[disruptive innovation]] to the [[social dynamics]] of [[mass media]] and fashion [[Consumption (economics)|consumption]] in modern [[consumer society]]. It is likely that the [[blogosphere]] will have a considerable long-term influence on the industry, as the number of fashion based blogs continue to grow, with increasing numbers of consumers able to create and modify the media that they consume, and traditional producers and advertisers adapting their practices to avoid dilution of their own influence. ===From the industry’s standpoint=== During the 2011 New York City Fashion Week, top-tier fashion designers, [[Lazaro Hernandez]] and [[Jack McCollough]] (owners and designers of [[Proenza Schouler]]), took the time out of their ‘hectic schedules’ during fashion week to help promote the work of fashion bloggers. The two were interviewed by Imran Amed, founder and editor of The Business of Fashion website. In the 5:15 minute long interview, the two fashion designers were asked various questions from an audience of fashion bloggers, including their personal opinions on the effects of fashion blog writing, how it influences the fashion industry as a whole, and how fashion blog posts affects their designing and selling process. When asked about their thoughts on the overall effect of the fashion blogs, McCollough stated, “Blogs posting things about us, going viral, spreading throughout the internet… it has an extraordinary impact on the business”. They also stated how in the past, they would have to wait three, four days to hear a review on their line, but now the feedback comes almost instant. When asked about how the blogs directly affect their own designs, they explained while they do read numerous blogs daily, they try to take each criticism (positive or negative) with a grain of salt, “We try not to obsess over it” stated McCollough.<ref name="jacobs1">{{cite web|last=Jacobs |first=Jennine |title=Proenza Schouler Sees "Extraordinary Impact" of Fashion Bloggers |url=http://the-coveted.com/blog/2011/02/22/proenza-schouler-sees-extraordianary-impact-of-fashion-bloggers/ |publisher=The Coveted |access-date=5 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426021641/http://the-coveted.com/blog/2011/02/22/proenza-schouler-sees-extraordianary-impact-of-fashion-bloggers/ |archive-date=26 April 2012 |df= }}</ref> Founder of Independent Fashion Blogger (IFB), Jennine Jacob, stated how thrilled she was to get the validation from high-end fashion designers (such as Proenza Schouler) that fashion blogging has an incredible impact on the fashion world. Imran Amed stated that there will always be designers and editors that will never fully wrap their head on the huge impact fashion blogging and [[social media]] has on the industry, but on the other side of the spectrum, there are numerous [[designers]], [[editing|editors]], branders and writers that do understand and are “coming on board”. He also states that this is a fairly new phenomenon that will take time for fashion world to reap the full benefits.<ref name="jacobs1"/> ''[[The New York Times]]'' "Style" section writer, Eric Wilson, did an extensive study on the impact of fashion bloggers on the fashion industry for one of his style columns. Wilson wrote that these bloggers have ascended ‘from the nosebleed seats to the front row’ in the past year and that the divide between the ‘high code’ editors with a professional opinion and the ‘amateur’ fashion bloggers is beginning to disintegrate. Wilson interviewed prominent publicists, editors and designers. Publicist [[Kelly Cutrone]] stated that over the past two years, there has been a complete change in who is writing about fashion. Not only does Cutrone say she needs to keep a watch on the editors of mainstream writings, such as [[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] and [[Elle (magazine)|Elle]], but now she needs to monitor on the millions of fashion bloggers around the world. Cutrone goes on the later state that once these bloggers post anything on the internet, it never comes off, and it now becomes the first thing that the designers will see.<ref>{{cite web|first=Eric |last=Wilson|title=The New York Times Catches on to the Impact of Fashion Bloggers|url=http://fashionbombdaily.com/2009/12/27/the-new-york-times-catches-onto-the-impact-of-fashion-bloggers/|publisher=The Fashion Bomb Blog|accessdate=5 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403130144/http://fashionbombdaily.com/2009/12/27/the-new-york-times-catches-onto-the-impact-of-fashion-bloggers/| archive-date=3 April 2015}}</ref> ===From a reader’s standpoint=== The blogosphere has indeed opened up many doors for the fashion industry, one of which is allowing the ordinary people to partake in the 'elite' fashion world and discuss their likes and dislikes on the way fashion is presented in the media.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nz24fcwb6JYC|title=Digital Experience Design: Ideas, Industries, Interaction|last=Leung|first=Linda|date=2008-01-01|publisher=Intellect Books|isbn=9781841502090|language=en}}</ref> In 2008, the [[Pulitzer Prize]] winning fashion writer and former blogger [[Robin Givhan]], claimed that fashion blogs had democratized the fashion industry. Givhan had also written in [[Harpers Bazaar]] that 'The rise of the fashion blogger has evolved [fashion] from an aristocratic business dominated by omnipotent designers into a democratic one in which everyone has access to stylistic clothes...the average people, too often estranged from fashion, is not taking ownership of it'.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pham|first=M.-H. T.|title=Blog Ambition: Fashion, Feelings, and the Political Economy of the Digital Raced Body|journal=Camera Obscura: Feminism, Culture, and Media Studies |year=2011 |volume=26 |issue=1 76|pages=1–37|doi=10.1215/02705346-2010-013|url=http://cameraobscura.dukejournals.org/content/26/1_76/1.full.pdf+html |accessdate=13 October 2011}}</ref> A similar statement was said by Constance White, the style director for [[eBay]] and former fashion journalist, saying that the impact of the fashion blogosphere has allowed the whole population to take ownership of the fashion world, including people of all different races, genders, and social standings.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Corcoran|first=Cate|title=The Blogs That Took Over the Tents|journal=WWD|date=February 2006|page=30|url=http://images.glam.com/112/5357928-3225643e817df00f30.pdf|access-date=13 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409165914/http://images.glam.com/112/5357928-3225643e817df00f30.pdf|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The ''[[Daily Mail]]'' writer Karen Kay suggested once in an interview that blogs allow anyone to both critique and praise designers, regardless of the often ‘needed’ professional opinion, with the help fashion blogs, the consumers are helping to set the trends.<ref name="grauel1">{{cite web|last=Grauel|first=Julianne|title=The Growing Influence of Fashion Blogs: How Fashion Blogs Are Taking Over The World|url=http://www.hercampus.com/style/growing-influence-fashion-blogs-how-fashion-blogs-are-taking-over-world|publisher=Her Campus|accessdate=6 December 2011}}</ref> Unlike fashion-focused magazines and television shows, fashion blogs are able to be updated more frequently, keeping up to date with the new and up-and-coming fashion trends.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hauge|first=Atle|title=Gatekeepers and knowledge diffusion in the fashion industry|date=January 2006|pages=9–16|url=http://www.druid.dk/uploads/tx_picturedb/dw2006-1711.pdf|accessdate=13 October 2011|archive-date=15 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415042731/http://www.druid.dk/uploads/tx_picturedb/dw2006-1711.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===From an advertising standpoint=== Many of these fashion blogs also serve as a source of [[advertisement]] for both designers and fashion retail stores. These advertisements have had a heavy influence on [[fashion designers]] of various standings, helping to give a name to small up-and-coming designers as well as bringing high-end designers back to life. Many of the top fashion bloggers are said to have received free samples of the designer pieces that they have mentioned in their blogs and some top fashion bloggers got paid for wearing and publishing a brand name product on their Instagram account.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Khodadad |first=Ghazaleh |title=FASHIONFEVER |date=May 2010 |pages=21–29 |url=http://bada.hb.se/bitstream/2320/6769/1/2010.13.12.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425080712/http://bada.hb.se/bitstream/2320/6769/1/2010.13.12.pdf |archive-date=2012-04-25 |df= }}</ref><ref name="Racked.com">[http://racked.com/archives/2014/06/12/bryanboy-on-blogging-salaries-100000-is-not-enough.php], "Random Fashion Blogger from Utah Makes $1 Million a Year", June 12, 2014. Accessed October 4, 2014.</ref> In a study conducted through the Biz360 Community, it was found that over 53% of the New York City Fashion Week converge had come from online articles and fashion blogs. While a vast portion of what was written in these blogs came from various mainstream fashion resource magazine and newspaper articles, such as Coutorture and [[New York Magazine]], these fashion blogs provided a larger viewing and reading audience for the fashion week.<ref name="wright1">{{cite web |last=Wright |first=Marcala |title=The Impact of Bloggers on New York Fashion Week |url=http://fashionablymarketing.me/2010/02/impact-of-fashion-bloggers-new-york-fashion-week/ |publisher=FFM |accessdate=5 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201012938/http://fashionablymarketing.me/2010/02/impact-of-fashion-bloggers-new-york-fashion-week/ |archive-date=1 December 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the past years, [[American Express]] has become increasingly involved in New York City Fashion Week, and in 2010 American Express sponsored Evolving Influence, the first international bloggers conference in [[New York City]]. During the conference, many surveys and studies took place about the usefulness and tactics used in fashion blogs. During the study, it was found that bloggers are more comfortable reporting in real-time and incorporating social tools in their opinions of runway trends and designers. After Fashion Week, it was found that 6.37% of all articles written about or related to Fashion Week had mentioned the Evolving Influence main sponsor, American Express. These blogs were not directly paid to mention American Express, so they served as a free source of advertisement for American Express.<ref name="wright1"/> ==Number of fashion blogs== There is considerable disagreement regarding the number of fashion blogs in existence. In a February 2006 ''Women's Wear Daily'' article, Corcoran stated: <blockquote>There is an enormous, and growing, number of fashion and shopping-related blogs: about 2 million, according to Technorati Inc., [...] or slightly less than 10 percent of the 27 million blogs the company tracks. (That number includes blogs in languages that use the Roman alphabet and that contain anything fashion-related, including sites such as ''Pink Is the New Blog'', which focuses on celebrities.)<ref name="corcoran a">Corcoran, Cate T. The blogs that took over the tents, "Women's Wear Daily", February 6, 2006.</ref></blockquote> It is likely that this figure is inflated by a substantial number of personal blogs that mention fashion. These are not considered fashion blogs using the criteria above. All other estimates of the popularity of fashion blogs are considerably lower. In September 2005, La Ferla stated that "as little as a year ago, the number of [fashion bloggers] could be counted in the dozens. Today there are hundreds".<ref name="la ferla">La Ferla, Ruth. [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/08/fashion/thursdaystyles/08BLOGS.html "Online, Feisty Critics"], The New York Times, September 8, 2005. Accessed November 24, 2006.</ref> Lara Zamiatin estimated in November 2006 that there are now "several hundred fashion blogs".<ref name="zamiatin">Zamiatin, Lara. [http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2006/07/26/1153816248787.html Let slip the blogs of wore], "Sydney Morning Herald", July 27, 2006. Accessed November 24, 2006.</ref> ==Types of fashion blogs== ===By writer's expertise=== Fashion blogs may be written by insiders, outsiders, or aspiring insiders.<ref name="corcoran b"/> ''Insiders'' are people who work (or have previously worked) in the fashion industry or for the traditional [[fashion journalism|fashion media]]. In addition, some fashion insiders write occasionally as guest bloggers on larger sites. For example, the fashion designer Nanette Lepore has contributed to Glam.com.<ref name="corcoran a"/> ''Outsiders'' are people who know a lot (or at least have strong opinions) about fashion, usually by virtue of being very dedicated consumers of fashion. ''Aspiring insiders'' are people who want to work in the fashion industry or media and believe their blog may provide a ‘back door’ entry into a mainstream fashion writing job. ===By ownership=== Fashion blogs may be owned either by individuals or by companies. The types of individuals running fashion blogs are listed above. The types of companies now running fashion blogs include large mainstream media organizations and fashion retailers. [[Condé Nast Publications]] is a mainstream media organization with fashion blogs. Fashion retailers with blogs include [[Bluefly]], Queen of Suburbia, and Splendora.<ref name="la ferla"/> ==History== Fashion blogs first appeared in the [[blogosphere]] prior to 2002.<ref name="sinclair">Sinclair, Jenny. [http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/10/17/1034561201639.html Fashion blogs], "The Age", October 17, 2002. Accessed November 18, 2006.</ref> Both the number of fashion blogs and the number of media mentions of fashion blogs has grown considerably since then. Published accounts of the growing number of fashion blogs are mentioned above, and a Facteva search reveals that media articles mentioning "fashion blogs" grew from one in 2002 to over 100 in 2006. In 2006, the commercial success and growing profile of fashion bloggers were the two main themes in coverage of fashion blogs. In 2009, CNN wrote about a blogger, Rumi Neely of Fashion Toast, who went from a small website to the runway for a popular label.<ref>{{cite web|title=A fashion blog leads to the Paris runway|url=http://money.cnn.com/2009/04/22/smallbusiness/fashion_bloggers_go_into_business.smb/index.htm|publisher=[[CNN]]|accessdate=9 June 2015}}</ref> ===Early fashion blogs=== Fashion blogs first appeared in the [[blogosphere]] prior to 2002,<ref name="sinclair"/> and [[Kathryn Finney]], founder of [[The Budget Fashionista|Budget Fashionista]], was invited to [[New York Fashion Week]] as early as September 2003;<ref name="corcoran a"/> a short time later, Fashiontribes.com was being seated fourth row at shows like Bill Blass. Paris-based American fashion blogger [[Diane Pernet]], founder of ''A Shaded View on Fashion'',<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://ashadedviewonfashion.com|title=Home - Fashion Week|access-date=2018-10-06|language=en-US}}</ref> has been called "the original style blogger<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/03/13/q-and-a-diane-pernet-the-original-style-blogger-on-fashion-and-film/|title=Q. and A. {{!}} Diane Pernet, the Original Style Blogger, on Fashion and Film|last=Murphy|first=Tim|work=T Magazine|access-date=2018-10-06|language=en-US}}</ref>" by ''[[The New York Times]]'', and has been a fashion blogger since 2005.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/community/people/diane-pernet|title=Diane Pernetis One of the 500 People Shaping the Global Fashion Industry|work=The Business of Fashion|access-date=2018-10-06|language=en-GB}}</ref> In 2004, Bryan Grey-Yambao founded his namesake blog Bryanboy. He helped set the standards for designer “gifting” and disclosure of same in the fashion blogosphere, an arena where it is currently considered acceptable for a blogger to take international airfare, accommodation, designer goods and sometimes even celebrity-style appearance fees from the major brands they cover.<ref>https://observer.com/2012/02/bryanboy-new-york-fashion-week-anna-wintour-karl-lagerfeld-marc-jacobs/</ref> By 2008, Tina Craig and Kelly Cook of Bag Snob.com were seated second row at shows like Diane von Furstenberg and Oscar de la Renta.<ref name="dodes">Dodes, Rachel. [https://www.wsj.com/public/article/SB115801727410860002-3NtzCOa4qvvjJFhAlAC1llCEhM4_20070911.html "Bloggers get under the tent"]{{Dead link|date=August 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, The Wall Street Journal, September 12, 2006. Accessed November 18, 2006.</ref> The fashion blogs that attracted media attention in 2002 include two that are still in existence: LookOnline Daily Fashion Report and She She Me.<ref name="sinclair"/> In 2004, [[Michelle Madhok]] introduced SheFinds.com, "an online shopping publication". By 2005, the site earned $300,000 per year, although most of that revenue went towards running expenses and Madhok paid herself just $40,000 per year.<ref name="Tahmincioglu">Tahmincioglu, Eve. [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/22/business/22sbiz.html?_r=1&oref=slogin When the Boss Is Last in Line for a Paycheck], The New York Times, March 22, 2007. Accessed May 29, 2008.</ref> ===Mainstream media acceptance of fashion blogging=== Fashion blogs are increasingly becoming a part of the mainstream fashion press. An increasing number of fashion bloggers were invited to designers' fashion shows in 2006 compared to previous years.<ref name="dodes"/> Large advertisers like H&M and Gap have bought advertising on fashion blogs,<ref name="dodes"/> and other large companies like the underwear-maker Jockey are targeting fashion blogs in their PR efforts.<ref name="la ferla"/> Many big media organizations have started fashion blogs and the best fashion bloggers are now also being offered mainstream media positions. (See above for more details.) Fashion blogging is also now regarded as worthy of mainstream media coverage. The reference list below shows the very high caliber of media publication that have written about fashion blogs. These publications include the Wall Street Journal, ''The New York Times'', Fast Company and the Sydney Morning Herald. ===Commercialization of fashion blogging=== Fashion blogging is rapidly becoming a highly profitable new media business, with a mixture of independent blogs and well-funded fashion blog networks competing to dominate the space. Other commercially successful independent fashion blogs include Budget Fashionista, which reportedly brings in $600,000 a year in revenue<ref>[http://www.nydailynews.com/lifestyle/2007/10/14/2007-10-14_13_questions_for_a_fashion_blogger.html "13 Questions for a Fashion Blogger - Kathryn Finney"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026143017/http://www.nydailynews.com/lifestyle/2007/10/14/2007-10-14_13_questions_for_a_fashion_blogger.html |date=2011-10-26 }}, New York Daily News, October 17, 2007.</ref> and The Bag Snob, which "''generates a six-figure income, mainly from advertising''". By 2008 SheFinds.com was generating $400,000 in revenue per year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.inc.com/magazine/20080301/white-cat-media-tells-you-where-to-get-a-bargain.html|title=White Cat Media Tells You Where to Get a Bargain, Reality Checks Article|date=1 March 2008|website=Inc.com}}</ref> [[Personal style blogger]]s like Aimee Song from SongofStyle.com has told WWD that she gets paid anywhere from a couple thousand to 50,000 dollars for hosting an event or Instagramming a brand.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://la.racked.com/2012/6/5/7722589/la-blogger-aimee-song-makes-up|title=LA Blogger Aimee Song Makes Up to $50,000 On Brand Collabs|first=Leslie|last=Price|date=5 June 2012|website=Racked LA}}</ref> There have also been a series of business deals that have brought serious investor money into the fashion blogging space. These include: * October 2006: Sugar Publishing Inc. raised Series A funding from legendary venture capital firm Sequoia, to a rumored value of $5 million.<ref name="Arrington">Arrington, Michael. [https://techcrunch.com/2006/10/16/sequoia-invests-in-blog-network-team-sugar/ "Sequoia Invests in Blog Network Sugar Publishing"], TechCrunch, October 16, 2006. Accessed October 13, 2007.</ref> Sugar's small blog network includes FabSugar, a fashion blog. * November 2006: Glam.com raised $18.5 million in Series C venture capital from a consortium led by Duff Ackerman & Goodrich Ventures, with other investors including "Draper Fisher Jurvetson, which helped launch eBay, Accel Partners, an investor in Facebook, as well as WaldenVC and Information Capital".<ref name="Schachter">Schachter, Ken. [http://www.redherring.com/Home/20266 "Glam Media Fashionistas Get $18.5M"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920102444/http://www.redherring.com/Home/20266 |date=2008-09-20 }}, Red Herring, 14 December 2006. Accessed October 13, 2007.</ref> * October 2007, Sugar Publishing purchased early fashion blog network Coutorture Media for an undisclosed sum.<ref name="McCarthy">McCarthy, Caroline. [http://www.news.com/8301-13577_3-9793631-36.html "Sugar's shopping spree goes on with Coutorture buy"]{{Dead link|date=August 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, CNET news.com, October 9, 2007. Accessed October 13, 2007.</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} {{Blog topics}} {{Fashion}} [[Category:Blogs by subject]] [[Category:Fashion journalism]] [[Category:Street fashion]] <noinclude> <small>This page was moved from [[:en:Fashion blog]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Fashion blog/edithistory]]</small></noinclude> mnbltx2m5382r95x8hc2cnmgouhtdtz 0 113966 541001 447941 2022-08-29T05:50:56Z InternetArchiveBot 34092 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2013}} The '''history of [[Chinese cuisine]]''' is marked by both variety and change. The archaeologist and scholar [[Kwang-chih Chang]] says “Chinese people are especially preoccupied with food” and “food is at the center of, or at least it accompanies or symbolizes, many social interactions.” Over the course of history, he says, "continuity vastly outweighs change." He explains basic organizing principles which go back to earliest times and give a continuity to the food tradition, principally that a normal meal is made up of grains and other starches ({{zh|s=饭|t=飯|p=fàn}}) and vegetable or meat dishes ({{zh|c=菜|p=cài|labels=no}}).<ref name=casey>Chang Kwang-chih (ed.) ''Food in Chinese Culture: Anthropological and Historical Perspectives'', pp. 15&ndash;20. Yale Univ. Press (New Haven), 1977.</ref> ==Overview== The [[Sinologist]] [[Endymion Wilkinson]] has highlighted a succession of incremental and successive changes that fundamentally altered the "richness of ever-changing Chinese cuisine": # The expansion of [[Han Chinese|Han culture]] from the upland stretches of the [[Yellow River]] across a huge and expanding geographical area with climate zones ranging from the tropical to the subarctic, each providing new ingredients and indigenous cooking traditions; # An elaborate but continually developing [[traditional Chinese medicine|traditional medicine]] which saw food as the basis of good health ("Food was medicine and medicine, food"); # Constantly shifting demands from elites &ndash; beginning with the imperial courts and provincial governors but eventually expanding to include rich landowners, "scholar-gourmands", and itinerant merchants &ndash; for specialised cuisines, however far away from home; and # Continuous absorption of diverse foreign influences, including the ingredients, cooking methods, and recipes from invading steppe nomads, European missionaries, and Japanese traders. The philosopher and writer [[Lin Yutang]] was more relaxed: :How a Chinese life glows over a good feast! How apt is he to cry out that life is beautiful when his stomach and his intestines are well filled! From this well-filled stomach suffuses and radiates a happiness that is spiritual. The Chinese relies upon instinct and his instinct tells him that when the stomach is right, everything is right. That is why I claim for the Chinese a life closer to instinct and a philosophy that makes a more open acknowledgment of it possible.<ref>Lin Yutang. ''[[The Importance of Living]]'', p. 46. John Day (New York), 1937. Op. cit. Sterckx, Roel. ''Of Tripod and Palate: Food, Politics, and Religion in Traditional China'', p. 6. Palgrave Macmillan (New York), 2005.</ref> Chinese cuisine as we now know it evolved gradually over the centuries as new food sources and techniques were introduced, discovered, or invented. Although many of the characteristics we think of as the most important appeared very early, others did not appear or did not become important until relatively late. The first [[chopsticks]], for instance, were probably used for cooking, stirring the fire, and serving bits of food and were not initially used as eating utensils. They began to take on this role during the [[Han dynasty]], but it was not until the [[Ming Dynasty|Ming]] that they became ubiquitous for both serving and eating. It was not until the Ming that they acquired their present name ({{lang|zh|筷子}}, ''kuaizi'') and their present shape. The [[wok]] may also have been introduced during the Han, but again its initial use was limited (to drying grains) and its present use (to stir-fry, as well as boiling, steaming, roasting, and deep-frying) did not develop until the Ming.<ref name=CHAM>Wilkinson, Endymion. ''Chinese History: A Manual'', pp. 646&ndash;47. Harvard Univ. Press (Cambridge, Mass.), 2000.</ref> The Ming also saw the adoption of new plants from the New World, such as [[maize]], [[peanut]]s, and [[tobacco]]. Wilkinson remarks that to "somebody brought up on late twentieth century Chinese cuisine, Ming food would probably still seem familiar, but anything further back, especially pre-Tang would probably be difficult to recognize as 'Chinese'".<ref name=CHAM/> The "[[Silk Road]]" is the conventional term for the routes through [[Central Asia]] linking the Iranian plateau with western China; along this trade route passed exotic foodstuffs that greatly enlarged the potential for Chinese cuisines, only some of which preserve their foreign origin in the [[Chinese radical|radical]] for "foreign" that remains in their name. "It would surprise many Chinese cooks to know that some of their basic ingredients were originally foreign imports," Frances Wood observes. "[[Sesame]], [[pea]]s, [[onion]]s, [[coriander]] from [[Bactria]], and [[cucumber]] were all introduced into China from the West during the [[Han dynasty]]".<ref>Wood, Frances. ''The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia'', p. 59. 2002.</ref> ==Classifications== [[File:Cuisines of China.png|thumb|500px|Map showing classification and distribution of major regional cuisines of China]] Not long after the expansion of the [[Early Imperial China|Chinese Empire]] during the [[Qin Dynasty|Qin dynasty]], [[Han Dynasty|Han]] writers noted the great differences in culinary practices among the different parts of their realm. These differences followed to a great extent the varying climates and availabilities of foodstuffs in China. Many writers tried their hands at classification, but since internal political boundaries over the centuries did not coincide with shifting cultural identities, there was no way to establish clear-cut or enduring classifications or ranking of foods and cooking styles. Different [[Chinese minorities|ethnic groups]] might occupy only small areas, but their cuisines were included in systematic lists from early on. Certain broad categorizations are useful, however: ===Northern and southern cuisine=== {{main|Northern and southern China}} {{anchor|north|south|north and south}} The primary and earliest distinction was between the earlier settled and relatively arid [[North China Plain]] and the rainier hill country south of the [[Yangtze River]] which were incorporated into the Chinese empire much later. First [[Chinese canals|canals]] and now [[Chinese railroads|railroads]] and [[Chinese National Highway|highways]] have blurred the distinction, but it remains true that [[rice]] predominates in southern cuisine and [[flour]] products (principally various [[noodle]]s and [[dumpling]]s) in the north.<ref>Kansas Asia Scholars. "[http://www.kas.ku.edu/archived-site/chinese_food/regional_cuisine.html Regional Chinese Cuisine]".</ref> ===Four Schools=== The "Four Schools" refers to [[Shandong cuisine|Shandong]]'s (called after its former polity of [[Lu (state)|Lu]]), [[Jiangsu cuisine|Jiangsu]]'s (called Yang after [[Huaiyang cuisine|its most famous branch]]), [[Cantonese cuisine|Cantonese]] (called after its former polity of [[Baiyue|Yue]]), and [[Szechuan cuisine|Szechuan]]'s (abbreviated to Chuan) cuisines. The cooking styles of other areas was then arranged as branches of these four: <center> {|class="wikitable" ! width=25% | [[Shandong cuisine|Lu (Shandong)]] ! width=25% | [[Jiangsu cuisine|Yang (Su)]] ! width=25% | [[Cantonese cuisine|Yue (Guangdong/Cantonese)]] ! width=25% | [[Szechuan cuisine|Chuan (Sichuan)]] |- | *[[Beijing cuisine]] **[[Chinese imperial cuisine|Imperial]] **[[Chinese aristocrat cuisine|Aristocrat]] **[[Tianjin cuisine|Tianjin (Jin)]] *[[Northeastern Chinese cuisine|Northeastern]] **[[Liaoning cuisine|Liao]] *[[Shanxi cuisine|Shanxi (Jin)]] || *[[Huaiyang cuisine|Huaiyang]] *[[Anhui cuisine|Anhui (Hui)]] *[[Shanghai cuisine|Shanghai (Hu)]] *[[Zhejiang cuisine|Zhejiang (Zhe)]] *[[Henan cuisine|Henan (Yu)]] *[[Hubei cuisine|Hubei (E)]] || *[[Chiuchow cuisine|Chiuchow (Chaozhou)]] *[[Hakka cuisine|Hakka (Kejia)]] *[[Fujian cuisine|Fujian (Min)]] *[[Hainan cuisine|Hainan (Qiong)]] *[[Cuisine of Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] *[[Macanese cuisine|Macanese]] || *[[Guizhou cuisine|Guizhou (Qian)]] *[[Hunan cuisine|Hunan (Xiang)]] *[[Jiangxi cuisine|Jiangxi (Gan)]] *[[Shaanxi cuisine|Shaanxi (Qin)]] *[[Yunnan cuisine|Yunnan (Dian)]] |- |} </center> ===Eight Schools=== Eventually, four of these branches were recognized as distinct Chinese schools themselves: [[Hunan cuisine|Hunan]]'s cuisine (called Xiang for its [[Xiang River|local river]]), [[Fujian cuisine|Fujian]]'s (called Min for its [[Speakers of Min Chinese|native people]]), [[Anhui cuisine|Anhui]]'s (abbreviated as Hui), and [[Zhejiang cuisine|Zhejiang]]'s (abbreviated as Zhe). ==History== ===Neolithic=== Although no reliable written sources document this era of Chinese history, archaeologists are sometimes able to make deductions about food preparation and storage based on site excavations. Sometimes artifacts and (very rarely) actual preserved foodstuffs are discovered. In October 2005, the oldest [[noodle]]s yet discovered were located at the [[Lajia]] site near the upper reaches of the [[Yellow River]] in [[Qinghai]]. The site has been associated with the [[Qijia culture]]. Over 4,000 years old, the noodles were made from [[foxtail millet|foxtail]] and [[broomcorn millet]].<ref>[[BBC News|BBC]]. "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4335160.stm Oldest Noodles Unearthed in China]". 12 October 2005.</ref><ref>''Chinapage''. "[http://www.chinapage.com/archeology/ancient-site.html Ancient sites in China] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717053104/http://www.chinapage.com/archeology/ancient-site.html |date=17 July 2009 }}".</ref> ===Early dynastic times=== Legendary accounts of the introduction of agriculture by [[Shennong]] credit him for first cultivating the "[[Five Grains]]", although the lists vary and very often include seeds like [[hemp]] and [[sesame]]<ref name=Song34>Song, pp. 3&ndash;4.</ref> principally used for oils and flavoring. The list in the ''[[Classic of Rites]]'' comprises [[soybean]]s, [[wheat]], [[broomcorn millet|broomcorn]] and [[foxtail millet]], and [[hemp]]. The [[Ming Dynasty|Ming]] [[Encyclopedia|encyclopedist]] [[Song Yingxing]] properly noted that [[rice]] was not counted among the Five Grains cultivated by Shennong because [[southern China]] had not yet been settled or cultivated by the [[Han people|Han]],<ref name=Song34/> but many accounts of the Five Grains do place rice on their lists. The most common staple crops consumed during the [[Han Dynasty]] were wheat, barley, rice, [[foxtail millet|foxtail]] and [[broomcorn millet]], and [[bean]]s.<ref>Wang (1982), 52.</ref> Commonly eaten fruits and vegetables included chestnuts, pears, plums, peaches, melons, apricots, [[red bayberry|red bayberries]], [[jujube]]s, [[calabash]], [[bamboo shoot]]s, [[mustard plant|mustard greens]], and [[taro]].<ref>Wang (1982), 53 & 206.</ref> Domesticated animals that were also eaten included chickens, [[Mandarin duck]]s, geese, sheep, pigs, camels, and [[Dog meat#China|dog]]s. Turtles and fish were taken from streams and lakes. The owl, pheasant, magpie, [[sika deer]], and [[Chinese bamboo partridge]] were commonly hunted and consumed.<ref>Wang (1982), 57&ndash;58.</ref> Seasonings included sugar, honey, salt and [[soy sauce]].<ref>Hansen (2000), 119&ndash;121.</ref> [[Chinese alcoholic beverages|Beer]] and [[Huangjiu|yellow wine]] were regularly consumed,<ref>Wang (1982), 206; Hansen (2000), 119.</ref> although ''baijiu'' was not available until much later. During the Han dynasty, Chinese developed methods of food preservation for military rations during campaigns such as drying meat into jerky and cooking, roasting, and drying grain.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Food of China|issue=|first=E. N.|last=Anderson|edition=illustrated, reprint, revised|year=1988|publisher=Yale University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BAcknxN_S8QC&pg=PA52#v=onepage&q&f=false|page=52|isbn=0300047398|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}</ref> Chinese legends claim that the roasted, flat [[shaobing]] bread was brought back from the ''[[Western Regions|Xiyu]]'' (the Western Regions, a name for [[Central Asia]]) by the Han dynasty General [[Ban Chao]], and that it was originally known as barbarian pastry ({{zh|s=胡饼|t=胡餅|p=húbǐng|links=no}}). The shaobing is believed to be descended from the hubing.<ref>{{cite book|title=Fermentations and Food Science, Volume 6|issue=|first=H. T.|last=Huang|edition= |year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=FgtFxedkgbcC&pg=PA474&dq=shao+ping+sesame#v=onepage&q=shao%20ping%20sesame&f=false|page=474|isbn=0521652707|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}</ref> Shaobing is believed to be related to the Persian and Central Asian [[naan]] and the Near Eastern [[pita]].{{sfnb|Anderson|1988| pp= [https://books.google.com/books?id=BAcknxN_S8QC&pg=PA143#v=onepage&q&f=false 143, 144, 218]}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Food in China: A Cultural and Historical Inquiry|issue=|first=Frederick J.|last=Simoons|edition=|year=1990|publisher=CRC Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Fo087ZxohA4C&pg=PA89&dq=shao+ping+sesame#v=onepage&q=shao%20ping%20sesame&f=false|page=89|isbn=084938804X|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Free China Review, Volume 45, Issues 7–12|issue=|edition=|year=1995|publisher=W.Y. Tsao|url=https://books.google.com/?id=JiXjAAAAMAAJ&q=The+name+%22shao+ping%22+applies+to+a+family+of+flaky,+fiat,+sesame-seed-+topped+breads+of+Persian+origin+but+now+found+in+all+locales+along+the+old+Silk+Road.&dq=The+name+%22shao+ping%22+applies+to+a+family+of+flaky,+fiat,+sesame-seed-+topped+breads+of+Persian+origin+but+now+found+in+all+locales+along+the+old+Silk+Road.|page=66|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}</ref><ref name="Holcombe2001">{{cite book|author=Charles Holcombe|title=The Genesis of East Asia: 221 B.C. - A.D. 907|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XT5pvPZ4vroC&pg=PA129#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=January 2001|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2465-5|pages=129–}}</ref> Foreign westerners made and sold sesame cakes in China during the Tang dynasty.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of Tʻang Exotics|issue=|first=Edward H.|last=Schafer|edition=illustrated, reprint, revised|year=1963|publisher=University of California Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Z7cZ77SqEQC&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q&f=false|page=29|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}</ref> ===Southern and Northern dynasties=== During the [[Southern and Northern Dynasties]] non-Han people like the [[Xianbei]] of [[Northern Wei]] introduced their cuisine to northern China, and these influences continued up to the [[Tang dynasty]], popularizing meat like mutton and dairy products like goat milk, yogurts, and [[kumis]] among even Han people. It was during the Song dynasty that Han Chinese developed an aversion to dairy products and abandoned the dairy foods introduced earlier.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Food of China|issue=|first=E. N.|last=Anderson|edition=illustrated, reprint, revised|year=1988|publisher=Yale University Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=BAcknxN_S8QC&pg=PA80&dq=yogurt+fish+wei#v=onepage&q=yogurt%20fish%20wei&f=false|page=80|isbn=0300047398|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}</ref> The Han Chinese rebel Wang Su, who received asylum in the Xianbei Northern Wei after fleeing from Southern Qi, at first could not stand eating dairy products like goat's milk and meat like mutton and had to consume tea and fish instead, but after a few years he was able to eat yogurt and lamb, and the Xianbei Emperor asked him which of the foods of China (Zhongguo) he preferred, fish versus mutton and tea versus yogurt.<ref>{{cite book|title=Culture and Power in the Reconstitution of the Chinese Realm, 200-600|volume=Volume 200 of Harvard East Asian monographs|editor1-first=Scott|editor1-last=Pearce|editor2-first=Audrey G.|editor2-last=Spiro|editor3-first=Patricia Buckley|editor3-last=Ebrey|edition=illustrated|year=2001|publisher=Harvard Univ Asia Center|url=https://books.google.com/?id=PASE4LVLzQ0C&pg=PA22&dq=yogurt+fish+wei#v=onepage&q=yogurt%20fish%20wei&f=false|page=22|isbn=0674005236|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=CHINA BETWEEN EMPIRES|volume=Volume 2 of History of Imperial China|first=Mark Edward|last=LEWIS|edition=illustrated|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Ch04UBWfplQC&pg=PA126&dq=wang+su+yoghurt#v=onepage&q=wang%20su%20yoghurt&f=false|page=126|isbn=0674026055|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Fermentations and Food Science, Volume 6|first=H. T.|last=Huang|edition=|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=FgtFxedkgbcC&pg=PA511&dq=wang+su+yogurt#v=onepage&q=wang%20su%20yogurt&f=false|page=511|isbn=0521652707|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Choo |first=Jessey Jiun-chyi |author2=Albert E. Dien |display-authors=1 |ref={{harvid|Choo & al.|2014}} |contribution=Everyday Life |p=[https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=AeiIl2y6vJQC&pg=PA434 434] |url=https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=AeiIl2y6vJQC&printsec=frontcover |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffEYBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA429 |title=Early Medieval China: A Sourcebook |editor-last=Swartz |editor-first=Wendy |editor2=Robert Ford Campany |editor3=Lu Yang |editor4=Jessey Jiun-chyi Choo |display-editors=0 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |date=2014 |isbn=978-0-231-15987-6 }}.</ref> 280 recipes are found in the Jia Sixie's text the [[Qimin Yaoshu]].<ref name="Woolf2007">{{cite book|author=Greg Woolf|title=Ancient civilizations: the illustrated guide to belief, mythology, and art|url=https://books.google.com/?id=94NuSg3tlsgC&dq=ancient+civilizations+the+illustrated+guide+mythology&q=Jia+Sixie|year=2007|publisher=Barnes & Noble|isbn=978-1-4351-0121-0|page=234}}</ref> ===Tang Dynasty=== {{further|Tang Dynasty}} [[File:Dame Chine Guimet 291003.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[terracotta]] sculpture of a woman, 7th–8th century; during the Tang era, female hosts prepared feasts, tea parties, and played drinking games with their guests.]] [[File:Chajing.jpeg|thumb|left|A page of [[Lu Yu]]'s ''[[Classic of Tea]]'']] The fascination with exotics from the diverse range of the Tang empire and the search for plants and animals which promoted health and longevity were two of the factors encouraging diversity in Tang dynasty diet.<ref>Benn, Charles. (2002). ''China's Golden Age: Everyday Life in the Tang Dynasty''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-517665-0}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ile3jSveb4sC&dq=isbn%3A0195176650&q=diversity+diet+immortality#v=snippet&q=diversity%20diet%20immortality&f=false p. 122]</ref> During the Tang, the many common foodstuffs and cooking ingredients in addition to those already listed were [[barley]], [[garlic]], [[salt]], [[turnip]]s, [[soybean]]s, [[pear]]s, [[apricot]]s, [[peach]]es, [[apple]]s, [[pomegranate]]s, [[jujube]]s, [[rhubarb]], [[hazelnut]]s, [[pine nut]]s, [[chestnut]]s, [[walnut]]s, [[yam (vegetable)|yam]]s, [[taro]], etc.<ref name="Benn 120">Benn, 120.</ref> The various [[meats]] that were consumed included [[pork]], [[chicken]], [[Lamb (meat)|lamb]] (especially preferred in the north), [[sea otter]], [[bear]] (which was hard to catch, but there were recipes for steamed, boiled, and [[marinate]]d bear), and even [[Bactrian camel]]s.<ref name="Benn 120"/> In the south along the coast meat from seafood was by default the most common, as the Chinese enjoyed eating cooked [[jellyfish]] with [[cinnamon]], [[Sichuan pepper]], [[cardamom]], and [[ginger]], as well as [[oyster]]s with [[wine]], fried [[squid]] with ginger and [[vinegar]], [[horseshoe crab]]s and [[crab|red crab]]s, [[shrimp]], and [[Tetraodontidae|pufferfish]], which the Chinese called 'river piglet'.<ref name="Benn 121">Benn, 121.</ref> Some foods were also off-limits, as the Tang court encouraged people not to eat [[beef]] (since the [[bull]] was a valuable [[draft animal]]), and from 831 to 833 [[Emperor Wenzong of Tang]] banned the slaughter of [[cattle]] on the grounds of his religious convictions to [[Buddhism]].<ref name="Benn 125">Benn, 125.</ref> From the trade overseas and over land, the Chinese acquired golden [[peach]]es from [[Samarkand]], [[date palm]]s, [[pistachio]]s, and [[ficus|fig]]s from Persia, pine seeds and [[ginseng]] roots from [[Korea]], and [[mango]]es from [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name="Benn 123">Benn, 123.</ref><ref name="schafer 1 2">Schafer, 1&ndash;2.</ref> In China, there was a great demand for [[sugar]]; during the reign of [[Harsha]] (r. 606&ndash;647) over [[North India]], Indian envoys to Tang China brought two makers of sugar who successfully taught the Chinese how to cultivate [[sugarcane]].<ref name="sen 38 40">Sen, 38&ndash;40.</ref><ref name="adshead 76 83 84">Adshead, 76, 83&ndash;84.</ref> [[Cotton]] also came from India as a finished product from [[Bengal]], although it was during the Tang that the Chinese began to grow and process cotton, and by the Yuan Dynasty it became the prime textile fabric in China.<ref>Adshead, 83</ref> During the earlier [[Southern and Northern Dynasties]] (420&ndash;589), and perhaps even earlier, the drinking of [[tea]] became popular in southern China. (Tea comes from the leaf buds of ''[[Camellia sinensis]]'', native to southwestern China.) Tea was viewed then as a beverage of tasteful pleasure and with pharmacological purpose as well.<ref>Ebrey, ''Cambridge Illustrated History of China'', 120.</ref> During the Tang Dynasty, tea became synonymous with everything sophisticated in society. The Tang poet [[Lu Tong]] (790&ndash;835) devoted most of his poetry to his love of tea. The 8th-century author [[Lu Yu]] (known as the Sage of Tea) even wrote a treatise on the art of drinking tea, called the ''[[Classic of Tea]]'' (Chájīng).<ref name="Ebrey 1999 95">Ebrey (1999), 95.</ref> Tea was also enjoyed by Uyghur Turks; when riding into town, the first places they visited were the tea shops.<ref>Schafer p. 20</ref> Although [[wrapping paper]] had been used in China since the 2nd century BC,<ref name="needham volume 5 part 1 122">Needham, Volume 5, Part 1, 122</ref> during the Tang Dynasty the Chinese were using wrapping paper as folded and sewn square bags to hold and preserve the flavor of tea leaves.<ref name="needham volume 5 part 1 122"/> Methods of [[food preservation]] continued to develop. The common people used simple methods of preservation, such as digging deep ditches and trenches, [[brining]], and salting their foods.<ref name="Benn 126 127">Benn, 126–127.</ref> The emperor had large ice pits located in the parks in and around Chang'an for preserving food, while the wealthy and elite had their own smaller ice pits.<ref name="Benn 126">Benn, 126.</ref> Each year the emperor had laborers carve 1000 blocks of ice from frozen creeks in mountain valleys, each block with the dimension of {{convert|0.91|by|0.91|by|1.06|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Benn 126"/> There were many frozen delicacies enjoyed during the summer, especially chilled [[melon]].<ref name="Benn 126"/> ===Liao, Song and Jurchen Jin dynasties=== {{further|Liao Dynasty|Song Dynasty|Jin dynasty (1115–1234)}} [[File:Ziziphus jujuba MS 2461.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Dried [[jujube]]s such as these were imported to Song China from South Asia and the Middle East. An official from [[Guangzhou|Canton]] was invited to the home of an Arab merchant, and described the jujube as thus: "This fruit is the color of sugar, its skin and its pulp are sweet, and it gives the impression, when you eat it, of having first been cooked in the oven and then allowed to dry."<ref name="gernet 134"/>]] The Song saw a turning point. Twin revolutions in commerce and agriculture created an enlarged group of leisured and cultivated city dwellers with access to a great range of techniques and materials for whom eating became a self-conscious and rational experience. The food historian Michael Freeman argues that the Song developed a "cuisine" which was "derived from no single tradition but, rather, amalgamates, selects, and organizes the best of several traditions." "Cuisine" in this sense does not develop out of the cooking traditions of a single region, but “requires a sizable corps of critical adventuresome eaters, not bound by the tastes of their native region and willing to try unfamiliar food.” Finally, "cuisine" is the product of attitudes which "give first place to the real pleasure of consuming food rather than to its purely ritualistic significance." This was neither the ritual or political cuisine of the court, nor the cooking of the countryside, but rather what we now think of as “Chinese food.”<ref>Michael Freeman Ch 4 "Sung," in K.C. Chang, ed., ''Food in Chinese Culture'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1978), pp. 143–145.</ref> In the Song, we find well-documented evidence for [[restaurants]], that is, places where customers chose from menus, as opposed to taverns or hostels, where they had no choice. These restaurants featured regional cuisines. Gourmets wrote of their preferences. All these Song phenomena were not found until much later in Europe. There are many surviving lists of entrées and food dishes in customer menus for restaurants and taverns, as well as for feasts at banquets, festivals and carnivals, and modest dining, most copiously in the memoir [[Dongjing Meng Hua Lu (Dreams of Splendor of the Eastern Capital)]].<ref name="gernet 133">Gernet, 133.</ref> Many of the peculiar names for these dishes do not provide clues as to what types of food ingredients were used.<ref name="gernet 133"/> However, the scholar Jacques Gernet, judging from the seasonings used, such as pepper, ginger, [[soya sauce]], oil, salt, and vinegar, suggests that the cuisine of Hangzhou was not too different from the [[Chinese cuisine]] of today.<ref name="gernet 133"/> Other additional seasonings and ingredients included [[walnut]]s, [[turnip]]s, crushed Chinese [[cardamon]] kernels, [[fagara]], [[olive]]s, [[Ginkgo biloba|ginkgo nuts]], [[citrus]] zest, and [[sesame oil]].<ref>West, 73, footnote 17.</ref><ref name="west 86"/> [[file:Preparing drinks, mural from Tomb in Aohan, Liao Dynasty.jpg|thumb|240px|A mural of people preparing drinks of [[Liao Dynasty]].]] Regional differences in ecology and culture produced different styles of cooking. In the turmoil of the Southern Song, refugees brought cooking traditions of regional cultures to the capital at [[Hangzhou]].<ref name="gernet 133"/> After the mass exodus from the north, people brought [[Henan]]-style cooking and foods (popular in the previous Northern Song capital at [[Kaifeng]]) to Hangzhou, which was blended with the cooking traditions of [[Zhejiang]].<ref name="gernet 133"/> However, records indicate that already in the Northern Song period, the first capital at Kaifeng sported restaurants that served southern Chinese cuisine.<ref name="gernet 133"/><ref name="west 70">West, 70.</ref> This catered to capital officials whose native provinces were in the southeast, and would have found northern cuisine lacking in seasoning for their tastes.<ref name="gernet 133"/> In fact, texts from the Song era provide the first use of the phrases ''nanshi'', ''beishi'', and ''chuanfan'' to refer specifically to northern, southern, and Sichuan cooking, respectively.<ref name="west 70"/> Many restaurants were known for their specialties; for example, there was one restaurant in Hangzhou that served only iced foods,<ref name="gernet 137"/> while some restaurants catered to those who wanted either hot, warm, room temperature, or cold foods.<ref name="west 93">West, 93.</ref> Descendants of those from Kaifeng owned most of the restaurants found in Hangzhou,<ref name="gernet 133 134">Gernet, 133&ndash;134</ref> but many other regional varieties in foodstuffs and cooking were sponsored by restaurants. This included restaurants featuring highly spiced [[Szechuan cuisine|Sichuan cuisine]]; there were taverns featuring dishes and beverages from [[Hebei]] and [[Shandong]], as well as those with coastal foods of [[shrimp]] and saltwater fish.<ref name="gernet 134">Gernet, 134.</ref> The memory and patience of waiters had to be keen; in the larger restaurants, serving dinner parties that required twenty or so dishes became a hassle if even a slight error occurred.<ref name="west 93"/> If a guest reported the mistake of a waiter to the head of the restaurant, the waiter could be verbally reprimanded, have his salary docked, or in extreme cases, kicked out of the establishment for good.<ref name="west 93"/> [[File:文會圖.jpg|thumb|left|240px|A [[Chinese painting]] of an outdoor banquet, a [[Song Dynasty]] painting and possible remake of a [[Tang Dynasty]] original.]] In the early morning in Hangzhou, along the wide avenue of the Imperial Way, special breakfast items and delicacies were sold.<ref name="gernet 183 184">Gernet, 183&ndash;184</ref> This included fried [[tripe]], pieces of [[mutton]] or [[goose]], soups of various kinds, hot pancakes, steamed pancakes, and iced cakes.<ref name="gernet 183 184"/> [[Chinese noodles|Noodle shops]] were also popular, and remained open all day and night along the Imperial Way.<ref name="gernet 184">Gernet, 184.</ref> According to one Song Dynasty source on Kaifeng, the night markets closed at the third night watch but reopened on the fifth, while they had also gained a reputation for staying open during winter storms and the darkest, rainiest days of winter.<ref name="west 73"/> Food historians have branded a claim that human meat was served in Hangzhou restaurants during the Song dynasty as unlikely.<ref name="FreedmanChaplin2014">{{cite book|author1=Paul Freedman|author2=Joyce E. Chaplin|author3=Ken Albala|title=Food in Time and Place: The American Historical Association Companion to Food History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JkJsBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA257#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=24 November 2014|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-95934-7|pages=257–}}</ref> There were also some exotic foreign foods imported to China from abroad, including [[raisin]]s, [[date palm|dates]], Persian [[jujube]]s, and [[Wine in China|grape wine]]; [[rice wine]] was more common in China, a fact noted even by the 13th century [[Venice|Venetian]] traveler [[Marco Polo]].<ref name="gernet 134 135">Gernet, 134&ndash;135.</ref> Although grape-based wine had been known in China since the ancient [[Han Dynasty]] Chinese ventured into [[Hellenistic civilization|Hellenstic]] [[Central Asia]], grape-wine was often reserved for the elite.<ref name="gernet 134"/> Besides wine, other beverages included pear juice, [[lychee]] fruit juice, [[honey]] and [[ginger]] drinks, tea, and [[papaya|pawpaw]] juice.<ref name="gernet 138">Gernet, 138.</ref><ref name="gernet 184 185">Gernet, 184&ndash;185.</ref> [[Dairy]] products were a foreign concept to the Chinese, which explains the absence of cheese and milk in their diet.<ref name="gernet 135">Gernet, 135.</ref> Beef was also rarely eaten, since the bull was an important draft animal.<ref name="gernet 135"/> The main consumptionary diet of the lower classes remained rice, pork, and salted fish,<ref name="gernet 136"/> while it is known from restaurant dinner menus that the upper classes did not eat [[Dog meat#China|dog meat]].<ref name="gernet 136"/> The rich are known to have consumed an array of different meats, such as [[chicken]], [[shellfish]], [[fallow deer]], [[hare]]s, [[partridge]], [[pheasant]], [[francolin]], [[quail]], [[fox]], [[badger]], [[clam]], [[crab]], and many others.<ref name="west 86"/><ref name="gernet 137">Gernet, 137.</ref><ref name="west 73"/> Local freshwater fish from the nearby lake and river were also caught and brought to market,<ref name="gernet 135"/> while the [[West Lake]] provided geese and [[duck]] as well.<ref name="gernet 136">Gernet, 136.</ref> Common fruits that were consumed included [[melon]]s, [[pomegranate]]s, [[lychee]]s, [[longan]]s, [[Orange (fruit)|golden oranges]], [[jujube]]s, [[quince]]s, [[apricot]]s and [[pear]]s; in the region around Hangzhou alone, there were eleven kinds of apricots and eight different kinds of pears that were produced.<ref name="west 86">West, 86.</ref><ref name="gernet 135"/><ref name="west 73 74">West, 73&ndash;74.</ref> Specialties and combination dishes in the Song period included scented shellfish cooked in rice-wine, geese with apricots, [[lotus (plant)|lotus]]-seed soup, spicy soup with [[mussel]]s and fish cooked with [[plum]]s, sweet soya soup, baked [[sesame]] buns stuffed with either sour bean filling or pork tenderloin, mixed vegetable buns, fragrant candied fruit, strips of ginger and fermented beanpaste, jujube-stuffed steamed dumplings, fried [[chestnut]]s, salted fermented bean soup, fruit cooked in scented honey, and 'honey crisps' of kneaded and baked honey, flour, mutton fat and pork lard.<ref name="west 86"/><ref name="west 73">West, 73.</ref><ref name="rossabi 78">Rossabi, 78.</ref><ref name="west 75">West, 75.</ref><ref>West, 75, footnote 25.</ref> Dessert molds of oiled flour and sugared honey were shaped into girls' faces or statuettes of soldiers with full armor like door guards, and were called "likeness foods" (''guoshi'').<ref name="west 89">West, 89.</ref> [[Su Shi]] a famous poet and statesmen at the time also wrote extensively on the food and wine of the period. The legacy of his appreciation of food and gastronomy, as well as his popularity with the people can be seen in [[Dongpo pork]], a dish named after him.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}} An influential work which recorded the cuisine of this period is ''[[Shanjia Qinggong]]'' ({{zh|c=山家清供|l=The Simple Foods of the Mountain Folk|labels=no}}) by [[Lin Hong]] ({{lang|zh-hans|林洪}}). This recipe book accounts the preparation of numerous dishes of common and fine cuisines.<ref>Daria Berg: Chl, Chloë Starr, 2008 [https://books.google.com/books?id=qQntDtP46CYC&pg=PA180&dq=Shanjia+qinggong&ei=1qMNSvirGI2oyASb8bCoAQ#PPA181,M1 The Quest for Gentility in China] Routledge, pp. 181–182. {{ISBN|0-415-43586-2}}.</ref> ===Mongol Yuan Dynasty=== {{further|Yuan Dynasty}} {{Expand section|date=May 2009}} During the [[Yuan Dynasty]] (1271–1368), contacts with the West also brought the introduction to China of a major food crop, [[sorghum]], along with other foreign food products and methods of preparation. [[Hu Sihui]], a [[traditional Chinese medicine|Mongol doctor of Chinese medicine]], compiled the ''Yinshan Zhengyao'', a guide to cooking and health which incorporated Chinese and Mongol food practices.<ref>Paul D. Buell, E. N. Anderson and Charles Perry. ''A Soup for the Qan Chinese Dietary Medicine of the Mongol Era as Seen in Hu Sihui's Yinshan Zhengyao: Introduction, Translation, Commentary, and Chinese Text.'' (Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, Sir Henry Wellcome Asian Series, 2nd rev. and expanded, 2010). {{ISBN|90-474-4470-1}} (electronic). {{ISSN|1570-1484}}.</ref><ref name="Makeham2008">{{cite book|author=John Makeham|title=China: The World's Oldest Living Civilization Revealed|url=https://books.google.com/?id=TQ4NAQAAMAAJ&q=soups+drink|year=2008|publisher=Thames & Hudson|isbn=978-0-500-25142-3|page=271}}</ref> The recipes for the medicines are listed in a fashionable way which allow the readers to avoid lingering over the descriptions of the cooking methods. For instance, the description included the step by step instructions for every ingredients and follow by the cooking methods for these ingredients.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Court cuisine in fourteenth‐century imperial China: Some culinary aspects of hu sihui's Yinshan Zhengyao|last=Sabban|first=Françoise|publisher=Harwood Academic Publishers GmbH|year=1986|issn=1542-3484|location=Great Britain|pages=161–196}}</ref> [[Yunnan cuisine]] is unique in China for its cheeses like [[Rubing]] and [[Rushan cheese]] made by the [[Bai people]], and its yogurt, the yogurt may have been due to a combination of Mongolian influence during the Yuan dynasty, the Central Asian settlement in Yunnan, and the proximity and influence of India and Tibet on Yunnan.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Food of China|issue=|first=E. N.|last=Anderson|edition=illustrated, reprint, revised|year=1988|publisher=Yale University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BAcknxN_S8QC&pg=PA207#v=onepage&q&f=false|pages=91, 178, 207|isbn=0300047398|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}</ref> ===Ming dynasty=== China during the [[Ming Dynasty]] (1368–1644) became involved in a new global trade of goods, plants, animals, and food crops known as the [[Columbian Exchange]]. Although the bulk of imports to China were silver, the Chinese also purchased [[New World]] crops from the [[Spanish Empire]]. This included [[sweet potato]]es, [[maize]], and [[peanut]]s, foods that could be cultivated in lands where traditional Chinese staple crops—wheat, millet, and rice—couldn't grow, hence facilitating a rise in the population of China.<ref>Ebrey, 1999, p. 211</ref><ref name="crosby ">Crosby, 2003, pp. 198–201</ref> In the Song Dynasty (960&ndash;1279), rice had become the major staple crop of the poor;<ref>Gernet, 1962</ref> after sweet potatoes were introduced to China around 1560, it gradually became the traditional food of the lower classes. Because of the need for more food, prices went up and more of the lower class citizens died.<ref name="crosby 200">Crosby, 2003, p. 200</ref> ===Qing dynasty=== {{Expand section|date=May 2009}} [[File:Restaurant en plein air à Pékin.jpg|thumb|Chinese Street Food in Beijing (1900-1901).]] [[File:Chinese Street Restaurant in Beijing (1926-1927).jpg|thumb|Chinese Street Food in Beijing.]] Jonathan Spence writes appreciatively that by the Qing Dynasty the "culinary arts were treated as a part of the life of the mind: There was a Tao of food, just as there was Tao of conduct and one of literary creation." The opulence of the scholar-official [[Li Liweng]] was balanced by the [[gastronome]] [[Yuan Mei]]. To make the best rice, Li would send his maid to gather the dew from the flowers of the wild rose, cassia, or citron to add at the last minute; Li insisted that water from garden roses was too strong. Yuan Mei takes the position of the ascetic gourmet, in his gastronomic work the ''[[Suiyuan shidan]]'', he wrote: :I always say that chicken, pork, fish and duck are the original geniuses of the board, each with a flavor of its own, each with its distinctive style; whereas sea-slug and swallows-nest (despite their costliness) are commonplace fellows, with no character – in fact, mere hangers-on. I was once asked to a party by a certain Governor, who gave us plain boiled swallows-nest, served in enormous vases, like flower pots. It had no taste at all.... If our host’s object was simply to impress, it would have been better to put a hundred pearls into each bowl. Then we would have known that the meal had cost him tens of thousands, without the unpleasantness of being expected to eat what was uneatable." After such a meal, Yuan said, he would return home and make himself a bowl of [[congee]].<ref>''Spence, “The Ch’ing,” in Chang, ''Chinese Food and Culture'', pp. 271–274''</ref> The records of the Imperial Banqueting Court ({{zh|t=光祿寺|s=光禄寺|p=Guānglù Sì|w=Kuang-lu ssu|labels=no}}) published in the late Qing period showed there were several levels of Manchu banquets ({{zh|t=滿席|s=满席|p=Mǎn xí|labels=no}}) and Chinese banquets ({{zh|t=漢席|s=汉席|p=Hàn xí|labels=no}}).<ref>Spence, Jonathan D. [1993]. Chinese Roundabout: Essays in History and Culture. W. W. Norton & Company. {{ISBN|0-393-30994-0}}.</ref> The royal [[Manchu Han Imperial Feast]] is one that combined both traditions. ===Post-Dynastic China=== {{Expand section|date=August 2012}} After the end of the Qing dynasty, the cook previously employed by the Imperial Kitchens opened-up restaurants which allowed the people to experience many of the formerly inaccessible foods eaten by the Emperor and his court. However, with the beginning of the [[Chinese Civil War]], many of the cooks and individuals knowledgeable in the cuisines of the period in China left for [[Hong Kong]], [[Taiwan]], and the United States. Among them were the likes of [[Irene Kuo]] who was an ambassador to the culinary heritage of China, teaching the Western of the more refined aspects of Chinese cuisine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://food52.com/blog/19289-how-america-lost-the-key-to-chinese-cooking|title=How America Lost 'The Key to Chinese Cooking'|last=Sen|first=Mayukh|date=2017-03-16|website=FOOD52|access-date=}}</ref> Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the nation has suffered from a series of major food supply problems under the [[Communist Party of China]]. Poor, countryside provinces like [[Henan]] and [[Gansu]] experienced the worst. By January 1959 the food supply for residents in [[Beijing]] was reduced to 1 [[cabbage]] per household per day. Many [[peasant]]s suffered from [[malnutrition]], and at the same time increasing the amount they handed over to the state.<ref name="Jin">Jin, Qiu. Perry, Elizabeth J. The Culture of Power: The Lin Biao Incident in the Cultural Revolution. [1999] (1999). Stanford University Press. {{ISBN|0-8047-3529-8}}.</ref> Beginning in 1960, [[the Great Chinese Famine]] contributed to more problems due to bad government policies. During this time there was little to no advancement in the culinary tradition. Many fled to neighbouring Hong Kong and Taiwan to avoid starvation. {|class="wikitable" ! width=20% | Year ! width=40% | Percent of [[grain]] handed over<br/> to the Communist party<ref name="Jin" /> |- | 1957 || 24.8% |- | 1959 || 39.6% |- | 1960 || 35.7% |- |} In Beijing in the 1990s, a Communist-style cuisine, which is also called '''Cultural Revolution cuisine''' or '''CR cuisine''' has also been popular.<ref>Sasha Gong and Scott D. Seligman. ''The Cultural Revolution Cookbook: Simple, Healthy Recipes from China's Countryside.'' (Hong Kong: Earnshaw Books, 2011). {{ISBN|978-988-19984-6-0}}.</ref> Other recent innovations include the '''Retro-Maoist cuisine''', which cashed in on the 100th anniversary of [[Mao Zedong]]'s birthday, whether it was officially endorsed or not. The menu includes items such as cornmeal cakes and rice [[gruel]].<ref name="Tang">Tang, Xiaobing. Chinese Modern: The Heroic and the Quotidian. [2000] (2000). Duke University Press. {{ISBN|0-8223-2447-4}}.</ref> In February 1994 the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' wrote an article about Retro-Maoist cuisine being a hit in China. Owners of a CR-style restaurant said, "We're not nostalgic for Mao, per se. We're nostalgic for our youth."<ref name="Tang" /> The [[Government of the People's Republic of China|Chinese government]] has denied any involvement with Retro-Maoist cuisine. One of the cuisines to benefit during the 1990s was the [[Chinese Islamic cuisine]]. The cuisines of other cultures in China have benefited from recent changes in government policy. During the [[Great Leap Forward]] and [[Cultural revolution]] of the 1970s, the government pressured the [[Hui people]], to adopt [[Han Chinese]] culture. The national government has since abandoned efforts to impose a homogeneous Chinese culture. In order to revive their rare cuisine, the Huis began labeling their food as "traditional Hui cuisine". The revival effort has met with some success; for example, in 1994 the "Yan's family eatery" earned 15,000 [[Chinese yuan|yuan]] net income per month.<ref>Gillette, Maris Boyd. [2000] (2000). Between Mecca and Beijing: Modernization and Consumption Among Urban Chinese. Stanford University Press. {{ISBN|0-8047-4685-0}}.</ref> This was well above the national salary average at that time. [[Crocodile]]s were eaten by Vietnamese while they were taboo and off limits for Chinese. Vietnamese women who married Chinese men adopted the Chinese taboo.<ref name="Peters2012">{{cite book|author=Erica J. Peters|title=Appetites and Aspirations in Vietnam: Food and Drink in the Long Nineteenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o_P1ig12re4C&pg=PA142#v=onepage&q=crocodile&f=false|year=2012|publisher=Rowman Altamira|isbn=978-0-7591-2075-4|pages=142–}}</ref> ==Famous quotes== A common saying attempts to summarize the entire cuisine in one sentence, although it now rather outdated ([[Hunan cuisine|Hunan]] and [[Szechuan cuisine|Szechuan]] are now more famous even within China for their spicy food) and numerous variants have sprung up: {|class="wikitable" ! width=20% | Language ! width=60% | Phrase |- | Traditional Chinese || {{lang|zh-hant|東甜，南鹹，西酸，北辣}}<ref>Yhnkzq.com. "[http://www.yhnkzq.com/NewsShow.jsp?msgId=944&curPage=3 Yhnkzq.com verification of phrase existence from ancient China times] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718141335/http://www.yhnkzq.com/NewsShow.jsp?msgId=944&curPage=3 |date=18 July 2011 }}." "Yangjing." Retrieved on 2007-09-30. This phrase has been consulted with a HK culinary experts in September 2007. Despite the many versions floating around on the internet, this is believed to be the original since it fits the best.</ref> |- | Simplified Chinese || {{lang|zh-hans|东甜，南咸，西酸，北辣}} |- | English || The East is sweet, the South's salty, the West is sour, the North is hot. |- | Pinyin || {{lang|zh-Latn|Dōng tián, nán xián, xī suān, běi là}}. |- | Jyutping || {{lang|yue-jyutping|Dung¹ tim⁴, naam⁴ haam⁴, sai¹ syun¹, bak¹ laat^6*2}}. |- |} Another popular traditional phrase, discussing regional strengths, singles out [[Cantonese cuisine]] as a favorite: {|class="wikitable" ! width=20% | Language ! width=60% | Phrase |- | [[Traditional Chinese]] || {{lang|zh-hant|食在廣州，穿在蘇州，玩在杭州，死在柳州}} |- | [[Simplified Chinese]] || {{lang|zh-hans|食在广州，穿在苏州，玩在杭州，死在柳州}}<ref>{{lang|zh|百度百科}} [Baidu Baike]. "[http://baike.baidu.com/view/1166737.htm {{lang|zh|死在柳州}}]" ["Died in Liuzhou"]. Accessed 9 August 2013. {{in lang|zh}}</ref> |- | English || Eat in [[Guangzhou]], clothe in [[Suzhou]], play in [[Hangzhou]], die in [[Liuzhou]]. |- | Pinyin || {{lang|zh-Latn|Shí zài Guǎngzhōu, chuān zài Sūzhōu, wán zài Hángzhōu, sǐ zài Liǔzhōu}}. |- | Cantonese || {{lang|yue|Sik joi Gwongjau, chuen joi Sojau, waan joi Hongjau, sei joi Laujau}}. |} The other references praise Suzhou's [[silk]] industry and tailors; Hangzhou's [[West Lake (China)|scenery]]; and [[Liuzhou]]'s forests, whose fir trees were valued for coffins in traditional [[Chinese burial]]s before cremation became popular. Variants usually keep the same focus for Canton and Guilin but sometimes suggest 'playing' in Suzhou instead (it is famed within China both for its [[Suzhou gardens|traditional gardens]] and beautiful women) and 'living' ({{lang|zh|住}}) in Hangzhou. ==See also== * [[A Bite of China]]{{snd}}a seven-part CCTV television series ==Notes== {{Reflist|30em}} ==References== For references on specific foods and cuisines, please see the relevant articles. {{Refbegin}} * Eugene N. Anderson, ''The Food of China'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988). {{ISBN|0-300-04739-8}}. * Paul D. Buell, Eugene N. Anderson ''Husihui, A Soup for the Qan: Chinese Dietary Medicine of the Mongol Era as Seen in Hu Szu-Hui's Yin-Shan Cheng-Yao: Introduction, Translation, Commentary and Chinese Text ''(London; New York: Kegan Paul International, 2000). {{ISBN|0-7103-0583-4}}. * Kwang-chih Chang, ed., ''Food in Chinese Culture: Anthropological and Historical Perspective''s (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977). {{ISBN|0-300-01938-6}}. * Key Rey Chong, ''Cannibalism in China'' (Wakefield, New Hampshire: Longwoord Academic, 1990). * Coe, Andrew. ''Chop Suey: A Cultural History of Chinese Food in the United States.'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009). {{ISBN|978-0-19-533107-3}}. {{ISBN|0-19-533107-9}}. * Crosby, Alfred W., Jr. (2003). The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492; 30th Anniversary Edition. Westport: Praeger Publishers. {{ISBN|0-275-98092-8}}. * Judith Farquhar. ''Appetites: Food and Sex in Postsocialist China.'' (Durham, NC: Duke University Press; Body, Commodity, Text Series, 2002). {{ISBN|0-8223-2906-9}}. * Gernet, Jacques (1962). ''Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion, 1250–1276''. Translated by H. M. Wright. Stanford: Stanford University Press. {{ISBN|0-8047-0720-0}}. * H.T. Huang (Huang Xingzong). ''Fermentations and Food Science.'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Part 5 of Biology and Biological Technology, Volume 6 Science and Civilisation in China, 2000). {{ISBN|0-521-65270-7}}. * Lee, Jennifer 8. ''The Fortune Cookie Chronicles: Adventures in the World of Chinese Food.'' (New York, NY: Twelve, 2008). {{ISBN|978-0-446-58007-6}}. * Needham, Joseph (1980). ''Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 4, Spagyrical Discovery and Invention: Apparatus, Theories and Gifts''. Rpr. Taipei: Caves Books, 1986. * Roberts, J. A. G. ''China to Chinatown: Chinese Food in the West.'' (London: Reaktion, Globalities, 2002). {{ISBN|1-86189-133-4}}. * Schafer, Edward H. (1963). ''The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A study of T’ang Exotics''. University of California Press. Berkeley and Los Angeles. paperback edition: 1985. {{ISBN|0-520-05462-8}}. * Song, Yingxing, translated with preface by E-Tu Zen Sun and Shiou-Chuan Sun. (1966). T'ien-Kung K'ai-Wu: Chinese Technology in the Seventeenth Century. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. * Swislocki, Mark. ''Culinary Nostalgia: Regional Food Culture and the Urban Experience in Shanghai.'' (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2009). {{ISBN|978-0-8047-6012-6}}. * Wang, Zhongshu. (1982). ''Han Civilization''. Translated by K.C. Chang and Collaborators. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. {{ISBN|0-300-02723-0}}. * West, Stephen H. ''Playing With Food: Performance, Food, and The Aesthetics of Artificiality in The Sung and Yuan''. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies (Volume 57, Number 1, 1997): 67–106. * David Y. H. Wu and Chee Beng Tan. ''Changing Chinese Foodways in Asia.'' (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 2001). {{ISBN|962-201-914-5}}. * Wu, David Y. H., and Sidney C. H. Cheung. ed., ''The Globalization of Chinese Food.'' (Richmond, Surrey: Curzon, Anthropology of Asia Series, 2002). {{ISBN|0-7007-1403-0}}. {{Refend}} ==External links== * [[:de:Liste von Quellen zur Geschichte der chinesischen Ess- und Trinkkultur|History of Chinese Cuisine (its sources) in German]] {{Portal bar|Food|History|China}} {{History of cuisine}} [[Category:Chinese cuisine]] [[Category:History of food and drink|Chinese]]<noinclude> <small>This page was moved from [[:en:History of Chinese cuisine]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[History of Chinese cuisine/edithistory]]</small></noinclude> ch6j7eun1jqytdxnfnw84sh5f88cbxe 0 114052 540520 539789 2022-08-28T12:51:15Z InternetArchiveBot 34092 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{update|date=December 2017}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}} {{Infobox company | name = Autolib' | logo = [[File:Autolib logo.svg|frameless]] | caption = | type = Public | genre = | fate = | predecessor = | successor = | foundation = {{Start date|2011|12}} (Paris)<br/>{{Start date|2013|10}} (Lyon)<br/>{{Start date|2014|01}} (Bordeaux) | founder = | defunct = {{End date|2018|07|31}} | location_city = [[Paris]] | location_country = [[France]] | location = | locations = | area_served = Paris, [[Bordeaux]] and [[Lyon]] | key_people = | industry = [[Car rental]] | products = | services = [[Carsharing]] | revenue = | operating_income = | net_income = | aum = | assets = | equity = | owner = | num_employees = | parent = [[Bolloré]] | divisions = | subsid = | homepage = {{URL|autolib.eu}}<br>{{URL|autolibmetropole.fr}} }} '''Autolib'''' was an [[electric car|electric]] [[car sharing]] service which was inaugurated in [[Paris]], France, in December 2011. It closed on July 31st 2018.<ref name=website>https://www.autolib.eu/</ref> It was operated by the [[Bolloré]] industrial group, and complemented the city's [[bike sharing]] scheme, [[Velib']], which was set up in 2007. The Autolib' scheme maintained a fleet of [[electric car|all-electric]] [[Bolloré Bluecar]]s for public use on a paid subscription basis, employing a citywide network of parking and [[charging station]]s.<ref name=Econom0911>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21528681?frsc=dg|title=All charged up for sharing|work=[[The Economist]]|date=10 September 2011|accessdate=11 September 2011}}</ref><ref>[https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gRjBY0fNQ1aBoJrGt9N1pYfekzwQ?docId=CNG.b55c97688ff9e8fbe0e4915e511e1a6e.211 "Autolib' in the Paris region: dissenting voices before the official launch"]. AFP via Google. 20 November 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2013.</ref> {{As of|2016|07|03}}, 3,980 Bluecars had been registered for the service, and the scheme had more than 126,900 registered subscribers;<ref name=Fleet092013/><ref name=GuardJul14>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/jul/09/electric-boris-car-source-london-how-work-paris-autolib|title=Electric 'Boris cars' are coming to London – how do they work in Paris?|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=9 July 2014|accessdate=23 February 2015}}</ref> Autolib' furthermore offered 1,084 electric car stations in Paris agglomeration with 5,935 charging points.<ref name=LeFigaro022013/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B8MFxB5YvOOkd3VYZm54cDJJS0U/view?usp=drive_web|title=Tableau de bord du 3 juillet 2016|work=Autolib' Métropole|date=3 July 2016|accessdate=24 July 2016}}.</ref> Since beginning operations in Paris, Autolib' expanded its business to the cities of [[Lyon]] and [[Bordeaux]].<ref name=TomorrowTheWorld/><ref name=BordBluecub>{{cite web|url=http://www.lesechos.fr/industrie-services/automobile/0203232487832-bollore-inaugure-ses-bluecub-a-bordeaux-642008.php#|title=Bolloré inaugure ses Bluecub à Bordeaux|publisher=LesEchos.fr|date=10 January 2014|accessdate=24 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224074030/http://www.lesechos.fr/industrie-services/automobile/0203232487832-bollore-inaugure-ses-bluecub-a-bordeaux-642008.php|archive-date=24 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bolloré also signed deals to begin operating offshoots of Autolib' in [[London]] and [[Indianapolis]] in 2015<ref name=GuardJul14/><ref name=Indianapolis>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2013/06/13/french-car-sharing-service-autolib-will-make-us-debut-in-indiana/|title=French car-sharing service Autolib will make US debut in Indianapolis|publisher=AOL AutoBlog Green|date=13 June 2013|accessdate=28 June 2013}}</ref><ref name=Indianapolis2>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2014/05/21/bluecar-car-sharing-affiliate-will-debut-in-indianapolis-early-n/|title=BlueCar car-sharing affiliate will debut in Indianapolis early next year|publisher=AOL AutoBlog|date=21 May 2014|accessdate=17 February 2015}}</ref>, [[Turin]] in 2016 and [[Singapore]] in 2017.<ref name=StraitsTimes5000/> ==History== The Autolib' system was a follow-up to Paris' successful [[Velib']] [[bike sharing]] scheme, which began operations in 2007. The system's electric cars were supplied by the [[Bolloré]] industrial group, as the result of a collaboration with the Italian automotive firm [[Pininfarina]].<ref name=bikeradar>{{cite web|url=http://www.bikeradar.com/news/article/move-over-velib-autolib-is-on-its-way-17274|title=Move over Velib, Autolib is on its way|author=Mark Appleton|publisher=Bike Radar|date=30 June 2008|accessdate=21 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214051903/http://www.bikeradar.com/news/article/move-over-velib-autolib-is-on-its-way-17274/|archive-date=14 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> There were also plans to integrate payment for the [[bicycle]] and car hire schemes with the ticketing systems for traditional modes of public transport.<ref name=independent>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/green-living/boris-jumps-on-board-frances-hire-an-electric-car-scheme-1635137.html |work=The Independent | location=London | title=Boris jumps on board France's 'hire an electric car' scheme | first=Michael |last=McCarthy | date=2 March 2009 | accessdate=27 May 2010 }}</ref> In May 2012, [[Vincent Bolloré]], the head of the Bolloré group, stated that he expected Autolib' to become profitable by 2018<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.michelinchallengebibendum.com/en/NEWS-AND-PUBLICATIONS/News-and-publications/Bollore-s-BlueCar-could-break-even-by-2018|title=Bolloré’s BlueCar could break even by 2018|publisher=[[Challenge Bibendum]]|date=31 May 2012|accessdate=5 June 2013}}{{Dead link|date=August 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>, but the service ended on 31 July 2018 and was replaced on 2 December 2018 by a municipal service to manage the 1000 electrical charging stations in Paris and the City of Paris concluded agreements with several carsharing societies: three freefloating operators and four additional ones participating to the new service Mobilib'.<ref>{{cite web|language=fr-FR |publisher=City of Paris |title=Véhicules partagés |url=https://www.paris.fr/pages/vehicules-partages-4541 |date=25 May 2020 |accessdate=26 June 2020}}</ref> [[File:Paris Autolib 06 2012 Bluecar 2905.JPG|thumb|left|Bolloré Bluecars recharging at an Autolib' service kiosk on Rue du Quatre Septembre, Paris, in June 2012.]] Construction of the Autolib' stations began in mid-2011, and 66 of the scheme's Bolloré Bluecars were deployed for a two-month preliminary [[trial]] period between October and December 2011.<ref name=Econom0911/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/04/business/global/paris-tests-short-term-rentals-of-electric-cars.html?_r=1&src=recg|title=Paris Tests Short-Term Rentals of Electric Cars |author=David Jolly |work=[[The New York Times]]|date=3 October 2011|accessdate=5 October 2011 }}</ref> The system entered service on 5 December 2011, with an initial fleet of 250 Bluecars and 250 Autolib’ rental stations serving the city of Paris and 18 surrounding communities (96 in 2016), grouped into the syndicate of associated collectivities "Autolib' Métropole".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autolibmetropole.fr/autolib-metropole/qui-sommes-nous/|title=Autolib' Métropole, Qui sommes-nous ?|work=Autolib' Métropole|accessdate=24 July 2016}}.</ref> At the scheme's inception, car availability was a problematic issue, as more Parisians than expected subscribed to the service. Moreover, by early January 2012, up to 40 of the 250 cars in the initial fleet had been temporarily withdrawn from service to repair vandalism or malfunctions.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2012/01/02/01016-20120102ARTFIG00265-autolib-deja-victime-de-pannes-et-de-vandalisme.php|title=Autolib' déjà victime de pannes et de vandalisme|trans-title=Autolib' already suffering breakdowns and vandalism|language=French|work=[[Le Figaro]]|date=2 January 2012|accessdate=21 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2012/01/13/parisian-autolib-car-sharing-service-suffers-setbacks-sells-6-0/|title=Parisian Autolib car sharing service suffers setbacks, sells 6,000 subscriptions |author=Domenick Yoney|publisher=[[Autoblog Green]]|date=13 January 2012|accessdate=21 January 2012}}</ref> By July 2012, 650 parking and [[charging station]]s had been deployed around Paris and the 46 [[Commune (administrative division)|communes]] participating in the scheme,<ref name=LP1012/> and by February 2013 there were 4,000 charging points.<ref name=LeFigaro022013/> The program's user base grew from 6,000 subscribers at the end of December 2011 to 27,000 in July 2012, and reached 37,000 by early October 2012, of which 13,000 had an annual subscription.<ref name=LP1012>{{cite news|url=http://www.leparisien.fr/transports/autolib/bollore-lance-la-bluecar-en-region-parisienne-05-10-2012-2207469.php|title=Bolloré lance la "BlueCar" en région parisienne|language=French|trans-title=Bolloré launches "BlueCar" in the Paris region|author=AFC and Le Parisien|work=[[Le Parisien]]|date=5 October 2012|accessdate=12 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.francesoir.fr/pratique/transport/autolib-plus-6000-abonnes-en-deux-semaines-166505.html|title=Autolib' : Plus de 6.000 abonnés en deux semaines|trans-title=Autolib' : More than 6,000 subscribers in two weeks|language=French|work=[[France Soir]]|date=2 January 2012|accessdate=21 January 2012|archive-date=15 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115134646/http://www.francesoir.fr/pratique/transport/autolib-plus-6000-abonnes-en-deux-semaines-166505.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=LesEchos>{{cite news|url=http://m.lesechos.fr/transports/paris-veut-eviter-le-changement-de-nom-d-autolib-0202185513768.htm|title=Paris veut éviter le changement de nom d'Autolib'|language=French|trans-title=Paris wants to avoid Autolib name change |author=Marion Kindermans |work=Les Échos (France) |date=23 July 2012|accessdate=30 July 2012}}</ref> [[File:Autolib' rental station Paris 02.jpg|thumb|An Autolib' rental station in 2013.]] During 2012, sales of [[electric cars in France]] were led by the Bolloré Bluecar deployed for Autolib', with 1,543 units registered, representing 28% of total all-electric cars registered in the country that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.avem.fr/actualite-voitures-electriques-le-bilan-des-immatriculations-2012-en-france-3770.html|title= Voitures électriques – Le bilan des immatriculations 2012 en France|language=French|trans-title=Electric Cars – The balance of registrations in France 2012|author=Michaël Torregrossa|publisher= Association pour l'Avenir du Véhicule Electrique Méditerranéen (AVEM)|date=19 January 2013|accessdate=16 March 2013}}</ref> Over 2,000 Bolloré Bluecars had been registered for Autolib' by September 2013.<ref name=Fleet092013>{{cite web|url=http://www.avem.fr/actualite-paris-autolib-passe-le-seuil-des-3-millions-de-locations-4493.html|title=Paris – Autolib’ passe le seuil des 3 millions de locations|trans-title=Paris – Autolib' passes the threshold of 3 million rentals|author=Michaël Torregrossa|publisher=Association pour l'Avenir du Véhicule Electrique Méditerranéen (AVEM)|date=19 October 2013|accessdate=21 October 2013|language=French}}</ref><ref name=Launch2>{{cite news|url=http://veja.abril.com.br/noticia/ciencia/a-revolucao-do-autolib-em-paris|title=A revolução do Autolib' em Paris|author=Fernando Valeika de Barros|work=[[Veja (magazine)|Veja]]|date=10 December 2011|accessdate=17 December 2011|language=Portuguese}}</ref> By late September 2012, Autolib's fleet reached the milestone of 500,000 rentals since its launch,<ref name=LP1012/><ref name=GCR1012>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1079516_bollore-bluecar-sharing-pariss-most-popular-electric-car|title=Bollore Bluecar: Sharing Paris's Most Popular Electric Car |author=John Voelcker |publisher=Green Car Reports|date=2 October 2012|accessdate=12 October 2012}}</ref> and the scheme's vehicles had been driven a cumulative total of {{convert|15000000|km|mi|abbr=on}} by February 2013.<ref name=LeFigaro022013>{{cite news|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/societes/2013/02/21/20005-20130221ARTFIG00507-la-bluecar-sera-vendue-12000-euros.php|title=La Bluecar sera vendue 12.000 euros|language=French|trans-title=The Bluecar will be sold for €12,000|author=AFP/AP/Reuters|work=[[Le Figaro]]|date=21 February 2013|accessdate=16 March 2013}}</ref> By mid-October 2013, the service had provided over 3 million rentals, with an average of 10,000 rentals per day.<ref name=Fleet092013/> By July 2014, Autolib' had 2,500 operational vehicles and over 150,000 subscribers, and its cars had covered a cumulative mileage of over {{convert|30000000|km|mi|abbr=on}} since the scheme's introduction.<ref name=GuardJul14/> In July 2018 the scheme ceased to operate. ===Name lawsuit=== In December 2009, the car-rental company [[Europcar]] brought the City of Paris to court, arguing that the Autolib' name was a [[plagiarism]] and [[unfair competition]] by the city. Europcar is the trademark owner of the rental car subscription service "Autoliberté", which has been in operation since 2001.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2009/12/09/01011-20091209FILWWW00373-autolib-europcar-attaque-la-ville-de-paris.php|language=French|title=Autolib: Europcar attaque la Ville de Paris|trans-title=Autolib: Europcar attack the City of Paris|work=[[Le Figaro]]|date=9 December 2009|accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> The case was dismissed in March 2011 by the High Court of Paris, and Europcar decided to appeal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-eco/2011/04/13/97002-20110413FILWWW00402-autolib-europcar-fait-appel.php |title= Autolib': Europcar fait appel |language=French |trans-title=Autolib: Europcar files appeal|work=[[Le Figaro]]|date=13 April 2011|accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> On 30 June 2012, the Paris [[Court of Appeal (France)|Court of Appeal]] set aside the judgment of the High Court, and ruled that within a month Autolib' had to change its name because it breached trademark laws. The ruling implied that the name had to be changed on all 1,800 Autolib' cars, docking stations and subscriber cards, and also required that all of the scheme's advertising to be rewritten.<ref name=AutolibName>{{cite news|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20120702-france-french-court-orders-autolib-car-share-scheme-change-name-bluecar-electric-green-transport|title=Court orders Paris car-share scheme Autolib' to change name|publisher=[[France 24]]|date=3 July 2012|accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> After the ruling, the City of Paris and Europcar began negotiating an agreement to solve the brand name conflict.<ref name=NomProbleme>{{cite web|url=http://www.lepoint.fr/auto-addict/actualites/la-ville-de-paris-et-europcar-negocient-sur-le-nom-de-la-marque-autolib-02-08-2012-1492194_683.php|title=La Ville de Paris et Europcar négocient sur le nom de la marque Autolib'|language=French|trans-title=The City of Paris and Europcar are negotiating the name of the Autolib' brand|author=AFP|publisher=Auto Addict|date=2 August 2012|accessdate=15 August 2012}}</ref> In November 2012, an agreement was reached to keep the Autolib' brand name. Europcar agreed to waive the enforcement of the court decision on the condition that the City of Paris would be the owner of the Autolib' brand, and in exchange for free advertising for Europcar's Autoliberté service. The agreement was signed for three years.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.leparisien.fr/transports/autolib/paris-autolib-pourra-conserver-son-nom-28-11-2012-2362777.php|title=Paris : Autolib' pourra conserver son nom|language=French|trans-title=Paris: Autolib' will retain its name|author= |work=[[Le Parisien]]|date=28 November 2012|accessdate=20 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autorentalnews.com/Channel/Legislative/News/Story/2012/12/Europcar-Autolib-Paris-Reach-Agreement-on-Autolib-Brand.aspx#.UNSqO12tr0E.email|title=Europcar, Autolib, Paris Reach Agreement on Autolib Brand|publisher=Auto Rental News|date=6 December 2012|accessdate=21 December 2012}}</ref> ===Fire incidents=== On 14 October 2013, a Bluecar was destroyed by fire while charging at an Autolib' kiosk in Paris; the fire then spread to a second Bluecar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thelocal.fr/20131014/in-images-two-autolib-cars-go-up-in-smoke-in-paris|title=Paris Autolib' electric cars go up in smoke|publisher=TheLocal.fr|date=14 October 2013|accessdate=11 February 2014}}</ref> A police investigation was subsequently conducted to ascertain the cause of the fire. According to Bolloré, the real-time telemetric monitoring system did not register a thermal runaway problem with the car's battery when the fire started. The company is attributing the origin of the fire to an external cause, probably vandalism. Bolloré reported that a total of 25 Autolib' Bluecars have burnt out since the scheme's inception, with most of the incidents certified as attributed to vandals.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2013/10/14/01016-20131014ARTFIG00412-incendies-d-autolib-des-actes-de-malveillance.php|title=Incendies d'Autolib': des actes de malveillance|language=French|trans-title=Autolib' Fire: Vandalism act|author=Jean-Marc Leclerc|work=[[Le Figaro]]|date=14 October 2013|accessdate=17 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.plugincars.com/two-evs-parisian-autolib-car-sharing-service-burned-down-128577.html|title=Two Autolib Electric Cars Burn Down in Paris|author=Laurent J. Masson|publisher=PluginCars.com|date=16 October 2013|accessdate=3 November 2013}}</ref> ==Autolib' beyond Paris== In early 2013, the Bolloré Group announced plans to launch a similar car-sharing service in [[Lyon]] and [[Bordeaux]], but under a different brand name and with no cost to the cities. Bolloré's proposal was to fund the entire infrastructure, install and provide the vehicles, and cover the costs of maintenance and repairs. Bolloré furthermore expressed interest in launching a car-sharing service in Asia.<ref name=TomorrowTheWorld>{{cite web|url=http://droit-finances.commentcamarche.net/news/109908-apres-paris-et-lyon-bollore-veut-lancer-autolib-a-bordeaux |title=Après Paris et Lyon, Bolloré veut lancer Autolib' à Bordeaux |language=French |trans-title=After Paris and Lyon, Bolloré wants to launch Autolib' in Bordeaux |author=Relax News |publisher=Droid Finances |date=26 February 2013 |accessdate=16 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222155253/http://droit-finances.commentcamarche.net/news/109908-apres-paris-et-lyon-bollore-veut-lancer-autolib-a-bordeaux |archivedate=22 February 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref> In October 2013, proposals were advanced for Scootlib', an [[electric scooter]] sharing scheme intended to complement Velib' and Autolib'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thelocal.fr/20131017/after-velib-and-autolib-is-paris-set-for-scootlib|title=After Velib' and Autolib' is Paris set for Scootlib'?|publisher=TheLocal.fr|date=17 October 2013|accessdate=11 February 2014}}</ref> Bolloré's Lyon scheme, dubbed BlueLy, entered service in October 2013 with an initial fleet of 130 vehicles and 51 parking and charging stations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.blue-solutions.com/en/applications/mobilite/autopartage/bluecarsharing/bluely/|title=BlueLy|publisher=Blue Solutions|date=2014|accessdate=24 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224073723/https://www.blue-solutions.com/en/applications/mobilite/autopartage/bluecarsharing/bluely/|archive-date=24 February 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Its Bordeaux service, BlueCub, began operating in January 2014 with an initial fleet of 90 vehicles, 40 parking stations and 180 charging stations.<ref name=BordBluecub/> In June 2013, Autolib' formed an agreement with the American city of [[Indianapolis]], [[Indiana]], to develop an electric car-sharing service there;<ref name=Indianapolis/> the scheme, named [[BlueIndy]], opened to the public in September 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://time.com/money/4019200/electric-car-sharing-indianapolis/|title=Groundbreaking Electric Car Sharing Program Launches in an Unlikely City|author=Brad Tuttle|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=2015-09-02|accessdate=2015-10-18|archive-date=15 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015001732/http://time.com/money/4019200/electric-car-sharing-indianapolis/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A similar scheme based in [[London]] was announced in 2014, and will be inaugurated in March 2015, utilising London's existing network of electric car charging points.<ref name=GuardJul14/> The London scheme is intended to encompass 3,000 electric cars by 2018.<ref name=GuardJul14/> In June 2016, Bolloré signed an agreement with [[Singapore|Singapore's]] [[Land Transport Authority|Land Transport Authority (LTA)]] and [[Economic Development Board]] to develop an electric car-sharing programme, known as [[BlueSG]].<ref>{{cite website|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/singapore-s-first-electric-car-sharing-programme-to-launch-in-9254156|title=Singapore's first electric car-sharing programme to launch in December|publisher=[[Channel News Asia]]|date=September 27, 2017|accessdate=June 18, 2018}}</ref> Construction of the charging stations began at the end of September, 2017 and in December, 2017, the service was officially opened to the public with 30 charging stations and 80 cars located throughout the country, with plans to expand the service to offer 2,000 charging points in 500 charging locations, with 400 charging points open for public use and 1,000 [[electric car]]s deployed by 2020.<ref name=StraitsTimes5000>{{cite website|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/more-than-5000-bluesg-electric-car-rentals-in-first-3-weeks-of-service|title=More than 5,000 BlueSG electric car rentals in first 3 weeks of service|publisher=[[The Straits Times]]|date=January 3, 2018|accessdate=June 18, 2018}}</ref> In October 2016, in [[Turin]], [[Italy]], the service BlueTorino was activated. Now counting 130 vehicles and 54 charging stations, it's expected by the completion of the project a fleet of 330 vehicles and 80 charging stations around the city.<ref>{{cite website|url=https://www.bluetorino.eu|title=BlueTorino official website}}</ref> ==Operation== [[File:Autolib' Station, Paris, Boulevard Diderot 01.jpg|thumb|An Autolib' kiosk on Boulevard Diderot.]] The Autolib’ Bluecar is available to anyone aged 18 or older with a valid French driving license, or a valid foreign license plus the international driving license, who takes out a paid subscription. Users can choose between 2 rental packages, with 30-minute fees varying from {{euro|6}} to {{euro|9}} depending on the rental plan. An available car can be collected for use from any rental station and returned to any other rental station. Each car has on-board [[GPS]] capabilities and can be tracked by the system's operations center.<ref name=Launch2/> In addition to the subscription fees, Autolib' charges a variable rate for each half an hour of use, but billing for each rental is calculated on a ''[[pro rata]]'' basis, which takes into account the actual duration of use rounded up to the nearest minute (except for the first 20 minutes, for which there is a minimum charge).<ref name=Rates/> The table below summarizes the subscription types available, the subscription fees and the corresponding 30-minute rates: {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto" |+Autolib' service fees and use rates<ref name=Rates>{{cite web|url=https://www.autolib.eu/subscribe/|title=Choose your subscription|publisher=Autolib'|accessdate=21 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106223703/https://www.autolib.eu/subscribe/|archive-date=6 January 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |- align="center" ! rowspan="2" style="background:#abcdef;"| Plan ! rowspan="2" style="background:#abcdef;"| Membership ! rowspan="2" style="background:#abcdef;"| Subscription<br> fees ! rowspan="2" style="background:#abcdef;"|Car reservation ! rowspan="2" style="background:#abcdef;" | Rates per each 30 min interval ! colspan="3" style="background:#abcdef;"| Maximum rates in case of accident |- ! style="background:#abcdef;"| First<br>accident ! style="background:#abcdef;"| Second<br>accident ! style="background:#abcdef;"| Third<br>accident<br>(max) |- align="center" | align="left"|1 year |1 year |{{euro|120}} per year<br>({{euro|10}} per month) |{{Euro|0}} |{{euro|6}}||{{euro|200}}||{{euro|475}}||{{euro|750}} |- align="center" | align="left" |Ready to Go |1 year | {{euro|0}} per year<br>({{euro|0}} per month) |{{Euro|1}} |{{euro|9}}||{{euro|200}}||{{euro|475}}||{{euro|750}} |} ==Other services== [[File:BMW i3 charging on Autolib' station in Paris trimmed.jpg|thumb|A privately owned [[BMW i3]] charging at an Autolib' station in Paris.]] [[File:Atos - Zero - Carbon - Car - Profile.jpg|thumb|A Bluecar used by the [[Atos MyCar]] corporate carsharing service in [[Bezons]], France, in 2012.]] ===Private EV charging service=== In addition to charging its own vehicles, the Autolib' scheme offers charging services for private owners of [[electric vehicle|electric cars and motorcycles]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.evworld.com/news.cfm?newsid=30587 |title=E-Cycles Allowed Use of Autolib Charge Stations in Paris |publisher=EVWorld.com |date=24 June 2013 |accessdate=28 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926151022/http://evworld.com/news.cfm?newsid=30587 |archivedate=26 September 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref> Customers have to sign up for the "recharge" fee option. The subscription cost for cars and motorcycles is {{euro|15}} per year only the first year. Recharge customers have designated parking spaces at Autolib’ stations, marked with a blue square. Each hour costs {{euro|1}} for cars and motorcycles. Use of the charging infrastructure for private cars is limited to two times per day per subscriber.<ref name=AutolibGuide>{{cite web|url=https://www.autolib.eu/en/how-does-it-work/service/|title=Autolib', How it works?|publisher=Autolib'|accessdate=10 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222015345/https://www.autolib.eu/en/how-does-it-work/service/|archive-date=22 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> In early 2014, [[Renault]] offered free Autolib' charging subscriptions to owners of Renault EVs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://insideevs.com/free-annual-autolib-subscriptions-for-all-renault-ev-owners-through-to-february-28-2014/|title=Free Annual Autolib Charging Subscriptions For All Renault EV Owners Through February 28, 2014|publisher=Inside EVs|date=January 2014|accessdate=17 February 2014}}</ref> Autolib' charging stations are compatible with the following plug-in electric vehicles: [[BMW i3]], [[Nissan Leaf]], [[Mitsubishi i-MiEV]], [[Opel Ampera]], [[Renault Fluence Z.E.]], [[Renault Kangoo Z.E.]], [[Renault Twizy]], [[Renault Zoe]], [[Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid]] and all [[Smart ED]], [[Peugeot iOn]] and [[Citroen C-Zero]] manufactured before May 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://autolib.eu/en/offers-and-rates/individuals-charging-rates/|title=Our Rates for Individuals|author=Autolib'|publisher=Autolib'|accessdate=9 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812203726/https://autolib.eu/en/offers-and-rates/individuals-charging-rates/|archive-date=12 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Bluecar leasing and sales program=== Bolloré began leasing the Bluecar to individual and corporate customers in October 2012 at a price of {{euro|500}} ({{USD|648}}) per month. The pricing includes insurance, parking and charging at Autolib' stations. According to Bolloré, each existing station already provides one recharging space for private electric cars outside the Autolib' system. The Bluecar retail version has a blue exterior color, unlike the Autolib' version's silver unpainted [[aluminum]] exterior.<ref name=LP1012/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autonews.fr/dossiers/votre-quotidien/90768-bollore-blucear-paris-location|title=Louez une Bluecarpour 500 € par mois|language=French|trans-title=Lease a Bluecar for €500 per month|author=Laurent Lepsch|publisher=Auto News|date=8 October 2012|accessdate=12 October 2012}}</ref> In February 2013 Bolleré announced the start of retail sales of the Bluecar, and for an optional monthly fee of {{euro|15}}, owners can have access to the Autolib' network of charging stations around Paris.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.avem.fr/actualite-voiture-electrique-la-bluecar-de-bollore-disponible-pour-12-000-3876.html|title=Voiture électrique – La Bluecar de Bolloré disponible pour 12.000 €|language=French|trans-title=Electric Cars – Bolloré Bluecar available for €12,000 |author=Michaël Torregrossa|publisher=Association pour l'Avenir du Véhicule Electrique Méditerranéen (AVEM) |date=21 February 2013|accessdate=16 March 2013}}</ref> ===Corporate carsharing=== [[Atos]] and the Bolloré Group launched the MyCar corporate car sharing pilot program in December 2012. The service is dedicated to Atos employees for their business travel needs at the company's headquarters in the French town of [[Bezons]]. A fleet of ten Atos-branded Bolloré Bluecars were initially deployed. In addition to charging vehicles at the [[photovoltaic panel|solar-powered]] Bezons site, MyCar users can also access the Autolib' network of charging stations in Paris and its surrounding area.<ref name=Atos1>{{cite web|url=http://www.avem.fr/news?id=3697|title=MyCar – L’Autolib’ professionnel de Bolloré déployé chez Atos|language=French|trans-title=MyCar – The Autolib' cars of Bolloré deployed at Atos|author=Michaël Torregrossa|publisher=Association pour l'Avenir du Véhicule Electrique Méditerranéen (AVEM)|date=7 December 2012|accessdate=21 December 2012}}</ref><ref name=Atos2>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/12/06/idUS158566+06-Dec-2012+HUG20121206|title=Atos and Bolloré Group launch first 100% electric corporate car fleet|author=Atos Press Release|publisher=Reuters|date=6 December 2012|accessdate=21 December 2012|archive-date=10 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210223411/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/12/06/idUS158566+06-Dec-2012+HUG20121206|url-status=dead}}</ref> In January 2013, a similar leasing deal was reached with [[Crédit Agricole]], the largest retail banking group in France. Five Bluecars were leased for 20 months for business travel use by the bank's employees.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.france-mobilite-electrique.org/quand-la-bluecar-seduit-le-credit-agricole,4171.html?lang=fr|title=Quand La Bluecar Séduit Le Crédit Agricole du Finistère|language=French|trans-title=When the Bluecar Seduced the Crédit Agricole du Finistère|author=Laurent Meillaud|publisher=Automobile Propre|date=18 January 2013|accessdate=9 February 2013}}{{Dead link|date=August 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==See also== *[[Car2Go]], an international car sharing scheme which also offers electric car rentals *[[Communauto]], a Montreal-based electric and hybrid vehicle car sharing company *[[Kandi EV CarShare]], an electric car-sharing program in [[Hangzhou]], China *[[BlueSG]], an electric-car-sharing service in [[Singapore]]. * [[Plug-in electric vehicles in France]] ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Autolib'}} *{{official website|http://www.autolib.eu}} {{Vehicle rental brands}} [[Category:Carsharing]] [[Category:Electric vehicles]] [[Category:Transport in Paris]] [[Category:Transport in Bordeaux]] [[Category:Transport in Lyon]] [[Category:2011 introductions]] <noinclude> <small>This page was moved from [[:en:Autolib']]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Autolib'/edithistory]]</small></noinclude> kj1hhgw22asvkiji6ds83c5p69yira8 0 114098 540945 510476 2022-08-28T22:14:15Z InternetArchiveBot 34092 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2016}} {{Infobox person | name = Dolores Sheslo Delahanty | image = DoloresDelahanty-AlisonLyne-KYwomenRemembered2002.jpg | image_size = | caption = advocate for women's and children's rights | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1929|10|23}} | birth_place = Illinois | death_date = | death_place = | occupation = social worker, women's rights activist, educator, local government administrator | spouse = Robert Delahanty | parents = Katherine Zielinska and William A. Sheslo | children = Sean, Kevin, Tim, Shannon, Terence }} '''Dolores Delahanty''' (born October 23, 1929)<ref name="oralhistory">{{cite web|title=Interview with Dolores Delahanty, June 4, 2013|url=https://oralhistory.uky.edu/oh/render.php?cachefile=2013oh136_kcrhf008_delahanty_ohm.xml|website=Kentucky Civil Rights Hall of Fame Oral History Project|publisher=Kentucky Civil Rights Hall of Fame|accessdate=March 12, 2016|ref=oralhistory|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314034010/https://oralhistory.uky.edu/oh/render.php?cachefile=2013oh136_kcrhf008_delahanty_ohm.xml|archive-date=March 14, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> is a social activist and political leader in [[Louisville, Kentucky]]. She was a founding member of the [[National Women's Political Caucus]] during the early [[Civil Rights Movement]], and she was critical to the success of Kentucky's Fair Credit Law. Delahanty has devoted her life to improving the lives of others, primarily those of Kentucky women and children. ==Background== Delahanty was born in 1929 in [[Rockford, Illinois]]<ref name="oralhistory"/> to Katherine Zielinska and William A. Sheslo.<ref>[http://obituaries.signonsandiego.com/obituaries/signonsandiego/obituary.aspx?n=charles-w-sheslo&pid=144095797 "Obituary of Reverend Father Charles W. Sheslo"]. ''[[San Diego Union-Tribune]]'' July 16, 2010. Accessed November 28, 2010.</ref> In June 1950 Dolores married Judge Robert Delahanty, a man with whom she conceived five children – Judge Sean Delahanty, Judge Kevin Delahanty, Tim, Shannon and Terence Delahanty.<ref>Schwartz, Eugene G., ed. [http://americanstudentsorganize.org ''American Students Organize: Founding the National Student Association after World War II, an Anthology and Sourcebook'']. (Westport, Conn.: American Council on Education/Praeger, 2006), p. 411.</ref> She graduated from the Kent School of Social Work<ref>[http://www.louisville.edu/kent Kent School of Social Work]</ref> at the [[University of Louisville]] in 1964.{{citation needed|date=January 2012}} ==Social activism== Delahanty was involved with several social work organizations fighting for the welfare of women and children. She worked from 1955 to 1965 as a case consultant and probation officer at the Jefferson County Juvenile Courts. After that, Delahanty worked as a director of the Parkland Group Treatment Center from 1965 to 1967. Delahanty went on to direct the Office of Research and Planning at the Metropolitan Social Services Department in Louisville from 1967 to 1973.<ref name="ElamPapers">[http://www.uky.edu/Libraries/libpage.php?lweb_id=298&llib_id=13 "Pam Elam papers, 1962–2004"], 2004UA003, [[University of Kentucky]] Archives.</ref><ref>[http://www.kentuckyoralhistory.org/interviews/24764 Deloris (''sic'') Delahanty, interview by Sue Wylie], 1993OH065 KCW 010, Kentucky Commission on Women Oral History Project, Louis B. Nunn Center for Oral History, University of Kentucky Libraries, Lexington, KY.</ref> Delahanty's passion for social work showed in her teaching when she became a lecturer at [[Bellarmine College|Bellarmine-Ursuline College]] from 1966 to 1967. She focused her students' studies on social problems and social work methods. She later became an adjunct professor at the [[University of Louisville]]. Delahanty was concerned about education and served on several school boards, including the [[Jefferson County Public Schools (Kentucky)|Jefferson County]] Board of Education's Family Life and Sex Education Advisory Board. Delahanty eventually became president of the Kentucky chapter of the National Association of Social Workers<ref>[http://naswky.org Kentucky chapter of the National Association of Social Workers]</ref> and later, vice president of the [[National Association of Social Workers]].<ref name="MRA">[http://www.lorettocommunity.org/LWN/History_MRA.pdf "History of the Mary Rhodes Award, 1981–2007"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054814/http://www.lorettocommunity.org/LWN/History_MRA.pdf |date=March 4, 2016 }} (pdf). page 3, Loretto Community, [[Sisters of Loretto]], Co-members of Loretto. Accessed November 28, 2010.</ref> Delahanty chaired the National Association of Social Workers Insurance Trust. She also served on the Kentucky Advisory Committee to the [[United States Commission on Civil Rights]]. This committee compiled research and evidence that neither race nor gender were properly represented within the Kentucky Police Force in a 1978 report titled, "A Paper Commitment: Equal Employment Opportunity in the Kentucky Bureau of State Police."<ref>[http://www.law.umaryland.edu/marshall/usccr/documents/cr12em711.pdf "A Paper Commitment: Equal Employment Opportunity in the Kentucky Bureau of State Police"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611043042/http://www.law.umaryland.edu/marshall/usccr/documents/cr12em711.pdf |date=June 11, 2010 }} (pdf). Kentucky Advisory Committee to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. July 1978. Accessed November 28, 2010.</ref> One of her greatest accomplishments involves her work with the [[National Women's Political Caucus]]. As a proponent of women's rights, Dolores hoped that improvements in the lives of women was to get encourage and train more women to become involved in politics and make an impact. Delahanty was involved at the beginning of the National Women's Political Caucus and attended its first meeting in July 1971. Then in September 1971, Delahanty co-founded the Kentucky Women's Political Caucus (KWPC).<ref>[http://www.sos.ky.gov/secdesk/initiatives/strength/women.htm Kentucky Women's Political Caucus] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103134132/http://www.sos.ky.gov/secdesk/initiatives/strength/women.htm |date=January 3, 2011 }} (KWPC).</ref> Later she represented the KWPC at the National's steering committee and represented the entire Mid-South Region. Delahanty was a founding member of the Metropolitan Louisville Women's Political Caucus<ref>[http://mlwpc.org/ Metropolitan Louisville Women's Political Caucus]</ref> and later became its coordinator from 1972 to 1973. She led a challenge to the credentials of the Kentucky Democratic delegation to the 1972 national convention in Miami—in the future, all delegations to the Democratic National Conventions were to be 50 percent female.<ref name="MRA" /> Delahanty then served as the National Convention's Committee Chair in 1974. Delahanty was wholly involved with this organization on the national, state, and community level. ==Public office== From 1973 to 1976, Delahanty served as secretary of the Kentucky Governor's Commission on Women.<ref>http://women.ky.gov</ref> The Commission on Women is devoted to improving the health, status, equality, and education of women, while also bringing to light issues that promote change. As the chair person of the Legislative Task Force, Delahanty led the movement to combine organizational efforts through the state that were fighting for women's rights and lobbying for changes to Kentucky laws. For example, unequal and sexist laws, such as the Kentucky state law ruling that the Clerk to the Board of Agriculture must be male. Not only was the Commission on Women trying to make the laws beneficial to females, but equal and fair for both sexes. Each were trying to change such inequalities like those found in the Kentucky state law that gave all wives the right to collect on their spouse's death benefits, but husbands only collected if they were unable to work. Within this organization Delahanty fought for equality for all Kentuckians. Delahanty was instrumental in the passing of Kentucky's Fair Credit Law.{{clarify|date=April 2018|reason=What law is that? What did the law do? Was the law important? In what way was she instrumental to its passage? }} She was appointed by President [[Jimmy Carter]] to study the aid given to women from the Health and Human Services.<ref>Hensley, Shannon. [http://louisville.edu/womenscenter/news/newletters/Winter%202004-Volume%2011%20Issue%202.pdf "Making a Difference: Women in Policy"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330115433/http://louisville.edu/womenscenter/news/newletters/Winter%202004-Volume%2011%20Issue%202.pdf |date=March 30, 2012 }} (pdf). The Women's Center News, Louisville, Ky., Volume 11, Issue 2 sec. 3. (Winter 2004). Accessed November 28, 2010.</ref> In 1982 while working in Jefferson County Department for Human Services, Delahanty was part of a group effort to found Project Warm,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.projectwarm.org/about%20pw.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-11-29 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927181008/http://www.projectwarm.org/about%20pw.htm |archivedate=September 27, 2011 |df=mdy }}</ref> an organization that provides free weatherization services to low-income people and educating them on how to conserve heat during the winter. In 1984 several homeless people were found dead inside abandoned buildings in Louisville. Mayor [[Harvey I. Sloane]] called together civic and business leaders to lead a task force on homelessness. The St. John Day Center, Louisville's first day shelter for the homeless. Delahanty served as president of the Metropolitan Housing Coalition and of the Coalition for the Homeless, continuing today to address these critical human rights issues. As the Executive Director of the Jefferson County Department for Human Services in the late 1980s, she managed a $10 million budget, over 450 employees and dozens of programs for youth, families in crisis, the elderly and disabled. She helped to create the Crimes against Children Unit,<ref>[http://www.louisvilleky.gov/NR/rdonlyres/1ACD577C-90F4-4B11-B2C2-8AA733808182/0/OFWNews1.pdf "The Scoop, Louisville Women Who Lead"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016214600/http://www.louisvilleky.gov/NR/rdonlyres/1ACD577C-90F4-4B11-B2C2-8AA733808182/0/OFWNews1.pdf |date=October 16, 2012 }} (pdf). Louisville Metro Office for Women, 2008, p. 3.</ref> a joint operation between the Louisville and Jefferson County Police - Philip C. Turner was the first commander of the joint unit in 1987.<ref>Morton O. Childress, ''Louisville Division of Police: History and Personnel''. (Paducah, Ky.: Turner Pub. Co., 2005), p. 17.</ref> Her extensive experience led to her becoming a management consultant to non-profit organizations in the 1990s, including serving as Senior Advisor to the Kentucky Cabinet for Families and Children.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chfs.ky.gov |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-12-19 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215211935/http://www.chfs.ky.gov/ |archivedate=December 15, 2010 |df=mdy }}</ref><ref>[http://louisville.edu/kent/Alumni/record/kent2000.pdf "''The Kent Record'' (April 2000)"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011231922/http://louisville.edu/kent/Alumni/record/kent2000.pdf |date=October 11, 2012 }} (pdf). Accessed December 18, 2010.</ref> In 2000 she was elected as a Democrat to a four-year term as the "B" District County Commissioner in [[Jefferson County, Kentucky|Jefferson County]]. While commissioner, she challenged the city to be more vigilant in keeping rental property up to code. In 2001, Amanda Kreps-Long, director of the Louisville Tenant Association, brought to Delahanty's attention the terrible conditions of the Lake in the Woods apartment complex. Though the property owner had numerous violations on record, the severely understaffed health department had not followed up with inspections. Delahanty and a sympathetic press (in October 2001, the Courier-Journal ran a three-day series of articles exposing the bad conditions for renters in and around Louisville) showcased the failing attempts by the county to enforce the property maintenance codes. Commissioner Delahanty spearheaded the effort to overhaul the codes, drawing on international models.<ref>Miriam Axel-Lute, [http://www.nhi.org/online/issues/127/organize.html "Winning a war, but losing the battle"]. National Housing Institute, Shelterforce Online 127 (January/February 2003). Accessed December 18, 2010.</ref> In 2009 Delahanty served on a task force to address the location of homeless shelters. Members of the task force included members of non-profit organizations such as the League of Women Voters of Louisville and the Louisville Coalition of Neighborhoods, representatives of the business and housing development community, the press, members of various outreach service organizations, and government agencies such as the Board of Zoning Adjustment, Jefferson County-Louisville Metro 6th District and the Louisville Downtown Management District. The task force created guidelines for where a homeless shelter can be built and to amend the Louisville Metro Land Development Code. Delahanty serves on the volunteer Board of Directors for the Community Foundation of Louisville, a regional philanthropic leader providing support for nonprofit organizations in and around Louisville.<ref>[http://www.cflouisville.org/page13702.cfm "The Community Foundation of Louisville, 2009 Annual Report"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704145405/http://www.cflouisville.org/page13702.cfm |date=July 4, 2010 }}. cflouisville.org. Accessed December 18, 2010.</ref> ==Awards and honors== Among her many achievements in all she has done for Kentucky and its women, she was awarded the * Distinguished Citizen Award for the City of Louisville in 1974<ref name="ElamPapers"/> * the Mary Rhodes Award<ref>[http://www.lorettocommunity.org/LWN/History_MRA.pdf "Mary Rhodes Award"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054814/http://www.lorettocommunity.org/LWN/History_MRA.pdf |date=March 4, 2016 }} (pdf). LorettoCommunity.org.</ref> in 1982 from the Loretto Community through the Loretto Women's Network * Alumni Fellow of the University of Louisville * a Woman of Distinction awarded by the Center for Women and Families * the Examplar Award from the National Network of Social Work Managers * the Woman of Achievement Award from the River City Business and Professional Women * the Woman of the Year award from the Metropolitan Women's Political Caucus * Inducted in the Kentucky Civil Rights Hall of Fame in 2012.<ref>[http://kchr.ky.gov/hof/hoff12.htm?&pageOrder=0&selectedPic=6 "Hall of Fame 2012"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223210858/http://kchr.ky.gov/hof/hoff12.htm?&pageOrder=0&selectedPic=6 |date=December 23, 2014 }}. Kentucky Commission on Human Rights.</ref> Delahanty was also a 2002 Kentucky Women Remembered<ref>[http://www.lyneart.com/KYWOMEN.HTM 2002 "Kentucky Women Remembered"]. LyneArt.com.</ref> Honoree of the Kentucky Commission on Women. Her portrait is on exhibit at the Kentucky state capital's West Wing in [[Frankfort, Kentucky]]. ==Publications== Delahanty, Delores S., and Atkins, G. Lawrence. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/300487165 "Strategic Local Planning: A Collaborative Model"]. DHEW Publication, no. (OS)-76-130. Human Services Monograph Series (Project Share), no. 23. Rockville, Md.: The Project, 1981. ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==External links== {{Portal|Biography}} * [http://www.nwpc.org NWPC.org] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160314034010/https://oralhistory.uky.edu/oh/render.php?cachefile=2013oh136_kcrhf008_delahanty_ohm.xml Dolores Delahanty interview] {{Kentucky Women Remembered|state=collapsed}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Delahanty, Dolores}} [[Category:1929 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:People from Rockford, Illinois]] [[Category:People from Louisville, Kentucky]] [[Category:University of Louisville alumni]] [[Category:American civil rights activists]] [[Category:Bellarmine University faculty]] [[Category:American social activists]] [[Category:University of Louisville faculty]] [[Category:Women in Kentucky politics]]<noinclude> <small>This page was moved from [[:en:Dolores Delahanty]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Dolores Delahanty/edithistory]]</small></noinclude> 4bt1sjh0v49a3av4ah83o8ybes1fear 0 114130 540623 447351 2022-08-28T15:25:03Z InternetArchiveBot 34092 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{update|date=May 2019}} {{short description|Fortnightly Irish business magazine (1964-)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}} {{Use Irish English|date=June 2014}} {{Infobox magazine | image_file = Business & Finance (magazine cover).jpg | image_size = <!-- (defaults to user thumbnail size if no size is stated) --> | image_alt = | image_caption = | editor = John Walsh | editor_title = | previous_editor = | staff_writer = | photographer = | category = Business magazine | frequency = Fortnightly | circulation = | publisher = | founder = [[Hugh McLaughlin (publisher)|Hugh McLaughlin]] | founded = September 1964 | firstdate = | company = Belenos Publications | country = [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] | based = | language = English | website = {{URL|http://businessandfinance.com/}} | issn = 0007-6473 | oclc = }} '''''Business & Finance''''' (sometimes '''''B&F''''') is a fortnightly [[Republic of Ireland|Irish]] business [[magazine]] published by Belenos Publications, that was established by [[Hugh McLaughlin (publisher)|Hugh McLaughlin]] in September 1964.<ref>[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-12383828_ITM Hugh McLaughlin (1918 - 2006)] Europe Intelligence Wire, 12 January 2006</ref> It provides news, comment and analysis on Irish and international news stories. The readership is made up of business professionals, including senior level business leaders such as CEOs and heads of functions.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}} It is a sister title to ''[[Magill]]''. ==History and circulation== The magazine has been published continually since its foundation in 1964. At the beginning of the 2000s the magazine was published on a weekly basis.<ref name=arb>{{cite news|author1=Arthur Beesley|title=Jobs may go as 'Business & Finance' fetches £1m|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/jobs-may-go-as-business-finance-fetches-1m-1.343132|accessdate=23 April 2017|work=The Irish Times|date=21 December 2001}}</ref> The parent company is Belenos Publications, which acquired the magazine in 2001.<ref name="arb"/> ''Business & Finance'' is edited by John Walsh,<ref>[http://www.businessandfinance.ie/bandf/contact.html Contact us] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221165703/http://www.businessandfinance.ie/bandf/contact.html |date=21 February 2009 }}</ref> who took over after the departure of controversial economist [[Constantin Gurdgiev]].<ref>[http://www.kpmgfsawards.ie/Judges_bios/gurdgiev.htm Judges bios] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090808182107/http://www.kpmgfsawards.ie/Judges_bios/gurdgiev.htm |date=8 August 2009 }}</ref> Contributors include Richard Delevan, Gavin Miller, Nicole Matthews, Sarah Gilmartin and [[teic.ie]] editor Adam Maguire. The magazine claimed a readership of over 55,100 and a bi-weekly circulation, according to an ABC circulated audit, of 15,767 for the period 1 July to 31 December 2008.<ref>[http://www.businessandfinance.ie/magazine/about.html About us] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901215130/http://www.businessandfinance.ie/magazine/about.html|date=1 September 2009 }}</ref> ==Other titles== Also published are the annual "Top 1000 Companies in Ireland" and the "Who's Who in Irish Business". Other publications include the Life Sciences Review for news and updates for the life sciences industry in Ireland and Green Business which focuses on the implications of the move to 'green' for the business community. ==Other company operations== Business & Finance Media Group have an Events Division, which manages several awards and events including the Business & Finance US Business Awards, Business & Finance Awards, [[Golden Spider Awards]], the International Financial Services Summit.<ref>[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-13659657_ITM Business & Finance And KPMG To Recognise Excellence In Irish Business] Europe Intelligence Wire, 7 October 2004</ref> In 2009 it also launched the inaugural Business & Finance Asia Pacific/Ireland awards. Also in the portfolio is the Top 1000 Companies in Ireland Database and a real-time online news portal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.businessandfinancetoday.com/ |title=Business & Finance |access-date=26 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001173211/http://businessandfinancetoday.com/ |archive-date=1 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kiakia loan is one of the, if not the best loan lending platforms in Nigeria that offers loan to individuals or businessmen without collateral<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loansng.com/|title=Kiakia loan|access-date=26 October 2019|archive-date=17 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217153818/https://www.loansng.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Controversy== Moranna Ltd., the company publishing ''Business & Finance'', folded in early 2011 owing more than €500,000.<ref>https://www.irishtimes.com/business/sectors/media-and-marketing/former-bf-publisher-ceased-trading-with-debts-of-500-000-1.443326</ref> A new debt-free company was then established to continue publishing the magazine. ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071118191928/http://ppa.ie/title.cfm?Id=14 Business & Finance] Periodical Publishers Association of Ireland ==External links== * [http://businessandfinance.com/ Business & Finance] Official site * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100323053156/http://www.businessandfinanceasiaawards.com/ Business & Finance Asia Pacific/Ireland Awards] {{DEFAULTSORT:Business and Finance}} [[Category:Business magazines]] [[Category:Magazines published in Ireland]] [[Category:Magazines established in 1964]] [[Category:Biweekly magazines]] [[Category:Weekly magazines published in Ireland]]<noinclude> <small>This page was moved from [[:en:Business & Finance]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Business & Finance/edithistory]]</small></noinclude> 0lp345pk9srjm73mixuu7li37abvxmq 0 114263 540921 517077 2022-08-28T21:30:56Z InternetArchiveBot 34092 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{cleanup|reason=This article has too much emphasis on departmental heads; it should be an overview of the ''department'' itself, using the heads as structure and context.|date=April 2019}} The '''Department of Pharmacology at the University of London''', the first of its kind in [[England]], was founded in 1905 and remained in existence until 2007. ==Early history== [[File:UCL-pharmacology-door-6-22-10-2.jpg|thumb|right| 220px|UCL Pharmacology department door, 22 Oct 2002]] [[University College London]] (UCL) was founded in 1826. It was born in the ferment of radical [[London]] in the 1820s and 1830s and was heavily influenced by the Scottish and French, [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]s. UCL was part of the radical opposition to the hegemony of [[Oxford University|Oxford]] and [[Cambridge University|Cambridge]].<ref name="desmond">{{cite book|last1=Desmond|first1=Adrian|title=The Politics of Evolution|date=1992|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226143743|pages=[https://archive.org/details/politicsofevolut00adri/page/514 514]|url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofevolut00adri/page/514}}</ref> In medicine, UCL was a force in combatting the conservative and religious monopoly of the [[Royal College of Physicians|Royal Colleges of Physicians]] and [[Royal College of Surgeons|Surgeons]]<ref name="desmond"/> Although Edinburgh University was well ahead at the time,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gaddum|first1=J.H.T|title=The Pharmacologists of Edinburgh|journal=Annual Review of Pharmacology|date=1962|volume=2|pages=1–11|doi=10.1146/annurev.pa.02.040162.000245}}</ref> UCL had a Professor of Materia Medica and Pharmacy, A.T.Thomson, from the start. Later this was renamed as the chair of Materia Medica and Therapeutics. Its best known holder was [[Sydney Ringer]] (1878–87), who worked on the isolated beating heart and is renowned for his eponymous salt solution which he designed to maximise the viability of isolated hearts. His textbook ''‘Handbook of Therapeutics’'' ran for 13 editions between 1869-1897. In 1905. Pharmacology was established as a distinct discipline within basic medical sciences at UCL. It was the first Department of Pharmacology in England.{{cn|date=May 2019}} Most of the people involved in the development of quantitative analysis of drug-receptor interactions worked at some time in UCL's Departments of Pharmacology, or of Physiology or of Biophysics.<ref name="dc2006">{{cite journal|last1=Colquhoun|first1=D.|title=The quantitative analysis of drug-receptor interactions: a short history|journal=Trends in Pharmacological Sciences|date=2006|volume=27|issue=3|pages=149–157|doi=10.1016/j.tips.2006.01.008|pmid=16483674|url=http://www.onemol.org.uk/Colquhoun-TiPS-History-2006.pdf}}</ref> ==The Department of Pharmacology== ===[[Arthur Robertson Cushny]] FRS=== [[File:Arthur Robertson Cushny 2.jpg |right|thumb | 180px| A.R. Cushny]] Arthur Cushny (1866–1926) was the first holder of the newly instituted Chair of Pharmacology, from 1905 until 1918. After graduating in medicine from Aberdeen, Cushny had studied in Berne, Würzburg, and Strasbourg, where he became Assistant to the famed [[Oswald Schmiedeberg]]. In 1893, at the age of 27, he was appointed Professor of Pharmacology at the [[University of Michigan, Ann Arbor]]. Eight years later Cushny came to the Chair at UCL where he soon expanded the Department from the single room he had been given. He raised the funds for the building which the remnants of the Department still occupies. His main interests were in the heart and kidney. His work on the involvement of calcium in the action of digitalis was prescient. He was interested in optical isomers. Data from an early clinical trial<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cushny|first1=A.R.|last2=Peebles|first2=A.R.|title=The action of optical isomers II. Hyoscines|journal=Journal of Physiology|date=1905|volume=32|issue=5–6|pages=501–510|doi=10.1113/jphysiol.1905.sp001097|pmid=16992790|pmc=1465734}}</ref> using hyoscine isomers was used by [[William Sealy Gossett]] who, under the pseudonym "Student" published in 1908 the first small-sample test of significance, Student's ''t'' test.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Student|title=The probable error of a mean|journal=Biometrika|date=1908|volume=6|pages=1–25|url=https://www.york.ac.uk/depts/maths/histstat/student.pdf|doi=10.1093/biomet/6.1.1|hdl=10338.dmlcz/143545}}</ref> His use of these data has given rise to much discussion.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Senn|first1=S.J.|title=Cushny and Peebles and optical isomers, 1905. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation|url=http://www.jameslindlibrary.org/articles/cushny-and-peebles-and-optical-isomers-1905/|website=James Lind library}}</ref> Later reanalysis of the same data by a randomisation tests<ref>{{cite book|last1=Colquhoun|first1=David|title=Lectures on Biostatistics|date=1971|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0198541196|page=Chapter 9, Fig 9.2.1|url=http://www.dcscience.net/Lectures_on_biostatistics-ocr4.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Colquhoun|first1=David|title=The perils of p values|url=http://chalkdustmagazine.com/features/the-perils-of-p-values/|website=Chalkdust Magazine|accessdate=29 January 2017|date=2015-10-06}}</ref> gave a similar result. Cushny published a textbook ''Textbook of Pharmacology and Therapeutics'' (eighth edition 1924). He introduced the Cushny [[myograph]], an ingenious arrangement of counterbalanced levers that allowed the faithful recording of the rate and force of contraction of the rapidly beating animal heart. It was still in use in practical classes at UCL, and elsewhere, in the 1960s. Cushny left UCL in 1918, to become Professor of Materia Medica and Pharmacology at Edinburgh. he was succeeded by A.J. Clark/ ===Alfred Joseph Clark FRS=== [[File:Alfred Joseph Clark.jpg |right|thumb | 180px | A.J. Clark]] [[Alfred Joseph Clark|A.J. Clark]], FRS (1885–1941)<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Verney|first1=E.B.|last2=Barcroft|first2=J.|title=Alfred Joseph Clark|journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society|date=1941|volume=3|issue=10|pages=969–984|doi=10.1098/rsbm.1941.0045|url=http://rsbm.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royobits/3/10/969|accessdate=25 January 2017|archive-date=7 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207114122/http://rsbm.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royobits/3/10/969|url-status=dead}}</ref> held the established Chair of Pharmacology from 1918 to 1926. After qualifying in medicine, and serving as a field medical officer throughout the First World War, Clark had been appointed Professor of Pharmacology at the [[University of Cape Town]] where he remained until accepting the Chair of Pharmacology at UCL in 1920. His influence on the subject was profound. The distinguished physiologist and Nobel laureate A.V. Hill ([[Archibald Hill]]) had begun the quantitative study of the action of agonists on an isolated tissue (frog skeletal muscle) some years earlier. Clark took this much further and extended it to examine the actions of antagonists. The data he gathered on the exact relationship between agonist concentration and response, and on how this changed in the presence of a competitive antagonist, were published in two classic papers in the ''Journal of Physiology'' in 1926,.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Clark|first1=A.J.|title=The reaction between acetyl choline and muscle cells|journal=Journal of Physiology|date=1926|volume=61|issue=4|pages=530–546|doi=10.1113/jphysiol.1926.sp002314|pmid=16993813|pmc=1514867}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Clark|first1=A.J.|title=The antagonism of acetyl choline by atropine | journal=Journal of Physiology|date=1926|volume=61|issue=4|pages=547–546|doi=10.1113/jphysiol.1926.sp002315|pmid=16993814|pmc=1514864}}</ref> But he failed to work out a method for analysing properly the results of experiments with antagonists: that had to wait for his successor, Heinz Schild.<ref name="dc2006"/> Nevertheless, Clark was largely responsible for the transition of pharmacology from a descriptive subject to the quantitative science that it is today - this emphasis on quantitative approaches has remained strong throughout the subsequent history of the department. Clark's book ''The Mode of Action of Drugs on Cells''<ref>{{cite book|last1=Clark|first1=A.J.|title=The Mode of Action of Drugs on Cells|date=1933|publisher=Williams and Wilkins Company|location=Baltimore, MD|pages=vii + 298|edition=1}}</ref> (Williams & Wilkins, 1933) is a classic and the following quotation from it set the tone for the department for many years. ::"''In the first place, there is no advantage in fitting curves by a formula unless this expresses some possible physico-chemical process, and it is undesirable to employ formulae that imply impossibilities. It is a question of finding a few systems so simple that it is possible to establish with reasonable probability the relation between the quantity of drug and the action produced''." While at UCL Clark wrote the first edition of his textbook ''Applied Pharmacology''<ref>{{cite book|last1=Clark|first1=A.J.|title=Applied Pharmacology|date=1923|publisher=P, Blakiston's & son, Co.|location=Philadelphia|pages=390|edition=1|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015068258667;view=1up;seq=7}}</ref> in 1923, a book that was to be updated by two of his successors as Head of Department, first by H.O. Schild and later by H.P. Rang, and is still extant in the form of the widely used textbook ''Rang & Dale's Pharmacology''.<ref name="rangdale">{{cite book|last1=Ritter|first1=J.M.|last2=Flower|first2=R.|last3=Henderson|first3=G.|last4=Rang|first4=H.P.|title=Rang & Dale's Pharmacology|date=2015|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780702053627|pages=776|edition=8th}}</ref> In 1926 Clark followed his predecessor in moving to the University of Edinburgh. ===E.B.Verney FRS === [[Ernest Basil Verney]] (1894–1967)<ref>{{cite journal|last1=de Burgh Daly|first1=I.|last2=Pickford|first2= L. Mary|title=Ernest Basil Verney|journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society|date=1941|volume=3|issue=10|pages=969–984| doi=10.1098/rsbm.1941.0045|url=http://rsbm.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/16/523|accessdate=25 January 2017}}</ref> succeeded Clark. He held the Chair of Pharmacology from 1926 to 1934. While at UCL Verney discovered the antidiuretic hormone and also the mechanism by which structures in the brain sense minute changes in blood osmotic pressure. Both findings were of profound importance for the understanding of water and electrolyte balance. Verney was also instrumental in arranging for [[Otto Krayer]] to come to the Department, albeit for only a short period, following Krayer's exclusion from all academic positions in German universities because of his objection to the expulsion of Jewish scientists from their posts. Krayer was later to head the Department of Pharmacology at Harvard with the greatest distinction. In 1934 Verney moved to an academic post at the University of Cambridge where he later became the first Sheild Professor of Pharmacology ===J.H. Gaddum FRS=== [[File:John Gaddum.png |right|thumb | 180px | John Henry Gaddum]] [[John Gaddum]] (1900–1965) held the Chair of Pharmacology from 1935 to 1938. Like A.J. Clark, he had a profound interest in quantitative methods. He extended A.J. Clark's work on competitive antagonism, and applied the law of mass action to describe the relationship (the Gaddum equation) between receptor occupancy and the concentrations of an agonist and a competitive antagonist at equilibrium with the receptors in a tissue. The theory for two or more competing ligands had been known since Michaelis & Menten (1914),<ref name="dc2006"/> but Gaddum was the first to apply it in a pharmacological context). Like Clark before him, Gaddum failed to spot how to use the theory to estimate equilibrium constants.<ref name="dc2006"/> Gaddum was also a master of bioassay which was then the preferred, and usually the only, way to determine the concentrations of biologically active molecules such as labile neurotransmitters and the neuropeptides. ===F.R. Winton=== [[File:Frank Winton.jpg |right|thumb | 180px| Frank R. Winton]] Frank Winton (1894–1985)<ref>{{cite journal|last1=D.R.M.|title=Obituary of Frank R. Winton|journal=British Journal of Pharmacology|date=1985|volume=86|issue=3|pages=527–528|doi=10.1111/j.1476-5381.1985.tb08926.x|pmc=1916739}}</ref> held the Chair of Pharmacology from 1938 to 1961. His main scientific interest was in the control of blood flow to the kidney. Winton ran the Department through the difficult war years when the Medical School was evacuated to [[Leatherhead, Surrey]]. He appointed the first two female academics in the Department. Mary Lockett (1911–1982)<ref>{{cite book|last1=Birman|first1=Wendy|title=Lockett, Mary Fauriel (Mary) (1911–1982)|url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/lockett-mary-fauriel-mary-14052|website=Australian Dictionary of Biography|accessdate=31 January 2017|publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University}}</ref> was a lecturer in the Department from 1945 - 1950. Hannah Steinberg arrived in the UK from Vienna on a [[Kindertransport]] train while still a schoolgirl, and she eventually became Professor of Psychopharmacology. Winton also worked hard and successfully to ensure that pharmacology had an appropriate place in the preclinical curriculum. He oversaw the extension of the Department, including the Pharmacology Lecture Theatre (now the Schild Theatre). He was the author, with [https://www.ucl.ac.uk/current-students/money/scholarships/life/bayliss Leonard Bayliss], of a widely used textbook ''Human Physiology'', first published in 1932. The 6th edition, 1968 was written by Olof J.C. Lippold and F.R Winton<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lippold|first1=O.J.C.|last2=Winton|first2=F.R.|title=Human Physiology|date=1968|publisher=J. & A. Churchill|location=London|isbn=978-0700013746|pages=800|edition=6th}}</ref> ===H.O. Schild FRS=== {{see also|Heinz Otto Schild}} [[File:Heinz Otto Schild (1908-1984).jpg|right|thumb|180px|Heinz Otto Schild (1908-1984)]] Heinz Otto Schild (1906–1984)<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Black|first1=J.W.|title=Heinz Otto Schild. 18 May 1906-15 June 1984|journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society|date=1994|volume=39|pages=382–415|doi=10.1098/rsbm.1994.0022|jstor=770187|doi-access=free}}</ref> held the Chair of Pharmacology from 1961 to 1973. He was born in Fiume (now [[Rijeka Carnival|Rijeka]], Croatia), in 1908, when it was part of the [[Austro-Hungarian empire]]. He qualified in medicine in Munich and then worked with Straub, the leading German pharmacologist of the time. By good fortune, Schild had been accepted as a visiting worker by [[Sir Henry Dale]] and was in England when the National Socialists came to power in Germany. He decided to stay in Britain and became an assistant in the Department of Pharmacology in Edinburgh, then headed by A.J. Clark. When J. H. Gaddum was appointed to the Chair at UCL, he invited Schild to join him as a Demonstrator. So began his long association with UCL, interrupted only by his bizarre internment on the Isle of Man as an ‘enemy alien’ at the outbreak of the Second World War. Following his release (greatly aided by F.R Winton's and Sir [[Henry Hallett Dale|Henry Dale]]'s appeals to the Home Office) he returned to his work in the Department, then based in Leatherhead, and in 1961 became Winton's successor as Head of Department and Professor of Pharmacology. Schild made major contributions to receptor pharmacology, to the understanding of the mechanism of histamine release and to bioassay. Like Gaddum and Clark, he used quantitative approaches whenever possible. His name is immortalised by the Schild equation.<ref name="dc2006"/> He built on the work of Clark and Gaddum on competitive antagonism, by realising that the null method was key to extraction of physical equilibrium constants from simple functional experiments. Rather than looking at the depression by antagonist of the response to a fixed agonist concentration, he measured the ''dose-ratio'', the factor by which the agonist concentration had to be increased in order to restore a given response in the presence of the antagonist. By measuring the dose-ratio as a function of antagonist, it was possible to estimate the dissociation equilibrium constant for the combination of the antagonist with its receptor.<ref name="dc2006"/> Crucially the estimate is not dependent on the nature of the agonist. Although Schild's derivation used the simplest possible model, it was subsequently shown that his equation is valid under much more general conditions.<ref name="dc2007">{{cite journal|last1=Colquhoun|first1=David|title=Why the Schild method is better than Schild realised|journal=Trends in Pharmacological Sciences|date=2007|volume=28|issue=12|pages=608–614|doi=10.1016/j.tips.2007.09.011|pmid=18023486|url=http://www.onemol.org.uk/colquhoun-schild-tips-2007.pdf}}</ref> A.J. Clark's textbook was continued by Schild as ''Clark's Applied Pharmacology'' by Wilson & Schild.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wilson|first1=A.|last2=Schild|first2=H.O.|title=Clark's Applied Pharmacology|date=1955|publisher=Churchill & Co|location=London|edition=8th}}</ref> Heinz Schild was a generous and kindly Head of Department. He appointed the third female member of academic staff, Dr M. Maureen Dale, a co-author of Rang & Dales Pharmacology.<ref name="rangdale"/> He oversaw the planning and introduction of a three-year B.Sc. course in Pharmacology which began in 1967 and continues to this day. Medical students were able to enter its final year and Schild, who never lost sight of the roots of the subject in medicine, was delighted that many took this opportunity. ===J.W.Black FRS=== [[File:Sir James W. Black.png|alt= Sir James W. Black (1924-2010)|thumb|233x233px|Sir James W. Black (1924-2010)]] [[Sir James Whyte Black]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|OM|FRS|FRSE|FRCP}} (1924–2010) held the Chair of Pharmacology from 1973 to 1978. Jim Black and Heinz Schild knew each other well because Schild had acted as a consultant to the then Smith, Kline & French company during the time when Black was leading the team that developed the histamine receptor antagonists,<ref>{{cite web|title=H2-receptor antagonists|url=https://www.evidence.nhs.uk/formulary/bnf/current/1-gastro-intestinal-system/13-antisecretory-drugs-and-mucosal-protectants/131-h2-receptor-antagonists|website=British National Formulary|accessdate=30 January 2017}}</ref> [[H2 antagonist|H₂ antagonists]], which reduce secretion of gastric acid and which, at the time, transformed the treatment of gastric ulcers. Schild's methods for quantitative methods for analysis of drug antagonists<ref name="dc2006"/><ref name="dc2007"/> were crucial for this work. Black introduced many changes to teaching in the Department. One of the most important was the introduction of a BSc course in Medicinal Chemistry. His long experience in the pharmaceutical industry had convinced him that organic and physical chemists working on drug development with pharmacologists and biochemists would benefit greatly from a substantial knowledge of biology, certainly enough to allow them to understand and assess the kinds of measurements that their biological colleagues undertook. Though the students were based in the Department of Chemistry, they took also courses in physiology and pharmacology, particularly its molecular aspects. This BSc course, like that in Pharmacology, also flourished and continues today. Another important change was a sharp reduction in the number of experiments with animal tissues undertaken by medical students during their course in pharmacology. At the same time, the emphasis on the importance of observations on human subjects was increased. Black's appointment coincided with the onset of the straitened circumstances that all UK universities were to experience and that have continued in one form or another ever since. The changes he made helped the Department to adjust to these harder times. To the regret of his Departmental staff, Black found that only the pharmaceutical industry could provide the facilities needed for the work he wished to pursue, and in 1978 he left to join the Wellcome Foundation. Black was knighted in 1981 and in 1988 he got the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] along with [[Gertrude B. Elion]] and [[George H. Hitchings]] for their work on drug development. ===H.P.Rang FRS=== [[File:Humphrey Rang.jpg | right|thumb | 180px| Humphrey Rang]] Humphrey Rang (born 1936) held the Chair of Pharmacology from 1979 to 1983. Rang qualified in medicine at UCL and had worked in H.O.Schild's laboratory while a medical student. He was the author of the first successful ligand-binding experiment of the modern era.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Paton|first1=W.D.M.|last2=Rang|first2=H.P.|title=The Uptake of Atropine and Related Drugs by Intestinal Smooth Muscle of the Guinea-Pig in Relation to Acetylcholine Receptors|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B|date=1965|volume=163|issue=990|pages=1–44|doi=10.1098/rspb.1965.0058|pmid=14338492}}</ref> This was based on his PhD work in Oxford, under [[William D.M. Paton]]. Rang had previously been the Professor of Pharmacology at Southampton and at St. George's Hospital Medical School. He brought with him [[David Colquhoun]] who was also returning to the Department, having been appointed in 1964 as an assistant lecturer by H.O. Schild. These appointments greatly strengthened the interests and achievements of the Department in fundamental aspects of pharmacology, particularly the study of ion channels and receptors. In collaboration with M. Maureen Dale (also appointed during Schild's Headship), Rang prepared the first edition of ''Pharmacology'',<ref name="rangdale"/> the successor to Wilson & Schild's ''Applied Pharmacology''. In 1983 Rang was offered and accepted the Directorship of the Sandoz Institute of Medical Research, a division of [[Novartis#Sandoz .28before formation of Novartis.29|Sandoz]], then an independent pharmaceutical company. The new Institute was located in UCL and developed a close relationship with the Department, both in teaching, to which members of the Institute contributed, and in research. ===After 1983=== ====The heads of department since 1983.==== {{Gallery |title= |width=180 |height= |lines=1 |align=center |File:DHJ1980(2).jpg|Donald H. Jenkinson (1983 - 1987) |File:DAB pict.jpg|David A. Brown (1987 - 2002) (Astor Chair of pharmacology) |File:Trevor-smart-head.jpg|Trevor G. Smart (2002 - ) (Schild Chair of pharmacology) }} After Rang's resignation, the Chair of Pharmacology became vacant. The Head of Department from 1983 to 1987 was '''Donald.H Jenkinson''' He had done his PhD under [[Bernard Katz]]. in UCL's famous Department of Biophysics, and was yet another member of staff who had been invited to join the Department by Heinz Schild. During his tenure the Middlesex Hospital Medical School was merged with UCL's, including the two Departments of Pharmacology. During the 1980s the traditional role of Heads of Department was replaced by rotating headships that were no longer associated necessarily with an established chair. Established chairs were, ''de facto'', abolished as part of the move to corporatise universities. [[File:David Colquhoun-1b.jpg|right|thumb | 180px| David Colquhoun]] '''[[David Colquhoun]]''' FRS was appointed to the established chair in 1985. It was subsequently dubbed the A.J. Clark chair, in honour of Clark's role in the establishment of [[quantitative pharmacology]]. His work, with statistician Alan Hawkes and [[Bert Sakmann]] (Nobel prize 1991) established the department as the world leader in the theory and experiment of single ion channels. After retiring from the A.J.Clark chair in 2004, he worked on the misinterpretation of ''p''- values and its contribution to the irreproducibility that has come to light in some areas of science.<ref name="DC2017">{{cite journal|last1=Colquhoun|first1=David|title=The reproducibility of research and the misinterpretation of p-values|journal=Royal Society Open Science|volume=4|issue=12|pages=171085|date=2017|doi=10.1098/rsos.171085|pmid=29308247|pmc=5750014}}</ref> '''D. A. Brown FRS''' was appointed in 1987 as head of department (he had previously held the same position at the School of Pharmacy). In 1987, the merger with the [[Middlesex Hospital]] Medical School was completed and David Brown inherited the title Astor Chair of Pharmacology from Professor F Hobbiger who had held that title at the Middlesex. Brown's appointment was intended initially to be the start of a 5-year rotating headship, but when Colquhoun's turn became due, he decided that the job of Head of Department would not allow enough time to do the algebra and program development with which he was involved. Donald Jenkinson likewise declined to take another turn. Luckily David Brown agreed to continue and he remained Head of Department until 2002. His tenure saw a second merger, this time with the Department of Pharmacology at the [[Royal Free Medical School]], headed by Professor [[Annette Dolphin]], FRS. David Brown is renowned for his discovery of the acetylcholine (muscarinic)-sensitive potassium channel (M channel). '''The Wellcome Lab for Molecular Pharmacology''' The growing importance of molecular biology led Brown & Colquhoun to apply to the [[Wellcome Trust]] in 1990. They funded the building of the Lab for Molecular Pharmacology which Colquhoun directed until his retirement in 2004. '''Trevor G. Smart'''<ref>{{cite web|title=IRIS Profile of Trevor G Smart|url=https://iris.ucl.ac.uk/iris/browse/profile?upi=TSMAR12|publisher=UCL|accessdate=1 February 2017}}</ref> became Head of Department in 2002, with the title of Schild Chair of Pharmacology. He also works in the ion channel field. After the demise of the Department in 2007. Smart became head of the new Research Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Research Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/biosciences/departments/npp|publisher=UCL}}</ref> '''[[Stuart Cull-Candy]] FRS'''. Stuart G. Cull-Candy works on glutamate-activated ion channels. He joined the Department from UCL's Department of Biophysics and holds the Gaddum Chair of Pharmacology. [[File:Lucia Sivilotti 1.jpg|right|thumb | 180px| Lucia Sivilotti (A.J. Clark Chair of Pharmacology)]] '''[[Lucia Sivilotti]]''' was appointed to the A.J. Clark chair in 2014. She has run the UCL Single Ion Channel group after Colquhoun's retirement in 2004. She continued and greatly extended the work in the field of single channel kinetics. She owns the web site [http://wuw.onemol.org.uk/ OneMol.org.uk]{{Dead link|date=August 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} where the group's analysis programs and publications can be downloaded. The association of the A.J. Clark chair with quantitative work on receptors has thus continued to the present day. The first of the nationwide [[Research Assessment Exercise]]s took place in 1986. The UCL Department headed the list. It continued to be rated as the top Department of Pharmacology in each of the four research assessments that followed in 1989, 1992, 1996 and 2002. But this performance was not enough to save the department. ===The end of the Department of Pharmacology=== In 2004, [[Malcolm Grant]] became provost of UCL. He commissioned external reports on the reorganisation of the College. The distinguished vice-president of the University of Manchester, [[Richard Alan North]] FRS, was asked to assess several options for the reorganisation of the Faculty of Life Sciences. One was to create large Research Departments, including one of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, from the existing academic Departments. Professor North's only comment on the options was that the proposed "research departments in Life Sciences were too big". Grant accepted the conclusions except for the part about the size of departments. On 24 May 2007 Grant persuaded the Academic Board to authorise him to act on its behalf<ref>{{cite web|last1=Colquhoun|first1=David|title=Report on Academic Board meeting on 24 May 2007|url=http://dcscience.net/academic-board-24-may-2007-redacted-2.pdf|accessdate=31 January 2017}}</ref> and on 13 June 2007 the Department of Pharmacology was disestablished, after a century of distinction and innovation. The academic staff at the time had three main concerns about the proposals. (a) The separation of teaching from research is bad, especially for teaching: the fact that a degree is offered in, for example, Pharmacology without a Pharmacology department to support it, means that there is no guarantee that there will be staff qualified or fully motivated to teach it. Moreover, the collegiality that comes from designing and providing a first-rate degree course is lost. (b) The size of the merged department of Neurosciences, Physiology and Pharmacology means less interaction between staff, and less collegiate spirit. (c) The changes created two extra levels of administration, so that now five levels existed between academics and the provost. Staff were told at the time that the new organisation would be rolled out to other Faculties across UCL, though this has not happened. David Colquhoun has kept a personal diary of the process on his blog: ''In Memoriam Department of Pharmacology, UCL 1905 – 2007''.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Colquhoun|first1=David|title=In Memoriam Department of Pharmacology, UCL 1905 – 2007|url=http://www.dcscience.net/in-memoriam/|accessdate=31 January 2017|date=2007-07-25}}</ref> On the positive side, UCL's current provost, [[Michael Arthur (physician)|Michael Arthur]], has put much emphasis on the quality of teaching, and maintaining its connections with research. As of 2019, UCL still offers pharmacology degrees, though within the now merged Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology department. == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Department of Pharmacology at University College London, 1905 - 2007}} [[Category:History of University College London]] [[Category:Pharmacology]]<noinclude> <small>This page was moved from [[:en:Department of Pharmacology, University College London]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Department of Pharmacology, University College London/edithistory]]</small></noinclude> dihz5nbwy38gmwzxvqhmkvcivtf9uu1 0 114338 540997 447465 2022-08-29T05:45:18Z InternetArchiveBot 34092 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=December 2019}} {{Update|article|part='''hip hop production in the 21st century'''|date=October 2019}} [[File:Hip Hop producer and rapper RZA - Robert Fitzgerald Diggs (2).jpg|thumb|right|200px|Hip hop producer and rapper [[RZA]] in a music studio with two collaborators. Pictured in the foreground is a synthesizer keyboard and a number of vinyl records; both of these items are key tools that producers and DJs use to create hip hop beats.]] '''Hip hop production''' is the creation of [[hip hop music]] in a [[recording studio]]. While the term encompasses all aspects of hip hop music creation, including recording the [[rapping]] of an [[Master of ceremonies|MC]], a [[turntablist]] or DJ providing a beat, playing samples and "[[scratching]]" using record players and the creation of a rhythmic backing track, using a [[drum machine]] or [[music sequencer|sequencer]], it is most commonly used to refer to recording the instrumental, non-lyrical and non-vocal aspects of hip hop. ==Music production== Hip hop producers may be credited as the [[record producer]] and songwriter, and they may supervise recording sessions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.totemstar.org/blog/2018/4/18/the-difference-between-a-beatmaker-and-a-music-producer-with-dj-khaled|title=DJ Khaled explains the difference between a beatmaker and a record producer|publisher=TotemStar|date=April 8, 2018|accessdate=September 24, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://thesource.com/2017/09/19/apollo-brown-difference-beat-maker-producer/|magazine=[[The Source]]|title=Apollo Brown on the difference between a beatmaker and a producer|date=September 19, 2017|accessdate=September 24, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiehiphop.net/music-industry-101-what-is-a-beat-maker-vs-producer/|publisher=[[indiehiphop]]|title=MUSIC INDUSTRY 101: What Is A Beat Maker vs. Producer?|date=September 19, 2017|accessdate=September 24, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thesingersworkshop.com/writing-tracks-first|title=Writing Tracks First|publisher=thesingersworkshop|date=April 8, 2018|accessdate=October 8, 2018}}</ref> A hip hop instrumental is colloquially referred to as a beat or musical composition and its composer is referred to as a programmer, songwriter or beat maker. In the studio, a hip hop producer often functions as a both the composer that composes the musical track and traditional record producer, as the orchestrator like [[P. Diddy]] being the person who is ultimately responsible for the final sound of a recording, for guiding the artists and performers and giving advice to the [[audio engineer]] on the selection of [[microphone]]s and [[effects processor]]s and on how to mix the levels of the vocals and instrumentals. == Producer tags == Modern producers commonly use producer tags,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://djbooth.net/features/2018-05-30-mythology-art-of-musical-tags|title=The Mythology & Art of the Musical Tag|last=Green|first=Dylan "CineMasai"|website=DJBooth|access-date=December 25, 2018}}</ref> also known as audio tags, musical tags or simply tags. They function as a [[watermark]] for producers and beatmakers to make sure that they are given credit. These can range from producers (or artists that they work with) reciting the producer's name or stage name to a phrase unique to them. An example of the former is when [[Drake (musician)|Drake]] starts his song "[[In My Feelings]]" with the lyric "Trap, TrapMoneyBenny", shouting out one of the song's co-producers. An example of the latter is [[Metro Boomin]]'s "[''[[sic]]''] Metro Boomin want some more, nigga!" which comes from a sample of [[Young Thug]] on his track "Some More" in which he shouts out Boomin, who co-produced the song along with [[Sonny Digital]] and [[TM88]]. Producers and beatmakers often utilize a number of tags to personalize the track. A prime example is producer CAB's variation between "CAB you're crazy for this", "CAB!", and "Yo, it's Charlot". These originate from hip-hop record producers shouting their name over a track before it started, and eventually vocal processing became involved, resulting in tags that sound like part of the song, and eventually in artists shouting the producer's name rather than producers doing so themselves. == History == {{cquote|Hip-hop, the dominant turn-of-the-century pop form, gives the most electrifying demonstration of technology's empowering effect [...] [T]he genre rose up from desperately impoverished [[tower block|high-rise]] [[ghetto]]s, where families couldn't afford to buy instruments for their kids and even the most rudimentary music-making seemed out of reach. But music was made all the same: the [[phonograph]] itself became an instrument. In the [[South Bronx]] in the 1970s, DJs like [[Kool Herc]], [[Afrika Bambaataa]], and [[Grandmaster Flash]] used turntables to create a hurtling [[sound collage|collage]] of effects—[[loop (music)|loops]], [[break (music)|breaks]], [[beat (music)|beats]], [[scratching|scratches]]. Later, studio-bound DJs and beat maker's used digital [[sampling (music)|sampling]] to assemble some of the most densely packed sonic [[Assemblage (composition)|assemblages]] in musical history: [[Eric B. & Rakim|Eric B. and Rakim]]'s ''[[Paid in Full (album)|Paid in Full]]'', [[Public Enemy (group)|Public Enemy]]'s ''[[Fear of a Black Planet]]'', [[Dr. Dre]]'s ''[[The Chronic]]''.|author=[[Alex Ross (music critic)|Alex Ross]]|source=''Listen to This'' (2010)<ref name="Ross60">Ross (2010), p. 60.</ref>}} === 1980s === The [[Roland TR-808]] drum machine was introduced in 1980, and consisted on an analog machine with step programming method. The 808 was heavily used by [[Afrika Bambaataa]], who released "[[Planet Rock (song)|Planet Rock]]" in 1982, in addition to the electro hip hip groundbreaking classic "[[Nunk (song)|Nunk]]" by [[Warp 9]], produced by [[Lotti Golden]] and Richard Scher, giving rise to the fledgling [[electro (music)|Electro]] genre. An especially notable artist is the genre's own pioneer [[Juan Atkins]] who released what is generally accepted as the first American techno record, "Clear" in 1984 (later sampled by [[Missy Elliott]]). These early electro records laid down the foundations that later Detroit techno artists such as Derrick May built upon. In 1983, [[Run-DMC]] recorded "[[It's Like That (Run-D.M.C. song)|It's Like That]]" and "[[Sucker M.C.'s]]," two songs which relied completely on synthetic sounds, in this case via an [[Oberheim DMX]] drum machine, ignoring samples entirely. This approach was much like early songs by Bambaataa and the Furious Five. [[Kurtis Blow]] was the first hip hop artist to use a [[digital sampler]], when he used the [[Fairlight CMI]] for their 1984 album "Ego Trip", specially on the track "AJ Scratch". The E-mu SP-12 came out in 1985, capable of 2.5 seconds of recording time. The [[E-mu SP-1200]] promptly followed (1987) with an expanded recording time of 10 seconds, divided on 4 banks. One of the earliest songs to contain a drum loop or break was "[[Rhymin and Stealin]]" by the [[Beastie Boys]], produced by [[Rick Rubin]]. [[Marley Marl]] also popularized a style of restructuring drum loops by sampling individual drums, in the mid 1980s, a technique which was popularized by the [[MC Shan]]'s 1986 single "The Bridge" which used chops of "[[Impeach the President]]" on two Korg Delay/sampling triggered by a Roland TR-808. The [[Akai]] [[MPC60]] came out in 1988, capable of 12 seconds of sampling time. The Beastie Boys released ''[[Paul's Boutique]]'' in 1989, an entire album created completely from an eclectic mix of samples, produced by the [[Dust Brothers]] using an [[E-mu Emax|Emax]] sampler. [[De La Soul]] also released ''[[3 Feet High and Rising]]'' that year. === 1990s-present === [[Public Enemy (band)|Public Enemy]]'s [[The Bomb Squad|Bomb Squad]] revolutionized the sound of hip-hop with dense production styles, combining tens of samples per song, often combining percussion breaks with a drum machine. Their beats were much more structured than the early more minimal and repetitive beats. The MPC3000 was released in 1994, the [[MIDI Production Center|AKAI MPC2000]] in 1997, followed by the MPC2000XL in 1999<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vintagesynth.com/akai/mpc2000.php|title=Akai MPC2000 / MPC2000 XL – Vintage Synth Explorer|author=Vintage Synth Explorer|accessdate=July 9, 2015}}</ref> and the MPC2500 in 2006. These machines combined a sampling [[drum machine]] with an onboard [[MIDI]] [[Music sequencer|sequencer]] and became the centerpiece of many hip hop producers' studios. The Wu Tang Clan's producer [[RZA]] is often credited for getting hip hop attention away from [[Dr. Dre]]'s more polished sound in 1993. RZA's more gritty sound with low rumbling bass, sharp snare drum sounds and unique sampling style based on [[Ensoniq]] sampler. With the 1994 release of [[The Notorious B.I.G.]]'s [[Ready to Die]], [[Sean Combs]] and his assistant producers ushered in a new style where entire sections of records were sampled, instead of short snippets. Records like "Warning" ([[Isaac Hayes]]'s "Walk On By"), and "One More Chance (Remix)" ([[Debarge]]'s "Stay With Me") epitomized this aesthetic. In the early 2000s, [[Roc-a-Fella]] in-house producer [[Kanye West]] made the "chipmunk" technique popular. This had been first used by 1980s electro hip-hop group [[Newcleus]] with such songs as "Jam on It". This technique involves speeding up a vocal sample, and its corresponding instrumental loop, to the point where the vocal sounds high-pitched. The result is a vocal sample that sounds similar to the singing of the popular cartoon singing animals "[[Alvin and the Chipmunks (1983 TV series)|Alvin and the Chipmunks]]". West adopted this style from [[J Dilla]] and the [[Wu-Tang Clan]]'s [[RZA]], who in turn was influenced by [[Prince Paul (producer)|Prince Paul]], the pioneer of the style of speeding up and looping vocal samples to achieve the "chipmunk" sound. Kanye West has used the "chipmunk" effect in many of his songs, and has been used in many other artists' music in the 2010s. During the course of the 2010s, many chart-topping hits revolved around music producers using digital audio workstation software (for example FL Studio) to create songs from sampled sounds. Some prominent music producers include [[Sonny Digital]], [[Mike Will Made It]], [[Metro Boomin]], [[WondaGurl]], [[Zaytoven]], [[Lex Luger (musician)|Lex Luger]], [[Young Chop]], DJ L Beats, [[Tay Keith]], and the birth of music producing groups such as [[808 Mafia|808Mafia]], Winner's Circle, and [[Internet Money]]. == Elements == ===Drum beat===<!-- This section is linked from [[Hip hop music]] --> {{Main|Beats (music)}} The drum beat is a core element of hip hop production. While some beats are sampled, others are created by [[drum machine]]s. The most widely used drum machine is the analog [[Roland Corporation|Roland]] [[Roland TR-808|TR-808]], which has remained a mainstay for decades.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=http://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/the-808-heard-round-the-world|title=The 808 Heard Round the World|last=Norris|first=Chris|date=August 13, 2015|website=The New Yorker|access-date=January 16, 2017}}</ref> Digital [[Sampler (musical instrument)|samplers]], such as the [[E-mu SP-12]] and [[E-mu SP-1200|SP-1200]], and the [[Akai]] [[Music Production Center|MPC]] series, have also been used to [[Sampling (music)|sample]] drum beats. Others yet are a hybrid of the two techniques, sampled parts of drum machine beats that are arranged in original patterns altogether. The Akai MPC series<ref>https://www.engadget.com/2017/01/22/akai-mpc-live-mpc-x/</ref> and [[Ensoniq ASR-10]] are mainstays for sampling beats, particularly by [[The Neptunes]]. Some beat makers and record producers are sound designers that create their own [[electronic drum]] kit sounds, such as [[Dr. Dre]], [[Timbaland]], [[DJ Paul]] & [[Juicy J]], [[Swizz Beatz]], [[Kanye West]] and The Neptunes. Some drum machine sounds, such as the 1980s-era TR-808 cowbell, remain as historical elements of hip hop lore that continue to be used in 2010s-era hip hop. === Sampling === {{Main|Sampling (music)}} {{cquote|Hip hop does not simply draw inspiration from a range of samples, but it layers these fragments into an artistic object. If sampling is the first level of hip hop aesthetics, how the pieces or elements fit together constitute the second level. Hip hop emphasizes and calls attention to its layered nature. The aesthetic code of hip hop does not seek to render invisible the layers of samples, sounds, references, images, and metaphors. Rather, it aims to create a collage in which the sampled texts augment and deepen the song/book/art's meaning to those who can decode the layers of meaning.|author=Richard Schur|source=''Hip Hop Aesthetics and Contemporary African American Literature'' (2008)<ref name="Schur">''New Essays on the African American Novel'' (2008), p. 207.</ref>}} Sampling is using a segment of another's musical recording as part of one's own recording.<ref>{{cite dictionary|title=Sample – Definition and More|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sample|dictionary=Merriam-Webster|accessdate=April 4, 2012}}</ref> It has been integral to hip hop production since its inception. In hip-hop, the term describes a technique of splicing out or copying sections of other songs and rearranging or reworking these sections into cohesive musical patterns, or "loops." This technique was first fully explored in 1982 by [[Afrika Bambaata]], on the Soulsonic Force tape ''[[Planet Rock (song)|Planet Rock]]'', which sampled parts of dance act [[Kraftwerk]] and experienced vast public acclaim.<ref>Marisa Brown. [{{Allmusic|class=album|id=r27616|pure_url=yes}} "Planet Rock: The Album"], AllMusic. R 27616.</ref> This was followed up on in 1986: then-[[Def Jam]] producer [[Rick Rubin]] used [[Black Sabbath]] and [[Led Zeppelin]] loops in creating the [[Beastie Boys]]' debut ''[[Licensed to Ill]]'',<ref>Stephen Thomas Erlewine. [{{Allmusic|class=album|id=r27625|pure_url=yes}} "Licensed to Ill"], AllMusic.</ref> and the following year rap duo [[Eric B. & Rakim]] popularized [[James Brown]] samples with their album ''[[Paid in Full (album)|Paid in Full]]''.<ref>Steve Huey. [{{Allmusic|class=album|id=r27822|pure_url=yes}} "Paid in Full"], AllMusic.</ref> The technique took a bi-coastal turn when discovered by a young [[Dr. Dre]], whose first gig was the DJ of Afrika Bambaata-esque electrofunk group, the [[World Class Wreckin' Cru]]. In 1988, Dre began his use of sampling in hip-hop when he produced the [[N.W.A]] album ''[[Straight Outta Compton]]'', a landmark in the genre of [[gangsta rap]].<ref>Steve Huey. [{{Allmusic|class=album|id=r28139|pure_url=yes}} "Straight Outta Compton [Clean&#93;"], AllMusic.</ref> In 1989, [[Jazz]]-sampling pioneers [[Gang Starr]] followed in 1991 by [[Pete Rock & CL Smooth]] and [[A Tribe Called Quest]] both appeared on the scene, popularizing their brand,<ref>Stanton Swihart. [{{Allmusic|class=album|id=r76024|pure_url=yes}} "All Souled Out"], AllMusic.</ref><ref>John Bush. [{{Allmusic|class=album|id=r28338|pure_url=yes}} "The Low End Theory"], AllMusic.</ref> and sampling took on a full role in hip-hop, spreading to prominence in high-profile projects like the [[Wu-Tang Clan]]'s ''[[Enter the Wu-Tang: 36 Chambers]]'',<ref>Steven Leckart, 10.23.07. [https://www.wired.com/entertainment/music/magazine/15-11/pl_music "Wu-Tang Clan's RZA Breaks Down His Kung Fu Samples by Film and Song"], ''WIRED MAGAZINE: ISSUE 15.11''.</ref> Dr. Dre's ''[[The Chronic]]'',<ref>[Ethan Brown, (2005). ''Straight Outta Hollis, Queens Reigns Supreme: Fat Cat, 50 Cent, and the Rise of the Hip Hop Hustler''. Anchor. {{ISBN|1-4000-9523-9}}. "[Unlike] popular hip-hop producers like the Bomb Squad, Dre instead utilized a single sample to drive a song."]</ref> [[Nas (rapper)|Nas]]' ''[[Illmatic]]''<ref>Dan Love, February 11, 2008. [http://www.ohword.com/blog/926/deconstructing-illmatic "Deconstructing Illmatic"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325161608/http://www.ohword.com/blog/926/deconstructing-illmatic |date=March 25, 2009 }}, ''Oh Word Collection''.</ref> and [[Notorious B.I.G.]]'s ''[[Ready to Die]]''.<ref>XXL staff, Thursday March 9, 10:28&nbsp;am CST. [http://www.xxlmag.com/online/?p=408 "The Making of Ready to Die:Family Business"], ''XXL MAGAZINE''.</ref> In the 2000s, sampling began to reach an all-time high; [[Jay-Z]]'s album ''[[The Blueprint (album)|The Blueprint]]'' helped put producers [[Kanye West]] and [[Just Blaze]] on the map for their sampling of [[soul (music)|soul]] records.<ref>''Gale: Black History Month''.</ref> Kanye West himself scored early hits with "[[Through the Wire]]" and "[[Jesus Walks (Kanye West song)|Jesus Walks]]." His 2004 album, ''[[The College Dropout]]'', included two sampled hits featuring [[Twista]] which led to the Chicago rapper's ''[[Kamikaze (Twista album)|Kamikaze]]'' selling platinum. On September 7, 2004, however, a U.S. Court of Appeals in Nashville changed the nature of musical copyright infringement by ruling that a license is needed in every case of sampling, where previously a small portion of the song could be copied without repercussion.<ref>9/10/2004 8:57:27&nbsp;pm, foxxylady. [http://www.sixshot.com/articles/4259/ "CAN HIP HOP LIVE WITHOUT SAMPLING?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831141200/http://www.sixshot.com/articles/4259/ |date=August 31, 2018 }}, ''SixShot.com''.</ref> The law immediately began rarefying samples in hip-hop; in a 2005 interview with [[Scratch (magazine)|Scratch magazine]], Dr. Dre announced he was moving more toward instrumentation,<ref>December 5, 2005, 05:04&nbsp;pm. [http://www.mio.co.za/forums/index.php?showtopic=8682 "DR. DRE INTERVIEW FROM SCRATCH MAGAZINE"], ''Music Industry Online''.</ref> and in 2006 The Notorious B.I.G.'s 1994 debut album ''Ready to Die'' was temporarily pulled from shelves for a retroactive sample clearance issue.<ref>Dave, March 19, 2006 9:10:26&nbsp;am. [http://www.rapnewsdirect.com/0-202-261070-00.html "Hip-Hop News: Late Rapper Has Album Pulled Over Copyright Infringement"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715170939/http://www.rapnewsdirect.com/0-202-261070-00.html |date=July 15, 2011 }}, ''Rap News Network''.</ref> As a result, more major producers and artists have moved further away from sampling and toward live instrumentation, such as Wu-Tang's. There were often questions of originality and authenticity that followed the use of sampling. [[RZA]]<ref>Morgan Steiker, July 29, 2008. [http://www.prefixmag.com/features/rza/interview/20053/ "RZA: Interview"], ''Prefixmag.com''.</ref> and [[Mos Def]].<ref>Hillary Crosley N.Y., May 30, 2008. [http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/content_display/genre/e3i2de8a18e89befee3a88722d7c1de8dd5 "Mos Def Hits The Studio With Mr. DJ "], ''Billboard''.</ref> {{Gallery |title=Instruments used in hip hop production |width=160 | height=170 |align=center |File:Roland TR-808 drum machine.jpg |alt1=Roland TR-808 drum machine |[[Roland Corporation|Roland]] [[Roland TR-808|TR-808]] [[drum machine]] |File:Akai MPC60.jpg |alt2=Akai MPC60 |[[Akai]] [[Music Production Center|MPC60]] [[Music sequencer|sequencer]]/[[Sampler (musical instrument)|sampler]] |File:E-mu SP-1200 (111607sp1200).jpg |alt3=E-mu SP-1200 |[[E-mu Systems|E-mu]] [[E-mu SP-1200|SP-1200]] sampler |File:Turntables and mixer.jpg |alt4=Two vinyl turntables and a small mixer |Two [[Technics SL-1200]] [[Turntablism|turntables]] and a small [[DJ mixer]] }} === Samplers === Because hip hop production revolves around sampling, a [[Sampler (musical instrument)|sampler]]/[[Music sequencer|sequencer]] combination device such as [[Akai]]'s [[Akai MPC|MPC]] line of grooveboxes usually forms the centerpiece of a hip hop production studio. Although mostly replaced by Digital Audio Workstations (DAWs) by today, classics like the E-mu Systems SP-1200, Akai MPC60, Akai MPC3000 or Ensoniq ASR-10 still see use today due to their workflow and sound characteristics. === Turntables === {{Main|Turntablism}} The most widely used turntables in hip hop are [[Panasonic]]'s [[Technics (brand)|Technics]] series. They were the first [[direct-drive turntable]]s,<ref name="reverb">{{cite web|title=History of the Record Player Part II: The Rise and Fall|url=https://reverb.com/news/history-of-the-record-player-part-ii-the-rise-and-fall|website=[[Reverb.com]]|accessdate=June 5, 2016}}</ref> which eliminated belts, and instead employed a motor to directly drive the platter on which a vinyl record rests.<ref name="oxford">Trevor Pinch, Karin Bijsterveld, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KuRfLG0IedYC&pg=PA515 ''The Oxford Handbook of Sound Studies'', page 515], [[Oxford University Press]]</ref> The Technics SL-1100 was adopted by early hip hop artists in the 1970s, due to its strong motor, durability and fidelity.<ref name="oxford"/> A forefather of [[turntablism]] was [[DJ Kool Herc]], an immigrant from [[Jamaica]] to New York City.<ref name="reverb"/> He introduced turntable techniques from Jamaican [[dub music]],<ref name="cambridge">Nicholas Collins, Margaret Schedel, Scott Wilson (2013), [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bQeAtG97BmEC&pg=PA105 ''Electronic Music: Cambridge Introductions to Music'', page 105], [[Cambridge University Press]]</ref> while developing new techniques made possible by the direct-drive turntable technology of the Technics SL-1100, which he used for the first [[Sound system (Jamaican)|sound system]] he set up after emigrating to New York in the 1970s.<ref name="reverb"/> The signature technique he developed was playing two copies of the same record on two turntables in alternation to extend the [[Breakdancing|b-dancers]]' favorite section,<ref name="cambridge"/> switching back and forth between the two to [[Music loop|loop]] the [[Break (music)|breaks]] to a rhythmic beat.<ref name="reverb"/> The most influential turntable was the [[Technics SL-1200]].<ref name="wired">[https://www.wired.com/2002/05/blackbox/ Six Machines That Changed The Music World], ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'', May 2002</ref> It was adopted by New York City hip hop DJs such as [[Grand Wizard Theodore]] and [[Afrika Bambaataa]] in the 1970s. As they experimented with the SL-1200 decks, they developed scratching techniques when they found that the motor would continue to spin at the correct [[revolutions per minute|RPM]] even if the DJ wiggled the record back and forth on the platter.<ref name="wired"/> Since then, turntablism spread widely in hip hop culture, and the SL-1200 remained the most widely used turntable in DJ culture for the next several decades.<ref name="oxford"/><ref name="wired"/> === Synthesizers === {{Main|Synthesizer}} Synthesizers are used often in hip hop production. They are used for melodies, [[bassline]]s, as percussive "stabs", for chords and for sound synthesis, to create new sound textures. The use of synthesizers was popularized by [[Dr. Dre]] during the [[G-funk]] era. In the 2000s, [[Jim Jonsin]], [[Cool and Dre]], [[Lil Jon]], [[Scott Storch]], and [[Neptunes]] continue to use synths. Often in low-budget studio environments or recording rooms constrained by space limitations, the composer would use virtual instruments instead of hardware synthesizers. In the 2010s, virtual instruments are becoming more common in high-budget studio environments. === Recording === In hip hop, a [[multitrack recording|multi-track recorder]] is standard for recording. The [[Portastudio]] [[Cassette tape|cassette]] recorder was the law in the in-house recording studios in the 1980s. Digital [[ADAT]] tape recorders became standard during the 1990s, but have been largely replaced by Digital Audio Workstations or DAWs such as Apple's Logic, Avid's Pro Tools and Steinberg's Nuendo and Cubase. DAW's allow for more intricate editing and unlimited track counts, as well as built-in effects. This allows songwriters and composer's to create music without the expense of a large commercial studio. ==== Vocal recording ==== Generally, professional producers opt for a [[Microphone#Capacitor or Condenser microphones|condenser microphone]] for studio recording,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://water.cisc.gmu.edu/web/becksalvador/itunes-and-producers |title=Archived copy |accessdate=February 24, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20140224065259/http://water.cisc.gmu.edu/web/becksalvador/itunes-and-producers |archivedate=February 24, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://shadezofblue.com/mastering-rap-instrumentals/|title=Mastering Rap Instrumentals|work=ShadezOfBlue™ – Blew You Away|accessdate=July 9, 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710074801/http://shadezofblue.com/mastering-rap-instrumentals/|archivedate=July 10, 2015}}</ref> mostly due to their wide-range response and high quality. A primary alternative to the expensive condenser microphone is the [[Microphone#Dynamic microphone|dynamic microphone]], used more often in live performances due to its durability. The major disadvantages of condenser microphones are their expense and fragility. Also, most condenser microphones require phantom power, unlike dynamic microphones. Conversely, the disadvantages of dynamic microphones are they do not generally possess the wide spectrum of condenser microphones and their frequency response is not as uniform. Many hip-hop producers typically used the Neumann U-87 for recording vocals which imparts a glassy "sheen" especially on female vocals. But today, many producers in this musical genre use the Sony C-800 tube microphone, vintage microphones, and high-end ribbon microphones tuned for flattering, "big" vocal expression. Many classic hip-hop songs were recorded with the most basic of equipment. In many cases this contributes to its raw sound quality, and charm. === Digital audio workstations === {{Main|Digital audio workstation}} DAWs and software sequencers are used in modern hip hop production for the composer as software production products are cheaper, easier to expand, and require less room to run than their hardware counterparts. The success of these DAWs generated a flood of new semi-professional beat makers, who license their beats or instrumentals<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bogobeats.com/|title=BogoBeats.com|work=BogoBeats.com|accessdate=August 8, 2016}}</ref> preferably on digital marketplaces<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rapbeats.net/rapbeats-net-relaunch/|title=RapBeats.net relaunch|work=RapBeats.net|accessdate=July 9, 2015}}</ref> to rap artists from all around the world and caused the creation of a new niche market. Some Beat makers oppose complete reliance on DAWs and software, citing lower overall quality, lack of effort, and lack of identity in computer-generated beats. Sequencing software often comes under criticism from purist listeners and traditional producer as producing sounds that are flat, overly clean, and overly compressed. Popular DAWs include the following: *[[Ableton Live]] * Acoustica [[Mixcraft]] *[[Adobe Audition]] *[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]'s [[Logic Pro]] *[[Avid Technology]]'s [[Pro Tools]] *[[Cakewalk (company)|Cakewalk]] [[Cakewalk Sonar|SONAR]] *[[Steinberg]] [[Cubase]] *[[Image-Line]]'s [[FL Studio]] *Propellerhead Software [[Reason (program)|Reason]] *[[Sony]] [[ACID Pro]] *[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]'s [[GarageBand]] *[[Motu Inc.]] [[Digital Performer]] *[[Cockos]] [[REAPER]] *[[Ardour (software)|Ardour]] === Live instrumentation === Live instrumentation is not as widespread in hip hop, but is used by a number of acts and is prominent in hip hop-based fusion genres such as [[rapcore]]. Before samplers and synthesizers became prominent parts of hip hop production, early hip hop hits such as "[[Rapper's Delight]]" ([[The Sugarhill Gang]]) and "The Breaks" ([[Kurtis Blow]]) were recorded with live studio bands. During the 1980s, [[Stetsasonic]] was a pioneering example of a live hip hop band. Hip hop with live instrumentation regained prominence during the late-1990s and early 2000s with the work of [[The Goats]], [[The Coup]], [[The Roots]], Mello-D and the Rados, [[Common (rapper)|Common]], [[DJ Quik]], [[UGK]] and [[OutKast]], among others. In recent years, The [[Robert Glasper]] Experiment has explored live instrumentation with an emphasis on the instrumental and improvisational aspect of hip hop with rappers such as [[Mos Def]], [[Talib Kweli]], [[Q-Tip (musician)|Q-Tip]], and [[Common (rapper)|Common]] as well as [[neo-soul]] singer [[Bilal Oliver]]. ===The drummers of hip hop=== Throughout history the drum set has taken numerous identities. It is the instrument that makes [[jazz]] "swing" and [[rock 'n' roll]] "rock." With a new age of pop music on the rise within the past decade, it is easy to assume the drum set has been replaced by electronic sounds produced by an engineer. In reality, the drum set is the reason behind the production of these electronic beats, and live drummers contribute to modern day hip-hop much more than what meets the ear. An example of a drummer recording on a hip-hop record is [[Kendrick Lamar]]'s album titled [[To Pimp a Butterfly|''To Pimp A Butterfly'']] which was released in 2015. Robert Sput Searight, drummer of [[Snarky Puppy]], performed on the track's titled "For Free" and "Hood Politics." The non-musician may find the use of a live drummer on a hip-hop recording unnoticeable, however, these musicians should receive credit for their work. The list below names some of the most influential drummers of the [[hip hop|hip-hop]] genre. == Hip hop drummers == [[File:Drum_kit_illustration.png|thumb]] * [[Questlove]] * [[J Dilla]] * [[Pharrell Williams]] * [[Tony Royster Jr]] * [[Chris Dave]] * [[Karriem Riggins]] * [[Adam Deitch]] * [[metro boomin]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.revive-music.com/2015/03/17/kendrick-lamar-pimp-butterfly-meet-musicians-made-album-possible/|title=7 Musicians Who Contributed on 'To Pimp A Butterfly'|last=Okayplayer|website=revive-music.com|access-date=November 20, 2018|archive-date=November 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124092217/http://www.revive-music.com/2015/03/17/kendrick-lamar-pimp-butterfly-meet-musicians-made-album-possible/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://drummagazine.com/drum-lesson-how-to-add-a-questlove-feel-with-the-drag-beats-precise-sloppiness/|title=How To Add A ‘Questlove’ Feel with the Drag Beat's Precise Sloppiness|date=August 1, 2018|work=DRUM! Magazine|access-date=November 20, 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/questlove/profile/|title=Questlove|website=HotNewHipHop|access-date=November 13, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://daily.redbullmusicacademy.com/2017/10/modern-approaches-hip-hop-drums|title=Red Bull Music Academy Daily|website=daily.redbullmusicacademy.com|access-date=November 13, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://producelikeapro.com/blog/5-most-sampled-drum-beats-in-hip-hop/|title=These are the 5 most sampled drum beats in hip hop|date=September 15, 2017|work=Produce Like A Pro|access-date=November 13, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.drummerworld.com/forums/showthread.php?t=60347|title=Hip Hop/Rap Artists Using Real Live Drummers/Percussionists – DRUMMERWORLD OFFICIAL DISCUSSION FORUM|website=drummerworld.com|access-date=November 13, 2018}}</ref><!-- EDIT BELOW THIS LINE --> == Instrumental hip hop == {{See also|Breakbeat}} {{Unreferenced section|date=March 2018}} Instrumental hip hop is [[hip hop music]] without vocals. Hip hop as a general rule consists of two elements: an instrumental track (the "beat") and a vocal track (the "rap"). The artist who crafts the beat is the producer (or beatmaker), and the one who crafts the rap is the [[Master of Ceremonies|MC]] (emcee). In this format, the [[rapping|rap]] is almost always the primary focus of the song, providing most of the complexity and variation over a fairly repetitive beat. Instrumental hip hop is hip hop music without an emcee rapping. This format gives the producer the flexibility to create more complex, richly detailed and varied instrumentals. Songs of this genre may wander off in different musical directions and explore various subgenres, because the instruments do not have to supply a steady beat for an MC. Although producers have made and released hip hop beats without MCs since hip hop's inception, those records rarely became well-known. [[Jazz]] [[keyboard (music)|keyboard]]ist/composer [[Herbie Hancock]] and bassist/[[producer (music)|producer]] [[Bill Laswell]]'s [[electro music|electro]]-inspired collaborations are notable exceptions. 1983's ''[[Future Shock (Herbie Hancock album)|Future Shock]]'' album and hit single "[[Rockit (song)|Rockit]]" featured [[turntablist]] [[Grand Mixer D.ST]], the first use of turntables in [[jazz fusion]], and gave the [[turntablism]] and record "[[scratching]]" widespread exposure. The release of [[DJ Shadow]]'s debut album ''[[Endtroducing.....]]'' in 1996 saw the beginnings of a movement in instrumental hip hop. Relying mainly on a combination of sampled [[funk]], hip hop and [[film score]], DJ Shadow's innovative sample arrangements influenced many producers and musicians. In the 2000s and 2010s, artists such as [[RJD2]], [[J Dilla]], [[Pete Rock]], [[Large Professor]], [[MF Doom]], [[Danny!]], [[Nujabes]], [[Madlib]], [[Wax Tailor]], Denver Kajanga, [[DJ Krush]], [[Hermitude]], and [[Blockhead (music)|Blockhead]] have garnered critical attention with instrumental hip hop albums. Due to the current state of copyright law, most instrumental hip-hop releases are released on small, independent labels. Producers often have difficulty obtaining clearance for the many samples found throughout their work, and labels such as [[Stones Throw]] are fraught with legal problems. {{Citation needed|date=January 2017}} == See also == *[[List of hip hop DJs and producers]] *[[Turntablism]] == Notes == {{reflist|2}} == References == Hawk Memphis<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hawkmemphis.com|title=Hawk Memphis|last=Memphis|first=Hawk|date=July 2016|website=hawkmemphis.com|publisher=Hawk Memphis|access-date=July 17, 2016}}</ref> *{{cite book|last=Ross|first=Alex|authorlink=Alex Ross (music critic)|title=Listen to This|year=2010|publisher=Fourth Estate|isbn=978-0-00-731906-0}} *[https://www.docteur-hichem-mahmoud.com Docteur Mahmoud] : [http://www.docteur-hichem-mahmoud.com chirurgien esthétique Tunisie] *{{cite book| editor = Lovalerie King, Linda F. Selzer | title = New Essays on the African American Novel: From Hurston and Ellison to Morrison and Whitehead | publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] | year = 2008 | location = | isbn = 0-230-60327-0}} {{hiphop}} {{Music production}} [[Category:Hip hop production| ]] [[Category:Record producers| ]] [[Category:Music production]] <noinclude> <small>This page was moved from [[:en:Hip hop production]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Hip hop production/edithistory]]</small></noinclude> 697iwg0kv198hjn56nnm8ae59gubbjq 0 114366 540891 454429 2022-08-28T20:05:20Z InternetArchiveBot 34092 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{About|the group|the group's self-titled debut album|Danity Kane (album)}} {{Infobox musical artist | name = Danity Kane | image = Danity_Kane_at_Chicago_Signing.jpg | image_size = 300px | caption = The original line-up of Danity Kane at a signing in [[Chicago, Illinois]], September 2006. (L-R) Wanita "D. Woods" Woodgett, Aundrea Fimbres, Dawn Richard, Aubrey O'Day, and Shannon Bex. | background = group_or_band | alias = DK / DK3 | origin = [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], United States | instrument = Vocals | genre = {{hlist|[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]|[[Pop music|pop]]|[[Hip hop music|hip hop]]|[[Dance music|dance]]}} | occupation(s) = | years_active = {{hlist|2005–2009|2013–2014|2018–present}} | label = {{hlist|[[Bad Boy Records|Bad Boy]]||[[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]]|[[Warner Music]]}} | associated_acts = {{hlist|[[Yung Joc]]|[[Missy Elliott]]|[[Day26]]|[[Donnie Klang]]|[[Dumblonde]]}} | website = {{url|danitykane.com}} | current_members = [[Aubrey O'Day]]<br>[[Dawn Richard]]<br>[[Shannon Bex]] | past_members = [[Aundrea Fimbres]]<br>[[D. Woods]] }} '''Danity Kane''' is an American [[girl group]] composed of members [[Aubrey O'Day]], [[Dawn Richard]], and [[Shannon Bex]]. The group originally had five members, but [[D. Woods|Wanita "D. Woods" Woodgett]] left the group in 2008, and [[Aundrea Fimbres]] left in 2014. Formed on the third iteration of [[MTV]]'s ''[[Making the Band]]'' [[reality television]] series in 2005, they signed to [[Bad Boy Records]] by [[Sean Combs|Diddy]]. test Danity Kane's [[Danity Kane (album)|self-titled debut studio album]] was released in 2006 and achieved success in the United States, shipping a million copies domestically,<ref name="RIAA1">{{cite web|title=RIAA Certifications|work=Billboard|url=https://billboard.com/bbcom/riaa/index.jsp|accessdate=2007-06-23|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070618131213/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/riaa/index.jsp|archivedate=2007-06-18}}</ref> while spawning two singles with top 10 single "[[Show Stopper]]" and the ballad "[[Ride for You]]." Their second studio album, ''[[Welcome to the Dollhouse (album)|Welcome to the Dollhouse]]'', was released in 2008, following the release of their second top 10 single "[[Damaged (Danity Kane song)|Damaged]]".<ref name="mtv08">{{cite web|title=Diddy, Beyonce, Ne-Yo Make 'Spotlight Live' New York's Hot Tuesday-Night Ticket|work=MTV News|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1580620/spotlight-live-new-yorks-hot-tuesday-night-ticket.jhtml|accessdate=2012-07-31}}</ref> The band became the first female group in ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' history to debut their first two albums at the top of the charts.<ref name="MtV.CoM">''[[Making the Band]]''/''The Rise and Fall of Danity Kane'', ''[[MTV]]'' (2009-04-30). Retrieved on 2009-04-30.</ref> Despite initial success, tension in the group led to a meeting with Diddy where, in the October 2008 finale episode of ''[[Making the Band 4#Making the Band 4: Day26 and Donnie Klang|Making the Band 4]]'', he removed O'Day and Woodgett from the group. The three remaining members of the group carried on with previously scheduled promotional events before officially disbanding in early 2009.<ref name="MTV.CoM">{{cite news|first= Jocelyn|last=Vena|title=Danity Kane Are Over, Dawn Richard Says. 'It's devastating for me,' Richard says of the 'Making the Band' group's dissolution|publisher=MTV|date=2009-01-28 |accessdate=2009-01-29|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1603737/20090128/kane__danity.jhtml}}</ref> All group members were ultimately released from their contracts with Bad Boy Records later within the year. In 2013, four of the five group members (O'Day, Bex, Richard and Fimbres) made an official announcement regarding their reunion at the [[2013 MTV Video Music Awards]];<ref name="dkreunion">{{cite web|title=Danity Kane Will Reunite At MTV VMAs, Release New Promo Picture Ahead Of Show|work=International Business Times|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/danity-kane-will-reunite-mtv-vmas-release-new-promo-picture-ahead-show-1398099|accessdate=2013-08-25}}</ref> however, on May 16, 2014, the first night of their reunion tour in [[San Francisco]], Fimbres announced her departure from the group due to wanting to start her family, leaving O'Day, Bex, and Richard to continue as a trio.<ref name="Fimbres leaving">{{cite web|last=Webber |first=Stephanie |url=http://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/aundrea-fimbres-is-engaged-leaving-danity-kane-to-start-a-family-2014175 |title=Aundrea Fimbres Is Engaged, Leaving Danity Kane to Start a Family - Us Weekly |publisher=Usmagazine.com |date=2014-05-17 |accessdate=2014-06-05}}</ref><ref name="Fimbres leaving2">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1826643/its-official-danity-kane-is-now-a-trio/ |title=It's Official: Danity Kane Is Now A Trio |publisher=MTV |date=2014-05-17 |accessdate=2014-06-05}}</ref> On August 8, 2014, after a fight in the recording studio between members O'Day and Richard, O'Day and Bex announced publicly that Danity Kane had disbanded again.<ref name="LaTimesBreakup">{{cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la-et-ms-danity-kane-calls-it-quits-again-20140808-story.html|title=Danity Kane is over -- again|last1=Kennedy|first1=Gerrick|date=August 8, 2014|website=latimes.com|publisher=[[Los Angeles Times]]|accessdate=August 9, 2014}}</ref> Although they disbanded, their third studio album, ''[[DK3]]'', was released in October 2014. Following the second disbandment, Richard continued to release solo music, while O'Day and Bex formed the duo [[Dumblonde]]. In August 2018, the trio announced that they would reunite and tour together.<ref name="Kaufman">{{cite news|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/8470369/danity-kane-members-announce-dk3-reunion-tour|title=Danity Kane Members Announce DK3 Reunion Tour With Aubrey O'Day, Dawn Richard & Shannon Bex |date=August 15, 2018|accessdate=August 17, 2018|last=Kaufman|first=Gil|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref> O'Day and Richard released new music as a duo under Danity Kane in 2020. == History == === 2004–05: ''Making the Band 3'' === {{details|topic=the show|Making the Band 3}} In 2004, producer [[Sean Combs]] returned with ''Making the Band 3'', the third iteration of the ''[[Making the Band]]'' television series, in search of the next female supergroup.<ref name=MtV.CoM/> With the help of choreographer [[Laurie Ann Gibson]], vocal trainer Doc Holiday and talent manager [[Johnny Wright (music manager)|Johnny Wright]], he set out on a multi-city search and invited 20 young singers out of almost 10,000 young women to live and compete for positions in the group in [[New York City]].<ref name=MtV.CoM/><ref name="blender.com">{{cite news|title=Aubrey O'Day MTV's Making the Band hottie gears up for more catfights and dance-offs. |publisher=[[Blender (magazine)|Blender]] |date=September 2005 |accessdate=2008-10-16 |url=http://www.blender.com/guide/articles.aspx?id=1726 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921234203/http://www.blender.com/guide/articles.aspx?id=1726 |archivedate=September 21, 2008 }}</ref> When seven women remained, Combs became discontent with the level of talent remaining in the competition and decided not to form a band.<ref name=MtV.CoM/> He did, however, feel three contestants deserved another chance, including then-best friends [[Aubrey O'Day]] and [[Aundrea Fimbres]], whose close bond originally formed early in the season.<ref name=MtV.CoM/> The three contestants became the first to appear in season 2 of the show.<ref name=MtV.CoM/> At the start of the second season, Combs once again pressed his team to audition new young women for the group.<ref name=MtV.CoM/> Finally, 20 young women were chosen and moved into a loft in New York City.<ref name=MtV.CoM/> Viewers had become invested in O'Day and Fimbres's friendship, naming them "the AUs" and "Aubrea" ([[portmanteau|portmanteux]] of their first names put together), as they watched the two compete all over again for positions in the group.<ref name=MtV.CoM/><ref name=www.aubreyoday.com>{{cite web|title=Aubrey O'Day|publisher=aubreyoday.com|url=http://www.aubreyoday.com/ Aubrey O'Day / Heart On My Sleeve Shop}}</ref> As the competition's challenges increased, their friendship seemed to become the foundation upon which the group was being built.<ref name=MtV.CoM/> In addition, O'Day emerged as the show's breakout star.<ref name=MtV.CoM/><ref name=blender.com/> After weeks of dance and singing lessons, promotional appearances, and a performance in front of 10,000 at a [[Backstreet Boys]] concert at [[Nissan Pavilion]] in Bristow, VA, 11 contestants remained, including O'Day and Fimbres.<ref name=MtV.CoM/> The finalists were sent home for three months, told to polish up, and return for the final stretch in November 2005.<ref name=MtV.CoM/> On the second season's finale, on Tuesday, November 15, 2005, the show's ratings broke MTV records as millions of viewers watched to see the group officially formed.<ref name=MtV.CoM/> Five of the 11 remaining contestants were chosen: O'Day first, [[D. Woods|Wanita "D. Woods" Woodgett]] second, [[Shannon Bex]] third, [[Dawn Richard (singer)|Dawn Richard]] fourth, and Fimbres last.<ref name=MtV.CoM/> The third season of ''Making the Band 3'' tracked the development and struggles of the new band — from then on known as "Danity Kane" (a name taken from a female [[anime]] superhero created and drawn by Richard).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gnextinc.com/bbo/news/introdanitykane.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061017004031/http://www.gnextinc.com/bbo/news/introdanitykane.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2006-10-17 |title=Bad Boy's Diddy introduces Danity Kane |publisher=Gnextinc.com |date= |accessdate=2011-05-16 }}</ref> The group would later be featured on the second and third seasons of ''[[Making The Band 4#Making the Band 4: Day26 and Donnie Klang|Making the Band 4]]'' with new male [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]] group [[Day26]], as well as new solo artist [[Donnie Klang]]. === 2006–07: ''Danity Kane'' and rumors of disbandment === {{details|topic=the album|Danity Kane (album)}} After months of recording, the band's [[Danity Kane (album)|self-titled debut album]] was released to mixed reviews on August 22, 2006 in the [[United States]]. Produced by [[Timbaland]], [[Scott Storch]], [[Rodney Jerkins]], [[Mario Winans]] and [[Ryan Leslie]] among others, the album sold over 90,000 copies in the first day of release, and over 234,000 in the first week of release.<ref name="VH1-1">{{cite web|title=Outkast Take A Billboard Beating From Diddy's Danity Kane|work=VH1 News|url=http://www.vh1.com/artists/news/1539767/20060830/kane__danity.jhtml|accessdate=2007-08-19}}</ref> It debuted at number one on the [[Billboard 200|U.S. ''Billboard'' 200]] albums chart, knocking veteran [[Christina Aguilera]]'s ''[[Back to Basics (Christina Aguilera album)|Back to Basics]]'' from the top spot and out-selling hip-hop duo [[OutKast]].<ref name="VH1-1"/> The album received a [[platinum album|platinum certification]] from the [[RIAA]] in November 2006.<ref name="BB-1">{{cite web|title=RIAA Certifications|work=Billboard|url=https://billboard.com/bbcom/riaa/index.jsp|accessdate=2007-08-19|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070618131213/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/riaa/index.jsp|archivedate=2007-06-18}}</ref> The album's lead single "[[Show Stopper]]," produced by Jim Jonsin, was serviced to radio on August 4, 2006, and subsequently debuted at number 17 on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]; it however peaked at number 8 on that particular chart.<ref>[{{BillboardURLbyName|artist=danity kane|chart=all}} Billboard.com - Artist Chart History - Danity Kane<!-- Bot generated title -->]{{dead link|date=May 2011}}</ref> Outside the United States, the song became a top-30 success in [[Germany]] and [[Lithuania]]. The selection for the album's second single, the [[Bryan Michael Cox]]-produced "[[Ride for You]]", was influenced by a fan poll that was distributed through e-mails, [[MySpace]], and the group's official web site. The music video for the song premiered on [[MTV]]'s ''[[Total Request Live]]'' on December 5, 2006, the same day the band released a holiday song called "[[Home for Christmas (Danity Kane song)|Home for Christmas]]", which was written by Richard.<ref name="RU-1">{{cite web|title=D. Woods Clears Up Rumors|work=Rap-Up|url=http://www.rap-up.com/?p=3095|accessdate=2007-08-19|archive-date=2007-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041542/http://www.rap-up.com/?p=3095|url-status=dead}}</ref> Between February 2007 to May 2007 Danity Kane performed as an opening act, along with [[The Pussycat Dolls]], on Christina Aguilera's [[Back To Basics Tour]]. In the meantime, the band intensified work on their second album, which was initially scheduled for a late 2007 release but was eventually pushed back to 2008.<ref name="Billbiard">{{cite web | title=Danity Kane Keeping The 'Show' Going On New CD| work=billboard| url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1053248/danity-kane-keeping-the-show-going-on-new-cd| accessdate=2007-04-02}}</ref> Ever since the creation of the group in 2005, Danity Kane was plagued by rumors of the group's demise,<ref name=MtV.CoM/> largely due to the group's reality television origins, their management, record label, and mentor.<ref name=MtV.CoM/> In the summer of 2007, during a hiatus between their first and second albums, speculation concerning the possibility of a disbandment by fans and the media circulated the internet and entertainment news outlets. The rumors were fueled by quotes taken out of context (most notably when Aubrey O'Day was questioned by [[TMZ.com|TMZ]]<ref name="Ishmil">{{cite web | title=Aubrey ditch's Danity for Dolls?| work=TMZ| url=https://www.tmz.com/2007/07/11/is-aubrey-ditching-danity-for-the-dolls| accessdate=2007-07-13}}</ref> about her relationship to the successful pop girl group the [[Pussycat Dolls]] and their television show ''[[Pussycat Dolls Present: The Search for the Next Doll]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rap-up.com/?p=3057 |title=Aubrey O'Day to Join The Pussycat Dolls? |publisher=Rap-up.com |date= |accessdate=2011-05-16 |archive-date=2008-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209060142/http://www.rap-up.com/?p=3057 |url-status=dead }}</ref>) and by work the group members had done outside of Danity Kane since the release of their debut album. [[D. Woods]]'s association with another girl group, The Girl's Club, was specifically cited as adding credibility to breakup rumors.<ref name=MtV.CoM/> Additionally, reports of solo careers and of new groups forming from various combinations of members of the group were rampant.<ref name=MtV.CoM/> Over the course of these rumors, the members of Danity Kane often published personal online responses to the breakup speculation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aubreyoday.us/index.php?subaction=showcomments&id=1184312211&archive=&start_from=&ucat=7,12& |title=Celebrating our one year online |publisher=AubreyOday.us |accessdate=2011-05-16 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012154630/http://aubreyoday.us/index.php?subaction=showcomments&id=1184312211&archive=&start_from=&ucat=7%2C12& |archivedate=October 12, 2007 }}</ref> It was not until July 25, 2007 that Danity Kane released an official statement on their group MySpace page stating that they were still together and working on their second album.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} === 2007–08: ''Welcome to the Dollhouse'' and departures of O'Day and Woods === {{details|topic=the album|Welcome to the Dollhouse (album)}} While making several solo appearances on other artists' albums during fall 2007, Danity Kane was featured on the second season of the fourth iteration of ''Making the Band'' which debuted January 28, 2008 on [[MTV]], where solo singer [[Donnie Klang]], [[Day26]], and the girls, lived and recorded their albums together. "[[Damaged (Danity Kane song)|Damaged]]", the band's poll-voted lead single from their second album ''[[Welcome to the Dollhouse (album)|Welcome to the Dollhouse]]'', was officially released as a digital single on January 29, 2008, and became the band's second top ten hit on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100. Its music video was nominated for an [[MTV Video Music Award]] for "Best Pop Video" and "Best Dancing in a Video" but lost to "[[Piece of Me (Britney Spears song)|Piece of Me]]" by [[Britney Spears]] and "[[When I Grow Up (Pussycat Dolls song)|When I Grow Up]]" by [[the Pussycat Dolls]] respectively. ''Welcome to the Dollhouse'', was eventually released on March 18, 2008 in the United States, where it debuted at number one on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]], with first week sales of 236,000 copies (2,000 units more than their [[Danity Kane (album)|self-titled debut album]]).<ref name="eleven">{{cite news|author=Katy Hasty|title=Danity Kane Snags Second Straight No. 1 Album|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1046065/danity-kane-snags-second-straight-no-1-album|publisher=Billboard|date=2008-03-26|accessdate=2008-03-26}}</ref> The album eventually received a [[gold album|gold certification]] from the [[RIAA]] in April 2008. On September 28, 2008, the album had sold a total of 546,790 copies. In a May 2008 interview with Kiwibox.com, Danity Kane revealed that the follow-up single to "Damaged" would be "[[Bad Girl (Danity Kane song)|Bad Girl]]".<ref name="seventeen">{{cite news|author=Steven Horowitz |title=Danity Kane Exclusive Interview |url=http://beta.kiwibox.com/article/36826 |publisher=Kiwibox.com |date=2008-05-27 |accessdate=2008-06-03 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013212828/http://beta.kiwibox.com/article/36826 |archivedate=October 13, 2008 }}</ref> On the second-season finale of ''Making the Band 4'', it was announced that Danity Kane would be headlining a tour in 2008 and be featured on the next season of ''Making the Band'', as Diddy stated himself. The third season of ''Making the Band 4'' premiered on MTV August 19, 2008. Around a week later, the girls were featured in an interview with [[WHTZ|Z100]] at the Beatstock Dance Festival, where they stated they were planning to release another single after "Bad Girl".<ref name="twenyseven">{{cite news|author=YouTube|title=Danity Kane Exclusive Interview|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IX0s3RDpzoI}}</ref> After ''[[Making the Band 4 - The Tour]]'' and the release of the first single "Damaged," Danity Kane once again encountered rumors of a breakup, largely spurred by scenes from the ''Making the Band'' series featuring their mentor [[Sean Combs]] sparring with O'Day over her dance performance and desire to create her own image separate from the group.<ref name="www.mtv.com">{{cite web | title=MTV's Making the Band| work=MTV| url=http://www.mtv.com/ontv/dyn/making_the_band_4/episode/episode.jhtml?episodeId=141813}}</ref> On the August 28, 2008 episode of ''Making the Band'', Combs, frustrated with the "oversexed" image he felt O'Day now showcased, he called O'Day "one of the worst dancers" in Danity Kane, when she used to be "one of the best."<ref name="MTV.COm">''[[Making the Band]]'', ''[[MTV]]'' (2008-08-28). Retrieved on 2008-10-16.</ref> He told O'Day that she no longer looked like the girl he signed.<ref name=MTV.COm/> Combs accused O'Day of trying to expand her fame at the expense of the entire group, and said that she liked flaunting her breasts and wearing big hair.<ref name=MTV.COm/> He asked himself why he was keeping O'Day in the group.<ref name=www.mtv.com/><ref name=MTV.COm/> With O'Day forgoing promotional appearances with the group to appear as Amber Von Tussle on Broadway's [[Hairspray (musical)|Hairspray]], speculation arose that O'Day's role in the group had been marginalized. On September 7, 2008, however, the group appeared together at the [[MTV Video Music Awards]] to help present the Best New Artist Award.<ref>{{cite web | title=MTV Viewers Have Spoken With Three Moonmen| work=Market Watch| url=http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/mtv-viewers-have-spoken-britney/story.aspx?guid=%7B7C3F4201-D048-4B9D-94CB-18EDD3264146%7D&dist=hppr}}</ref> Speculation of a break-up were also developing because of rumors that Richard would perhaps be groomed to launch her own solo career with [[Bad Boy Records]].<ref name="MTV.cOm">''[[Making the Band]]'', ''[[MTV]]'' (2008-10-07). Retrieved on 2008-10-07.</ref> Rumors had been circulating that Richard was flown from Baltimore to New York for private meetings with Combs to launch her own solo career, especially after recording three tracks for Combs, which were purported to be Danity Kane tracks but only featured Richard's vocals; these vocals were leaked on the Internet. Combs went as far as to introduce Richard in a solo performance in early September.<ref>{{cite web| title=Danity Kane Breakup!?!?| work=Media Takeout| url=http://www.mediatakeout.com/26448/danity_kane_break_up_diddy_brings_out_dawn_to_do_a_solo_performance__without_the_rest_of_the_group_.html| accessdate=2008-09-13| url-status=dead| archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120904011405/http://www.mediatakeout.com/26448/danity_kane_break_up_diddy_brings_out_dawn_to_do_a_solo_performance__without_the_rest_of_the_group_.html| archivedate=2012-09-04}}</ref> An [[Atlantic Records]] spokesperson responded, "At no point was [Richard] flown anywhere to record solo or meet alone with [Combs]. The girls are still very much together. They're going out to the Video Music Awards together ... and they're promoting their album ‘Welcome to the Dollhouse' and working on their third."<ref>{{cite news| title=Is Diddy raisin' Kane with Danity project?| work=Rush and Malloy| url=http://www.nydailynews.com/gossip/2008/08/29/2008-08-29_is_diddy_raisin_kane_with_danity_project.html| accessdate=2008-09-13| location=New York| date=2008-08-28| archive-date=2009-10-28| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028050009/http://www.nydailynews.com/gossip/2008/08/29/2008-08-29_is_diddy_raisin_kane_with_danity_project.html| url-status=dead}}</ref> The group intended to open for [[Janet Jackson]]'s ''[[Rock Witchu Tour]]'', but had to withdraw due to label conflicts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aubreyoday.org/2008/08/17/details-on-the-upcoming-tour/|title=Details on the upcoming tour - Aubreyoday.Org - The number one fansite for singer Aubrey O'Day|date=17-08-08|accessdate=07-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301142403/http://aubreyoday.org/2008/08/17/details-on-the-upcoming-tour/|archive-date=2014-03-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Season 3, Episode 8 of ''Making the Band'', Combs stated that he did have Richard on three demos for his new album. On the same episode of the show, which was filmed on September 12, 2008, after continued debate with O'Day about the well-being of Danity Kane, he stated that O'Day was no longer in the group, as had been foreshadowed in an earlier episode within the season after a [[Total Request Live|TRL]] (Total Request Live) appearance. Combs was unaware of the specific problems within the group, but sensed that O'Day and [[Aundrea Fimbres]], who were originally close friends, had drastically drifted apart.<ref name="MTV.cOm"/> O'Day and Richard informed Combs that the entire group had trust issues with management and ultimately each other. The season finale, which took place Tuesday, October 14, 2008, confirmed the departure of O'Day and Woods.<ref name="MTV.com">''[[Making the Band]]'', ''[[MTV]]'' (2008-10-14). Retrieved on 2008-10-14.</ref><ref name="www.mTv.com">{{cite news|title=Aubrey O'Day And D. Woods Kicked Out Of Danity Kane, Diddy Announces. Dismissal announced during the live season-three finale of 'Making the Band 4.'|first=Jocelyn|last=Vena|publisher=MTV|date=2008-10-15|accessdate=2008-10-15|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1597082/20081015/kane__danity.jhtml}}</ref> Combs removed Woods due to feeling that she was unhappy with the group and that she had gotten "caught up in the wrath" of close friend O'Day.<ref name=MTV.com/><ref name=www.mTv.com/> In the live section of the episode, Combs explained that the reason he let O'Day go was that she was not the same person he signed, that the fame had changed her (as had been expressed on the August 28, 2008 episode).<ref name=MTV.com/> "I got love for Aubrey," he said. "I don't have any beef with her. I just want to work with the young lady that I signed, not the person that fame has made her."<ref name=www.mTv.com/> He later stated that he would be open to working with Woods again.<ref name=MTV.com/> When O'Day came on to reply, just moments after deciding not to leave the studio, she first addressed the perception some people, especially [[blog]]gers, have of her. "I would rather be hated every damn day of my life for being real than loved for being something I'm not," she stated.<ref name=www.mTv.com/> Combs, who spoke to the group and the audience via satellite, relayed to O'Day, "Check this out, baby girl... See, your attitude is gonna have you in a dark and lonely place. ... What you need to do, at the end of the day, is humble yourself."<ref name=www.mTv.com/> Woods did not appear on the live episode due to prior obligations.<ref name=MTV.com/> In a backstage interview before the finale, O'Day said, "Tonight is a representation of the end of a chapter in my life; it's not the end of the book."<ref name=www.mTv.com/> She added, "I will do everything possible to make my mark on this industry, and Danity Kane and [Combs] provided me with this amazing opportunity to go out and really touch people's hearts. I think the way that we were able to inspire people was something that I will never be able to achieve in that way again in my life."<ref name=www.mTv.com/> [[MTV|MTV News]] reached out to a rep for Danity Kane to see where the future of the band stood now that [O'Day and Woods] were no longer in the group.<ref name=www.mTv.com/> It was reported that Woods planned to work with another group, the Girls Club,<ref name=www.mTv.com/> and that O'Day was working on a solo album. In an October 15, 2008 interview with ''[[Us Weekly]]'', Richard gave further insight into O'Day's dismissal from Danity Kane. "[Combs] did not like [O'Day's] image...where her image was going for the group," she said. "It wasn't a personal thing."<ref name="usmagazine.com">{{cite web|title=Why Aubrey O'Day Was Kicked Out of Danity Kane|publisher=[[Us Weekly]]|date=October 15, 2008|accessdate=2008-10-16|url=http://www.usmagazine.com/news/why-aubrey-o-day-was-kicked-out-of-danity-kane|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016143610/http://www.usmagazine.com/news/why-aubrey-o-day-was-kicked-out-of-danity-kane|archivedate=October 16, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> Richard explained that O'Day's increasingly "sexy look" was alienating young fans. Referring specifically to O'Day's topless pictures for ''[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]'' magazine just a month before, Richard stated, "We had just did a signing with Dollhouse Teen, which is for 13, 14-year-old young girls... So we can't do that one day and then the next day do an obnoxious cover.... [Combs] wants the fans, and he says he can't do that if we can continue to go in the direction that we were going."<ref name=usmagazine.com/> Richard further relayed, "[Combs] told me specifically that [O'Day] is no longer in Danity Kane and Danity Kane will move forward without her."<ref name=usmagazine.com/> When asked if Combs would seek "replacements" for O'Day and Woods, Richard stated, "He has not said anything per that. But I think in my heart that he is gonna do another show."<ref name=usmagazine.com/> MTV News gauged fan reactions to the dismissals of O'Day and Woods. Fans left impassioned, long and detailed comments on the MTV News site about their discontent regarding the decision to remove the two singers, and relayed that the remaining members were using the breakup to "score" publicity.<ref name="MTV.COM">{{cite news| first= Jocelyn|last=Vena|title=Danity Kane Fans React To Aubrey O'Day, D. Woods' Dismissals. One says downsized group 'needs personality,' while another pledges support 'as long as the music is good.'|publisher=MTV|date=2008-10-17|accessdate=2008-10-18|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1597343/20081017/kane__danity.jhtml}}</ref> Richard, in particular, received resentment from fans.<ref name=MTV.COM/> Other fans were more upset about the breakup in general, with the sentiment that Danity Kane would lack the individuality ([[je ne sais quoi]]) and excitement that O'Day and Woods brought to the group.<ref name=MTV.COM/> Despite, however, the dismissals of O'Day and Woods, other sections of the fandom were willing to give the "new Danity Kane" a chance and believed that the group would be as strong as they were before.<ref name=MTV.COM/> === 2008–09: Disbandment === In mid-2008, before the departure of O'Day and Woods, Danity Kane planned to start pre-production for their third studio album, which would have begun January 2009.<ref name="dawnrichard.org">{{cite web|url=http://dawnrichard.org/displayimage.php?album=334&pos=0 |accessdate=February 18, 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212091709/http://dawnrichard.org/displayimage.php?album=334&pos=0 |archivedate=February 12, 2009 }}</ref> In the meantime, Danity Kane released a line of denim jeans through Dollhouse. Under [[Russell Simmons]] Plastic Cash International, the decision was made to feature Danity Kane's image on [[Visa Inc.|Visa]] [[debit cards]]. The group had also been a part of a new [[ad campaign]] for [[PETA]] (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals). Collectively, as a group, there were plans for a fragrance, clothing and makeup line.<ref name="dawnrichard.org"/> Richard had developed a comic book based on the superhero the group based its name on, which was intended for release sometime in 2009.<ref>{{cite news | title=Danity Kane's MTV fame reels in marketers| work=Reuters| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idUSN0935132820080910| accessdate=2008-09-13 | date=2008-09-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Danity Kane Launches Comic Book|work=Rap-Up|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2008/09/05/danity-kane-launches-comic-book/|accessdate=2009-01-06}}</ref> However, in a January 28, 2009 interview with MTV News, Richard announced that the group had split up.<ref name=MTV.CoM/> Richard explained that Combs had invited all the women to come back to the 2009 season of ''Making the Band'' and that only two of them, Richard and Fimbres, showed up. "It changes [our situation] completely," she said.<ref name=MTV.CoM/> "We have fans out there who love Danity Kane. We love Danity Kane. It's hard. We're sitting here trying to make sense of it now. It's hard. We're put in this position that we didn't ask to be in and we're being told to fix it."<ref name=MTV.CoM/> On the series and in an earlier interview, Bex had explicitly stated her discontent about Danity Kane being divided.<ref name="MTV.cOm"/><ref name="MTv.CoM">{{cite news|first= Jocelyn|last=Vena|title=Danity Kane's Shannon Bex Says She Was 'Shell-Shocked' By Bandmates' Dismissals. 'This is real life to me,' singer says of Diddy giving Aubrey O'Day, D. Woods the boot.|publisher=MTV|date=2008-10-16|accessdate=2009-04-02|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1597228/20081016/kane__danity.jhtml}}</ref> "I don't know why [Bex left]," said Richard.<ref name=MTV.CoM/> "I think she's just happy. I don't want to even try to answer it 'cause that's not fair to her. I haven't [spoken to her] but I heard she's doing well with her husband and she got a house. I love her, but I don't know."<ref name=MTV.CoM/> Richard was surprised that only two members showed up for another season. "The thing about it ... I thought we were all going to come back and talk, or maybe if [O'Day] didn't come back, 'cause I don't know how [Combs] was feeling about that, if the four of us got together. I didn't know what to expect. I just know I got off the plane and found out I was the only one there and [Fimbres] came the next day."<ref name=MTV.CoM/> Still in disbelief over the departures of O'Day and Woods, as well as [[Aubrey O'Day#Personal life|the speculation about O'Day's sexuality]] and her forthcoming ''[[Playboy]]'' spread, Richard stated, "I'm still surprised at it all. I'm still trying to recover from the first fire. So I'm still confused. I still don't know. I'm just being so honest. I have no idea."<ref name=MTV.CoM/> On February 25, 2009, O'Day told MTV News that she was not sure if Woods had been asked back for the new season of ''Making the Band'', as far as she knew, but that she herself was not asked to return. "Well, I was fired and we all saw that," she said.<ref name="mTV.CoM">{{cite news|first= Jocelyn|last=Vena|title=Aubrey O'Day 'Would Never Say No' To Danity Kane Reunion. 'Danity Kane was a wonderful group, and like all things, nothing is forever,' she says. | publisher = MTV|date=2009-02-25|accessdate=2009-02-28|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1605775/20090224/kane__danity.jhtml}}</ref> "I'm not sure about the other girls — who was invited back or what they were asked to do — but I obviously wouldn't be invited back if I was fired."<ref name=mTV.CoM/> O'Day conveyed her hope that fans continue to honor the group that "made her a star".<ref name=mTV.CoM/> "Danity Kane was a wonderful group, and like all things, nothing is forever," she said.<ref name=mTV.CoM/> "We had a great run and we were very successful. We may not have that answer for our fans, which is disappointing, but we did try, and that's more than a lot of people."<ref name=mTV.CoM/> O'Day said that though she is pursuing her own career as a solo artist, she would never turn down the chance to get onstage with her former bandmates. "I have so much respect for that situation, if there was ever interest in me coming back ... and making music with the girls, I would never say no to something like that," she said.<ref name=mTV.CoM/> "In regards to the other negativity, I really just chose not to comment," said O'Day.<ref name=mTV.CoM/> "I wrote a blog on my MySpace page, and if anyone wants to know how I feel, they can go there."<ref name=mTV.CoM/> O'Day later seemed to have more of a positive feeling about the whole situation. She stated, "After being kicked out, I learned you have to fight to stay happy, and that takes forgiveness of yourself."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gossipgirls.com/aubrey-o039day/danity-kane-girls-get-together-solve-nothing-293978 |title=Danity Kane Girls Get Together, Solve Nothing |date=2009-04-24 |publisher=[[Gossip Girls]] |accessdate=2009-04-30 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427164652/http://www.gossipgirls.com/aubrey-o039day/danity-kane-girls-get-together-solve-nothing-293978 |archivedate=April 27, 2009 }}</ref> Viewers were able to see the band's continued demise on the third season of ''Making the Band 4'', which premiered on February 12, 2009.<ref name=MTV.CoM/> During the February 26, 2009 episode, as well as the continued season, viewers saw Richard and Fimbres eager to continue being a group together and hoping to work with Bex again.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/making-the-band-4-season-3-ep-12-how-you-gonna-fix-it |accessdate=February 28, 2009 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> This eagerness eventually ended in the April 16, 2009 airing. Within the first five minutes of the episode, Combs told Richard and Fimbres during a meeting that he released O'Day and Woods, along with Bex, from their contracts, and would be releasing Fimbres as well. He told Richard that she will remain on the label and that if there are any future plans for a new Danity Kane, she would be the only returning member.<ref name="MTV.cOM">''[[Making the Band]]'', ''[[MTV]]'' (2009-04-16). Retrieved on 2009-04-16.</ref><ref name="Aundrea Is Gone">{{cite web|last=Vena |first=Jocelyn |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1609473/20090417/kane__danity.jhtml |title=Danity Kane's Aundrea Fimbres Fired By Diddy |publisher=MTV |date=2009-04-17 |accessdate=2011-05-16}}</ref><ref name="Aundrea Is Gone 2">{{cite web|url=http://www.rapweekly.com/news.asp?id=3261 |accessdate=February 18, 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195032/http://www.rapweekly.com/news.asp?id=3261 |archivedate=October 29, 2013 }}</ref> On April 23, 2009, viewers were expecting to see all five members of Danity Kane for the second part of the finale to find out if Danity Kane would without a doubt be removed from the Bad Boy label or if they would have a "fresh start" as Combs stated in the first part of the finale.<ref name="MTV.cOM"/> During the finale, Fimbres did not show up.<ref name="MTV.coM">''[[Making the Band]]'', ''[[MTV]]'' (2009-04-23). Retrieved on 2009-04-23.</ref> Bex explained that Fimbres did not show up because Fimbres "had been through enough" emotional turmoil with the group and wanted to stay home with family.<ref name=MTV.coM/> As for herself not showing up for the 2009 season of ''Making the Band'', Bex said that it was a "personal choice" and was nothing against the fans.<ref name=MTV.coM/> Woods said that part of the reason for the group's demise was due to not having a "sound foundation" when it began (five strangers being put together and expected to be emotionally close) and that eventually led to professional and personal problems with the group.<ref name=MTV.coM/> O'Day said she has forgiven being released from the group, and people who blamed her for the group's breakup.<ref name=MTV.coM/> When asked if Danity Kane could be a group again, O'Day said yes.<ref name=MTV.coM/> Woods and Bex said not at this time.<ref name=MTV.coM/> Combs said that they need a "time out" for now, particularly to work on their solo or alternative careers, and that he will not reunite Danity Kane unless the group consists of all five original members.<ref name=MTV.coM/> On April 30, 2009, a special titled "The Rise and Fall of Danity Kane" aired on MTV. The special was an in-depth story showcasing how the group came together and broke apart.<ref name=MtV.CoM/> It reasoned that the breakup of friendships and new friendships built in place of old friendships (O'Day and Fimbres becoming distant; O'Day bonding more with Woods and Fimbres bonding more with Bex), as well as insecurity issues of each member, were contributing factors for the group's demise. In addition, everyone except for Bex was speculated as having been part of the blame.<ref name=MtV.CoM/> === 2013–14: Reunion, ''DK3'', and second disbandment === In May 2013, O'Day, Bex, Richard and Fimbres began talks about a possible reunion and have since then posted photos of the group in the recording studio.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/1561447/danity-kane-reunion-rumors-swirl-following-recent-meeting |title=Danity Kane Reunion Rumors Swirl Following Recent Meeting |publisher=Billboard |date=2013-05-13 |accessdate=2014-06-05}}</ref> An announcement with regard to their reunion was made at the [[2013 MTV Video Music Awards|2013 Video Music Awards]] on MTV.<ref name="dkreunion"/> During the 2013 MTV VMAs pre-show, the four remaining members of Danity Kane announced that they were reuniting, returning on their own terms without Diddy. They announced that a single would be released soon titled "Rage", produced by The Stereotypes, the same producers who were responsible for Danity Kane's biggest single to date, "Damaged". Original group member D. Woods did not take part in the reunion. Although no reason was given for the absence, she has stated: "It has been brought to my attention that my former group members of Danity Kane will be reuniting and while I will not be a part of the reunion, I wish the ladies blessings and much success on their endeavors."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vibe.com/article/d-woods-confirms-she-wont-be-apart-danity-kane-reunion |title=D. Woods Confirms She Won't Be Apart &#91;sic&#93; Of Danity Kane Reunion |publisher=Vibe | date=2013-05-16 | accessdate=2014-08-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vibevixen.com/2013/05/d-woods-confirms-she-wont-be-apart-of-danity-kane-reunion/ |title=@VIBEVixen VBLog » D. Woods Confirms She Won't Be Apart &#91;sic&#93; of Danity Kane Reunion » VIXEN |publisher=Vibevixen.com |date=2013-05-16 |accessdate=2014-08-09 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210002426/http://www.vibevixen.com/2013/05/d-woods-confirms-she-wont-be-apart-of-danity-kane-reunion/ |archivedate=2014-12-10 }}</ref> [[File:Danity Kane 2014.jpg|thumb|Danity Kane performing in 2014]] The band had their first performance in more than five years on September 21, 2013, at [[iHeartRadio]] Music Festival's Village in [[Las Vegas]] and performed an a cappella version of "Damaged". They confirmed in an interview that they were working with [[James Fauntleroy]], [[Dem Jointz]], [[Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins]], [[Timbaland]], Da Internz, and [[The Stereotypes]] for the new album, which is set to be released in 2014. They had their first reunion concert in December 2013 at The House of Blues in [[Los Angeles]] after canceling a show with Chris Brown due to his arrest. In January 2014, a song titled "Bye Baby", which was also produced by the Stereotypes, was [[Internet leak|leaked]] online. They have been making many appearances since and have been hinting of doing another reality show along with their tour and new album.<ref>{{cite web|last=Parker |first=Lyndsey |url=http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/live/danity-kane-dish-reunion-iheartradio-fest-200457832.html |title=Danity Kane Dish About Reunion at iHeartRadio Fest &#124; Maximum Performance - Yahoo Music |publisher=Music.yahoo.com |date=2013-09-23 |accessdate=2014-06-05}}</ref> On March 15, 2014, Danity Kane performed their second concert since reuniting at Fort Cheyenne in Las Vegas, performing the leaked new track "Bye Baby", chart-topping hits, and fan favorites.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thisisrnb.com/2014/03/danity-kane-holds-down-the-stage-during-las-vegas-comeback-show |title=Danity Kane Holds Down The Stage During Las Vegas Comeback Show &#124; ThisisRnB.com - Hot New R&B Music, Videos, News |publisher=ThisisRnB.com |date=2014-03-16 |accessdate=2014-06-05}}</ref> On March 24, 2014, it was announced that the group would be hitting the road in May to begin their new tour entitled "No Filter". The group will be touring 13 different cities beginning in [[San Francisco]] on May 16, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/5944924/danity-kane-announces-no-filter-us-tour |title=Danity Kane Announces 'No Filter' U.S. Tour |publisher=Billboard |date= |accessdate=2014-06-05}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=August 2014}} On May 15, 2014, the band's first official reunion single, "Lemonade", was released on the Internet via [[SoundCloud]]. The single was produced by [[The Stereotypes]], and features rapper [[Tyga]] over a production sampled from "[[Grindin']]", the 2002 hit song by [[Clipse]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1825354/danity-kane-has-us-thirsty-for-some-lemonade-on-comeback-single-listen/ |title=Danity Kane Has Us Thirsty For Some 'Lemonade' On Comeback Single: Listen |publisher=MTV |date=2014-05-15 |accessdate=2014-06-05}}</ref> On May 16, 2014, on the first night of their #NOFilter Tour at [[The Fillmore]] in San Francisco, after performing several songs with Danity Kane, Fimbres announced that she would be leaving the group at the end of their tour, and O'Day, Bex, and Richard would be continuing on as a trio.<ref name="Fimbres leaving"/><ref name="Fimbres leaving2"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Interview: Danity Kane's Aubrey O'Day reacts to departure of Aundrea Fimbres|work=Chicago Tribune|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2014-05-18/entertainment/chi-danity-kanes-aubrey-oday-aundrea-fimbres-20140518_1_aubrey-o-day-dawn-richard-aundrea-fimbres|accessdate=2014-05-21}}</ref> On May 28, 2014, "Lemonade" was released for purchase on [[iTunes]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.muumuse.com/2014/05/danity-kane-lemonade-itunes-now.html/|title=Danity Kane's "Lemonade" Is Now On iTunes (Because Of Me, So You're Welcome)|date=28 May 2014|publisher=|accessdate=16 June 2018}}</ref> and on May 29, 2014, a lyric video for the song featuring three child impersonations of the trio was released to [[Vevo]] on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2014/05/danity-kane-lemonade-lyric-video|title=Danity Kane Made a Lyric Video for "Lemonade" and It's Pretty Spectacular|website=Complex|accessdate=16 June 2018}}</ref> On August 4, 2014,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/music/danity-kane-breaks-violent-studio-fight-article-1.1896788|title=Danity Kane breaks up again after violent studio fight between Aubrey O'Day, Dawn Richard|last1=Maresca|first1=Rachel|date=August 8, 2014|website=nydailynews.com|publisher=[[New York Daily News]]|accessdate=August 9, 2014}}</ref> while in a Los Angeles recording studio, a fight ensued in which Richard allegedly punched O'Day. After days of speculation, O'Day and Bex released a public statement on August 8 announcing the group's second disbandment.<ref name="LaTimesBreakup"/> On September 24, 2014, O'Day and Bex announced that despite the group's break-up, their third album, ''[[DK3]]'', would be released on October 28, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Danity Kane Announce Post Break-Up Album, Fans Can't Stop Crying |work=[[MTV]]|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1943360/danity-kane-break-up-album/|accessdate=2014-09-25}}</ref> Following the group's break-up, Bex and O'Day began to release music under the name [[Dumblonde]], while Richard continued to pursue her solo career. ===2018–present: Second reunion and future state of the group=== In August 2018, Bex, O'Day and Richard announced [[The Universe Is Undefeated Tour]], with O'Day and Richard stating that they had made amends. The set list for the tour would be split into three parts. The first part to focus on promoting the sophomore material from Bex and O'Day's duo, [[Dumblonde]], followed by a second part showcasing Richard's solo efforts, while the finale part would include songs by the group.<ref name="Kaufman"/> In January 2019 during their tour stop in [[Houston]] and a few weeks later on Instagram, O'Day announced that Danity Kane would work on new music. After touring for close to a year performing Danity Kane's, Dumblonde's and Richard's solo music, the trio released a new song under the Danity Kane [[moniker]] called "Neon Lights" on June 24, 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2019/06/236325/danity-kane-neon-lights-hair-instagram|title=Danity Kane Is Back With New Music & Neon Hair|date=June 25, 2019|accessdate=June 26, 2019|last=Simeon|first=Aimee|work=[[Refinery29]]}}</ref> To promote the new single, Danity Kane had a two day interactive event, entitled "Choose Your Own Adventure", where fans decided which songs they performed for the first half of the show. <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/danity-kane-gives-fans-total-control-over-their-setlist-for-interactive-live-show-news.82438.html|date=June 6, 2019|accessdate=June 6, 2019|last=Marie|first=Erika|work=HotNewHipHop}}</ref> In 2020, Danity Kane released an EP entitled "Strawberry Milk" containing two singles: "Fly" and "Boy Down". Although the track was released under Danity Kane, the EP is also promoted as Aubrey X Dawn. On Instagram Live, O'Day addressed Bex's absence from the group. She stated "Shan is building a company right now called Vooks." O'Day said, "Danity Kane is so much bigger than five girls. It can be one girl, it can be two, it can be five. It's a voice for women and you got two of us right now giving you that voice and who knows what the future will have ahead of us. Things can evolve, things move in different directions. Everyone is always invited back."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rap-up.com/2020/03/05/danity-kane-dawn-aubrey-fly-boy-down/|date=March 5, 2020|accessdate=March 5, 2020|last=|first=|work=[[RapUp]]}}</ref> On March 19, 2020, Danity Kane released their third single as a duo entitled, New Kings.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/new-kings-single/1502912737|date=March 19, 2020|accessdate=March 19, 2020|last=|first=|work=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> == Discography == {{Main|Danity Kane discography}} ;Studio albums * ''[[Danity Kane (album)|Danity Kane]]'' (2006) * ''[[Welcome to the Dollhouse (album)|Welcome to the Dollhouse]]'' (2008) * ''[[DK3]]'' (2014) ==Tours== {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} '''Headlining''' * [[Jingle Ball#December 7, 2006|Jingle Ball Tour]] (2006) * [[Making the Band 4 - The Tour]] (2008) * #NoFilterTour (2014) * [[The Universe Is Undefeated Tour]] (2018–19) {{col-2}} '''Supporting act''' * [[The Never Gone Tour]] (2005) * [[Monkey Business Tour]] (2006) * [[Back to Basics Tour]] (2006–07) {{col-end}} ==Members== {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=2|Member !!2005 !!2006 !!2007 !!2008 !!2009 !! !!2013 !!2014!! !!2018 !!2019 !!2020 |- | style="background:#87D3F8;"| || [[Dawn Richard (singer)|Dawn Richard]]<br>{{small|(2005–09, 2013–14, 2018–present)}} || colspan=5 style="text-align:center; background:#87D3F8"| ||| || colspan=3 style="text-align:center; background:#87D3F8"| ||| || colspan=2 style="text-align:center; background:#87D3F8"| |- |style="background:orange"| || [[Aubrey O'Day]]<br>{{small|(2005–08, 2013–14, 2018–present)}} || colspan=4 style="text-align:center; background:orange"| || colspan=3| || colspan=2 style="text-align:center; background:orange"| ||| || colspan=2 style="text-align:center; background:orange"| |- | style="background:pink"| || [[Shannon Bex]]<br>{{small|(2005–09, 2013–14, 2018–2019)}} || colspan=5 style="text-align:center; background:pink"| ||| || colspan=3 style="text-align:center; background:pink"| ||| || colspan=1 style="text-align:center; background:pink"| || colspan=1 | |- | style="background:#B4FB84;"| || [[Aundrea Fimbres]]<br>{{small|(2005–09, 2013–2014)}} || colspan=5 style="text-align:center; background:#B4FB84"| ||| || colspan=2 style="text-align:center; background:#B4FB84"| || colspan=4 | |- |style="background:#FDFD96"| || [[D. Woods]]<br>{{small|(2005–08)}} || colspan=4 style="text-align:center; background:#FDFD96;"| || colspan=8 | |} ==Awards and nominations== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! Award ! Category ! Work ! Result |- | 2006 || [[Urban Music Awards|Urban Music Award]]|| "Best Group - Female"||Danity Kane||{{won}} |- |rowspan=2|2007||Poptastic Awards||"Best Ringtone"||"[[Show Stopper]]"||{{nom}} |- |[[Soul Train Music Awards|Soul Train Music Award]]||"Best R&B/ Album Group, Band or Duo"||Danity Kane||{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|title=The 2007 Soul Train Music Awards And the Winners Are ...|url=http://randb.about.com/od/awardsshows/a/2007SoulAwards.htm|publisher=About|accessdate=March 11, 2007}}</ref> |- |rowspan=10|2008||[[BET Awards|BET Award]]|| "Best Group"||Danity Kane||{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|title=2008 BET Awards Winners and Nominees|url=http://theenvelope.latimes.com/awards/env-2008-bet-awards-winners-noms24jun24,0,2828634.htmlstory|publisher=The Envelope|accessdate=June 24, 2008}}</ref> |- |[[Teen Choice Awards|Teen Choice Award]]|| "Best R&B Track"||rowspan=5|"[[Damaged (Danity Kane song)|Damaged]]"||{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|title=2008 Teen Choice Awards Winners and Nominees|url=http://theenvelope.latimes.com/env-2008-teen-choice-awards-scorecard17jun17,0,2603341.htmlstory|publisher=The Envelope|accessdate=June 17, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080813232814/http://theenvelope.latimes.com/env-2008-teen-choice-awards-scorecard17jun17,0,2603341.htmlstory|archive-date=August 13, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |rowspan=2|[[MTV Video Music Awards|MTV Video Music Award]]|| "[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Pop Video|Best Pop Video]]"||{{nom}}<ref name="2008 MTV Video Music Award Winners">{{cite web|title=2008 MTV Video Music Award Winners|url=http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2008/|publisher=MTV|accessdate=2008}}</ref> |- | "[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Dance Video|Best Dancing in a Video]]"||{{nom}}<ref name="2008 MTV Video Music Award Winners"/> |- |rowspan=3|Starshine Magazine||"Best Dance Song"||{{nom}}<ref name="Press Release">{{cite web|title=2008 StarShine Magazine Music Choice Nominees Include Backstreet Boys, Elliott Yamin, Hanson, Blake Lewis, Jordin Sparks & Brianna Taylor|url=http://www.24-7pressrelease.com/press-release/2008-starshine-magazine-music-choice-nominees-include-backstreet-boys-elliott-yamin-hanson-blake-lewis-jordin-sparks-brianna-taylor-61270.php|publisher=Press Release|accessdate=2008}}</ref> |- |"Best R&B / Hip-Hop Song"||{{nom}}<ref name="Press Release"/> |- |"Favorite Group / Band"||Danity Kane||{{nom}}<ref name="Press Release"/> |- |rowspan=3|Online Hip Hop Awards||"Breakout Girl Group Of The Year(R&B)"||Danity Kane||{{won}}<ref name="Urban Daily">{{cite web|title=2008 Online Hip Hop Awards Nominees|url=http://theurbandaily.com/2008/10/27/nominees-announced-for-the-2008-online-hip-hop-awards/|publisher=Urban Daily|accessdate=2008}}</ref> |- |"Album of the Year (R&B)"||''[[Welcome to the Dollhouse (album)|Welcome to the Dollhouse]]''||{{won}}<ref name="Urban Daily"/> |- | "Off the Hook Award (R&B)"||Damaged||{{won}}<ref name="Urban Daily"/> |- |2009||[[Guinness World Records]]|| "First female group in Billboard history to debut their first two albums at the top of the charts."||Danity Kane||{{won}} |- |} == References == {{reflist}} == External links == {{Commons category}} * {{Official website|1=http://www.danitykane.com}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110616170207/http://www.aubreyoday.org/ Aubrey O'Day website] {{S-start}} {{s-bef|before=[[Da Band]]}} {{s-ttl|title=''[[Making the Band]]'' winners|years=2005}} {{s-aft|after=[[Day26]]<br>[[Donnie Klang]]}} {{s-end}} {{Danity Kane}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Participants in American reality television series]] [[Category:Singing talent show winners]] [[Category:Bad Boy Records artists]] [[Category:American pop music groups]] [[Category:American contemporary R&B musical groups]] [[Category:American girl groups]] [[Category:American pop girl groups]] [[Category:Musical groups established in 2005]] [[Category:Musical groups disestablished in 2009]] [[Category:Musical groups reestablished in 2013]] [[Category:Musical groups disestablished in 2014]] [[Category:Musical groups reestablished in 2018]] [[Category:Musical quintets]] <noinclude> <small>This page was moved from [[:en:Danity Kane]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Danity Kane/edithistory]]</small></noinclude> 2l5qzo4djbs965fapj8lxgj3smz8b1t 0 114368 540972 447429 2022-08-29T01:11:24Z InternetArchiveBot 34092 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{more footnotes|date=March 2011}} {{Infobox musical artist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Musicians --> | name = Feldberg | background = group_or_band | origin = [[Reykjavík]], [[Iceland]] | genre = [[Folk music|Folk]], [[Pop music|pop]], [[Electro music|electro]] | years_active = 2009–present | label = Smalltown America Records, Rallye Label, Cod Music, Kitsune <br/>[[DO IT Records]] 2012 | website = {{URL|http://www.feldbergmusic.com/}} }} '''Feldberg''' is an [[Iceland]]ic musical duo formed by Eberg (Einar Tönsberg) and Rósa Birgitta Ísfeld from [[Reykjavík]]. Their debut album, ''Don't Be a Stranger'', was first released in Iceland in 2009 on [[Cod Music]]. At the Icelandic Music Awards (IMA) in 2010, they were nominated for three awards and won for Best Song for their track "Dreamin'", which was subsequently featured on the ''Kitsune Compilation 9''. Their music has been extensively used for advertising in Iceland; the airline [[Icelandair]] use "Dreamin'" as their in-flight music choice.<ref>Rainey, Steven (July 28, 2011) [http://www.culturenorthernireland.org/article/4241/icelandic-duo-feldberg-prepare-to-tour Icelandic Duo Feldberg Prepare to Tour]</ref> The new Feldberg album will be released in 2012{{update inline|date=August 2015}} and the band have featured some of the new songs at their latest concerts in Tokyo supporting Casio Kids and Le Corps Mince De Francois.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.musicvita.com/music-freak/interviews/5038-the-music-freak-and-feldberg-interview.html |title=The Music Freak and FeldBerg Interview |access-date=2014-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206160317/http://musicvita.com/music-freak/interviews/5038-the-music-freak-and-feldberg-interview.html |archive-date=2010-12-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==History== The pair released their debut album, ''Don't Be a Stranger'', in Iceland in 2009 via [[Cod Music]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.blagsound.com/reviews/review-feldberg.blag |title=Review: Feldberg |access-date=2020-07-07 |archive-date=2012-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423191351/http://www.blagsound.com/reviews/review-feldberg.blag |url-status=dead }}</ref> The album was subsequently released by Rallye Label in Japan in 2010, and by [[Smalltown America Records]] in the United Kingdom and Ireland in 2011. They released their first digital single, "I'm Not Thinking of You", via Smalltown America Records on 13 December 2010. That same month, they played a series of concerts in New York City in small venues such as The Living Room and Union Hall with [[Leaves (Icelandic band)|Leaves]] drummer Nói Steinn Einarsson playing alongside them.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.icelandmusic.is/music/artists/feldberg/124 |title=Feldberg Biography |access-date=2014-03-31 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20140331220545/http://www.icelandmusic.is/music/artists/feldberg/124 |archive-date=2014-03-31 |url-status=dead }}</ref> They were nominated for three awards at the 2010 Icelandic Music Awards: Song of the Year, Album of the Year, and Composer of the Year. They won the award for Best Song for their track "Dreamin'". It was also featured on the ''Kitsuné Maison Compilation 9: Petit Bateau Edition'',<ref>[http://www.discogs.com/Various-Kitsun%C3%A9-Maison-Compilation-9/master/246010 Kitsuné Maison Compilation]</ref><ref>Kitsuné Maison Compilation 9: Petit Bateau Edition (CD, Album, Dig) at [[Discogs]]</ref> and [[Icelandair]] has used it as an in-flight music choice when passengers board the plane.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://medialux.com/artistnews/151-feldberg-nova-dont-be-a-stranger |title=Feldberg: Don't Be a Stranger |access-date=2020-07-07 |archive-date=2011-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714064714/http://medialux.com/artistnews/151-feldberg-nova-dont-be-a-stranger |url-status=dead }}</ref> In January 2012 Feldberg signed a rest of the world record deal with DO IT Records They are currently writing and recording their second album due Spring 2013, followed by a 2013 tour. == Discography == ===Albums === ;Studio *2009: ''Don't Be a Stranger'' (2009) === Singles === *2009: "You and Me" *2010: "I'm Not Thinking of You" *2015: "Ó, þú" ==Awards== ===Icelandic Music Awards nominations=== The Icelandic Music Awards were presented on 13 March at the Reykjavík Opera House. Feldberg received three nominations. *IMA 2010 Song of the Year Award [2010] - Won *IMA 2010 Album of the Year Award [2010] - Nominated *IMA 2010 Composer of the Year Award [2010] - Nominated == References == {{Reflist}} == External links == * {{official website|http://www.feldbergmusic.com/}} * [http://www.last.fm/music/Feldberg Official Last FM page] * [http://www.myspace.com/feldbergmusic Official Myspace] * [http://www.facebook.com/feldbergmusic Official Facebook] * [http://hypem.com/search/feldberg Official Hype Machine page] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Icelandic indie pop groups]] [[Category:Musical groups from Reykjavík]]<noinclude> <small>This page was moved from [[:en:Feldberg (band)]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Feldberg (band)/edithistory]]</small></noinclude> pvyjs18zkn3jkvv77sysx6wijaga9zl 0 114424 540987 447452 2022-08-29T04:16:59Z InternetArchiveBot 34092 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|other places with the same name|Greytown (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox settlement |name= Greytown |native_name = Te Hupenui {{small|([[Māori language|Māori]])}} |subdivision_type= Country |subdivision_name= {{flag|New Zealand}} |subdivision_type1= [[Regions of New Zealand|Region]] |subdivision_name1= [[Wellington Region|Wellington]] |subdivision_type2= [[Territorial authority]] |subdivision_name2= [[South Wairarapa District]] |subdivision_type3= [[Ward (country subdivision)|Ward]] |subdivision_name3= Greytown |pushpin_map=New Zealand |pushpin_label_position=left |coordinates = {{coord|41|4|S|175|27|E|region:NZ|display=inline,title}} |population_as_of = {{NZ population data 2018|||y}} |population_footnotes = {{NZ population data 2018||||y}} |population_total = {{NZ population data 2018|Greytown|y}} |established_title= Founded |established_date= 1854 |named_for= [[George Edward Grey|Sir George Grey]] |timezone= [[Time in New Zealand|NZST]] |utc_offset= +12 |timezone_DST= NZDT |utc_offset_DST= +13 |postal_code_type= [[Postcodes in New Zealand|Postcode(s)]] |postal_code= 5712 |area_code= 06 }} '''Greytown''' ({{lang-mi|Te Hupenui}}), population 2,202 (at the [[Census|2013 Census]]), is a rural town in the heart of the Wairarapa region of New Zealand, in the lower [[North Island]]. It is 80&nbsp;km north-east of [[Wellington]] and 25 kilometres southwest of [[Masterton]], on [[New Zealand State Highway 2|State Highway 2]]. It was awarded the title of New Zealand's Most Beautiful Small Town 2017 (pop less than 5,000).<ref>{{cite web|title=Beautiful Awards Winners Announced!|first=Maria|last=Johnston|publisher==Keep NZ Beautiful Awards|url=https://www.knzb.org.nz/2017/10/19/beautiful-awards-winners-announced/|accessdate=9 November 2017}}</ref> ==History and culture== ===European settlement=== Greytown was first settled on 27 March 1854 under the Small Farms Association Settlement Scheme and was named after [[Governor-General of New Zealand|Governor]] [[George Edward Grey|Sir George Grey]], who arranged for the land to be bought from local [[Māori people|Māori]]. It became a Borough in 1878 and a ward of the [[South Wairarapa District Council]] in 1989. The first [[Arbor Day]] celebration in New Zealand was held in Greytown on 3 July 1890. Greytown Beautification Society has done a lot to keep the spirit alive for many years, especially Stella Bull Park and the park bench in the park dedicated to her, which states, "Only God can make a Tree". The town has many beautiful trees and a register is kept to help protect them. The Tree Advisory Group to the Greytown Community Board actively works to preserve trees and the historic tree register is in the process of being updated in collaboration with the Greytown Community Board and South Wairarapa District Council. In the 1870s, when the [[New Zealand Ministry of Works|Public Works Department]] announced plans that the [[Wairarapa Line]] [[railway]] between [[Featherston, New Zealand|Featherston]] and [[Masterton]] was not going to pass through Greytown, local protests were successful in attaining approval for a [[branch line]] from the Wairarapa Line at [[Woodside, New Zealand|Woodside]], which opened on 14 May 1880. For a few months [[Greytown Railway Station|Greytown]] was the terminus of the Wairarapa Line before the extension from Woodside to Masterton opened, but once it was relegated to branch line status it was one of the quietest railway lines in the country. It closed on 24 December 1953, and at the time of closure its revenue was only a tenth of its operating costs. Greytown passengers are now serviced by [[Woodside Railway Station (New Zealand)|Woodside Railway Station]] on the Wairarapa Line. ===Marae and Māori Parliament=== [[File:Papawai1897.jpg|thumb|220px|right|The opening of the Māori Parliament at Pāpāwai, 1897, attended by Premier Richard John Seddon.]] Pāpāwai Marae is located east of Greytown.<ref name="maorimaps">{{cite web |title=Māori Maps |url=https://maorimaps.com/map |website=maorimaps.com |publisher=Te Potiki National Trust}}</ref> It is affiliated with the [[Ngāti Kahungunu]] [[hapū]] of [[Ngāti Kahukuranui o Kahungunu Kauiti]], [[Ngāti Meroiti]] and [[Ngāti Moe]], and the [[Rangitāne]] hapū of [[Ngāti Meroiti]], [[Ngāti Moe]], [[Ngāti Tauiao]] and [[Ngāi Tahu (Rangitāne)|Ngāti Tūkoko]].<ref name="tkmentry">{{cite web|title=Te Kāhui Māngai directory|url= http://www.tkm.govt.nz/ |website=tkm.govt.nz|publisher=[[Te Puni Kōkiri]]}}</ref> The marae's meeting house, named Hikurangi, dates from 1888 and is unique in that the magnificent carved ancestors that surround the pā face inward. In the late 19th century the wharenui was an important site of [[Te Kotahitanga]], the Māori parliament movement. In the 1890s sessions were held at Pāpāwai, and were reported in ''Huia Tangata Kotahi'', a Māori-language newspaper published by Īhāia Hūtana from 1893 to 1895.<ref>Angela Ballara & Don Hutana. [http://www.dnzb.govt.nz/dnzb/default.asp?Find_Quick.asp?PersonEssay=2H58 'Hutana, Ihaia 1843/1844? - 1938']. ''Dictionary of New Zealand Biography'', updated 22 June 2007.</ref> A large building was constructed at Pāpāwai to house the parliament, used for sessions in 1897 and 1898. The parliament passed a resolution to end the sale of Māori land and was visited by Governor General Lord Ranfurly, and by Premier [[Richard Seddon]]. From the 1910s Pāpāwai fell into disrepair, and little was done until the 1960s when conservation work was carried out on the carved figures. In the late 1980s the marae was fully restored, and is again in full use by the community.<ref>Ben Schrader, [http://www.teara.govt.nz/Places/Wairarapa/WairarapaPlaces/7/en 'Wairarapa places'], ''Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand'', updated 25-September–2007.</ref> The Māori name for Greytown is Te Hupenui, the literal translation of which is "the big snot", better translated as "the fluid that comes out of your nose at a tangi or funeral".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://wairarapa.co.nz/times-age/news98/980906.html |title=It's not all in the name |date=5 September 1998 |publisher=[[Wairarapa Times-Age]] |accessdate=2007-10-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810194341/http://wairarapa.co.nz/times-age/news98/980906.html |archivedate=10 August 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Image and architecture== [[File:Greytown's First Masonic Hall.jpg|thumb|First Masonic Hall]] The [[town]] is proud of its history, claiming to have the most complete main street of [[Victorian architecture]] in the country, and of being the first [[urban planning|planned]] inland town. It has played on these assets, creating a revival largely based on its architecture. Retailers like the butcher have changed their 1970s street frontage to a more Victorian one. The town recognises that buildings need to be maintained in order to maintain the town's charm and in 2016-2017 six significant building were restored/painted. This formed part of Greytown's submission for the most beautiful small town in New Zealand. [[Cobblestones Museum]], a regional history museum, on 167 Main Street, contains six [[New Zealand Historic Places Trust|Historic Places Trust]] [[:Category:New Zealand Historic Places Trust Category II listings|category II]] buildings. In 2014 it opened a new exhibition building which showcases Greytown and Wairarapa history. It has embarked on an ambitious plan to restore all the listed buildings under conservation plans and now ranks as the top thing to see in Greytown on [[Trip Advisor]].<ref>{{cite web| publisher=Cobblestones Museum| url=http://www.cobblestonesmuseum.org.nz/| title=Welcome to Cobblestones at Greytown}}</ref> Heritage buildings are recorded by the Greytown Heritage Trust. The Greytown Heritage Trust was formed with the primary object of encouraging and facilitating the preservation of historic buildings in and around Greytown, with particular attention being given to the Greytown Historic Heritage Precinct as defined in the Wairarapa Combined District Plan. The Greytown Hotel claims to be one of New Zealand's oldest surviving hotels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greytownhotel.co.nz/|title=Greytown Hotel - Official Site|accessdate=11 August 2009}}</ref> Greytown was marketed as "The fruit bowl of the Wairarapa" when fruit was grown on the west of the town with orchards like Westhaven and Pinehaven. The Kidds came to Greytown in 1906 from Wanganui where they had been engaged in fruit growing. In 1910 they bought a twenty-acre farm let in Udy Street which he planted with a mixture of soft fruits (blackcurrants & gooseberries) and apple trees. They made the improvement to the orchard, their main purpose in life, continually experimenting with propagating new varieties of apples. Their experiments with cross pollination resulted in the fixing of several commercial varieties, the most notable of which are the Kidd’s Orange Red, Freyburg and Gala which is grown worldwide.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}} == Tourism == Greytown is a popular weekend and holiday destination.<ref>[http://www.jasons.com/New-Zealand/Greytown/ Greytown Travel Guide]</ref> The [[main street]] has a number of boutique, antique stores and [[café]]s.<ref>[http://www.teara.govt.nz/Places/Wairarapa/WairarapaPlaces/6/en Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand - Greytown]</ref> The official [[camping]] ground next to the soldiers' memorial park is very popular during long weekends and holidays. Swimming is free at the Greytown Memorial Park which remains a monument to the men of Greytown who gave their lives in both World Wars. Within the park are 117 lime trees, planted in 1922 to commemorate the 117 soldiers from the community who died in WW1. With cycling becoming increasingly popular the Woodside Rail Trail is a regular spot for visitors. The 5&nbsp;km rail trail winds through quiet farmland, native plantings and heritage trees to Woodside Station, with great views of the Tararua Ranges The town is linked to Wellington and Masterton by train<ref>[http://www.metlink.org.nz/stop/WOOD Woodside station trains]</ref> and [[New Zealand State Highway 2]], the latter via a scenic mountain route peaking at the [[Remutaka Range|Remutaka]] summit. == Education == Greytown has two schools: * Greytown School is a state full primary (Year 1–8) school with {{NZ school roll data|2850|y}} students as of {{NZ school roll data|||y|y||.}} It was established in 1857. * [[Kuranui College]] is a state secondary (Year 9–13) school with {{NZ school roll data|249|y}} students as of {{NZ school roll data|||y|y||.}} It was established in 1960, replacing the district high schools in Carterton, Greytown, Featherston and Martinborough. == Sport== Greytown Rugby club, established in 1877, is one of the oldest in the country. Greytown Cricket Club is the second-oldest cricket club, established in 1867, 10 years before test cricket began. It has been the powerhouse of the Wairarapa competition, with all three Senior teams winning their competitions in the 2005-2006 season, and almost repeating the feat (two out of three) in 2006-2007. The Greytown Cricket Club celebrated 150yr anniversary in 2017. There are over 30 sports clubs in Greytown which come under the umbrella of Greytown Community Sport and Leisure Society,<ref>[http://www.greytownsport.org.nz Greytown Community Sport and Leisure Society]</ref> a volunteer organization. The Wellington Gliding Club <ref>http://soar.co.nz/</ref> operates from the Greytown Soaring Centre in Papawai, approximately 4&nbsp;km east of Greytown on Tilsons Road. ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Greytown, New Zealand}} *[http://www.treesofgreytown.co.nz/ A site about Greytown's historic and notable trees] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123075620/http://treesofgreytown.co.nz/ |date=2018-01-23 }} [[Category:Greytown, New Zealand| ]] [[Category:Populated places in the Wellington Region]]<noinclude> <small>This page was moved from [[:en:Greytown, New Zealand]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Greytown, New Zealand/edithistory]]</small></noinclude> 10eag3dkxqh2i10ciobawu80q4nc5ya 0 114526 540977 539822 2022-08-29T02:21:51Z InternetArchiveBot 34092 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Ceremony for a person who has died}} {{hatnote|For other uses, see [[Funeral (disambiguation)]]. Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see [[Funeral Rites (novel)]], the novel [[Burial Rites]], [[Burial Service (disambiguation)]], the film [[Death Rite]], the album [[Death Rituals]], the play [[Celebration of Life]].}} A '''funeral''' is a [[ceremony]] connected with the [[Disposal of human corpses|final disposition]] of a corpse, such as a [[burial]] or [[cremation]], with the attendant observances.<ref>{{OED|funeral}}</ref> Funerary customs comprise the complex of beliefs and practices used by a [[culture]] to remember and respect the dead, from interment, to various [[monument]]s, [[prayer]]s, and [[ritual]]s undertaken in their honor. Customs vary between cultures and [[Religion|religious]] groups. Common secular motivations for funerals include [[mourning]] the deceased, celebrating their life, and offering support and sympathy to the bereaved; additionally, funerals may have religious aspects that are intended to help the [[soul]] of the deceased reach the [[afterlife]], [[resurrection]] or [[reincarnation]]. The funeral usually includes a ritual through which the [[corpse]] receives a final disposition.<ref name=":0" /> Depending on culture and religion, these can involve either the destruction of the body (for example, by [[cremation]] or [[sky burial]]) or its preservation (for example, by [[mummification]] or [[burial|interment]]). Differing beliefs about cleanliness and [[Mind–body problem|the relationship between body and soul]] are reflected in funerary practices. A [[memorial service]] (or celebration of life) is a funerary ceremony that is performed without the remains of the deceased person.<ref name="celebrationoflife">{{cite web|title=The difference between funerals and celebrations of life - funerals often include flowers such as VineLily Moments or VineLily see www.vinelily.com. Funeral Costs Help|url=http://funeralcostshelp.co.uk/difference-funerals-celebrations-life/|website=Funeral Costs Help|date=30 July 2014}}</ref> The word ''funeral'' comes from the Latin ''funus'', which had a variety of meanings, including the corpse and the funerary rites themselves. [[Funerary art]] is art produced in connection with burials, including many kinds of [[tomb]]s, and objects specially made for burial like flowers with a [[corpse]]. ==Overview== [[File:Peasant Funeral.jpg|thumb|''Peasant funeral in the [[Maumturks|Mam Turk mountains]] of [[Connemara]], [[Ireland]]'', 1870]] Funeral rites are as old as human culture itself, pre-dating modern ''Homo sapiens'' and dated to at least 300,000 years ago.<ref name=British>{{cite journal |url=http://www.archaeologyuk.org/ba/ba66/feat1.shtml |title=When Burial Begins |journal=British Archaeology |date=August 2002 |author=Paul Pettitt |accessdate=28 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615142318/http://www.archaeologyuk.org/ba/ba66/feat1.shtml |archive-date=15 June 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> For example, in the [[Shanidar Cave]] in Iraq, in [[Bontnewydd Palaeolithic site|Pontnewydd Cave]] in Wales and at other sites across Europe and the Near East,<ref name=British /> archaeologists have discovered [[Neanderthal]] skeletons with a characteristic layer of [[flower]] [[pollen]]. This deliberate burial and reverence given to the dead has been interpreted as suggesting that Neanderthals had religious beliefs,<ref name=British /> although the evidence is not unequivocal – while the dead were apparently buried deliberately, burrowing rodents could have introduced the flowers.<ref>{{Cite journal|first=J. D. |last=Sommer |year=1999 |title=The Shanidar&nbsp;IV 'Flower Burial': a Re-evaluation of Neanderthal Burial Ritual |journal=Cambridge Archaeological Journal |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=127–129 |issn=0959-7743 |doi=10.1017/S0959774300015249 }}</ref> Substantial cross-cultural and historical research document funeral customs as a highly predictable, stable force in communities.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Funeral Customs the World Over|last = Habenstein|first = Robert|publisher = Bulfin|year = 1963|isbn = |location = Milwaukee, WI|pages = }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Death an Bereavement Across Cultures, 2nd ed.|last = Parkes|first = Colin M.|publisher = Routledge|year = 2015|isbn = 978-0415522366|location = New York|pages = }}</ref> Funeral customs tend to be characterized by five "anchors": significant symbols, gathered community, ritual action, cultural heritage, and transition of the dead body (corpse).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title = Do Funerals Matter? Purposes and Practices of Death Rituals in Global Perspective|last = Hoy|first = William G.|publisher = Routledge|year = 2013|isbn = 9780415662055|location = |pages = }}</ref> ==Religious funerals== ===Bahá'í=== Funerals in the [[Bahá'í Faith]] are characterized by not embalming, a prohibition against cremation, using a chrysolite or hardwood casket, wrapping the body in silk or cotton, burial not farther than an hour (including flights) from the place of death, and placing a ring on the deceased's finger stating, "I came forth from God, and return unto Him, detached from all save Him, holding fast to His Name, the Merciful, the Compassionate." The Bahá'í funeral service also contains the only prayer that's permitted to be read as a group - congregational prayer, although most of the prayer is read by one person in the gathering. The Bahá'í decedent often controls some aspects of the Bahá'í funeral service, since leaving a will and testament is a requirement for Bahá'ís. Since there is no Bahá'í clergy, services are usually conducted under the guise, or with the assistance of, a Local [[Spiritual Assembly]].<ref>[[Kitáb-i-Aqdas]], p. 65</ref> ===Buddhist=== {{main|Funeral (Buddhism)}} A Buddhist funeral marks the transition from one life to the next for the deceased. It also reminds the living of their own mortality. ===Christian=== [[File:Mar Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly Funeral.jpg|thumb|Funeral of [[India]]n [[Syro-Malabar]] [[Eastern Catholic]] [[Venerable]] [[Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly]] on 6 October 1929.]] Congregations of varied denominations perform different funeral ceremonies, but most involve offering prayers, scripture reading from the Bible, a sermon, homily, or eulogy, and music.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|title = Accompany Them with Singing: The Christian Funeral|last = Long|first = Thomas G.|publisher = Westminster John Knox Press|year = 2009|isbn = 9780664233198|location = Louisville, KY|pages = }}</ref> One issue of concern as the 21st century began was with the use of secular music at Christian funerals, a custom generally forbidden by the Roman Catholic Church.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.usccb.org/prayer-and-worship/bereavement-and-funerals/music-at-funerals.cfm|title=Bereavement and Funerals - Music at funerals|website=US Conference of Catholic Bishops|date=|accessdate = 7 September 2015|last = |first = }}</ref> Christian burials have traditionally occurred on [[Consecration|consecrated]] ground such as in [[churchyard]]s. Burial, rather than a destructive process such as cremation, was the traditional practice amongst Christians, because of the belief in the resurrection of the body. Cremations later came into widespread use, although some denominations forbid them. The [[US Conference of Catholic Bishops]] said "The Church earnestly recommends that the pious custom of burying the bodies of the deceased be observed; nevertheless, the Church does not prohibit cremation unless it was chosen for reasons contrary to Christian doctrine" (canon 1176.3).<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.usccb.org/prayer-and-worship/bereavement-and-funerals/|title =Bereavement and Funerals|website=US Conference of Catholic Bishops|date = |accessdate = 7 September 2015|series= Bereavement and Funerals|last = |first = }}</ref> See also: ''[[Christian burial]]'' and ''[[Cremation in the Christian World]]'' ===Hindu=== {{main|Antyesti}} [[Antyesti]], literally "last rites or last sacrifice", refers to the rite-of-passage rituals associated with a funeral in Hinduism.<ref>[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&beginning=0+&tinput=funeral+&trans=Translate&direction=AU Antayesti] Cologne Sanskrit Digital Lexicon, Germany</ref> It is sometimes referred to as ''Antima Samskaram'', ''Antya-kriya'', ''Anvarohanyya'', or ''Vahni Sanskara''. A dead adult Hindu is cremated, while a dead child is typically buried.<ref name=olsonant/><ref name=fowler>J Fowler (1996), Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices, Sussex Academic Press, {{ISBN|978-1898723608}}, pages 59-60</ref> The rite of passage is said to be performed in harmony with the sacred premise that the microcosm of all living beings is a reflection of a macrocosm of the universe.<ref name=terje>Terje Oestigaard, in The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Death and Burial (Editors: [[Sarah Tarlow]], Liv Nilsson Stut), Oxford University Press, ISBN, pages 497-501</ref> The soul (Atman, Brahman) is believed to be the immortal essence that is released at the ''Antyeshti'' ritual, but both the body and the universe are vehicles and transitory in various schools of Hinduism. They consist of five elements: air, water, fire, earth and space.<ref name=terje/> The last rite of passage returns the body to the five elements and origins.<ref name=olsonant>Carl Olson (2007), The Many Colors of Hinduism: A Thematic-historical Introduction, Rutgers University Press, {{ISBN|978-0813540689}}, pages 99-100</ref><ref name=terje/> The roots of this belief are found in the Vedas, for example in the hymns of [[Rigveda]] in section 10.16, as follows, [[File:Bagamati cremation.jpg|thumb|A Hindu cremation rite in [[Nepal]]. The samskara above shows the body wrapped in saffron red on a pyre.]] {{Quote| <poem> Burn him not up, nor quite consume him, Agni: let not his body or his skin be scattered, O all possessing Fire, when thou hast matured him, then send him on his way unto the Fathers. When thou hast made him ready, all possessing Fire, then do thou give him over to the Fathers, When he attains unto the life that waits him, he shall become subject to the will of gods. The Sun receive thine eye, the Wind thy ''Prana'' (life-principle, breathe); go, as thy merit is, to earth or heaven. Go, if it be thy lot, unto the waters; go, make thine home in plants with all thy members. </poem> |Rigveda 10.16<ref>Sanskrit: [http://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/ऋग्वेद:_सूक्तं_१०.१६ ऋग्वेद: सूक्तं १०.१६] Wikisource;<br>[https://archive.org/stream/rigvedasanhitc06wils#page/38/mode/2up Sukta XVI - Rigveda], English Translation: HH Wilson (Translator), pages 39-40;<br>Wendy Doniger (1981), The Rig Veda, Penguin Classics, {{ISBN|978-0140449891}}, see chapter on Death</ref>}} The final rites of a burial, in case of untimely death of a child, is rooted in Rig Veda's section 10.18, where the hymns mourn the death of the child, praying to deity Mrityu to "neither harm our girls nor our boys", and pleads the earth to cover, protect the deceased child as a soft wool.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/rigvedasanhitc06wils#page/46/mode/2up Sukta XVIII - Rigveda], English Translation: HH Wilson (Translator), pages 46-49 with footnotes;<br>Wendy Doniger (1981), The Rig Veda, Penguin Classics, {{ISBN|978-0140449891}}, see chapter on Death</ref> Among Hindus, the dead body is usually cremated within a day of death. The body is washed, wrapped in white cloth for a man or a widow, red for a married woman,<ref name=fowler/> the two toes tied together with a string, a ''Tilak'' (red mark) placed on the forehead.<ref name=olsonant/> The dead adult's body is carried to the cremation ground near a river or water, by family and friends, and placed on a pyre with feet facing south.<ref name=fowler/> The eldest son, or a male mourner, or a priest then bathes before leading the cremation ceremonial function.<ref name=olsonant/><ref name=carrie>Carrie Mercier (1998), Hinduism for Today, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199172542}}, page 58</ref> He circumambulates the dry wood pyre with the body, says a eulogy or recites a hymn in some cases, places sesame seed in the dead person's mouth, sprinkles the body and the pyre with ghee (clarified butter), then draws three lines signifying ''Yama'' (deity of the dead), ''Kala'' (time, deity of cremation) and the dead.<ref name=olsonant/> The pyre is then set ablaze, while the mourners mourn. The ash from the cremation is consecrated to the nearest river or sea.<ref name=carrie/> After the cremation, a period of mourning is observed for 10 to 12 days after which the immediate male relatives or the sons of the deceased shave their head, trim their nails, recites prayers with the help of priest or Brahmin and invite all relatives, kins, friends and neighbours to eat a simple meal together in remembrance of the deceased. This day, in some communities, also marks a day when the poor and needy are offered food in memory of the dead.<ref>Colin Parkes et al (2015), Death and Bereavement Across Cultures, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415522366}}, page 66-67</ref> ===Zoroastrianism=== The belief that bodies are infested by [[Nasu (Zoroastrianism)|Nasu]] upon death greatly influenced Zoroastrian burial ceremonies and funeral rites. Burial and cremation of corpses was prohibited, as such acts would defile the sacred creations of earth and fire respectively (Vd. 7:25). Burial of corpses was so looked down upon that the exhumation of “buried corpses was regarded as meritorious.” For these reasons, “[[Towers of Silence]]” were developed—[[wikt:open air|open air]], [[amphitheater]] like structures in which [[corpses]] were placed so carrion-eating birds could feed on them. [[Sagdid|Sagdīd]], meaning “seen by a dog,” is a ritual that must be performed as promptly after death as possible. The dog is able to calculate the degree of evil within the corpse, and entraps the contamination so it may not spread further, expelling Nasu from the body ([[Denkard|''Denkard'']]. 31). Nasu remains within the corpse until it has been seen by a dog, or until it has been consumed by a dog or a carrion-eating bird (Vd. 7:3). According to chapter 31 of the Denkard, the reasoning for the required consumption of corpses is that the evil influences of Nasu are contained within the corpse until, upon being digested, the body is changed from the form of nasa into nourishment for animals. The corpse is thereby delivered over to the animals, changing from the state of corrupted nasa to that of hixr, which is “dry dead matter,” considered to be less polluting. A path through which a funeral procession has traveled must not be passed again, as Nasu haunts the area thereafter, until the proper rites of banishment are performed (Vd. 8:15). Nasu is expelled from the area only after “a yellow dog with four eyes,[b] or a white dog with yellow ears” is walked through the path three times (Vd. 8:16). If the dog goes unwillingly down the path, it must be walked back and forth up to nine times to ensure that Nasu has been driven off (Vd. 8:17-18). Zoroastrian [[ritual]] exposure of the dead is first known of from the writings of the mid-5th century BCE [[Herodotus]], who observed the custom amongst [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] expatriates in [[Asia Minor]]. In Herodotus' account ([[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]] i.140), the rites are said to have been "secret", but were first performed after the body had been dragged around by a bird or dog. The corpse was then embalmed with wax and laid in a trench.[3]:204 While the discovery of ossuaries in both eastern and western Iran dating to the 5th and 4th centuries BCE indicates that bones were isolated, that this separation occurred through ritual exposure cannot be assumed: burial mounds,<ref>{{citation|last=Falk|first=Harry|title=Soma I and II|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (BSOAS)|volume=52|issue=1|year=1989|pages=77–90|doi=10.1017/s0041977x00023077}}</ref> where the bodies were wrapped in wax, have also been discovered. The tombs of the [[Achaemenid empire|Achaemenid emperors]] at [[Naqsh-e Rustam]] and [[Pasargadae]] likewise suggest non-exposure, at least until the bones could be collected. According to legend (incorporated by [[Ferdowsi]] into his [[Shahnameh]]), [[Zoroaster]] is himself interred in a tomb at [[Balkh]] (in present-day [[Afghanistan]]). Writing on the culture of the [[Persians]], [[Herodotus]] reports on the Persian burial customs performed by the [[Magi]], which are kept secret. However, he writes that he knows they expose the body of male dead to dogs and birds of prey, then they cover the corpse in wax, and then it is buried.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/herodotus-iii|title=HERODOTUS iii. DEFINING THE PERSIANS – Encyclopaedia Iranica|website=Iranicaonline.org|accessdate=24 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129214830/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/herodotus-iii|archive-date=29 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The Achaemenid custom is recorded for the dead in the regions of [[Bactria]], [[Sogdia]], and [[Hyrcania]], but not in [[Western Iran]]. The Byzantine historian [[Agathias]] has described the burial of the Sasanian general [[Mihr-Mihroe]]: "the attendants of Mermeroes took up his body and removed it to a place outside the city and laid it there as it was, alone and uncovered according to their traditional custom, as refuse for dogs and horrible carrion". Towers are a much later invention and are first documented in the early 9th century CE.[1]:156–162 The ritual customs surrounding that practice appear to date to the [[Sassanid]] era (3rd – 7th century CE). They are known in detail from the supplement to the [[Shāyest_nē_Shāyest|''Shayest ne Shayest'']], the two [[Revayats|''Rivayat'']] collections, and the two Saddars. ===Islamic=== {{main|Islamic funeral}} [[File:Algeria 1779 Antique Hand Col Print. Algerine Funeral.jpg|thumb|1779 [[Algeria]]n [[Salat al-Janazah|funerals]]]] Funerals in [[Islam]] (called Janazah in Arabic) follow fairly specific [[rite]]s. In all cases, however, [[sharia]] (Islamic [[religious law]]) calls for burial of the body, preceded by a simple ritual involving bathing and shrouding the body, followed by [[salat]] (prayer). Burial rituals should normally take place as soon as possible and include: * Bathing the dead body with water, [[camphor]] and leaves of [[ziziphus lotus]],<ref>[[Sahih al-Bukhari]] 1254</ref> except in extraordinary circumstances as in the Battle.<ref>Sahih al-Bukhari 1346</ref> * [[Shroud|Enshrouding]] the dead body in a white cotton or linen cloth except extraordinary cases such as battle. In such cases apparel of corpse is not changed.<ref>[[Sahih Muslim]] 943</ref> * Reciting the [[Salat al-Janazah|funeral prayer]] in all cases for a Muslim. * Burial of the dead body in a grave in all cases for a Muslim. * Positioning the deceased so that when the face or body is turned to the right side it faces [[Mecca]]. The mourning period is 40 days long.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2018/04/food-in-a-time-of-mourning-can-celebrate-life-and-death.html|title=How Do People Decide Which Snacks Belong at a Funeral?|last=Price|first=Dawnthea|work=Slate Magazine|access-date=2018-04-26|language=en}}</ref> ===Jewish=== {{main|Bereavement in Judaism}} In [[Judaism]], funerals follow fairly specific rites, though they are subject to variation in custom. [[Halakha]] calls for preparatory rituals involving bathing and shrouding the body accompanied by prayers and readings from the [[Hebrew Bible]], and then a funeral service marked by eulogies and brief prayers, and then the lowering of the body into the grave and the filling of the grave. Traditional law and practice forbid cremation of the body; the [[Reform Judaism|Reform]] Jewish movement generally discourages cremation but does not outright forbid it.<ref name=Jewish>{{cite web|title=Jewish Funeral Traditions|url=https://www.everplans.com/tools-and-resources/jewish-funeral-traditions|publisher=Everplans|accessdate=17 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reformjudaism.org/practice/ask-rabbi/what-reform-judaisms-position-cremation|title=What is Reform Judaism's position on cremation?|date=2013-07-16|work=ReformJudaism.org|access-date=2018-02-28|language=en}}</ref> Burial rites should normally take place as soon as possible and include: * Bathing the dead body. * Enshrouding the dead body. Men are shrouded with a ''[[kittel]]'' and then (outside the [[Land of Israel]]) with a ''[[tallit]]'' (shawl), while women are shrouded in a plain white cloth. * Keeping watch over the dead body. * Funeral service, including eulogies and brief prayers. * Burial of the dead body in a grave.<ref name=Jewish /> * Filling of the grave, traditionally done by family members and other participants at the funeral. * In many communities, the deceased is positioned so that the feet face the [[Temple Mount]] in [[Jerusalem]] (in anticipation that the deceased will be facing the reconstructed [[Third Temple]] when the [[messiah]] arrives and [[resurrection of the dead|resurrects the dead]]).<ref name=davidson>{{cite web|title=Are Bodies Buried in a Specific Direction?|url=http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1672031/jewish/Are-Bodies-Buried-in-a-Specific-Direction.htm|accessdate=November 9, 2014 }}</ref> ===Sikh=== {{unreferenced section|date=February 2014}} In Sikhism death is not considered a natural process, an event that has absolute certainty and only happens as a direct result of God's Will or Hukam.{{Clarify|date=June 2016}} To a Sikh, birth and death are closely associated, because they are both part of the cycle of human life of "coming and going" ( ਆਵਣੁ ਜਾਣਾ, Aana Jaana) which is seen as transient stage towards Liberation ( ਮੋਖੁ ਦੁਆਰੁ, Mokh Du-aar), complete unity with God; Sikhs believe in reincarnation. The soul itself is not subject to the cycle of birth and death;{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} death is only the progression of the soul on its journey from God, through the created universe and back to God again. In life a Sikh is expected to constantly remember death so that he or she may be sufficiently prayerful, detached and righteous to break the cycle of birth and death and return to God. The public display of grief by wailing or crying out loud at the funeral (called Antam Sanskar in the Sikh culture) is discouraged and should be kept to a minimum. Cremation is the preferred method of disposal, although if this is not possible other methods such as burial, or burial at sea, are acceptable. Markers such as gravestones, monuments,{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} etc. are discouraged, because the body is considered to be only the shell and the person's soul is their real essence. On the day of the cremation, the body is washed and dressed and then taken to the Gurdwara or home where hymns (Shabads) from Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji, the Sikh Scriptures are recited by the congregation. Kirtan may also be performed by Ragis while the relatives of the deceased recite "Waheguru" sitting near the coffin. This service normally takes from 30 to 60 minutes. At the conclusion of the service, an Ardas is said before the coffin is taken to the cremation site. At the point of cremation, a few more Shabads may be sung and final speeches are made about the deceased person. The eldest son or a close relative generally lights the fire. This service usually lasts about 30 to 60 minutes. The ashes are later collected and disposed of by immersing them in the Punjab (five famous rivers in India). The ceremony in which the Sidharan Paath is begun after the cremation ceremony, may be held when convenient, wherever the Guru Granth Sahib is present. Hymns are sung from Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji. The first five and final verses of "Anand Sahib," the "Song of Bliss," are recited or sung. The first five verses of Sikhism's morning prayer, "Japji Sahib," are read aloud to begin the Sidharan paath. A hukam, or random verse, is read from Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji. Ardas, a prayer, is offered. Prashad, a sacred sweet, is distributed. Langar, a meal, is served to guests. While the Sidharan paath is being read, the family may also sing hymns daily. Reading may take as long as needed to complete the paath. This ceremony is followed by Sahaj Paath Bhog, Kirtan Sohila, night time prayer is recited for one week, and finally Ardas called the "Antim Ardas" ("Final Prayer") is offered the last week. ==Western funerals== ===Classical antiquity=== ====Ancient Greece==== [[File:Gela Painter - Black-Figure "Pinax" (Plaque) - Walters 48225.jpg|thumb|The lying in state of a body ''(prothesis)'' attended by family members, with the women ritually tearing their hair ([[Attica|Attic]], latter 6th century BC)]] {{Main|Ancient Greek funerals and burial}} The Greek word for funeral – ''kēdeía'' (κηδεία) – derives from the verb ''kēdomai'' (κήδομαι), that means attend to, take care of someone. Derivative words are also ''kēdemón'' (κηδεμών, "guardian") and ''kēdemonía'' (κηδεμονία, "guardianship"). From the Cycladic civilization in 3000BC until the Hypo-Mycenaean era in 1200–1100 BC the main practice of burial is interment. The cremation of the dead that appears around the 11th century BC constitutes a new practice of burial and is probably an influence from the East. Until the Christian era, when interment becomes again the only burial practice, both cremation and interment had been practiced depending on the area.<ref>Lemos 2002: Lemos I., The Protogeometric Aegean. The Archaeology of the Late Eleventh and Tenth Centuries BC, Oxford</ref> The ancient Greek funeral since the [[Homer]]ic era included the ''próthesis'' (πρόθεσις), the ''ekphorá'' (ἐκφορά), the burial and the ''perídeipnon'' (περίδειπνον). In most cases, this process is followed faithfully in Greece until today.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ims.forth.gr/joint_projects/e-mem/burial_customs-gr.htm#archaic|title=IMS-FORTH: About IMS|website=www.ims.forth.gr}}</ref> ''Próthesis'' is the deposition of the body of the deceased on the funereal bed and the threnody of his relatives. Today the body is placed in the casket, that is always open in Greek funerals. This part takes place in the house where the deceased had lived. An important part of the Greek tradition is the ''epicedium'', the mournful songs that are sung by the family of the deceased along with professional mourners (who are extinct in the modern era). The deceased was watched over by his beloved the entire night before the burial, an obligatory ritual in popular thought, which is maintained still. ''Ekphorá'' is the process of transport of the mortal remains of the deceased from his residence to the church, nowadays, and afterward to the place of burial. The procession in the ancient times, according to the law, should have passed silently through the streets of the city. Usually certain favourite objects of the deceased were placed in the coffin in order to "go along with him." In certain regions, [[Charon's obol|coins to pay Charon]], who ferries the dead to the underworld, are also placed inside the casket. A last kiss is given to the beloved dead by the family before the coffin is closed. [[File:2011 Enterrement de Jacquotte.jpg|thumb|left|Funeral with [[flowers]] on [[marble]]]] The Roman orator [[Cicero]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Marcus Tullius Cicero |url=https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/marcus-tullius-cicero |website=www.history.com |publisher=A&E Television Networks |accessdate=22 February 2019}}</ref> describes the habit of planting flowers around the tomb as an effort to guarantee the repose of the deceased and the purification of the ground, a custom that is maintained until today. After the ceremony, the mourners return to the house of the deceased for the ''perídeipnon'', the dinner after the burial. According to archaeological findings–traces of ash, bones of animals, shards of crockery, dishes and basins–the dinner during the classical era was also organized at the burial spot. Taking into consideration the written sources, however, the dinner could also be served in the houses.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ανώνυμος Πιστός και Απολογητής του Χριστού |url=http://www.apologitis.com/gr/ancient/tafi_ethima.htm |title=Apologitis.com |publisher=Apologitis.com |date= |accessdate=2013-05-21}}</ref> Two days after the burial, a ceremony called "the thirds" was held. Eight days after the burial the relatives and the friends of the deceased assembled at the burial spot, where "the ninths" would take place, a custom still kept. In addition to this, in the modern era, [[memorial services]] take place 40 days, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, 1 year after the death and from then on every year on the anniversary of the death. The relatives of the deceased, for an unspecified length of time that depends on them, are in mourning, during which women wear black clothes and men a black armband.{{Clarify|date=June 2016|reason=this section is about ancient Greece. Is this modern Greece, or what? Is it religious or national?}} ====Ancient Rome==== {{unreferenced section|date=February 2014}} [[File:Sepolcro degli Scipioni 001 Entrata.jpg|thumb|Tomb of the [[Cornelia (gens)#Cornelii Scipiones|Scipios]], in use from the 3rd century BC to the 1st century AD]] {{Main|Roman funerals and burial}} In [[ancient Rome]], the eldest surviving male of the household, the ''pater familias'', was summoned to the death-bed, where he attempted to catch and inhale the last breath of the decedent. Funerals of the socially prominent usually were undertaken by professional undertakers called ''libitinarii''. No direct description has been passed down of Roman funeral rites. These rites usually included a public procession to the tomb or pyre where the body was to be cremated. The surviving relations bore masks bearing the images of the family's deceased ancestors. The right to carry the masks in public eventually was restricted to families prominent enough to have held ''curule magistracies''. Mimes, dancers, and musicians hired by the undertakers, and professional female mourners, took part in these processions. Less well-to-do Romans could join benevolent funerary societies (''collegia funeraticia'') that undertook these rites on their behalf. Nine days after the disposal of the body, by burial or cremation, a [[Banquet|feast]] was given (''cena novendialis'') and a libation poured over the grave or the ashes. Since most Romans were cremated, the ashes typically were collected in an urn and placed in a niche in a collective tomb called a ''columbarium'' (literally, "dovecote"). During this nine-day period, the house was considered to be tainted, ''funesta'', and was hung with Taxus baccata or Mediterranean Cypress branches to warn passersby. At the end of the period, the house was swept out to symbolically purge it of the taint of death. Several Roman holidays commemorated a family's dead ancestors, including the ''Parentalia'', held February 13 through 21, to honor the family's ancestors; and the [[Lemuralia|Feast of the Lemures]], held on May 9, 11, and 13, in which [[ghost]]s (''larvae'') were feared to be active, and the ''pater familias'' sought to appease them with offerings of beans. The Romans prohibited cremation or inhumation within the sacred boundary of the city ''([[pomerium]])'', for both religious and civil reasons, so that the priests might not be contaminated by touching a dead body, and that houses would not be endangered by funeral fires. Restrictions on the length, ostentation, expense of, and behaviour during funerals and mourning gradually were enacted by a variety of lawmakers. Often the pomp and length of rites could be politically or socially motivated to advertise or aggrandise a particular kin group in Roman society. This was seen as deleterious to society and conditions for grieving were set. For instance, under some laws, women were prohibited from loud wailing or lacerating their faces and limits were introduced for expenditure on tombs and burial clothes. The Romans commonly built tombs for themselves during their lifetime. Hence these words frequently occur in ancient inscriptions, V.F. Vivus Facit, V.S.P. Vivus Sibi Posuit. The tombs of the rich usually were constructed of [[marble]], the ground enclosed with walls, and planted around with trees. But common sepulchres usually were built below ground, and called [[hypogea]]. There were niches cut out of the walls, in which the urns were placed; these, from their resemblance to the niche of a pigeon-house, were called [[Columbarium|columbaria]]. ===North American funerals=== Within the United States and Canada, in most cultural groups and regions, the funeral rituals can be divided into three parts: visitation, funeral, and the burial service. A [[home funeral]] (services prepared and conducted by the family, with little or no involvement from professionals) is legal in nearly every part of North America, but in the 21st century, they are uncommon in the US.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.registerguard.com/news/20191117/saying-goodbye-your-way|title=When her 4-year-old son died, she wanted a home funeral. A professional didn't know that was possible|last=Parafiniuk-Talesnick|first=Tatiana|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-06|archive-date=2019-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206053335/https://www.registerguard.com/news/20191117/saying-goodbye-your-way|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:South Korea funeral motorcade.jpg|thumb|A western-style funeral motorcade for a member of a high-ranking military family in [[South Korea]].]] ====Visitation====<!-- This section is linked from Coffin --> At the ''visitation'' (also called a "[[Viewing (funeral)|viewing]]", "[[Wake (ceremony)|wake]]" or "calling hours"), in Christian or secular Western custom, the body of the deceased person (or decedent) is placed on display in the casket (also called a coffin, however almost all body containers are caskets). The viewing often takes place on one or two evenings before the funeral. In the past, it was common practice to place the casket in the decedent's home or that of a relative for viewing. This practice continues in many areas of Ireland and Scotland. The body is traditionally dressed in the decedent's best clothes. In recent times there has been more variation in what the decedent is dressed in – some people choose to be dressed in clothing more reflective of how they dressed in life. The body will often be adorned with common jewelry, such as watches, necklaces, brooches, etc. The jewelry may be taken off and given to the family of the deceased prior to burial or be buried with the deceased. Jewelry has to be removed before cremation in order to prevent damage to the crematory. The body may or may not be embalmed, depending upon such factors as the amount of time since the death has occurred, religious practices, or requirements of the place of burial. The most commonly prescribed aspects of this gathering are that the attendees sign a book kept by the deceased's survivors to record who attended. In addition, a family may choose to display photographs taken of the deceased person during his/her life (often, formal portraits with other family members and candid pictures to show "happy times"), prized possessions and other items representing his/her hobbies and/or accomplishments. A more recent trend is to create a DVD with pictures and video of the deceased, accompanied by music, and play this DVD continuously during the visitation. The viewing is either "open casket", in which the embalmed body of the deceased has been clothed and treated with cosmetics for display; or "closed casket", in which the coffin is closed. The coffin may be closed if the body was too badly damaged because of an accident or fire or other trauma, deformed from illness, if someone in the group is emotionally unable to cope with viewing the corpse, or if the deceased did not wish to be viewed. In cases such as these, a picture of the deceased, usually a formal photo, is placed atop the casket. [[File:Tombstone of Yossele the Holy Miser.jpg|thumb|left|The tombstone of [[Yossele the Holy Miser]]. According to [[Jewish bereavement]] tradition, the dozens of stones on his tombstone mark respect for the Holy Miser.]] However, this step is foreign to Judaism; Jewish funerals are held soon after death (preferably within a day or two, unless more time is needed for relatives to come), and the corpse is never displayed. Torah law forbids embalming.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/282548/jewish/The-Basics.htm |title=Torah law forbids embalming |publisher=Chabad.org |date= |accessdate=2013-05-21}}</ref> Traditionally flowers (and music) are not sent to a grieving Jewish family as it is a reminder of the life that is now lost. The Jewish [[Shiva (Judaism)|shiva]] tradition discourages family members from cooking, so food is brought by friends and neighbors.<ref name=":4" /> (''See also [[Jewish bereavement]].'') The decedent's closest friends and relatives who are unable to attend frequently send flowers to the viewing, with the exception of a Jewish funeral,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whichfuneralplans.com/_webedit/uploaded-files/All%20Files/Jewish_Funeral_and_Mourning_Customs.pdf|title=Jewish Funeral and Mourning Customs|website=whichfuneralplans.com}}</ref> where flowers would not be appropriate (donations are often given to a charity instead). [[Obituary|Obituaries]] sometimes contain a request that attendees do not send flowers (e.g. "In lieu of flowers"). The use of these phrases has been on the rise for the past century. In the US in 1927, only 6% of the obituaries included the directive, with only 2.2% of those mentioned [[charitable organization|charitable contributions]] instead. By the middle of the century, they had grown to 14.5%, with over 54% of those noting a charitable contribution as the preferred method of expressing sympathy.<ref>A Centennial History of the AMERICAN FLORIST, a publication of Florists’ Review Enterprises, Inc., Frances Porterfield Dudley, Publisher, 1997.</ref> Today, well over 87% of them have such a note – but those statistics vary demographically.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} The viewing typically takes place at a [[funeral home]], which is equipped with gathering rooms where the viewing can be conducted, although the viewing may also take place at a church. The viewing may end with a prayer service; in a Roman Catholic funeral, this may include a rosary. A visitation is often held the evening before the day of the funeral. However, when the deceased person is elderly the visitation may be held immediately preceding the funeral. This allows elderly friends of the deceased a chance to view the body and attend the funeral in one trip, since it may be difficult for them to arrange travel; this step may also be taken if the deceased has few survivors or the survivors want a funeral with only a small number of guests.{{Citation needed|date=December 2015}} ====Funeral==== {{unreferenced section|date=February 2014}} [[File:Flower-arrangement-funeral-white.jpg|thumb|Traditional flower arrangement for funeral ([[Denmark]])]] A funeral is often officiated by clergy from the decedent's, or bereaved's, church or religion. A funeral may take place at either a funeral home, church, or crematorium or cemetery chapel. A funeral is held according to the family's choosing, which may be a few days after the time of death, allowing family members to attend the service. This type of funeral is most common for Christians, and Roman Catholics call it a mass when Eucharist (communion) is offered, the casket is closed and a priest says prayers and blessings. A Roman Catholic funeral must take place in a parish church (usually that of the deceased, or that of the family grave, or a parish to which the deceased had special links). Sometimes family members or friends of the dead will say something. If the funeral service takes place in the funeral home (mostly it takes place in the funeral home's chapel) it can be directed by a clergy (mostly for Protestant churches and sometimes for Catholic churches) or hosted by a very close family member most common a parent. In some traditions if this service takes place in a funeral home it is the same if it would take place in a church. These services if taking place in a funeral home consists of prayers, blessings and eulogies from the family. The ''open-casket service'' (which is common in North America) allows mourners to have a final opportunity to view the deceased and say good-bye. There is an order of precedence when approaching the casket at this stage that usually starts with the immediate family (siblings, parents, spouse, children); followed by other mourners, after which the immediate family may file past again, so they are the last to view their loved one before the coffin is closed. This opportunity can take place immediately before the service begins, or at the very end of the service.<ref>Iserson 1994: 445.</ref> A Roman Catholic funeral must be closed-casket, and relatives are expected to attend the few days before the service. {{Citation needed|date=March 2017}} Open casket funerals and visitations are very rare in some countries, such as the United Kingdom and most European countries, where it is usual for only close relatives to actually see the deceased person and not uncommon for no one to do so. The funeral service itself is almost invariably closed casket. Funeral homes are generally not used for funeral services, which are almost exclusively held in a church, cemetery, or crematorium chapel. The deceased is usually transported from the funeral home to a church in a hearse, a specialized vehicle designed to carry casketed remains. The deceased is often transported in a procession (also called a funeral cortège), with the [[hearse]], funeral service vehicles, and private automobiles traveling in a procession to the church or other location where the services will be held. In a number of jurisdictions, special laws cover funeral processions – such as requiring most other vehicles to give right-of-way to a funeral procession. Funeral service vehicles may be equipped with light bars and special flashers to increase their visibility on the roads. They may also all have their headlights on, to identify which vehicles are part of the cortege, although the practice also has roots in ancient Roman customs.<ref>Olmert, Michael (1996). ''Milton's Teeth and Ovid's Umbrella: Curiouser & Curiouser Adventures in History'', p.34. Simon & Schuster, New York. {{ISBN|0-684-80164-7}}.</ref> After the funeral service, if the deceased is to be buried the funeral procession will proceed to a cemetery if not already there. If the deceased is to be cremated, the funeral procession may then proceed to the crematorium. [[File:Beethoven Funerals.jpg|thumb|[[Death of Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]'s funeral as depicted by [[Franz Xaver Stöber]].]] Religious funeral services commonly include prayers, readings from a sacred text, hymns (sung either by the attendees or a hired vocalist) and words of comfort by the clergy. Frequently, a relative or close friend will be asked to give a [[eulogy]], which details happy memories and accomplishments rather than criticism. Sometimes the eulogy is delivered by clergy. Church bells may also be tolled both before and after the service. In some religious denominations, for example, Roman Catholic, and [[Anglicanism|Anglican]], eulogies from loved ones are somewhat discouraged during this service. In such cases, the eulogy is only done by a member of the clergy. This tradition is giving way to eulogies read by family members or friends. In these religions the coffin is traditionally closed at the end of the wake and is not re-opened for the funeral service.{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}} During the funeral and at the burial service, the casket may be covered with a large arrangement of flowers, called a casket spray. If the deceased served in a branch of the armed forces, the casket may be covered with a national flag; however, in the US, nothing should cover the national flag according to Title 4, United States Code, Chapter 1, Paragraph 8i. If the funeral service is held in a church, the casket is normally covered in a white pall, which recalls the white garments of baptism. Funeral customs vary from country to country. In the United States, any type of noise other than quiet whispering or mourning is considered disrespectful. A traditional fire department funeral consists of two raised aerial ladders.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.funeralwise.com/customs/firefighter/definitions/|title=Firefighter Funeral Terms|work=Funeralwise|access-date=2018-03-07|language=en-US}}</ref> The firefighters travel under the aerials on their ride, on the fire apparatus, to the cemetery. Once there, the grave service includes the playing of bagpipes. The pipes have come to be a distinguishing feature of a fallen hero's funeral. Also a "Last Alarm Bell" is rung. A portable fire department bell is tolled at the conclusion of the ceremony. ====Burial service==== {{unreferenced section|date=February 2014}} [[File:Millais - Das Tal der Stille.jpg|right|thumb|[[John Everett Millais]] – The Vale of Rest]] At a religious burial service, conducted at the side of the grave, [[tomb]], [[mausoleum]] or cremation, the body of the decedent is buried or cremated at the conclusion. Sometimes, the burial service will immediately follow the funeral, in which case a [[funeral procession]] travels from the site of the funeral to the burial site. In some other cases, the burial service is the funeral, in which case the procession might travel from the cemetery office to the grave site. Other times, the burial service takes place at a later time, when the final resting place is ready, if the death occurred in the middle of winter. If the decedent served in a branch of the Armed forces, [[military rites]] are often accorded at the burial service. In many religious traditions, [[pallbearer]]s, usually males who are relatives or friends of the decedent, will carry the casket from the chapel (of a funeral home or church) to the hearse, and from the hearse to the site of the burial service. The pallbearers often sit in a special reserved section during the funeral. Most religions expect coffins to be kept closed during the burial ceremony. In Eastern Orthodox funerals, the coffins are reopened just before burial to allow mourners to look at the deceased one last time and give their final farewells. Greek funerals are an exception as the coffin is open during the whole procedure unless the state of the body does not allow it. [[File:Medieval Royal Funeral007.jpg|thumb|[[Middle Ages|Medieval]] depiction of a royal body being laid in a coffin.]] Morticians may ensure that all jewelry, including wristwatch, that were displayed at the wake are in the casket before it is buried or entombed. Custom requires that everything goes into the ground; however this is not true for Jewish services. Jewish tradition stipulates that nothing of value is buried with the deceased. In the case of cremation such items are usually removed before the body goes into the furnace. Pacemakers are removed prior to cremation – if left in they could explode. ===Private services=== {{unreferenced section|date=February 2014}} The family of the deceased may wish to have only a very small, private service, with just the deceased's closest family members and friends attending. This type of ceremony is not open to the public, but only to those invited. ===Memorial services<!--'Memorial service' and 'Memorial services' redirect here-->=== {{also|Memorial service in the Eastern Orthodox Church}} {{unreferenced section|date=February 2014}} [[Image:BrochureMemorialSvcWilliamMcKinleyInsidePagesNashuaNH09191901.jpg|thumb|Order of exercises, local memorial service in Nashua, New Hampshire for U.S. President [[William McKinley]] on September 19, 1901, shortly after his assassination.|link=Special:FilePath/BrochureMemorialSvcWilliamMcKinleyInsidePagesNashuaNH09191901.jpg]] A '''memorial service'''<!--boldface per WP:R#PLA--> is one given for the deceased when the body is not present. The service takes place ''after'' cremation or [[burial at sea]], after donation of the body to an academic or research institution, or after the ashes have been scattered. It is also significant when the person is [[Declared death in absentia|missing and presumed dead]], or known to be deceased though the body is not recoverable. These services often take place at a funeral home; however, they can be held in a home, school, workplace, church or other location of some significance. A memorial service may include speeches (eulogies), prayers, poems, or songs to commemorate the deceased. Pictures of the deceased and flowers are usually placed where the coffin would normally be placed. After the sudden deaths of important public officials, public memorial services have been held by communities, including those without any specific connection to the deceased. For examples, community memorial services were held after the [[assassination of James A. Garfield|assassinations of US presidents James A. Garfield]] and [[assassination of William McKinley|William McKinley]]. ===European funerals=== ====England==== In England, funerals are commonly held at a church, crematorium or cemetery chapel.<ref name="which">{{cite web|url=https://www.which.co.uk/later-life-care/end-of-life/funeral-arrangements/plans-for-the-service-itself-af3tb8f3j8kl|title=Planning a funeral service|publisher=Which? magazine|date=2019-08-09|accessdate=2019-10-01}}</ref> Historically, it was customary to bury the dead, but since the 1960s, cremation has been more common.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.urnsforashes.co.uk/cremation-statistics/|title=National Cremation Statistics 1960-2017|author=|publisher=The Cremation Society of Great Britain|date=2018-08-03|accessdate=2010-09-08}}</ref> While there is no visitation ceremony like in North America, relatives may view the body beforehand at the [[funeral home]]. A room for viewing is usually called a ''chapel of rest''.<ref>[https://www.funeralguide.co.uk/help-resources/arranging-a-funeral/what-is-a-chapel-of-rest Funeral Guide - Chapel of Rest]</ref> Funerals typically last about half an hour.<ref name="which-cremation"/> They are sometimes split into two ceremonies: a main funeral and a shorter ''committal'' ceremony. In the latter, the coffin is either handed over to a crematorium<ref name="which-cremation">{{cite web|url=https://www.which.co.uk/later-life-care/end-of-life/funeral-arrangements/cremation-service-a33fj9x7m3tk|title=Planning a cremation service|publisher=Which? magazine|date=2019-08-09|accessdate=2019-10-01}}</ref> or buried in a cemetery.<ref name="which-burial">{{cite web|url=https://www.which.co.uk/later-life-care/end-of-life/funeral-arrangements/planning-a-burial-asjqw4r4pwjc|title=Planning a burial|publisher=Which? magazine|date=2019-08-09|accessdate=2019-10-01}}</ref> This allows the funeral to be held at a place without cremation or burial facilities. Alternatively, the entire funeral may be held in the chapel of the crematorium or cemetery. It is not customary to view a cremation; instead, the coffin may be hidden with curtains towards the end of the funeral.<ref name="which-cremation"/> After the funeral, it is common for the mourners to gather for refreshments. This is sometimes called a [[Wake (ceremony)|wake]], though this is different to how to the term is used in other countries, where a wake is a ceremony before the funeral.<ref name="which"/> ====Finland==== In Finland, religious funerals (''hautajaiset'') are quite ascetic. The local priest or minister says prayers and blesses the deceased in their house. The mourners (''saattoväki'') traditionally bring food to the mourners' house. Nowadays the deceased is put into the coffin in the place where they died. The undertaker will pick up the coffin and place it in the hearse and drive it to the funeral home, while the closest relatives or friends of the deceased will follow the hearse in a funeral procession in their own cars. The coffin will be held at the funeral home until the day of the funeral. The funeral services may be divided into two parts. First is the church service (''siunaustilaisuus'') in a cemetery chapel or local church, then the burial. ====Iceland==== {{further|Icelandic funeral|}} ====Italy==== The majority of Italians are [[Roman Catholic]] and follow [[Catholic funeral]] traditions. Historically, mourners would walk in a funeral procession to the gravesite; today vehicles are used. ====Greece==== {{expand section|date=January 2018}} ====Poland==== {{see also|Catholic funeral|}} In Poland, in urban areas, there are usually two, or just one “stop”. The body, brought by a hearse from the mortuary, may be taken to a church or to a cemetery chapel, Then there is a funeral mass or service at cemetery chapel. Following the mass or Service the casket is carried in procession (usually on foot) on a hearse to the grave. Once at the gravesite, the priest will commence the graveside committal service and the casket is lowered. The mass or service usually takes place at the cemetery. In some traditional rural areas, the wake (''czuwanie'') takes place in the house of the deceased or their relatives. The body lies in state for three days in the house. The funeral usually takes place on the third day. Family, neighbors and friends gather and pray during the day and night on those three days and nights. There are usually three stages in the funeral ceremony (''ceremonia pogrzebowa'', ''pogrzeb''): the wake (''czuwanie''), then the body is carried by procession (usually on foot) or people drive in their own cars to the church or cemetery chapel for mass, and another procession by foot to the gravesite. After the funeral, families gather for a post-funeral get-together (''stypa''). It can be at the family home, or at a function hall. In Poland cremation is less popular because the Catholic Church in Poland prefers traditional burials (though cremation is allowed). Cremation is more popular among non-religious and Protestants in Poland. ====Russia==== {{further|Russian traditions and superstitions|}} ====Scotland==== An old funeral rite from the Scottish Highlands involved burying the deceased with a wooden plate resting on his chest. On the plate were placed a small amount of earth and salt, to represent the future of the deceased. The earth hinted that the body would decay and become one with the earth, while the salt represented the soul, which does not decay. This rite was known as "earth laid upon a corpse". This practice was also carried out in Ireland, as well as in parts of England, particularly in Leicestershire, although in England the salt was intended to prevent air from distending the corpse.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=bmpMAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA262&lpg=PA262 "Salt"], IN: ''The Table Book of Daily Recreation and Information; Concerning Remarkable Men, Manners, Times, Seasons, Solemnities, Merry-Makings, Antiquities and Novelties, Forming a Complete History of the Year'', ed. William Hone, (London: 1827) p 262. Retrieved on 2008-07-02.</ref> ====Spain==== In Spain, a burial or cremation may occur very soon after a death. Most Spaniards are Roman Catholics and follow Catholic funeral traditions. First, family and friends sit with the deceased during the wake until the burial. Wakes are a social event and a time to laugh and honor the dead. Following the wake comes the [[funeral mass]] (Tanatorio) at the church or cemetery chapel. Following the mass is the burial. The coffin is then moved from the church to the local cemetery, often with a procession of locals walking behind the hearse. ====Wales==== Traditionally, a good funeral (as they were called) had one draw the curtains for a period of time; at the wake, when new visitors arrived, they would enter from the front door and leave through the back door. The women stayed at home whilst the men attended the funeral, the village priest would then visit the family at their home to talk about the deceased and to console them.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/wales/entries/9c24f1e1-d62c-3e28-a1db-7664cad06183|title=A good Welsh funeral|date=28 October 2010|website=BBC Wales}}</ref> The first child of [[William Price (physician)|William Price]], a [[Wales|Welsh]] [[Neo-Druidism|Neo-Druidic]] priest, died in 1884. Believing that it was wrong to bury a corpse, and thereby pollute the earth, Price decided to cremate his son's body, a practice which had been common in [[Celts (modern)|Celtic]] societies. The police arrested him for the illegal disposal of a corpse.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/09/15/1032054710047.html?oneclick=true| title = Druid doc with a bee in his bonnet | accessdate = 2007-02-03 | first = Tim | last = Harris | work = theage.com.au | date = 2002-09-16 | location= Melbourne}}</ref> Price successfully argued in court that while the law did not state that cremation was legal, it also did not state that it was illegal. The case set a precedent that, together with the activities of the newly-founded Cremation Society of Great Britain, led to the Cremation Act 1902.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://webapps.rhondda-cynon-taff.gov.uk/heritagetrail/english/taf/drwilliamprice.html|title= Doctor William Price|publisher= Rhondda Cynon Taf Library Service|accessdate= 1 June 2012}}</ref> The Act imposed procedural requirements before a cremation could occur and restricted the practice to authorised places.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.srgw.demon.co.uk/CremSoc3/StatutoryLaw/CAct1902.html | title = Cremation Act, 1902 | accessdate = 2007-02-03}}</ref> ==Other types of funerals== [[File:Vögleins Begräbnis.jpg|thumb|The burial of a bird]] === Celebration of life<!--'Life celebration' and 'Celebration of life' redirect here--> === A growing number of families choose to hold a '''life celebration'''<!--boldface per WP:R#PLA--> or '''celebration of life'''<!--boldface per WP:R#PLA--><ref name=bbc1>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-31940529|title=Happy funerals: A celebration of life? - BBC News|work=BBC News|date=14 June 2015|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-07-08|last1=Kelly|first1=Jon}}</ref><ref name=cnbc>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/id/100416919|title=Here's to the Hereafter: Celebrating Life with a Party|last=Lisson|first=Meghan|date=2013-01-29|access-date=2016-07-08}}</ref> event for the deceased in addition to or instead of a traditional funeral. Such ceremonies may be held outside the funeral home or place of worship; restaurants, parks, pubs and sporting facilities are popular choices based on the specific interests of the deceased.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eternallyloved.com/blog/celebration-life-ceremony/|title=Eternally Loved, What is a celebration of life, 07 March 2016|date=2016-03-07|publisher=Eternally Loved|accessdate=2016-06-14|archive-date=2016-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701112842/http://www.eternallyloved.com/blog/celebration-life-ceremony/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Celebrations of life focus on a life that was lived, including the person's best qualities, interests, achievements and impact, rather than mourning a death.<ref name=bbc1/> Some events are portrayed as joyous parties, instead of a traditional somber funeral. Taking on happy and hopeful tones, celebrations of life discourage wearing black and focus on the deceased's individuality.<ref name=bbc1/> An extreme example might have "a fully stocked open bar, catered food, and even favors."<ref name=cnbc/> Notable recent celebrations of life ceremonies include those for [[René Angélil]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/celine-dion-breaks-down-celebration-life-memorial-service-late-husband-rene-angelil-1542064|title=Celine Dion breaks down at celebration of life memorial service for late husband Rene Angelil|first=Priya|last=Joshi|date=4 February 2016|website=ibtimes.co.uk}}</ref> and [[Maya Angelou]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://business.wfu.edu/blog/rising-joy-friends-family-honor-maya-angelou-cerem/|title=RISING JOY: Friends, family honor Maya Angelou in ceremony - Wake Forest University School of Business|website=wfu.edu}}</ref> ===Jazz funeral=== {{main|Jazz funeral}} Originating in [[New Orleans, Louisiana]], U.S., alongside the emergence of [[jazz music]] in late 19th and early 20th centuries, the jazz funeral is a traditionally African-American burial ceremony and celebration of life unique to New Orleans that involves a parading funeral procession accompanied by a brass band playing somber hymns followed by upbeat jazz music. Traditional jazz funerals begin with a processional led by the funeral director, family, friends, and the brass band, i.e., the "main line", who march from the funeral service to the burial site while the band plays slow [[dirge]]s and [[Christian hymn]]s. After the body is buried, or "cut loose", the band begins to play up-tempo, joyful jazz numbers, as the main line parades through the streets and crowds of "[[Second line (parades)|second liners]]" join in and begin dancing and marching along, transforming the funeral into a [[street festival]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sakakeeny|first1=Matt|title=Jazz Funerals and Second Line Parades|url=http://www.knowlouisiana.org/entry/jazz-funerals-and-second-line-parades|encyclopedia=knowlouisiana.org Encyclopedia of Louisiana|editor=David Johnson|publisher=Louisiana Endowment for the Humanities|accessdate=13 May 2017|date=3 February 2011}}</ref> ===Green=== [[File:Toda green funeral1871.jpg|thumb|Photograph (1871–2) of a [[Toda people|Toda]] green funeral.]] {{main|Natural burial}} The terms "green burial" and "natural burial", used interchangeably, apply to ceremonies that aim to return the body with the earth with little to no use of artificial, non-biodegradable materials. As a concept, the idea of uniting an individual with the natural world after he or she dies appears as old as human death itself, being widespread before the rise of the funeral industry. Holding environmentally-friendly ceremonies as a modern concept first attracted widespread attention in the 1990s. In terms of [[North America]], the opening of the first explicitly "green" burial cemetery in the U.S. took place in the state of [[South Carolina]]. However, the Green Burial Council, which came into being in 2005, has based its operations out of [[California]]. The instutition works to officially certifies burial practices for funeral homes and cemeteries, making sure that appropriate materials are used.<ref name="Natural">{{cite web|url=http://thecatholicspirit.com/news/local-news/catholic-cemeteries-to-offer-natural-burial-option-starting-in-fall/|title=Catholic Cemeteries to offer 'natural burial' option starting in fall - TheCatholicSpirit.com|date=21 May 2018|website=thecatholicspirit.com}}</ref> Religiously, some adherents of the Roman Catholic Church often have particular interest in "green" funerals given the faith's preference to full burial of the body as well as the theological commitments to care for the environment stated in [[Catholic social teaching]].<ref name="Natural"/> Those with concerns about the effects on the environment of traditional burial or cremation may be placed into a natural [[biodegradation|bio-degradable]] green burial shroud. That, in turn, sometimes gets placed into a simple coffin made of cardboard or other easily biodegradable material. Furthermore, individuals may choose their final resting place to be in a specially designed park or woodland, sometimes known as an "ecocemetery", and may have a tree or other item of greenery planted over their grave both as a contribution to the environment and a symbol of remembrance. ===Humanist and otherwise not religiously affiliated=== [[Humanists UK]] organises a network of [[Humanist officiant|humanist funeral celebrants]] or officiants across England and Wales, Northern Ireland, and the Channel Islands<ref name=bha>{{cite web|url=http://www.humanism.org.uk/ceremonies/humanist-funerals-memorials |title=Humanist Funerals and Memorials |publisher=Humanism.org.uk |date= |accessdate=2013-05-21}}</ref> and a similar network is organised by the [[Humanist Society Scotland]]. Humanist officiants are trained and experienced in devising and conducting suitable ceremonies for non-religious individuals.<ref name=bbc>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/ritesrituals/funerals.shtml |title=Non-religious funerals |publisher=BBC |date= |accessdate=2013-05-21}}</ref> Humanist funerals recognise no "afterlife", but celebrate the life of the person who has died.<ref name=bha/> In the twenty-first century, humanist funerals were held for well-known people including [[Claire Rayner]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/39258/agony-aunt-claire-rayner-dies-age-79 |title=Jennifer Lipman, Agony aunt Claire Rayner dies at age 79', Jewish Chronicle, 12 October 2010 |publisher=Thejc.com |date=2010-10-12 |accessdate=2013-05-21}}</ref> [[Keith Floyd]],<ref name="Floyd">{{cite news|author=Haroon Siddique and agencies |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2009/sep/30/keith-floyd-humanist-funeral |title=Haroon Siddique, Mourners pay tribute to TV chef Keith Floyd at humanist funeral, The Guardian, 30 September 2009 |newspaper=Guardian |date=2009-09-30 |accessdate=2013-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Count |first=The |url=http://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/Keith-Floyd-funeral-latest/article-1380466-detail/article.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130619221619/http://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/Keith-Floyd-funeral-latest/article-1380466-detail/article.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-06-19 |title=Bristol Evening Post, Keith Floyd funeral in Bristol, 30 September 2009 |publisher=Bristolpost.co.uk |date=2009-09-30 |accessdate=2013-05-21 }}</ref> [[Linda Smith (comedian)|Linda Smith]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/linda-smith-god-the-biggest-joke-of-all-468233.html |title=Linda Smith: God, the biggest joke of all |publisher=Independent.co.uk |date=2006-03-02 |accessdate=2013-05-21}}</ref> and [[Ronnie Barker]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4338658.stm |title=BBC, Family funeral for Ronnie Barker, 13 October 2005 |work=BBC News |date=2005-10-13 |accessdate=2013-05-21}}</ref> In areas outside of the [[United Kingdom]], the [[Republic of Ireland]] has featured an increasing number of non-religious funeral arrangements according to publications such as ''Dublin Live''. This has occurred in parallel with a trend of increasing numbers of people carefully scripting their own funerals before they die, writing the details of their own ceremonies. The Irish Association of Funeral Directors has reported that funerals without a religious focus occur mainly in more [[Urban area|urbanized areas]] in contrast to rural territories.<ref name="Dublin">{{cite news|url=https://www.dublinlive.ie/news/dublin-news/rising-number-people-speaking-beyond-14621186|publisher=Dublin Live|title=Rising number of people speaking from 'beyond the grave' by writing their own eulogies|date=5 May 2018|first=Lynne|last=Kelleher|accessdate=21 May 2018}}</ref> Notable secular-based funerals have been held in other nations such as the [[Republic of Malta]], in which civil rights activist and humanist Ramon Casha had a large scale event at the Radisson Blu Golden Sands resort devoted to laying him to rest. Although such non-religious ceremonies are "a rare scene in Maltese society" due to the large role of the [[Roman Catholic Church]] within [[Culture of Malta|that country's culture]], according to ''Lovin Malta'', "more and more Maltese people want to know about alternate forms of burial... without any religion being involved."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2017-01-26/local-news/Humanist-chairman-Ramon-Casha-gets-both-Catholic-secular-funeral-6736169596|title=Humanist chairman Ramon Casha gets both Catholic, secular funeral|date=26 January 2017|accessdate=23 May 2018|newspaper=[[The Malta Independent]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://lovinmalta.com/lifestyle/living-in-malta/so-how-do-you-organise-a-civil-secular-funeral-in-malta-exactly|title=So, How Do You Organise A Civil, Secular Funeral In Malta Exactly?|website=lovinmalta.com}}</ref> Actual events during secular funerals vary, but they frequently reflect upon the interests and personality of the deceased. For example, the ceremony for the aforementioned [[Keith Floyd]], a [[restaurateur]] and [[television personality]], included a reading of [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s poetic work ''[[If (Rudyard Kipling)|If—]]'' and a performance by musician [[Bill Padley]].<ref name="Floyd"/> Organizations such as the Irish Institute of Celebrants have stated that more and more regular individuals request training for administering funeral ceremonies, instead of leaving things to other individuals.<ref name="Dublin"/> ===Civil=== {{see also|Institute of Civil Funerals}} Civil funerals are an alternative to religious or humanist ceremonies in the UK. Unlike a humanist funeral, a civil funeral can contain some religious content, such as hymns or reading if the family wish.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.iocf.org.uk/for-funeral-professionals-about-civil-funerals.html| title= About Civil Funerals| publisher= Institute of Funeral Celebrants| accessdate= 2014-02-19| quote= Offered in England since April 2002, the Civil Funeral is a ceremony that reflects the beliefs and values of the deceased rather than those of the minister, officiant or Celebrant.| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180302054221/http://www.iocf.org.uk/for-funeral-professionals-about-civil-funerals.html| archive-date= 2018-03-02| url-status= dead}}</ref> ===Police/fire services=== [[Image:Stairway2heaven.jpg|left|thumb|Traditional "crossed-ladders" for a [[fire department]] funeral|link=Special:FilePath/Stairway2heaven.jpg]] Funerals specifically for fallen members of fire or police services are common in United States and Canada. These funerals involve honour guards from police forces and/or fire services from across the country and sometimes from overseas.<ref name="C.C Thomas">{{cite book|last1=Sanders|first1=William P.|title=Law enforcement funeral manual a practical guide for law enforcement agencies when faced with the death of a member of their department|date=2006|publisher=C.C Thomas|location=Springfield, Ill.|isbn=9780398084783|edition=2nd}}</ref> A parade of officers often precedes or follows the hearse carrying the fallen comrade.<ref name="C.C Thomas"/> ===Masonic=== A Masonic funeral is held at the request of a departed Mason or family member. The service may be held in any of the usual places or a Lodge room with committal at graveside, or the complete service can be performed at any of the aforementioned places without a separate committal. Freemasonry does not require a Masonic funeral. There is no single Masonic funeral service. Some Grand Lodges (it is a worldwide organisation) have a prescribed service. Some of the customs include the presiding officer wearing a hat while doing his part in the service, the Lodge members placing sprigs of evergreen on the casket, and a small white leather apron may being placed in or on the casket. The hat may be worn because it is Masonic custom (in some places in the world) for the presiding officer to have his head covered while officiating. To Masons the sprig of evergreen is a symbol of immortality. A Mason wears a white leather apron, called a "lambskin," on becoming a Mason, and he may continue to wear it even in death.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Colon|first1=Felix|title=Masonic Funerals|url=http://www.millburnlodge127.com/masonicfunerals.html|publisher=THE MASONIC SERVICE ASSOCIATION|accessdate=5 June 2014|archive-date=7 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607012348/http://www.millburnlodge127.com/masonicfunerals.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://grandlodgeofiowa.org/docs/ObituaryRites/MasonicMemorialHandbook.pdf|title=HANDBOOK FOR MASONIC MEMORIAL SERVICES|website=Grandlodgeofiowa.org|accessdate=22 September 2018}}</ref> ==Asian funerals== {{see also|Chinese funerary art|Chinese veneration of the dead|Ancestor veneration in China|wu (shaman)|shi (personator)|joss paper|Culture of Vietnam#Funeral}} {{unreferenced section|date=February 2014}} [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 137-009055, Leichenzug in Peking.jpg|thumb|left|Funeral procession in [[Beijing]], 1900]] [[File:Korean Funeral Armband.png|thumb|A traditional armband indicating seniority and lineage in relation to the deceased, a common practice in South Korea.]] In most East Asian, South Asian and many Southeast Asian cultures, the wearing of white is symbolic of death. In these societies, white or off-white robes are traditionally worn to symbolize that someone has died and can be seen worn among relatives of the deceased during a funeral ceremony. In Chinese culture, red is strictly forbidden as it is a traditionally symbolic color of happiness. Exceptions are sometimes made if the deceased has reached an advanced age such as 85, in which case the funeral is considered a celebration, where wearing white with some red is acceptable. Contemporary Western influence however has meant that dark-colored or black attire is now often also acceptable for mourners to wear (particularly for those outside the family). In such cases, mourners wearing dark colors at times may also wear a white or off-white armband or white robe. Contemporary [[South Korea]]n funerals typically mix western culture with traditional Korean culture, largely depending on socio-economic status, region, and religion. In almost all cases, all related males in the family wear woven armbands representing seniority and lineage in relation to the deceased, and must grieve next to the deceased for a period of three days before burying the body. During this period of time, it is customary for the males in the family to personally greet all who come to show respect. While burials have been preferred historically, recent trends show a dramatic increase in cremations due to shortages of proper burial sites and difficulties in maintaining a traditional grave. The ashes of the cremated corpse are commonly stored in [[columbaria]]. ===In Japan=== {{main|Japanese funeral}} [[File:Sudangee (last offices) shaving the head of the dead in Japan-J. M. W. Silver.jpg|thumb|Sudangee or last offices being performed on a dead person, illustration from 1867]] Most Japanese funerals are conducted with Buddhist and/or Shinto rites.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/07/28/reference/japans-funerals-deep-rooted-mix-of-ritual-form/|title=Japan's funerals deep-rooted mix of ritual, form|last=Nakata|first=Hiroko|date=2009-07-28|newspaper=The Japan Times Online|language=en-US|issn=0447-5763|access-date=2017-01-31}}</ref> Many ritually bestow a new name on the deceased; funerary names typically use obsolete or archaic kanji and words, to avoid the likelihood of the name being used in ordinary speech or writing. The new names are typically chosen by a Buddhist priest, after consulting the family of the deceased. Most Japanese are cremated. Religious thought among the Japanese people is generally a blend of Shintō and Buddhist beliefs. In modern practice, specific rites concerning an individual's passage through life are generally ascribed to one of these two faiths. Funerals and follow-up memorial services fall under the purview of Buddhist ritual, and 90% Japanese funerals are conducted in a Buddhist manner. Aside from the religious aspect, a Japanese funeral usually includes a wake, the cremation of the deceased, and inclusion within the family grave. Follow-up services are then performed by a Buddhist priest on specific anniversaries after death. According to an estimate in 2005, 99.82% of all deceased Japanese are cremated.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.srgw.info/CremSoc5/Stats/Interntl/2005/StatsIF.html |title=Cremation Society of G.B. – International Cremation Statistics 2005 |publisher=Srgw.demon.co.uk |date=2007-02-06 |accessdate=26 November 2014 |archive-date=2014-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128224404/http://www.srgw.info/CremSoc5/Stats/Interntl/2005/StatsIF.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In most cases the cremated remains are placed in an [[urn]] and then deposited in a family grave. In recent years however, alternative methods of disposal have become more popular, including scattering of the ashes, burial in outer space, and conversion of the cremated remains into a [[diamond]] that can be set in jewelry. ===In the Philippines=== {{main|Funeral practices and burial customs in the Philippines}} Funeral practices and burial customs in the Philippines encompass a wide range of [[person]]al, [[Filipino culture|cultural]], and [[traditional]] beliefs and practices which [[Filipino people|Filipinos]] observe in relation to death, bereavement, and the proper honoring, interment, and remembrance of the dead. These practices have been vastly shaped by the variety of religions and cultures that entered the Philippines throughout its complex [[History of the Philippines|history]]. Most if not all present-day Filipinos, like their ancestors, believe in some form of an [[afterlife]] and give considerable attention to [[veneration of the dead|honouring the dead]].<ref name=MC>[http://musical-chemist.blogspot.com/2009/01/filipinos-and-funeral-traditions.html Filipinos and Funeral Traditions], Organ-ic Chemist, musical-chemist.blogspot.com, January 24, 2009</ref> Except amongst [[Islam in the Philippines|Filipino Muslims]] (who are obliged to bury a corpse less than 24 hours after death), a wake is generally held from three days to a week.<ref name=Sandi>Clark, Sandi. [http://www.indiana.edu/~famlygrf/culture/clark.html Death and Loss in the Philippines], Grief in a Family Context, HPER F460, Summer, 1998, indiana.edu</ref> Wakes in rural areas are usually held in the home, while in urban settings the dead is typically displayed in a funeral home. Friends and neighbors bring food to the family, such as ''[[pancit]]'' noodles and ''[[bibingka]]'' cake'';'' any leftovers are never taken home by guests, because of a superstition against it.<ref name=":4" /> Apart from spreading the news about someone's death verbally,<ref name=Sandi/> [[obituaries]] are also published in newspapers. Although the majority of the Filipino people are Christians,<ref name=Babao>Guballa, Cathy Babao. [http://www.indiana.edu/~famlygrf/culture/babaoguballa.html Grief in the Filipino Family Context], indiana.edu</ref> they have retained some traditional indigenous beliefs concerning death.<ref name=KCC>Pagampao, Karen. [http://bosp.kcc.hawaii.edu/Horizons/horizons_1999/celebration2.html A Celebration of Death Among the Filipino] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003092042/http://bosp.kcc.hawaii.edu/Horizons/horizons_1999/celebration2.html |date=2011-10-03 }}, bosp.kcc.hawaii.edu</ref><ref name=DPPS>Tacio, Henrylito D. [http://www.sunstar.com.ph/static/dav/2005/10/30/feat/death.practices.philippine.style.html Death Practices Philippine Style] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125125636/http://www.sunstar.com.ph/static/dav/2005/10/30/feat/death.practices.philippine.style.html |date=2010-01-25 }}, sunstar.com, October 30, 2005</ref> ===In Korea=== [[File:Korean.cuisine-Yukgaejang-01.jpg|thumb|Yukgaejang is a spicy soup with a beef and vegetables in it. It is a Korean traditional food and served during funerals.]] In Korea, funerals are typically held for three days and different things are done in each day. The first day: on the day a person dies, the body is moved to a funeral hall. They prepare clothes for the body and put them into a chapel of rest. Then food is prepared for the deceased. It is made up of three bowls of rice and three kinds of Korean side dishes. Also, there has to be three coins and three straw shoes. This can be cancelled if the family of the dead person have a particular religion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ehaneul.go.kr/contentsS.do?id=M010202003|title=ehanuel|access-date=2017-04-03}}</ref> [[File:Soju in korean restaurant.JPG|left|thumb|213x213px|Soju is a Korean vodka and it is served during funerals.]] On the second day the funeral director washes the body and shrouding is done. Then, a family member of the dead person puts uncooked rice in the mouth of the body. This step does not have to be done if the family has a certain religion. After putting the rice in the mouth, the body is moved into a coffin. Family members, including close relatives, of the dead person will wear mourning clothing. Typically, mourning for a woman includes Korean traditional clothes, [[Hanbok]], and mourning for man includes a suit. The color has to be black. The ritual ceremony begins when they are done with changing clothes and preparing foods for the dead person. The ritual ceremony is different depending on their religion. After the ritual ceremony family members will start to greet guests.<ref>{{Cite journal|first=Kwang Kyu |last=Lee |year=1984 |title=The Concept of Ancestors and Ancestor Worship in Korea |journal=Nazan University |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=199–214 |issn=0385-2342 |doi=10.2307/1178009|jstor=1178009 }}</ref> On the third day, the family decides whether to bury the body in the ground or cremate the body. If they decide to bury the body in the ground, three people from the family sprinkle dirt on the coffin three times. In case of cremation, there are no specific things to be done like ground burial. The only thing needed is a jar to place burned bones in and a place to keep the jar. Other than these facts, in Korea, people who come to the funeral bring condolence money. Also, a food called [[Yukgaejang]] is served to guests oftentimes with Korean alcohol called [[soju]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seoulsite.com/survival-faq/a-korean-funeral/|title=Seoul Site|website=Seoul Site|access-date=2017-04-03}}</ref> ===In Mongolia=== Like many other cultures, funeral practices in Mongolia are the most important rituals that they follow. They have mixed their rituals with Buddhists due to creating a new, unique way of death.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://buddhistdeathrituals.blogspot.com/2010/05/mongolian-death-rituals.html|title=Buddhist Death Rituals: Mongolian Death Rituals|last=Stephen|date=2010-05-01|website=Buddhist Death Rituals|access-date=2017-04-03}}</ref> For Mongolians who are very strict when it comes to their traditions, there were three different ways of burial that families could choose from. The main one being open-air burial, and the others being cremation and embalming. There were many factors that went into deciding which funeral practice to do. These consisted of the family's social standing, the cause of death and the specific location they died at. The main people that were chosen to be embalmed were the people apart of the Lamaistic Church, by choosing this practice, they are usually buried in a sitting position. This would show that they would always be in the position of prayer. Also, more important people such as Nobles would be buried with weapons, horses and food in their coffins to help them prepare for the next world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.welcome2mongolia.com/archives/mongolian-practice-of-burial/|title=Mongolian practice of burial|website=www.welcome2mongolia.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404130604/http://www.welcome2mongolia.com/archives/mongolian-practice-of-burial/|archive-date=2017-04-04|url-status=dead}}</ref> The coffin is built specifically designed by three to four relatives, mainly men. In order to determine how big the coffin will be, the builders bring planks to the hut that the dead is located and put together the box and the lid to go with it. The same people who help put together the coffin also help decorate the funeral. Most of this work is done after the sun goes down. With very specific instruction, they work on decorations inside the youngest daughters house. The reason for this is so the deceased is not disturbed at night.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://materialreligions.blogspot.com/2015/04/objects-and-substances-of-funeral.html|title=Objects and Substances of Funeral Mediation in Mongolia: Coffin, Miniature Yurt and Food Offerings|date=2015-04-08|website=Objects and Substances of Funeral Mediation in Mongolia|access-date=2017-04-03}}</ref> ===In Vietnam=== In Vietnam, [[Buddhism]] is the most commonly practiced religion, however, most burial methods do not coincide with the Buddhist belief of [[cremation]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://vietnamreporter.com.au/burying-the-dead-in-vietnam/|title=Burying the dead in Vietnam {{!}} Vietnam Reporter|website=vietnamreporter.com.au|language=en-US|access-date=2017-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405170221/http://vietnamreporter.com.au/burying-the-dead-in-vietnam/|archive-date=2017-04-05|url-status=dead}}</ref> The body of the deceased is moved to a loved one's house and placed in an expensive coffin. The body usually stays there for about three days, allowing time for people to visit and place gifts in the mouth.<ref name=":1" /> This stems from the Vietnamese belief that the dead should be surrounded by their family. This belief goes so far as to include superstition as well. If somebody is dying in Vietnamese culture, they are rushed home from the hospital so they can die there, because if they die away from home it is believed to be bad luck to take a corpse home.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://offroadvietnam.com/vietnam-info/customs-and-rites/funerals|title=Funerals. Important Traditions, Customs - Offroad Vietnam Adventures|work=Offroad Vietnam Adventures|access-date=2017-04-03|language=en-US}}</ref> Many services are also held in the Vietnamese burial practices. One is held before moving the coffin from the home and the other is held at the burial site.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://ethnomed.org/clinical/end-of-life/death-in-viet|title=Death Rituals in Vietnamese Society — EthnoMed|website=ethnomed.org|language=en|access-date=2017-04-03}}</ref> After the burial of the loved one, incense is burned at the gravesite and respect is paid to all the nearby graves. Following this, the family and friends return to the home and enjoy a feast to celebrate the life of the recently departed.<ref name=":2" /> Even after the deceased has been buried, the respect and honor continues. For the first 49 days after the burying, the family holds a memorial service every 7 days, where the family and friends come back together to celebrate the life of their loved one. After this, they meet again on the 100th day after the death, then 265 days after the death, and finally they meet on the anniversary of the death of their loved one, a whole year later, to continue to celebrate the glorious life of their recently departed.<ref name=":3" /> ==African funerals== [[File:The corpse is dressed and carried by a blacksmith. Kapsiki.jpg|thumb|Funerary dance ritual. A blacksmith carries the dressed body. Kapsiki people, North Cameroon.]] ===Ancient Egypt=== {{main|Ancient Egyptian funerary practices}} ===West African=== African funerals are usually open to many visitors. The custom of burying the dead in the floor of dwelling-houses has been to some degree prevalent on the [[Gold Coast (region)|Gold Coast]] of Africa. The ceremony depends on the traditions of the ethnicity the deceased belonged to. The funeral may last for as much as a week. Another custom, a kind of memorial, frequently takes place seven years after the person's death. These funerals and especially the memorials may be extremely expensive for the family in question. Cattle, sheep, goats, and poultry, may be offered and then consumed. [[Ashanti people|The Ashanti]] and [[Akan people|Akan]] ethnic groups in Ghana typically wear red and black during funerals. For special family members, there is typically a funeral celebration with singing and dancing to honor the life of the deceased. Afterwards, the Akan hold a sombre funeral procession and burial with intense displays of sorrow. Other funerals in Ghana are held with the deceased put in elaborate "fantasy coffins" colored and shaped after a certain object, such as a fish, crab, boat, and even airplanes.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=http://www.a-to-z-of-manners-and-etiquette.com/funeral-and-religious-customs.html |title=Funeral and Religious Customs |publisher=A-to-z-of-manners-and-etiquette.com |date=1936-01-10 |accessdate=2013-05-21}}</ref> The [[Kane Kwei Carpentry Workshop]] in [[Teshie]], named after Seth Kane Kwei who invented this new style of coffin, has become an international reference for this form of art. Some diseases, such as [[Ebola virus disease|Ebola]] can be spread by funerary customs including touching the dead, though no Ebola cases were recorded in Ghana.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1300/the-dead-bodies-of-the-west-african-ebola-epidemic-understanding-the-importance-of-traditional-burial-practices|title=The Dead Bodies of the West African Ebola Epidemic: Understanding the Importance of Traditional Burial Practices|first=Shah, Jamie |last=J|date=22 September 2018|journal=Inquiries Journal|volume=7|issue=11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/kissing-the-corpses-in-ebola-country|title=Kissing the Corpses in Ebola Country|date=13 August 2014|newspaper=The Daily Beast|last1=Haglage|first1=Abby}}</ref> However, safe burials can be achieved by following simple procedures. For example, letting relatives see the face of the dead before bodybags are closed and taking photographs, if desired, can greatly reduce the risk of infection without impacting too heavily on the customs of burial.<ref>Accessed 2014 https://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/bringing-safer-burial-rituals-ebola-countries/</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Manguvo |first=Angellar |last2=Mafuvadze |first2=Benford |date=2015-10-10 |title=The impact of traditional and religious practices on the spread of Ebola in West Africa: time for a strategic shift |journal=The Pan African Medical Journal |volume=22 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=9 |doi=10.11694/pamj.supp.2015.22.1.6190 |issn=1937-8688 |pmc=4709130 |pmid=26779300|doi-broken-date=2020-05-21 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/01/150130-ebola-virus-outbreak-epidemic-sierra-leone-funerals/ |title=How the Fight Against Ebola Tested a Culture's Traditions |last=Maxmen |first=Amy |date=2015-01-30 |work=National Geographic |access-date=2018-08-20}}</ref> ===East African=== {{unreferenced section|date=February 2014}} In Kenya funerals are an expensive undertaking. Keeping bodies in morgues to allow for fund raising is a common occurrence more so in urban areas. Some families opt to bury their dead in the countryside homes instead of urban cemeteries, thus spending more money on transporting the dead. ==Historical mausoleums== ===China=== ====Tomb of Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi==== {{main|Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor}} [[File:Terra Cotta army.jpg|thumb|right|Terracotta warriors of Qin Shi Huang's mausoleum.]] The first emperor of the Qin dynasty, [[Qin Shi Huang]]’s mausoleum is located in the Lintong District of [[Xi’an]], Shaanxi Province. Qin Shi Huang's tomb is one of the World Heritage sites in China. Its remarkable feature and size have been known as one of the most important historical sites in China.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ma|first1=Ying|last2=Fuller|first2=Benjamin T.|last3=Sun|first3=Weigang|last4=Hu|first4=Songmei|last5=Chen|first5=Liang|last6=Hu|first6=Yaowu|last7=Richards|first7=Michael P.|title=Tracing the locality of prisoners and workers at the Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang: First Emperor of China (259-210 BC)|journal=Scientific Reports|year=2016|volume=6|page=26731|doi=10.1038/srep26731|pmid=27253909|bibcode=2016NatSR...626731M|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/srep26731|language=en|doi-access=free}}</ref> Qin Shi Huang is the first emperor who united China for the first time. The mausoleum was built in 247 BC after he became the emperor of [[Qin Dynasty]]. Ancient Chinese [[mausoleum]]s have unique characteristics compared to other cultures. Ancient Chinese thought that the soul remains even after death, (immortal soul) regarded funeral practices as an important tradition.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Li|first1=Shuang|title=The funeral and Chinese culture|date=1993|publisher=Bowling Green State University|pages=113–120}}</ref> From their long history, the construction of mausoleums has developed over time, creating monumental and massive ancient emperor's [[tomb]]. Archeologists have found more than 8,000 life-sized figures resembling an army surrounding the emperor's tomb.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Liu, Nelson H. S., Charles Y. Liu, and Veronica Pagán|title=The Terra Cotta Army of Qin Shi Huang|year=2011|volume=75|issue=3–4|journal=World Neurosurgery|pages=352–353|doi=10.1016/j.wneu.2011.02.028|pmid=21600463}}</ref> The primary purpose of the placement of [[Terracotta Army]] is to protect the emperor's tomb. The figures were composed of clay and fragments of pottery. The Terracotta Army resembles the soldiers, horses, government officials, and even musicians. All of the figures were made so acutely and delicately. The arrangement and the weapons they are carrying resembled entirely to the real weapons at that time. Furthermore, their facial features weren't identical, but with unique features and details. ====Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties==== {{main|Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties}} [[File:Ming Dynasty Tomb.jpg|thumb|Ming Tomb in Beijing, China.]] The Imperial Tombs of Ming and Qing Dynasties are included as [[World Heritage Sites]]. The three Imperial Tombs of Qin Dynasty were additionally inscribed in 2000 and 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1004|title=Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|website=whc.unesco.org}}</ref> The three tombs were all built in the 17th century. The tombs have been constructed to praise the emperors of [[Qing Dynasty]] and their ancestors. In tradition, Chinese have followed the [[Feng Shui]] to build and decorate the interior. All of the tombs are strictly made followed by the Feng Shui theory. Harmony between the architecture and the surrounding topographical structure were seen as an integral part of nature. According to the Feng Shi theory, to build a tomb, there must be a mountain on the northern side and low land on the south. In the west and east, a river must be located. The Imperial Tombs of Ming and Qing Dynasties clearly shows the cultural and architectural tradition that has swayed the area for more than 500 years. There is a great harmony between the surrounding nature and the architecture. In Chinese culture, the tombs were considered as a portal between the world of the living and the dead. Chinese believed that the portal would divide the soul into two parts. The half of the soul would go to heaven, and the other half would remain within the physical body.<ref>Johnson, Mark M. "Imperial Tombs of China." Arts and Activities 119.4 (1996): 22. ProQuest. Web. 23 Apr. 2017.</ref> ==Mutes and professional mourners== <!-- This section is linked from redirect "Mute (death customs)" --> {{further|Professional mourning}} From about 1600 to 1914 there were two professions in Europe now almost totally forgotten. The mute is depicted in art quite frequently but in literature is probably best known from Dickens's ''[[Oliver Twist]]''. [[Oliver Twist (character)|Oliver]] is working for [[Mr. Sowerberry]] when this conversation takes place: "There's an expression of melancholy in his face, my dear... which is very interesting. He would make a delightful mute, my love". And in ''[[Martin Chuzzlewit]]'', Moult, the undertaker, states, "This promises to be one of the most impressive funerals,...no limitation of expense...I have orders to put on my whole establishment of mutes, and mutes come very dear, Mr Pecksniff." The main purpose of a funeral mute was to stand around at funerals with a sad, pathetic face. A symbolic protector of the deceased, the mute would usually stand near the door of the home or church. In Victorian times, mutes would wear somber clothing including black cloaks, top hats with trailing hatbands, and gloves.<ref name="Puckle">Bertram S. Puckle, ''Funeral Customs: Their Origin and Development'' (London: T. W. Laurie, ltd., 1926) p. 66.</ref> The professional mourner, generally a woman, would shriek and wail (often while clawing her face and tearing at her clothing), to encourage others to weep. Forms of professional mourning are recorded from Ancient Greece,<ref name="Wilson2013">{{cite book|author=Nigel Wilson|title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8pXhAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA135|date=31 October 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-78800-0|page=135}}</ref><ref name="BlundellBlundell1995">{{cite book|author1=Sue Blundell|author2=Susan Blundell|title=Women in Ancient Greece|url=https://archive.org/details/womeninancientgr00blun|url-access=registration|year=1995|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-95473-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/womeninancientgr00blun/page/85 85]}}</ref> and were commonly employed throughout Europe until the beginning of the nineteenth century. The 2003 award-winning Philippine comedy ''Crying Ladies'' revolves around the lives of three women who are part-time professional mourners for the Chinese-Filipino community in [[Binondo|Manila's Chinatown]]. According to the film, the Chinese use professional mourners to help expedite the entry of a deceased loved one's soul into heaven by giving the impression that he or she was a good and loving person, well-loved by many. ==State funeral== {{main|State funeral}} High-ranking national figures such as heads of state, prominent politicians, military figures, national heroes and eminent cultural figures may be offered [[state funeral]]s. ==Final disposition== {{Main|Disposal of human corpses}} Common methods of disposal are: * [[Burial]] of the entire body in the [[earth]], often within a [[coffin]] or [[casket]] (also referred to as ''inhumation'') * Permanent storage in an above-ground [[tomb]] or [[mausoleum]] (also referred to as ''immurement'') * [[Cremation]], which burns soft tissue and renders much of the skeleton to ash. The remains, known as "cremains" (a portmanteau of "cremated" and "remains") may contain larger pieces of bone which are ground in a machine to the consistency of ash. The ashes are commonly stored in an [[Urn#Cremation urns|urn]], or scattered on land or water. ==Self-planned funerals== {{Globalize|section|USA|2name=the United States|date=April 2016}} Some people choose to make their funeral arrangements in advance so that at the time of their death, their wishes are known to their family. However, the extent to which decisions regarding the disposition of a decedent's remains (including funeral arrangements) can be controlled by the decedent while still alive vary from one jurisdiction to another. In the United States, there are states which allow one to make these decisions for oneself if desired, for example by appointing an agent to carry out one's wishes; in other states, the law allows the decedent's next-of-kin to make the final decisions about the funeral without taking the wishes of the decedent into account.<ref>[http://www.qeepr.com/blog/who-has-the-right-to-make-decisions-about-your-funeral/ Who Has the Right to Make Decisions About Your Funeral?], www.qeepr.com, February 5, 2014</ref> The decedent may, in most U.S. jurisdictions, provide instructions as to the funeral by means of a last will and testament. These instructions can be given some legal effect if bequests are made contingent on the heirs carrying them out, with alternative gifts if they are not followed. This requires the will to become available in time; aspects of the disposition of the remains of US President [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] ran contrary to a number of his stated wishes, which were found in a safe that was not opened until after the funeral. ==Organ donation and body donation== Some people [[Body donation|donate their bodies]] to a [[medical school]] for use in research or education. Medical students frequently study anatomy from donated cadavers; they are also useful in forensic research.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hta.gov.uk/about_hta/faqs/body_donation_faqs.cfm|publisher=UK [[Human Tissue Authority]]|title=Body Donation FAQs|access-date=2016-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414164827/http://www.hta.gov.uk/about_hta/faqs/body_donation_faqs.cfm|archive-date=2009-04-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> Some medical conditions, such as amputations or various surgeries can make the cadaver unsuitable for these purposes; in other cases the bodies of people who had certain medical conditions are useful for research into those conditions. Many medical schools rely on the donation of cadavers for the teaching of anatomy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Roach |first=Mary |title=Stiff: The Curious Lives Of Human Cadavers |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0141007458 |id= {{ASIN|0141007451|country=uk}} |year=2004 }}</ref> It is also possible to [[Organ donation|donate organs]] and [[Tissue donation|tissue]] after death, for treating the sick, or for research. ==See also== * [[Dead bell]] * [[Eulogy]] * [[Funerary art]] * [[List of funerals]] * [[Wake (ceremony)]] * [[Burial]] {{-}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliography== * Akyel, Dominic. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130509203320/http://welfare-societies.com/uploads/file/WelfareSocietiesConferencePaper-No1_Schimank_Volkmann.pdf ''From Detraditionalization to Price-consciousness: The Economization of Funeral Consumption in Germany'']. In Uwe Schimank and Ute Volkmann (ed.) The Marketization of Society: Economizing the Non-Economic. Bremen: Research Cluster “Welfare Societies”, 2012, pp.&nbsp;105–124. * Hoy, William G. (2013). ''[https://www.amazon.com/Do-Funerals-Matter-Practices-Perspective/dp/0415662052/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1441623705&sr=8-1&keywords=hoy+do+funerals+matter&pebp=1441623698245&perid=0XKDGA79ZZPP2M9J8XRQ Do Funerals Matter? The Purposes and Practices of Death Rituals in Global Perspective].'' New York: Routledge. * {{Cite book|last= Iserson |first= Kenneth V. |title= Death to Dust: What Happens to Dead Bodies? |year =1994| place=Tucson, AZ |publisher =Galen Press, Ltd. }} * Long, Thomas G. (2009). ''Accompany Them with Singing: The Christian Funeral''. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press. * {{cite book |last=Roach |first=Mary |title=Stiff: The Curious Lives Of Human Cadavers |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0141007458 |id= {{ASIN|0141007451|country=uk}} |year=2004 }} * {{cite book |last=Wilson |first=Jane Wynne |title=Funerals Without God: A practical guide to humanist and non-religious funeral ceremonies|url=https://www.amazon.com/Funerals-Without-God-non-religious-ceremonies-ebook/dp/B00P2ZRS30/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&qid=1469636151&sr=8-3&keywords=non+religious+funerals#nav-subnav |publisher=British Humanist Association |asin=B00P2ZRS30 }} ==External links== {{wiktionary|funeral}} {{Wikiquote}} *{{Commons-inline}} *{{Curlie|Society/Folklore/Death_and_Funeral_Customs/}} {{Death}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Ceremonies]] [[Category:Death customs]] [[Category:Undertaking]] [[Category:Funerals| ]] <noinclude> <small>This page was moved from [[:en:Funeral]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Funeral/edithistory]]</small></noinclude> 68iocql25glkkytr0gkzgcl3eso4l2z 0 114536 540976 509240 2022-08-29T02:08:50Z InternetArchiveBot 34092 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Paid contributions|date=January 2020}} {{advert|date=January 2020}} '''Frederick Philip Lenz, III''', also known as '''Rama''' ([[Sanskrit]]: रामा) and '''Atmananda''' (Sanskrit: आत्मानदा; February 9, 1950 in [[San Diego]], California – April 12, 1998), was a spiritual teacher who taught what he termed American Buddhism, including the teachings of [[Tibetan Buddhism]], [[Zen buddhism|Zen]], [[Vedanta]], and [[Mysticism]]. Lenz was also testing 123 an author, software designer, businessman, and [[record producer]]. ==Biography== ===Childhood and adolescence=== Lenz was born February 9, 1950, at Mercy Hospital in [[San Diego, California]]. At the age of three, he and his family moved to [[Stamford, Connecticut]]. He spent the rest of his childhood and teenage years there, attending schools in the Stamford area.<ref name=autogenerated11>''Insights: Talks on the Nature of Existence'', p. 299</ref> Lenz's father, Frederick Lenz Jr., worked as a marketing executive and later went on to become the mayor of Stamford from 1973 to 1975. His mother, Dorothy Lenz, was a housewife and a student of [[astrology]].<ref name=autogenerated11 /> After high school, he spent a short period of incarceration in a work camp near San Diego for possession of marijuana,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.courant.com/1992-10-18/news/0000111102_1_public-libraries-martial-arts-vanity-fair|title=Guru Mixes Money, Mystique|author=Gerald Renner|date=October 18, 1992|newspaper=The Hartford Courant|accessdate=April 9, 2013}}</ref> a misdemeanor offense which was later removed from the court records by way of a dismissal.<ref>{{cite book|last=Smith |first=Merrit|title=The People of the State of California vs. Frederick P. Lenz III: Modified Order|date=5 October 1972|publisher=[[Superior Court of the State of California]]|language=English|quote=The above-entitled matter coming on this date for hearing and it appearing to this Court that good cause exists for a modification of the Order of Probation heretofore made on August 6, 1969 for three years following conviction for Possession Marijuana (11530 H&S) Now, therefore, it is ordered that said Order be and the same hereby is modified in that the defendant's offense of Possession of Marijuana be reduced to a misdemeanor.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=James|first=R.B.|title=The People of the State of California vs. Frederick P. Lenz, III: Order Dismissing Accusation Against Probationer|date=10 May 1971|publisher=[[Superior Court of the State of California]]|language=English|quote=This matter coming on this date for hearing and it appearing from the report of the...crime of Possession of Marijuana (H&S 11530)...It is further ordered, adjudged and decreed that the above-entitled action, and the Accusation filed therein be, and the same is hereby, dismissed; and the said defendant is hereby released from all penalties and disabilities resulting from the offense of which the said defendant was convicted.}}</ref> After the work camp, he traveled to [[Kathmandu]], Nepal and encountered a [[Tibetan Buddhist]] monk who informed him that in the future, he would help millions of people and carry on the teachings of a lineage that had almost disappeared.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lewinson|first=Liz |title=American Buddhist Rebel: The Story of Rama - Dr. Frederick Lenz|edition=3|date=11 May 2017|publisher=Torchflame Books|language=English |isbn=978-1611532562|page=22–24|quote=By December, 1969, Freddie had saved enough to book a multi-stop flight. He figured he could stay at youth hostels once he arrived. ... When he arrived in Kathmandu, the teeming town was packed with sadhus and Western hippies from many nations... The lama said he had been waiting a very, very long time for Freddie, longer than this lifetime. He told Freddie that in the future he would be a great teacher in the West and that Freddie would carry on the teachings of a lineage that had almost disappeared. That he (Master Fwap) was passing along these teachings to Freddie. Master Fwap predicted that Freddie would become the new lineage-keeper who would revive the teachings and help millions of people.}}<!--|accessdate=19 January 2016--></ref> ===Education=== Lenz graduated from [[Rippowam School|Rippowam High School]] in 1967. He later attended the [[University of Connecticut]], where he majored in English and minored in Philosophy.<ref name=wired>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/7.09/lenz.html |title=Street Brawl in the Twilight Zone |author=David Diamond |date=September 1999 |work=Wired Magazine |accessdate=28 February 2013}}</ref> He was inducted as a member of the [[Phi Beta Kappa]] honor society and graduated [[Magna Cum Laude]].<ref name=autogenerated14>''Insights: Talks on the Nature of Existence'', p 299</ref> After college, he won a competitive State of New York Graduate Council Fellowship enabling him to continue his studies. He earned a [[Master of Arts]] and a [[Doctor of Philosophy]] from [[State University of New York at Stony Brook]].<ref name=wired /> His doctoral dissertation was on "The Evolution of Matter and Spirit in the Poetry of [[Theodore Roethke]]".<ref>[http://imeditate.com/docs/RamaDissertation.pdf Frederick Lenz Dissertation]</ref> ==Spiritual teachings== Lenz said that the core of his teachings were contained in his books, ''Snowboarding to Nirvana'' and ''Surfing the Himalayas'', the latter of which is a national best-seller kept on the nightstand of singer and author [[Tina Turner]].<ref name="Tamaki2018">{{cite web |last1=Tamaki |first1=Jillian Tamaki |title=Tina Turner: By the Book |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/18/books/review/tina-turner-by-the-book.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=English|date=18 October 2018}}</ref> Lenz's work, including his teaching and projects, focused on modern [[Enlightenment (spiritual)|spiritual enlightenment]] through the application of [[Eastern religions|Eastern religious principles]]. The main themes of his teaching included the practice of meditation, living and working in the world, and the enlightenment of women. Lenz instructed students on methods for living more productive, fulfilled lives. He was an advocate of computer science and other mentally challenging professions as a means of achieving mental clarity.<ref name=lenztalk1>{{cite web|url=http://alt.religion.wicca.moderated.narkive.com/avMJOtBo/why-don-t-more-women-attain-enlightenment-rama-dr-frederick-lenz|title=Why Don't More Women Attain Enlightenment|author=Dr. Frederick Lenz|publisher=Narkive Newsgroup Archive|accessdate=April 9, 2013}}</ref><ref name=sunsnt>{{cite news |title=F.P. Lenz III, 48, Self-styled Guru |author=The Associated Press |newspaper=Sun-Sentinel |date=16 April 1998 }}</ref> Lenz wrote he first went into [[samadhi]], or a state of spiritual absorption, at the age of 19.<ref name=autogenerated10>[http://www.fredericklenzfoundation.org The Frederick P Lenz Foundation for American Buddhism<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In his books ''Surfing the Himalayas'' and ''Snowboarding to Nirvana'' he stated that traveling to sacred locations heightened his experiences in meditation.<ref name=wired /><ref>[http://www.fredericklenz.com/ Lenz as Author]</ref> Beginning in 1972, he became a student of Hindu [[guru]] [[Sri Chinmoy]], who gave him the name "Atmananda" meaning "one who Bliss is in the Self".<ref name=wired /><ref name=autogenerated13>[http://www.ex-cult.org/Groups/Rama/rama-appendix-1.html Chronology/Biography, Frederick Lenz<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name=psychtday>{{cite web |url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199811/diving-conscience-bay |title=Diving to Conscience Bay |author=John Gallagher |work=Psychology Today |accessdate=26 February 2013}}</ref> In 1981, after moving back to San Diego, he broke with Chinmoy and founded his own teaching center called Lakshmi.<ref name=wired /><ref name=psychtday /> "Self-discovery is the essential core of all of Rama's teaching", according to Zoe Nicholson.<ref name=thepheart/> "The principle is simple; that inside of each woman and man is the Self, Nirvana, Eternity. It has been covered with layers of conditioning, lifetimes of tendencies and fear of the unknown. Through the practice of Self Discovery all these layers are peeled back eventually revealing one's true nature: perfect pure light."<ref name=thepheart>{{cite book |last=Ann Nicholson |first=Zoe |authorlink= |title=The Passionate Heart |year=2003 |publisher=Lune Soleil Press |location= |isbn=0972392823}}<!--|accessdate=April 9, 2013 --></ref> Lenz is quoted as saying, "It's necessary for you to have a strong base ... the economic independence to live a life of beauty and meditative seclusion. The strength and freedom to live a life of oneness."<ref>[http://www.fredericklenzfoundation.org On the Road With Rama]</ref> and that, "Money is energy in today's world. A great deal of the teaching that I do is about your ability to achieve financial independence."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ramameditationsociety.org/career-success-enlightenment-cycle|title=Career Success|year=1992|publisher=Rama Meditation Society|accessdate=9 March 2015}}</ref> He taught that having money was one way to help others. Throughout his 27 years as a teacher, he offered thousands of free public meditations where he introduced numerous people to meditation, some of whom became students.<ref>[http://www.fredericklenzfoundation.org] ("Zen", "On the Road", "Tantric Buddhism")</ref> At the end of 1982, he adopted the teaching name of "Rama", stating that he was not the historical Rama but rather represented a warrior quality implied in that name.<ref name=wired /><ref name=washp>{{cite news |title=Clarification |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=21 June 1998 |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-653288.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402210345/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-653288.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 April 2015 |accessdate=24 February 2013}}</ref> He said he remembered all of his previous reincarnations, including his life as a high priest in [[Atlantis]], and as a teacher in ancient Egypt, India, Japan, and Tibet.<ref name=wired /><ref name=psychtday /> His students wrote that they witnessed him perform [[miracle]]s, or siddha powers, including [[levitation (paranormal)|levitation]], [[teleportation]], disappearing, turning rooms to molten gold light, projecting light from his hands, and transforming into an old, bearded Asian man before their eyes.<ref name=lastincarn>{{cite web|url=http://www.meditationclub.com/LastIncarnation.pdf |title=The Last Incarnation: Experiences with Rama in California |publisher=Lakshmi Publications |accessdate=February 25, 2013}}</ref> He often took his students on field trips to the deserts of Southern California and to Disneyland where a number of these events were witnessed.<ref name=lastincarn /> Lenz stated: “I like miracles. They inspire me. Miracles cause you to believe, to have faith in the unseen, to look further into things, deeper into things. Miracles are the fun of enlightenment. When a teacher does a miracle – an enlightened teacher – and someone sees it, they’re astonished. Suddenly they have faith in what the teacher has to say about self-discovery and spirituality and enlightenment.”<ref>{{cite book|last= Lenz|first=Frederick P.|title=The Enlightenment Cycle, Miracles|year=2002|publisher=The Frederick P. Lenz Foundation for American Buddhism|language=English |page=142}}</ref> ===Core teachings=== Lenz's core teachings focused on the practice of [[meditation]], mindfulness, the enlightenment of women, and living and working in the world as a Buddhist practice.<ref name=wired /> The following quotes are taken from public talks he gave in the 80s and 90s: * "Enlightenment is a timeless void. It's an emptiness that's filled with the most excellent light. That light is suffused through every part of your being. It is your being. There's no sense of separation between yourself and the light. There's no self but the light. That's enlightenment – timeless, stillness, perfection."<ref>Lenz, Rama – Dr. Frederick: ''Tantric Buddhism'', page 87. The Frederick P. Lenz Foundation for American Buddhism, 2003.</ref> * "Only a pure heart, a completely pure heart can house eternity. Your heart has to be absolutely pure. You can only want that which is absolutely good. You have to live in goodness all the time, and nothing else can matter. There can be no thought of self, no apartheid in the inner world. No discrimination. It's only with that absolute humility and purity that you can make friends with God because otherwise you're just too busy with all your desires".<ref>Lenz, Rama – Dr. Frederick: ''Insights: Talks on the Nature of Existence'', page 127. The Frederick P. Lenz Foundation for American Buddhism, 2003.</ref> * "What is self? What lies beyond self? Self is the perception of perception. Beyond self there's no perception of perception. That's the riddle. The only way to answer the riddle is to go beyond perception and, of course, then there's no answer because there's no perception, there's only silence."<ref>Lenz, Rama – Dr. Frederick: ''Tantric Buddhism'', page 355. The Frederick P. Lenz Foundation for American Buddhism, 2003.</ref> * "In meditation, in selfless giving, in anything that lends nobility to the soul, we rise beyond the limitations of our self-created illusions and we become perfectly what we are".<ref>Lenz, Rama – Dr. Frederick: ''Insights: Talks on the Nature of Existence'', page 283. The Frederick P. Lenz Foundation for American Buddhism, 2003.</ref> * Career success is using daily work—schoolwork, work in the world, work at home, doing the laundry, all physical tasks, cleaning the car, any kind of work, and specifically career itself—as a way of advancing one's mental state.<ref name=lenztalk1 /> * "The mindset used in computer science is very similar to the mindset we use in Zen and in the more advanced stages of self-discovery. Programming will aid a person in developing their mind and will aid their meditation, in my opinion… The mental structures that are used in computer science, particularly in working with relational database and artificial intelligence, are very similar to exercises that are done in Buddhist monasteries."<ref>Zen Tapes, “Career Success,” published by The Frederick P. Lenz Foundation for American Buddhism, 2002, page 190.</ref><ref>The Enlightenment Cycle, “Career Success,” published by Mystic Buddha Publishing House, 2016, page 114.</ref> * Women exemplify, from a spiritual point of view, power. The power of the kundalini energy, the energy of life, flows through them in a very different way than it does through a man, innately. In a fallen world, in a world of fear and darkness, men have reacted very negatively to the power that is inherent in women. Rather than realizing that that power is also indigenous to themselves, that they have the same power, only it manifests in other ways, men have rejected that power and sought to convince women of the exact opposite, that they are powerless. They have done this through sexual repression, economic repression, political repression, social repression, ideological repression and spiritual repression.<ref name=lenztalk1 /> ==Record producer== Lenz was the producer for the rock band, [[Zazen (band)|Zazen]].<ref name=wired /><ref name=psychtday /> Zazen produced 31 albums in 13 years.<ref name="Lewinson2017">{{cite book|last=Lewinson|first=Liz |title=American Buddhist Rebel: The Story of Rama - Dr. Frederick Lenz|edition=3|date=11 May 2017|publisher=Torchflame Books|language=English |isbn=978-1611532562|page=6|quote=Between 1986 and 1989, they released 14 albums. By 1997, a total of 31 albums were created.}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ramalila.net/RoadTripMind/rtm28.html Music - Road Trip Mind by Uncle Tantra<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The group also released several music videos.<ref>{{YouTube|teAUxuyb-5Q|Zazen Music Video: What is Dancing?}}</ref> ==Criticisms and controversy== Rama received criticism from the anti-cult movement. A small number of Lenz's students became involved with several cult watchdog groups, including the CAN ([[Cult Awareness Network]]) and [[deprogrammer]]s (in particular, Joe Szimhart, who is accused of kidnapping and imprisoning several of Lenz' students).<ref>[http://www.cesnur.org/2001/CAN/appendix_A.htm CESNUR - Appendix A - Sampler of Deprogramming Cases]</ref> ==Death and his estate== Lenz drowned in the bay next to his home on April 12, 1998 <ref name="Certificate">{{cite book|title = Certificate of Death (Recorded District 5143; Register Number 1-1998)|date = 28 April 1998|publisher = Suffolk County Department of Health}}</ref>, the victim of an apparent suicide.<ref name="wired" /> He left an $18 million estate.<ref name=autogenerated7>[http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/may/11us2.htm Rediff On The NeT: The guru, $18 million, and the bird people<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name=West>{{cite news |last=West |first=Debra |title=Two Women's Claims to Be New Age Guru's Widow Complicate a Complicated Case |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 13, 1999 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/06/13/nyregion/two-women-s-claims-to-be-new-age-guru-s-widow-complicate-a-complicated-case.html}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=December 2015}} His will was a matter of dispute between the [[National Audubon Society]] and his estate, which was settled by a donation to the National Audubon Society,<ref>Marx, R. J. "Audubon may be heir to guru's Bedford estate", ''[[Bedford Record-Review]]'', March 12, 1999.</ref> and the creation of the Frederick P. Lenz Foundation for American Buddhism, which is headed by Dr. Lenz’s accountant, Norman Marcus (executor of his will) and Norman Oberstein, his attorney. This act fulfilled provisions of the will necessary to apply the funds from Lenz's estate to the creation of the Lenz Foundation.<ref>Noonan, David. "$18M Battle of Wills: The guru & the bird people", ''[[New York Daily News]]'', April 11, 1999.</ref> According to ''The New York Times'', the will was contested by Diana Jean Reynolds, who claimed to be Lenz's widow, and Deborah Lenz, whose claim to be Lenz's widow is based on her view that they had a common law marriage.<ref name=West /> Both claims were withdrawn and dismissed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.fredericklenzfoundation.org/legal_records/Stipulation_and_Consent_to_Withdrawal_of_Petition(Diana_Jean_Reynolds)filed_1-07-2000.pdf|title=Stipulation and Consent to Withdrawal of Petition (Diana Jean Reynolds)|date=23 November 1999|publisher=The Frederick P. Lenz Foundation for American Buddhism|accessdate=10 January 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402164224/http://media.fredericklenzfoundation.org/legal_records/Stipulation_and_Consent_to_Withdrawal_of_Petition(Diana_Jean_Reynolds)filed_1-07-2000.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.fredericklenzfoundation.org/legal_records/Stipulation_and_Consent_to_Withdrawal_of_Petition(Deborah_Lenz)filed_11-15-1999.pdf|title=Stipulation and Consent to Withdrawal of Petition (Deborah Lenz)|date=15 November 1999|publisher=The Frederick P. Lenz Foundation for American Buddhism|accessdate=10 January 2015|archive-date=10 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110053125/http://media.fredericklenzfoundation.org/legal_records/Stipulation_and_Consent_to_Withdrawal_of_Petition(Deborah_Lenz)filed_11-15-1999.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> His estate was settled in 2002. The Frederick P. Lenz Foundation for American Buddhism has engaged in substantial grant making activity (close to $7 million to date) to approximately 100 American Buddhist organizations from 2003 onwards.<ref name="FPLFAB2018">{{cite web |title=Grant Activity |url=https://www.fredericklenzfoundation.org/grant-activity |publisher=The Frederick P. Lenz Foundation for American Buddhism |language=English|year=2018}}</ref> As part of the settlement with Audubon, a gorge was named for Lenz at the Sharon Audubon Center in northwest Connecticut. His [[Bedford, New York]] home was on the market for $5 million in 2011, but there is no evidence it ever sold.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zen Master Rama Lenz: $5M Bedford, NY House For Sale |url=https://www.realtor.com/news/unique-homes/zen-master-rama-lenz-bedford-house-home-of-the-day/ |website=realtor.com News |accessdate=2 July 2020}}</ref> ==Publications== ===Books=== Frederick Lenz published eight books between 1979 and 1997. * ''Lifetimes: True Accounts of Reincarnation'', 1979, Fawcett Crest, New York ({{ISBN|0-449-24337-0}}) * ''Total Relaxation: The Complete Program for Overcoming Stress, Tension, Worry, and Fatigue'', 1980, The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Indianapolis ({{ISBN|0-672-52594-1}}) * ''Meditation: The Bridge is Flowing but The River is Not'', 1981, Lakshmi Publications, Malibu, CA, Revised 1983 ({{ISBN|0-941868-00-1}}) * ''The Wheel of Dharma'', 1982, Lakshmi Publications, Malibu, CA ({{ISBN|0-941868-01-X}}) * ''The Last Incarnation'', 1983, Lakshmi Publications, Malibu, CA ({{ISBN|0-941868-02-8}}) * ''Insights: Tantric Buddhist Reflections on Life'', 1994, Interglobal Seminars, New York ({{ISBN|0-9642196-7-0}}) * ''Surfing the Himalayas'', 1995, St. Martin's Press, New York ({{ISBN|0-312-14147-5}}) * ''Snowboarding to Nirvana'', 1997, St. Martin's Press, New York ({{ISBN|0-312-15293-0}}) ===Audio talks=== From 1982 to 1992, Lenz created over 120 audio recordings. The topics of the talks covered a wide range of titles, including "Meditation", "Tantric Buddhism", "Career Success", "Women and Enlightenment", and "Psychic Development".<ref>http://www.fredericklenzfoundation.org/ The Frederick P Lenz Foundation for American Buddhism</ref> These talks were recorded as nine audio sets, six of which were also published in book form: * ''Lakshmi Series'' 1982, 30 Talks ({{ISBN|1932206116}}) * ''Insights: Talks on the Nature of Existence'' 1983, 13 Talks ({{ISBN|1932206078}}) * ''On the Road with Rama 1985'', 7 Talks ({{ISBN|1932206051}}) * ''Zen Tapes'' 1986, 18 Talks ({{ISBN|1932206035}}) * ''Tantric Buddhism'' 1989, 27 Talks ({{ISBN|1932206094}}) * ''The Enlightenment Cycle'' 1992, 12 Talks ({{ISBN|1932206019}}) ===Video recordings=== * ''Tantric Buddhism with Rama'' 1993 ([[Amazon Standard Identification Number|ASIN]]: B002VAMPA0) * ''Canyons of Light & Cayman Blue'' 2011 ([[Amazon Standard Identification Number|ASIN]]: B006FBYL) ===Music=== Frederick Lenz produced numerous musical albums.<ref name="Lewinson2017"/> * ''Canyons of Light'' ([[Amazon Standard Identification Number|ASIN]]: B000003IO1) * ''Cayman Blue'' ([[Amazon Standard Identification Number|ASIN]]: B000003IPU) * ''Ecstasy'' ([[Amazon Standard Identification Number|ASIN]]: B002V41STS) * ''Enlightenment'' ([[Amazon Standard Identification Number|ASIN]]: B0000026DSN) * ''Light Saber'' ([[Amazon Standard Identification Number|ASIN]]: B0060032E0) * ''Mystery School'' ([[Amazon Standard Identification Number|ASIN]]: B0019F04FG) * ''Retrograde Planet'' ([[Amazon Standard Identification Number|ASIN]]: B00VNUIMG) * ''Samadhi'' ([[Amazon Standard Identification Number|ASIN]]: B0027XIPBY) * ''Samurai'' ([[Amazon Standard Identification Number|ASIN]]: B000BRXRNO) * ''Tantra'' ([[Amazon Standard Identification Number|ASIN]]: B002VAKR52) * ''Techno Zen Master'' ([[Amazon Standard Identification Number|ASIN]]: B006003U) == Further reading == *''The Last Incarnation: Experiences with Rama in Southern California''. Compilation. 1983. Los Angeles. The Frederick P. Lenz Foundation for American Buddhism. {{ISBN|0-941868-02-8}}. *''The Art of Rama: Interviews with Direct Students of Rama''. Marsha Pritchard. 2011. CreateSpace. {{ISBN|978-1461052999}}. *''American Buddhist Rebel: The Story of Rama - Dr. Frederick Lenz''. Liz Lewinson. 2016. {{ISBN|978-1611532562}}. *''Unplugging the Patriarchy''. Lucia Rene. 2009. Williamsburg, VA. Crown Chakra Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0982377628}}. *''American Zen: The Wisdom of an American Zenji''. Y. Ohta. 2009. CreateSpace. {{ISBN|978-1449560799}}. *''Worlds of Power, Worlds of Light''. Jenna Sundell. 2013. Electric Bliss Publishing. {{ISBN|0615909345}}. *''Road Trip Mind''. by Uncle Tantra (Barry Wright). 2001. Online Only (click footnote for link). <ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.ramalila.net/RoadTripMind/index.html |title = Road Trip Mind by Uncle Tantra}}</ref>. ==References== {{Reflist|3}} == External links == * {{official website|http://www.fredericklenz.com/}} * [http://www.fredericklenzfoundation.org The Frederick P. Lenz Foundation for American Buddhism] * [http://www.ramameditationsociety.org/resource-library Rama Meditation Society - Resource Library] * [http://www.ramatalks.com/ Rama Talks - Talks and Music by Frederick Lenz] * [http://www.americanbuddhistrebel.com/ American Buddhist Rebel: The Story of Rama - Dr. Frederick Lenz] * [http://integratedmeditationstudies.com/fusion-meditation/ Integrated Meditation Studies - Frederick Lenz and Zazen] * [http://www.fredericklenzfoundation.org/Naropa-University Papers by Lenz Foundation Merit Scholars - Naropa University] * [http://www.dharmacenter.com The Dharma Center - Meditation Center based in the Rama Lineage] * [http://www.bakemed.com/styled/ Bakersfield Meditation - Dr. Frederick Lenz] * [https://srichinmoy.life/sri-chinmoy-atmananda-visit-to-zurich-in-1979/ Sri Chinmoy- Atmananda visit to Zurich in 1979 ] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lenz, Frederick}} [[Category:1950 births]] [[Category:1998 deaths]] [[Category:Buddhism in the United States]] [[Category:American religious leaders]] [[Category:People from San Diego]] [[Category:Writers from Stamford, Connecticut]] [[Category:People from Old Field, New York]] <noinclude> <small>This page was moved from [[:en:Frederick Lenz]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Frederick Lenz/edithistory]]</small></noinclude> i0o9eurjrzi6zo30bj0a0giett25njv 0 114605 540862 447373 2022-08-28T18:46:21Z InternetArchiveBot 34092 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Political party in the United Kingdom, established 1920}} {{About|the modern political party|the earlier organisation, active from 1920 to 1991|Communist Party of Great Britain}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2013}} {{Use British English|date=March 2013}} {{Infobox political party | country = the United Kingdom | name = Communist Party of Britain | colorcode = {{Communist Party of Britain/meta/color}} | logo = [[File:Logo of the Communist Party of Britain.svg]] | leader1_title = Chair | leader1_name = Liz Payne<ref name="morningstaronline1">{{cite web |author=Peoples Printing Press Society |url=http://www.morningstaronline.co.uk/a-77e6-Communists-slam-Western-hypocrisy-over-terror/#.Van7Hfk7f7A |title=Communists slam Western hypocrisy over terror |publisher=Morning Star |date=2015-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801023957/http://morningstaronline.co.uk/a-77e6-Communists-slam-Western-hypocrisy-over-terror/#.Van7Hfk7f7A |archive-date=1 August 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Peltier |first1=Elian |title=Even in Death, Marx Can't Escape Surveillance |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/09/world/europe/karl-marx-grave-london.html |work=New York Times |date=10 February 2020 |page=11}}</ref> | leader2_title = General Secretary | leader2_name = [[Robert Griffiths (politician)|Robert David Griffiths]]<ref name="morningstaronline1"/><ref name="statement of accounts 2018"/> | foundation = {{Plainlist| * 1988<ref>{{cite web|url=https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/100-years-socialism-%E2%80%93-join-celebrations-communist-party%E2%80%99s-centenary |title=100 years for socialism – join the celebrations of the Communist Party’s centenary |publisher=Morning Star |date=3 January 2020}}</ref> }} <!-- Supported Labour in last election | seats1 = {{composition bar|0|650|hex={{Communist Party of Britain/meta/color}}}} | seats1_title = [[House of Commons (United Kingdom)|House of Commons]] -->| membership_year = 2019 | membership = {{Increase}} 856 {{Citation needed|date=January 2020}} | position = [[Far-left politics|Far-left]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barberis |first1=Peter |last2=McHugh |first2=John |last3=Tyldesley |first3=Mike |date=2000 |title=Encyclopedia of British and Irish Political Organizations: Parties, Groups and Movements of the 20th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qps14mSlghcC |location=London |publisher=A&C Black |chapter=Far Left |page=145 |isbn=0826458149}}</ref> | ideology = [[Communism]]<br />[[Marxism–Leninism]]<br />[[Anti-austerity]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communist-party.org.uk/britain/economics/2147-robert-griffiths-against-austerity-mobilise-and-unite.html |title=Against austerity, mobilise zany unite |last1=Griffiths |first1=Robert |date=14 August 2015 |website=www.communist-party.org.uk |access-date=20 August 2015 |quote="austerity has been about enlarging the private sector at the expense of the public one, cutting the level of real wages, reducing the levels of corporation tax on big business profits and increasing both the mass and rate of corporate profit."}}</ref><br />[[Euroscepticism]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communist-party.org.uk/britain/eu/2148-brian-denny-unions-should-take-a-lead-in-the-eu-referendum.html |title=Unions should take a lead in the EU referendum |last1=Denny |first1=Brian |date=14 August 2015 |website=www.communist-party.org.uk |access-date=20 August 2015 |quote="Vote against anti-social Europe, vote to get out"}}</ref><br />[[Socialism]]<ref name=socialism>{{cite web |url=http://www.communist-party.org.uk/socialism.html |title=Britain's Road to Socialism: Introduction |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=8 August 2008 |website=communist-party.org.uk |publisher=Communist Party of Britain |quote="socialism is the only alternative system of society that can meet the essential needs of the people and humanity"}}</ref><br />[[Trade union]]ism<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communist-party.org.uk/publications2/morning-star/2145-steve-sweeney-morning-star-at-centre-of-struggle-for-worker-freedome.html |title=Morning Star at centre of struggle for worker freedom |last1=Sweeney |first1=Steve |date=13 August 2015 |website=communist-party.org.uk |publisher=Communist Party of Britain |access-date=10 September 2015 |quote="Trade union rights are human rights"}}</ref> | international = [[International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties]] | headquarters = [[Ruskin House]], [[Croydon]], London | youth_wing = [[Young Communist League (Great Britain)|Young Communist League]] | flag = <!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Flag of the Communist Party of Britain.svg|240px]] --> | website = {{URL|1=https://www.communistparty.org.uk/}} | colours = {{colour box|{{Communist Party of Britain/meta/color}}}} {{colour box|Yellow}}<br />Red and Yellow | predecessor = [[Communist Party of Great Britain]] }} {{Communist Parties}} The '''Communist Party of Britain''' is a [[communist]] [[List of political parties in the United Kingdom|political party]] in [[Great Britain]] committed to [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] theory.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communist-party.org.uk/britain/2194-robert-griffiths-2016-a-year-of-potential-for-decisive-change.html |title=2016: A year of potential for decisive change |author=Robert Griffiths |date= |work=communist-party.org.uk |accessdate=28 March 2016 |archive-date=23 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923002656/https://www.communist-party.org.uk/britain/2194-robert-griffiths-2016-a-year-of-potential-for-decisive-change.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The party emerged from a dispute between [[Eurocommunism|Eurocommunists]] and Marxist-Leninists in the [[Communist Party of Great Britain]] in 1988.<ref name=emergence>{{cite web |url=http://www.communist-party.org.uk/history/1541-88-97-reestablishment-dissolution-rise-of-new-labour.html |title=1988–97 Re-establishing the Party |publisher=Communist Party |date=2012-02-01 |accessdate=2015-08-30}}</ref> Ex-members included General Secretaries of three organisations: [[Bob Crow]] of the [[National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers|RMT]] union), [[Ken Gill]] of the [[Manufacturing, Science and Finance]] (MSF) union and member of the [[TUC General Council]]), and [[Kate Hudson (activist)|Kate Hudson]] of the [[Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament]] (CND). ==History== The Communist Party of Britain was established in April 1988<ref name=emergence/> by a disaffected section of the [[Communist Party of Great Britain]] (CPGB); a majority of CPGB members instead largely embraced [[Eurocommunism]]. The disaffected section included the editorship of the ''[[Morning Star (British newspaper)|Morning Star]]'' newspaper, including [[Tony Chater]], the paper's editor. They were largely supporters of the Communist Campaign Group, formed to oppose the party's new direction. The founders of the new party attacked the leadership of the CPGB for allegedly abandoning 'class politics' and the leading role of the working class in the revolutionary process in Britain. The youth wing of the CPGB, the [[Young Communist League (Great Britain)|Young Communist League]], had collapsed, and the ''Morning Star'' was losing circulation. The following year the leaders of CPGB formally declared that they had abandoned its programme, ''The British Road to Socialism''. Many members perceived this as the party turning its back on [[socialism]]. The CPGB dissolved itself in 1991 and reformed as the [[Democratic Left (United Kingdom)|Democratic Left]].<ref>{{cite AV media |date=22 November 1991 |title=The End of the Party |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ilwwnJ56EVc |time=4:22}}</ref> Many members of the [[Straight Left]] faction who had stayed in the CPGB formed a group called "Communist Liaison" which later opted to join the CPB. Others remained in the Democratic Left or joined the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]]. The party still has members who were active in the CPGB, some of whom were active in the [[Anti-Apartheid Movement]]<ref>{{cite book |title=London recruits: the secret war against apartheid |publisher=Merlin Press |location=London |isbn=978-0-85036-655-6 |date=February 2012 |url=http://www.merlinpress.co.uk/acatalog/LONDON_RECRUITS.html |editor=Ken Keable |accessdate=23 February 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401133036/http://www.merlinpress.co.uk/acatalog/LONDON_RECRUITS.html |archivedate=1 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |people=Ken Keable |year=2012 |title=London Recruits: the secret war against apartheid |medium=video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6NR_uxZYDas&t=1m37s |accessdate=23 February 2013 |time=1:37 |publisher=Communist Party of Scotland |quote=the main body of the London recruits were members of the British Young Communist League... a few of them in the Communist Party as well}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |authorlink=Mary Chamberlain |last=Chamberlain |first=Mary |date=13 February 2013 |title=The ANC's London Recruits: a Personal Story |url=http://hwj.oxfordjournals.org/content/75/1/147 |journal=History Workshop Journal |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |volume=75 |issue=1 |page=149 |doi=10.1093/hwj/dbs050 |issn=1363-3554}}</ref> and trade union disputes such as the [[Upper Clyde Shipbuilders#Union strategy|Upper Clyde work-in]] or the [[UK miners' strike (1984–1985)|miners' strike of 1984–1985]].<ref>{{cite AV media |people=Robert Griffiths and Ben Stevenson |year=2010 |title=90 years of struggle, for the Working Class and Humanity |medium=video |publisher=Platform Films |location=London}}</ref> The CPB was largely the creation of the Communist Campaign Group and one of its prominent leaders, [[Mike Hicks (trade unionist)|Mike Hicks]], was elected to the post of general secretary when the party was founded in 1988. In January 1998 Hicks was ousted as such in a 17 – 13 vote moved by [[John Haylett]] (who was also editor of the ''Morning Star'') at a meeting of the party's Executive Committee. Hicks' supporters on the Management Committee of the ''Morning Star'' responded by suspending and then sacking Haylett, which led to a prolonged strike at the ''Morning Star'', ending in victory for Haylett and his reinstatement.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sullivan |first=Martin |title=The Crisis at the Morning Star |url=http://www.whatnextjournal.org.uk/Pages/Back/Wnext7/Star.html |work=What Next? |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927005927/http://www.whatnextjournal.org.uk/Pages/Back/Wnext7/Star.html |archivedate=27 September 2011 |location=London |year=1997}}</ref> Some of Hicks' supporters were expelled and others resigned in protest. They formed a discussion group called [[Marxist Forum]], which is now{{since when|date=November 2019}} defunct. The party is part of the [[Stop the War Coalition]]; the movement's chair, [[Andrew Murray (trade unionist)|Andrew Murray]] was a Communist Party member until late 2016.<ref>{{cite news |last=Boffey |first=Daniel |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/dec/10/unite-leaders-aide-andrew-murray-leaves-communist-party-to-join-labour |title=Unite leader's aide leaves Communist party to join Labour |work=The Observer |date=10 December 2016 |accessdate=10 December 2016}}</ref> Prior to the formation of the [[Respect Party|Respect – The Unity Coalition]], with the support of the [[Socialist Workers Party (UK)|Socialist Workers Party]], the party engaged in a debate about whether to join an electoral alliance with Respect and [[George Galloway]].<ref>{{cite news |title=We Can't Just Wish and Hope: Why the New "Unity" Coalition Must Be Considered |first=John |last=Haylett |url=http://www.whatnextjournal.org.uk/Pages/Politics/Haylett.html |newspaper=Morning Star |date=20 December 2003 |page=9 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728131042/http://www.whatnextjournal.org.uk/Pages/Politics/Haylett.html |archivedate=28 July 2012}}</ref> Those in favour, including general secretary [[Robert Griffiths (politician)|Rob Griffiths]], Andrew Murray and ''Morning Star'' editor John Haylett, were, however, defeated at a Special Congress in 2004.<ref>{{cite news |title=Why the Communists Won't Join in Respect |url=http://www.whatnextjournal.org.uk/Pages/Politics/Cpb.html |newspaper=Morning Star |date=22 January 2004 |page=8 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728131037/http://www.whatnextjournal.org.uk/Pages/Politics/Cpb.html |archivedate=28 July 2012}}</ref> In 2009, the party was one of the founder organisations of the [[No2EU]] electoral alliance alongside the [[National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers|RMT]] and a number of other left parties. The aim of the alliance is to stand in [[European Parliament]] elections on a platform of opposition to the [[European Union]], which it considers undemocratic and neo-liberal. The party was a founder of the [[People's Assembly Against Austerity]] in 2013, along with a number of other political and campaign groups, to create a broad organisation in opposition to austerity policies of the major political parties of Britain and of the European Union. [[The People's Charter (21st century)|The People's Charter]], which the Communist Party had helped create several years earlier, was subsequently voted to be incorporated into the People's Assembly. At the [[2017 United Kingdom general election|2017 general election]], the party fielded no candidates and gave its support to the Labour Party under the leadership of [[Jeremy Corbyn]]. The CPB said it was the first election at which neither it nor the CPGB had fielded any candidates.<ref name="Cowburn">{{cite news |last=Cowburn |first=Ashley |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/general-election-uk-communist-party-no-candidates-jeremy-corbyn-labour-support-first-1920-a7699761.html |title=General election: British Communist party will not field any candidates and throws support behind Jeremy Corbyn |work=[[The Independent]] |date=24 April 2017 |accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Elliott |first1=Francis |last2=Sanderson |first2=Daniel |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/news/ill-take-on-the-establishment-to-fix-rigged-system-vows-corbyn-3xtnf58hw |title=Communists back Corbyn's crusade against 'rigged system' |work=[[The Times]] |date=24 April 2017 |accessdate=24 April 2017}} {{subscription required}}</ref> In March 2018, [[Susan Michie]], a leading member of the CPB, said that the party would no longer stand against Labour in general elections. CPB members should be "working full tilt" for the election of Corbyn as prime minister, she said.<ref>{{cite news |last=Johnston |first=John |url=https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/labour-party/jeremy-corbyn/news/93351/excl-communist-party-members-work |title=EXCL Communist Party members to work 'full tilt' to make Jeremy Corbyn Prime Minister |work=Politics Home |date=5 March 2018 |accessdate=12 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Baxter |first=Sarah |authorlink=Sarah Baxter |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/comment/a-red-hot-civil-war-is-raging-for-control-of-jeremy-corbyns-no-10-rmb7gh2xv |title=A red-hot civil war is raging for control of Jeremy Corbyn's No 10 |work=[[The Sunday Times]] |date=11 March 2018 |accessdate=11 March 2018}} {{subscription required}}</ref> In the [[2019 United Kingdom general election|2019 general election]], the party again fielded no candidates and gave its support to the Labour Party.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.communist-party.org.uk/britain/2557-communists-for-labour-victory-and-mass-campaigning.html|title=Communists for Labour victory and mass campaigning|website=www.communist-party.org.uk|access-date=2019-11-05}}</ref> ==General secretaries== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |General Secretary |Took office |Left office |- | [[Mike Hicks (trade unionist)|Mike Hicks]] | 1988 | 1998 |- | [[Robert Griffiths (politician)|Robert Griffiths]] | 1998 |- |} ==Ideology and summary of main policies== {{quote|"The aim of the Communist Party is to achieve a socialist Britain in which the means of production, distribution and exchange will be socially owned and utilised in a planned way for the benefit of all. This necessitates a revolutionary transformation of society, ending the existing capitalist system of exploitation and replacing it with a socialist society in which each will contribute according to ability and receive according to need. Socialist society creates the conditions for advance to a fully communist form of society in which each will receive according to need."<ref name="communist-party.org.uk">{{cite web |url=http://www.communist-party.org.uk/about-us.html |title=What We Stand For |author= |date= |work=communist-party.org.uk |accessdate=28 March 2016}}</ref>}} The party's main policies are set out in the ''Alternative Economic and Political Strategy'', contained within this is the ''Left Wing Programme'' which comprises the following fourteen key policies: * [[Redistribution of income and wealth|Redistribute wealth]] from the rich and big business to working people and their families with a [[wealth tax]], higher [[corporation tax]], cuts in [[Value Added Tax (United Kingdom)|VAT]] and higher [[pensions]] and [[Welfare|social benefits]]. * Set the [[National Minimum Wage Act 1998|national minimum wage]] at half [[median]] male earnings rising to two-thirds, with no exemptions, and enforce equal pay through compulsory pay audits. * Immediately restore the link between the state retirement pension and earnings at its original value and introduce a second state pension which includes contributions from employers and the state. * Halt all forms of [[privatisation]] and invest in [[public services]] and their staff, with a massive programme in particular to build more [[Council house|council]] and [[sheltered housing]]. * Integrate all [[faith schools|religious]], [[Private school (UK)|private]], [[Education and Inspections Act 2006|trust]] and [[Academy (English school)|city academy]] schools into a unified [[secular]] education system under [[democracy|democratic]] [[Local Education Authority|local control]]. * Protect and develop [[manufacturing]] industry through public investment, measures against the export of jobs and [[Capital (economics)|capital]], and expanding [[fair trade]] with [[China]] and other [[developing countries]]. * Restore [[public ownership]] in the energy and transport sectors – including the [[electricity]], [[gas]], [[coal]], [[Water industry|water]] and [[rail transport|railway industries]] – so that the United Kingdom can plan to meet future needs by developing [[coal pollution mitigation]] technology and [[Tidal power|tidal]], [[Solar power|solar]] and [[offshore wind power]]. * Match public [[subsidies]] to failing private companies with a public shareholding and take [[banking]] and key industries such as [[pharmaceutical industry|pharmaceuticals]] and [[Arms industry|armaments]] into democratic public ownership. * Cut military spending to average European levels, switch military [[R&D]] and production to meeting social needs and scrap plans to replace [[UK Trident programme|Trident]] with a new [[nuclear weapons]] system. * Oppose all steps towards a military, monopoly [[capitalist]] [[United States of Europe]] including an [[EU]] constitution, the [[Directive on services in the internal market|EU services directive]] and [[European labour law|EU labour law]] reform. * Repeal all [[Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992|anti-trade union]], anti-democratic and [[United Kingdom immigration law|immigration laws]] with full employment rights and [[trade union]] participation for [[migrant workers]]. * Strengthen the [[Scottish Parliament]] and [[Welsh Assembly]] and restore powers and resources to [[local government]]. * Abolish the [[House of Lords]], break up the [[Mass media|media]] [[monopolies]], scrap plans for [[Identity Cards Act 2006|ID cards]] and bring the [[police]] and [[Security Service (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)|intelligence services]] under democratic control. * Cancel all [[Third World debt]], promote genuine trade-and-[[aid]] policies and oppose the [[General Agreement on Trade in Services]] (GATS) plan to privatise public services across the world.<ref name="communist-party.org.uk">{{cite web |url=http://www.communist-party.org.uk/about-us.html |title=What We Stand For |author= |date= |work=communist-party.org.uk |accessdate=28 March 2016}}</ref> ==Stance on socialist countries== The party supports what it regards as existing socialist states, and has fraternal relationships with the [[Communist Party of Cuba|Cuban]], [[Communist Party of China|Chinese]], [[Lao People's Revolutionary Party|Lao]] and [[Communist Party of Vietnam|Vietnamese]] communist parties, as well as with [[Communist state#Communist parties as part of a ruling coalition|other ruling communist parties]] around the world. It is affiliated nationally to the [[Cuba Solidarity Campaign]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Solidarity |url=http://www.scottishcommunists.org.uk/literature/communist-party-of-britain-scottish-congress-2004 |work=Communist Party Scottish Congress 2004 |publisher=Communist Party |accessdate=19 March 2013|location=Scotland |year=2004 |quote=The Communist Party remains the only political party affiliated to the Scottish Cuba Solidarity Campaign |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201214056/http://www.scottishcommunists.org.uk/literature/communist-party-of-britain-scottish-congress-2004 |archivedate=1 February 2013}}</ref> and the [[Venezuela Solidarity Campaign]]. The party's stance on the [[Soviet Union]] is summed up in ''[[Britain's Road to Socialism]]'': {{Quotation|Russia and the other countries of the Soviet Union were transformed from semi-feudal, semi-capitalist monarchist dictatorships into modern societies with near-full employment, universally free education and healthcare, affordable housing for all, extensive and cheap public transport, impressive scientific and cultural facilities, rights for women and degrees of self-government for formerly oppressed nationalities. This was achieved through a world historic break with capitalist ownership and social relations, on the basis of social ownership of industry and centralised economic planning. But the struggle to survive and to build socialism in the face of powerful external as well as internal enemies also led to distortions in society that might otherwise have been avoided. In particular, a bureaucratic-command system of economic and political rule became entrenched. The Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the trade unions became integrated into the apparatus of the state, eroding working class and popular democracy. Marxism-Leninism was used dogmatically to justify the status quo rather than make objective assessments of it. At times, and in the late 1930s in particular, severe violations of socialist democracy and law occurred. Large numbers of people innocent of subversion or sabotage were persecuted, imprisoned and executed. This aided the world-wide campaign of lies and distortions aimed at the Soviet Union, the international communist movement and the concept of socialism.|Socialism – the lessons so far<ref>{{cite book |title=[[Britain's Road to Socialism]] |publisher=Communist Party |isbn=978-1908315052 |oclc=793083894 |pages=16–17 |chapter-url=http://issuu.com/communist_party/docs/brs/16 |edition=8 |chapter=socialism - the lessons so far |date=31 October 2011}}</ref>}} ==Symbology== Under the [[Registration of Political Parties Act 1998]], which regulated the use of symbols on ballot slips and electoral material, the Communist Party is the only British political party entitled to use a stand-alone [[hammer and sickle]] in such cases. The party tends to use the [[hammer and sickle#Variations|hammer and dove]] (adopted when the party was re-established in 1988) in conjunction with the hammer and sickle in publications and on other material, with the hammer and dove normally taking primacy. The party's official flag consists of a golden-outlined, five-pointed red star above and slightly to the left of a hammer and sickle design in red with a golden outline in the flag's canton. The words "Communist Party" appear in gold along the bottom of the flag. ==Organisation== The Communist Party describes itself as a "disciplined and democratic organisation" and operates on a model of [[democratic centralism]]. The basic party body is the branch. These are normally localities (towns or counties, for example), although workplace branches also exist. In England, branches are grouped into coherent geographical areas and send delegates to a biennial District Congress which elects a District Committee for its area. Similarly, the Welsh and Scottish branches send delegates to their own national congresses where each elects an Executive Committee. These congresses also decide the broad perspectives for party activity within their districts and nations. The all-Britain national congress is also held biennially. Delegates from districts, nations and branches themselves decide the party's policy as a whole and elect an Executive Committee (EC) that carries out a [[presidium]]-like function, including decision-making and policy-formation whilst congress is not in session.<ref>{{cite book|first=Phil|last=Katz|title=What We Stand For|chapter=a Disciplined & Democratic Organisation|publisher=Communist Party |pages=10–11|url=http://communist-party.org.uk/files/What%20We%20Stand%20For.pdf#page=10|format=PDF|date=18 August 2009}}</ref> The EC also elects a Political Committee (PC) to provide leadership when the EC is not meeting. Advisory Committees also exist to provide in-depth information on an array of subjects, including committees dedicated to women, industrial workers, pensions, public services, education workers, economics, housing, rails, science technology and the environment, transport, Marxist-Leninist education, LGBT rights, anti-racism, anti-fascism, civil service and international affairs. ===Young Communist League=== [[File:Ycl-uk-1923logo.jpg|thumb|Logo of the Young Communist League as it appeared in 1923.]] The YCL is the autonomous youth group of the Communist Party, with its own internal organisation. It carries out work alongside the party, while maintaining its own branches, activities, and events such as an annual summer camp. Young members of the party are automatically enrolled into the youth wing, however membership of both organisations is not synonymous, as it is possible to independently join the YCL without joining the party. {{Main|Young Communist League (Great Britain)|l1=Young Communist League}} ===Coordinating Committee of Communist Parties in Britain=== The CCPiB is a bureau within the Communist Party which meets with overseas [[Communist party|communist parties]] that have significant memberships in Britain. These include: * [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] * [[Communist Party of Bangladesh]] * [[Communist Party of Chile]] * [[Iraqi Communist Party]] * [[Sudanese Communist Party]] * Cypriot [[Progressive Party of Working People]] * [[Tudeh Party of Iran]] * [[Communist Party of Greece]] The Committee meets regularly to exchange political assessments, to organise joint theoretical discussions and to plan events of international commemoration. ==Size and electoral information== From 2006 to 2014 the party held a membership of over 900 members. In 2015 this figure dropped significantly to below 800 members, although it has since recovered with significant growth in the Young Communist League. The party continues to maintain branches in most major cities. {{Graph:Stacked | table=Communist_Party_of_Britain_membership.tab | type=year | legend=Organisation | colors="category20" | series="ycl","party" | title=Membership numbers over time }} The statement of accounts submitted to the [[Electoral Commission (United Kingdom)|Electoral Commission]] following the 55th congress in 2018 reported a total annual income of {{Currency|151045|GBP}}.<ref name="statement of accounts 2018">{{Cite report |author=Martin Graham |date=23 April 2019 |title=Report and Accounts for the year ended 31 December 2018 |publisher=Communist Party |page=2 |url=http://search.electoralcommission.org.uk/Api/Accounts/Documents/20648}}</ref> ===General election results=== {| class="wikitable" |+ [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]] ! Election year !# of candidates ! % of overall vote ! # of total votes ! # of seats won |- ! [[1997 United Kingdom general election|1997]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/RP01-38/RP01-38.pdf|author=Bryn Morgan|title=General Election results, 1 May 1997|publisher=House of Commons Library|accessdate=18 October 2015|page=6}}</ref> |style="text-align:center;" | 5 | style="text-align:center;" | 0.0% | style="text-align:center;"| 639 | style="text-align:center;"| 0 |- ! [[2001 United Kingdom general election|2001]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/RP01-54/RP01-54.pdf|author=Bryn Morgan|title=General Election results, 7 June 2001|publisher=House of Commons Library|accessdate=18 October 2015|page=11}}</ref> |style="text-align:center;" |6 | style="text-align:center;" | 0.0% | style="text-align:center;"| {{increase}} 1,003 | style="text-align:center;"| {{steady}} 0 |- ! [[2005 United Kingdom general election|2005]]<ref>{{cite news|title=2005 General election results|url=http://www.ukpolitical.info/ResultsFull05.htm|accessdate=18 October 2015|agency=UK Political Info}}</ref> |style="text-align:center;" |6 | style="text-align:center;" | 0.0% | style="text-align:center;"| {{increase}} 1,124 | style="text-align:center;"| {{steady}} 0 |- ! [[2010 United Kingdom general election|2010]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Election 2010 Results|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/election2010/results/|accessdate=22 January 2014|agency=BBC News}}</ref> |style="text-align:center;" |6 | style="text-align:center;" | 0.0% | style="text-align:center;"| {{decrease}} 947 | style="text-align:center;"| {{steady}} 0 |- ! [[2015 United Kingdom general election|2015]]<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/politics/ng-interactive/2015/may/07/live-uk-election-results-in-full "UK 2015 general election results in full"], ''The Guardian'',</ref> |style="text-align:center;" |9 | style="text-align:center;" | 0.0% | style="text-align:center;"| {{increase}} 1,229 | style="text-align:center;"| {{steady}} 0 |- ![[2017 United Kingdom general election|2017]] ! colspan="4" |'''Supported [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.communist-party.org.uk/britain/elections/2330-communists-declare-vote-labour-everywhere-for-a-left-led-government.html|title=Communists Declare: 'Vote Labour Everywhere for a Left-Led Government'|last=Pettifor|first=David|website=www.communist-party.org.uk|language=en-gb|date=24 April 2017}}</ref> |- ![[2019 United Kingdom general election|2019]] ! colspan="4" |'''Supported [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://communist-party.org.uk/britain/2550-communist-party-ec-statement-on-brexit-and-the-next-general-election.html|title=Communist Party EC Statement on Brexit and the next general election|website=communist-party.org.uk|access-date=2019-09-22}}</ref> |} At the [[1997 United Kingdom general election|1997 general election]], the party ran five candidates whose combined vote came to 911.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kimber|first=Richard|title=UK General Election, 1997|url=http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/ge97/partycand.htm|accessdate=3 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921035222/http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/ge97/partycand.htm|archivedate=21 September 2011}}</ref> At the [[2001 United Kingdom general election|2001 general election]], the party ran six candidates whose combined vote came to 1,003.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kimber|first=Richard|title=UK General Election, 2001|url=http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/e01/partycand.htm|accessdate=3 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811185846/http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/e01/partycand.htm|archivedate=11 August 2011|date=13 February 2010}}</ref> In 2005, the party fielded six candidates whose combined vote came to 1,124.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kimber|first=Richard|title=UK General Election, May 2005|url=http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/ge05/partycand.htm|accessdate=4 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524191216/http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/ge05/partycand.htm|archivedate=24 May 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=the left alternatives|url=http://www.socialistunitynetwork.co.uk/electiion2005/alternatives/lefties.htm|publisher=Socialist Unity network|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512005241/http://www.socialistunitynetwork.co.uk/electiion2005/alternatives/lefties.htm|archivedate=12 May 2008}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ Summary of [[2005 United Kingdom general election|2005 General Election]] results |- !Candidate||Constituency||Votes||% |- |[[Robert Griffiths (politician)|Robert Griffiths]] |[[Pontypridd (UK Parliament constituency)|Pontypridd]] |233<ref>{{cite web|title=Results for Pontypridd|url=http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/elections/results/general_elections/uk-general-election-2005/pontypridd|publisher=the Electoral Commission|accessdate=28 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514042152/http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/elections/results/general_elections/uk-general-election-2005/pontypridd|archivedate=14 May 2010}}</ref> |0.6 |- |Glyn Davies |[[Alyn and Deeside (UK Parliament constituency)|Alyn and Deeside]] |207<ref>{{cite web|title=Results for Alyn & Deeside|url=http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/elections/results/general_elections/uk-general-election-2005/alyn--and--deeside|publisher=the Electoral Commission|accessdate=28 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514063351/http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/elections/results/general_elections/uk-general-election-2005/alyn--and--deeside|archivedate=14 May 2010}}</ref> |0.6 |- |Martin Levy |[[Newcastle upon Tyne East (UK Parliament constituency)|Newcastle upon Tyne East and Wallsend]] |205<ref>{{cite web|title=Results for Newcastle upon Tyne East & Wallsend|url=http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/elections/results/general_elections/uk-general-election/newcastle-upon-tyne-east-_and_-wallsend|publisher=the Electoral Commission|accessdate=28 March 2013}}</ref> |0.6 |- |[[Monty Goldman]] |[[Hackney South and Shoreditch (UK Parliament constituency)|Hackney South and Shoreditch]] |200<ref>{{cite web|title=Results for Hackney South & Shoreditch|url=http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/elections/results/general_elections/uk-general-election/hackney-south-_and_-shoreditch|publisher=the Electoral Commission|accessdate=28 March 2013}}</ref> |0.6 |- |Geoffrey Bottoms |[[Crosby (UK Parliament constituency)|Crosby]] |199<ref>{{cite web|title=Results for Crosby|url=http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/elections/results/general_elections/uk-general-election-2005/crosby|publisher=the Electoral Commission|accessdate=28 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514072727/http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/elections/results/general_elections/uk-general-election-2005/crosby|archivedate=14 May 2010}}</ref> |0.5 |- |Elinor McKenzie |[[Glasgow Central (UK Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Central]] |80<ref>{{cite web|title=Results for Glasgow Central|url=http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/elections/results/general_elections/uk-general-election-2005/glasgow-central|publisher=the Electoral Commission|accessdate=28 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514072901/http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/elections/results/general_elections/uk-general-election-2005/glasgow-central|archivedate=14 May 2010}}</ref> |0.3 |} In 2010, the party fielded six candidates whose combined vote came to 947; it also supported John Metcalfe and Avtar Sadiq who stood as part of electoral alliances. Metcalfe stood on behalf of the [[Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition]] in [[Carlisle (UK Parliament constituency)|Carlisle]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Radical General Election policies of Carlisle's former mayor|url=http://www.newsandstar.co.uk/news/radical-general-election-policies-of-carlisle-s-former-mayor-1.675599|work=News & Star|accessdate=28 March 2013|author=Julian Whittle|date=23 February 2010}}</ref> and won 365 votes, or 0.9% of the total vote.<ref>{{cite web|title=Results for Carlisle|url=http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/elections/results/general_elections/uk-general-election-2010/carlisle|publisher=the Electoral Commission|accessdate=28 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228145852/http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/elections/results/general_elections/uk-general-election-2010/carlisle|archivedate=28 December 2010}}</ref> Sadiq stood on behalf of ''Unity for Peace and Socialism'' in [[Leicester East (UK Parliament constituency)|Leicester East]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Haylett|first=John|title=Advocating the socialist project|url=http://www.morningstaronline.co.uk/index.php/news/content/view/full/89524|work=Morning Star|accessdate=28 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114000025/http://www.morningstaronline.co.uk/index.php/news/content/view/full/89524|archivedate=14 November 2010|date=23 April 2010}}</ref> and won 494 votes, or 1% of the total vote.<ref>{{cite web|title=Results for Leicester East|url=http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/elections/results/general_elections/uk-general-election-2010/leicester-east|publisher=the Electoral Commission|accessdate=28 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228161029/http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/elections/results/general_elections/uk-general-election-2010/leicester-east|archivedate=28 December 2010}}</ref> ''Unity for Peace and Socialism'' is a domestic alliance between British domiciled sections of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] of which Sadiq was a member, the [[Communist Party of Bangladesh]] and the [[Communist Party of Greece]]. {| class="wikitable" |+ Summary of [[2010 United Kingdom general election|2010 General Election]] results |- !Candidate||Constituency||Votes||% |- |Marc Livingstone |[[Glasgow North West (UK Parliament constituency)|Glasgow North West]] |179<ref>{{cite web|title=Results for Glasgow North West|url=http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/elections/results/general_elections/uk-general-election-2010/glasgow-north-west|publisher=the Electoral Commission|accessdate=28 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228132342/http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/elections/results/general_elections/uk-general-election-2010/glasgow-north-west|archivedate=28 December 2010}}</ref> |0.5 |- |Martin Levy |[[Newcastle upon Tyne East (UK Parliament constituency)|Newcastle upon Tyne East]] |177<ref>{{cite web|title=Results for Newcastle upon Tyne East|url=http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/elections/results/general_elections/uk-general-election-2010/newcastle-upon-tyne-east|publisher=the Electoral Commission|accessdate=28 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228080423/http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/elections/results/general_elections/uk-general-election-2010/newcastle-upon-tyne-east|archivedate=28 December 2010}}</ref> |0.5 |- |[[Robert Griffiths (politician)|Robert Griffiths]] |[[Cardiff South and Penarth (UK Parliament constituency)|Cardiff South and Penarth]] |196<ref>{{cite web|title=Results for Cardiff South and Penarth|url=http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/elections/results/general_elections/uk-general-election-2010/cardiff-south-and-penarth|publisher=the Electoral Commission|accessdate=28 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228160318/http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/elections/results/general_elections/uk-general-election-2010/cardiff-south-and-penarth|archivedate=28 December 2010}}</ref> |0.4 |- |Ben Stevenson |[[Croydon North (UK Parliament constituency)|Croydon North]] |160<ref>{{cite web|title=Results for Croydon North|url=http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/elections/results/general_elections/uk-general-election-2010/croydon-north|publisher=the Electoral Commission|accessdate=28 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228175928/http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/elections/results/general_elections/uk-general-election-2010/croydon-north|archivedate=28 December 2010}}</ref> |0.3 |- |Steve Andrew<ref>{{cite news|title=Sheffield gets first Communist candidate since 1979|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/election_2010/england/8607145.stm|work=BBC News|accessdate=28 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412052744/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/election_2010/england/8607145.stm|archivedate=12 April 2010|location=Sheffield|date=7 April 2010}}</ref> |[[Sheffield South East (UK Parliament constituency)|Sheffield South East]] |139<ref>{{cite web|title=Results for Sheffield South East|url=http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/elections/results/general_elections/uk-general-election-2010/sheffield-south-east|publisher=the Electoral Commission|accessdate=28 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228195233/http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/elections/results/general_elections/uk-general-election-2010/sheffield-south-east|archivedate=28 December 2010}}</ref> |0.3 |- |Gerry Sables |[[Devon North (UK Parliament constituency)|Devon North]] |96<ref>{{cite web|title=Results for Devon North|url=http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/elections/results/general_elections/uk-general-election-2010/devon-north|publisher=the Electoral Commission|accessdate=28 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228093930/http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/elections/results/general_elections/uk-general-election-2010/devon-north|archivedate=28 December 2010}}</ref> |0.2 |} In 2015 the party fielded 9 candidates, whose combined vote came to 1,229.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/our-work/our-research/electoral-data|title=Electoral data: UK general election data 2015 – results (CSV – Zip file)|publisher=The Electoral Commission|accessdate=15 February 2016}}</ref> Laura-Jane Rossington stood for the party in Plymouth Sutton and Devonport; at just over 18, she was the youngest candidate to stand in the general election in England.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.channel4.com/michael-crick-on-politics/election-2015-ten-teenagers-running-parliament/4853|title=Election 2015: the ten teenagers running for parliament|author=Michael Crick|date=2 April 2015|work=Channel 4 Blogs|accessdate=15 February 2016}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- |+ Summary of [[2015 United Kingdom general election|2015 General Election]] results !Candidate||Constituency||Votes||% |- |[[Robert Griffiths (politician)|Robert Griffiths]] |[[Merthyr Tydfil and Rhymney (UK Parliament constituency)|Merthyr Tydfil and Rhymney]] |186<ref>{{cite web|title=Election results for Merthyr Tydfil & Rhymney|url=http://democracy.merthyr.gov.uk/mgElectionAreaResults.aspx?ID=69&RPID=1309017|publisher=Merthyr Tydfil County Borough Council|date=8 May 2015}}</ref> |0.6 |- |Andy Chaffer |[[Birmingham Hodge Hill (UK Parliament constituency)|Birmingham Hodge Hill]] |153<ref>{{cite web|title=Hodge Hill|url=http://birminghamnewsroom.com/hodge-hill-constituency/|website=Birmingham Newsroom|accessdate=8 May 2015}}</ref> |0.4 |- |Mark Griffiths |[[Torfaen (UK Parliament constituency)|Torfaen]] |144 |0.4 |- |Zoe Hennessy |[[Glasgow North West (UK Parliament constituency)|Glasgow North West]] |136 |0.3 |- |Mollie Stevenson |[[Newcastle upon Tyne East (UK Parliament constituency)|Newcastle upon Tyne East]] |122 |0.3 |- |Steve Andrew |[[Sheffield Central (UK Parliament constituency)|Sheffield Central]] |119 |0.3 |- |Gerry Sables |[[Devon North (UK Parliament constituency)|Devon North]] |138 |0.2 |- |Ben Stevenson |[[Croydon North (UK Parliament constituency)|Croydon North]] |125 |0.2 |- |Laura-Jane Rossington |[[Plymouth Sutton and Devonport (UK Parliament constituency)|Plymouth Sutton and Devonport]] |106 |0.2 |} In the [[2017 United Kingdom general election|2017 general election]], the party fielded no candidates.<ref name="Cowburn"/> ===Other election results=== The party runs candidates in elections on the local, national and European level. {| class="wikitable" !Position !Year !Votes !% !Misc. |- |[[London Assembly]] |[[2000 London Assembly election|2000]] |7,489 |0.4% |London-wide list<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/redweb/londoncampaign/london.htm|title=Communists to stand for the Greater London Authority|last=Wright|first=Nick|accessdate=4 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20021214025241/http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/redweb/londoncampaign/london.htm|archivedate=14 December 2002}}</ref> |- |[[London Assembly]] |[[2004 London Assembly election|2004]] |1,378 |1.1% |[[North East (London Assembly constituency)|North East]] constituency only.<ref name="GLA results 2002-2004">{{cite book|url=http://data.london.gov.uk/documents/GLA-mayoral-election-2004.pdf#page=104|title=the London elections|last=Minors|first=Michael|publisher=Greater London Authority|year=2006|isbn=9781852619169|location=London|page=104|accessdate=4 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822140453/http://data.london.gov.uk/documents/GLA-mayoral-election-2004.pdf#page=104|archive-date=22 August 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |[[National Assembly for Wales|Welsh Assembly]] |[[2007 National Assembly for Wales election|2007]] |3,708 |0.4% |<ref name=":0" /> |- |[[2008 London Assembly election|London Assembly]] |[[2008 London Assembly election|2008]] |6,394 |0.3% |As "Unity for Peace and Socialism", London-wide list .<ref>{{cite book|url=http://data.london.gov.uk/documents/GLA-mayoral-elections-2008.pdf#page=112|title=the London elections|last=Minors|first=Michael|publisher=Greater London Authority|year=2008|isbn=978-1-84781-185-1|page=112|format=PDF|accessdate=4 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822151816/http://data.london.gov.uk/documents/GLA-mayoral-elections-2008.pdf#page=112|archive-date=22 August 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |[[Directly elected mayor of Hackney|Mayor of Hackney]] |2010 |2,033 |2.2% |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hackney.gov.uk/2010-results-mayor.htm#.VPXvht5FCM8|title=Hackney Council - 2010 Election Results – Mayoral Election|publisher=Hackney.gov.uk|accessdate=2015-08-30|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100511122549/http://www.hackney.gov.uk/2010-results-mayor.htm#.VPXvht5FCM8|archivedate=11 May 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |- |[[Scottish Parliament]] |[[2011 Scottish Parliament election|2011]] |256 |1.1% |Only contesting [[Glasgow Anniesland (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Anniesland]] |- |[[National Assembly for Wales|Welsh Assembly]] |[[2011 National Assembly for Wales election|2011]] |2,676 |0.3% |<ref name=":1" /> |- |[[National Assembly for Wales|Welsh Assembly]] |[[2016 National Assembly for Wales election|2016]] |2,452 |0.2% | |- |[[Scottish Parliament]] |[[2016 Scottish Parliament election|2016]] |510 |0.2% |Only contesting [[North East Scotland (Scottish Parliament electoral region)|North East Scotland]] |- |[[Mayor of the West Midlands]] |[[2017 West Midlands mayoral election|2017]] |5,696 |1.1% | |} In local elections in 2008 the party gained one councillor, Clive Griffiths, a former Labour councillor who joined the party and was re-elected unopposed to [[Hirwaun]] and [[Penderyn, Rhondda Cynon Taf|Penderyn]] [[Community Council]] as a communist.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wales gets its first Communist councillor since 1970s |work=[[Western Mail (Wales)|Western Mail]] |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/politics-news/2008/04/15/wales-gets-its-first-communist-councillor-since-1970s-91466-20764172/|accessdate=2009-09-21}}</ref> In the [[2009 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom|2009]] and [[2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom|2014]] European Parliament elections the party supported the [[No to EU – Yes to Democracy|No2EU alliance]] led by the [[National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers|RMT union]]. The party also ran in the [[National Assembly for Wales|Welsh Assembly]] elections in 2007<ref name=":0">{{cite AV media| date=22 April 2007 | title=Welsh Communist Party 2007 election broadcast | medium=Motion picture | url =https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hMkeQhwNlqE | location=Wales | publisher =[[YouTube]]}}</ref> and 2011.<ref name=":1">{{cite AV media| date=14 April 2011 | title=Welsh Communist Party 2011 election broadcast | medium=Motion picture | url =https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-13091108 | location=Wales | publisher =BBC}}</ref> In the [[2011 Scottish Parliament election]] the party stood Marc Livingstone as a candidate.<ref>{{cite AV media| date=26 April 2011 | title=Scottish election: Communist Party | medium=Motion picture | url =https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-13195092 | location=Scotland | publisher =BBC}}</ref> In April 2019, the party called for a "People's Boycott" of the [[2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom]], which was the first time in its history that the CP had called for a boycott of an election in Britain.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://labourheartlands.com/why-some-on-the-left-are-calling-for-a-peoples-boycott-of-the-eu-elections/|title=Why some on the Left are calling for a 'People's Boycott' of the EU elections|first=Phil|last=Katz|date=26 April 2019|publisher=Labour Heartlands}}</ref> ==Publications== The party publishes a wide variety of literature and material. ===''Communist Review''=== [[File:CR76 Summer15.jpg|thumb|Communist Review Number 76 Summer 2015]] This is a theoretical and discussion journal published on a quarterly basis.<ref>{{cite web|title=Communist Review website|url=http://www.communistreview.org.uk/|accessdate=23 February 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719131247/http://www.communistreview.org.uk/|archivedate=19 July 2012}}</ref> It takes its name from the old journal published by the [[Communist Party of Great Britain|CPGB]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.marxists.org/history/international/comintern/sections/britain/periodicals/communist_review/|title=Communist Review|publisher=Communist Party of Great Britain|accessdate=15 April 2013}}</ref> and is edited by Martin Levy. The content of the journal covers book reviews, feature articles, letters and sometimes poetry. ===''Challenge''=== {{Main|Challenge (Communist journal)}} This is a magazine published by the Young Communist League. It mainly covers news, feature articles and political reports. It runs a Back 2 Basics series which explains the basic foundations of [[Marxism-Leninism]] in an accessible way. Occasionally it publishes music, film or video game reviews alongside other light content such as comic strips. It's aimed at young people and tends to be less academic than ''Communist Review''. ===''Communist News & Views''=== This is an email bulletin which summarises the party's recent statements, resolutions, reports and policies.<ref>{{cite web|title=Email Campaign Archive|url=http://us2.campaign-archive2.com/home/?u=14d8d9ee95c684a771ae4576f&id=c4de82932b|work=Communist News & Views|publisher=MailChimp|accessdate=23 February 2013}}</ref> It also brings attention to campaigns and events being promoted by the party. It is open to the public and can be subscribed to on the party website, if someone makes an enquiry to join the party they can choose to be subscribed to the email list. ===''Country Standard''=== A journal for rural communities, produced since 1935.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://country-standard.blogspot.co.uk/|title=Country Standard|accessdate=15 February 2016}}</ref> It is produced annually and is run by an editorial collective of Communist and Labour members, environmentalists and trade unionists. The paper supports the Countryside Charter with the following aims: * Restore the [[Agricultural Wages Board]] * Restore the [[Commission for Rural Development]] * Unite to save local schools, post and health services – build housing * Break with EU [[Common Agricultural Policy]] * Extend the Gangmaster's Act * Tax super profits of the giant food retailers * The land to those who work it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southwestcommunists.org.uk/countryside-charter|title=The Countryside Charter|publisher=South West Communists|accessdate=15 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081428/http://www.southwestcommunists.org.uk/countryside-charter|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Manifesto Press=== The party publishes books under the Manifesto Press imprint.<ref>{{cite web|title=Manifesto Press category in the Communist Party publications section|url=http://communist-party.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=102&Itemid=127|accessdate=23 February 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121125717/http://www.communist-party.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=102&Itemid=127|archivedate=21 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Manifesto Press website|url=http://www.manifestopress.org.uk/|accessdate=23 February 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629102239/http://www.manifestopress.org.uk/|archivedate=29 June 2012}}</ref> {{As of|2019|06|post=,}} it has a total catalogue of 25 titles and also sells 2 titles which are published separately by Hetherington Press. The books cover historical, political and social topics and are edited by Nick Wright.<ref>{{cite news |title=a chance for left books to press ahead |first=Nick |last=Wright |url=http://www.morningstaronline.co.uk/news/content/view/full/82644 |newspaper=Morning Star |location=London |date=1 November 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416104432/http://www.morningstaronline.co.uk/news/content/view/full/82644 |archivedate=16 April 2013}}</ref> ===''Unity!'' and ''Solidarity''=== ''Unity!'' is a short booklet focused around labour issues and often distributed for free at trade union events. ''Solidarity'' is a bulletin published by the international department of the party, it covers the party's foreign policy and the activities of the [[Co-ordinating Committee of Communist Parties in Britain]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.communist-party.org.uk/downloads/InternationalBulletin05a.pdf |title=Solidarity |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060723125825/http://www.communist-party.org.uk/downloads/InternationalBulletin05a.pdf |archivedate=2006-07-23}}</ref> The editor is [[Anita Halpin]].<ref name="morningstaronline1"/> In addition to this the party publishes many miscellaneous pamphlets under its own name.<ref>{{cite web|title=pamphlets sold by the Communist Party|url=http://communist-party.org.uk/index.php?option=com_virtuemart&Itemid=178|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624051622/http://www.communist-party.org.uk/index.php?option=com_virtuemart&Itemid=178|archivedate=24 June 2012}}</ref> The ''Classics of Communism'' series are reprints of classic works such as ''[[The Communist Manifesto]]'' or ''[["Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder]]''. The ''Our History'' series aims to re-tell 'history from below' and covers historical events from a working class perspective. The party also publishes congress reports, the party programme, briefing notes and other documents. ==Headquarters== <!-- Unsourced image removed: [[File:Ruskin_House.jpg|thumb|Ruskin House: "Home to Croydon's Trade Union and Labour Movement"]] -->At the beginning of November 2004, the party and its youth organisation, the [[Young Communist League (Great Britain)|YCL]], moved out of its temporary headquarters in [[London Borough of Camden|Camden]], [[North London]] after receiving notice to quit because of redevelopment. The building was owned by [[AKEL]], the Cypriot communist party. [[Ruskin House]] in Croydon was chosen as the new party headquarters, with its long history in the progressive movement as centre of the Anti-Apartheid Movement and also local Labour Party and co-operative groups. The party rents the top floor of four offices at Ruskin House which also allows it plenty of room to hold its congresses and other important meetings, including an annual industrial cadre school and the Communist University of Britain. In Scotland, the party also makes use of an office in Glasgow. ==Conferences and festivals== [[File:Communist Party of Britain, Tolpuddle Rally 2016.jpg|thumb|Executive Committee group in the 2016 [[Tolpuddle Martyrs' Festival|Tolpuddle Martyrs' Rally]]]] ===Congress=== The party holds a biennial congress with delegates from districts, nations and branches. The last congress as the Communist Party of Great Britain was the 43rd congress and was held in 1991. The 44th congress, as the Communist Party of Britain, was held in 1997. Since 2000 the congress has been held every two years apart from a special congress held in February 2004. The 29 member governing Executive Committee (EC) of the party is elected at congress. ===Events=== In November 2004 the party organised Communist University events in Wales and England, these were further developed to form a national three-day event which ran annually from 2005 to 2010. This was accompanied by regional weekend universities in Wales,<ref>{{cite web|title=Communist university of Wales: A programme of debate, discussion and entertainment|url=http://www.welshcommunists.org/index.php?id=484&PHPSESSID=1655e0279d18f1eb2e6a417b8b1baae0|accessdate=25 February 2013|date=6 December 2012}}</ref> Scotland and the Midlands. Among the speakers at the Communist University at Ruskin House in November 2006 were [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] MP [[John McDonnell (politician)|John McDonnell]], [[National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers|RMT]] general secretary [[Bob Crow]], [[CND]] chair [[Kate Hudson (activist)|Kate Hudson]], [[Communist Party USA]] vice-president [[Jarvis Tyner]], [[French Communist Party]] economist Paul Boccara and [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] ambassador Dr Noha Khalef. ===21st Century Marxism=== In 2011, the national Communist University event was renamed to "21st Century Marxism" and the format was changed slightly from a festival to a conference. The style of the event has changed widely over the years as the organisers experiment with different venues and speakers. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Date ! Venue |- | 26 to 27 November 2011 | Bishopsgate Institute<ref>{{cite web|title=21st Century Marxism programme 2011|url=http://issuu.com/communist_party/docs/festival_programme_pdf|publisher=Communist Party|format=PDF|date=November 2011}}</ref> |- | 21 to 22 July 2012 | Bishopsgate Institute<ref>{{cite web|title=21st Century Marxism programme 2012|url=http://issuu.com/communist_party/docs/21centurymarxism|publisher=Communist Party|format=PDF|date=July 2012}}</ref> |- | 2 to 3 November 2013 | Marx Memorial Library<ref>{{cite web|title=21st Century Marxism programme 2013|url=http://issuu.com/communist_party/docs/21cm_brochure|publisher=Communist Party|format=PDF|date=October 2013}}</ref> |- | 26 to 27 July 2014 | Marx Memorial Library<ref>{{cite web|title=21st Century Marxism programme 2014|url=http://issuu.com/communist_party/docs/21cm_intial_brochure|publisher=Communist Party|format=PDF|date=June 2014}}</ref> |} The party's political education strategy also includes trade union and political cadre schools, party-building schools and dayschools. ==See also== * [[List of political parties in the United Kingdom opposed to austerity]] ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==External links== *[http://www.northerncommunists.org.uk/ CP Northern] *[http://www.scottishcommunists.org.uk/ CP Scotland] *[http://www.southwestcommunists.org.uk/ CP South West and Cornwall] *[http://www.welshcommunists.org/ CP Wales] {{UK far left}} {{British political parties}} {{European communist parties}} {{United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum, 2011}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Communist Party}} [[Category:Communist Party of Britain| ]] [[Category:Eurosceptic parties in the United Kingdom]]<noinclude> <small>This page was moved from [[:en:Communist Party of Britain]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Communist Party of Britain/edithistory]]</small></noinclude> 4jlrd0qd0b3vvy6inr9w2xpx0j86hzu 0 114731 540828 466609 2022-08-28T17:40:44Z InternetArchiveBot 34092 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Wine from Chile}} {{Use mdy dates|date=October 2015}} [[Image:Chile in its region.svg|right|thumb|300px|Location of Chile in the [[Southern Cone]] of South America.]] [[Image:Chilean wines.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Chilean wines]] [[File:Viñedo Puente Alto.jpg|right|thumb|300px|View of Chilean vineyards in the foothills of the Andes.]] '''Chilean wine''' has a long history for a [[New World wine]] region, as it was the 16th century when the Spanish [[conquistador]]s brought ''[[Vitis vinifera]]'' vines with them as they [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|colonized the region]]. In the mid-19th century, [[French wine]] [[variety (botany)|varieties]] such as [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Merlot]], [[Carmenère]] and [[Cabernet Franc|Franc]] were introduced. In the early 1980s, a renaissance began with the introduction of stainless steel [[fermentation (wine)|fermentation]] tanks and the use of [[oak (wine)|oak]] barrels for [[aging wine|aging]]. Wine exports grew very quickly as quality wine production increased. The number of wineries grew from 12 in 1995 to over 70 in 2005.<ref>{{cite web| title =Wines from Chile | url =https://appalachianvintner.com/archives-store-selection-wine/chile/ | website =appalachianvintner.com/ | date =4 June 2009 | access-date =17 May 2020}}</ref> A large number of [[French people]] immigrated to Chile during the late 20th century, bringing more vinicultural knowledge to the country. Chile is now the fifth largest exporter of wines in the world, and the [[List of wine-producing countries|seventh largest]] producer.<ref>[http://www.oiv.int/public/medias/2256/en-communique-de-presse-octobre-2015.pdf OIV press report] October 2015</ref> The climate has been described as midway between that of California and France. The most common grapes are [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Merlot]] and [[Carmenère]]. So far Chile has remained free of the [[phylloxera]] louse, which means that the country's [[Vitis|grapevine]]s do not need to be [[grafting|grafted]] with phylloxera-resistant rootstocks.<ref name="[[MacNeil]] pg 836-843">K. 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-33.75000000000001, 50.736455137010665 ], [ -33.75000000000001, 50.736455137010665 ], [ -122.34375000000001, 52.482780222078226 ] ] ] } } ] }</mapframe><graph>{ "version": 2, "width": 400, "height": 600, "data": [ { "name": "table", "values": [ { "x": 1, "y": 4 }, { "x": 14, "y": 17 }, { "x": 2, "y": 2 } ] } ], "scales": [ { "name": "x", "type": "ordinal", "range": "width", "zero": false, "domain": { "data": "table", "field": "x" } }, { "name": "y", "type": "linear", "range": "height", "nice": true, "domain": { "data": "table", "field": "y" } } ], "axes": [ { "type": "x", "scale": "x" }, { "type": "y", "scale": "y" } ], "marks": [ { "type": "rect", "from": { "data": "table" }, "properties": { "enter": { "x": { "scale": "x", "field": "x" }, "y": { "scale": "y", "field": "y" }, "y2": { "scale": "y", "value": 0 }, "fill": { "value": "steelblue" }, "width": { "scale": "x", "band": "true", "offset": -1 } } } } ] }</graph> ==History== [[Image:Fundacion de Santiago.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Pedro Lira's 1889 painting of the founding of Santiago by conquistadors. As the Spanish took over the native's land they brought grapevines with them.]] European ''Vitis vinifera'' vines were brought to Chile by Spanish conquistadors and [[missionaries]] in the 16th century around 1554. Local legend states that the conquistador [[Francisco de Aguirre (conquistador)|Francisco de Aguirre]] himself planted the first vines.<ref name="Johnson atlas pg 297-299">H. Johnson & J. Robinson ''The World Atlas of Wine'' pg 297–299 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 {{ISBN|1-84000-332-4}}</ref> The vines most likely came from established Spanish vineyards planted in [[Peru]] which included the "common black grape", as it was known, that [[Hernán Cortés]] brought to Mexico in 1520. This grape variety would become the ancestor of the widely planted [[Pais]] grape that would be the most widely planted Chilean grape till the 21st century.<ref name="[[MacNeil]] pg 836-843" /> [[Jesuit]] priests cultivated these early vineyards, using the wine for the celebration of the [[Eucharist]]. By the late 16th century, the early Chilean historian [[Alonso de Ovalle]] described widespread plantings of "the common black grape", [[Muscatel]], [[Torontel]], [[Albilho]] and [[Mollar (grape)|Mollar]].<ref name="Oxford pg 163-167">J. Robinson (ed) ''"The Oxford Companion to Wine"'' Third Edition pg 163–167 Oxford University Press 2006 {{ISBN|0-19-860990-6}}</ref> During the Spanish rule, vineyards were restricted in production with the stipulation that the Chilean should purchase the bulk of their wines directly from Spain itself. In 1641, wine imports from [[Chile]] and the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] into Spain were banned, severely damaging the wine industry in the colony. The market loss caused the huge surplus of grapes to be made into [[pisco]] and [[aguardiente]]. The concentration solely on pisco production, nearly eliminated wine production in Peru. For the most part the Chileans ignored these restrictions, preferring their domestic production to the [[oxidize]]d and vinegary wines that didn't fare well during the long voyages from Spain. They were even so bold as to start exporting some of their wines to neighboring Peru with one such export shipment being captured at sea by the English [[privateer]] [[Francis Drake]]. When Spain heard of the event rather than being outraged at Drake, an indictment was sent back to Chile with the order to uproot most of their vineyards. This order, too, was mostly ignored.<ref name="Johnson pg 432-434">H. Johnson ''Vintage: The Story of Wine'' pg 432–434 Simon and Schuster 1989 {{ISBN|0-671-68702-6}}</ref> In the 18th century, Chile was known mostly for its [[sweetness of wine|sweet wines]] made from the Pais and Muscatel grapes. To achieve a high level of sweetness the wines were often [[boiled]] which concentrated the grape [[must]].<ref name="Oxford pg 163-167"/> Following his shipwreck off the coast at [[Cape Horn]], Admiral [[John Byron]] (Grandfather of the poet [[Lord Byron]]) traveled across Chile and came back to England with a glowing review of Chilean Muscatel comparing it favorably to [[Madeira wine|Madeira]]. The 19th century wine writer [[André Jullien]] was not as impressed, comparing Chilean wines to a "potion of [[rhubarb]] and [[Senna (genus)|senna]]".<ref name="Johnson pg 432-434"/> Despite being politically linked to Spain, Chile's wine history has been most profoundly influenced by [[French wine|French]], particularly [[Bordeaux wine|Bordeaux]], [[winemaking]]. Prior to the [[Great French Wine Blight|phylloxera epidemic]], wealthy Chilean landowners were influenced by their visits to France and began importing French vines to plant. Don [[Silvestre Errázuriz]] was the first, importing Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, [[Cabernet franc]], [[Malbec]], [[Sauvignon blanc]] and [[Sémillon]]. He hired a French [[oenologist]] to oversee his vineyard planting and to produce wine in the Bordeaux style. Errázuriz saw potential in Chile and even experimented with the [[German wine]] grape [[Riesling]].<ref name="Johnson pg 432-434"/> In events that parallel those of the [[Rioja (wine)|Rioja]] wine region, the entrance of phylloxera into the French wine world turned into a positive event for the Chilean wine industry. With vineyards in ruin, many French winemakers traveled to South America, bringing their experience and techniques with them.<ref name="[[MacNeil]] pg 836-843" /> At the time, Don [[Silvestre Ochagavía Echazarreta]] founded [[Ochagavia Wines]] in 1851 and Don [[Maximiano Errázuriz (Wine producer)|Maximiano Errázuriz]] founded [[Viña Errázuriz]] in 1870, bringing and using grapes from France. ===20th century=== Chilean wine exports to Argentina were hampered by the lack of effective land transport and a series of war scares. This situation changed after the [[Pactos de Mayo]] were signed in 1902 and the inauguration of the [[Transandine Railway]] in 1909, making war unlikely and trade across the Andes easy. Governments agreed to sign a free trade agreement. Argentine winegrowers association, ''[[Centro Vitivinícola Nacional]]'', dominated by European immigrants, protested vigorously against the free trade agreement since Chilean wines were considered a threat to the local industry. The complaints of Argentine wine growers in conjunction with that of cattle farmers in Chile ended up tearing down the plans for a free trade agreement.<ref name=lacoste>Lacoste, Pablo. 2004. Vinos, carnes, ferrocarriles y el Tratado de Libre Comercio entre Argentina y Chile (1905–1910). ''[[Historia (history of the Americas journal)|Historia]]''.</ref> Political instability in the 20th century, coupled with bureaucratic regulations and high taxes tempered the growth of the Chilean wine industry. Prior to the 1980s, the vast majority of Chilean wine was considered low quality and mostly consumed domestically. As awareness of Chile's favorable growing conditions for viticulture increased so did foreign investment in Chilean wineries. This period saw many technical advances in winemaking as Chile earned a reputation for reasonably priced premium quality wines. Chile began to export extensively, becoming the third leading exporter, after France and [[Italian wine|Italy]], into the United States by the turn of the 21st century. It has since dropped to fourth in the US, being surpassed by [[Australian wine|Australia]], but focus has switched to developing exports in the world's other major wine markets like the United Kingdom and Japan.<ref name="[[MacNeil]] pg 836-843" /> ==Climate and geography== {{see also|Climate of Chile}} [[Image:Chile map2 with wine regions highlighted.JPG|left|thumb|Chile's topography with the location of most of Chile's wine regions highlighted.]] Chile is a long, narrow country that is geographically and climatically dominated by the [[Andes]] to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Chile's vineyards are found along an 800-mile stretch of land from [[Atacama Region]] to the [[Bio-Bio Region]] in the south. The climate is varied with the northern regions being very hot and dry compared to the cooler, wetter regions in the south. In the [[Central Valley (Chilean wine region)|Valle Central]] around [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]], the climate is dry with an average of 15&nbsp;inches (38 centimeters) of rain and little risk of springtime [[frost]]. The proximity to the [[Dry Andes]] help create a wide [[diurnal temperature variation]] between day and nighttime temperatures. This cool drop in temperature is vital in maintaining the grapes' [[acidity]] levels.<ref name="Sotheby pg 543-546">T. Stevenson ''"The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia"'' pg 543–546 Dorling Kindersley 2005 {{ISBN|0-7566-1324-8}}</ref> Most of Chile's premium wine regions are dependent on [[irrigation (wine)|irrigation]] to sustain vineyards, getting the necessary water from melting snow caps in the Andes. In the developing wine regions along the [[Chilean Coast Range|Coastal Range]]s and in the far south, there is not a lack in needed rainfall but vineyard owners have to deal with other factors such as the [[Humboldt Current]] from the Pacific which can bathe a vineyard with a blanket of cool air. For the rest of Chile's wine regions, the Coastal Ranges serve a buffer from the current and also acts as a [[rain shadow]]. The vineyards in these regions are planted on the [[valley]] plains of the Andes foothills along a major river such as the [[Maipo River|Maipo]], [[Rapel River|Rapel]] and [[Maule River]]s.<ref name="Sotheby pg 543-546"/> The vineyards of Chile fall between the [[latitude]]s of 32 and 38° [[degree (angle)|s]] which, in the [[Northern Hemisphere]] would be the equivalent of southern Spain and North Africa. However the climate in Chile's wine regions is much more temperate than those regions, comparing more closely to [[Climate of California|California]] and Bordeaux. Overall, it is classified as a [[Mediterranean climate (wine)|Mediterranean climate]] with average summer temperatures of {{convert|59|-|64|F|C|abbr=on}} and potential highs of {{convert|86|°F|°C|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Oxford pg 163-167"/> ==Wine regions== {{see also|Natural regions of Chile}} Since December 1994, the Chilean wine-producing regions have been officially defined as follows, to help identify the different features of wines produced in different parts of Chile's variable geography. The Chilean ministry of agriculture redefined in a decree of May 2018 the zonal winegrowing structure:<ref>[http://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/publicaciones/2018/05/25/42065/01/1402370.pdf DIARIO OFICIAL DE LA REPUBLICA DE CHILE Núm. 42.065] vom 25. Mai 2018, retrieved 5 August 2018</ref> ===Atacama Region=== Named after the [[Atacama Region]] administrative territory, this region is divided into two valleys, [[Copiapó Valley|Copiapó]] and [[Huasco Valley|Huasco]], both of which are coterminous with the provinces of the same names. The region is known primarily for its [[Pisco]]<ref name="Sotheby pg 543-546"/> and [[table grape]]s,<ref name="Oxford pg 163-167"/><ref>[http://www.diariodelvino.com/notas2/noticia588_06nov.htm Prometedora cosecha en la tercera region, Uvas que valen millones] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429095540/http://www.diariodelvino.com/notas2/noticia588_06nov.htm |date=April 29, 2009 }} Diario del vino, November 6, 2006, retrieved October 10, 2013</ref> but in the 1950s wine began to be produced on a small scale around Copiapó. Examples of wine from these valleys include "Vino Copiapino" (literally, "Copiapó's Wine") by Viña Fajardo<ref>[http://www.chanarcillo.cl/articulos_ver.php?id=18778 Celestino Fajardo: El hombre tras la historia del vino copiapino] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304173121/http://chanarcillo.cl/articulos_ver.php?id=18778 |date=March 4, 2016 }} www.chanarcillo.cl September 17, 2009 retrieved October 10, 2013</ref> and [[Pajarete]] wine, a varietal from Spain that is now produced successfully in the [[Huasco Valley]].<ref>[http://www.diariodelvino.com/notas7/noticia2508_26jul10.htm Chile Enólogos destacan avances del vino pajarete] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207133125/http://www.diariodelvino.com/notas7/noticia2508_26jul10.htm |date=December 7, 2013 }} Diario del vino, November 6, 2006, retrieved October 10, 2013</ref> ===Coquimbo Region === The [[Coquimbo Region]] contains three wine-producing sub regions: Elqui, Limarí and Choapa, all are coterminous with the provinces of the same name. *The [[Elqui Valley (wine region)|Elqui Valley]] is located {{convert|530|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of [[Santiago]], at the southern end of the [[Atacama Desert]] in the [[Coquimbo Region|Coquimbo]] [[Regions of Chile|Region]]. It is known for producing table grapes and other fruits, as well as [[Pisco]], Chile's most popular [[Distilled beverage|liquor]]. But it is also notable for being the most commercially viable wine-producing region of northern Chile. The region's vineyards extend from the Pacific Ocean in the west to the [[Andes Mountains]] in the east, rising to an altitude of 2,000 [[meters above sea level|m.a.s.l.]] (6,500 feet). Wine production began in the Elqui Valley in the 1990s when Chilean wine producers began to look at potential viticulture sites outside the [[Chilean Central Valley]]. Since then, {{convert|286|ha|acre|abbr=off}} of vines have been planted, mostly along the [[River Elqui]] valley, where grape growers have access to high-quality water for irrigation. The region is characterized by a sunny, desert-like climate, less than {{convert|70|mm|in|abbr=on}} of annual rainfall, dry rocky terrain, steep valleys and temperate hills cooled by strong winds from the Pacific Ocean and the Andes Mountains, producing excellent results for varietals like [[Syrah]].<ref>[http://www.winesofchile.org/chilean-wine/wine-regions/elqui-valley/ See Elqui Valley Chart] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401031849/http://www.winesofchile.org/chilean-wine/wine-regions/elqui-valley/ |date=April 1, 2014 }} www.winesofchile.org retrieved September 25, 2013</ref> * The [[Limarí Valley]] is located roughly {{convert|470|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of [[Santiago]], in the [[Coquimbo Region|Coquimbo]] [[Regions of Chile|region]]. Vines were first planted here in the mid-16th century and have seen a recent resurgence, due to new technologies and winemakers seeking new [[terroir]]s. The area is best known for producing [[Sauvignon blanc|Sauvignon]] and [[Chardonnay]], first planted during the 1990s, and also successfully produces [[Syrah]] and [[Pinot noir]], with a climate similar to Marlborough in [[New Zealand]].<ref>[http://www.wine-pages.com/features/chile-north-to-south.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609024450/http://www.wine-pages.com/features/chile-north-to-south.htm |date=June 9, 2013 }} Chile north to south. Part 1, text and photographs 2010 Tom Cannavan http://www.wine-pages.com/ retrieved October 10, 2013</ref> The Pacific Ocean has a strong influence on the coast of the region with the cooling [[Camanchaca]], a fog that enters the valley from the west each morning and retreats as the sun rises over the [[Andes]] from the east. With less than 4 inches of rainfall per year, drip irrigation is used to water the vines that grow in the mineral-rich soil. The combination creates fresh wines with a distinct mineral edge.<ref>[http://www.winesofchile.org/chilean-wine/wine-regions/limari-valley/ Limarí Valley] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401030845/http://www.winesofchile.org/chilean-wine/wine-regions/limari-valley/ |date=April 1, 2014 }} www.winesofchile.org retrieved October 10, 2013</ref> * The [[Choapa Valley]] lies around {{convert|400|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of [[Santiago]], in the southern part of the [[Coquimbo]] [[Regions of Chile|Region]]. Like the Atacama, this region is primarily known for Pisco and table grapes.<ref name="Sotheby pg 543-546"/> It lies within the narrowest part of Chile, where the [[Andes]] meet the [[Chilean Coast Range|Coastal Range]] and consists of two sectors, [[Illapel]] and [[Salamanca, Chile|Salamanca]]. There are no wineries in either of these sectors, but vines planted on the rocky, foothill soils produce small quantities of high quality [[Syrah]] and [[Cabernet Sauvignon]] grapes with high acidity and low pH, which is increasing wine producers' interest in the area.<ref>[http://www.wine-pages.com/organise/de-martino.htm VIÑA DE MARTINO] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021140026/http://www.wine-pages.com/organise/de-martino.htm |date=October 21, 2012 }} http://www.wine-pages.com/ text and photographs © 2010 Tom Cannavan retrieved October 11, 2013</ref> Only one brand of wine, De Martino Syrah, currently holds the [[Denominación de origen|DO]] of "Choapa Valley".<ref>[http://www.snooth.com/region/chile/coquimbo/choapa-valley/#ixzz2hQ9N2tXp Choapa Valley] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305084249/http://www.snooth.com/region/chile/coquimbo/choapa-valley/#ixzz2hQ9N2tXp |date=March 5, 2016 }} www.snooth.com Constance Chamberlain retrieved October 11, 2013</ref> ===Aconcagua Region=== {{main|Aconcagua (wine region)}} The administrative region of [[Valparaíso Region|Valparaíso]] contains two wine-producing subregions, the Aconcagua and [[Casablanca Valley|Casablanca]] valleys. The Aconcagua Valley is coterminous with the province of [[San Felipe de Aconcagua| San Felipe de Aconcagua Province]] while the Casablanca Valley is coterminous with the [[Communes of Chile|commune]] of that name. The [[Panquehue]] commune is also gradually developing a reputation for high quality wine production. * In the [[San Felipe de Aconcagua Province|Aconcagua Valley]], snow melt from [[Aconcagua]] and the surrounding mountains is used to irrigate the vines. The small 1,098 hectare winegrowing area is well known for its red wines, which have earned international acclaim, with Vina Errázuriz's "[[Sena wine|Seña]]" placing ahead of both [[Château Lafite Rothschild|Château Lafite]] and [[Château Margaux]] in blind tasting held in Berlin in 2004,<ref>[http://www.wineanorak.com/chile/chileanwine_part2_vinedochadwick.htm Seña, Errazuriz and Viñedo Chadwick] wineanorak.com/ retrieved October 13, 2013</ref> a milestone for the Chilean wine industry.<ref>[http://www.snooth.com/region/chile/aconcagua/#ixzz2hbhbeT4r] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104074005/http://www.snooth.com/region/chile/aconcagua/#ixzz2hbhbeT4r |date=November 4, 2018 }} www.snooth.com retrieved October 13, 2013</ref> Although the valley is primarily known for the red grapes grown in its interior, white grapes are also now being grown in new coastal plantations. * The [[Casablanca, Chile#Casablanca Valley wine region|Casablanca Valley]] takes its name from the [[Communes of Chile|commune]] where it is located, and stretches roughly {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} east-west from eastern border of the Valparaíso province in the [[Valparaíso Region|Valparaíso]] [[Regions of Chile|region]]. Vines were first planted here in the mid-1980s during the revitalization of the Chilean wine industry and the area quickly became known for its white wines, most notably [[Sauvignon blanc]] and [[Chardonnay]], as well as [[Pinot noir]], which thrives in its cooler climate. Although the valley is located at 33°S, much closer to the [[Equator]] than any European vineyard, viticulture here is possible because of the cooling influence of the Pacific Ocean, in the shape of cool morning fog and greater cloud cover than is found elsewhere in the north of Chile. Free-draining clay and sandy soils, whilst good for viticulture, encourage nematodes, so grafting onto nematode-resistant rootstocks is common.<ref>[http://www.wine-searcher.com/regions-casablanca+valley Casablanca Valley] Published by Wine-Searcher.com | Last updated September 20, 2013 by Wine-Searcher Staff, retrieved on October 16, 2013</ref> * [[San Antonio Province#San Antonio Valley wine region|San Antonio Valley]] is a small wine region known for producing [[Pinot noir]], [[Sauvignon blanc]] and [[Chardonnay]]. It is located very close to the sea around the city of [[San Antonio, Chile]], south of the [[Casablanca, Chile#Casablanca Valley wine region|Casablanca Valley]] and only {{convert|55|mi|km}} west of [[Santiago]]. As in other Chilean wine regions, like the [[Casablanca, Chile#Casablanca Valley wine region|Casablanca Valley]], San Antonio is highly influenced by the cooling effect of the Pacific Ocean which makes wine production possible in this area. Soils are in the valley are [[granite|granitic]], poor and well drained with a [[topsoil]] of clay, providing a good [[substrate (biology)|substrate]] for vines.<ref>[http://www.winesofchile.org/chilean-wine/wine-regions/san-antonio-leyda-valley/ San Antonio Valley] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106122020/http://www.winesofchile.org/chilean-wine/wine-regions/san-antonio-leyda-valley/ |date=November 6, 2013 }} http://www.winesofchile.org/ retrieved November 20, 2013</ref> Rains are concentrated mainly in the winter season and the vineyards require drip irrigation for the rest of the year, using water from the [[Maipo river]]. The San Antonio Valley is seen as an up-and-coming wine region and the wine industry is expected to continue growing in the future.<ref>[http://www.wine-searcher.com/regions-san+antonio+valley+-+chile Antonio Valley – Chile Wine] www.wine-searcher.com Published by Wine-Searcher.com | Last updated August 30, 2013 by Wine-Searcher Staff retrieved November 20, 2013</ref> ===Central Valley Region=== [[File:Vallee Central cab.jpg|right|thumb|A Cabernet Sauvignon from the Valle Central]] {{main|Central Valley (Chilean wine region)}} The Central Valley spans the [[O'Higgins Region|O'Higgins]] (VI) and [[Maule Region|Maule]] (VII) administrative regions as well as the [[Metropolitana Region of Chile|Metropolitana Region]]. Within it are four subregions: the Maipo Valley, the Rapel Valley, the [[Curico|Curicó]] Valley and the Maule Valley. This is Chile's most productive and internationally known wine region, due in large part to its proximity to the country's capital, Santiago. It is located directly across the Andes from [[Argentina]]'s most well known wine region, [[Mendoza Province (wine)|Mendoza Province]]<ref name="Sotheby pg 543-546"/> The soil of Maipo Valley is noted for high [[salinity]] stemming from irrigation from the Maipo river and low [[potassium]] level which has some impact on the grapevines. Vineyards in the Maule also suffer from low potassium as well as deficient [[nitrogen levels (wine)|nitrogen levels]]. Advances in viticultural techniques have helped vineyards in these regions compensate for some of these effects.<ref name="Oxford pg 163-167"/> *The [[Maipo Province#Maipo Valley wine region|Maipo Valley]] is the closest to [[Santiago]] and extends eastwards from the city to the [[Andes Mountains|Andes]] and westward to the coast, stretching south toward the towns and subzones of [[Padre Hurtado]], [[Peñaflor, Chile|Peñaflor]], [[Talagante]], [[Isla de Maipo]] and [[Melipilla]]. The Maipo Valley can itself be divided into three sub-regions: ;Alto Maipo: This sub-region is located in the foothills of the Andes and is highly influenced by the mountains. The climate, cold during the night and sunny and hot during the day, combined with the poor, porous, rocky soil, puts the vines under stress which in turn produces a characteristically bold, elegant [[Cabernet Sauvignon]].<ref>[http://www.winemag.com/Web-2011/Maipo/ Maipo: Chile's Cradle of Cabernet Sauvignon] BY MICHAEL SCHACHNER www.winemag.com retrieved September 23, 2013</ref> ;Central Maipo: Corresponds to the area surrounding the [[Maipo river]]. [[Cabernet Sauvignon]] dominates wine production here, but the area has also started producing [[Carmenere]] wines. This sub region has rocky [[Alluvium|alluvial]] soils and is the warmest and driest part of the Maipo, requiring [[drip irrigation]]. ;The Pacific Maipo: Area benefits from the coastal influence of the Pacific Ocean as well as the alluvial soils found here. Because of the oceanic influence, it is a popular place to experiment with white grapes, most notably [[Sauvignon blanc]].<ref>[http://www.wine-searcher.com/regions-maipo+valley Maipo Valley Wine] Published by Wine-Searcher.com | Last updated August 30, 2013 by Wine-Searcher Staff retrieved October 8, 2013</ref> * The [[Rapel Valley]] is named after the [[Rapel River]] and [[Lake Rapel]] and is one of the largest wine-producing regions in the Central Valley, producing roughly a quarter of all Chilean wine. It is made up of two smaller sectors, the Cachapoal and Colchagua valleys. ;The Cachapoal Valley: Cachapoal Valley occupies the northern part of Rapel Valley, located between the heights of [[Paine, Chile|Paine]] to the north and [[Pelequén]] to the south, and between the [[Andes]] to the west and the smaller Coastal Range to the east. The valley takes its name from the [[Cachapoal river]] that flows through Rapel Valley, along with its tributaries, the [[Claro River (Tinguiririca)|Claro]] and [[Cortaderal]] rivers. All these watercourses flow into [[Lake Rapel]]. The climate of the valley is temperate and consistently [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]], sheltered by the coastal range from the cooling influences of the Pacific Ocean. Most of Cachapoal's noteworthy wineries and vineyards are located towards the east of the region, in the foothills of the Andes, away from the warmer valley floor. This is an area for [[Cabernet Sauvignon]] vines, while closer to the coast, where the ocean breezes flow through the Coastal Range, more [[Carmenere]] vines are grown. Some recommended Wineries from this area are: Altair; Casas del Toqui; Clos des Fous; Los Boldos; Misiones de Rengo; San José de Apalta; Terraustral; Torreón de Paredes; Vik; Viña La Rosa and [[Viña Tipaume]].<ref name=goldstein>{{cite book|last1=Goldstein|first1=Evan|title=Wines of South America|date=2014|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520273931|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCHpAwAAQBAJ&dq=tipaume&hl=es|accessdate=30 September 2017}}</ref> ; The Colchagua Valley: Colchagua Valley is one of the best-known wine regions of Chile. It occupies the southern part of Rapel Valley, running from the [[Andes]] in the east to the [[Chilean Coast Range|Coastal Range]] in the west. Most of the important Colchagua vineyards lie in the foothills of the Coastal Range. The area is best known for its full-bodied [[Malbec]]s, [[Cabernet Sauvignon]]s, [[Carmenere]]s and [[Syrah]]s. Colchagua has a cool [[Mediterranean climate]], with {{convert|592|mm|in|abbr=on}} rainfall, and soils of clay, sand and decomposed granite. * The [[Curicó Province#Curicó Valley wine region|Curicó Valley]] is located {{convert|200|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of [[Santiago]], [[Chile]]'s capital city, at 35°S, a similar latitude to the southern tip of Spain. It is divided in two sub-regions: the [[Teno]] valley in the north and [[Lontue]] in the south. Wine production in this area is known for the variety of grapes, reliability and good value [[Cabernet Sauvignon]] and [[Sauvignon blanc]]. Although European vines have been growing in the Curicó area since the mid-1800s,<ref>[http://allrecipes.com/howto/chilean-wine-regions-curico-valley Chilean Wine Regions: Curico Valley] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208202547/http://allrecipes.com/howto/chilean-wine-regions-curico-valley |date=December 8, 2013 }} http://allrecipes.com/ retrieved October 23, 2013</ref> the modern wine production in Curicó began in the late 1970s when Spanish wine maker Miguel Torres decided to explore the capabilities of this area, bringing new technologies such as stainless steel tanks that are now very common in Chilean wine industry. Torres’ endeavour encouraged foreign investment which led to increased plantings and exploration of suitable grape varieties for the area.<ref>[http://www.snooth.com/region/chile/central-valley/curico-valley/#ixzz2iYueVTwv Curico Valley Wine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104071051/http://www.snooth.com/region/chile/central-valley/curico-valley/#ixzz2iYueVTwv |date=November 4, 2018 }} www.snooth.com Constance Chamberlain retrieved October 23, 2013</ref> Today Curicó Valley is today one of the most productive wine regions in Chile. The valley's climate is varied. The eastern part near the [[Andes]] is cooler than the western side due to the breezes coming down from the mountains, and most of the biggest producers are located in this area of Curicó and in [[Molina, Chile|Molina]]. At the western end, the coastal range protects the valley from the ocean influence. Curicó Valley is planted with more grape varieties than anywhere else in [[Chile]], but the dominant varieties are [[Cabernet Sauvignon]] and [[Sauvignon blanc]]. Curicó may have yet to produce a Cabernet Sauvignon to rival Maipo's red wines and its Sauvignon blanc still does not match the fresh, complex style found in Casablanca, but the valley is one of Chile's workhorse regions and its output is consistent and reliable.<ref>[http://www.wine-searcher.com/regions-curico+valley Curico Valley Wine] www.wine-searcher.com Published by Wine-Searcher.com | Last updated August 21, 2013 by Wine-Searcher Staff</ref> * The [[Maule Valley]] is located {{convert|250|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of [[Santiago]], [[Chile]]'s capital city, and forms part of the Central Valley region. It is one of the largest winegrowing regions in Chile and is also one of country's oldest and most diverse valleys.<ref>[http://www.snooth.com/region/chile/central-valley/maule-valley Maule Valley] www.snooth.com, Retrieved October 24, 2013</ref> The size of the region permits a range of distinct microclimates suitable for both red and white wines, though it is best known for its powerful [[Cabernet Sauvignon]] and aromatic and spicy [[Carmenere]] wines. Rich and volcanic soils predominate in the area, although certain parts of the valley have varying soil types, like the Empedrado area which is dominated by slate soils. The Maule Valley was one of the first areas in [[Chile]] where vines were planted and its [[viticulture]] history stretches back to the start of colonisation. The valley was originally known for the quantity more that the quality of its wines, but in recent years it has attracted renewed attention. Since the mid-1990s, new technologies have been introduced allowing the region to improve the quality of its wines. Despite this, some of Maule's old techniques have survived and the region is fast becoming known for some 70-year-old [[Carignan]] vines that are being used to produce soft, earthy red wines with rich plum and black-fruit flavours.<ref>[http://www.wine-searcher.com/regions-maule+valley Maule Valley Region] http://www.wine-searcher.com Published by Wine-Searcher.com | Last updated August 21, 2013 by Wine-Searcher Staff retrieved October 24, 2013</ref> Maule lies at the southern end of the Central Valley and is one of the coolest wine-producing areas in Chile, although the [[Maule River]] flowing east to west has a moderating effect on the climate. The river also provides the different alluvial soil types found around the region, which included granite, red clay, loam and gravel. On the slopes where the vineyards grow, the soils are free-draining and more fertile on the valley floor. [[File:Fiesta de Vendimia.JPG|thumb|Fiesta de Vendimia (Grape harvest festival)]] Many hectares are grown organically and have been certified as organic for decades. The Maule Valley produces good value everyday wines of quality that has been improving over the years. There are also old-bush, dry-farmed vineyards that produce naturally balanced field blends of [[Carignan]], [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Malbec]], and other yet to be identified varieties. Newer plantations include [[Merlot]], [[Cabernet Franc]], and [[Carmenere]] with bright acidity and juicy fruit notes.<ref>[http://www.winesofchile.org/chilean-wine/wine-regions/maule-valley/ Maule Valley – Wines of Chile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203085537/http://www.winesofchile.org/chilean-wine/wine-regions/maule-valley/ |date=December 3, 2013 }} www.winesofchile.org all right reserved, retrieved September 23, 2013/</ref> ===Southern Chile=== {{main|Southern Chile (wine region)}} Lying within the [[Ñuble Region|Ñuble]] and [[Bío Bío Region|Bío Bío Administrative Region]], this area includes three wine-producing sub regions: the [[Itata River|Itata Valley]], the Bío Bío Valley and the Malleco Valley. The region is primarily known for its mass-produced [[box wine|boxed]] [[Pais]] wine and [[jug wine]]s, though the [[Concha y Toro Winery]] has experimented with [[Gewürztraminer]] from this region. Chile's southern wine regions have more rainfall, lower average temperatures and fewer hours of sunlight than the northern wine regions.<ref name="Oxford pg 163-167"/> *The [[Itata Valley]] is located in the [[Ñuble Region]], {{convert|420|km|mi|abbr=off}} from [[Santiago]], the capital of [[Chile]], and {{convert|65|km|mi|abbr=off}} of the major port of [[Concepción, Chile|Concepción]]. It is the northernmost of Chile's three southern wine regions and stretches roughly {{convert|60|mi|km}} from north to south and a similar distance from east to west, but although it is extensive, it has a low density of vineyard plantations. The area is defined by the convergence of the [[Itata River|Itata]] and [[Ñuble River]]s, and vineyards plantations are mostly found around the cities of [[Chillán]], [[Quillón]] and [[Coelemu]]. The valley's western border is the Pacific Ocean, which has a cooling influence over the valley due the cold [[Humboldt current]] that runs along most of Chile's coastline. The cool [[Mediterranean climate]] suits [[Pais]], [[Muscat of Alexandria]] and [[Carignan]] vines, and more recently, producers have begun to plant more modern grape varieties like [[Cabernet Sauvignon]]. The soils are alluvial, made up of sand and clay from the [[Itata River|Itata]] and [[Ñuble River|Ñuble]] rivers. The region is located at a latitude of 36°S, a similar distance from the [[Equator]] as southern Spain or the central valley of California.<ref>[http://www.wine-searcher.com/regions-itata+valley Itata Valley Wine] Published by Wine-Searcher.com | Last updated August 2, 2013 by Wine-Searcher Staff retrieved October 25, 2013</ref> *The [[Bío-Bío Valley]] is located in the [[Provinces of Chile|province]] and [[Regions of Chile|region]] of the same name. One of Chile's southern wine regions, it has become known for its crisp, aromatic wines.<ref>[http://www.wine-searcher.com/regions-bio+bio+valley Bio Bio Valley Wine] http://www.wine-searcher.com/ Published by Wine-Searcher.com | Last updated August 21, 2013 by Wine-Searcher Staff retrieved November 5, 2013</ref> The region is located at a latitude of 36°S, similar to southern Spain and Monterrey in California. The majority of its vineyards lie between {{convert|50|and|200|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level with a moderate [[Mediterranean climate]]. It receives {{convert|1275|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rain per year, among the highest of all Chilean wine valleys, although winds prevent excessive humidity – a phenomenon that can also be observed in northern France. For most of the 20th century, the main varieties grown in the Bío Bío valley were [[Moscatel de Alejandria]] and [[Pais]] (known as Missiones in USA), but today, [[Pinot noir]], [[Chardonnay]], and [[Sauvignon blanc]] are also grown throughout the valley. *[[Malleco Province|Malleco]] is located {{convert|340|mi|km}} south of the capital of [[Chile]], Santiago, and lies in the [[Provinces of Chile|province]] of the same name. The wine industry here is still developing but good results are already being obtained, particularly from its crispy and fresh [[Chardonnay]] and [[Pinot noir]]. The climate is cool, with a high level of rainfall ({{convert|51|in|mm|disp=or}} a year), a short growing season, and high temperature variation between day and night, which is challenging for wine producers. Most vineyards are located around the town of [[Traiguen]], just south of the [[Bío Bío Province|Bio Bio Valley]]. The volcanic soil in Malleco, composed mainly of sand and clay, are reasonably well drained. Although the valley has high rainfall, vines have to make extra effort to hydrate due to the well-drained soil, which results in less foliage and lower grape yields.<ref>[http://www.wine-searcher.com/regions-malleco+valley Malleco Valley Wine] http://www.wine-searcher.com/ Published by Wine-Searcher.com | Last updated August 9, 2013 by Wine-Searcher Staff retrieved October 7, 2013</ref> All these factors produce grapes with more concentrated flavour and excellent structure, which in turn leads to the crispy and fresh wine produced in the region. ==Viticulture== [[Image:Chilean vineyard in Andes foothills.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Many of Chile's vineyards are found on flat land within the foothills of the Andes.]] Chile's natural boundaries (Pacific Ocean, Andes Mountain, [[Atacama Desert]] to the north and Antarctica to the south) has left it relatively isolated from other parts of the world and has served to be beneficial in keeping the phylloxera louse at bay. Because of this many Chilean vineyards do not have to graft their rootstock and incur that added cost of planting. Chilean wineries have stated that this "purity" of their vines is a positive element that can be tasted in the wine but most wine experts{{who|date=May 2016}} agree that the most apparent benefit is the financial aspect. The one wine region that is the exception to this freedom from grafting is [[Casablanca Valley]] whose vines are susceptible to attack by [[nematode]]s.<ref name="Johnson atlas pg 297-299"/> While phylloxera is not a problem, winemakers do have to worry about other [[grape diseases]] and hazards such as [[downy mildew]], which was spread easily by [[El Niño]] influences and severely affected the 1997–1998 vintages. [[Powdery mildew]] and [[verticillium wilt]] can also cause trouble.<ref name="Oxford pg 163-167"/> There is not much vintage variation due to the reliability of favorable weather with little risk of summer time frost or harvest time rains. The main exception, again, is Casablanca due in part to its proximity to the Pacific. For the Chilean wine regions in the Valle Central, the Andes and Coastal Ranges create a rain shadow effect which traps the warm arid air in the region. At night, cool air comes into the area from the Andes which dramatically drops the temperature. This help maintain high levels of acidity to go with the [[ripe fruit (wine)|ripe fruit]] that grapes develop with the long hours of uninterrupted sunshine that they get during the day. The result is a unique profile of [[flavonoid]]s in the wine which some Chilean wineries claim make Chilean wines higher in [[resveratrol]] and [[antioxidant]]s.<ref name="Johnson atlas pg 297-299"/> Harvest typically begins at the end of February for varieties like Chardonnay with some red wine varieties like Cabernet Sauvignon being picked in April and Carmenère sometimes staying on the vine into May. [[File:ViñaSantaCruz.jpg|thumb|centre|600px|Panoramic view of Viña Santa Cruz in Colchagua Valley in the Chilean Central Valley]] The Andes also provide a ready source of irrigation which was historically done in [[Irrigation#Surface|flood plain]] style. Chilean vineyard owners would dig canals throughout their vineyards and then flood the entire surface area with water allowing some to seep into the ground and the run off to be funnel away through the canals. This encouraged excessive irrigation and high [[yield (wine)|yield]]s which had a negative effect on quality. During the wine renaissance of the 1980s & 1990s more vineyards converted to [[drip irrigation]] system which allowed greater control and helped reduce yields. The [[List of vineyard soils|soil composition]] of Chile's vineyards varies from the [[clay]] dominated landscapes of Colchagua, which is thus heavily planted with the clay-loving Merlot, to the mixture of [[loam]], [[limestone]] and [[sand]] found in other regions.<ref name="Johnson atlas pg 297-299"/> In the southern Rapel and parts of Maule, [[tuffeau]] soil is present with [[volcanic]] soil being found in parts of Curico and Bio-Bio.<ref name="Oxford pg 163-167"/> ==Winemaking== [[Image:Concha y Toro old ruili barrels.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Old barrels made of rauli wood outside of Concha y Toro.]][[File:Viña Cousiño Macúl.jpg|right|thumb|250px|wine cellar]] Chile has benefited from an influx of foreign investment and winemaking talent that began in the late 20th century. [[Flying winemaker]]s introduced new technology and styles that helped Chilean wineries produce more internationally recognized wine styles. One such improvement was the use of oak. Historically Chilean winemakers had aged their wines in [[aging barrel|barrel]]s made from [[Nothofagus alpina|rauli]] beechwood which imparted to the wine a unique taste that many international tasters found unpleasant. Gradually the wineries began to convert to French and American oak or stainless steel tanks for aging.<ref name="Johnson atlas pg 297-299"/> Financial investment manifested in the form of European and American winemakers opening up their own wineries or collaborating with existing Chilean wineries to produce new brands. These include: *[[Robert Mondavi]], collaboration with [[Viña Errázuriz]] to produce ''[[Sena (wine)|Sena]]'' *[[Miguel A. Torres]], [[Catalan wine]]maker opened [[Miguel Torres Chile]] in 1979 *[[Château Lafite Rothschild]], collaboration with [[Los Vascos]] *Bruno Prats, Owner of [[Château Cos d'Estournel]], and Paul Pontallier, technical director of [[Chateau Margaux]], opened [[Domaine Paul Bruno]] *[[Château Mouton Rothschild]], collaboration with [[Concha y Toro Winery]] to produce ''Almaviva'' ===Wine laws=== Chile's wine laws are more similar to the US [[American Viticultural Area|appellation system]] than to France's ''[[Appellation d'origine contrôlée]]'' that most of Europe has based their wine laws on. Chile's system went into effect in 1995 and established the boundaries of the country's wine regions and established regulations for [[wine label]]s. Regulations which in turn, caused mass rebellion and gave rise to the prominent revolutionists Theodore Puccio and Antonio Fráscala.<ref>https://www.fb101.com/2014/01/the-chilean-wine-revolution/</ref> There are no restrictions of [[List of grape varieties|grape varieties]] or viticultural practices. Varietal-labelled wines are required to contain at least 75% of the grape variety if it is to be consumed within Chile. Vintage-dated wines are also required to have at least 75% of grapes harvested in the named year.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kolpan|first=Steven|title=Exploring Wine|date=2010|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-471-77063-3|page=214}}</ref> If it is to be exported, a varietal-labelled wine must contain 85% of the varietal listed on the label as well as at least 85% from the designated [[vintage]] year. Exported wines also have to meet minimum alcohol percentage requirements; [[white wine]]s must reach a minimum level of 12% [[Alcohol by volume|ABV]], while reds must reach a minimum level of 11.5% ABV.<ref name="Kolpan 2010 215">{{cite book|last=Kolpan|first=Steven|title=Exploring Wine|date=2010|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-471-77063-3|page=215}}</ref> To list a particular wine region, 85% is also the minimum requirement of grapes that need to be from that region. Among several labeling terms used to add further definition to a wine's style, the term "Reserva Especial" has no legal definition or meaning.<ref name="[[MacNeil]] pg 836-843" /> However, there are aging requirements for wines labeled with other specific terms: for "especial," it is two years; four years for "reserva," and a minimum of six years for "gran vino."<ref name="Kolpan 2010 215"/> ==Grapes and wines== [[File:Requinoa Valley Pinot.jpg|left|thumb|A Pinot noir from the Requínoa Valley.]] Over twenty grape varieties are grown in Chile, mainly a mixture of Spanish and French varieties, but many wineries are increasing experimentation in higher numbers.<ref name="[[MacNeil]] pg 836-843" /> For most of Chile's history, Pais was the most widely planted grape only recently getting passed by Cabernet Sauvignon. Other red wine varieties include [[Merlot]], [[Carménère]], [[Zinfandel]], [[Petite Sirah]], Cabernet franc, Pinot noir, [[Syrah]], [[Sangiovese]], [[Barbera]], [[Malbec]], and [[Carignan]]. White wine varieties include Chardonnay, Sauvignon blanc, [[Sauvignon vert]], [[Sémillon]], [[Riesling]], [[Viognier]], [[Torontel]], [[Pedro Ximénez]], Gewürztraminer and [[Muscat of Alexandria]].<ref name="Sotheby pg 543-546"/> Chilean winemakers have been developing a distinct style for their Cabernet Sauvignon, producing an easy drinking wine with soft [[tannin (wine)|tannin]]s and flavors of [[mentha|mint]], [[black currant]], [[olives]] and smoke. The country's Chardonnays are less distinctive, following more the [[stereotypical]] New World style.<ref name="[[MacNeil]] pg 836-843" /> While [[sparkling wine]]s have been made since 1879, they have not yet established a significant place in Chile's wine portfolio.<ref name="Oxford pg 163-167"/> In recent years, the Pais grape variety has been creatively employed on its own or in blends, to make modern wines that have received favorable reviews.<ref>Tapia P (2011), Descorchados, Santiago, Planeta</ref> ===Merlot and Sauvignon blanc=== In the late 20th century as Chilean wines became more popular, wine tasters around the world began to doubt the authenticity of wines labeled Merlot and Sauvignon blanc. The wines lack many of the characteristics and [[typicity]] of those grapes. [[Ampelographer]]s began to study the vines and found that what was considered Merlot was actually the ancient [[Bordeaux wine]] grape Carménère that was thought to be extinct. The Sauvignon blanc vines were found to actually be Sauvignonasse, also known as Sauvignon vert, or a mutated Sauvignon blanc/Sémillon cross. In response to these discoveries several Chilean wineries began to import true Merlot and Sauvignon blanc [[cutting (plant)|cuttings]] to where most bottles labeled Merlot and Sauvignon blanc from vintages in the 21st century are more likely to be those varieties.<ref name="Sotheby pg 543-546"/> ==International competitions== Chilean wines have ranked very highly in [[Wine competition|international competitions]]. For example, in the Berlin Wine Tasting of 2004, 36 European experts blind tasted wines from two vintages each of eight top wines from France, Italy and Chile. The first and second place wines were two Cabernet-based reds from Chile: [[Viñedo Chadwick]] 2000 and [[Sena wine|Sena]] 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.travellady.com/Issues/April07/CousinoMaculrulesChileanwine.htm |title=Cousino-Macul rules Chilean wine |first=Darryl |last=Beeson |publisher=TravelLady Magazine |access-date=April 10, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724124835/http://www.travellady.com/Issues/April07/CousinoMaculrulesChileanwine.htm |archive-date=July 24, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Berlin Wine Tasting of 2005 held in Brazil featured five Chilean wines in the top seven.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theberlintasting.com/brazil/results.asp?state=t&menu=r |title=Berlin Tasting, Brazil 2005}}</ref> In the Tokyo Wine Tasting of 2006, Chilean wines won four of the top five rankings.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theberlintasting.com/japan/results.asp?state=t&menu=r |title=Berlin Tasting, Tokyo 2006 |access-date=April 10, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213054536/http://www.theberlintasting.com/japan/results.asp?state=t&menu=r |archive-date=February 13, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == See also == * [[Chilean wine routes]] ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Wines of Chile|Chilean wine}} * [http://www.navegado.cl/ Navegado.cl – Promoting natural wines and agriculture ] * [http://www.winesourcechile.com/ Wine Source Chile] * [http://www.winesofchile.org/ Wines of Chile] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040318102646/http://www.vinasdechile.cl/ Asociación de Viñas de Chile A.G.] * [http://www.movi.cl/ Movement of Independent Vintners – Chile] * [http://www.vigno.org/ VIGNO – Vigandores de Carignan] {{in lang|es}} * [http://www.cellartours.com/chile/wine-maps/ Wine Map of Chile] * [https://www.academia.edu/39977794/La_vid_y_el_vino_en_el_Cono_Sur_de_Am%C3%A9rica_Argentina_y_Chile_1545-2019_._Aspectos_pol%C3%ADticos_econ%C3%B3micos_sociales_culturales_y_enol%C3%B3gicos._Mendoza_2019 * Lacoste, Pablo. ''La vid y el vino en el Cono Sur de América Argentina y Chile (1545-2019). Aspectos políticos, económicos, sociales, culturales y enológicos''. Mendoza, 2019] {{Chilean wine}} {{Wine by country}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chilean Wine}} [[Category:Chilean wine| ]] <noinclude> <small>This page was moved from [[:en:Chilean wine]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Chilean wine/edithistory]]</small></noinclude> 1z0qdyw59cosp7kdavqrzu7rcepk208 0 114753 540968 466616 2022-08-29T00:28:28Z InternetArchiveBot 34092 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{for|the American journalist Eugene Leslie "Gene" Roberts, Jr.|Gene Roberts (journalist)}} {{Multiple issues| {{Sections|date=June 2020}} {{More footnotes|date=June 2020}} }} [[File:Eugene L. Roberts.jpg|thumb|Eugene L. Roberts 1922]] '''Eugene Lusk "Timpanogos" (or "Timp") Roberts''' (1880–1953) was head of the department of physical education and a coach of sports including track and field at [[Brigham Young University]] starting in 1910.b Roberts was born in [[Provo]]. Roberts was the child of William D. Roberts and his wife the former Julia Lusk. The family ran the [[Roberts Hotel]] in Provo. He studied at Brigham Young Academy (the predecessor of BYU) from 1898-1904. He also studied at BYU itself receiving at B.A. degree. He then studied at [[Yale University]]. He later went to the [[University of Southern California]] from which he received a master's degree. Roberts married Sytha Brown in 1906. A few days later they jointly left to serve an LDS mission. As of 1908 he was serving a mission for [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] in Switzerland. It was here, watching the procession of 5000 to worship atop a mountain near [[Einsiedeln]] that Roberts conceived the idea of an annual [[Mount Timpanogos]] hike, an idea he later implemented while on the BYU faculty, with the first hike occurring in 1912. In fact Roberts was so heavily connected with the mountain, and viewed as a man of such stature, that he was often called "Timpanogos" or "Timp".<ref>[http://magazine.byu.edu/?act=view&a=304 Ed Carter. "Timp Roberts" in ''BYU Magazine''. Fall 1998]</ref> Roberts was on the BYU faculty and coaching staff from 1910-1928. Around 1912 he was one of the main advocates of the Latter-day Saints adopting the Boy Scouts as an activity organization for the Church and published an article in the ''[[Improvement Era]]'' that argued for the Church supporting the Boy Scout movement and convinced higher leaders of the Church to do so, including [[B. H. Roberts]] who had previously opposed adopting the Boy Scout movement.<ref>[[Richard Ian Kimball]], ''Sports in Zion: Mormon Recreation 1890 - 1940'' (Uraban: University of Illinois Press, 2009) p. 135-137</ref> As of 1912 when he began the annual Mount Timponogos hikes he was not only the head of physical education at BYU, he was the only member of the faculty who was trained in that discipline. During this time he functioned in part in a way that would later have given him the title athletic director. He oversaw the reintroduction of [[American football|football]] at BYU and also named the team the cougars. Among the athletes trained by Roberts were [[Alma Richards]] and [[Clinton Larsen]], the latter of whom held the world high jump record from 1917 to 1935. Roberts was also a journalist. He was editor of the BYA newspaper while a student there, and was a sports writer for multiple [[Salt Lake City]] papers. It was in this capacity that he introduced references to BYU athletic teams as the cougars. He also wrote correspondence under an assumed name and identity for the ''[[Provo Herald]]'' to encourage Provo residents to appreciate Mount Timponogos and also clean up trash and beautify the city. When the Herald editors learned that they had been duped into misrepresenting their correspondent, they were not pleased. However instead of exposing Roberts they got him to write a set of moral sermons for them to publish under another assumed name. He is also credited with writing The Legend of Timpanogos. He then began coaching at the [[University of Southern California]]. He was also a professor teaching courses at USC, and worked with the administration to have [[John A. Widstoe]] teach a class on Mormonism, which was the forerunner of the [[Institute of Religion]] adjacent to USC. Roberts and his wife Sytha were the parents of eight children, all of whom attended college. One of the peaks of Mount Timponogos is named Roberts Horn in his honor.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.utahtrails.com/Backcountry%20pages/Timpanogos.html |title=Utah Trails guide to hiking Mount Timponogos |access-date=2010-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128210620/http://www.utahtrails.com/Backcountry%20pages/Timpanogos.html |archive-date=2010-11-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Sources== {{reflist}} *[http://lib.byu.edu/sites/byuhistory/universityhistory/pst/eugene-l-roberts-and-brigham-young-university/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718031338/http://lib.byu.edu/sites/byuhistory/universityhistory/pst/eugene-l-roberts-and-brigham-young-university/ |date=2012-07-18 }} [[L. Tom Perry Special Collections Library]] bio and material guide for Eugene L. Roberts. *[[Ernest L. Wilkinson]]. ''Brigham Young University: The First 100 Years''. (Provo: BYU Press, 1975) Vol. 1, p.&nbsp;473. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090713042544/http://www.cougarclub.com/hall_of_fame/roberts_e.jsp BYU Cougar Club bio] *[https://www.thechurchnews.com/archive/2009-10-21/byu-homecoming-opening-ceremonies-34494 "BYU homecoming opening ceremonies"], ''[[Church News]]'', October 21, 2009 *[http://magazine.byu.edu/?act=view&a=2463 ''BYU Magazine'', Summer 2009] ==External links== *[https://findingaid.lib.byu.edu/viewItem/UA%20562 Eugene L. Roberts papers, UA 562] at [https://sites.lib.byu.edu/sc/ L. Tom Perry Special Collections], [[Brigham Young University]] *[https://findingaid.lib.byu.edu/viewItem/MSS%207691 Knute Rockne letters to Eugene Roberts, MSS 7691] at [https://sites.lib.byu.edu/sc/ L. Tom Perry Special Collections], [[Brigham Young University]] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Roberts, Eugene L.}} [[Category:1880 births]] [[Category:Latter Day Saints from Utah]] [[Category:Latter Day Saints from Connecticut]] [[Category:Latter Day Saints from California]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Provo, Utah]] [[Category:American male journalists]] [[Category:Brigham Young University alumni]] [[Category:Yale University alumni]] [[Category:American Mormon missionaries in Switzerland]] [[Category:University of Southern California alumni]] [[Category:Brigham Young University faculty]] [[Category:BYU Cougars track and field coaches]] [[Category:USC Trojans track and field coaches]] [[Category:University of Southern California faculty]] [[Category:1953 deaths]] [[Category:20th-century Mormon missionaries]] <noinclude> <small>This page was moved from [[:en:Eugene L. Roberts]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Eugene L. Roberts/edithistory]]</small></noinclude> 9vqqh0es4thmilxpud9vz3w37ninxbl 0 114859 540983 477843 2022-08-29T03:30:55Z InternetArchiveBot 34092 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=September 2017}} {{refimprove|date=September 2014}} {{Infobox public transit accident | name = Graniteville train crash <!-- Image --> | image = Graniteville derailment, aerial overview.jpg | image_size = | image_alt = | caption = <!-- Maps --> | image_map = | image_map_alt = | image_map_caption = | pushpin_map = | alternative_map = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | mapframe = | qid = | mapframe_zoom = | coordinates = <!-- Details --> | date = {{start date and age|2005|01|06}} | time = Around 2:40 am | location = [[Graniteville, South Carolina]] | location_dir = | location_city = | location_dist_km = | location_dist_mi = | country = United States | line = | operator = [[Norfolk Southern Railway]] | owner = | service = | type = Collision | cause = Incorrectly aligned [[railroad switch]] <!-- Statistics --> | bus = | trains = 2 | vehicles = | passengers = | crew = | pedestrians = | deaths = 10 (including 1 death from chlorine inhalation 3.5 months later) | injuries = 250+ | damage = | property = <!-- Route map --> | route_map = | route_map_state = | route_map_name = <!-- Footnotes --> | footnotes = }} The '''Graniteville train crash''' was an American [[rail transport|rail]] disaster that occurred on January 6, 2005, in [[Graniteville, South Carolina]]. At roughly 2:40am [[North American Eastern Time Zone|EST]], two [[Norfolk Southern]] trains collided near the Avondale Mills plant in Graniteville.<ref name="FRA 2005-01">{{cite web|author=Jamison, Robert D.; Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration|date=January 10, 2005|url=http://www.ble-t.org/pr/pdf/SwitchSafetyAdvisory011005.pdf|title=Notice of safety advisory 2005-01; Position of switches in non-signaled territory|accessdate=February 1, 2005|archive-date=September 30, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930163007/http://www.ble-t.org/pr/pdf/SwitchSafetyAdvisory011005.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nine people were killed and over 250 people were treated for toxic chlorine exposure. The accident was determined to be caused by a misaligned railroad switch.<ref name="NTSB Final Report RAR-05-04">{{cite document|author=National Transportation Safety Board |url=https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/RAR0504.pdf |title=Report of Railroad Accident: Collision of Norfolk Southern Freight Train 192 with Standing Norfolk Southern Local Train P22 With Subsequent Hazardous Materials Release. Graniteville, South Carolina; January 6, 2005. |id=NTSB/RAR-05/04 |date=November 29, 2005 |accessdate=September 16, 2017|author-link=National Transportation Safety Board }}</ref> ==Accident== On January 5, 2005, NS local train P22 (lead engine [[EMD GP59|GP59]] #4622) began its daily operation. The regularly assigned conductor and engineer were both off duty on January 5, and the jobs were filled for the day from a list of available standby employees.<ref name="NTSB Final Report RAR-05-04"/>{{rp|3}} At the end of their scheduled run, train P22's crew parked the train on a [[rail siding|siding]] near the Avondale Mills plant. The train crew contacted the local train dispatcher at 7:53PM and 7:54PM to clear two track warrants that were protecting train P22's use of the tracks.<ref name="NTSB Final Report RAR-05-04"/>{{rp|9}} Although the [[railroad switch]] for the Avondale Mills siding was supposed to be set for mainline operation before P22's crew departed for the night, the train's brakeman later told the NTSB that he was "not 100 percent sure" he had aligned the switch for mainline operation, and that he "might have made a mistake."<ref name="NTSB Final Report RAR-05-04"/>{{rp|8}} No train operated through the area or used the affected tracks for the rest of the day.<ref name="NTSB Final Report RAR-05-04"/>{{rp|9}} At 2:38AM Eastern Standard Time on January 6, 2005, NS freight train 192 (lead engines [[EMD SD60|SD60]]s #6653 and #6593) approached Graniteville at approximately 48 miles per hour.<ref name="NTSB Final Report RAR-05-04"/>{{rp|10}} Train 192 entered emergency braking when the engineer saw the improperly aligned switch, but there was not sufficient distance for Train 192 to stop.<ref name="NTSB Final Report RAR-05-04"/>{{rp|55}} At 2:39AM, Train 192 was diverted by the improperly lined switch onto the siding and collided with P22.<ref name="NTSB Final Report RAR-05-04"/> The collision derailed both lead engines, 16 of 192's 42 freight cars, and one of P22's freight cars. Train 192 was transporting [[chlorine]] gas, [[sodium hydroxide]] and [[cresol]]. One of 192's [[tank car]]s (loaded with 90 tons of chlorine) ruptured, releasing about 60 tons of the gas. About 30% of the load was recovered by industrial responders. Nine people died (eight at the time of the accident, one later as a result of chlorine inhalation), and at least 250 people were treated for chlorine exposure. In total, 5,400 residents within one mile (1.6&nbsp;km) of the crash site were forced to evacuate for nearly two weeks while [[HAZMAT]] teams and cleanup crews decontaminated the area.{{Citation needed|date =January 2013}} ==Victims== [[File:SLED Helicopter View.JPG|thumb|View of Graniteville Train Wreck in the morning after, from above]] [[Image:Graniteville derailment, aerial view closeup.jpg|thumb|Aerial closeup of the accident scene]] Nine people lost their lives in the Graniteville train disaster on the day of the accident: *Christopher Seeling, 28, of [[West Columbia, South Carolina]], engineer of NS train 192 (was found at the crash site and later died at the hospital); *Willie C. Shealey, 43, of Graniteville, employee of Avondale Mills Inc. (was found in the wooded area near the Woodhead Division of Avondale Mills Inc.); *Willie L. Tyler, 57, of Graniteville, employee of Avondale Mills Inc. (was found about 25 feet inside the entrance to the Woodhead Division of Avondale Mills Inc. and later died at the hospital); *John Laird, 24, of [[North Augusta, South Carolina]], employee of Avondale Mills Inc. (was also found in the wooded area near the Woodhead Division of Avondale Mills Inc.); *Fred "Rusty" Rushton, III, 41, of [[Warrenville, South Carolina]], employee of Avondale Mills Inc. (was found on the loading dock of the Stevens Steam Plant, owned by Avondale Mills Inc.); *Steven Bagby, 38, of [[Augusta, Georgia]], employee of Avondale Mills Inc. (was found in a break area in the Gregg Division of Avondale Mills Inc.); *Allen Frazier, 58, of [[Ridge Spring, South Carolina]], employee of Avondale Mills Inc. (was found in an office in the Gregg Division of Avondale Mills Inc.); *Joseph L. Stone, 21, of [[Quebec, Canada]], an employee of JW Express Trucking Company (was found in the truck's sleeper cab); and *Tony DeLoach, 56, of Graniteville, South Carolina (was found in his home on Main Street near the train wreck). On April 21, 2005, one more death was attributed to the accident. Leonard Mathis, a brick mason in Graniteville, was driving home from a convenience store just after the accident occurred. As he was traveling home, he passed through a portion of the chlorine cloud that resulted from the collision. His health deteriorated from that point on.<ref>{{cite web|date=April 21, 2005 |url=http://www.ble-t.org/pr/news/pf_headline.asp?id=13383 |title=Graniteville man's death blamed on chlorine train wreck |publisher=[[Kalmbach Publishing]] |work=[[Associated Press]] |accessdate=May 4, 2005 |author=Jacob Jordan |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817174710/http://www.ble-t.org/pr/news/pf_headline.asp?id=13383 |archivedate=August 17, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Economic consequences== Norfolk Southern announced that it expected the disaster to cost between [[United States dollar|$US]] 30 and $40 million, including the corporation's self-insurance retention under its insurance policies and other uninsured costs, but not any fines or penalties that might be imposed.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Kalmbach Publishing]]|work=[[Trains (magazine)|Trains News Wire]]|accessdate=January 27, 2005|url= http://www.trains.com/Content/Dynamic/Articles/000/000/005/692dndks.asp|title=Norfolk Southern estimates Graniteville derailment costs}} {{Dead link|date=August 2014|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> On May 25, 2005, lawyers involved in the damages claims against Norfolk Southern announced that they had reached a preliminary agreement on settlements for area residents and business that were evacuated but did not seek medical attention. In this preliminary settlement, Norfolk Southern would offer each resident who was evacuated and did not seek medical attention within 72 hours of the accident a flat amount of $2,000 for the evacuation plus $200 per person per day of the evacuation. These amounts are separate from any property damage claims. Claims that involve injury or death are not included in this settlement, but are still being negotiated.<ref>{{cite news|author=Jordan, Jacob|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/05/25/AR2005052500018.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829012818/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/05/25/AR2005052500018.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 29, 2012|title=Lawyers for Railroad, S.C. Town Seek Deal|publisher=[[The Washington Post]]|work=[[Associated Press]]|date=May 25, 2005|accessdate=May 25, 2005}}</ref> On May 22, 2006, [[Avondale Mills]]' CEO, Robert Williams Sr., announced that his firm would close all its plants, corporate and sales offices no later than July 25, throwing more than 4,000 workers across four states out of work. Mr. Felker cited the 2005 derailment as the primary reasons for the company's failure. The wreck knocked out the Gregg plant of Avondale mills, which was a key pillar to the survival of the company in a shrinking United States textile market. The plant accounted for 40% of the company's sales.<ref>{{cite web|title=Graniteville train wreck Rust ruined Avondale plant Damage had a big role in mill closures|first=Jim|last=DuPlessis}}{{Volume needed|date=August 2014}}</ref> Stephen Felker Jr., Avondale's manager of corporate development stated,"We were prepared to weather the storm of global competition. What we weren't prepared for was an event such as this derailment, which was completely beyond our control."<ref name="AccessNorthGa.com 2013">{{cite news|author=AccessNorthGa.com|year=2013|url=http://www.accessnorthga.com/detail-pf.php?n=123530|title=Avondale settles with insurance company for train wreck damages|publisher=AccessNorthGa.com|accessdate=July 31, 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020235636/http://www.accessnorthga.com/detail-pf.php?n=123530|archivedate=October 20, 2013}}</ref> Avondale Mills Inc. reached a $215 million settlement with its insurance company for damages caused by the train derailment and fatal chemical spill. Graniteville residents assumed that since the plant would have been fully insured and/or covered by Norfolk Southern's accident insurance, that the owners chose to take the settlement money and leave rather than rebuild the damaged plant. <ref name="Inc. 12-2015"> {{cite magazine |url=https://www.inc.com/magazine/201512/tom-foster/how-south-carolina-mill-town-graniteville-is-staging-a-citywide-comeback.html |title=After a Town Suffered a Terrible Tragedy, These Entrepreneurs Brought It Back to Life |last=Foster |first=Tom, Editor-at-large, Inc. |magazine=[[Inc. (magazine)|Inc.]] |date=December 2015 |access-date=May 12, 2017 |quote=Just over a year after the accident, Avondale announced it would shut down immediately. A day after that, it accepted a $215 million insurance settlement. "We do not believe the settlement fully compensates us for the full value of the losses incurred as a result of the Norfolk Southern derailment," company chairman G. Stephen Felker said at the time, and promised to sue the carrier. That suit ended with another settlement, for an undisclosed sum. To the Graniteville townspeople, it looked like Avondale used the settlement money as a lucrative escape hatch. (Felker said the accident was simply too devastating.) }} </ref> However, G. Stephen Felker Sr. stated "We do not believe that the settlement fully compensates us for the full value of the losses incurred as a result of the Norfolk Southern derailment"<ref name="AccessNorthGa.com 2013"/> and said that the company intends to pursue a lawsuit or seek a settlement against Norfolk Southern. That suit ended with another settlement, for an undisclosed sum.<ref name="Inc. 12-2015"/> ==Findings and recommendations== On November 29, 2005, the NTSB issued a report officially blaming the accident on the P22 train crew's failure to reline the switch for mainline operations. The report concluded that neither equipment failure nor crew fatigue or drug or alcohol use was a factor in the accident. It further concluded that the level and immediacy of emergency response to the accident was wholly appropriate for the situation.<ref name="NTSB Final Report RAR-05-04"/> As a result of this accident and a similar accident on the [[Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway]] on January 8, 2005, the [[United States Federal Railroad Administration]] (FRA) released to railroads a reminder of federal regulations on procedures for turnout operation and safety procedures.<ref>{{cite press release |publisher=United States Federal Railroad Administration |date=January 11, 2005 |url=http://www.fra.dot.gov/Pages/press-releasesold/51.shtml |title=Switch Safety Guidelines Issued to Railroad Industry to Prevent Train Accidents Caused by Misaligned Switches |accessdate=September 27, 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721035857/http://www.fra.dot.gov/Pages/press-releasesold/51.shtml |archivedate=July 21, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Among the federal rules regarding turnouts are: *The normal position for turnouts on mainline tracks is for mainline through traffic. *When trains are required to clear the mainline track, they will not report that the track is clear until there are no obstructions on the mainline track and all turnouts are set for the mainline position and locked in place. The FRA further recommended<ref name="FRA 2005-01"/> that railroads should: *ensure that their internal regulations include adequate safety procedures regarding turnout position. *implement a paper trail to ensure adequate inspection of turnout position before a mainline track is declared cleared. ==Litigation== Avondale Mills filed suit against Norfolk Southern claiming that the railroad was negligent in its operations through Graniteville and that this alleged negligence was the root cause of the accident. After the accident, Avondale Mills was closed, laying off thousands of employees and paid more than $140&nbsp;million on cleanup and repair expenses. The trial opened on March 10, 2008, in federal court in [[Columbia, South Carolina]].<ref>{{cite news|accessdate=March 10, 2008 |url=http://www.telegram.com/article/20080310/APF/803100676 |title=Trial begins for SC textile firm suing railroad after train wreck |date=March 10, 2008 |agency=Associated Press |newspaper=[[Telegram & Gazette|Worcester Telegram & Gazette]] |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110010817/http://www.telegram.com/article/20080310/APF/803100676 |archivedate=January 10, 2016 }}</ref> On April 7, 2008, Norfolk Southern and interests representing Avondale Mills, and its surviving entities, reached a confidential out of court settlement.<ref>{{cite web|title=Norfolk Southern To Settle Claims From Graniteville Accident|url=http://www.tradingmarkets.com/.site/news/Stock%20News/1323195/|accessdate=April 24, 2008|publisher=TradingMarkets.com}}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Norfolk Southern Reaches Agreement With Avondale Mills to Settle Claims From Graniteville Accident |url=http://www.nscorp.com/nscportal/nscorp/Media/News%20Releases/2008/agreement.html |accessdate=April 24, 2008 |publisher=[[Norfolk Southern]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723235244/http://www.nscorp.com/nscportal/nscorp/Media/News%20Releases/2008/agreement.html |archivedate=July 23, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> On April 24, 2008, Norfolk Southern was sued by the U.S. EPA for violations of the Clean Water Act, as Horse Creek had been polluted. In a similar lawsuit in Pennsylvania, where a derailed Norfolk Southern runaway train crashed, the state of Pennsylvania sued the railroad for similar violations and won several million dollars for environmental remediation.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}} However, fines may be minimal when compared to the damage to the surrounding environment.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/news/newsfeeds/articles/djf500/200804241821DOWJONESDJONLINE001371_FORTUNE5.htm|title= Norfolk Southern 'Disappointed' In DOJ Graniteville Suit|work=[[CNNMoney]]|date=April 24, 2008|accessdate=April 25, 2008|author=Dow Jones Newswires}} {{Dead link|date=August 2014|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/ap/fn/5729005.html|title=Railroad accused of polluting water in South Carolina wreck|date=April 24, 2008|agency=Associated Press|work=Houston Chronicle| accessdate=April 25, 2008}} {{Dead link|date=August 2014|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.wjbf.com/story/21686984/federal-prosecutors-say-norfolk-southern-should-be-fined-for-graniteville-pollution |title=Federal Prosecutors Say Norfolk Southern Should Be Fined For Graniteville Pollution Prosecutors say the train wreck spilled chlorine and diesel fuel into the waterways, near Graniteville, violating the Clean Water Act |publisher=[[WJBF]] |author=Putzier, Damon |date=April 24, 2008 |accessdate=April 24, 2008 |archivedate=July 19, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719212353/http://www.wjbf.com/story/21686984/federal-prosecutors-say-norfolk-southern-should-be-fined-for-graniteville-pollution }}</ref> On March 8, 2010, Norfolk Southern Railway Company agreed to pay $4 million penalty to resolve alleged violations of the Clean Water Act (CWA) and hazardous materials laws for a 2005 chlorine spill in Graniteville, S.C. Under the settlement filed in federal court in Columbia, S.C., Norfolk Southern will be required to pay a civil penalty of $3,967,500 for the alleged CWA violations, to be deposited in the federal Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund. The alleged CWA violations, included in an amended complaint filed in March 2009, are for the discharge of tons of chlorine, a hazardous substance, from a derailed train tank car and thousands of gallons of diesel fuel from ruptured locomotive engine fuel tanks. For the alleged Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) violation for failure to immediately notify the National Response Center of the chlorine release, Norfolk Southern will pay a penalty of $32,500, to be deposited in the Hazardous Substance Superfund. Under the terms of the agreement, Norfolk Southern will provide incident command system training to environmental and transportation personnel; stock nearby Langley Pond with at least 3,000 fish to replace fish killed by the chlorine spill; and post the telephone number for the National Response Center to facilitate spill reporting. Further, the settlement includes a supplemental environmental project (SEP) valued at $100,000 to plant vegetation along the banks of Horse Creek to decrease erosion and sedimentation, thereby improving water quality in Horse Creek.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=January 1, 2014 |url-status=live |url=http://yosemite.epa.gov/OPA/ADMPRESS.NSF/d0cf6618525a9efb85257359003fb69d/18e25155f0e3cd90852576e00066a885!OpenDocument |title=03/08/2010: Railroad Company to Pay $4 Million Penalty for 2005 Chlorine Spill in Graniteville, SC |publisher=Yosemite.epa.gov |archivedate=June 8, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608223743/http://yosemite.epa.gov/OPA/ADMPRESS.NSF/d0cf6618525a9efb85257359003fb69d/18e25155f0e3cd90852576e00066a885%21OpenDocument }}</ref> ==Related information== On May 24, 2005, Norfolk Southern was awarded the TRANSCAER National Achievement Award for 2004. TRANSCAER is an [[acronym]] for ''Transportation Community Awareness and Emergency Response'', which aims to promote emergency preparedness among first responders and communities for accidents that involve chemical releases.<!--by whom is this award given? May be WP:grandstanding--> Part of the reasons for NS's selection for this award were the emergency preparedness training that the railroad held in 18 of the 22 states through which the railroad hauls hazardous materials. Texas folk artist Doug Burr memorialized the Graniteville accident in his song "Graniteville" in his 2007 released album ''On Promenade''. The song is fictionalized account of a husband attempting to rouse his wife from sleep to escape the dangers of the chemical spill.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}} ==References== {{Reflist|lifestyles=}} ==External links== *[https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/RAR0504.pdf NTSB Railroad Accident Report NTSB/RAR-05/04 PB2005-916304] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120222071002/http://www.fra.dot.gov/downloads/safety/Accident_Investigation/2005/hq200502.pdf FRA Accident Investigation Report HQ-2005-02] *[http://www.transcaer.com TRANSCAER] {{2005 railway accidents}} {{coord|33|33|44|N|81|48|31|W|region:US-SC_type:event_source:dewiki|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Graniteville, South Carolina, Train Crash}} [[Category:Railway accidents and incidents in South Carolina]] [[Category:Accidents and incidents involving Norfolk Southern Railway]] [[Category:Railway accidents in 2005]] [[Category:Aiken County, South Carolina]] [[Category:2005 in South Carolina]] [[Category:January 2005 events in the United States]] <noinclude> <small>This page was moved from [[:en:Graniteville train crash]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Graniteville train crash/edithistory]]</small></noinclude> nt00wir3pu7zgjrb70b2ang25wtlt3r 0 114893 541006 447471 2022-08-29T06:01:59Z InternetArchiveBot 34092 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{update|date=April 2018}} {{Infobox award | name = [[Hong Kong Film Award]] for Best Supporting Actress | description = Performance by an actress in a supporting role | presenter = [[Hong Kong Film Awards]] | country = [[Hong Kong]] | year = 1985 | holder = [[Kara Wai]] ([[38th Hong Kong Film Awards|2019]]) | website = }} The '''[[Hong Kong Film Award]] for Best Supporting Actress''' is an annual [[Cinema of Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] industry award presented to an actress for the best performance by an actress in a supporting role. This page is a stub. ==History== The award was established at the [[4th Hong Kong Film Awards]] (1985) and the first winner was [[Anita Mui]] for her role in the film ''[[Behind the Yellow Line]]''. There are 5, sometimes 6, nominations for the category of Best Supporting Actress from which one actress is chosen the winner of the Hong Kong Film Award for Best Supporting Actress. The most recent recipient of the award was [[Chan Lai-Wun]], who was honoured at the [[28th Hong Kong Film Awards]] (2009), for her performance in ''[[The Way We Are (film)|The Way We Are]]''. The actresses with most awards in this category are [[Anita Mui]], [[Deannie Ip]], [[Elaine Kam]], [[Fung Bo-Bo]] and [[Shu Qi]] with 2 awards each. There are four actresses who have been awarded in both the categories for leading and supporting roles, [[Anita Mui]], [[Cecilia Yip]], [[Zhou Xun]] and [[Deannie Ip]]. ==Winners and nominees== {| class="sortable wikitable" |- bgcolor="#bebebe" ! width="8%" | Year ! width="40%" | Actor ! width="40%" | Film ! width="12%" | Note |- style="background:#FAEB86" | align="center" | '''1985'''<br /><small>[[4th Hong Kong Film Awards|(4th)]]</small> | '''[[Anita Mui]]''' | '''''[[Behind the Yellow Line]]''''' |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkfaa.com/history/list_04.html|title=4th Hong Kong Film Awards|language=Chinese|publisher=Official website of [[Hong Kong Film Awards]]}}</ref> |- | align="center" | 1985<br /><small>[[4th Hong Kong Film Awards|(4th)]]</small> | [[Loletta Lee]] | ''[[Shanghai Blues]]'' | |- | align="center" | 1985<br /><small>[[4th Hong Kong Film Awards|(4th)]]</small> | [[Chin Hau]] | ''[[Love in a Fallen City (film)|Love in a Fallen City]]'' | |- | align="center" | 1985<br /><small>[[4th Hong Kong Film Awards|(4th)]]</small> | [[Lam Hoi-Ling]] | ''[[An Amorous Woman of Tang Dynasty]]'' | |- | align="center" | 1985<br /><small>[[4th Hong Kong Film Awards|(4th)]]</small> | [[Yu Sin]] | ''[[Hong Kong 1941]]'' | |- style="background:#FAEB86" | align="center" | '''1986'''<br /><small>[[5th Hong Kong Film Awards|(5th)]]</small> | '''[[Deannie Yip]]''' | '''''[[My Name Ain't Suzie]]''''' |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkfaa.com/history/list_05.html|title=5th Hong Kong Film Awards|language=Chinese|publisher=Official website of [[Hong Kong Film Awards]]}}</ref> |- | align="center" | 1986<br /><small>[[5th Hong Kong Film Awards|(5th)]]</small> | [[Elaine Kam]] | ''[[Women (1986 film)|Women]]'' | |- | align="center" | 1986<br /><small>[[5th Hong Kong Film Awards|(5th)]]</small> | [[Chan Yuen-Lai]] | ''[[Hong Kong Graffiti]]'' | |- | align="center" | 1986<br /><small>[[5th Hong Kong Film Awards|(5th)]]</small> | [[Pauline Wong]] | ''[[Night Caller (film)|Night Caller]]'' | |- style="background:#FAEB86" | align="center" | '''1987'''<br /><small>[[6th Hong Kong Film Awards|(6th)]]</small> | '''[[Elaine Kam]]''' | '''''[[Love Unto Waste]]''''' |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkfaa.com/history/list_06.html|title=6th Hong Kong Film Awards|language=Chinese|publisher=Official website of [[Hong Kong Film Awards]]}}</ref> |- | align="center" | 1987<br /><small>[[6th Hong Kong Film Awards|(6th)]]</small> | [[Margaret Lee (Hong Kong actress)|Margaret Lee]] | ''[[The Last Emperor (film)|The Last Emperor]]'' | |- | align="center" | 1987<br /><small>[[6th Hong Kong Film Awards|(6th)]]</small> | [[Lee Din-Hing]] | ''[[The Last Emperor (film)|The Last Emperor]]'' | |- | align="center" | 1987<br /><small>[[6th Hong Kong Film Awards|(6th)]]</small> | [[Cher Yeung]] | ''[[Dream Lovers]]'' | |- | align="center" | 1987<br /><small>[[6th Hong Kong Film Awards|(6th)]]</small> | [[Tsai Chin (actress)|Tsai Chin]] | ''[[Love Unto Waste]]'' | |- style="background:#FAEB86" | align="center" | '''1988'''<br /><small>[[7th Hong Kong Film Awards|(7th)]]</small> | '''[[Elaine Kam]]''' | '''''[[People's Hero (film)|People's Hero]]''''' |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkfaa.com/history/list_07.html|title=7th Hong Kong Film Awards|language=Chinese|publisher=Official website of [[Hong Kong Film Awards]]}}</ref> |- | align="center" | 1988<br /><small>[[7th Hong Kong Film Awards|(7th)]]</small> | [[Joyce Godenzi]] | ''[[Eastern Condors]]'' | |- | align="center" | 1988<br /><small>[[7th Hong Kong Film Awards|(7th)]]</small> | [[Carrie Ng]] | ''[[City on Fire (1987 film)|City on Fire]]'' | |- | align="center" | 1988<br /><small>[[7th Hong Kong Film Awards|(7th)]]</small> | [[Deannie Yip]] | ''[[Spiritual Love (film)|Spiritual Love]]'' | |- style="background:#FAEB86" | align="center" | '''1989'''<br /><small>[[8th Hong Kong Film Awards|(8th)]]</small> | '''[[Sarah Lee (actress)|Sara Lee]]''' | '''''[[School on Fire]]''''' |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkfaa.com/history/list_08.html|title=8th Hong Kong Film Awards|language=Chinese|publisher=Official website of [[Hong Kong Film Awards]]}}</ref> |- | align="center" | 1989<br /><small>[[8th Hong Kong Film Awards|(8th)]]</small> | [[Elaine Kam]] | ''[[Set Me Free (1989 film)|Set Me Free]]'' | |- | align="center" | 1989<br /><small>[[8th Hong Kong Film Awards|(8th)]]</small> | [[Prudence Liew]] | ''[[Law or Justice]]'' | |- | align="center" | 1989<br /><small>[[8th Hong Kong Film Awards|(8th)]]</small> | [[Cora Miao]] | ''[[The Other Half and the Other Half]]'' | |- style="background:#FAEB86" | align="center" | '''1990'''<br /><small>[[9th Hong Kong Film Awards|(9th)]]</small> | '''[[Cecilia Yip]]''' | '''''[[Beyond the Sunset (film)|Beyond the Sunset]]''''' |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkfaa.com/history/list_09.html|title=9th Hong Kong Film Awards|language=Chinese|publisher=Official website of [[Hong Kong Film Awards]]}}</ref> |- | align="center" | 1990<br /><small>[[9th Hong Kong Film Awards|(9th)]]</small> | [[Josephine Koo]] | ''[[A Fishy Story]]'' | |- | align="center" | 1990<br /><small>[[9th Hong Kong Film Awards|(9th)]]</small> | [[Meg Lam]] | ''[[The First Time is the Last Time]]'' | |- | align="center" | 1990<br /><small>[[9th Hong Kong Film Awards|(9th)]]</small> | [[Kiki Sheung|Seung Tin-Ngoh]] | ''[[Sentenced to Hang]]'' | |- | align="center" | 1990<br /><small>[[9th Hong Kong Film Awards|(9th)]]</small> | [[Pauline Wong]] | ''[[Web of Deception]]'' | |- style="background:#FAEB86" | align="center" | '''1991'''<br /><small>[[10th Hong Kong Film Awards|(10th)]]</small> | '''[[Rain Lau]]''' | '''''[[Queen of Temple Street]]''''' |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkfaa.com/history/list_10.html|title=10th Hong Kong Film Awards|language=Chinese|publisher=Official website of [[Hong Kong Film Awards]]}}</ref> |- | align="center" | 1991<br /><small>[[10th Hong Kong Film Awards|(10th)]]</small> | [[Carol Cheng]] | ''[[Queen's Bench 2]]'' | |- | align="center" | 1991<br /><small>[[10th Hong Kong Film Awards|(10th)]]</small> | [[Maggie Cheung]] | ''[[Red Dust (1990 film)|Red Dust]]'' | |- | align="center" | 1991<br /><small>[[10th Hong Kong Film Awards|(10th)]]</small> | [[Hayley Man]] | ''[[Farewell China]]'' | |- | align="center" | 1991<br /><small>[[10th Hong Kong Film Awards|(10th)]]</small> | [[Rebecca Pan]] | ''[[Days of Being Wild]]'' | |- style="background:#FAEB86" | align="center" | '''1992'''<br /><small>[[11th Hong Kong Film Awards|(11th)]]</small> | '''[[Deannie Yip]]''' | '''''[[Dances with the Dragon]]''''' |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkfaa.com/history/list_11.html|title=11th Hong Kong Film Awards|language=Chinese|publisher=Official website of [[Hong Kong Film Awards]]}}</ref> |- | align="center" | 1992<br /><small>[[11th Hong Kong Film Awards|(11th)]]</small> | [[Rosamund Kwan]] | ''[[This Thing Calld Love]]'' | |- | align="center" | 1992<br /><small>[[11th Hong Kong Film Awards|(11th)]]</small> | [[Carrie Ng]] | ''[[Au Revoir Mon Amour]]'' | |- | align="center" | 1992<br /><small>[[11th Hong Kong Film Awards|(11th)]]</small> | [[Chingmy Yau]] | ''[[Lee Rock]]'' | |- | align="center" | 1992<br /><small>[[11th Hong Kong Film Awards|(11th)]]</small> | [[Cecilia Yip]] | ''[[To Be Number One (film)|To Be Number One]]'' | |- style="background:#FAEB86" | align="center" | '''1993'''<br /><small>[[12th Hong Kong Film Awards|(12th)]]</small> | '''[[Fung Bo Bo]]''' | '''''[[92 Legendary La Rose Noire]]''''' |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkfaa.com/history/list_12.html|title=12th Hong Kong Film Awards|language=Chinese|publisher=Official website of [[Hong Kong Film Awards]]}}</ref> |- | align="center" | 1993<br /><small>[[12th Hong Kong Film Awards|(12th)]]</small> | [[Teresa Mo]] | ''[[92 Legendary La Rose Noire]]'' | |- | align="center" | 1993<br /><small>[[12th Hong Kong Film Awards|(12th)]]</small> | [[Teresa Mo]] | ''[[Now You See Love, Now You Don't]]'' | |- | align="center" | 1993<br /><small>[[12th Hong Kong Film Awards|(12th)]]</small> | [[Wong Wan-Si]] | ''[[92 Legendary La Rose Noire]]'' | |- | align="center" | 1993<br /><small>[[12th Hong Kong Film Awards|(12th)]]</small> | [[Deannie Yip]] | ''[[Fight Back to School II]]'' | |- style="background:#FAEB86" | align="center" | '''1994'''<br /><small>[[13th Hong Kong Film Awards|(13th)]]</small> | '''[[Fung Bo Bo]]''' | '''''[[C'est la vie, mon chéri]]''''' |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkfaa.com/history/list_13.html|title=13th Hong Kong Film Awards|language=Chinese|publisher=Official website of [[Hong Kong Film Awards]]|access-date=2020-07-07|archive-date=2016-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414105918/http://www.hkfaa.com/history/list_13.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | align="center" | 1994<br /><small>[[13th Hong Kong Film Awards|(13th)]]</small> | [[Law Lan]] | ''[[Thou Shalt Not Swear]]'' | |- | align="center" | 1994<br /><small>[[13th Hong Kong Film Awards|(13th)]]</small> | [[Carrie Ng]] | ''[[C'est la vie, mon chéri]]'' | |- | align="center" | 1994<br /><small>[[13th Hong Kong Film Awards|(13th)]]</small> | [[Deannie Yip]] | ''[[Murder (1993 film)|Murder]]'' | |- | align="center" | 1994<br /><small>[[13th Hong Kong Film Awards|(13th)]]</small> | [[Veronica Yip]] | ''[[Love Among the Triad]]'' | |- style="background:#FAEB86" | align="center" | '''1995'''<br /><small>[[14th Hong Kong Film Awards|(14th)]]</small> | '''[[Law Koon-Lan]]''' | '''''[[I Have a Date with Spring]]''''' |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkfaa.com/history/list_14.html|title=14th Hong Kong Film Awards|language=Chinese|publisher=Official website of [[Hong Kong Film Awards]]}}</ref> |- | align="center" | 1995<br /><small>[[14th Hong Kong Film Awards|(14th)]]</small> | [[Valerie Chow]] | ''[[Chungking Express]]'' | |- | align="center" | 1995<br /><small>[[14th Hong Kong Film Awards|(14th)]]</small> | [[Fung Wai-Hung]] | ''[[I Have a Date with Spring]]'' | |- | align="center" | 1995<br /><small>[[14th Hong Kong Film Awards|(14th)]]</small> | [[Carrie Ng]] | ''[[The Lovers (1994 film)|The Lovers]]'' | |- | align="center" | 1995<br /><small>[[14th Hong Kong Film Awards|(14th)]]</small> | [[Sandra Ng]] | ''[[The Returning]]'' | |- style="background:#FAEB86" | align="center" | '''1996'''<br /><small>[[15th Hong Kong Film Awards|(15th)]]</small> | '''[[Karen Mok]]''' | '''''[[Fallen Angels (1995 film)|Fallen Angels]]''''' |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkfaa.com/history/list_15.html|title=15th Hong Kong Film Awards|language=Chinese|publisher=Official website of [[Hong Kong Film Awards]]}}</ref> |- | align="center" | 1996<br /><small>[[15th Hong Kong Film Awards|(15th)]]</small> | [[Law Koon-Lan]] | ''[[Summer Snow]]'' | |- | align="center" | 1996<br /><small>[[15th Hong Kong Film Awards|(15th)]]</small> | [[Law Koon Lan]] | ''[[The Umbrella Story]]'' | |- | align="center" | 1996<br /><small>[[15th Hong Kong Film Awards|(15th)]]</small> | [[Ha Ping]] | ''[[Full Throttle (film)|Full Throttle]]'' | |- | align="center" | 1996<br /><small>[[15th Hong Kong Film Awards|(15th)]]</small> | [[Francoise Yip]] | ''[[Rumble in the Bronx]]'' | |- style="background:#FAEB86" | align="center" | '''1997'''<br /><small>[[16th Hong Kong Film Awards|(16th)]]</small> | '''[[Shu Qi]]''' | '''''[[Viva Erotica]]''''' |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkfaa.com/history/list_16.html|title=16th Hong Kong Film Awards|language=Chinese|publisher=Official website of [[Hong Kong Film Awards]]}}</ref> |- | align="center" | 1997<br /><small>[[16th Hong Kong Film Awards|(16th)]]</small> | [[Law Koon-Lan]] | ''[[Bodyguards of Last Governor]]'' | |- | align="center" | 1997<br /><small>[[16th Hong Kong Film Awards|(16th)]]</small> | [[Law Koon-Lan]] | ''[[July 13th (film)|July 13th]]'' | |- | align="center" | 1997<br /><small>[[16th Hong Kong Film Awards|(16th)]]</small> | [[Theresa Lee]] | ''[[Big Bullet]]'' | |- | align="center" | 1997<br /><small>[[16th Hong Kong Film Awards|(16th)]]</small> | [[Theresa Lee]] | ''[[Who's the Woman, Who's the Man?]]'' | |- | align="center" | 1997<br /><small>[[16th Hong Kong Film Awards|(16th)]]</small> | [[Anita Yuen]] | ''[[Hu Du Men]]'' | |- style="background:#FAEB86" | align="center" | '''1998'''<br /><small>[[17th Hong Kong Film Awards|(17th)]]</small> | '''[[Anita Mui]]''' | '''''[[Eighteen Springs (film)|Eighteen Springs]]''''' |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkfaa.com/history/list_17.html|title=17th Hong Kong Film Awards|language=Chinese|publisher=Official website of [[Hong Kong Film Awards]]}}</ref> |- | align="center" | 1998<br /><small>[[17th Hong Kong Film Awards|(17th)]]</small> | [[Elaine Kam]] | ''[[The Soong Sisters (film)|The Soong Sisters]]'' | |- | align="center" | 1998<br /><small>[[17th Hong Kong Film Awards|(17th)]]</small> | [[Michelle Yeoh]] | ''[[The Soong Sisters (film)|The Soong Sisters]]'' | |- | align="center" | 1998<br /><small>[[17th Hong Kong Film Awards|(17th)]]</small> | [[Theresa Lee]] | ''[[Downtown Torpedoes]]'' | |- | align="center" | 1998<br /><small>[[17th Hong Kong Film Awards|(17th)]]</small> | [[Theresa Lee]] | ''[[The Intimates]]'' | |- style="background:#FAEB86" | align="center" | '''1999'''<br /><small>[[18th Hong Kong Film Awards|(18th)]]</small> | '''[[Shu Qi]]''' | '''''[[Portland Street Blues]]''''' |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkfaa.com/history/list_18.html|title=18th Hong Kong Film Awards|language=Chinese|publisher=Official website of [[Hong Kong Film Awards]]}}</ref> |- | align="center" | 1999<br /><small>[[18th Hong Kong Film Awards|(18th)]]</small> | [[Stephanie Che]] | ''[[Beast Cops]]'' | |- | align="center" | 1999<br /><small>[[18th Hong Kong Film Awards|(18th)]]</small> | [[Amanda Lee Wai Man]] | ''[[9413 (film)|9413]]'' | |- | align="center" | 1999<br /><small>[[18th Hong Kong Film Awards|(18th)]]</small> | [[Shu Qi]] | ''[[The Storm Riders]]'' | |- | align="center" | 1999<br /><small>[[18th Hong Kong Film Awards|(18th)]]</small> | [[Kristy Yang]] | ''[[Portland Street Blues]]'' | |- style="background:#FAEB86" | align="center" | '''2000'''<br /><small>[[19th Hong Kong Film Awards|(19th)]]</small> | '''[[Carrie Ng]]''' | '''''[[The Kid (1999 film)|The Kid]]''''' |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkfaa.com/history/list_19.html|title=19th Hong Kong Film Awards|language=Chinese|publisher=Official website of [[Hong Kong Film Awards]]}}</ref> |- | align="center" | 2000<br /><small>[[19th Hong Kong Film Awards|(19th)]]</small> | [[Bau Hei-Jing]] | ''[[Little Cheung]]'' | |- | align="center" | 2000<br /><small>[[19th Hong Kong Film Awards|(19th)]]</small> | [[Josie Ho]] | ''[[Purple Storm (film)|Purple Storm]]'' | |- | align="center" | 2000<br /><small>[[19th Hong Kong Film Awards|(19th)]]</small> | [[Elaine Kam]] | ''[[Metada Fumaca]]'' | |- | align="center" | 2000<br /><small>[[19th Hong Kong Film Awards|(19th)]]</small> | [[Elaine Kam]] | ''[[Tempting Heart]]'' | |- style="background:#FAEB86" | align="center" | '''2001'''<br /><small>[[20th Hong Kong Film Awards|(20th)]]</small> | '''[[Cheng Pei-pei]]''' | '''''[[Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon]]''''' |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkfaa.com/history/list_20.html|title=20th Hong Kong Film Awards|language=Chinese|publisher=Official website of [[Hong Kong Film Awards]]}}</ref> |- | align="center" | 2001<br /><small>[[20th Hong Kong Film Awards|(20th)]]</small> | [[Gigi Leung]] | ''[[A War Named Desire]]'' | |- | align="center" | 2001<br /><small>[[20th Hong Kong Film Awards|(20th)]]</small> | [[Candy Lo]] | ''[[Time and Tide (2000 film)|Time and Tide]]'' | |- | align="center" | 2001<br /><small>[[20th Hong Kong Film Awards|(20th)]]</small> | [[Teresa Mo]] | ''[[And I Hate You So]]'' | |- | align="center" | 2001<br /><small>[[20th Hong Kong Film Awards|(20th)]]</small> | [[Rebecca Pan]] | ''[[In the Mood for Love]]'' | |- style="background:#FAEB86" | align="center" | '''2002'''<br /><small>[[21st Hong Kong Film Awards|(21st)]]</small> | '''[[Karena Lam]]''' | '''''[[July Rhapsody]]''''' |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkfaa.com/history/list_21.html|title=21st Hong Kong Film Awards|language=Chinese|publisher=Official website of [[Hong Kong Film Awards]]}}</ref> |- | align="center" | 2002<br /><small>[[21st Hong Kong Film Awards|(21st)]]</small> | [[Josie Ho]] | ''[[Forever and Ever (film)|Forever and Ever]]'' | |- | align="center" | 2002<br /><small>[[21st Hong Kong Film Awards|(21st)]]</small> | [[Kara Hui]] | ''[[Visible Secret]]'' | |- | align="center" | 2002<br /><small>[[21st Hong Kong Film Awards|(21st)]]</small> | [[So Kung]] | ''[[Lan Yu (film)|Lan Yu]]'' | |- | align="center" | 2002<br /><small>[[21st Hong Kong Film Awards|(21st)]]</small> | [[Cecilia Yip]] | ''[[The Avenging Fist]]'' | |- style="background:#FAEB86" | align="center" | '''2003'''<br /><small>[[22nd Hong Kong Film Awards|(22nd)]]</small> | '''[[Rene Liu]]''' | '''''[[Double Vision (2002 film)|Double Vision]]''''' |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkfaa.com/history/list_22.html|title=22nd Hong Kong Film Awards|language=Chinese|publisher=Official website of [[Hong Kong Film Awards]]}}</ref> |- | align="center" | 2003<br /><small>[[22nd Hong Kong Film Awards|(22nd)]]</small> | [[Kristal Tin]] | ''[[Golden Chicken (film)|Golden Chicken]]'' | |- | align="center" | 2003<br /><small>[[22nd Hong Kong Film Awards|(22nd)]]</small> | [[Cecilia Yip]] | ''[[May and August]]'' | |- | align="center" | 2003<br /><small>[[22nd Hong Kong Film Awards|(22nd)]]</small> | [[Eugenia Yuan]] | ''[[Three: Going Home]]'' | |- | align="center" | 2003<br /><small>[[22nd Hong Kong Film Awards|(22nd)]]</small> | [[Zhang Ziyi]] | ''[[Hero (2002 film)|Hero]]'' | |- style="background:#FAEB86" | align="center" | '''2004'''<br /><small>[[23rd Hong Kong Film Awards|(23rd)]]</small> | '''[[Josie Ho]]''' | '''''[[Naked Ambition (2003 film)|Naked Ambition]]''''' |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkfaa.com/history/list_23.html|title=23rd Hong Kong Film Awards|language=Chinese|publisher=Official website of [[Hong Kong Film Awards]]}}</ref> |- | align="center" | 2004<br /><small>[[23rd Hong Kong Film Awards|(23rd)]]</small> | [[Bau Hei-Jing]] | ''[[Lost in Time (film)|Lost in Time]]'' | |- | align="center" | 2004<br /><small>[[23rd Hong Kong Film Awards|(23rd)]]</small> | [[Josie Ho]] | ''[[The Twins Effect]]'' | |- | align="center" | 2004<br /><small>[[23rd Hong Kong Film Awards|(23rd)]]</small> | [[Candy Lo]] | ''[[Truth or Dare: 6th Floor Rear Flat]]'' | |- | align="center" | 2004<br /><small>[[23rd Hong Kong Film Awards|(23rd)]]</small> | [[Maggie Shiu]] | ''[[PTU (film)|PTU]]'' | |- style="background:#FAEB86" | align="center" | '''2005'''<br /><small>[[24th Hong Kong Film Awards|(24th)]]</small> | '''[[Bai Ling]]''' | '''''[[Dumplings: Three...Extremes]]''''' |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkfaa.com/history/list_24.html|title=24th Hong Kong Film Awards|language=Chinese|publisher=Official website of [[Hong Kong Film Awards]]}}</ref> |- | align="center" | 2005<br /><small>[[24th Hong Kong Film Awards|(24th)]]</small> | [[Jenny Wu]] | ''[[Yesterday Once More (2004 film)|Yesterday Once More]]'' | |- | align="center" | 2005<br /><small>[[24th Hong Kong Film Awards|(24th)]]</small> | [[Candy Lo]] | ''[[Six Strong Guys]]'' | |- | align="center" | 2005<br /><small>[[24th Hong Kong Film Awards|(24th)]]</small> | [[Maggie Shiu]] | ''[[Breaking News (2004 film)|Breaking News]]'' | |- | align="center" | 2005<br /><small>[[24th Hong Kong Film Awards|(24th)]]</small> | [[Kate Yeung]] | ''[[20 : 30 : 40]]'' | |- style="background:#FAEB86" | align="center" | '''2006'''<br /><small>[[25th Hong Kong Film Awards|(25th)]]</small> | '''[[Teresa Mo]]''' | '''''[[2 Young]]''''' |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkfaa.com/history/list_25.html|title=25th Hong Kong Film Awards|language=Chinese|publisher=Official website of [[Hong Kong Film Awards]]}}</ref> |- | align="center" | 2006<br /><small>[[25th Hong Kong Film Awards|(25th)]]</small> | [[Karena Lam]] | ''[[Ah Sou]]'' | |- | align="center" | 2006<br /><small>[[25th Hong Kong Film Awards|(25th)]]</small> | [[Maggie Shiu]] | ''[[Election (2005 film)|Election]]'' | |- | align="center" | 2006<br /><small>[[25th Hong Kong Film Awards|(25th)]]</small> | [[Su Yan]] | ''[[Everlasting Regret]]'' | |- | align="center" | 2006<br /><small>[[25th Hong Kong Film Awards|(25th)]]</small> | [[Zhang Jingchu]] | ''[[Seven Swords]]'' | |- style="background:#FAEB86" | align="center" | '''2007'''<br /><small>[[26th Hong Kong Film Awards|(26th)]]</small> | '''[[Zhou Xun]]''' | '''''[[The Banquet (2006 film)|The Banquet]]''''' |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkfaa.com/history/list_26.html|title=26th Hong Kong Film Awards|language=Chinese|publisher=Official website of [[Hong Kong Film Awards]]}}</ref> |- | align="center" | 2007<br /><small>[[26th Hong Kong Film Awards|(26th)]]</small> | [[Kelly Lin]] | ''[[After This Our Exile]]'' | |- | align="center" | 2007<br /><small>[[26th Hong Kong Film Awards|(26th)]]</small> | [[Isabella Leong]] | ''[[Diary (2006 film)|Diary]]'' | |- | align="center" | 2007<br /><small>[[26th Hong Kong Film Awards|(26th)]]</small> | [[Crystal Tin]] | ''[[My Mother is a Belly Dancer]]'' | |- | align="center" | 2007<br /><small>[[26th Hong Kong Film Awards|(26th)]]</small> | [[Candy Yu]] | ''[[My Name Is Fame]]'' | |- style="background:#FAEB86" | align="center" | '''2008'''<br /><small>[[27th Hong Kong Film Awards|(27th)]]</small> | '''[[Siu Yam-yam]]''' | '''''[[The Pye-Dog]]''''' |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkfaa.com/history/list_27.html|title=27th Hong Kong Film Awards|language=Chinese|publisher=Official website of [[Hong Kong Film Awards]]}}</ref> |- | align="center" | 2008<br /><small>[[27th Hong Kong Film Awards|(27th)]]</small> | [[Anita Yuen]] | ''[[Protégé (film)|Protégé]]'' | |- | align="center" | 2008<br /><small>[[27th Hong Kong Film Awards|(27th)]]</small> | [[Karen Mok]] | ''[[Mr. Cinema]]'' | |- | align="center" | 2008<br /><small>[[27th Hong Kong Film Awards|(27th)]]</small> | [[Maggie Shiu]] | ''[[Eye in the Sky (2007 film)|Eye in the Sky]]'' | |- | align="center" | 2008<br /><small>[[27th Hong Kong Film Awards|(27th)]]</small> | [[Zhao Wei]] | ''[[The Postmodern Life of My Aunt]]'' | |- style="background:#FAEB86" | align="center" | '''2009'''<br /><small>[[28th Hong Kong Film Awards|(28th)]]</small> | '''[[Chan Lai-Wun]]''' | '''''[[The Way We Are (film)|The Way We Are]]''''' |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkfaa.com/history/list_28.html|title=28th Hong Kong Film Awards|language=Chinese|publisher=Official website of [[Hong Kong Film Awards]]}}</ref> |- | align="center" | 2009<br /><small>[[28th Hong Kong Film Awards|(28th)]]</small> | [[Nora Miao]] | ''[[Run Papa Run]]'' | |- | align="center" | 2009<br /><small>[[28th Hong Kong Film Awards|(28th)]]</small> | [[Sun Li (actress)|Sun Li]] | ''[[Painted Skin (2008 film)|Painted Skin]]'' | |- | align="center" | 2009<br /><small>[[28th Hong Kong Film Awards|(28th)]]</small> | [[Race Wong]] | ''[[True Women for Sale]]'' | |- | align="center" | 2009<br /><small>[[28th Hong Kong Film Awards|(28th)]]</small> | [[Zhao Wei]] | ''[[Red Cliff (film)|Red Cliff]]'' | |- style="background:#FAEB86" | align="center" | '''2010'''<br /><small>[[29th Hong Kong Film Awards|(29th)]]</small> | '''[[Michelle Ye]]''' | '''''[[Accident (2009 film)|Accident]]''''' |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkfaa.com/history/list_29.html|title=29th Hong Kong Film Awards|language=Chinese|publisher=Official website of [[Hong Kong Film Awards]]}}</ref> |- | align="center" | 2010<br /><small>[[29th Hong Kong Film Awards|(29th)]]</small> | [[Denise Ho]] | ''[[Look for a Star]]'' | |- | align="center" | 2010<br /><small>[[29th Hong Kong Film Awards|(29th)]]</small> | [[Fan Bingbing]] | ''[[Bodyguards And Assassins]]'' | |- | align="center" | 2010<br /><small>[[29th Hong Kong Film Awards|(29th)]]</small> | [[Li Yuchun]] | ''[[Bodyguards And Assassins]]'' | |- | align="center" | 2010<br /><small>[[29th Hong Kong Film Awards|(29th)]]</small> | [[Zhao Wei]] | ''[[Red Cliff (film)|Red Cliff]] II'' | |- style="background:#FAEB86" | align="center" | '''2011'''<br /><small>[[30th Hong Kong Film Awards|(30th)]]</small> | '''[[Susan Shaw]]''' | '''''[[Gallants (film)|Gallants]]''''' |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkfaa.com/history/list_30.html|title=30th Hong Kong Film Awards|language=Chinese|publisher=Official website of [[Hong Kong Film Awards]]}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- | align="center" | 2011<br /><small>[[30th Hong Kong Film Awards|(30th)]]</small> | [[Candice Yu]] | ''[[Once A Gangster]]'' | |- | align="center" | 2011<br /><small>[[30th Hong Kong Film Awards|(30th)]]</small> | [[Mimi Chu]] | ''[[Crossing Hennessy]]'' | |- | align="center" | 2011<br /><small>[[30th Hong Kong Film Awards|(30th)]]</small> | [[Paw Hee Ching]] | ''[[Crossing Hennessy]]'' | |- | align="center" | 2011<br /><small>[[30th Hong Kong Film Awards|(30th)]]</small> | [[Zhang Jingchu]] | ''[[City Under Siege (2010 film)|City Under Siege]]'' | |- style="background:#FAEB86" | align="center" | '''2012'''<br /><small>[[31st Hong Kong Film Awards|(31st)]]</small> | '''So Hang Shuen''' | '''''[[Life Without Principle]]''''' |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkfaa.com/winnerlist31.html|title=31st Hong Kong Film Awards|language=Chinese|publisher=Official website of [[Hong Kong Film Awards]]}}</ref> |- | align="center" | 2012<br /><small>[[31st Hong Kong Film Awards|(31st)]]</small> | Wai Ying Hung | ''[[Wu Xia]]'' | |- | align="center" | 2012<br /><small>[[31st Hong Kong Film Awards|(31st)]]</small> | [[Qin Hailu]] | ''[[A Simple Life]]'' | |- | align="center" | 2012<br /><small>[[31st Hong Kong Film Awards|(31st)]]</small> | Gwei Lun Mei | ''Flying Swords Of Dragon Gate'' | |- | align="center" | 2012<br /><small>[[31st Hong Kong Film Awards|(31st)]]</small> | Carina Lau | ''[[Let The Bullet Flys (film)|Let The Bullet Flys]]'' | |- style="background:#FAEB86" | align="center" | '''2013'''<br /><small>[[32nd Hong Kong Film Awards|(32nd)]]</small> | '''Dada Chan''' | '''''Vulgaria''''' |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkfaa.com/winnerlist32.html|title=32nd Hong Kong Film Awards|language=Chinese|publisher=Official website of [[Hong Kong Film Awards]]}}</ref> |- | align="center" | 2013<br /><small>[[32nd Hong Kong Film Awards|(32nd)]]</small> | Susan Shaw | ''Vulgaria '' | |- | align="center" | 2013<br /><small>[[32nd Hong Kong Film Awards|(32nd)]]</small> | Jiang Yiyan | ''The Bullet Vanishes'' | |- | align="center" | 2013<br /><small>[[32nd Hong Kong Film Awards|(32nd)]]</small> | Elaine Jin | ''The Viral Factor'' | |- | align="center" | 2013<br /><small>[[32nd Hong Kong Film Awards|(32nd)]]</small> | Fan Hsiao Shuan | ''[[The Silent War (2012 film)|The Silent War]]'' | |-|- style="background:#FAEB86" | align="center" | '''2014'''<br /><small>[[33rd Hong Kong Film Awards|(33rd)]]</small> | '''Kara Wai Ying Hung''' | ''''' [[Rigor Mortis (film)|Rigor Mortis]]''''' |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkfaa.com/winnerlist33.html|title=33rd Hong Kong Film Awards|language=Chinese|publisher=Official website of [[Hong Kong Film Awards]]}}</ref> |- | align="center" | 2014<br /><small>[[33rd Hong Kong Film Awards|(33rd)]]</small> | Du Juan | '' American Dreams In China '' | |- | align="center" | 2014<br /><small>[[33rd Hong Kong Film Awards|(33rd)]]</small> | Carina Lau | ''Young Detective Dee: Rise Of The Sea Dragon'' | |- | align="center" | 2014<br /><small>[[33rd Hong Kong Film Awards|(33rd)]]</small> | Law Lan | ''The White Storm'' | |- | align="center" | 2014<br /><small>[[33rd Hong Kong Film Awards|(33rd)]]</small> | Crystal Lee | ''[[Unbeatable''(film)| Unbeatable]]'' | |- style="background:#FAEB86" | align="center" | '''2015'''<br /><small>[[34th Hong Kong Film Awards|(34th)]]</small> | '''Ivana Wong''' | '''''[[Golden Chicken SSS]]''''' |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkfaa.com/winnerlist34.html|title=34th Hong Kong Film Awards|language=Chinese|publisher=Official website of [[Hong Kong Film Awards]]}}</ref> |- | align="center" | 2015<br /><small>[[34th Hong Kong Film Awards|(34th)]]</small> | Kara Wai Ying Hung | '' The Midnight After '' | |- | align="center" | 2015<br /><small>[[34th Hong Kong Film Awards|(34th)]]</small> | Hao Lei | ''The Golden Era'' | |- | align="center" | 2015<br /><small>[[34th Hong Kong Film Awards|(34th)]]</small> | Fiona Sit | ''Girls'' | |- | align="center" | 2015<br /><small>[[34th Hong Kong Film Awards|(34th)]]</small> | Nina Paw Hee Ching | ''[[Insanity''(film)| Insanity]]'' | |- |- style="background:#FAEB86" | align="center" | 2016<br /><small>[[35th Hong Kong Film Awards|(35th)]]</small> | Elaine Jin |'''''[[Port Of Call]]''''' |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkfaa.com/winnerlist35.html|title=35th Hong Kong Film Awards|language=Chinese|publisher=Official website of [[Hong Kong Film Awards]]}}</ref> | |- | align="center" | 2016<br /><small>[[35th Hong Kong Film Awards|(35th)]]</small> | Qin Hailu | ''A Tale Of Three Cities'' | |- | align="center" | 2016<br /><small>[[35th Hong Kong Film Awards|(35th)]]</small> | Anna Ng | ''Little Big Master'' | |- | align="center" | 2016<br /><small>[[35th Hong Kong Film Awards|(35th)]]</small> | Janice Man | ''Helios'' | |- | align="center" | 2016<br /><small>[[35th Hong Kong Film Awards|(35th)]]</small> | Lee Sinje | ''[[Murmur Of The Hearts''(film)|Murmur Of The Hearts]]'' | |- |- style="background:#FAEB86" | align="center" | 2017<br /><small>[[36th Hong Kong Film Awards|(36th)]]</small> | Elaine Jin |''''' [[Mad World]] ''''' |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkfaa.com/winnerlist36.html|title=36th Hong Kong Film Awards|language=Chinese|publisher=Official website of [[Hong Kong Film Awards]]}}</ref> | |- | align="center" | 2017<br /><small>[[36th Hong Kong Film Awards|(36th)]]</small> | Charmaine Fong | ''Mad World'' | |- | align="center" | 2017<br /><small>[[36th Hong Kong Film Awards|(36th)]]</small> | Zhang Yu Qi | ''Mermaid'' | |- | align="center" | 2017<br /><small>[[36th Hong Kong Film Awards|(36th)]]</small> | Fish Liew | ''Sisterhood'' | |- | align="center" | 2017<br /><small>[[36th Hong Kong Film Awards|(36th)]]</small> | Janice Man | ''[[Cold War 2''(film)|Cold War 2]]'' | |- |- style="background:#FAEB86" | align="center" | 2018<br /><small>[[37th Hong Kong Film Awards|(37th)]]</small> | Deanie Ip |'''''[[Our Time Will Come (film)|Our Time Will Come]]''''' |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkfaa.com/winnerlist37.html|title=37th Hong Kong Film Awards|language=Chinese|publisher=Official website of [[Hong Kong Film Awards]]}}</ref> | |- | align="center" | 2018<br /><small>[[37th Hong Kong Film Awards|(37th)]]</small> | Joyce Cheng | ''29+1'' | |- | align="center" | 2018<br /><small>[[37th Hong Kong Film Awards|(37th)]]</small> | Estelle Wu | ''Love Education'' | |- | align="center" | 2018<br /><small>[[37th Hong Kong Film Awards|(37th)]]</small> | Susan Shaw | ''Vampire Cleanup Department'' | |- | align="center" | 2018<br /><small>[[37th Hong Kong Film Awards|(37th)]]</small> | Baby Bo (Somewhere Beyond The Mist) | ''[[Somewhere Beyond The Mist(film)|Somewhere Beyond The Mist]]'' | |- |- style="background:#FAEB86" | align="center" | 2019<br /><small>[[38th Hong Kong Film Awards|(38th)]]</small> | [[Kara Wai]] |'''''[[Tracey (film)|Tracey]]''''' |<ref>{{cite web|title=Project Gutenberg the big winner at Hong Kong’s Oscars as it is named best picture, with Felix Chong best director, while Anthony Wong is best actor|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/society/article/3006124/project-gutenberg-big-early-winner-felix-chong-takes-best|website=South China Morning Post|accessdate=14 April 2019}}</ref> | |- | align="center" | 2019<br /><small>[[38th Hong Kong Film Awards|(38th)]]</small> | [[Huang Lu]] | ''[[G Affairs]]'' | |- | align="center" | 2019<br /><small>[[38th Hong Kong Film Awards|(38th)]]</small> | Jiang Luxia | ''[[Operation Red Sea]]'' | |- | align="center" | 2019<br /><small>[[38th Hong Kong Film Awards|(38th)]]</small> | [[Jennifer Yu (actress)|Jennifer Yu]] | ''Men On The Dragon'' | |- | align="center" | 2019<br /><small>[[38th Hong Kong Film Awards|(38th)]]</small> | [[Catherine Chau]] | ''[[Project Gutenberg (film)|Project Gutenberg]]'' | |- |} == See also == * [[Hong Kong Film Award]] * [[Hong Kong Film Award for Best Actor]] * [[Hong Kong Film Award for Best Actress]] * [[Hong Kong Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]] * [[Hong Kong Film Award for Best Action Choreography]] * [[Hong Kong Film Award for Best Cinematography]] * [[Hong Kong Film Award for Best Director]] * [[Hong Kong Film Award for Best Film]] * [[Hong Kong Film Award for Best New Performer]] ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==External links== * [http://www.hkfaa.com/ Hong Kong Film Awards] {{Best Supporting Actress HKFA}} {{Hong Kong Film Awards Chron}} [[Category:Film awards for supporting actress]] [[Category:Awards established in 1985]] [[Category:Hong Kong Film Awards]] [[Category:1985 establishments in Hong Kong]]<noinclude> <small>This page was moved from [[:en:Hong Kong Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Hong Kong Film Award for Best Supporting Actress/edithistory]]</small></noinclude> f26tde2k3l5ax0hnxh984b5il4g5m7d 0 115587 540984 540032 2022-08-29T03:51:24Z InternetArchiveBot 34092 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Ongoing viral pandemic in the United States}} {{pp-move-indef|small=yes}} {{pp-protected|small=yes}} {{Use mdy dates|date=July 2020}} {{Use American English|date=July 2020}} {{Infobox pandemic | name = COVID-19 pandemic in the United States | map1 = {{COVID-19 pandemic in the United States imagemap}} | legend1 = {{COVID-19 pandemic in the United States imagemap/caption}} | map2 = COVID-19 rolling 14day Prevalence in the United States by county.svg{{!}}upright=1.5 | legend2 = {{COVID-19 pandemic in the United States new cases prevalence legend|state=the United States}} | map3 = COVID-19 Prevalence in the United States by county.svg{{!}}upright=1.5 | legend3 = {{COVID-19 pandemic in the United States prevalence legend|state=the United States}} | disease = [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]] | virus_strain = [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|SARS-CoV-2]] | location = [[United States]] | first_case = [[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]] (earliest known arrival)<ref name=firstthreemonths/><br>[[Everett, Washington]] (first case report)<ref name=NEJMFirstCase>{{Cite journal|title=First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States|first1=Michelle L.|last1=Holshue|first2=Chas|last2=DeBolt|first3=Scott|last3=Lindquist|first4=Kathy H.|last4=Lofy|first5=John|last5=Wiesman|first6=Hollianne|last6=Bruce|first7=Christopher|last7=Spitters|first8=Keith|last8=Ericson|first9=Sara|last9=Wilkerson|first10=Ahmet|last10=Tural|first11=George|last11=Diaz|first12=Amanda|last12=Cohn|first13=LeAnne|last13=Fox|first14=Anita|last14=Patel|first15=Susan I.|last15=Gerber|first16=Lindsay|last16=Kim|first17=Suxiang|last17=Tong|first18=Xiaoyan|last18=Lu|first19=Steve|last19=Lindstrom|first20=Mark A.|last20=Pallansch|first21=William C.|last21=Weldon|first22=Holly M.|last22=Biggs|first23=Timothy M.|last23=Uyeki|first24=Satish K.|last24=Pillai|date=March 5, 2020|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=382|issue=10|pages=929–936|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2001191|pmid=32004427|pmc=7092802}}</ref> | arrival_date = January 13, 2020<ref name=secondcase/><br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=01|day1=13|year1=2020|month2=|day2=|year2=}} ago) | origin = [[Wuhan]], Hubei, China<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sheikh |first1=Knvul |last2=Rabin |first2=Roni Caryn |title=The Coronavirus: What Scientists Have Learned So Far |url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/what-is-coronavirus.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 10, 2020|accessdate=March 24, 2020}}</ref> | deaths = {{Unbulleted list |171,012 ([[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]])<ref name=CDCnumbers>{{cite web|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Cases in U.S.|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/cases-in-us.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}} Data lags one day behind other sources.</ref> |173,193 ([[Johns Hopkins University|JHU]])<ref name=JHU>{{cite web|work=Johns Hopkins CSSE|title=Coronavirus COVID-19 (2019-nCoV)|format=ArcGIS|url=https://www.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6}} Frequently updated.</ref> |165,011 ([[COVID Tracking Project|CTP]])<ref name=CTP>{{Cite web|url=https://covidtracking.com/data/|title=Our Data|website=The COVID Tracking Project}} Frequently updated.</ref>}} | confirmed_cases = {{Unbulleted list |5,460,429 ([[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]])<ref name=CDCnumbers/> |5,530,247 ([[Johns Hopkins University|JHU]])<ref name=JHU/> |5,502,927 ([[COVID Tracking Project|CTP]])<ref name=CTP/> }} | active_cases = | recovery_cases = 1,925,049 ([[Johns Hopkins University|JHU]])<ref name=JHU/> | suspected_cases = | total_ili = | website = {{URL|coronavirus.gov/}} }} The '''COVID-19 pandemic in the United States''' is part of the [[COVID-19 pandemic|worldwide pandemic]] of [[coronavirus disease 2019]] ({{nowrap|COVID-19}}) caused by [[severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus&nbsp;2]] ({{nowrap|SARS-CoV-2}}). The first confirmed [[local transmission]] was recorded in January 2020,<ref name=Ghinai/> while the first known deaths were reported in February.<ref name=freqTraveller/> By the end of March, cases had occurred in all fifty [[U.S. state]]s, the [[District of Columbia]], and all inhabited [[Territories of the United States|U.S. territories]] except [[American Samoa]].<ref>{{cite web |title=CDC Weekly Key Messages: March 29, 2020 as of 10:30 p.m. |url=https://banningca.gov/DocumentCenter/View/7139/CDC_COVID19-Weekly-Key_Messages_03292020_FINAL |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |accessdate=April 28, 2020 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20200428073138/https://banningca.gov/DocumentCenter/View/7139/CDC_COVID19-Weekly-Key_Messages_03292020_FINAL |archivedate=April 28, 2020 |date=March 29, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=Oliver |title=The only places on Earth still (apparently) without coronavirus |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/lists/countries-with-no-covid-coronavirus/ |accessdate=April 28, 2020 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=April 21, 2020 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20200424013035/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/lists/countries-with-no-covid-coronavirus/ |archivedate=April 24, 2020}}</ref> Within a week after China announced that it found a cluster of infections from the virus in [[Wuhan]], the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]] offered to send them a team of experts to help contain the spread, but they refused the offer.<ref name="FoxNews"/> The US outbreak was officially declared a public health emergency on January 31, and restrictions were placed on flights arriving from China.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/01/31/801686524/trump-declares-coronavirus-a-public-health-emergency-and-restricts-travel-from-c |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=January 31, 2020 |accessdate=March 18, 2020 |title=Trump Declares Coronavirus A Public Health Emergency And Restricts Travel From China |author=Aubrey, Allison|quote='Foreign nationals other than immediate family of U.S. citizens and permanent residents who have traveled in China in the last 14 days will be denied entry into United States,' Azar said.}}</ref><ref name=RobertsonApril15>{{cite web|url=https://www.factcheck.org/2020/04/trumps-snowballing-china-travel-claim |title=Trump's Snowballing China Travel Claim |first=Lori |last=Robertson |date=April 15, 2020 |website=[[FactCheck.org]] |access-date=April 29, 2020|quote=...{{nbsp}}effective February{{nbsp}}2.}}</ref> The initial U.S. response to the pandemic was otherwise slow, in terms of preparing the healthcare system, stopping other travel, and [[COVID-19 testing|testing for the virus]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lemire |first1=Jonathan |last2=Miller |first2=Zeke |last3=Colvin |first3=Jill |last4=Alonso-Zaldivar |first4=Ricardo |title=Signs missed and steps slowed in Trump's pandemic response |url=https://apnews.com/6a8f85aad99607f313cca6ab1398e04d |accessdate=April 28, 2020 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=April 12, 2020}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite news|last1=Pilkington|first1=Ed|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/mar/28/trump-coronavirus-politics-us-health-disaster|title=The missing six weeks: how Trump failed the biggest test of his life|date=March 28, 2020|work=The Guardian|access-date=March 28, 2020|last2=McCarthy|first2=Tom|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ollstein |first1=Alice Miranda |title=Trump halts funding to World Health Organization |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/04/14/trump-world-health-organization-funding-186786 |accessdate=April 28, 2020 |work=[[Politico]] |date=April 14, 2020}}</ref>{{Efn|A lack of mass testing obscured the extent of the outbreak.<ref name="WhoriskeyMarch16">{{cite news|last1=Whoriskey|first1=Peter|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/03/16/cdc-who-coronavirus-tests/|title=How U.S. coronavirus testing stalled: Flawed tests, red tape and resistance to using the millions of tests produced by the WHO|date=March 16, 2020|work=[[The Washington Post]]|accessdate=March 18, 2020|last2=Satija|first2=Neena}}</ref>}} Meanwhile, President [[Donald Trump]] downplayed the threat posed by the virus and claimed the outbreak was under control.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Blake |first1=Aaron |title=A timeline of Trump playing down the coronavirus threat |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/03/12/trump-coronavirus-timeline/ |accessdate=August 14, 2020 |work=The Washington Post |date=June 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811160119/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/03/12/trump-coronavirus-timeline/ |archive-date=August 11, 2020 }}</ref> On March 13, President Trump declared a [[national emergency]].<ref name=LiptakMarch13>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/13/politics/donald-trump-emergency/index.html|title=Trump declares national emergency—and denies responsibility for coronavirus testing failures|last=Liptak|first=Kevin|date=March 13, 2020|work=CNN|accessdate=April 18, 2020}}</ref> In early March, the [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) began allowing public health agencies and private companies to develop and administer tests, and loosened restrictions so anyone with a doctor's order could be tested.<ref name=WangMarch22 /> The Trump administration largely waited until mid-March to start purchasing large quantities of medical equipment.<ref name="BieseckerApril7">{{cite news|last1=Biesecker|first1=Michael|date=April 7, 2020|title=US 'wasted' months before preparing for coronavirus pandemic|agency=Associated Press|url=https://apnews.com/090600c299a8cf07f5b44d92534856bc|accessdate=April 24, 2020}}</ref> In late March, the administration started to use the [[Defense Production Act]] to direct industries to produce medical equipment.<ref name="WatsonMarch27" /> [[Office of Inspector General, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services|Federal health inspectors]] who surveyed hospitals in late March found shortages of test supplies, [[personal protective equipment]] (PPE), and other resources due to extended patient stays while awaiting test results.<ref name="RobertsonApril7">{{cite web |last1=Robertson |first1=Lori |title=The HHS Inspector General Report |date=April 7, 2020 |url=https://www.factcheck.org/2020/04/the-hhs-inspector-general-report/ |publisher=[[Factcheck.org]] |accessdate=April 18, 2020}}</ref> By April 11, the federal government approved disaster declarations for all states and inhabited territories except American Samoa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/live-blog/2020-04-11-coronavirus-news-n1181761/ncrd1182006|title=Every U.S. state is now under disaster declaration|last=Good|first=Dan|date=April 11, 2020|website=[[NBC News]]|language=en|access-date=April 28, 2020}}</ref> By early May, testing had increased, but experts said this level of testing was still not enough to contain the outbreak.<ref name=GearanMay9/> [[U.S. state and local government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic|State and local responses]] to the outbreak have included prohibitions and cancellation of large-scale gatherings (including festivals and sporting events), [[stay-at-home order]]s, and the closure of schools.<ref name="nyt sports">{{Cite news|last1=Deb|first1=Sopan|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/11/sports/basketball/warriors-coronavirus-fans.html|title=Sports Leagues Bar Fans and Cancel Games Amid Coronavirus Outbreak|date=March 11, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=March 12, 2020|last2=Cacciola|first2=Scott|issn=0362-4331|last3=Stein|first3=Marc}}</ref> Disproportionate numbers of cases have been observed among [[Black people|Black]] and [[Latino (demonym)|Latino]] populations,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Godoy|first=Maria|date=May 30, 2020|title=What Do Coronavirus Racial Disparities Look Like State By State?|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/05/30/865413079/what-do-coronavirus-racial-disparities-look-like-state-by-state|access-date=|website=NPR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Karson|first1=Kendall|last2=Scanlan|first2=Quinn|date=May 22, 2020|title=Black Americans and Latinos nearly 3 times as likely to know someone who died of COVID-19: POLL|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/black-americans-latinos-times-died-covid-19-poll/story?id=70794789|access-date=|website=ABC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date = July 28, 2020 |title = States tracking COVID-19 race and ethnicity data|website = American Medical Association|url = https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/health-equity/states-tracking-covid-19-race-and-ethnicity-data|accessdate = July 31, 2020}}</ref> and <!--THE FOLLOWING SENTENCE HAS BEEN AFFIRMED BY AN RFC. DO NOT REMOVE WITHOUT CONSENSUS.-->there were reported [[List of incidents of xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic#United States|incidents of xenophobia and racism]] against [[Asian Americans]].<ref name="NYT Racism">{{cite news|last1=Tavernise|first1=Sabrina|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/23/us/chinese-coronavirus-racist-attacks.html|title=Spit On, Yelled At, Attacked: Chinese-Americans Fear for Their Safety|date=March 23, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=March 23, 2020|last2=Oppel Jr|first2=Richard A.}}</ref> Clusters of infections and deaths have occurred in urban areas, [[nursing home]]s, [[long-term care]] facilities, group homes for the intellectually disabled,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/06/09/872401607/covid-19-infections-and-deaths-are-higher-among-those-with-intellectual-disabili|title=COVID-19 Infections And Deaths Are Higher Among Those With Intellectual Disabilities|website=NPR.org}}</ref> [[COVID-19 pandemic in US immigration detention|detention centers]] (including prisons), [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the meat industry in the United States|meatpacking plants]], churches, and navy ships.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/06/09/872710991/u-s-navy-policies-battling-covid-19-rely-heavily-on-isolation|title=U.S. Navy Policies Battling COVID-19 Rely Heavily On Isolation|website=NPR.org}}</ref> A second rise in infections began in June 2020, following relaxed restrictions in several states.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/paloma/the-health-202/2020/06/26/the-health-202-the-trump-administration-is-eyeing-a-new-testing-strategy-for-coronavirus-anthony-fauci-says/5ef4f629602ff1080718f308/ |title=The Health 202: The Trump administration is eyeing a new testing strategy for coronavirus, Anthony Fauci says |author1=Paige Winfield Cunningham |author2=Paulina Firozi |work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> In August, the U.S. topped five million confirmed cases. As of mid-August, according to [[Johns Hopkins University]], the U.S. has been doing the most per-capita testing of any country,<ref>{{cite web |title=How Does Testing in the U.S. Compare to Other Countries? |url=https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/testing/international-comparison |work=Johns Hopkins Univ. of Medicine |accessdate=August 12, 2020 }}</ref> although [[Our World in Data]] shows other countries having higher rates.<ref name="owid-covid">{{cite web |last1=Roser |first1=Max |last2=Ritchie |first2=Hannah |last3=Ortiz-Ospina |first3=Esteban |last4=Hasell |first4=Joe |title=Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19) |url=https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus |website=Our World in Data |accessdate=August 19, 2020 |date=August 19, 2020}} – New Zealand, Israel and UK are examples.</ref> Its test positivity rate was still above the WHO's recommended threshold for controlling the outbreak.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jhsph.edu/covid-19/articles/covid-19-testing-understanding-the-percent-positive.html |title=COVID-19 Testing: Understanding the "Percent Positive" |publisher=Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health |author1=David Dowdy |author2=Gypsyamber D'Souza |date=10 August 2020 |accessdate=17 August 2020}}</ref><ref name=NYTAugustTesting>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/15/us/coronavirus-testing-decrease.html |title='We're Clearly Not Doing Enough': Drop in Testing Hampers Coronavirus Response |publisher=New York Times |date=16 August 2020 |accessdate=17 August 2020 |author=Sarah Mervosh |author2=Nicholas Bogel-Burroughs |author3=Sheryl Gay Stolberg |quote=And the percent of people testing positive over all is hovering at about 7{{nbsp}}percent, down from 8.5 percent in July{{nbsp}}... A community may be considered to have controlled virus spread if it is testing widely and the percent of people testing positive over a two-week period is less than 5{{nbsp}}percent, according to the World Health Organization.}}</ref> As of August 20, its death rate had reached 529 per million people, the eleventh-highest{{Efn|If the [[microstate]]s of [[Andorra]] and [[San Marino]] are excluded, the U.S. has the ninth-highest death rate globally.}} [[COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country|rate globally]].<ref name="statista">{{cite web|url= https://www.statista.com/statistics/1104709/coronavirus-deaths-worldwide-per-million-inhabitants/ |title=Coronavirus (COVID-19) deaths worldwide per one million population as of August 17, 2020, by country |publisher=[[Statista]] |date=August 17, 2020 |accessdate=August 17, 2020}}</ref><ref name="JH Mortality">{{cite web|url= https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/data/mortality|title=Mortality Analyses—Johns Hopkins University Coronavirus Resource Center|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University]]|accessdate=August 20, 2020}}</ref> {{TOC limit|4}} == Timeline == {{Main|Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States}} {{COVID-19 pandemic data/United States medical cases chart}} {{stack|clear=right|{{COVID-19 pandemic data/United States medical cases by state}}}} [[File:CoViD-19 US.svg|thumb|upright=2|right|Number of cases (blue), number of deaths (red), and deaths reported in the previous ten days (dotted black) on a [[logarithmic scale]]]] === December 2019 to January 2020 === On December 31, 2019, China reported a [[disease cluster|cluster]] of [[pneumonia]] cases in [[Wuhan]].<ref name=NEJMFirstCase/> On January 6, Health and Human Services offered to send China a team of CDC health experts to help contain the outbreak, but they ignored the offer.<ref name="FoxNews">{{cite news |url=https://www.foxnews.com/health/us-health-officials-on-coronavirus-outbreak |first=Madeline |last=Farber |title=China spurned CDC offer to send a team to help contain coronavirus: US Health Secretary |work=Fox News |date=January 28, 2020 }}</ref> According to Dr. [[Robert Redfield]], the director of the CDC, the CDC was ready to send in a team of scientists within a week, but the Chinese government refused to let them in, which was a reason the US got a later start in identifying the danger of virus outbreak there and taking early action.<ref name=Redfield>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/28/health/redfield-coronavirus-spread-abc/index.html |title=The Trump administration was slow to recognize coronavirus threat from Europe, CDC director admits |work=CNN |date=July 28, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.webmd.com/coronavirus-in-context/video/robert-redfield |title=Coronavirus in Context: CDC Director Discusses Next Steps in the War Against COVID |work=WebMD |date=August 12, 2020 }}</Ref> On January 7, 2020, the Chinese health authorities confirmed that this cluster was caused by [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|a novel infectious coronavirus]].<ref name=NEJMFirstCase/> On January 8, the CDC issued an official health advisory via its [[Health Alert Network]] (HAN) and established an Incident Management Structure to coordinate domestic and international public health actions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00424.asp |title=Outbreak of Pneumonia of Unknown Etiology (PUE) in Wuhan, China |work=CDC.gov |date=January 8, 2020 }}</ref> On January 10 and 11, the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) issued technical briefings warning about a strong possibility of human-to-human transmission and urging precautions.<ref name="Guardian-WHO">{{cite web | first1=Peter | last1=Beaumont | first2=Julian | last2=Borger | title=WHO warned of transmission risk in January, despite Trump claims | work=[[The Guardian]] | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/09/who-cited-human-transmission-risk-in-january-despite-trump-claims | date=April 9, 2020 | accessdate=April 17, 2020}}</ref> On January 14, the WHO said "preliminary investigations conducted by the Chinese authorities have found no clear evidence of human-to-human transmission," although it recommended that countries still take precautions due to the human-to-human transmission during earlier [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome|SARS]] and [[Middle East respiratory syndrome|MERS]] outbreaks.<ref name="Guardian-WHO"/> The CDC issued an update on January 17, noting that person-to-person spread was not confirmed, but was still a possibility.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00426.asp |title=Update and Interim Guidance on Outbreak of 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Wuhan, China |work=CDC.gov |date=January 17, 2020 }}</ref> On January 20, it activated its [[Emergency Operations Center]] (EOC) to further respond to the outbreak in China.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://emergency.cdc.gov/recentincidents/ |title=CDC Emergency Operations Center Activations |work=CDC |date=January 20, 2020 }}</ref> The same day, the WHO and China confirmed that human-to-human transmission had occurred.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kuo |first1=Lily |title=China confirms human-to-human transmission of coronavirus |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/20/coronavirus-spreads-to-beijing-as-china-confirms-new-cases |accessdate=April 19, 2020 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=January 21, 2020}}</ref> On January 20, the first report of a COVID-19 case in the U.S. came in a man who returned on January 15 from visiting family in Wuhan, China, to his home in [[Snohomish County, Washington]]. He sought medical attention on January 19.<ref name="NEJMFirstCase" /> The second report came on January 24, in a woman who returned to [[Chicago, Illinois]], on January 13 from visiting Wuhan.<ref name="firstthreemonths">{{cite journal|date=April 22, 2020|title=Coronavirus: the first three months as it happened|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00154-w|pmid=32152592|s2cid=212652777}}</ref><ref name="secondcase">{{cite news|title=Second Travel-related Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Detected in United States|work=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|url=https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2020/p0124-second-travel-coronavirus.html|quote=Second Travel-related Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Detected in United States: The patient returned to the U.S. from Wuhan on January 13, 2020}}</ref> The woman passed the virus to her husband, and he was confirmed to have the virus on January 30; at the time it was the first reported case of [[local transmission]] in the United States.<ref name=Ghinai>{{cite journal |last1=Ghinai |first1=Isaac |last2=McPherson |first2=Tristan D |last3=Hunter |first3=Jennifer C |last4=Kirking |first4=Hannah L |last5=Christiansen |first5=Demian |last6=Joshi |first6=Kiran |last7=Rubin |first7=Rachel |last8=Morales-Estrada |first8=Shirley |last9=Black |first9=Stephanie R |last10=Pacilli |first10=Massimo |last11=Fricchione |first11=Marielle J |last12=Chugh |first12=Rashmi K |last13=Walblay |first13=Kelly A |last14=Ahmed |first14=N Seema |last15=Stoecker |first15=William C |last16=Hasan |first16=Nausheen F |last17=Burdsall |first17=Deborah P |last18=Reese |first18=Heather E |last19=Wallace |first19=Megan |last20=Wang |first20=Chen |last21=Moeller |first21=Darcie |last22=Korpics |first22=Jacqueline |last23=Novosad |first23=Shannon A |last24=Benowitz |first24=Isaac |last25=Jacobs |first25=Max W |last26=Dasari |first26=Vishal S |last27=Patel |first27=Megan T |last28=Kauerauf |first28=Judy |last29=Charles |first29=E Matt |last30=Ezike |first30=Ngozi O |last31=Chu |first31=Victoria |last32=Midgley |first32=Claire M |last33=Rolfes |first33=Melissa A |last34=Gerber |first34=Susan I |last35=Lu |first35=Xiaoyan |last36=Lindstrom |first36=Stephen |last37=Verani |first37=Jennifer R |last38=Layden |first38=Jennifer E |title=First known person-to-person transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the USA |journal=Lancet |date=2020 |volume=395 |issue=10230 |pages=1137–1144 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30607-3 |pmid=32178768 |pmc=7158585 }}</ref> The same day, the WHO declared the outbreak a [[Public Health Emergency of International Concern]], warning that "all countries should be prepared for containment."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Boseley|first1=Sarah|date=January 30, 2020|title=WHO declares coronavirus a global health emergency|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/30/who-declares-coronavirus-a-global-health-emergency|accessdate=March 30, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Kennedy|first1=Merrit|date=January 30, 2020|title=WHO Declares Coronavirus Outbreak A Global Health Emergency|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/01/30/798894428/who-declares-coronavirus-outbreak-a-global-health-emergency|accessdate=April 19, 2020}}</ref>{{efn|The editorial board for ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' suggested the world may have been "better prepared" had the WHO declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on January 23, by which time the virus had spread to other countries.<ref name=wsj-info>{{cite news |title=World Health Coronavirus Disinformation |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/world-health-coronavirus-disinformation-11586122093 |accessdate=April 29, 2020 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=April 5, 2020 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20200409192517/https://www.wsj.com/articles/world-health-coronavirus-disinformation-11586122093 |archivedate=April 9, 2020}}</ref>}} The next day, January 31, the U.S. also declared a public health emergency.<ref name="Globe">{{cite news |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/nation/2020/01/31/declares-public-health-emergency-from-coronavirus/9WMXL38AdA08GJworROtII/story.html |title=US declares public health emergency from coronavirus |newspaper=Boston Globe |date=February 1, 2020 }}</ref> Although by that date there were only seven known cases in the U.S., the [[United States Department of Health and Human Services|HHS]] and CDC reported that there was a likelihood of further cases appearing in the country.<ref name="Globe" /> === February 2020 === On February 2, the U.S. enacted [[Travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic|travel restrictions]] to and from China.<ref name=RobertsonApril15/> Additional travel restrictions were placed on foreign nationals who had traveled within the past 14 days in certain countries, with exceptions for families and residents. Americans returning from those regions underwent health screenings and a 14-day [[quarantine]].<ref>{{cite news |title=DHS Issues Supplemental Instructions for Inbound Flights with Individuals Who Have Been in China|url=https://www.dhs.gov/news/2020/02/02/dhs-issues-supplemental-instructions-inbound-flights-individuals-who-have-been-china|accessdate=March 9, 2020 |agency=[[Department of Homeland Security]]|date=March 8, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Colarossi |first1=Natalie |last2=Cranley |first2=Ellen |title=The CDC is urging residents in New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut to refrain from travel because of the coronavirus |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/us-government-travel-warnings-for-coronavirus-outbreak-2020-2#the-us-state-department-has-implemented-travel-restrictions-barring-most-non-us-citizens-or-permanent-residents-from-entering-the-country-from-europe-the-uk-and-ireland-6 |accessdate=March 31, 2020 |work=Business Insider |date=March 30, 2020}}</ref> On February 6, the earliest confirmed American death occurred in [[Santa Clara County, California]], of a 57-year-old woman.<ref name=freqTraveller>{{cite news|last1=Moon|first1=Sarah|date=April 24, 2020|title=A seemingly healthy woman's sudden death is now the first known US coronavirus-related fatality|work=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/23/us/california-woman-first-coronavirus-death/index.html|accessdate=May 25, 2020}}</ref> It was later learned that nine deaths had occurred before February{{nbsp}}6, as the virus had been circulating undetected in the U.S. before January, and possibly as early as November.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|last=Melinek|first=Judy|date=May 1, 2020|title=When Did COVID-19 Arrive and Could We Have Spotted It Earlier?|url=https://www.medpagetoday.com/infectiousdisease/covid19/86291|accessdate=May 7, 2020|publisher=MedPage Today}}</ref> On February 25, the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) warned the American public for the first time to prepare for a local outbreak.<ref name=TaylorMarch23>{{cite news |last1=Taylor |first1=Marisa |title=Exclusive: U.S. axed CDC expert job in China months before virus outbreak |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-china-cdc-exclusiv/exclusive-u-s-axed-cdc-expert-job-in-china-months-before-virus-outbreak-idUSKBN21910S |accessdate=March 24, 2020 |agency=[[Reuters]] |date=March 23, 2020}}</ref> With no vaccine or treatment available, Americans were asked to prepare to take other precautions.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lanese |first1=Nicoletta |title=A US coronavirus outbreak is almost inevitable. Here's how you can prepare. |url=https://www.livescience.com/coronavirus-epidemic-how-to-prepare.html |website=[[Live Science]] |accessdate=August 4, 2020 |date=February 27, 2020}}</ref> Meanwhile, large gatherings that occurred before widespread shutdowns and [[social distancing]] measures were put in place, including [[Mardi Gras in New Orleans]] on February 25, accelerated transmission.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6918e2.htm |author=Anne Schuchat |date=May 1, 2020 |title=Public Health Response to the Initiation and Spread of Pandemic COVID-19 in the United States, February 24 – April 21, 2020 |journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |volume=69 |issue=18 |pages=551–556 |doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm6918e2 |pmid=32379733 |doi-access=free }}</ref> === March 2020 === [[File:President Trump Signs the Congressional Funding Bill for Coronavirus Response (49627907646).jpg|thumb|March 6: President Trump and Alex Azar at the signing of [[Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act]] into law]] On March 2, travel restrictions from Iran went into effect.<ref name=Boulder>{{cite web |title=February 29, 2020: Temporary Restriction on Entering the U.S. after Travel from Iran |url=https://www.colorado.edu/isss/2020/03/03/february-29-2020-temporary-restriction-entering-us-after-travel-iran |date=March 3, 2020 |publisher=[[University of Colorado Boulder]] |accessdate=April 24, 2020}}</ref> On March 7, the CDC warned that widespread disease transmission may force large numbers of people to seek healthcare, which could overload healthcare systems and lead to otherwise preventable deaths.<ref name="CDC COVID-19 Situation Summary">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/summary.html |title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Summary |last= |publisher=CDC |accessdate=March 7, 2020|date=March 7, 2020 }}</ref> On March{{nbsp}}11, the WHO declared the outbreak to be a [[pandemic]].<ref name="nyt sports" /> By this time, the virus had spread to 110 countries and all continents except Antarctica.<ref name=declaration>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/11/health/coronavirus-pandemic-who.html |title=Coronavirus Has Become a Pandemic, W.H.O. Says |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 11, 2020 }}</ref> The World Health Organization's definition of a pandemic "mixed severity and spread", reported ''[[Vox (website)|Vox]]'', and it held off calling the outbreak a pandemic because many countries at the time were reporting no spread or low spread.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2020/3/9/21163412/who-coronavirus-covid19-pandemic-world-health-organization |title=Why the WHO waited to call the coronavirus a pandemic |work=Vox |date=March 11, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/02/how-coronavirus-could-become-pandemic-and-why-it-matters/ |title=Coronavirus is officially a pandemic. Here's why that matters. |work=National Geographic |date=March 11, 2020 }}</ref> By March 12, diagnosed cases of {{nowrap|COVID-19}} in the U.S. exceeded a thousand.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2020/03/11/coronavirus-live-updates/ |title=Live updates: As U.S. coronavirus cases top 1,000, mixed signs of recovery in China, South Korea |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |first1=Adam |last1=Taylor |first2=Teo |last2=Armus |date=March 11, 2020 |accessdate=March 11, 2020 }}</ref> On March 13, travel restriction for the 26 European countries that comprise the [[Schengen Area]] went into effect; restrictions for the United Kingdom and Ireland went into effect on March 16.<ref name=WoodyardMarch16>{{cite news |last1=Woodyard |first1=Chris |title=Q&A: What you need to know about the United Kingdom and Ireland travel ban |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/airline-news/2020/03/16/coronavirus-uk-ireland-travel-ban-what-know-europe-travel-ban/5060715002/ |accessdate=April 29, 2020 |work=[[USA Today]] |date=March 16, 2020}}</ref> Also on March 16, the White House advised against any gatherings of more than ten people.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Liptak |first1=Kevin |title=White House advises public to avoid groups of more than 10, asks people to stay away from bars and restaurants |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/16/politics/white-house-guidelines-coronavirus/index.html |accessdate=March 18, 2020 |publisher=CNN |date=March 16, 2020}}</ref> Since March 19, 2020, the [[State Department]] has advised U.S. citizens to avoid all international travel.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/ea/travel-advisory-alert-global-level-4-health-advisory-issue.html |title=Global Level 4 Health Advisory—Do Not Travel|website=travel.state.gov}}</ref> By the middle of March, all fifty states were able to perform tests with a doctor's approval, either from the CDC or from commercial labs. However, the number of available test kits remained limited, which meant the true number of people infected had to be estimated.<ref name="theatlantic.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2020/03/why-coronavirus-testing-us-so-delayed/607954/ |title=The 4{{nbsp}}Key Reasons the U.S. Is So Behind on Coronavirus Testing |work=The Atlantic |date=March 15, 2020 }}</ref> On March 19, administration officials warned that the number of cases would begin to rise sharply as the country's testing capacity substantially increased to 50,000-70,000 tests per day.<ref name="CBSTesting">{{cite news |last1=Kates |first1=Graham |title=Confirmed coronavirus cases will jump as testing ramps up |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/coronavirus-confirmed-cases-rise-tests/ |accessdate=March 27, 2020 |publisher=CBS |date=March 19, 2020}}</ref><ref name="GageTesting">{{cite news |last1=Gage |first1=John |title='Transformed the testing process': Deborah Birx says US has done more coronavirus testing in eight days than South Korea in eight weeks |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/transformed-the-testing-process-deborah-birx-says-us-has-done-more-coronavirus-testing-in-eight-days-than-south-korea-in-eight-weeks |accessdate=March 27, 2020 |publisher=Washington Examiner |date=March 24, 2020}}{{unreliable source?|date=April 2020}}</ref> As cases began spreading throughout the nation, federal and state agencies began taking urgent steps to prepare for a surge of hospital patients. Among the actions was establishing additional places for patients in case hospitals became overwhelmed. The [[Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival]], for instance, was postponed to October and the fairgrounds where it is normally held was turned into a medical center.<ref name="auto3">{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2020-03-30/coronavirus-event-companies-coachella-pivot-covid-19-testing |title=They were supposed to build stages for Coachella. Now they're building coronavirus triage tents |work=Los Angeles Times |date=March 30, 2020 }}</ref> Manpower from the military and volunteer armies were called up to help construct the emergency facilities.<ref name="auto8">{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/photos-field-hospitals-built-globe-coronavirus-pandemic-spreads/story?id=69962474 |title=Field hospitals built around the globe as coronavirus pandemic spreads |work=ABC News |date=April 4, 2020 }}</ref><ref name="auto5">{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcconnecticut.com/news/local/connecticut-national-guard-sets-up-temporary-hospitals-amid-coronavirus-pandemic/2248512/ |title=Connecticut National Guard Sets Up Temporary Hospitals Amid Coronavirus Pandemic |work=NBC |date=April 1, 2020 }}</ref> Throughout March and early April, several state, city, and county governments imposed [[Stay-at-home order|"stay at home"]] [[U.S. state and local government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic|quarantines on their populations]] to stem the spread of the virus.<ref name="Norwood">{{cite news |last1=Norwood |first1=Candace |title=Most states have issued stay-at-home orders, but enforcement varies widely |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/most-states-have-issued-stay-at-home-orders-but-enforcement-varies-widely |accessdate=April 9, 2020 |publisher=PBS |date=April 3, 2020}}</ref> By March 27, the country had reported over 100,000 cases.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chan |first1=Christine |last2=Shumaker |first2=Lisa |last3=Maler |first3=Sandra |title=Confirmed coronavirus cases in U.S. reach 100,000: Reuters tally |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-cases/confirmed-coronavirus-cases-in-u-s-reach-100000-reuters-tally-idUSKBN21E3DA |date=March 28, 2020 |agency=Reuters |accessdate=March 28, 2020 }}</ref> === April 2020 === On April 2, at President Trump's direction, the [[Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services]] (CMS) and CDC ordered additional preventive guidelines to the long-term care facility industry. They included requiring temperature checks for anyone in a nursing home, symptom screenings, and requiring all nursing home personnel to wear face masks. Trump also said COVID patients should have their own buildings or units and dedicated staffing teams.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mcknights.com/news/trump-wants-masks-on-all-nursing-home-workers-temperature-checks-for-all-and-separate-covid-units/ |title=Trump wants masks on all nursing home workers, temperature checks for all, and separate COVID-19 units |work=McKnight's Long-term Care News |date=April 3, 2020 }}</ref> On April 11, the U.S. death toll became the highest in the world when the number of cases reached 20,000, surpassing that of [[COVID-19 pandemic in Italy|Italy]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=April 11, 2020|title=U.S. coronavirus deaths top 20,000, highest in world exceeding Italy: Reuters tally|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-casualties-idUSKCN21T0NA|access-date=May 1, 2020}}</ref> On April 19, the CMS added new regulations requiring nursing homes to inform residents, their families and representatives, of COVID-19 cases in their facilities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cms.gov/newsroom/press-releases/trump-administration-announces-new-nursing-homes-covid-19-transparency-effort |title=Trump Administration Announces New Nursing Homes COVID-19 Transparency Effort |work=Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services |date=April 19, 2020 }}</ref> On April 28, the total number of confirmed cases across the country surpassed one million.<ref name="million 1">{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/28/health/us-coronavirus-tuesday/index.html|title=US coronavirus cases surpass 1 million and the death toll is greater than US losses in Vietnam War|author1=Steve Almasy |author2=Christina Maxouris |author3=Nicole Chavez|work=CNN|access-date=April 29, 2020}}</ref><ref name="million 2">{{cite news|date=April 28, 2020|title=The US has now passed 1 million confirmed Covid-19 cases|publisher=Vox|url=https://www.vox.com/2020/4/28/21239172/coronavirus-us-confirmed-cases-update-1-million|accessdate=April 30, 2020}}</ref><ref name="million 3">{{cite news|date=April 28, 2020|title=U.S. Surpasses 1 Million Coronavirus Cases|publisher=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/04/28/846741935/u-s-surpasses-1-million-coronavirus-cases|accessdate=April 30, 2020}}</ref> On April 30, President Trump announced the administration was establishing a Coronavirus Commission for Safety and Quality in Nursing Homes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-remains-committed-caring-nations-seniors-coronavirus-pandemic-beyond/ |title=President Donald J. Trump Remains Committed to Caring for Our Nation's Seniors During the Coronavirus Pandemic and Beyond |website=Whitehouse.gov |date=April 30, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o-_XhBQPpgU&t=4m17s |title=President Trump delivers remarks on senior citizens and COVID-19 |work=USA Today |date=April 30, 2020 }}</ref> === May to June 2020 === The CDC prepared detailed guidelines for the reopening of businesses, public transit, restaurants, religious organizations, schools, and other public places. The Trump administration shelved the guidelines, but an unauthorized copy was published by the [[Associated Press]] on May 7.<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump administration buries detailed CDC advice on reopening|last1=Dearen|first1=Jason|last2=Stobbe|first2=Mike|date=May 6, 2020|accessdate=May 15, 2020|publisher=The Associated Press|url=https://apnews.com/7a00d5fba3249e573d2ead4bd323a4d4}}</ref> Six flow charts were ultimately published on May 15,<ref>{{cite news|title=C.D.C. Issues Reopening Checklists for Schools and Businesses|work=The New York Times|author=Bogel-Burroughs, Nicholas|date=May 15, 2020|accessdate=May 15, 2020|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/15/us/cdc-coronavirus-checklists-decision-trees.html}}</ref> and a 60-page set of guidelines was released without comment on May 20, weeks after many states had already emerged from lockdowns.<ref>{{cite news|title=CDC quietly releases detailed plan for reopening America|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/cdc-quietly-releases-detailed-plan-reopening-america-n1211316|author=Chuck, Elizabeth|date=May 20, 2020|accessdate=May 20, 2020|publisher=NBC News}}</ref> By May 27, less than four months after the pandemic reached the U.S., 100,000 Americans had died from COVID-19.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/national/100000-deaths-american-coronavirus/ |title=U.S. coronavirus death toll surpasses 100,000, exposing nation's vulnerabilities |work=[[Washington Post]] |author=Marc Fisher |date=May 27, 2020 |accessdate=July 23, 2020}}</ref> State economic reopenings and lack of widespread mask orders resulted in a sharp rise in cases across most of the continental U.S. outside of the Northeast. By June 11, the number of cases in the U.S. had passed two million.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/06/11/coronavirus-update-us/ |title=U.S. surpasses 2 million coronavirus cases |work=[[Washington Post]] |date=June 11, 2020 |accessdate=July 23, 2020 | author=Antonia Noori Farzan |displayauthors=etal}}</ref> === July 2020 to present === By July 9, the number of cases had passed three million.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-53342222 |title=Coronavirus: US surpasses three million cases |date=July 9, 2020 |accessdate=July 23, 2020 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> President Trump was first seen wearing a face mask in public on July 11, months after it had been recommended by public health experts.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/7651589ac439646e5cf873d021f1f4b6|title=Trump wears mask in public for first time during pandemic|work=[[Associated Press]]|first=Jonathan|last=Lemire|date=July 11, 2020|accessdate=July 23, 2020}}</ref> By July 23, the number of cases had passed four million.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/23/health/us-coronavirus-thursday/index.html |title=US surpasses 4 million reported coronavirus cases as hospitalizations near record |publisher=[[CNN]] |author=Christina Maxouris |author2=Jason Hanna |date=July 23, 2020 |accessdate=July 23, 2020}}</ref> On July 29, the U.S. passed 150,000 deaths.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/07/29/896491060/more-than-150-000-people-have-died-from-coronavirus-in-the-u-s |title=More Than 150,000 People Have Died From Coronavirus In The U.S. |date=July 29, 2020 |accessdate=July 29, 2020 |publisher=[[NPR]] |author=Alana Wise |author2=Bill Chappell}}</ref> On August 9, the U.S. passed five million COVID-19 cases.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/08/09/900640397/u-s-hits-5-million-coronavirus-cases-as-debate-lingers-over-the-path-forward |title=U.S. Hits 5 Million Coronavirus Cases As Debate Lingers Over The Path Forward |publisher=NPR |author=Jason Slotkin |date=August 9, 2020 |accessdate=August 11, 2020}}</ref> In July, [[Public Interest Research Group|U.S. PIRG]] and 150 health professionals sent a letter asking the federal government to "shut it down now, and start over".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alisondurkee/2020/07/24/medical-experts-tell-government-shut-it-down-now-and-start-over/#5c0f64e7695c|title=Medical Experts Tell Government: 'Shut It Down Now, And Start Over'|author=Durkee, Alison|date=July 24, 2020|accessdate=July 25, 2020|publisher=Forbes (Forbes Media)}}</ref> In July and early August, requests multiplied, with a number of experts asking for lockdowns of "six to eight weeks"<ref>{{cite news|title=America Could Control the Pandemic by October. Let's Get to It.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/08/opinion/sunday/coronavirus-response-testing-lockdown.html|author=Editorial Board|date=August 8, 2020|accessdate=August 8, 2020|work=The New York Times}}</ref> that they believed would restore the country by October 1, in time to reopen schools and have an in-person election. <ref>{{cite web|title=Resetting Our Response: Changes Needed in the US Approach to COVID-19|vauthors=Rivers C, Martin E, Watson C, Schoch-Spana M, Cicero A, Inglesby T|year=2020|url=https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-work/publications/resetting-our-response-changes-needed-in-the-us-approach-to-covid-19|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security]]|location=Baltimore, MD}} and {{cite news|url=https://www.khou.com/article/news/health/coronavirus/us-life-back-to-normal-by-october-with-local-experts-plan/285-296ded16-c271-4306-a08b-e31123351161|date=July 23, 2020|author=Benito, Marcelino|publisher=KHOU-TV|title=Back to normal by October? Dr. Hotez sends the White House a national, unified coronavirus plan}} and {{cite news|title=Here's How to Crush the Virus Until Vaccines Arrive|last1=Osterholm|first1=Michael T.|last2=Kashkari|first2=Neel|date=August 7, 2020|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/07/opinion/coronavirus-lockdown-unemployment-death.html}} and {{cite news|author=Slavitt, Andy|title=Joe Biden is the national reset we need on COVID-19, but he's more than 75,000 lives away|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2020/08/04/trump-ignores-covid-deaths-need-for-national-strategy-column/5574327002/|date=August 4, 2020|publisher=USA Today (Gannett)}} and {{cite news|title=Winter is coming: Why America's window of opportunity to beat back Covid-19 is closing|author=Branswell, Helen|date=August 10, 2020|accessdate=August 11, 2020|url=https://www.statnews.com/2020/08/10/winter-is-coming-as-flu-season-nears-americas-window-of-opportunity-to-beat-back-covid-19-is-narrowing/|publisher=STAT}}</ref> == Preparations made after previous outbreaks == {{Main|Pandemic predictions and preparations prior to the COVID-19 pandemic#United States}} The United States has been subjected to pandemics and epidemics throughout its history, including the 1918 [[Spanish flu]], the 1957 [[Asian flu]], and the 1968 [[Hong Kong flu]] pandemics.<ref name="abc7">{{cite news |last1=Miguel |first1=Ken |title=Here's a look at some of history's worst pandemics that have killed millions |url=https://abc7news.com/5974174/ |accessdate=March 22, 2020 |publisher=ABC 7 News |date=February 28, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lileks |first1=James |title=How the news media played down the pandemics of yore, from Spanish flu to Swine flu |url=http://www.startribune.com/how-the-news-media-played-down-the-pandemics-of-yore-from-spanish-flu-to-swine-flu/568899732/?refresh=true |accessdate=March 22, 2020 |work=Star Tribune |date=March 18, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Brown |first1=Jeremy |title=The Coronavirus Is No 1918 Pandemic |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/03/were-not-facing-second-spanish-flu/607354/ |access-date=March 22, 2020 |work=[[The Atlantic]] |date=March 3, 2020}}</ref> In the most recent pandemic prior to COVID-19, the [[2009 swine flu pandemic]] took the lives of more than 12,000 Americans and hospitalized another 270,000 over the course of approximately one year.<ref name="abc7" /> According to the [[Global Health Security Index]], an American-British assessment which ranks the health security capabilities in 195 countries, the U.S. in 2020 was the "most prepared" nation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/02/these-are-the-countries-best-prepared-for-health-emergencies/ |title=These are the countries best prepared for health emergencies |work=World Economic Forum |date=February 12, 2020 }}</ref><ref name=cfr>{{cite news |url=https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/what-global-health-survey-found-months-coronavirus-pandemic |title=What a Global Health Survey Found Months Before the Coronavirus Pandemic |work=Council on Foreign Relations |date=March 24, 2020 |first1= Lindsay |last1=Maizland |first2=Thamine |last2=Nayeem |first3=Anu |last3=Kumar}}</ref> === Reports predicting global pandemics === [[File:Alex Azar declares PHED for Coronavirus.jpg|thumb|[[Health and Human Services Secretary|Health and Human Services (HHS) Secretary]] [[Alex Azar]] signs a public health emergency declaration.]] The [[United States Intelligence Community]], in its annual ''[[Worldwide Threat Assessment of the US Intelligence Community|Worldwide Threat Assessment]]'' report of 2017 and 2018, said if a related coronavirus were "to acquire efficient human-to-human transmissibility", it would have "pandemic potential". The 2018 ''Worldwide Threat Assessment'' also said new types of microbes that are "easily transmissible between humans" remain "a major threat".<ref name="auto7">{{cite web |url=https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/Newsroom/Testimonies/SSCI%20Unclassified%20SFR%20-%20Final.pdf |title=Worldwide Threat Assessment of the US Intelligence Community |work=Senate Select Committee on Intelligence |date=May 11, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Reider |first1=Rem |title=Contrary to Trump's Claim, A Pandemic Was Widely Expected at Some Point |url=https://www.factcheck.org/2020/03/contrary-to-trumps-claim-a-pandemic-was-widely-expected-at-some-point/ |accessdate=March 21, 2020 |work=[[Factcheck.org]] |date=March 20, 2020}}</ref><ref name=DilanianFebruary29>{{cite news |last1=Dilanian |first1=Ken |title=U.S. intel agencies warned of a rising risk of an outbreak like coronavirus |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/national-security/u-s-intel-agencies-warned-rising-risk-outbreak-coronavirus-n1144891 |accessdate=March 21, 2020 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |date=February 29, 2020}}</ref> Similarly, the 2019 ''Worldwide Threat Assessment'' warned that "the United States and the world will remain vulnerable to the next flu pandemic or large-scale outbreak of a contagious disease that could lead to massive rates of death and disability, severely affect the world economy, strain international resources, and increase calls on the United States for support."<ref name=DilanianFebruary29 /><ref name="threats">{{cite web |url=https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/2019-ATA-SFR---SSCI.pdf |title=Worldwide Threat Assessment of the US Intelligence Community |work=Senate Select Committee on Intelligence |date=January 29, 2019 }}</ref> === Preparations === {{Main|Pandemic predictions and preparations prior to the COVID-19 pandemic#United States}} In 2005, President [[George W. Bush]] began preparing a national pandemic response plan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/george-bush-2005-wait-pandemic-late-prepare/story?id=69979013 |title=George W. Bush in 2005: 'If we wait for a pandemic to appear, it will be too late to prepare' |publisher=[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] |date=April 5, 2020 |accessdate=July 23, 2020 |author=Matthew Mosk}}</ref> In 2006, the [[Department of Health and Human Services]] established a new division, the [[Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority]] (BARDA) to prepare for chemical, biological and nuclear attacks, as well as infectious diseases. In its first year of operation, BARDA "estimated that an additional 70,000 [ventilators] would be required in a moderate influenza pandemic"; a contract was let and work started, but no ventilators were ever delivered.<ref name="NYT Mission Failed">{{Cite news|last1=Kulish|first1=Nicholas|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/29/business/coronavirus-us-ventilator-shortage.html |title=The U.S. Tried to Build a New Fleet of Ventilators. The Mission Failed.|date=March 29, 2020 |work=The New York Times |access-date=April 12, 2020 |last2=Kliff |first2=Sarah |issn=0362-4331| last3=Silver-Greenberg |first3=Jessica}}</ref> A vaccine for a related coronavirus, [[SARS]], was developed in the U.S. by 2016, but never progressed to human trials due to a lack of funding.<ref name="nbc5">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-care/scientists-were-close-coronavirus-vaccine-years-ago-then-money-dried-n1150091 |title=Scientists were close to a coronavirus vaccine years ago. Then the money dried up. |work=NBC |access-date=April 13, 2020 |language=en}}</ref> In January 2017, the U.S. government had updated its estimate of resource gaps, including ventilators, face masks, and hospital beds.<ref name="nat5">{{Cite news |last=Klippenstine |first=Ken |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/politics/covid-military-shortage-pandemic/ |title=The Military Knew Years Ago That a Coronavirus Was Coming |date=April 1, 2020 |work=The Nation |access-date=April 13, 2020}}</ref> While some cities did take the risk of a pandemic seriously enough to prepare years ahead of time, there was often a failure to follow through due to financial constraints. New York City, for instance, took preparatory steps more than a decade ago, but then discontinued them in favor of other priorities.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://nypost.com/2020/04/07/nycs-pandemic-preparations-that-started-and-stopped/ |title=NYC's pandemic preparations that started—and stopped |newspaper=New York Post |date=April 7, 2020 }}</ref> In 2017, outgoing Obama administration officials briefed incoming Trump administration officials on how to respond to pandemics by using simulated scenarios.<ref name="briefing">{{cite news |last1=Toosi |first1=Nahal |last2=Lippman |first2=Daniel |last3=Diamond |first3=Dan |title=Before Trump's inauguration, a warning: 'The worst influenza pandemic since 1918' |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/16/trump-inauguration-warning-scenario-pandemic-132797 |accessdate=March 20, 2020 |work=[[Politico]] |date=March 16, 2020}}</ref> Obama's national security advisor [[Susan Rice]] met with her successor, General [[Michael Flynn]], where she outlined the risk of a pandemic with a tabletop exercise and gave him a pandemic guidebook.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Capehart|first=Jonathan|date=April 6, 2020|title=Susan Rice on Trump's coronavirus response: 'He has cost tens of thousands of American lives'|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/04/06/susan-rice-trumps-coronavirus-response-he-has-cost-tens-thousands-american-lives/|access-date=May 4, 2020}}</ref> The Trump administration simulated a series of pandemic outbreaks from China in 2019 and found that the U.S. government response was "underfunded, underprepared, and uncoordinated" (see [[Crimson Contagion]]).<ref name= simulation2019>{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/trump-let-u-fall-behind-120054883.html|title=How Trump let the U.S. fall behind the curve on coronavirus threat|website=news.yahoo.com}}</ref> Among the conclusions of the test was a shortage of certain medical supplies which are produced overseas, including N95 masks. President Trump responded to the simulation with an executive order to increase the availability and quality of flu vaccines, and the administration later increased funding for the pandemic threats program of the Department of Health and Human Services ([[United States Department of Health and Human Services|HHS]]).<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Sanger|first1=David E.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/19/us/politics/trump-coronavirus-outbreak.html|title=Before Virus Outbreak, a Cascade of Warnings Went Unheeded|date=March 19, 2020|work=The New York Times|access-date=March 20, 2020|last2=Lipton|first2=Eric|issn=0362-4331|last3=Sullivan|first3=Eileen|last4=Crowley|first4=Michael}}</ref> In September 2019, White House economists published a study that warned a pandemic could kill half a million Americans and devastate the economy.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tankersley|first=Tim|title=White House Economists Warned in 2019 a Pandemic Could Devastate America|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/31/business/coronavirus-economy-trump.html|date=March 31, 2020|newspaper=New York Times}}</ref> === Reorganization and departures === In May 2018, [[National Security Advisor (United States)|National Security Advisor]] [[John Bolton]] reorganized the executive branch's [[United States National Security Council]] (NSC), largely merging the group responsible for global [[health security]] and [[biodefense]]—established by the Obama administration following the [[Ebola virus cases in the United States|2014 ebola epidemic]]—into a bigger group responsible for [[counter-proliferation]] and biodefense. Along with the reorganization, the leader of the global health security and biodefense group, Rear Admiral [[Timothy Ziemer]], left to join another federal agency, while [[Tim Morrison (presidential advisor)|Tim Morrison]] became the leader of the combined group.<ref name=KellyMarch20>{{cite news |last1=Kessler |first1=Glenn |last2=Kelly |first2=Meg |title=Was the White House office for global pandemics eliminated? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/03/20/was-white-house-office-global-pandemics-eliminated |accessdate=March 21, 2020 |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=March 20, 2020}}</ref><ref name="disband">{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/ce014d94b64e98b7203b873e56f80e9a|title=Trump disbanded NSC pandemic unit that experts had praised|author-last=Riechmann|author-first=Deb|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=March 14, 2020|accessdate=March 19, 2020}}</ref> Critics of this reorganization referred to it as "disbanding" a pandemic preparedness group.<ref name="disband" /><ref>{{cite news |first=Bethania|last= Palma |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/experts-officials-pandemic-2018 |title=Did Experts and Officials Warn in 2018 US Couldn't Respond Effectively to a Pandemic? Such individuals have made repeated warnings about U.S. readiness in the event of a pandemic. |date=1 April 2020 |work=[[Snopes]] }}</ref> In July 2020, the administration planned to create a new pandemic preparedness office within the State Department.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Atwood|first1=Kylie|last2=Gaouette|first2=Nicole|date=July 2, 2020|title=Trump administration moves ahead with plan to open new pandemic office as coronavirus crisis intensifies|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/02/politics/trump-state-dept-new-pandemic-office/index.html|access-date=July 2, 2020|website=CNN}}</ref> In the years before the COVID-19 outbreak, the administration had reduced the number of staff working in the Beijing office of the U.S. CDC from 47 to 14. One of the staff eliminated in July 2019 was training Chinese field epidemiologists to respond to disease outbreaks at their hotbeds. Also closed were single-person offices of Beijing's [[National Science Foundation]] (NSF), the [[United States Agency for International Development]] (USAID) and [[U.S. Department of Agriculture]].<ref name=TaylorMarch26 /> The Trump Administration also ended funding for the [[PREDICT (USAID)|PREDICT]] pandemic early-warning program in China, which trained and supported staff in 60 foreign laboratories, with field work ceasing September 2019.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2020-04-02/coronavirus-trump-pandemic-program-viruses-detection |title=Trump administration ended coronavirus detection program |date=March 2, 2020 |work=LATimes.com }}</ref> The scientists tasked with identifying potential pandemics were already stretched too far and thin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-the-coronavirus-slipped-past-disease-detectives |title=Why the Coronavirus Slipped Past Disease Detectives; Groups of scientists tasked with identifying pandemic-prone microbes were stretched too far and thin |first=Charles |last=Schmidt |date=April 3, 2020 |website=[[Scientific American]] |access-date=April 10, 2020}}</ref> === Unsuccessful efforts to improve mask and ventilator supply === Since 2015, the federal government has spent $9.8{{nbsp}}million on two projects to prevent a mask shortage but abandoned both projects before completion.<ref name="wp-masks">{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/federal-government-spent-millions-to-ramp-up-mask-readiness-but-that-isnt-helping-now/2020/04/03/d62dda5c-74fa-11ea-a9bd-9f8b593300d0_story.html|title=Federal government spent millions to ramp up mask readiness, but that isn't helping now|first=Jon |last=Swaine|website=Washington Post}}</ref> A second BARDA contract was signed with Applied Research Associates of Albuquerque, to design an N95-rated mask that could be reused in emergencies without reduced effectiveness. Though federal reports had called for such a project since 2006, the ARA contract was not signed until 2017, and missed its 15-month completion deadline, resulting in the 2020 pandemic reaching the United States before the design was ready.<ref name="wp-masks" /> Previous respiratory epidemics and government planning indicated a need for a stockpile of ventilators that were easier for less-trained medical personnel to use. BARDA Project Aura issued a [[request for proposals]] in 2008, with a goal of FDA approval in 2010 or 2011. A contract for the production of up to 40,000 ventilators was awarded to Newport Medical Instruments, a small ventilator manufacturer, with a target price of $3,000, much lower than more complicated machines costing more than $10,000, and it produced prototypes with target FDA approval in 2013. [[Covidien]] purchased NMI and after requesting more money to complete the project (bringing the total cost to around $8{{nbsp}}million) asked the government to cancel the contract, saying it was not profitable.<ref name="nyt-vent" /> The government awarded a new $13.8{{nbsp}}million contract to [[Philips]], in 2014. The design for the Trilogy Evo Universal gained FDA approval in July 2019. The government ordered 10,000 ventilators in September 2019, with a mid-2020 deadline for the first deliveries and a deadline of 2022 to complete all 10,000. Despite the start of the epidemic in December, the capacity of the company to have produced enough to fill the full order, and the ability of the government to force faster production, the government did not reach an agreement with Philips for accelerated delivery until March 10, 2020.<ref name="nyt-vent">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/29/business/coronavirus-us-ventilator-shortage.html|title=The U.S. Tried to Build a New Fleet of Ventilators. The Mission Failed.|first1=Nicholas|last1=Kulish|first2=Sarah|last2=Kliff|first3=Jessica|last3=Silver-Greenberg|date=March 29, 2020|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref><ref name="propublica-vent">{{cite web|url=https://www.propublica.org/article/taxpayers-paid-millions-to-design-a-low-cost-ventilator-for-a-pandemic-instead-the-company-is-selling-versions-of-it-overseas- |title=Taxpayers Paid Millions to Design a Low-Cost Ventilator for a Pandemic. Instead, the Company Is Selling Versions of It Overseas. |first1=Sebastian|last1=Rotella|first2=Patricia|last2=Callahan|first3=Tim |last3=Golden |date=March 30, 2020 |website=ProPublica.org}}</ref> By mid-March, the need for more ventilators had become immediate, and even in the absence of any government contracts, other manufacturers announced plans to make many tens of thousands.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/04/01/824610787/fema-hadnt-ordered-ventilators-manufacturers-forged-ahead-anyway|title=FEMA Hadn't Ordered Ventilators. Manufacturers Forged Ahead Anyway|website=NPR.org}}</ref> In the meantime, Philips had been selling a commercial version, the Trilogy Evo, at much higher prices,<ref name="propublica-vent" /> leaving only 12,700 in the [[Strategic National Stockpile]] as of March 15.<ref name="nyt-vent" /> Compared to the small amount of money spent on recommended supplies for a pandemic, billions of dollars had been spent by the Strategic National Stockpile to create and store a vaccine for [[anthrax]], and enough [[smallpox]] inoculations for the entire country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/coronavirus-strategic-national-stockpile-was-ready-but-not-for-this-135266|title=Coronavirus: Strategic National Stockpile was ready, but not for this|first=Andrew|last=Lakoff|website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]}}</ref> === Potential response strategies === In 2016, the NSC laid out pandemic strategies and recommendations including moving swiftly to fully detect potential outbreaks, securing supplemental funding, considering invoking the [[Defense Production Act of 1950|Defense Production Act]], and ensuring sufficient protective equipment available for healthcare workers. The Trump administration was briefed on it in 2017, but declined to make it official policy.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Dan |last1=Diamond |first2=Nahal |last2=Toosi |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/25/trump-coronavirus-national-security-council-149285 |title=Trump team failed to follow NSC's pandemic playbook; The 69-page document, finished in 2016, provided a step by step list of priorities—which were then ignored by the administration. |date=March 25, 2020 |website=[[Politico]] }}</ref> == Responses == === Medical response === ==== Attempts to assist China and Iran ==== On January 6, a week after the U.S. was informed about the outbreak in China, both the [[Health and Human Services]] department and the CDC offered to send a team of U.S. health experts to China multiple times but were ignored.<ref name="FoxNews"/><ref name=TheHill>{{cite news |url=https://thehill.com/changing-america/well-being/prevention-cures/480314-us-looks-to-send-health-experts-to-china-amid |title=Trump offers to send health experts to China to help with coronavirus outbreak |work=The Hill |date=January 28, 2020 }}</ref> For all of January, China reported shortages of test equipment and hospital facilities in Wuhan.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-testing-insight/confusion-and-lost-time-how-testing-woes-slowed-chinas-coronavirus-response-idUSKBN1ZQ21K |title=Confusion and lost time: how testing woes slowed China's coronavirus response |work=Reuters |date=January 27, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3047603/wuhan-coronavirus-hospitals-turning-people-doctors-say-home-best |title=China coronavirus: hospitals turning people away as doctors say 'home is best' in many cases |work=South China Morning Post |date=January 24, 2020 }}</ref> Nonetheless, according to CDC Director Dr. [[Robert Redfield]], the director of the CDC, the Chinese government refused to let them in, which contributed to the U.S. getting a late start in identifying the danger of their outbreak and containing it before it reached other countries.<ref name=Redfield/> U.S. Health Secretary [[Alex Azar]] said China did notify the world much sooner than it had after their [[SARS outbreak]] in 2003, but it was unexplainably turning away CDC help for this new one.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/sars/about/fs-sars.html |title=CDC's response to SARS during the 2003 outbreak|work=CDC.gov }}</ref><ref name="nytimes1"/> On January 28, the CDC updated its China travel recommendations to level 3, its highest alert.<ref name="FoxNews"/> Alex Azar submitted names of U.S. experts to the WHO and said the U.S. would provide $105{{nbsp}}million in funding, adding that he had requested another $136{{nbsp}}million from Congress.<ref name=Reuters-2>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-usa/u-s-announces-aid-for-china-other-countries-impacted-by-coronavirus-idUSKBN2012FH |title=U.S. announces aid for China, other countries impacted by coronavirus |work=Reuters |date=February 7, 2020 }}</ref><ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/07/health/cdc-coronavirus-china.html |title=C.D.C. and W.H.O. Offers to Help China Have Been Ignored for Weeks |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 7, 2020 }}</ref> On February 8, the WHO's director-general announced that a team of international experts had been assembled to travel to China and he hoped officials from the CDC would also be part of that mission.<ref name=NPR-China>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/02/08/804130735/whos-tedros-china-has-agreed-to-allow-international-team-probe-coronavirus |author=Bobby Allyn |title=China's Coronavirus Death Toll Surpasses SARS Pandemic |publisher=NPR |date=February 8, 2020 |accessdate=August 12, 2020}}</ref><ref name="nytimes1"/> The WHO team consisted of 13 international researchers, including two Americans, and toured five cities in China with 12 local scientists to study the epidemic from February 16–23.<ref>{{cite web | first=Jon | last=Cohen | work=[[Science (journal)|Science]] | title=Quarantined at home now, U.S. scientist describes his visit to China's hot zone | url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/quarantined-scientist-reveals-what-it-s-be-china-s-hot-zone | date=March 6, 2020 | accessdate=May 5, 2020}}</ref> The final report was released on February 28.<ref>{{cite web | first1=Kai | last1=Kupferschmidt | first2=Jon | last2=Cohen | work=[[Science (journal)|Science]] | title=China's aggressive measures have slowed the coronavirus. They may not work in other countries | url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/china-s-aggressive-measures-have-slowed-coronavirus-they-may-not-work-other-countries | date=March 2, 2020 | accessdate=May 5, 2020}}</ref> In late January, a number of U.S. organizations began sending personal protective equipment to China. [[Boeing]] announced a donation of 250,000 medical masks to help address China's supply shortages,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://komonews.com/news/local/boeing-donating-250000-medical-masks-to-battle-coronavirus-in-china |title=Boeing donating 250,000 medical masks to battle coronavirus in China |work=[[KOMO-TV]] |date=January 29, 2020 }}</ref> while the [[United Church of Christ]] (UCC) and [[American Baptist Churches]] USA joined an ecumenical effort of American churches to provide much-needed medical supplies to China.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ucc.org/news_ucc_joins_ecumenical_effort_to_send_medical_supplies_to_china_to_combat_coronaviru_01282020 |title=UCC joins ecumenical effort to send medical supplies to China to combat coronavirus |work=United Church of Christ |date=January 28, 2020 |access-date=August 20, 2020 |archive-date=September 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911143151/https://www.ucc.org/news_ucc_joins_ecumenical_effort_to_send_medical_supplies_to_china_to_combat_coronaviru_01282020 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On February 7, The State Department said it had facilitated the transportation of nearly eighteen tons of medical supplies to China, including masks, gowns, gauze, respirators, and other vital materials.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.state.gov/the-united-states-announces-assistance-to-combat-the-novel-coronavirus/ |title=The United States Announces Assistance To Combat the Novel Coronavirus|work=U.S. Dept. of State |date=February 7, 2020 }}</ref> On the same day, U.S. Secretary of State Pompeo announced a $100&nbsp;million pledge to China and other countries to assist with their fights against the virus.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thehill.com/changing-america/well-being/prevention-cures/482096-us-pledges-100-million-to-help-fight-coronavirus |title=US pledges $100&nbsp;million to help fight coronavirus in China |last=Guzman |first=Joseph| name-list-format = vanc |date=February 7, 2020 |website=TheHill|access-date=April 11, 2020}}</ref> On March 21, China said it had not received epidemic funding from the U.S. government and said so again on April 3.<ref>{{cite news |title=COVID-19: China says it has received no U.S. aid |url=https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-04-03/COVID-19-China-says-it-has-received-no-U-S-aid-PoBg2L0kXS/index.html |access-date=April 13, 2020 |work=CGTN |date=April 3, 2020}}</ref> On February 28, the State Department offered to help Iran fight its own outbreak, as Iran's cases and deaths were dramatically increasing.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/coronavirus-iran-us-help-death-toll-higher |title=Coronavirus in Iran prompts US to extend olive branch amid claim country's death toll far higher than reported |publisher=Fox News |date=February 28, 2020 |accessdate=August 12, 2020 |author=Hollie McKay}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/how-iran-became-a-new-epicenter-of-the-coronavirus-outbreak |title=How Iran Became a New Epicenter of the Coronavirus Outbreak |publisher=The New Yorker |author=Robin Wright |date=February 28, 2020 |accessdate=August 12, 2020}}</ref> ==== Testing ==== {{See also|COVID-19 testing|Trump administration communication during the COVID-19 pandemic#Testing}} [[File:Colorado National Guard (49673441472).jpg|thumb|March 18: Colorado National Guard, [[Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment|CDPHE]], and [[San Miguel County, Colorado|San Miguel County]] personnel assist at a drive-up testing center in [[Telluride, Colorado]].]] [[File:Utah National Guard (49897808562).jpg|thumb|May 14: COVID-19 test conducted in [[Salt Lake City]], [[Utah]]]] [[File:West Virginia National Guard - 49744586872.jpg|thumb|April 5: Testing team in [[Charleston, West Virginia]] responds to a confirmed case in a [[nursing home]].]] Beyond identifying whether a person is currently infected, SARS-CoV-2 testing helps health professionals ascertain how bad the epidemic is and where it is worst.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.statnews.com/2020/03/13/coronavirus-testing-long-way-to-go |title=Coronavirus testing is starting to get better—but it has a long way to go |work=[[Statnews.com]] |date=March 13, 2020 }}</ref> However, the accuracy of national statistics on the number of cases and deaths from the outbreak depend on knowing how many people are being tested every day, and how the available tests are being allocated.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus-testing-source-data |title=Coronavirus Testing—Source Data |work=Our World of Data |date=March 20, 2020 }}</ref> While the WHO opted to use an approach developed by Germany to test for SARS-CoV-2, the United States developed its own testing approach. The German testing method was made public on January 13, and the American testing method was made public on January 28. The WHO did not offer any test kits to the U.S. because the U.S. normally had the supplies to produce their own tests.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Greenberg |first1=Jon |last2=Knight |first2=Victoria |title=Mostly False: Joe Biden stated on March 15, 2020, in a Democratic primary debate: "The World Health Organization offered the testing kits that they have available and to give it to us now. We refused them. We did not want to buy them." |url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2020/mar/16/joe-biden/biden-falsely-says-trump-administration-rejected-w/ |accessdate=March 24, 2020 |work=[[Politifact]] |date=March 16, 2020}}</ref> The United States had a slow start in widespread SARS-CoV-2 testing.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shear |first1=Michael |last2=Goodnough |first2=Abby |last3=Kaplan |first3=Sheila |last4=Fink |first4=Sheri |last5=Thomas |first5=Katie |last6=Weiland |first6=Noah |title=The Lost Month: How a Failure to Test Blinded the U.S. to Covid-19 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/28/us/testing-coronavirus-pandemic.html |accessdate=April 24, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 29, 2020 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20200330032228/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/28/us/testing-coronavirus-pandemic.html |archivedate=March 30, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Cohen |first1=Jon |title=The United States badly bungled coronavirus testing—but things may soon improve |url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/02/united-states-badly-bungled-coronavirus-testing-things-may-soon-improve |website=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |date=February 28, 2020 |accessdate=March 9, 2020}}</ref> From the start of the outbreak until early March 2020, the CDC gave restrictive guidelines on who should be eligible for COVID-19 testing. The initial criteria were (a) people who had recently traveled to certain countries, or (b) people with respiratory illness serious enough to require hospitalization, or (c) people who have been in contact with a person confirmed to have coronavirus.<ref name=WangMarch22/> In February, the U.S. CDC produced 160,000 SARS-CoV-2 tests, but soon it was discovered that many were defective and gave inaccurate readings.<ref name="WhoriskeyMarch16"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kenen |first1=Joanne |title=How testing failures allowed coronavirus to sweep the U.S. |url=http://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/06/coronavirus-testing-failure-123166 |accessdate=March 23, 2020 |work=Politico |date=March 8, 2020}}</ref> On February 19, the first U.S. patient with COVID-19 of unknown origin (a possible indication of [[community transmission]]) was hospitalized. The patient's test was delayed for four days because he had not qualified for a test under the initial federal testing criteria.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Abdalla |first1=Jihan |title=First US coronavirus case of unknown origin marks 'turning point' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/coronavirus-case-unknown-origin-marks-turning-point-200227154643100.html |accessdate=March 23, 2020 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |date=February 28, 2020}}</ref> By February 27, fewer than 4,000 tests had been conducted in the U.S.<ref name=WhoriskeyMarch16 /> Although academic laboratories and hospitals had developed their own tests, they were not allowed to use them until February 29, when the FDA issued approvals for them and private companies.<ref name="WhoriskeyMarch16" /><ref name=LeeMarch21>{{cite news |last1=Lee |first1=Timothy |title=America is finally testing for coronavirus in significant volumes |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2020/03/america-is-finally-testing-for-coronavirus-in-significant-volumes/ |accessdate=March 23, 2020 |work=[[Ars Technica]] |date=March 21, 2020}}</ref> From February 25, a group of researchers from the [[Seattle Flu Study]] defied federal and state officials to conduct their own tests, using samples already collected from flu study subjects who had not given permission for SARS-CoV-2 testing. They quickly found a teenager infected with SARS-CoV-2 of unknown origin, newly indicating that an outbreak had already been occurring in Washington for the past six weeks. State regulators stopped these researchers' testing on March 2, although the testing later resumed through the creation of the [[Seattle Coronavirus Assessment Network]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fink |first1=Sheri |last2=Baker |first2=Mike |title='It's Just Everywhere Already': How Delays in Testing Set Back the U.S. Coronavirus Response |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/10/us/coronavirus-testing-delays.html |accessdate=March 24, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 10, 2020 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20200319065701/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/10/us/coronavirus-testing-delays.html |archivedate=March 19, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Achenbach |first1=Joel |last2=Mettler |first2=Katie |last3=Sun |first3=Lena H. |last4=Guarino |first4=Ben |title=Coronavirus may have spread undetected for weeks in Washington state, which reported first two deaths in U.S. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/coronavirus-may-have-spread-undetected-for-weeks-in-washington-state/2020/03/01/0f292336-5bcc-11ea-9055-5fa12981bbbf_story.html |accessdate=April 5, 2020 |work=The Washington Post |date=March 1, 2020| archiveurl=https://archive.today/20200421025345/https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/coronavirus-may-have-spread-undetected-for-weeks-in-washington-state/2020/03/01/0f292336-5bcc-11ea-9055-5fa12981bbbf_story.html |archivedate= April 21, 2020}}</ref> On March{{nbsp}}5, the CDC relaxed the criteria to allow doctors discretion to decide who would be eligible for tests.<ref name=WangMarch22>{{cite news |last1=Wang |first1=Jessica |last2=Huth |first2=Lindsay |last3=Umlauf |first3=Taylor |last4=Wang |first4=Elbert |last5=McKay |first5=Betsy |title=How the CDC's Restrictive Testing Guidelines Hid the Coronavirus Epidemic |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-the-cdcs-restrictive-testing-guidelines-hid-the-coronavirus-epidemic-11584882001 |accessdate=March 23, 2020 |archivedate=March 22, 2020 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=March 22, 2020 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20200322161141/https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-the-cdcs-restrictive-testing-guidelines-hid-the-coronavirus-epidemic-11584882001}}</ref> Also on March 5, Vice President [[Mike Pence]], the leader of the coronavirus response team, acknowledged that "we don't have enough tests" to meet the predicted future demand; this announcement came only three days after [[FDA]] commissioner [[Stephen Hahn (oncologist)|Stephen Hahn]] committed to producing nearly a million tests by that week.<ref>{{cite news |title=Coronavirus: White House concedes US lacks enough test kits |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-51761435 |accessdate=March 23, 2020 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=March 6, 2020}}</ref> Senator [[Chris Murphy]] of Connecticut and Representative [[Stephen F. Lynch|Stephen Lynch]] of Massachusetts both noted that as of March{{nbsp}}8 their states had not yet received the new test kits.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |last1=transcript |title=Transcript: Chris Murphy on "Face the Nation", March 8, 2020 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/transcript-chris-murphy-on-face-the-nation-march-8-2020/ |website=Face the Nation |accessdate=March 9, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Cathey |first1=Libby |title=Government coronavirus response: Trump prepared to use the 'full power' of government |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/government-coronavirus-response-updates-fauci-warns-congress-worse/story?id=69532695 |website=ABC News |accessdate=March 12, 2020}}</ref> By March 11, the U.S had tested fewer than 10,000 people.<ref name=worried>{{cite news |title=Coronavirus: Should Americans be worried? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-51649897 |accessdate=April 18, 2020 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=March 12, 2020}}</ref> Doctor [[Anthony Fauci]], head of the [[National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases]], acknowledged on March 12 it was "a failing" of the U.S. system that the demand for SARS-CoV-2 tests was not being met;<ref name="Burton_WSJ">{{cite news |last1=Burton |first1=Thomas M. |last2=Armour |first2=Stephanie |last3=Wise |first3=Lindsay |date=March 12, 2020 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-virus-testing-system-is-failing-fauci-tells-congress-11584042312 |title=U.S. Virus Testing System Is Failing, Fauci Tells Congress |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |accessdate=April 19, 2020 }}</ref> Fauci later clarified that he believed the private sector should have been brought in sooner to address the shortfall.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kessler |first1=Glenn |title=What did Dr. Anthony Fauci say about coronavirus testing 'failing'? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/03/18/what-did-dr-fauci-say-about-coronavirus-testing-failing/ |accessdate=March 18, 2020 |work=The Washington Post |date=March 18, 2020}}</ref> By mid-March, the U.S. had tested 125 people per million of their population, which was lower than several other countries.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McCarthy |first1=Niall |title=U.S. Lags Behind Other Countries in Coronavirus Testing |url=https://www.statista.com/chart/21108/covid-19-tests-performed-per-million-of-the-population/ |accessdate=March 25, 2020 |work=[[Statista]] |date=March 20, 2020}}</ref> The first COVID-19 cases in the U.S. and South Korea were identified at around the same time.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McCann |first1=Larry |last2=Lai |first2=Rebecca |last3=McCann |first3=Allison |title=U.S. Lags in Coronavirus Testing |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/03/17/us/coronavirus-testing-data.html |accessdate=March 25, 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=March 17, 2020}}</ref> Critics say the U.S. government has botched the approval and distribution of test kits, losing crucial time during the early weeks of the outbreak, with the result that the true number of cases in the United States was impossible to estimate with any reasonable accuracy.<ref name="theatlantic.com" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Pilkington|first=Ed|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/13/coronavirus-testing-us|title=Why has coronavirus testing in the US been such a disaster?|date=March 13, 2020|work=The Guardian|access-date=March 15, 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> By March 12, all fifty states were able to perform tests, with a doctor's approval, either from the CDC or local commercial lab.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/testing-in-us.html |title=Testing in the U.S. |work=CDC.gov |date=March 13, 2020 }}</ref> This was followed by the government announcing a series of measures intended to speed up testing. These measures included the appointment of Admiral [[Brett Giroir]] of the [[United States Public Health Service|U.S. Public Health Service]] to oversee testing, funding for two companies developing rapid tests, and a hotline to help labs find needed supplies.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/03/13/815363944/trump-administration-announces-measures-to-speed-coronavirus-testing |title=Trump Administration Announces Measures To Speed Coronavirus Testing |work=NPR |date=March 13, 2020 }}</ref> The FDA also gave emergency authorization for New York to obtain an automated coronavirus testing machine.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://nypost.com/2020/03/13/fda-issues-emergency-authorization-for-coronavirus-test/ |title=FDA authorizes coronavirus test that could drastically speed up screening |work=New York Post |date=March 13, 2020 }}</ref> In a March 13 press conference, the Trump administration announced a campaign to conduct tests in retail store parking lots across the country,<ref name="reuters1">{{cite news |accessdate=March 15, 2020 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-google/google-walmart-join-us-effort-to-speed-up-coronavirus-testing-idUSKBN21036R |title=Google, Walmart join U.S. effort to speed up coronavirus testing |agency=Reuters |location=New York, NY |date=March 13, 2020 |author=Sanders, Chris}}</ref> but this was not widely implemented.<ref name="MakApril13">{{cite news |last1=Mak |first1=Tim |last2=Pfeiffer |first2=Sacha |last3=Huo |first3=Jingnan |last4=Benincasa |first4=Robert |last5=Smith |first5=Graham |last6=Shapiro |first6=Joseph |last7=Anderson |first7=Meg |title=A Month After Emergency Declaration, Trump's Promises Largely Unfulfilled |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/04/13/832797592/a-month-after-emergency-declaration-trumps-promises-largely-unfulfilled |accessdate=April 19, 2020 |work=[[NPR]] |date=April 13, 2020}}</ref> On March 13, drive-through testing in the U.S. began in [[Westchester County, New York|New Rochelle]], [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester County]], as New Rochelle was the U.S. town with the most diagnosed cases at that time.<ref name="pbs1">{{cite news |accessdate=March 15, 2020 |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/new-york-launches-drive-thru-testing-site-for-covid-19 |title=New York launches drive-thru testing site for COVID-19 |publisher=PBS |location=New York, NY |date=March 14, 2020 |author=Booker, Christopher}}</ref> By March 22, drive-through testing had started in more than thirty states, although the [[Associated Press]] reported that "the system has been marked by inconsistencies, delays, and [[Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic|shortages]]," leading to many people waiting hours or days even though they showed symptoms and were recommended by a doctor to get a test. A lack of supplies had already forced the closure of drive-through testing in seven states.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=Michelle |title=Chaos, Inconsistency Mark Launch of Drive-Thru Virus Testing |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/business/articles/2020-03-22/chaos-inconsistency-mark-launch-of-drive-thru-virus-testing |accessdate=March 30, 2020 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=March 22, 2020}}</ref> By March 30, more than a million people had been tested,<ref name=CummingsMarch30>{{cite news |last1=Cummings |first1=William |last2=Hayes |first2=Christal |last3=Jackson |first3=David |title=Trump says more than 1 million Americans have been tested for coronavirus |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2020/03/30/coronavirus-response-mnuchin-trump/5086774002/ |accessdate=April 18, 2020 |work=[[USA Today]] |date=March 30, 2020}}</ref> but not all the people showing symptoms were being tested.<ref name="Stockman">{{cite news |first=Farah |last=Stockman |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/12/us/coronavirus-testing-challenges.html |title=Sick People Across the U.S. Say They Are Being Denied the Coronavirus Test |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 12, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first1=Sheila |last1=Kaplan |first2=Katie |last2=Thomas |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/06/health/coronavirus-testing-us.html |title=Despite Promises, Testing Delays Leave Americans 'Flying Blind' |newspaper=The New York Times |date=April 6, 2020 |accessdate=April 10, 2020 }}</ref><ref name="Burton_WSJ" /><ref name="Myer_Atlantic">{{cite news |last1=Myer |first1=Robinson |last2=Madrigal |first2=Alexis |date=April 16, 2020 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2020/04/us-coronavirus-outbreak-out-control-test-positivity-rate/610132/ |title=A New Statistic Reveals Why America's COVID-19 Numbers Are Flat |work=The Atlantic |accessdate=April 19, 2020 }}</ref> During the weeks of April{{nbsp}}6 and 13, the U.S. conducted about 150,000 tests per day, while experts recommended at least 500,000 per day prior to ending social distancing, with some recommending several times that level. Building up both testing and surveillance capacity are important to re-opening the economy; the purpose of social distancing is to buy time for such capacity-building.<ref name="Vox_Tests1">{{cite news |accessdate=April 19, 2020 |url=https://www.vox.com/2020/4/17/21224872/coronavirus-testing-trump-reopen-economy |title=Trump's plan to reopen America can't work without a massive surge in testing |work=vox.com |date=April 17, 2020 |author=Lopez, German}}</ref> ''The New York Times'' reported on April 26 that the U.S. still had yet to reach an adequate level of testing capacity needed to monitor and contain outbreaks. The capacity has been hampered by shortages of reagents, shortages of test kits components like nasal swabs, shortages of protective gear for health workers, limited laboratory workers and equipment, and the federal government's limited interventions to solve shortages, instead of leaving the issue to the free market, causing states and hospitals to compete with each other for supplies.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stolberg |first1=Sheryl |last2=Stockman |first2=Farah |last3=LaFraniere |first3=Sharon |title=Testing Remains Scarce as Governors Weigh Reopening States |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/25/us/politics/virus-testing-shortages-states-trump.html |accessdate=April 28, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=April 26, 2020 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20200427021827/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/25/us/politics/virus-testing-shortages-states-trump.html |archivedate=April 27, 2020}}</ref> By early May, the U.S. was testing around 240,000 to 260,000 people per day, but this was still an inadequate level to contain the outbreak.<ref name="GearanMay9">{{cite news |last1=Gearan |first1=Anne |last2=DeBonis |first2=Mike |last3=Dennis |first3=Brady |title=Trump plays down coronavirus testing as U.S. falls far short of level scientists say is needed |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-plays-down-coronavirus-testing-as-us-falls-far-short-of-level-scientists-say-is-needed/2020/05/08/d9241454-913f-11ea-a9c0-73b93422d691_story.html |accessdate=May 10, 2020 |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=May 9, 2020}}</ref><ref name=MeyerMay8>{{cite news |last1=Meyer |first1=Robinson |title=There's One Big Reason the U.S. Economy Can't Reopen |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2020/05/theres-only-one-way-out-of-this-mess/611431/ |accessdate=May 10, 2020 |work=[[The Atlantic]] |date=May 8, 2020}}</ref><ref name=SteinMay7>{{cite news |last1=Stein |first1=Rob |last2=Worth |first2=Carmel |last3=Hurt |first3=Alyson |title=U.S. Coronavirus Testing Still Falls Short. How's Your State Doing? |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/05/07/851610771/u-s-coronavirus-testing-still-falls-short-hows-your-state-doing |accessdate=May 10, 2020 |work=[[NPR]] |date=May 7, 2020}}</ref><ref name=McDonaldMay8>{{cite news |last1=McDonald |first1=Jessica |title=How Many COVID-19 Tests Are 'Needed' to Reopen? |url=https://www.factcheck.org/2020/05/how-many-covid-19-tests-are-needed-to-reopen/ |accessdate=May 10, 2020 |work=[[FactCheck.org]] |date=May 8, 2020}}</ref> By June 24, 13 of the 41 federally funded community-based testing sites originally established in March were set to lose federal funding. They will remain under state and local control. Trump administration testing czar Admiral Giroir described the original community-based testing program as "antiquated".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mangan|first=Dan|date=June 24, 2020|title=Coronavirus: Federal government will end funding for 13 community-based Covid-19 test sites, most in Texas|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/24/coronavirus-federal-government-to-end-funding-some-covid-19-test-sites.html|access-date=June 25, 2020|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref> By June 26, 2020, Dr. Fauci said the administration was considering [[COVID-19 testing#Pooled testing|pooled testing]] as a way to speed up testing.<ref name= pooledTesting>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/26/politics/anthony-fauci-testing-coronavirus-task-force/index.html |author1=Jim Acosta |author2=Sam Fossum |date=June 26, 2020 |accessdate=August 12, 2020 |title=Fauci says task force 'seriously considering' new testing strategy}}</ref> By August, the overall [[test positivity rate]] (ratio of positives to total) was close to seven percent—well above the WHO's threshold (five) for containment.<ref name=NYTAugustTesting/> ==== Contact tracing ==== {{further|COVID-19 apps}} [[Contact tracing]] is a tool to control transmission rates during the reopening process. Some states like Texas and Arizona opted to proceed with reopening without adequate contact tracing programs in place. Health experts have expressed concerns about training and hiring enough personnel to reduce transmission. Privacy concerns have prevented measures such as those imposed in South Korea where authorities used cellphone tracking and credit card details to locate and test thousands of nightclub patrons when new cases began emerging.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statnews.com/2020/05/29/contact-tracing-can-it-help-avoid-more-lockdowns/|title=Contact tracing may help avoid another lockdown. Can it work in the U.S.?|date=May 29, 2020}}</ref> Funding for contact tracing is thought to be insufficient, and even better-funded states have faced challenges getting in touch with contacts. Congress has allocated $631{{nbsp}}million for state and local health surveillance programs, but the [[Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security]] estimates that $3.6{{nbsp}}billion will be needed. The cost rises with the number of infections, and contact tracing is easier to implement when the infection count is lower. Health officials are also worried that low-income communities will fall further behind in contact tracing efforts which "may also be hobbled by long-standing distrust among minorities of public health officials".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/paloma/the-health-202/2020/06/15/the-health-202-u-s-isn-t-ready-for-the-contact-tracing-it-needs-to-stem-the-coronavirus/5ee6528b602ff12947e8c0d7/|title=Analysis &#124; The Health 202: U.S. isn't ready for the contact tracing it needs to stem the coronavirus|first=Paige Winfield|last=Cunningham|date=June 15, 2020|via=www.washingtonpost.com}}</ref> As of July 1, only four states are using [[COVID-19 apps|contact tracing apps]] as part of their state-level strategies to control transmission. The apps document digital encounters between smartphones, so the users will automatically be notified if someone they had contact with has tested positive. Public health officials in California claim that most of the functionality could be duplicated by using text, chat, email and phone communications.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2020/07/01/coronavirus-users-weigh-benefits-of-growing-number-of-covid-19-contact-tracing-apps-with-data-privacy-concerns/ |title=New Contact Tracing Apps Need Access To Users' Private Data To Control Spread Of COVID-19 |date=July 1, 2020 |work=sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com |accessdate=July 7, 2020 }}</ref> ==== Drug therapy and vaccine development ==== {{further|COVID-19 vaccine|COVID-19 drug development|COVID-19 drug repurposing research}} {{See also|List of unproven methods against COVID-19}} [[File:President Trump at the National Institute of Health (49618032306).jpg|thumb|March 3: President [[Donald Trump]] and Doctor [[Anthony Fauci]] visit the [[Vaccine Research Center]] and the Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory at the [[National Institutes of Health]].]] There is currently no drug therapy or vaccine approved for treating COVID-19, nor is there any clear evidence that COVID-19 infection leads to immunity (although experts assume it does for some period).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Callaway |first1=Ewen |title=Coronavirus vaccines: five key questions as trials begin |journal=Nature |date=March 18, 2020 |volume=579 |issue=7800 |pages=481 |doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00798-8 |pmid=32203367 |bibcode=2020Natur.579..481C |doi-access=free }}</ref> As of late March 2020, more than a hundred drugs were in testing.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Herman |first1=Bob |title=Over 100 drugs are in testing in the race to treat coronavirus |url=https://www.axios.com/coronavirus-treatment-vaccine-research-pharma-drugs-55a28ea3-ee91-4f77-a093-44d450470b25.html |work=Axios |date=March 25, 2020 }}</ref> In early March, President Trump directed the FDA to test certain medications to discover if they had the potential to treat COVID-19 patients.<ref name="WSJ-drugs">{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-expected-to-detail-new-virus-therapies-but-expansion-could-be-controversial-11584629965 |title=U.S. Moves to Expand Array of Drug Therapies Deployed Against Coronavirus |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=March 19, 2020 }}</ref> Among those were [[chloroquine]] and [[hydroxychloroquine]], which have been successfully used to treat [[malaria]] for over fifty years. A small test in France had apparently given good results<ref>{{cite web |last1=Braun |first1=Elisa |title=In France, controversial doctor stirs coronavirus debate |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/30/in-france-controversial-doctor-stirs-coronavirus-debate-156889 |website=Politico |accessdate=April 24, 2020}}</ref> and they were being tested in a European Union-wide clinical trial.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/hydroxychloroquine-trial-gets-french-presidents-attention-460000-sign-petition-supporting-1497218|title=Hydroxychloroquine trial gets French president's attention as 460,000 sign petition supporting treatment|first=Daniel|last= Villarreal |date=April 10, 2020|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=April 19, 2020}}</ref> Some U.S. physicians, under the [[compassionate use]] and [[Emergency Use Authorization]] exceptions by the FDA, have prescribed them while trials and analysis are still ongoing.<ref name="WSJ-drugs" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pharmacytimes.com/news/fda-announces-two-drugs-approved-for-compassionate-use-in-treating-covid-19|title=FDA Announces Two Drugs Given 'Compassionate Use' Status in Treating COVID-19|last=Koppock|first=Kristen|date=March 13, 2020|work=Pharmacy Times|accessdate=April 25, 2020}}</ref><ref name="JustinWise">{{cite news |last1=Wise |first1=Justin |title=FDA issues emergency-use authorization for anti-malaria drugs amid coronavirus outbreak |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/490110-fda-issues-emergency-use-authorization-for-anti-malaria-drugs-amid |accessdate=March 30, 2020 |newspaper=The Hill |date=March 30, 2020}}</ref> In April 2020, the CDC began testing blood samples to determine if a person has been exposed to the virus, even without showing symptoms, which could provide information about immunity.<ref name=stat-1>{{cite web |url=https://www.statnews.com/2020/04/04/cdc-launches-studies-to-get-more-precise-count-of-undetected-covid-19-cases |title=CDC launches studies to get more precise count of undetected Covid-19 cases |website=[[Statnews.com]] |date=April 4, 2020 }}</ref> On July 1, 2020, the FDA updated its advice and cautioned against the use of hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 outside of a hospital or clinical trial due to heart risk, but maintained its approved use for malaria, lupus, and rheumatoid arthritis.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-cautions-against-use-hydroxychloroquine-or-chloroquine-covid-19-outside-hospital-setting-or|title=FDA cautions against use of hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine for COVID-19 outside of the hospital setting or a clinical trial due to risk of heart rhythm problems|first=Center for Drug Evaluation and|last=Research|date=June 26, 2020|journal=FDA|via=www.fda.gov}}</ref> In a study of 1446 patients hospitalized for COVID-19 published June 18, 2020, hydroxychloroquine was found to not have a significant beneficial or adverse effect.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Observational Study of Hydroxychloroquine in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19|first1=Joshua|last1=Geleris|first2=Yifei|last2=Sun|first3=Jonathan|last3=Platt|first4=Jason|last4=Zucker|first5=Matthew|last5=Baldwin|first6=George|last6=Hripcsak|first7=Angelena|last7=Labella|first8=Daniel K.|last8=Manson|first9=Christine|last9=Kubin|first10=R. Graham|last10=Barr|first11=Magdalena E.|last11=Sobieszczyk|first12=Neil W.|last12=Schluger|date=June 18, 2020|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=382|issue=25|pages=2411–2418|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2012410|pmid=32379955|pmc=7224609}}</ref> However, in a study of 2,541 patients admitted to hospitals for COVID-19, published July 1, 2020, the use of hydroxychloroquine with and without azithromycin resulted in a significant reduction of deaths.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.ijidonline.com/article/S1201-9712(20)30534-8/abstract|title=Treatment with Hydroxychloroquine, Azithromycin, and Combination in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19|first1=Samia|last1=Arshad|first2=Paul|last2=Kilgore|first3=Zohra S.|last3=Chaudhry|first4=Gordon|last4=Jacobsen|first5=Dee Dee|last5=Wang|first6=Kylie|last6=Huitsing|first7=Indira|last7=Brar|first8=George J.|last8=Alangaden|first9=Mayur S.|last9=Ramesh|first10=John E.|last10=McKinnon|first11=William|last11=O'Neill|first12=Marcus|last12=Zervos|first13=Varidhi|last13=Nauriyal|first14=Asif Abdul|last14=Hamed|first15=Owais|last15=Nadeem|first16=Jennifer|last16=Swiderek|first17=Amanda|last17=Godfrey|first18=Jeffrey|last18=Jennings|first19=Jayna|last19=Gardner-Gray|first20=Adam M.|last20=Ackerman|first21=Jonathan|last21=Lezotte|first22=Joseph|last22=Ruhala|first23=Raef|last23=Fadel|first24=Amit|last24=Vahia|first25=Smitha|last25=Gudipati|first26=Tommy|last26=Parraga|first27=Anita|last27=Shallal|first28=Gina|last28=Maki|first29=Zain|last29=Tariq|first30=Geehan|last30=Suleyman|first31=Nicholas|last31=Yared|first32=Erica|last32=Herc|first33=Johnathan|last33=Williams|first34=Odaliz Abreu|last34=Lanfranco|first35=Pallavi|last35=Bhargava|first36=Katherine|last36=Reyes|first37=Anne|last37=Chen|s2cid=220282688|date=July 1, 2020|journal=International Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=0|pages=396–403|via=www.ijidonline.com|doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.099|pmid=32623082|pmc=7330574}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/hydroxychloroquine-helped-save-coronavirus-study|title=Hydroxychloroquine helped save coronavirus patients, study shows; Trump campaign hails 'fantastic news'|first=Gregg|last=Re|date=July 3, 2020|website=Fox News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/02/health/hydroxychloroquine-coronavirus-detroit-study/index.html|title=Study finds hydroxychloroquine may have boosted survival, but other researchers have doubts|first1=Maggie |last1=Fox |first2=Andrea |last2=Kane |first3=Elizabeth |last3=Cohen|website=CNN}}</ref> There is no vaccine for coronavirus {{as of|July 2020|lc=y}}, however, research is ongoing in a number of countries to create one.<ref name=May-vaccine>{{cite web |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-vaccine/art-20484859 |title=COVID-19 (coronavirus) vaccine: Get the facts |work=[[Mayo Clinic]] |date=April 22, 2020 }}</ref> More than 70 companies and research teams are working on a vaccine, with five or six operating primarily in the U.S.<ref name=WSJ-vaccine>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/america-needs-to-win-the-coronavirus-vaccine-race-11587924258 |title=America Needs to Win the Coronavirus Vaccine Race |first=Scott |last=Gottlieb |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=April 26, 2020 }}</ref> Contributing funds to the research is [[Bill Gates]], whose [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation|foundation]] is focusing entirely on the pandemic, and he anticipates a vaccine could be ready by April 2021.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-26/billionaire-gates-s-foundation-to-focus-solely-on-virus-ft-says |title=Bill Gates's Coronavirus Vaccine Could Be Ready in 12 Months |work=Bloomberg News |date=April 26, 2020 }}</ref> In preparation for large-scale production, Congress set aside more than $3.5{{nbsp}}billion for this purpose as part of the [[Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act|CARES Act.]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sbc.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/guide-to-the-cares-act |accessdate=15 August 2020 |title=Guide to the Cares Act |work=[[United States Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship]] }}</ref><ref name=WSJ-vaccine/> Among the labs working on a vaccine is the [[Walter Reed Army Institute of Research]], which has previously studied other infectious diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, Ebola, and MERS. By March 18, tests had begun with dozens of volunteers in Seattle, Washington, which was sponsored by the U.S. government. Similar safety trials of other coronavirus vaccines will begin soon in the U.S.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/walter-reed-researchers-join-global-search-coronavirus-vaccine-n1165806 |title=Walter Reed researchers join global search for coronavirus vaccine |work=NBC News |date=March 21, 2020 }}</ref> This search for a vaccine has taken on aspects of national security and global competition.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/19/us/politics/coronavirus-vaccine-competition.html |title=Search for Coronavirus Vaccine Becomes a Global Competition |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 19, 2020 |first1=David E. |last1=Sanger |first2=David D. |last2=Kirkpatrick |first3=Sui-Lee |last3=Wee |first4=Katrin |last4=Bennhold |accessdate=August 15, 2020 }}</ref> On August 5, 2020, the United States agreed to pay [[Johnson and Johnson]] more than $1{{nbsp}}billion to create 100{{nbsp}}million doses of [[COVID-19 vaccine]]. The deal gave the US an option to order an additional 200 million doses. The doses were supposed to be provided for free to Americans if they are used in a COVID-19 vaccination campaign.<ref>{{cite_web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/08/05/jj-reaches-deal-with-us-for-100-million-doses-of-coronavirus-vaccine-at-more-than-1-billion.html|title=Johnson & Johnson reaches deal with U.S. for 100 million doses of coronavirus vaccine at more than $1 billion|accessdate=August 5, 2020|website=CNBC}}</ref> ==== Medical supplies ==== {{See also|Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic}} [[File:NNU Protest UCLA Medical Center (crop).png|thumb|April 13: Protest by [[National Nurses United]] over lack of [[personal protective equipment]] at [[Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center|UCLA Medical Center]]]] The first known case of COVID-19 in the U.S. was confirmed by the CDC on January 21, 2020.<ref name=CNN20200329 /> The next day, the owner of the medical supply company [[Prestige Ameritech]] wrote to HHS officials to say he could produce millions of N95 masks per month, but the government was not interested. In a follow-up letter on January 23, the business owner informed the government that "We are the last major domestic mask company," without success.<ref>{{Cite web|title=In the early days of the pandemic, the U.S. government turned down an offer to manufacture millions of N95 masks in America|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/in-the-early-days-of-the-pandemic-the-us-government-turned-down-an-offer-to-manufacture-millions-of-n95-masks-in-america/2020/05/09/f76a821e-908a-11ea-a9c0-73b93422d691_story.html|last=Davis|first=Aaron C.|date=May 9, 2020|website=Washington Post|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> Trump administration officials declined an offer for congressional coronavirus funding on February 5. The officials, including HHS Secretary Alex Azar, "didn't need emergency funding, that they would be able to handle it within existing appropriations," Senator [[Chris Murphy]] recalled.<ref>{{cite news |first=Suzanne |last=Smalley |url=https://news.yahoo.com/senator-says-white-house-turned-down-emergency-coronavirus-funding-in-early-february-003319950.html |title=Senator says White House turned down emergency coronavirus funding in early February |date=March 27, 2020 |website=news.yahoo.com }}</ref> On February{{nbsp}}7 [[Mike Pompeo]] announced the administration donated more than 35,000 pounds of "masks, gowns, gauze, respirators, and other vital materials" to China the same day the WHO warned about "the limited stock of PPE ([[personal protective equipment]])".<ref name="CNN20200329">{{cite news |first=Dean |last=Obeidallah |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/29/opinions/coronavirus-personal-protective-equipment-obeidallah |title=Trump administration sent protective medical gear to China while he minimized the virus threat to US |work=CNN |date=March 30, 2020 }}</ref> In early March, the country had about twelve million [[N95 masks]] and thirty million [[surgical mask]]s in the [[Strategic National Stockpile]] (SNS), but the DHS estimated the stockpile had only 1.2% of the roughly 3.5&nbsp;billion masks that would be needed if COVID-19 were to become a "full-blown" pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HHS clarifies US has about 1% of face masks needed for 'full-blown' coronavirus pandemic|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/04/hhs-clarifies-us-has-about-1percent-of-face-masks-needed-for-full-blown-pandemic.html|last=Lovelace Jr.|first=Berkeley|date=March 4, 2020|website=CNBC|language=en|access-date=May 14, 2020}}</ref> As of March, the SNS had more than 19,000 ventilators (16,660 immediately available and 2,425 in maintenance), all of which dated from previous administrations.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gore|first=D'Angelo|date=June 22, 2020|title=Trump Inherited More Ventilators Than Have Been Distributed|url=https://www.factcheck.org/2020/06/trump-inherited-more-ventilators-than-have-been-distributed/|access-date=June 25, 2020|website=FactCheck.org|language=en-US}}</ref> A previous 2015 CDC study found that seven billion N95 respirators might be necessary to handle a "severe respiratory outbreak".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Akpan |first1=Nsikan |title=U.S. has only a fraction of the medical supplies it needs to combat coronavirus.|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/03/us-america-has-fraction-medical-supplies-it-needs-to-combat-coronavirus/? |accessdate=March 24, 2020 |work=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] |date=March 3, 2020}}</ref> Vessel manifests maintained by [[U.S. Customs and Border Protection]] showed a steady flow of the medical equipment needed to treat the coronavirus being shipped abroad as recently as March 17. Meanwhile [[FEMA]] said the agency "has not actively encouraged or discouraged U.S. companies from exporting overseas" and asked USAID to send back its reserves of protective gear for use in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/31/pence-task-force-coronavirus-aid-157806|title=Pence taskforce freezes coronavirus aid amid backlash|website=Politico}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://theintercept.com/2020/04/01/coronavirus-medical-supplies-export |title=Key Medical Supplies Exported From U.S. to Foreign Buyers |publisher=Theintercept.com |date=April 1, 2020 |accessdate=April 7, 2020}}</ref> President Trump evoked the Defense Production Act to prohibit some medical exports.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://time.com/5815155/3m-face-masks-trump/|title=3M Says White House's Request to Stop Exporting Masks Would Reduce U.S. Supplies|website=Time|language=en|access-date=April 19, 2020|archive-date=April 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418205904/https://time.com/5815155/3m-face-masks-trump/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Some analysts warned that export restrictions could cause retaliation from countries that have medical supplies the United States needs to import.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/04/08/828789521/borders-didnt-stop-the-pandemic-but-they-might-block-the-trade-of-medical-goods|title=Borders Didn't Stop The Pandemic. But They Might Block The Trade Of Medical Goods|website=NPR.org}}</ref> [[File:President Trump in Michigan (49922546878).jpg|thumb|May 21: President Trump traveled to the [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] Rawsonville Components Plant in [[Ypsilanti, Michigan]] to tour the factory where they have been producing ventilators.]] Some states had immediate needs for ventilators; hospitals in New York City, for example, ran out.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=James |title=Elon Musk Can't Solve This |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/03/car-manufacturers-alone-cant-solve-the-ventilator-crisis.html |accessdate=March 25, 2020 |work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |date=March 21, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Allen |first1=Jonathan |title=Trump's war between the states creates eBay-like fight for aid |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/trump-s-war-between-states-creates-ebay-fight-aid-n1173116 |accessdate=April 25, 2020 |work=[[NBC News]] |date=April 1, 2020}}</ref> By the end of March, states were in a bidding war against each other and the federal government for scarce medical supplies such as N95 masks, surgical masks, and ventilators.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Forgey |first1=Quint |last2=Choi |first2=Matthew |title=Trump downplays need for ventilators as New York begs to differ |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/26/trump-ventilators-coronavirus-151311 |accessdate=March 30, 2020 |work=Politico |date=March 27, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2020/04/coronavirus-crisis-ventilator-shortages-have-not-come-to-pass/|title=The Ventilator Shortage That Wasn't|date=April 17, 2020|website=National Review|language=en-US|access-date=April 19, 2020}}</ref><ref name="BieseckerApril7" /> Meanwhile, as States scrambled to purchase supplies at inflated prices from third party distributors (some of which later turned out to be defective), hundreds of tons of medical-grade face masks were shipped by [[air freight]] to foreign buyers in China and other countries.<ref name=n95>{{cite news |last=Fang |first=Lee |title=The Airline Industry Blocked Disclosure of Trade Data, Helping Conceal the Airlift of N95 masks from the US to China |date=June 29, 2020 |work=The Intercept}}</ref> In February, the [[Department of Commerce]] published a guidance advising U.S. firms on compliance with Beijing's fast-track process for the sale of "critical medical products", which required the masks shipped overseas meet U.S. regulatory standards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/context/commerce-s-covid-service-flyer/7e7f5bec-fb82-4516-a858-89b3ae658eaf/|title=Commerce's COVID Service Flyer|website=Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=U.S. sent millions of face masks to China early this year, ignoring pandemic warning signs |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/us-sent-millions-of-face-masks-to-china-early-this-year-ignoring-pandemic-warning-signs/2020/04/18/aaccf54a-7ff5-11ea-8013-1b6da0e4a2b7_story.html |date=April 18, 2020 |work=The Washington Post}}</ref> According to Chinese customs disclosures, over 600 tons of face masks were shipped to China in February. [[Rick Bright]], a federal immunologist and [[whistleblower]] testified in May that the federal government had not taken proper action to acquire the needed supplies.<ref name=n95/> Medical organizations such as the [[American Medical Association]] and [[American Nurses Association]] implored Trump to obtain medical supplies, because they were "urgently needed".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Naughton |first1=Hailey |last2=Naughton |first2=Keith |title=Trump Baffles Ford, GM Over Ventilators They're Willing to Make |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-22/trump-says-they-can-make-ventilators-automakers-aren-t-so-sure |accessdate=April 24, 2020 |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=March 22, 2020 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20200323135559/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-22/trump-says-they-can-make-ventilators-automakers-aren-t-so-sure |archivedate=March 23, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date = March 31, 2020 |title = Why stronger federal leadership is needed to buy, distribute PPE|website = American Medical Association|url = https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/public-health/why-stronger-federal-leadership-needed-buy-distribute-ppe|accessdate = July 31, 2020}}</ref> That led President Trump to sign an order setting motion parts of the [[Defense Production Act]], first used during the [[Korean War]], to allow the federal government a wide range of powers, including telling industries on what to produce, allocating supplies, giving incentives to industries, and allowing companies to cooperate.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vazquez |first1=Maegan |title=Trump invokes Defense Production Act to expand production of hospital masks and more |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/18/politics/trump-defense-production-act-coronavirus/index.html |accessdate=March 25, 2020 |publisher=CNN |date=March 18, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rizzo |first1=Salvador |title=Is Trump using the Defense Production Act? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/03/25/is-trump-using-defense-production-act/ |accessdate=March 25, 2020 |work=The Washington Post |date=March 25, 2020}}</ref> Trump then ordered auto manufacturer [[General Motors]] to make ventilators.<ref name=WatsonMarch27>{{cite news |last1=Watson |first1=Kathryn |title=Trump invokes Defense Production Act to require GM to produce ventilators |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-invokes-defense-production-act-to-require-gm-to-produce-ventilators-2020-03-27/ |accessdate=April 24, 2020 |work=[[CBS News]] |date=March 27, 2020}}</ref> During this period, hospitals in the U.S. and other countries were reporting shortages of test kits, test swabs, masks, gowns and gloves, referred to as PPE.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Diamond |first1=Dan |title=Short-term thinking plagues Trump's coronavirus response |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/21/short-term-thinking-trump-coronavirus-response-140883 |accessdate=March 25, 2020 |work=Politico |date=March 21, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Adamczyk |first1=Ed |title=U.S. mayors say they're running out of supplies to fight coronavirus |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2020/03/27/US-mayors-say-theyre-running-out-of-supplies-to-fight-coronavirus/2751585333088/ |accessdate=March 30, 2020 |agency=[[United Press International]] |date=March 27, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mccammon |first1=Sarah |title=Hospitals Reject Trump's Claim They Are 'Really Thrilled' With Supplies |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/04/05/827671323/hospitals-reject-trumps-claim-they-are-really-thrilled-with-supplies |website=NPR |accessdate=April 7, 2020}}</ref> The [[Office of Inspector General, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] released a report regarding their March 23–27 survey of 323 hospitals. The hospitals reported "severe shortages of testing supplies", "frequently waiting 7{{nbsp}}days or longer for test results", which extended the length of patient stays, and as a result, "strained bed availability, personal protective equipment (PPE) supplies, and staffing". The hospitals also reported, "widespread shortages of PPE" and "changing and sometimes inconsistent guidance from federal, state and local authorities".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Grimm |first1=Christi |title=Hospital Experiences Responding to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results of a National Pulse Survey March 23–27, 2020 |url=https://oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/oei-06-20-00300.pdf |accessdate=April 18, 2020 |publisher=[[Office of Inspector General, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]]}}</ref> At a press briefing following the release of the report President Trump called the report "wrong" and questioned the motives of the author. Later he called the report "another fake dossier".<ref name=RobertsonApril7/> In early April, there was a widespread shortage of PPE, including masks, gloves, gowns, and sanitizing products.<ref>{{cite news| last=Balmes| first=John R.| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/mask-shortages-are-outrageous-the-federal-government-needs-to-do-better/2020/04/02/58301064-7399-11ea-87da-77a8136c1a6d_story.html|title=Mask shortages are outrageous. The federal government needs to do better.| work=The Washington Post| date=April 2, 2020| access-date=April 4, 2020}}</ref> The difficulties in acquiring PPE for local hospitals led to orders for gowns and other safety items being confiscated by FEMA and diverted to other locations, which meant that in some cases states had to compete for the same PPE.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Levey |first1=Noam |title=Hospitals say feds are seizing masks and other coronavirus supplies without a word |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2020-04-07/hospitals-washington-seize-coronavirus-supplies |accessdate=April 27, 2020 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=April 7, 2020 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20200412043814/https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2020-04-07/hospitals-washington-seize-coronavirus-supplies |archivedate=April 12, 2020}}</ref> The shortages led in one instance of a governor asking the [[New England Patriots]] of the [[NFL]] to use their private plane to fly approximately 1.2&nbsp;million masks from China to [[COVID-19 pandemic in Boston|Boston]].<ref name="WWLP-NE-Patriots">{{cite news |last=Asiamah |first=Nancy |date=April 3, 2020 |title=3 million masks ordered by Massachusetts were seized at Port of NY in March |url=https://www.wwlp.com/news/massachusetts/3-million-masks-ordered-by-massachusetts-seized-at-port-of-ny-in-march/ |url-status=live |work=WWLP 22 News |location=Boston, Massachusetts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412104110/https://www.wwlp.com/news/massachusetts/3-million-masks-ordered-by-massachusetts-seized-at-port-of-ny-in-march/ |archive-date=April 12, 2020 |access-date=April 27, 2020}}</ref> At that time, [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs|Veterans Affairs]] (VA) employees said nurses were having to use surgical masks and face shields instead of more protective N95 masks.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rein |first1=Lisa |title=VA health chief acknowledges a shortage of protective gear for its hospital workers |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/va-health-chief-acknowledges-a-shortage-of-protective-gear-for-its-hospital-workers/2020/04/24/4c1bcd5e-84bf-11ea-ae26-989cfce1c7c7_story.html |accessdate=April 27, 2020 |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=April 25, 2020 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20200425191929/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/va-health-chief-acknowledges-a-shortage-of-protective-gear-for-its-hospital-workers/2020/04/24/4c1bcd5e-84bf-11ea-ae26-989cfce1c7c7_story.html |archivedate=April 25, 2020}}</ref> An unexpectedly high percentage of COVID-19 patients in the ICU required [[dialysis]] as a result of [[kidney failure]], about 20%.<ref name="politico">{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/04/15/dialysis-kidney-coronavirus-188840|title=U.S. races to stock up on dialysis supplies as kidney failure ravages virus patients|website=POLITICO}}</ref> In mid-April, employees at some hospitals in New York City reported not having enough [[dialysis machine]]s, were running low on fluids to operate the machines, and reported a shortage of dialysis nurses as many were out sick with COVID-19 due to lack of sufficient PPE.<ref name="politico" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/18/health/kidney-dialysis-coronavirus.html|title=An Overlooked, Possibly Fatal Coronavirus Crisis: A Dire Need for Kidney Dialysis|first1=Reed|last1=Abelson|first2=Sheri|last2=Fink|first3=Nicholas|last3=Kulish|first4=Katie|last4=Thomas|date=April 18, 2020|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/04/19/837727691/doctors-at-hard-hit-hospitals-say-theyre-facing-shortage-of-dialysis-equipment|title=Doctors at Hard-Hit Hospitals Say They're Facing Shortage Of Dialysis Equipment|website=NPR.org}}</ref> ==== Exceeding hospital capacity ==== Uncontrolled [[community spread]] led some medical facilities to refuse new patients or start transferring patients out. In March and April, this happened in the [[Detroit, Michigan]] area<ref>[https://www.fox2detroit.com/news/henry-ford-health-reaches-capacity-at-2-hospitals-for-covid-19-patients Henry Ford Health reaches capacity at 2{{nbsp}}hospitals for COVID-19 patients]</ref> and [[COVID-19 pandemic in New York City|New York City]] area;<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/21/nyregion/coronavirus-hospital-usta-queens.html This Hospital Cost $52{{nbsp}}Million. It Treated 79 Virus Patients.]</ref> [[Yakima, Washington]] in June;<ref>[https://www.npr.org/2020/07/28/896088067/as-coronavirus-cases-surge-npr-examines-hospital-capacity As Coronavirus Cases Surge, NPR Examines Hospital Capacity]</ref> and in July it happened in [[Houston]],<ref>[https://www.texastribune.org/2020/07/10/houston-coronavirus-emergency-rooms/ Houston hospitals are increasingly turning away new patients as coronavirus overwhelms emergency rooms]</ref> the [[Boise, Idaho]] area,<ref>[https://www.npr.org/2020/07/22/894343578/idaho-is-among-the-most-likely-to-see-hospitals-reach-their-capacity In Idaho, One Of The Last States Hit By The Coronavirus, Cases Are Now Surging]</ref> [[Lake Charles, Louisiana|Lake Charles]] and [[Lafayette, Louisiana]],<ref>[https://www.npr.org/2020/07/27/895651311/coronavirus-pushes-some-hospitals-to-the-brink Coronavirus Pushes Some Hospitals In Southern Louisiana To The Brink]</ref> and at dozens of hospitals across Florida.<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/coronavirus-pandemic-07-29-20-intl/h_15aad8fa4b8ae02fc0ca3e7a7a4655a4 At least 54 hospitals have reached ICU capacity in Florida]</ref> By August, some hospitals in [[Mississippi]] were transferring patients out of state.<ref>[https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/08/03/898656250/mississippi-on-track-to-become-no-1-state-for-new-cases-of-coronavirus-per-capit Mississippi On Track To Become No.{{nbsp}}1 State For New Coronavirus Cases Per Capita]</ref> Arizona declared [[crisis standards of care]] in July 2020, allowing hospitals to legally provide treatment normally considered substandard to some patients in order to save others.<ref>[https://kvoa.com/news/2020/07/01/arizona-under-crisis-standards-of-care-triage-protocols-in-place/ Arizona under 'Crisis Standards of Care'; triage protocols in place]</ref> ==== Measuring case and mortality rates ==== [[File:COVID19 deceased in Hackensack NJ April 27.jpg|thumb|Deceased in a 53-foot "mobile morgue" outside a hospital in [[Hackensack, New Jersey]] on April 27, 2020]] By March 26, the United States, with the world's third-largest population, surpassed China and Italy as the country with the highest number of confirmed cases in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|author1=Nicole Chavez |author2=Holly Yan |author3=Madeline Holcombe|title=US has more known cases of coronavirus than any other country|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/26/health/coronavirus-thousand-deaths-thursday/index.html|access-date=June 14, 2020|website=CNN}}</ref> By April 25, the U.S. had over 905,000 confirmed coronavirus cases and nearly 52,000 deaths, giving it a mortality rate around 5.7 percent. (In comparison, Spain's mortality rate was 10.2 percent and Italy's was 13.5 percent.)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newsweek.com/us-has-lowest-coronavirus-mortality-rates-worldwide-highest-number-deaths-1499347 |title=U.S. Has One of the Lowest Coronavirus Mortality Rates Worldwide but Highest Number of Deaths |work=Newsweek |date=April 21, 2020 }}</ref><ref name=statista/> At that time, more than 10,000 American deaths had occurred in nursing homes. Most nursing homes did not have easy access to testing, making the actual number unknown.<ref>{{cite news |title=10,000 deaths: Ravaged nursing homes plead for more testing |url=https://www.thedenverchannel.com/news/national/coronavirus/10-000-deaths-ravaged-nursing-homes-plead-for-more-testing |website=KMGH |agency=Associated Press|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20200425170705/https://www.thedenverchannel.com/news/national/coronavirus/10-000-deaths-ravaged-nursing-homes-plead-for-more-testing |archivedate=April 25, 2020 |language=en |date=April 23, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Subsequently, a number of states including Maryland<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/coronavirus/bs-md-nursing-home-resources-20200428-47niuutoubeohovoa42wfyhw7y-story.html |title=Nursing homes account for more than half of Maryland's coronavirus deaths. Some want the state to do more. |newspaper=Baltimore Sun |date=April 28, 2020 }}</ref> and New Jersey<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nj.com/coronavirus/2020/04/coronavirus-deaths-in-nursing-homes-grow-as-nj-still-tries-to-sort-out-the-grim-toll-in-each-facility.html |title=Coronavirus deaths in nursing homes grow, as N.J. still tries to sort out the grim toll in each facility |work=[[NJ.com]] |date=April 27, 2020 }}</ref> reported their own estimates of deaths at nursing homes, ranging from 20 to 50 percent of the states' total deaths. Several [[Serology|serological]] antibody studies suggest both that the number of infections is far higher than officially reported, and that the true [[case fatality rate]] is far lower.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ioannidis|first=John|s2cid=218676078|date=July 14, 2020|title=The infection fatality rate of COVID-19 inferred from seroprevalence data|url=https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.20101253v3|journal=MedRxiv|language=en|pages=2020.05.13.20101253|doi=10.1101/2020.05.13.20101253}}</ref>{{medrs|date=August 2020}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Donnelly|first=Claire|title=Wake Forest COVID Study: Death Rate, Severity Of Symptoms Is Lower Than First Thought|url=https://www.wunc.org/post/wake-forest-covid-study-death-rate-severity-symptoms-lower-first-thought|access-date=August 1, 2020|website=www.wunc.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sheyner|first=Gennady|title=Los Angeles study backs Stanford researchers' conclusion about high prevalence of COVID-19|url=https://paloaltoonline.com/news/2020/04/21/los-angeles-study-backs-stanford-researchers-conclusion-about-high-prevalence-of-covid-19|access-date=August 1, 2020|website=paloaltoonline.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=April 24, 2020|title=Miami-Dade has tens of thousands of missed coronavirus infections, UM survey finds|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/coronavirus/article242260406.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Miami Herald}}</ref>{{medcn|date=August 2020}} In counting actual confirmed cases, some have questioned the reliability of totals reported by different countries. Measuring rates reported by countries such as China or Iran have been questioned as potentially inaccurate.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/15/heres-why-the-white-house-doesnt-trust-chinas-coronavirus-numbers.html |title=The White House doesn't trust China's coronavirus numbers—here's why |work=CNBC |date=February 15, 2020 }}</ref> In mid-April 2020, China revised its case totals much higher and its death toll up by 50% for Wuhan, partly as a result of a number of countries having questioned China's official numbers.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.livescience.com/wuhan-coronavirus-death-toll-revised.html |title=China increases Wuhan's COVID-19 death toll by 50% |work=Live Science |date=April 17, 2020 }}</ref> Iran's rates have also been disputed, as when the WHO's reports about their case counts were contradicted by top Iranian health officials.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newsweek.com/who-coronavirus-cases-iran-flattening-iranian-health-official-half-million-infected-1496803 |title=WHO Says Coronavirus Cases in Iran are 'Flattening Off', Despite Iranian Health Official Claiming Half Million Infected |work=Newsweek |date=April 8, 2020 }}</ref> Within the U.S., there are also discrepancies in rates between different states. After a group of epidemiologists requested revisions in how the CDC counts cases and deaths, the CDC in mid-April updated its guidance for counting COVID-19 cases and deaths to include both confirmed and probable ones, although each state can still determine what to report.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.webmd.com/lung/news/20200417/how-accurate-are-coronavirus-death-counts |title=How Accurate Are Coronavirus Death Counts? |work=WebMD |date=April 17, 2020 }}</ref> Without accurate reporting of cases and deaths, however, epidemiologists have difficulty in guiding government response.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/17/who-says-china-revised-coronavirus-infection-data-to-leave-no-case-undocumented.html |title=WHO says China revised coronavirus infection data to 'leave no case undocumented' |work=CNBC |date=April 17, 2020 }}</ref> === Federal, state, and local governments === {{See|U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic|U.S. state and local government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic}} The [[federal government of the United States]] responded to the pandemic with various [[State of emergency#United States|declarations of emergency]], which resulted in travel and entry restrictions. They also imposed guidelines and recommendations regarding the [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education#United States|closure of schools]] and public meeting places, [[Curfews and lockdowns related to the COVID-19 pandemic|lockdowns]], and other restrictions intended to slow the progression of the virus, which state, territorial, tribal, and local governments have followed. Effective July 15, 2020, the default data centralization point for COVID-19 data in the U.S. is switching from the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] to [[Department of Health and Human Services]].<ref name= cdcToHhs >{{Cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/covid-19-faqs-hospitals-hospital-laboratory-acute-care-facility-data-reporting.pdf|title=HHS (March 2020) COVID-19 Guidance for Hospital Reporting and FAQs For Hospitals, Hospital Laboratory, and Acute Care Facility Data Reporting—Updated July 10, 2020}}</ref><ref name= dataGlitchesAfterSwitchover >{{cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/07/16/us-coronavirus-data-has-already-disappeared-after-trump-administration-shifted-control-from-cdc-to-hhs.html |first=Will |last=Feuer |date=16 July 2020 |title=Coronavirus data has already disappeared after Trump administration shifted control from CDC }}</ref><ref name= rockyStart >{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/covid-19-data-reporting-system-gets-off-to-rocky-start-11597178974 |first=Robbie |last=Whelan |date=11 August 2020 |title=Covid-19 Data Reporting System Gets Off to Rocky Start |quote=They pulled it away from CDC because it was updated three times a week, and now they update it once a week.{{nbsp}}... HHS's estimated patient impact and hospital-capacity statistics, for example, weren't updated between August{{nbsp}}3 and August 10.}}</ref> However, "hospitals may be relieved from reporting directly to the Federal Government if they receive a written release from the State stating the State will collect the data from the hospitals and take over Federal reporting."<ref name= cdcToHhs /> === Military === {{See also|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the military#United States|COVID-19 pandemic on naval ships#United States|Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq (2020)}} [[File:USNS Comfort in NYC, 1 April 2020.jpg|thumb|{{USNS|Comfort|T-AH-20|6}}, docked in Manhattan]] [[File:Food bank support (49743030266).jpg|thumb|The [[Georgia National Guard]] assisting the Atlanta Community Food Bank]] On February 3, an unclassified Army briefing document on the coronavirus projected that in an unlikely "[[Black swan theory|black swan]]" scenario, "between 80,000 and 150,000 could die." The black swan theory correctly stated that [[Asymptomatic carrier|asymptomatic]] people could "easily" [[Transmission (medicine)|transmit]] the virus, a belief that was presented as outside medical consensus at the time of the briefing. The briefing also stated that military forces could be tasked with providing logistics and medical support to civilians, including "provid[ing] PPE (N-95 Face Mask, Eye Protection, and Gloves) to evacuees, staff, and DoD personnel".<ref>{{cite web |author1=James LaPorta |author2=Spencer Ackerman |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/army-warned-in-early-february-that-coronavirus-could-kill-150000-americans |title=Army Warned in Early February That Coronavirus Could Kill 150,000 Americans |date=April 3, 2020 |publisher=[[The Daily Beast]] |accessdate=August 12, 2020}}</ref> In mid-March, the government began having the military add its health care capacity to impacted areas. The [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] (USACE), under the authority of [[Federal Emergency Management Agency]] (FEMA), leased private buildings nationwide. They included hotels, college dormitories, and larger open buildings, which were converted into temporary hospitals. The [[Jacob K. Javits Convention Center]] in New York City was quickly transformed into a 2,000-bed care facility on March 23, 2020.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-23/n-y-s-javits-center-to-add-2-000-beds-to-system-under-strain |title=N.Y.'s Javits Center to Add 2,000 Beds to System Under Strain |date=March 23, 2020 |work=Bloomberg L.P. |access-date=March 26, 2020 }}</ref>The [[United States Army|Army]] also set up [[field hospital]]s in various affected cities.<ref name= uamtf332,1/> Some of these facilities had [[Intensive care unit|ICU]]s for Covid patients, while others served non-coronavirus patients to allow established hospitals to concentrate on the pandemic.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/balajis/status/1242029099310133248|title=Ok. It's just one clip. But it's by far the most intelligent thing I've heard any government official say in the last few months. Further increases likelihood the military will take over COVID-19 response in the near future. |website=twitter.com/usarmy|first=Balaji S.|last=Srinivasan|date=March 23, 2020|accessdate=March 24, 2020}}{{Primary source inline|date=April 2020}}</ref><ref name= uamtf332,1 >{{cite web |url=https://www.army.mil/article/237328/verge_of_collapsing_soldiers_describe_initial_fight_against_covid_19 |first=Thomas |last=Brading |work=Army News Service |date=16 July 2020 |title='Verge of collapsing': Soldiers describe the initial fight against COVID-19 }}</ref> At the height of this effort, [[U.S. Northern Command]] had deployed 9000 military medical personnel.<ref name= uamtf332,1/> On March 18, in addition to the many popup hospitals nationwide, the [[United States Navy|Navy]] deployed two [[hospital ship]]s, {{USNS|Mercy|T-AH-19|6}} and {{USNS|Comfort|T-AH-20|6}}, which were planned to accept non-coronavirus patients transferred from land-based hospitals, so those hospitals could concentrate on virus cases.<ref name=ships>{{cite web|url=https://www.defense.gov/Explore/News/Article/Article/2116862/hospital-ships-other-dod-assets-prepare-for-coronavirus-response/|title=Hospital Ships, Other DOD Assets Prepare for Coronavirus Response|website=U.S. Department of Defense|access-date=March 19, 2020}}</ref> On March 29, citing reduction in on-shore medical capabilities and the closure of facilities at the [[Port of Miami]] to new patients, the U.S. Coast Guard required ships carrying more than fifty people to prepare to care for sick people onboard.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/04/01/825205607/coast-guard-tells-cruise-ships-with-covid-19-cases-to-stay-away-from-u-s-ports|title=Coast Guard Tells Cruise Ships With COVID-19 Cases To Stay Away From U.S. Ports|last=Chappell|first=Bill|date=April 1, 2020|website=NPR|language=en|access-date=April 5, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://homeport.uscg.mil/Lists/Content/Attachments/62863/MSIB%2020-001%20COVID-19%20Cruiseship%20Medical%20Capabilities_Signed.29Mar20.pdf |title=Marine Safety Information Bulletin 01-20 |date=March 29, 2020 }}</ref> On April 6, the Army announced that [[basic training]] would be postponed for new recruits. Recruits already in training would continue what the Army is calling "social-distanced-enabled training".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/04/06/828276307/u-s-army-delays-new-recruits-basic-training-due-to-coronavirus |title=U.S. Army Delays New Recruits' Basic Training Due To Coronavirus |date=April 6, 2020 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> However, the military, in general, remained ready for any contingency in a COVID-19 environment. By April 9, nearly 2,000 service members had confirmed cases of COVID-19.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.military.com/daily-news/2020/04/09/terrible-tragic-mistake-top-general-warns-enemies-not-test-us-military-readiness.html|title='Terrible, Tragic Mistake:' Top General Warns Enemies Not to Test US Military Readiness|work=Military.com|date=April 9, 2020|accessdate=April 12, 2020}}</ref> In April, the Army made plans to resume collective training.<ref name= planToResumeCollectiveTraining >{{cite web |url=https://www.army.mil/article/235160/army_finalizing_plan_to_resume_collective_training |title=Army finalizing plan to resume collective training |publisher=United States Army |first=Sean |last=Kimmons |date=April 30, 2020 |url-status=live |work=Army News Service |location=Washington |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626200816/https://www.army.mil/article/235160/army_finalizing_plan_to_resume_collective_training |archive-date=June 26, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2020 }}</ref> Social distancing of soldiers is in place during training, assemblies,<ref name= ftHuachucaAitVideo >{{cite web |url=https://vimeo.com/408177447 |work=U.S. Army Fort Huachuca |date=April 2020 |title=Fort Report Soldiers PCS During COVID-19 |quote=Permanent Change of Station (PCS) }}</ref> and transport between locations.<ref name= ftHuachucaAitArticle>{{cite web |url=https://www.army.mil/article/234747/soldier_graduates_to_their_new_duty_stations |first=Thom|last=Williams |date=20 April 2020 |title=Soldier graduates to their new duty stations |work=U.S. Army Intelligence Center of Excellence travel from Fort Huachuca, Arizona }}</ref> Temperatures of the soldiers are taken at identified intervals, and measures are taken to immediately remediate affected soldiers.<ref name= westPtGraduationPlanning >{{cite web |url=https://www.army.mil/article/234815/president_to_speak_at_west_point_graduation |first=Audricia |last=Harris |date=26 April 2020 |title=Statement from the Secretary of the Army on West Point graduation }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/24/us/politics/coronavirus-trump-west-point.html |first1=Eric |last1=Schmitt |first2=Annie |last2=Karni |date=24 April 2020 |title=Trump Speech to Bring 1,000 West Point Cadets Back to Campus |accessdate=June 13, 2020 |archive-date=April 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200424180546/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/24/us/politics/coronavirus-trump-west-point.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2020/04/30/army-defends-decision-to-have-west-point-graduation/ |first=Lolita C. |last=Baldor |agency=The Associated Press |date=30 April 2020 |title=Army defends decision to have West Point graduation |quote=1000 First Classmen divided into five cohorts, and quarantine physically separated before the graduation |access-date=August 20, 2020 |archive-date=May 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200503000856/https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2020/04/30/army-defends-decision-to-have-west-point-graduation/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref name= westPtGraduationPlanDetails >{{cite web |url=https://www.army.mil/article/235804/plans_in_place_to_safely_welcome_class_of_2020_back_to_west_point |first=Brandon |last=OConnor |date=20 May 2020 |title=Plans in place to safely welcome Class of 2020 back to West Point |accessdate=June 13, 2020 }}</ref> On June 26, 2020, the VA reported 20,509 cases of COVID-19 and 1,573 deaths among patients (plus more than two thousand cases and 38 deaths among its own employees).<ref>{{cite news |last=Shane |first=Leo |date=June 26, 2020 |title=Grim COVID-19 milestones for Veterans Affairs: 20,000 cases, 1,500 deaths in the last 100 days |url=https://www.militarytimes.com/news/pentagon-congress/2020/06/26/grim-coronavirus-milestones-for-veterans-affairs-20000-cases-1500-deaths-in-the-last-100-days/ |work=[[Sightline Media Group|Militarytimes.com]] |location= |access-date=July 3, 2020 }}</ref> As of July 2020, additional Reserve personnel are on 'prepare-to-deploy orders' to Texas and California.<ref name= uamtf332,1/> === Private sectors === Many [[janitor]]s and other cleaners throughout the United States have reported that they are afforded completely inadequate time and resources to clean and to disinfect for COVID-19. Many office cleaners reported that they are given insufficient time for cleaning and no training on how to disinfect COVID-19. Airlines often allot ten minutes to clean an entire airplane between arrival and departure, and cleaners are unable to disinfect even close to all the tray tables and bathrooms. Often, cleaners are not told where workers who test positive for COVID-19 are working; cleaning cloths and wipes are re-used, and disinfecting agents, such as bleach, are not provided. The [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration]] (OSHA), the federal agency that regulates workplace safety and health, investigates but a small fraction of COVID-19 complaints. Mary Kay Henry, president of [[Service Employees International Union]] (a [[trade union]] which represents 375,000 American custodians), explained that "reopenings happened across the country without much thoughtfulness for cleaning standards." She urges better government standards and a certification system.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The New York Times |date=July 17, 2020 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/17/us/coronavirus-janitors.html |title=No Bleach and Dirty Rags: How Some Janitors Are Asked to Keep You Virus Free |first=Jodi |last=Kantor}}</ref> === Public response === [[File:2020-03-06 — Coronavirus – Flyers at Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport wearing facemasks.jpg|thumb|Passengers wearing facemasks at [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport]]]] Polling showed a significant partisan divide regarding the outbreak.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2020/3/15/21180506/coronavirus-poll-democrats-republicans-trump|title=A new poll shows a startling partisan divide on the dangers of the coronavirus|first=Zeeshan|last=Aleem|date=March 15, 2020|website=Vox}}</ref> [[NPR]], [[PBS NewsHour]], and Marist found in their mid-March survey that 76% of Democrats viewed COVID-19 as "a real threat", while only 40% of Republicans agreed; the previous month's figures for Democrats and Republicans were 70% and 72%, respectively.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Allyn |first1=Bobby |last2=Sprunt |first2=Barbara |title=Poll: As Coronavirus Spreads, Fewer Americans See Pandemic As A Real Threat |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/03/17/816501871/poll-as-coronavirus-spreads-fewer-americans-see-pandemic-as-a-real-threat |accessdate=March 25, 2020 |publisher=NPR |date=March 17, 2020}}</ref> A mid-March poll conducted by NBC News and ''The Wall Street Journal'' found that 60% of Democrats were concerned someone in their family might contract the virus, while 40% of Republicans expressed concern. Nearly 80% of Democrats believed the worst was yet to come, whereas 40% of Republicans thought so. About 56% of Democrats believed their lives would change in a major way due to the outbreak, compared to 26% for Republicans.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/meet-the-press/sixty-percent-believe-worst-yet-come-u-s-coronavirus-pandemic-n1159106 |title=Sixty percent believe worst is yet to come for the U.S. in coronavirus pandemic; Public attitudes about the coronavirus response are split along partisan lines in a new NBC News/Wall Street Journal poll |publisher=NBC News |first=Mark |last=Murray |date=March 15, 2020}}</ref> A mid-March poll by the [[Kaiser Family Foundation]] found that 83% of Democrats had taken certain precautions against the virus, compared to 53% of Republicans. The poll found that President Trump was the least-trusted source of information about the outbreak, at 46% overall, after the news media (47%), state and local government officials (70%), WHO (77%), and CDC (85%). 88% of Republicans expressed trust in the President; 69% of Democrats expressed trust in the media.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://slate.com/business/2020/03/democrats-republicans-coronavirus-trump.html|title=Democrats Are Being Much, Much More Careful About the Coronavirus Than Republicans|first=Jordan|last=Weissmann|date=March 17, 2020|website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]}}</ref> A CNBC/Change Research Poll conducted in early May—in six states where the November election was expected to be close—found that 97% of Democrats but only 39% of Republicans were "seriously concerned" about the outbreak, and similarly that Democrats were far more likely to report taking health precautions.<ref>{{cite web|title=States of Play: Change Research/CNBC Poll on COVID-19|url=https://www.changeresearch.com/post/states-of-play-battleground-wave-4|date=May 6, 2020|website=Change Research|language=en|access-date=May 7, 2020}}</ref> The outbreak prompted calls for the United States to adopt social policies common in other wealthy countries, including [[universal health care]], [[universal child care]], [[paid sick leave]], and higher levels of funding for public health.<ref name="NYT Calls">{{cite news |last1=Miller |first1=Claire Cain |title=Could the Pandemic Wind Up Fixing What's Broken About Work in America? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/10/upshot/coronavirus-future-work-america.html |accessdate=May 3, 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=April 10, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Hill5">{{cite news |last1=Swanson |first1=Ian |title=Five ways the coronavirus could change American politics |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/495761-five-ways-the-coronavirus-could-change-american-politics |accessdate=May 3, 2020 |work=TheHill |date=May 2, 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ddn2P">{{cite web |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/03/13/opinion/americas-botched-response-coronavirus-is-problem-bigger-than-donald-trump/ |title=America's botched response to the coronavirus is a problem bigger than Donald Trump |website=[[Boston Globe]]}}</ref> [[File:OPEN our OHIO IMG 0144 (49790376873).jpg|thumb|An [[2020 United States anti-lockdown protests|anti-lockdown protester]] wearing a face mask at the [[Ohio Statehouse]] in April 2020<ref name="Columbus Dispatch">{{cite news |last1=Rouan |first1=Rick |title=Protesters at Statehouse demand state reopen as DeWine announces schools to remain closed |url=https://www.dispatch.com/news/20200420/protesters-at-statehouse-demand-state-reopen-as-dewine-announces-schools-to-remain-closed |accessdate=May 3, 2020 |work=[[The Columbus Dispatch]] |date=April 20, 2020 |language=en |archive-date=April 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425004821/https://www.dispatch.com/news/20200420/protesters-at-statehouse-demand-state-reopen-as-dewine-announces-schools-to-remain-closed |url-status=dead }}</ref>]] Political analysts anticipated it may negatively affect Trump's chances of re-election.<ref name="qsnbr">{{Cite news |last1=Haberman |first1=Maggie |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/12/us/politics/trump-vs-biden.html |title=Trump's Re-election Chances Suddenly Look Shakier |date=March 12, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=March 15, 2020 |last2=Martin |first2=Jonathan |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="AtlanticChances">{{cite news |last1=Lowrey |first1=Annie |title=The Economy Is Collapsing. So Are Trump's Reelection Chances. |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/04/most-important-number-trumps-re-election-chances/609376/ |accessdate=May 3, 2020 |work=The Atlantic |date=April 3, 2020}}</ref> In March 2020, when "social distancing" practices began, the governors of many states experienced sharp gains in approval ratings,<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Gabriel|first1=Trip|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/31/us/politics/trump-approval-rating.html|title=Who Are the Voters Behind Trump's Higher Approval Rating?|date=March 31, 2020|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 1, 2020|last2=Lerer|first2=Lisa|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and Trump's approval rating increased from 44% to 49% in [[Gallup poll]]s,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Jones|first=Jeffrey M.|url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/298313/president-trump-job-approval-rating.aspx|title=President Trump's Job Approval Rating Up to 49%|date=March 24, 2020|work=Gallup|access-date=April 1, 2020|last2=|first2=}}</ref> although it then fell to 43% by mid-April. At that time, [[Pew Research]] polls indicated that 65% of Americans felt Trump was too slow in taking major steps to respond to the coronavirus outbreak.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rummler |first1=Orion |title=Gallup: Trump's approval rating takes its steepest drop |url=https://www.axios.com/trump-coronavirus-approval-rating-442a186f-0b10-467b-afb0-8ec408d8e349.html |accessdate=April 19, 2020 |work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |date=April 17, 2020}}</ref> An April 21 Washington Post-University of Maryland poll found a 44% approval rate for the president's handling of the pandemic, compared to 72% approval for state governors.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/most-rate-trumps-coronavirus-response-negatively-and-expect-crowds-will-be-unsafe-until-summer-post-u-md-poll-finds/2020/04/20/0b436dda-833b-11ea-a3eb-e9fc93160703_story.html |title=Most rate Trump's coronavirus response negatively and expect crowds will be unsafe until summer, Post-U. Md. poll finds |website=Washington Post |date=April 21, 2020}}</ref> A mid-April poll by the Associated Press and [[NORC at the University of Chicago]] estimated that President Trump was a source of information on the pandemic for 28% of Americans, while state or local governments were a source for 50% of Americans. 60% of Americans felt Trump was not listening enough to health experts in dealing with the outbreak.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pace |first1=Julie |last2=Fingerhut |first2=Hannah |title=AP-NORC poll: Few Americans trust Trump's info on pandemic |url=https://apnews.com/87f1545cea4b5e8c96e6e902a8d9e9bd |accessdate=May 5, 2020 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=April 24, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Assessing the President as an Information Source on the Coronavirus Outbreak |url=http://www.apnorc.org/projects/Pages/Assessing-the-President-as-an-Information-Source-on-the-Coronavirus-Outbreak.aspx |accessdate=May 5, 2020 |work=[[NORC at the University of Chicago]]}}</ref> [[File:Protest against police violence - Justice for George Floyd, May 26, 2020 11.jpg|thumb|People wearing face masks during the [[George Floyd protests]] against police violence, Minneapolis, May 28]] {{Excerpt|2020 United States anti-lockdown protests|nohat=yes|files=|tag=div}} On April 16, Pew Research polls indicated that 32% of Americans worried state governments would take too long to re-allow public activities, while 66% feared the state restrictions would be lifted too quickly.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Coleman |first1=Justine |title=Two-thirds of Americans worry states will lift restrictions on public activity too quickly: poll |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/news/public-global-health/493210-two-thirds-of-americans-worry-states-will-lift |accessdate=April 19, 2020 |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=April 16, 2020}}</ref> A poll conducted from May 7 to 10 by SRSS, for [[CNN]], concluded that 54% of people in the U.S. felt the federal government was doing a poor job in stopping the spread of COVID-19 in the country. 57% felt the federal government was not doing enough to address the limited availability of COVID-19 testing. 58% felt the federal government was not doing enough to prevent a second wave of COVID-19 cases later in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Agiesta |first1=Jennifer |title=CNN Poll: Negative ratings for government handling of coronavirus persist |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/12/politics/cnn-poll-federal-government-handling-of-coronavirus/index.html |accessdate=May 13, 2020 |work=[[CNN]] |date=May 12, 2020}}</ref> A poll conducted from May 20 and 21 by [[Yahoo News]] and [[YouGov]] found that 56% of the American public were "very" concerned about "false or misleading information being communicated about coronavirus", while 30% were "somewhat" concerned. 56% of Democrats said the top source of false or misleading information about the coronavirus was the Trump administration, while 54% of Republicans felt the media was the top source of false or misleading information. Regarding a debunked conspiracy theory that philanthropist Bill Gates was planning to use mass COVID-19 vaccinations to implant microchips into people to track them, 44% of Republicans believed the conspiracy theory, as did 19% of Democrats.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Romano |first1=Andrew |title=New Yahoo News/YouGov poll shows coronavirus conspiracy theories spreading on the right may hamper vaccine efforts |url=https://news.yahoo.com/new-yahoo-news-you-gov-poll-shows-coronavirus-conspiracy-theories-spreading-on-the-right-may-hamper-vaccine-efforts-152843610.html |accessdate=May 25, 2020 |work=[[Yahoo News]] |date=May 22, 2020}}</ref> Starting in late May, [[George Floyd protests|large-scale protests]] against police brutality in at least 200 U.S. cities in response to the [[killing of George Floyd]] raised concerns of a resurgence of the virus due to the close proximity of protesters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Protests could cause catastrophic setback for controlling coronavirus, experts say |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/protests-could-accelerate-spread-coronavirus-public-health-experts-say-n1220551 |website=NBC News |accessdate=June 1, 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Doctor Fauci said it could be a "perfect set-up for the spread of the virus".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Meek |first1=Andy |title=Dr. Fauci is worried that protestors may be spreading coronavirus |url=https://bgr.com/2020/06/07/coronavirus-us-fauci-protest-comments-crowds-spread-virus/ |work=BGR |date=June 7, 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Fauci also said, "Masks can help, but it's masks plus physical separation."<ref>{{cite news |title=Fauci underscores concerns about protests spreading coronavirus |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/502001-fauci-underscores-concerns-about-protests-spreading-coronavirus |work=The Hill |date=June 10, 2020}}</ref> A 2020 study using both GPS location data and surveys found that Republicans engaged in less social distancing than Democrats during the pandemic.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Allcott|first1=Hunt|last2=Boxell|first2=Levi|last3=Conway|first3=Jacob|last4=Gentzkow|first4=Matthew|last5=Thaler|first5=Michael|last6=Yang|first6=David|date=August 6, 2020|title=Polarization and Public Health: Partisan Differences in Social Distancing during the Coronavirus Pandemic|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272720301183|journal=Journal of Public Economics|language=en|pages=104254|doi=10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104254|issn=0047-2727|pmc=7409721}}</ref> == Impacts == === Economic === {{Main|Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States|Coronavirus recession}} The pandemic, along with the resultant [[2020 stock market crash|stock market crash]] and other impacts, has led a recession in the United States following the economic cycle peak in February 2020.<ref name="NBER_Recession">{{cite news|url=https://www.nber.org/cycles/june2020.html |title=Determination of the February 2020 Peak in US Economic Activity|date=June 8, 2020|via=NBER.org}}</ref> The economy contracted 4.8 percent from January through March 2020,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Long |first1=Heather |title=U.S. economy shrank 4.8 percent in first quarter, the biggest decline since the Great Recession |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/04/29/gdp-coronavirus/ |accessdate=April 29, 2020 |work=The Washington Post |date=April 29, 2020}}</ref> and the unemployment rate rose to 14.7 percent in April.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Long |first1=Heather |title=U.S. unemployment rate soars to 14.7 percent, the worst since the Depression era |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/05/08/april-2020-jobs-report/ |accessdate=May 8, 2020 |work=The Washington Post |date=May 8, 2020}}</ref> The total healthcare costs of treating the epidemic could be anywhere from $34{{nbsp}}billion to $251{{nbsp}}billion according to analysis presented by ''The New York Times''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Abelson |first1=Reed |title=Coronavirus May Add Billions to the Nation's Health Care Bill |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/28/health/coronavirus-insurance-premium-increases.html?algo=identity&fellback=false&imp_id=351649575&imp_id=888116964&action=click&module=Science%20%20Technology&pgtype=Homepage |accessdate=April 1, 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=March 28, 2020}}</ref> A study by economists [[Austan Goolsbee]] and Chad Syverson indicated that most economic impact due to consumer behavior changes was prior to mandated lockdowns.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goolsbee |first1=Austan|title=Fear, Lockdown, and Diversion: Comparing Drivers of Pandemic Economic Decline 2020 |url=https://bfi.uchicago.edu/working-paper/2020-80/?|accessdate=June 23, 2020 |work=bfi.uchicago.edu |date=June 18, 2020}}</ref> During the second quarter of 2020, the U.S. economy suffered its largest drop on record, with GDP falling at an annualized rate of 32.9%. As of June 2020, the U.S. economy was over 10% smaller than it was in December 2019.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tapee |first1=Annekan|title=US economy posts its worst drop on record |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/30/economy/us-economy-2020-second-quarter/index.html|accessdate=August 19, 2020 |work=cnn.com |date=July 31, 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;" |+ Impact of the pandemic on various economic variables |- ! Variable ! Feb ! Mar ! Apr ! May ! June ! July |- | Jobs, level (000s)<ref name="auto4">{{cite web|url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PAYEMS|title=All Employees: Total Nonfarm Payrolls|last=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics|date=January 1, 1939|website=FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis|accessdate=June 4, 2019}}</ref> | 152,463 | 151,090 | 130,303 | 133,002 | 137,802 | 139,582 |- | Jobs, monthly change (000s)<ref name="auto4"/> | 251 | -1,373 | -20,787 | 2,699 | 4,800 | 1,780 |- | Unemployment rate %<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/UNRATE|title=Civilian Unemployment Rate|last=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics|date=January 1, 1948|website=FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis|accessdate=June 4, 2019}}</ref> | 3.5% | 4.4% | 14.7% | 13.3% | 11.1% | 10.2% |- | Number unemployed (millions)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/UNEMPLOY|title=Unemployment level|last=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics|date=January 1, 1948|website=FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis|accessdate=June 20, 2020}}</ref> | 5.8 | 7.1 | 23.1 | 21.0 | 17.8 | 16.3 |- | Employment to population ratio %, age 25-54<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/LNS12300060|title=Employment-Population Ration 25-54 Yrs.|last=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics|date=January 1, 1948|website=FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis|accessdate=June 22, 2020}}</ref> | 80.5% | 79.6% | 69.7% | 71.4% | 73.5% | 73.8% |- | Inflation rate % (CPI-All)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CPIAUCSL|title=Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All Items|last=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics|date=January 1, 1947|website=FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis|accessdate=June 4, 2019}}</ref> | 2.3% | 1.5% | 0.4% | 0.2% | 0.7% | 1.0% |- | Stock market S&P 500 (avg. level)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/SP500|title=S&P 500|date=June 3, 2019|website=fred.stlouisfed.org|accessdate=June 4, 2019}}</ref> | 3,277 | 2,652 | 2,762 | 2,920 | 3,105 | 3,230 |- |Debt held by public ($ trillion)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.treasurydirect.gov/govt/reports/pd/pd_debttothepenny.htm|title=The Debt to the Penny and Who Holds It|date=June 20, 2020|website=treasurydirect.gov|accessdate=June 20, 2020}}</ref> | 17.4 | 17.7 | 19.1 | 19.9 | 20.5 | 20.6 |- |} === Social === {{Main|Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States}} The pandemic has had far-reaching consequences that go beyond the spread of the [[Coronavirus disease 2019|disease]] itself and efforts to quarantine it, including political, cultural, and social implications. === Elections === {{Main|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics#United States}} The pandemic prompted calls from voting rights groups and some Democratic Party leaders to expand [[mail-in voting]]. Republican leaders generally opposed the change, though Republican governors in Nebraska and New Hampshire adopted it. Some states were unable to agree on changes, and a lawsuit in Texas resulted in a ruling (which is under appeal) that would allow ''any'' voter to mail in a ballot.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/04/15/835515753/texas-judge-set-to-order-state-to-allow-all-voters-to-request-mail-in-ballots|title=Texas Judge Set To Order State To Allow All Voters To Request Mail-In Ballots|website=NPR.org}}</ref> Responding to Democratic proposals for nation-wide mail-in voting as part of a coronavirus relief law, President Trump said "you'd never have a Republican elected in this country again" despite evidence the change would not favor any particular group.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-falsely-claims-expanding-voting-access-would-hurt-republicans-2020-3|title=Trump baselessly claimed that expanding voting access would lead to a Republican never being elected in America again|first=Grace|last=Panetta|website=Business Insider}}</ref> Trump called mail-in voting "corrupt" and said voters should be required to show up in person, even though, as reporters pointed out, he had himself voted by mail in the last Florida primary.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/trump-defends-his-mail-in-ballot-after-calling-vote-by-mail-corrupt/ar-BB12i2Ce|title=Trump defends his mail-in ballot after calling vote-by-mail 'corrupt'|website=www.msn.com}}</ref> Though vote fraud is slightly higher than in-person voter fraud, both instances are rare, and mail-in voting can be made more secure by disallowing third parties to collect ballots and providing free drop-off locations or prepaid postage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/04/07/829323152/fact-check-is-mail-ballot-fraud-as-rampant-as-president-trump-says-it-is|title=Fact Check: Is Mail Ballot Fraud As Rampant As President Trump Says It Is?|website=NPR.org}}</ref> April{{nbsp}}7 elections in Wisconsin were [[COVID-19 pandemic in Wisconsin#Impact on politics and elections|impacted by the pandemic]]. Many polling locations were consolidated, resulting in hours-long lines. County clerks were overwhelmed by a shift from 20 to 30% mail-in ballots to about 70%, and some voters had problems receiving and returning ballots in time. Despite the problems, turnout was 34%, comparable to similar previous primaries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/04/15/834037566/in-the-end-the-voters-responded-surprising-takeaways-from-wisconsin-s-election|title='In The End, The Voters Responded': Surprising Takeaways From Wisconsin's Election|website=NPR.org}}</ref> == Statistics == The CDC publishes official numbers every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, reporting several categories of cases: individual travelers, people who contracted the disease from other people within the U.S., and repatriated citizens who returned to the U.S. from crisis locations, such as Wuhan, where the disease originated, and the cruise ship ''Diamond Princess''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-in-us.html|title=International Locations with Confirmed COVID-19 Cases|date=February 11, 2020|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222072600/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-in-us.html|archive-date=February 22, 2020|access-date=February 18, 2020}}</ref> However, multiple sources note that statistics on confirmed coronavirus cases are misleading, since the shortage of tests means the actual number of cases is much higher than the number of cases confirmed.<ref>{{bulleted list|{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/why-we-dont-know-how-many-americans-are-infected-with-coronavirusand-might-never-know-11586005200|title=Why We Don't Know How Many Americans Are Infected With Coronavirus—and Might Never Know|first1=Joel |last1=Eastwood |first2=Paul |last2=Overberg |first3=Rob |last3=Barry|date=April 4, 2020|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|ref=none}}|{{cite web|url=https://www.dailyastorian.com/coronavirus/lack-of-testing-clouds-virus-picture-on-the-north-coast/article_b6253d02-7876-11ea-828a-bf59009219b5.html |title=Lack of testing clouds virus picture on the North Coast &#124; Coronavirus |publisher=dailyastorian.com |date=April 8, 2020 |accessdate=April 27, 2020|ref=none}}|{{cite web|url=https://www.healthline.com/health-news/how-many-coronavirus-cases-are-there|title=How Many People in the United States Actually Have COVID-19?|website=Healthline|ref=none}}|{{cite news|first=Julie |last=Bosman |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/05/us/coronavirus-deaths-undercount.html |title=Official Counts Understate the U.S. Coronavirus Death Toll—The New York Times |publisher=Nytimes.com |date=April 11, 2020 |accessdate=April 27, 2020|ref=none}}|{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/graphics/2020/03/10/us-coronavirus-map-tracking-united-states-outbreak/4945223002/ |title=US coronavirus map: Tracking the United States outbreak |publisher=Usatoday.com |date=January 28, 2020 |accessdate=April 27, 2020|ref=none}}|{{cite news |quote=Confirmed coronavirus cases in the U.S. crossed 200,000 on Thursday, but experts agree the actual number of infected people is much higher. The lack of reliable data—a persistent problem since the pandemic began—has made it impossible to determine the actual size of the outbreak, hampering the U.S. response. |first=Jeff J. |last=Roberts |url=https://fortune.com/2020/04/03/coronavirus-data-stats-private-sector-covid-19/ |title=Can the private sector provide better coronavirus data? Experts are skeptical |work=Fortune |date=April 3, 2020 |accessdate=April 10, 2020 }} }}</ref><ref name="Myer_Atlantic" /> The number of deaths confirmed to be due to coronavirus is likely to be an undercount for the same reason.<ref name="Kliff+Bosman" /><ref>{{cite news |first1=Mark |last1=Abdelmalek |first2=Josh |last2=Margolin |first3=Aaron |last3=Katersky |first4=Eden |last4=David |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/coronavirus-death-toll-us-worse-numbers/story?id=70018321 |title=Coronavirus death toll in US likely worse than numbers say |work=ABC News |date=April 7, 2020 |accessdate=April 10, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first1=Emma |last1=Brown |first2=Beth |last2=Reinhard |first3=Aaron C. |last3=Davis |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/coronavirus-death-toll-americans-are-almost-certainly-dying-of-covid-19-but-being-left-out-of-the-official-count/2020/04/05/71d67982-747e-11ea-87da-77a8136c1a6d_story.html |title=Coronavirus death toll: Americans are almost certainly dying of covid-19 but being left out of the official count |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=April 5, 2020 |accessdate=April 10, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first1=Jonathan |last1=Swan |first2=Sam |last2=Baker |url=https://www.axios.com/trump-coronavirus-death-toll-d8ba60a4-316b-4d1e-8595-74970c15fb34.html |title=Trump and some top aides question the accuracy of virus death toll |work=Axios |date=May 6, 2020 }}</ref> Conversely, deaths of people who had underlying conditions may lead to overcounting.<ref name=stuff120443722>{{cite web |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/coronavirus/120443722/coronavirus-is-covid19-really-the-cause-of-all-the-fatalities-in-italy |title=Coronavirus: Is Covid-19 really the cause of all the fatalities in Italy? |website=Stuff |accessdate=April 16, 2020}}</ref> [[File:U.S. COVID-19 Deaths Could Be Far Higher Than Reported.jpg|thumb|Excess mortality from March{{nbsp}}1 to April{{nbsp}}4 was higher than the number of confirmed deaths.]] [[Excess mortality]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/covid19/excess_deaths.htm|title=Excess Deaths Associated with COVID-19|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—National Center for Health Statistics|url-status=live|access-date=July 21, 2020}}</ref> comparing deaths for all causes versus the seasonal average is more reliable.<ref name=":0nytimes">{{Cite news |last1=Wu |first1=Jin |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/04/21/world/coronavirus-missing-deaths.html |title=28,000 Missing Deaths: Tracking the True Toll of the Coronavirus Crisis |work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=April 22, 2020|last2=McCann |first2=Allison |last3=Katz |first3=Josh |last4=Peltier |first4=Elian | name-list-format = vanc |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> It counts additional deaths which are not explained by official reported coronavirus mortality statistics.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Katz |first1=Josh |last2=Lu |first2=Denise |last3=Sanger-Katz |first3=Margot |title=U.S. Coronavirus Death Toll Is Far Higher Than Reported, C.D.C. Data Suggests |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/04/28/us/coronavirus-death-toll-total.html |accessdate=April 29, 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=April 28, 2020}}</ref> On the other hand, it may include deaths due to strained healthcare systems, bans on [[elective surgery]], or by policies aimed at curtailing the epidemic.<ref name=20200429reason>{{cite web |title=What 'Excess Deaths' Do and Don't Tell Us About COVID-19 |url=https://reason.com/2020/04/29/what-excess-deaths-do-and-dont-tell-us-about-covid-19/ |website=Reason |accessdate=May 4, 2020|date=April 29, 2020}}</ref> The CDC says it will issue an official estimate of coronavirus deaths in 2021—current estimates may not be reliable.<ref name="Kliff+Bosman">{{cite news |last1=Kliff |first1=Sarah |last2=Bosman |first2=Julie |title=Official Counts Understate the U.S. Coronavirus Death Toll |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/05/us/coronavirus-deaths-undercount.html?action=click&module=Spotlight&pgtype=Homepage |accessdate=April 5, 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=April 5, 2020}}</ref> The following numbers are based on CDC data, which is incomplete. In most U.S. locations, testing for some time was performed only on symptomatic people with a history of travel to Wuhan or with close contact to such people.<ref name="Madrigal">{{cite web|url= https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2020/03/how-many-americans-have-been-tested-coronavirus/607597/ |title=Exclusive: The Strongest Evidence Yet That America Is Botching Coronavirus Testing|last=Madrigal|first=Robinson Meyer, Alexis C.|date=March 6, 2020|website=[[The Atlantic]] |accessdate=July 23, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/925233|title=Persons Evaluated for 2019 Novel Coronavirus—US, Jan 2020|website=Medscape|accessdate=March 12, 2020}}</ref><ref name="McFall_testing">{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/new-york-man-denied-coronavirus-test-japan-trip-fever-cough-2020-3|title=A New York City man wasn't tested for the coronavirus even though he had symptoms and had gone to Japan. It highlights the troublingly limited scope of US testing.|first=Morgan|last=McFall-Johnsen|website=Business Insider|accessdate=March 12, 2020}}</ref> CDC testing protocols did not include non-travelling patients with no known contact with China until February 28.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/27/health/us-cases-coronavirus-community-transmission/index.html|title=The CDC has changed its criteria for testing patients for coronavirus after the first case of unknown origin was confirmed|first1=Sarah |last1=Moon |first2=Holly |last2=Yan |first3=Jen |last3=Christensen |first4=Christina|last4=Maxouris|publisher=CNN|accessdate=March 12, 2020}}</ref> The original CDC-developed tests sent out on February{{nbsp}}5 turned out to be faulty.<ref name="factcheck.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.factcheck.org/2020/03/trumps-misplaced-blame-on-obama-for-coronavirus-tests/|title=Trump's Misplaced Blame on Obama for Coronavirus Tests|first=Jessica|last=McDonald|date=March 6, 2020|accessdate=March 12, 2020}}</ref> The faulty test produced a [[false positive]] from ordinary running water; a newer version is accurate and reliable.<ref name= simulation2019 /> On February 29, the FDA announced that labs would be allowed to do their own in-house testing immediately, independently of CDC testing, as long as they complete an emergency use authorization (EUA) within 15 days.<ref name="factcheck.org" /> === Maps === {{gallery | File:COVID-19 Outbreak Cases in the United States (Density).svg|Map of states and territories in the U.S. with number of confirmed cases {{As of|2020|08|15|lc=y|df=US}} {{legend|#D3D3D3|None confirmed}} {{legend|#FFDDDD|<6,250 confirmed}} {{legend|#FFAAAA|>6,250 confirmed}} {{legend|#FF6666|>25,000 confirmed}} {{legend|#CC0000|>100,000 confirmed}} {{legend|#550000|>400,000 confirmed}} | File:COVID-19 Pandemic Deaths in the United States (Density).svg|Map of states and territories in the U.S. with number of confirmed deaths {{As of|2020|08|19|lc=y|df=US}} {{legend|#D3D3D3|None confirmed}} {{legend|#FFDDDD|<125 confirmed}} {{legend|#FFBBBB|>125 confirmed}} {{legend|#FF8888|>500 confirmed}} {{legend|#FF2222|>2,000 confirmed}} {{legend|#BB0000|>8,000 confirmed}} {{legend|#330000|>32,000 confirmed}} | File:COVID-19 pandemic in the United States by county.svg|Confirmed COVID-19 cases by county ({{As of|2020|08|14|lc=y|df=US}}) |title=}} === Number of U.S. cases by date {{anchor|State number of reported cases by date}} === {{Main|Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/United States medical cases|l1=COVID-19 pandemic data/United States medical cases}} <!--Template for Graph:Chart is at [[Template:Graph:Chart]]--> '''> 200,000 cases''': {{Graph:Chart |type=line | above = |width=700 |height=250 |showValues=offset:1 |xType = date |xAxisAngle=-40 |yAxisTitle=Cumulative no. of cases |legend=Legend <!--Search string CASES_X--> |x= Mar 11 2020, Mar 12 2020,Mar 13 2020,Mar 14 2020, Mar 15 2020, Mar 16 2020, Mar 17 2020, Mar 18 2020, Mar 19 2020, Mar 20 2020, Mar 21 2020, Mar 22 2020, Mar 23 2020, Mar 24 2020, Mar 25 2020, Mar 26 2020, Mar 27 2020, Mar 28 2020, Mar 29 2020, Mar 30 2020, Mar 31 2020, Apr 1 2020, Apr 2 2020, Apr 3 2020, Apr 4 2020, Apr 5 2020, Apr 6 2020, Apr 7 2020, Apr 8 2020, Apr 9 2020, Apr 10 2020, Apr 11 2020, Apr 12 2020, Apr 13 2020, Apr 14 2020, Apr 15 2020, Apr 16 2020, Apr 17 2020, Apr 18 2020, Apr 19 2020, Apr 20 2020, Apr 21 2020, Apr 22 2020, Apr 23 2020, Apr 24 2020, Apr 25 2020, Apr 26 2020, Apr 27 2020, Apr 28 2020, Apr 29 2020, Apr 30 2020, May 1 2020, May 2 2020, May 3 2020, May 4 2020, May 5 2020, May 6 2020, May 7 2020, May 8 2020, May 9 2020, May 10 2020, May 11 2020, May 12 2020, May 13 2020, May 14 2020, May 15 2020, May 16 2020, May 17 2020, May 18 2020, May 19 2020, May 20 2020, May 21 2020, May 22 2020, May 23 2020, May 24 2020, May 25 2020, May 26 2020, May 27 2020, May 28 2020, May 29 2020, May 30 2020, May 31 2020, Jun 1 2020, Jun 2 2020, Jun 3 2020, Jun 4 2020, Jun 5 2020, Jun 6 2020, Jun 7 2020,Jun 8 2020,Jun 9 2020,Jun 10 2020,Jun 11 2020,Jun 12 2020,Jun 13 2020,Jun 14 2020, Jun 15 2020,Jun 16 2020,Jun 17 2020,Jun 18 2020,Jun 19 2020,Jun 20 2020,Jun 21 2020,Jun 22 2020,Jun 23 2020,Jun 24 2020,Jun 25 2020,Jun 26 2020,Jun 27 2020,Jun 28 2020,Jun 29 2020,Jun 30 2020,Jul 1 2020,Jul 2 2020,Jul 3 2020,Jul 4 2020,Jul 5 2020,Jul 6 2020,Jul 7 2020,Jul 8 2020,Jul 9 2020,Jul 10 2020,Jul 11 2020,Jul 12 2020,Jul 13 2020,Jul 14 2020,Jul 15 2020,Jul 16 2020,Jul 17 2020,Jul 18 2020,Jul 19 2020,Jul 20 2020,Jul 21 2020,Jul 22 2020,Jul 23 2020,Jul 24 2020,Jul 25 2020,Jul 26 2020,Jul 27 2020,Jul 28 2020,Jul 29 2020,Jul 30 2020,Jul 31 2020,Aug 1 2020,Aug 2 2020,Aug 3 2020,Aug 4 2020,Aug 5 2020,Aug 6 2020,Aug 7 2020,Aug 8 2020,Aug 9 2020,Aug 10 2020,Aug 11 2020,Aug 12 2020,Aug 13 2020,Aug 14 2020,Aug 15 2020,Aug 16 2020,Aug 17 2020 <!--Search string CASES_STATES_Y--> 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|y4=216,216,421,524,729,950,1700,2382,4152,7102,10356,15168,20875,25665,30811,37258,44635,52318,59513,66497,75795,83712,92381,102863,113704,122031,130689,138863,149316,159937,170512,180458,188694,195031,202208,213779,222284,229642,236732,242786,247512,251690,257216,263460,271590,282143,288045,291996,295106,299691,304372,308314,312977,316415,318953,321192,323978,327649,330407,333122,335395,337055,338485,340661,343051,345813,348232,350121,351371,352845,354370,356458,358154,359926,361515,362764,363836,364965,366733,368284,369660,370770,371711,373040,374085,375133,376208,377316,378097,378799,379482,380156,380892,381714,382630,383324,383944,384575,385142,385760,386556,387272,387936,388488,389085,389666,390415,391220,391923,392539,392930,393454,394079,394954,395872,396598,397131,397649,398237,398929,399513,400299,401029,401706,402263,403175,404006,404775,405551,406305,406807,407326,408181,408886,409697,410450,411200,411736,412344,412878,413593,414370,415014,415767,416298,416843,417589,418225,418928,419642,420345,420860,421336,422003,422703,423440,424167,424901,425508,425916 |y4Title=New York |y3=21,23,39,51,56,57,64,83,143,194,304,334,352,410,974,1396,1731,2052,2552,2877,3266,3997,4669,5330,6110,6812,7276,8262,9353,10230,11671,12561,13484,13906,14624,15492,16455,17371,18260,18923,19458,20196,21069,21944,22806,23773,24631,25297,26171,27054,28087,29229,30522,31548,32332,33369,34422,35390,36609,37860,38869,39869,41048,42403,43851,45198,46999,47784,48693,49912,51323,52268,53449,54509,55348,55971,56560,57921,59776,61006,62338,64287,64880,66568,68271,69920,71613,73553,74978,75616,77253,79757,81583,83680,86011,87854,89108,93206,96335,99851,103305,107735,111601,114881,120370,125921,131917,137624,143371,148728,153011,159986,168062,175977,183532,191790,195293,200557,210585,220564,230346,240111,250462,258658,264313,275058,282365,292656,307572,317730,325030,332434,341739,351618,361125,369826,375846,381656,385923,394265,403307,412107,420946,430485,436711,442014,451181,459887,467485,474524,481483,486362,490817,500620,506820,513575,520593,528838,535582,542950 |y3Title=Texas <!--Numbers that I see for the linear plot April 11, 2020, 10:15 pm EDT: |yScaleType=--><!--log This is the line that makes this plot have a log axis, so leave it blank here!--> |yGrid= |xGrid= }} '''100,000–200,000 cases''': {{Graph:Chart |type=line | above = |width=700 |height=250 |showValues=offset:1 |xType = date |xAxisAngle=-40 |yAxisTitle=Cumulative no. of cases |legend=Legend <!--Search string CASES_X--> |x= Mar 11 2020, Mar 12 2020,Mar 13 2020,Mar 14 2020, Mar 15 2020, Mar 16 2020, Mar 17 2020, Mar 18 2020, Mar 19 2020, Mar 20 2020, Mar 21 2020, Mar 22 2020, Mar 23 2020, Mar 24 2020, Mar 25 2020, Mar 26 2020, Mar 27 2020, Mar 28 2020, Mar 29 2020, Mar 30 2020, Mar 31 2020, Apr 1 2020, Apr 2 2020, Apr 3 2020, Apr 4 2020, Apr 5 2020, Apr 6 2020, Apr 7 2020, Apr 8 2020, Apr 9 2020, Apr 10 2020, Apr 11 2020, Apr 12 2020, Apr 13 2020, Apr 14 2020, Apr 15 2020, Apr 16 2020, Apr 17 2020, Apr 18 2020, Apr 19 2020, Apr 20 2020, Apr 21 2020, Apr 22 2020, Apr 23 2020, Apr 24 2020, Apr 25 2020, Apr 26 2020, Apr 27 2020, Apr 28 2020, Apr 29 2020, Apr 30 2020, May 1 2020, May 2 2020, May 3 2020, May 4 2020, May 5 2020, May 6 2020, May 7 2020, May 8 2020, May 9 2020, May 10 2020, May 11 2020, May 12 2020, May 13 2020, May 14 2020, May 15 2020, May 16 2020, May 17 2020, May 18 2020, May 19 2020, May 20 2020, May 21 2020, May 22 2020, May 23 2020, May 24 2020, May 25 2020, May 26 2020, May 27 2020, May 28 2020, May 29 2020, May 30 2020, May 31 2020, Jun 1 2020, Jun 2 2020, Jun 3 2020, Jun 4 2020, Jun 5 2020, Jun 6 2020, Jun 7 2020,Jun 8 2020,Jun 9 2020,Jun 10 2020,Jun 11 2020,Jun 12 2020,Jun 13 2020,Jun 14 2020, Jun 15 2020,Jun 16 2020,Jun 17 2020,Jun 18 2020,Jun 19 2020,Jun 20 2020,Jun 21 2020,Jun 22 2020,Jun 23 2020,Jun 24 2020,Jun 25 2020,Jun 26 2020,Jun 27 2020,Jun 28 2020,Jun 29 2020,Jun 30 2020,Jul 1 2020,Jul 2 2020,Jul 3 2020,Jul 4 2020,Jul 5 2020,Jul 6 2020,Jul 7 2020,Jul 8 2020,Jul 9 2020,Jul 10 2020,Jul 11 2020,Jul 12 2020,Jul 13 2020,Jul 14 2020,Jul 15 2020,Jul 16 2020,Jul 17 2020,Jul 18 2020,Jul 19 2020,Jul 20 2020,Jul 21 2020,Jul 22 2020,Jul 23 2020,Jul 24 2020,Jul 25 2020,Jul 26 2020,Jul 27 2020,Jul 28 2020,Jul 29 2020,Jul 30 2020,Jul 31 2020,Aug 1 2020,Aug 2 2020,Aug 3 2020,Aug 4 2020,Aug 5 2020,Aug 6 2020,Aug 7 2020,Aug 8 2020,Aug 9 2020,Aug 10 2020,Aug 11 2020,Aug 12 2020,Aug 13 2020,Aug 14 2020,Aug 15 2020,Aug 16 2020,Aug 17 2020 <!--Search string CASES_STATES_Y--> |y8=0,0,1,6,12,28,36,46,68,81,124,138,167,215,283,506,587,696,806,859,981,1077,1233,1432,1580,1796,1968,2119,2369,2769,2968,3191,3525,3734,3876,4113,4345,4530,4655,4837,5025,5231,5465,5778,5832,6137,6270,6499,6687,6842,7019,7158,7434,7725,8025,8285,8581,8898,9221,9567,9777,10009,10310,10617,10968,11216,11523,11771,12086,12376,12744,13119,13563,13938,14327,14730,15396,15843,16310,16823,17359,17903,18363,18642,18851,19072,19387,20043,20500,20925,21422,21989,22845,23710,24601,25615,26272,26912,27312,28206,29002,29549,30021,30454,31097,32064,33206,34183,35083,35441,37175,38045,38962,40111,41865,42862,43953,44878,45785,46962,49174,50508,51947,53587,55545,57255,59067,61088,63091,65234,67011,68891,70358,71813,74212,76005,78130,79294,81115,82366,83782,85762,87723,89349,91444,92661,93702,94654,96592,98301,98387,101334,103020,103851,104786,105557,106309,107580,108433,109004 |y8Title=Alabama |y1=9,9,9,12,12,18,20,28,44,65,104,152,265,357,450,577,736,873,919,1157,1289,1413,1598,1769,2019,2269,2456,2575,2726,3018,3112,3393,3539,3702,3806,3962,4234,4507,4719,4929,5064,5251,5459,5769,6045,6280,6526,6716,6948,7202,7648,7962,8364,8640,8919,9305,9707,9945,10526,10960,11119,11380,11736,12176,12674,13169,13631,13937,14170,14566,14897,15315,15608,16039,16339,16561,16783,17262,17763,18465,19255,19936,20123,21250,22233,22753,24332,25451,26889,27678,28296,29852,31264,32918,34458,35691,36705,39097,40924,43443,46689,49798,52390,54586,58179,59974,63030,66548,70051,73908,74533,79215,84092,87425,91858,94553,98089,101441,105094,108614,112671,116892,119930,122467,123824,128097,131354,134613,138523,141265,143624,145183,148683,150609,152944,156301,160041,162014,163827,165934,168273,170798,174010,177002,178476,179497,180505,182203,183647,185053,186107,186923,187523,188737,189443,190794,191721,192654,193537,194005 |y1Title=Arizona |y4=6,14,36,51,90,115,137,240,347,473,580,837,1172,1388,1795,2305,2746,3315,3540,4025,5237,6424,9150,10297,12496,13010,14867,16284,17030,18283,19253,20014,20595,21016,21518,21951,22532,23118,23580,23928,24523,24854,25258,25739,26140,26512,26773,27068,27286,27660,28001,28711,29140,29340,29673,29996,30399,30652,30855,31417,31600,31815,32050,32662,33489,33837,34117,34432,34709,35038,35316,36504,36925,37040,37169,37809,38054,38497,38802,38802,39577,39916,40341,40746,41133,41562,41989,42486,42816,43050,43612,44030,44472,44995,46283,46619,47172,47706,48634,48634,48515,49385,49778,50239,51595,52477,53415,54769,54769,56236,57081,58095,60178,61561,63289,63289,65226,66327,68263,70151,71994,74636,76803,78122,79827,82042,84131,86411,88590,88590,91706,94892,96583,99354,101650,103734,103734,107574,109917,111038,112773,114481,116280,116280,119747,120846,124461,125943,127246,128746,128746,131399,131961,133125,134304,135439,136737,136737,137918,138485 |y4Title=Louisiana |y7=0,8,23,38,64,97,118,156,229,314,426,547,678,1060,1739,2318,3151,4158,4856,5653,6521,7639,8867,10303,11637,12402,13739,15104,16692,18843,20878,22766,25381,26794,28109,29970,32492,35125,37527,39820,41416,43168,44913,47992,50969,53348,54938,56462,58302,60265,62205,64311,66263,68087,69087,70271,72025,73721,75333,76743,77793,78462,79332,80497,82182,83421,84933,86010,86010,87925,88970,90084,90889,91662,92675,93271,93693,94220,94895,95512,96301,96965,96965,101163,101592,102063,102557,103132,103436,103626,103889,104156,104667,105059,105395,105603,105690,105885,106151,106422,106650,106936,107061,107210,107439,107611,107837,108070,108443,108667,108768,108882,109143,109338,109628,109838,109974,110137,110338,110602,110897,111110,111398,111597,111827,112130,112347,112581,112879,113238,113534,113789,114033,114320,114320,114647,115268,115637,115926,116182,116182,117098,117612,117612,118458,118657,119203,119203,119874,120291,120711,121040,121315,121707,122000,122319,122531,122897,123200,123413 |y7Title=Massachusetts |y13=9,12,17,26,31,28,57,85,107,149,190,244,288,349,423,580,774,992,1239,1413,1660,1985,2331,2758,3125,3609,4045,4371,5529,6185,6968,7694,8225,8936,9472,10032,10784,11572,12308,12830,13684,14193,14775,15737,16616,17766,18581,19487,20113,20849,21742,23472,24473,25462,26408,27117,28163,29374,30485,31534,32587,33373,34061,34812,35903,36986,37968,38804,39762,41546,42323,43531,44424,45495,46313,47152,47687,48423,49709,50988,52015,52778,53327,54175,54982,55858,56770,57482,57973,58404,58904,59465,60197,60613,61305,61701,62032,62409,62969,63229,63548,63956,64306,64603,65007,65337,65777,66115,66450,66777,67254,67559,67918,68423,68961,69341,69632,69904,70396,70861,71447,71910,72467,73109,73527,74260,75016,75664,76371,77206,78131,78685,79545,80172,80836,81766,83054,83748,84876,85524,86285,87177,88346,89365,90274,91144,91854,92426,93005,93806,94581,95503,96258,96843,97843,98160,98875,99693,100212,100715 |y13Title=Maryland |y12=497,702,945,1196,1480,1933,3659,4531,5276,6219,7023,7822,9062,10155,11335,12475,13799,14865,15784,17363,18654,20246,21376,22579,23581,24458,25785,26964,28064,29096,30172,30980,31666,32702,33613,34533,35455,36320,37029,37557,38494,39589,40705,41694,42730,43263,43789,44709,45538,46488,47505,48240,48672,49029,49809,50497,51131,51731,52349,52732,53033,54004,55641,56458,57036,57687,58023,58278,58812,59576,60151,60610,61075,61293,61457,61632,62075,62461,62797,63116,63321,63568,63813,64103,64382,64616,64821,64914,64969,65104,65167,65182,65449,65672,65836,66054,66085,66269,66497,66798,67097,67545,67711,67957,68197,68555,68989,69329,69679,69946,70223,70728,71089,71678,72175,72581,72941,73269,73900,74551,75063,75685,76370,76776,77198,77864,78913,79839,80593,81338,81868,82395,83059,83730,84431,85072,85072,86661,87173,87958,88974,89781,90574,91332,91761,92374,93175,93893,94656,95470,96191,96726,97306,98213,98689,99856,100724,101782,102259,102749 |y12Title=Michigan |y2=24,30,50,50,98,178,267,427,742,890,1327,1914,2844,3675,4402,6876,8825,11124,13386,16636,18696,22255,25590,29895,34124,37505,41090,44416,47437,51027,54588,58151,61850,64584,68824,71030,75317,78467,81420,85301,88806,92387,95865,99989,102196,105523,109038,111188,113856,116264,118652,121190,123717,126744,128269,130593,131890,133635,135454,137085,138532,139945,140743,141560,142704,143905,145089,146334,148039,149013,150399,151472,152719,153104,154154,155092,155764,156628,157815,158844,159608,160445,160918,161545,162068,162530,163336,163893,164164,164497,164796,165346,165816,166164,166605,166881,167103,167426,167703,168107,168496,168834,169142,169415,169734,169892,170196,170584,170873,171182,171272,171667,171928,172356,172742,173033,173402,173611,173878,174039,174240,174628,174959,175298,175522,175915,176278,176501,176551,176814,176783,176963,177256,177645,177887,178345,178858,179363,179812,180295,180766,180970,181660,182029,182350,182614,182970,183327,183701,184061,184429,184773,185031,185475,185938,186594,187164,187442,187455,187767 |y2Title=New Jersey |y3=7,12,15,23,32,33,40,63,97,137,184,255,297,398,504,636,763,935,1040,1307,1498,1584,1857,2093,2402,2585,2870,3221,3426,3651,3908,4312,4520,4816,5024,5123,5465,5859,6140,6493,6764,6951,7220,7608,8052,8623,8830,9142,9568,9948,10509,10923,11509,11664,11848,12256,12758,13397,13868,14360,14764,15045,15346,15816,16507,17129,17982,18512,19023,19700,20122,20860,21618,22725,23222,23964,24140,24628,25412,26488,27673,28589,29263,29889,30777,31966,33255,34625,35546,36484,37160,38171,39481,41249,42676,44119,45102,45853,46855,48188,49840,51389,52801,53605,54453,56174,57183,58818,60537,62142,63484,64670,66513,68142,70241,71654,72983,74529,75875,77310,79349,81331,83793,85701,87528,89484,91266,93426,95477,97958,99778,101046,102861,105001,106893,108995,111092,112713,114338,116087,117850,120194,122148,123878,125219,126532,128161,129288,131267,132812,134766,136218,136844,137895,139061,140824,142170,143706,144952,145516 |y3Title=North Carolina |y9=4,5,13,13,36,50,67,88,119,169,247,351,442,564,704,867,1137,1406,1653,1933,2199,2547,2902,3312,3739,4043,4450,4782,5148,5512,5878,6250,6604,6975,7280,7791,8414,9107,10222,11602,12919,13725,14117,14694,15169,15587,15963,15699,16128,17303,18027,18743,19335,19914,20474,20969,21576,22131,23016,23697,24081,24777,25250,25721,26357,26954,27474,27923,28454,28952,29436,30167,30794,31408,31911,32477,33006,33439,33915,34566,35034,35513,35984,36350,36792,37282,37758,38111,38476,38837,39162,39575,40004,40424,40848,41148,41576,42010,42422,43122,43731,44262,44808,45537,46127,46759,47651,48638,49455,50309,51046,51789,52865,52865,55257,56183,57151,57956,58904,60181,61331,62856,64214,65592,66853,67995,69311,70601,72280,73822,74932,76168,77215,78742,80186,81746,83184,84073,85177,86497,87893,89626,91159,92087,93031,93963,95106,96305,97471,98675,99969,100848,101731,102826,104248,105426,106557,107674,108287,109062 |y9Title=Ohio |y6=16,22,41,47,63,76,96,133,185,268,371,479,644,851,1127,1687,2218,2751,3394,4087,4843,5805,7016,8420,10017,11510,12980,14559,16239,18228,19979,21655,22833,24199,25345,26490,27735,29441,31069,32284,33232,34528,35684,37053,38652,40049,41165,42050,43264,44366,45763,46971,48305,49267,50092,50957,51845,52915,54238,55316,56611,57154,57991,58698,59636,60622,61611,62234,63056,63666,63666,65392,66258,66983,67713,68186,68637,69417,70042,71339,72031,72546,72898,73510,74022,74560,75005,75706,76212,76563,77056,77466,77933,77999,78462,78798,79121,79483,79818,80263,80762,81266,81730,82186,82696,83191,83770,84370,84370,85496,85988,86606,87242,88074,88741,89375,89854,90304,91299,92148,92867,93876,94689,95266,95742,96671,97665,98446,99478,100241,101027,101738,102765,103396,104358,105571,106625,107425,108264,109384,110218,111078,112048,112936,113590,114155,115009,115714,116521,117279,118092,118852,119453,120281,121130,122121,122950,123800,124460,124844 |y6Title=Pennsylvania |y11=9,10,12,13,19,28,33,60,60,81,152,195,298,298,424,456,456,539,774,925,1083,1293,1554,1554,1917,2049,2049,2417,2552,2792,3065,3207,3319,3319,3553,3656,3656,3941,4246,4377,4377,4439,4761,4917,4917,5253,5490,5490,5613,5881,6095,6258,6489,6626,6626,6757,6936,6936,7142,7531,7653,7653,7927,7927,8189,8407,8407,8816,8942,9056,9056,9175,9638,9895,10096,10178,10416,10623,10788,11131,11394,11861,12148,12415,12561,13005,13453,13916,14286,14800,15228,15759,16441,17170,17955,18795,19378,19990,20556,21548,22641,23786,24693,25701,26613,27897,29022,30335,31939,33320,34644,36399,37919,39701,41532,43386,44847,46380,47352,48909,50691,52419,54699,56648,58168,60389,62245,64083,66060,67612,69986,71445,73337,75042,76606,78607,80008,81199,82417,84109,85846,87572,89016,90599,91788,92951,95190,95472,96797,98219,99460,100435,101159,102130,102974,103909,104841,105882,106497,106953 |y11Title=South Carolina |y5=7,18,26,32,39,52,73,98,154,228,371,505,615,667,784,957,1203,1373,1537,1834,2239,2683,2845,3067,3321,3633,3802,4138,4362,4634,4862,5114,5308,5610,5823,6079,6262,6589,6762,7070,7238,7394,7842,8266,8726,9189,9667,9918,10052,10366,10735,11891,12661,13177,13571,13690,13938,14096,14441,14768,14985,15544,16111,16370,16699,16970,17288,17388,18011,18378,18532,18961,19394,19789,20145,20607,20965,21306,21679,22085,22566,23006,23554,24375,24822,25120,25520,26071,26381,26944,27575,28061,28538,29126,29541,30432,31160,31830,32143,32829,34017,34446,35102,35553,36303,37235,38034,39444,40172,40172,42297,43509,45315,46890,48712,50140,51431,52155,53514,55986,57591,59546,61006,61960,65274,66788,69061,71540,73819,76336,78115,79754,81944,84417,86987,89078,90796,93936,96489,99044,100822,102871,105959,108184,109627,110636,112441,114098,116350,118782,120585,122712,123914,124915,126393,128511,130458,131747,133708,134744 |y5Title=Tennessee |y10=9,17,30,30,45,51,67,77,94,114,152,219,254,290,391,460,604,739,890,1020,1250,1484,1706,2012,2407,2637,2878,3333,3645,4042,4509,5077,5274,5747,6171,6500,6889,7491,8053,8537,8990,9630,10266,10998,11594,12366,12970,13535,14339,14961,15846,16901,17731,18671,19492,20256,20256,21570,22342,23196,24081,25070,25800,26746,27813,28672,29683,30388,31140,32145,32908,34137,34950,35749,36244,37727,39342,40249,41401,42533,43611,44607,45398,46239,46905,47856,48532,49397,50681,51251,51738,52177,52647,53211,53869,54506,54886,55331,55775,56238,56793,57443,57994,58465,58994,59514,59946,60570,61247,61736,62189,62787,63203,63735,64393,65109,65748,66102,66740,67375,67988,68931,69782,70670,71642,72443,73527,74431,75433,76373,77430,78375,79371,80393,81237,82364,83609,84567,86072,86994,87993,88904,89888,90801,91782,93106,94251,95049,95867,97882,99189,100086,100749,101745,102521,103622,104838,105750,106687,107421 |y10Title=Virginia <!--Numbers that I see for the linear plot April 11, 2020, 10:15 pm EDT: |yScaleType=--><!--log This is the line that makes this plot have a log axis, so leave it blank here!--> |yGrid= |xGrid= }} '''50,000–100,000 cases''': {{Graph:Chart |type=line |width=700 |height=250 |showValues= |xType = date |xAxisAngle=-40 |yAxisTitle=Cumulative no. of cases |legend=Legend <!--Search string CASES_X--> |x= Mar 11 2020, Mar 12 2020,Mar 13 2020,Mar 14 2020, Mar 15 2020, Mar 16 2020, Mar 17 2020, Mar 18 2020, Mar 19 2020, Mar 20 2020, Mar 21 2020, Mar 22 2020, Mar 23 2020, Mar 24 2020, Mar 25 2020, Mar 26 2020, Mar 27 2020, Mar 28 2020, Mar 29 2020, Mar 30 2020, Mar 31 2020, Apr 1 2020, Apr 2 2020, Apr 3 2020, Apr 4 2020, Apr 5 2020, Apr 6 2020, Apr 7 2020, Apr 8 2020, Apr 9 2020, Apr 10 2020, Apr 11 2020, Apr 12 2020, Apr 13 2020, Apr 14 2020, Apr 15 2020, Apr 16 2020, Apr 17 2020, Apr 18 2020, Apr 19 2020, Apr 20 2020, Apr 21 2020, Apr 22 2020, Apr 23 2020, Apr 24 2020, Apr 25 2020, Apr 26 2020, Apr 27 2020, Apr 28 2020, Apr 29 2020, Apr 30 2020, May 1 2020, May 2 2020, May 3 2020, May 4 2020, May 5 2020, May 6 2020, May 7 2020, May 8 2020, May 9 2020, May 10 2020, May 11 2020, May 12 2020, May 13 2020, May 14 2020, May 15 2020, May 16 2020, May 17 2020, May 18 2020, May 19 2020, May 20 2020, May 21 2020, May 22 2020, May 23 2020, May 24 2020, May 25 2020, May 26 2020, May 27 2020, May 28 2020, May 29 2020, May 30 2020, May 31 2020, Jun 1 2020, Jun 2 2020, Jun 3 2020, Jun 4 2020, Jun 5 2020, Jun 6 2020, Jun 7 2020,Jun 8 2020,Jun 9 2020,Jun 10 2020,Jun 11 2020,Jun 12 2020,Jun 13 2020,Jun 14 2020, Jun 15 2020,Jun 16 2020,Jun 17 2020,Jun 18 2020,Jun 19 2020,Jun 20 2020,Jun 21 2020,Jun 22 2020,Jun 23 2020,Jun 24 2020,Jun 25 2020,Jun 26 2020,Jun 27 2020,Jun 28 2020,Jun 29 2020,Jun 30 2020,Jul 1 2020,Jul 2 2020,Jul 3 2020,Jul 4 2020,Jul 5 2020,Jul 6 2020,Jul 7 2020,Jul 8 2020,Jul 9 2020,Jul 10 2020,Jul 11 2020,Jul 12 2020,Jul 13 2020,Jul 14 2020,Jul 15 2020,Jul 16 2020,Jul 17 2020,Jul 18 2020,Jul 19 2020,Jul 20 2020,Jul 21 2020,Jul 22 2020,Jul 23 2020,Jul 24 2020,Jul 25 2020,Jul 26 2020,Jul 27 2020,Jul 28 2020,Jul 29 2020,Jul 30 2020,Jul 31 2020,Aug 1 2020,Aug 2 2020,Aug 3 2020,Aug 4 2020,Aug 5 2020,Aug 6 2020,Aug 7 2020,Aug 8 2020,Aug 9 2020,Aug 10 2020,Aug 11 2020,Aug 12 2020,Aug 13 2020,Aug 14 2020,Aug 15 2020,Aug 16 2020,Aug 17 2020 <!--Search string CASES_STATES_Y--> |y9=0,6,9,12,16,22,22,33,46,96,118,165,174,218,280,335,381,404,426,473,523,584,643,704,743,830,875,946,1000,1119,1171,1226,1280,1410,1480,1569,1620,1695,1739,1781,1923,2227,2276,2465,2741,2829,2941,3017,3111,3192,3255,3321,3372,3431,3458,3496,3568,3611,3694,3747,3747,4034,4164,4164,4236,4463,4578,4759,4813,4923,5003,5458,5612,5612,5922,6029,6180,6277,6538,6538,7013,7253,7443,7443,8067,8067,8651,9101,9426,9740,10080,10368,10816,11547,11547,12501,12917,13191,13606,13928,14631,15142,15142,16083,16678,17375,18062,18062,18740,19310,20257,20777,21197,22075,22622,23209,23209,24253,24512,24512,26052,26803,26803,28367,28939,29733,30297,31114,31762,31762,32533,33927,34655,35246,36259,37249,37249,38623,39447,40181,40968,41759,42511,43173,43173,44597,45381,46293,47028,48039,48039,49383,50028,50411,51114,51766,51892,51992,52655,53077 |y9Title=Arkansas |y8=28,45,72,101,131,131,160,183,216,277,363,475,591,720,912,1086,1430,1734,2061,2627,2627,2966,3342,3728,4173,4565,4950,5172,5429,5655,6510,6510,6893,7684,7691,7941,8280,8675,9047,9433,9730,10106,10447,10878,11262,12256,12968,13441,13879,14735,14758,15284,15768,16225,16635,16907,17364,17830,18801,18827,19703,19899,19879,20157,20475,20838,21232,21633,21938,22202,22482,22797,23191,23487,23964,24174,24269,24565,24767,25121,25613,26098,26378,26577,26788,27060,27360,27615,27848,28001,28183,28347,28499,28647,28822,29017,29130,29299,29442,29673,29901,30187,30349,30539,30705,30893,31155,31479,31796,32022,32307,32511,32715,33029,33352,33619,33866,34065,34257,34664,35116,35525,36191,36591,36913,37242,37686,38155,38726,39344,39788,40142,40566,41059,41698,42314,42980,43789,44336,44565,45314,45796,46204,46809,47267,47716,47968,48394,48988,49436,49893,50324,50660,51039,51441,51756,52219,52538,52838,53176 |y8Title=Colorado |y11=3,6,6,11,20,26,41,68,96,194,194,223,415,618,875,1012,1291,1291,1993,2571,3128,3557,3824,4914,5276,5675,6906,7781,7781,9784,10538,11510,12035,13381,13989,14755,15884,16809,16809,17550,19815,20360,22469,23100,23921,24582,25269,25269,26312,26767,27700,28764,28764,29287,29287,30621,30995,31784,32411,32984,33554,33765,34333,34855,35464,36085,36703,37419,38116,38430,39017,39208,39640,40022,40468,40873,41303,41288,41559,41762,42022,42201,42740,42979,43091,43239,43460,43818,43968,44092,44179,44347,44461,44689,44994,45088,45235,45349,45429,45440,45557,45715,45755,45782,45899,45913,45994,46059,46206,46303,46362,46514,46572,46646,46717,46717,46717,46976,47033,47108,47209,47287,47287,47287,47510,47530,47636,47750,47893,47893,47893,48055,48096,48223,48232,48776,48776,48776,48983,49077,49540,49670,49810,49810,49810,50062,50110,50225,50245,50320,50320,50320,50567,50684,50706,50782,50897,50897,50897,51267 |y11Title=Connecticut |y1=10,12,12,15,19,24,30,39,56,79,126,201,259,365,477,645,981,1232,1514,1786,2159,2565,3039,3437,3953,4411,4944,5507,5943,6351,6907,7435,7928,8236,8527,8955,9542,10154,10641,11210,11686,12097,12438,13039,13680,14395,15012,15961,16588,17182,17835,18630,19295,19933,20507,21033,21870,22503,23146,23732,24126,24627,25127,25473,26053,26655,27280,27778,28255,28705,29274,29936,30409,30901,31376,31715,32078,32437,33068,33558,34211,34574,34830,35237,35712,36096,36578,36997,37397,37623,38033,38337,38748,39146,39543,39909,40430,40786,41013,41438,41746,42061,42423,42633,42871,43140,43655,44140,44575,44930,45228,45594,45952,46387,46915,47432,48008,48331,48626,49063,49575,50300,51079,51612,52037,52685,53370,54080,54813,55654,56571,57206,57916,58673,59602,60598,61520,62372,62907,63678,64299,65253,66154,67122,67857,68433,69255,69975,71015,72254,73287,74328,74992,75862,76522,77565,78632,79676,80415,81006 |y1Title=Indiana |y10=13,14,16,17,18,22,23,29,38,45,68,90,105,124,145,179,235,298,336,424,497,549,614,699,786,868,946,1048,1145,1270,1388,1510,1587,1710,1899,1995,2141,2332,2513,2902,3159,3641,3748,3924,4445,5092,5476,5868,6376,6843,7145,7884,8641,9169,9703,10111,10404,11059,11457,11671,11959,12373,12912,13289,13675,14049,14328,14651,14955,15349,15614,16170,16504,16893,17252,17577,17703,18360,18573,18926,19244,19552,19697,20016,20055,20805,21152,21478,21667,21987,22236,22551,22938,23337,23717,23926,24053,24179,24461,24854,25275,25496,25963,26051,26373,26705,27197,27686,28012,28489,28782,29007,29451,30209,30429,31041,31353,31657,32029,32509,33240,33984,34647,35071,35529,35849,36291,37132,37722,37907,38723,39166,39474,39793,40634,41271,41671,42200,42554,42777,43277,44038,44582,44976,45492,45841,46042,46659,47361,47865,48283,48789,49071,49329,49806,50336,50932,51793,52428,52722 |y10Title=Iowa |y6=21,43,62,90,128,179,246,269,287,303,327,349,393,444,502,565,640,687,725,823,916,973,1056,1119,1158,1217,1330,1432,1534,1637,1732,1806,1864,2012,2165,2321,2486,2668,2788,2914,3190,3452,3758,4270,4788,5127,5512,6187,6788,7468,8116,8736,9071,9411,10235,10876,11510,12328,13040,13321,13552,14379,15043,15772,16565,17363,17705,18016,18987,19842,20609,21582,22374,22765,23121,23524,24308,24988,25559,26013,26181,26322,26897,27376,27889,28290,28688,28853,28988,29436,29866,30199,30418,30463,30465,30471,30693,30882,31296,31675,32031,32467,32920,33227,33469,33763,34123,34616,35033,35549,35861,36303,36716,37210,37624,37624,38136,38569,39133,39589,40163,40767,41571,42281,42772,43170,43742,44347,45013,45470,46204,47107,47457,47961,48721,49488,50291,51153,51803,52281,52947,53692,54463,55188,55947,56560,57162,57779,58640,59185,60101,60898,61516,61839,62303,62993,63723,64413,65152,65716 |y6Title=Minnesota |y2=0,1,4,6,10,12,21,34,50,80,140,207,249,320,377,485,579,663,758,847,937,1073,1177,1358,1455,1638,1738,1915,2003,2260,2469,2642,2781,2942,3087,3360,3624,3793,3974,4274,4512,4716,4894,5153,5434,5718,5911,6094,6342,6569,6815,7212,7441,7550,7877,8207,8424,8686,9090,9378,9501,9674,9908,10090,10483,10801,11123,11296,11432,11704,11967,12222,12624,13005,13252,13458,13731,14044,14372,14790,15229,15501,15752,16020,16322,16560,16759,16769,17270,17768,17768,18483,18483,19091,19348,19516,19799,20152,20641,20641,20641,20641,20641,22287,22898,23424,24516,25066,25531,25892,26567,27247,27900,28770,28770,30674,30900,31257,32214,32888,33591,34622,35419,36287,36680,37542,38567,39797,40829,41846,42638,43889,45524,47071,48053,49663,51097,52304,52957,54299,55804,57579,58747,59881,60553,61125,62199,63444,64400,65436,66646,67173,67649,68293,69374,69986,70930,71755,72136,72412 |y2Title=Mississippi |y4=1,1,2,4,5,6,8,13,24,47,73,90,183,183,356,502,669,838,838,1031,1327,1581,1834,2113,2291,2367,2722,3037,3327,3539,3799,4024,4160,4388,4686,4895,5111,5283,5517,5667,5807,5941,6137,6321,6625,6826,6997,7171,7303,7425,7562,7835,8154,8386,8754,8916,9102,9341,9489,9666,9844,9918,10006,10142,10317,10456,10675,10789,10945,11080,11232,11340,11558,11752,11988,12167,12291,12492,12673,12795,12962,13147,13327,13575,13767,14057,14253,14442,14553,14734,14913,15187,15390,15585,15810,15810,16189,16414,16625,16908,17201,17590,18003,18143,18143,18868,19421,19914,20261,20575,21043,21551,21927,22283,22830,23215,23436,23856,24629,25204,25999,25999,27133,27443,27890,28826,29714,30422,31288,32248,33094,33624,34762,36063,37700,39352,40709,41927,43050,44823,46750,48834,50323,51258,51840,52887,54080,55321,56383,57379,57379,57379,59954,60935,62530,63797,65270,66397,67475,68623 |y4Title=Missouri |y7=5,7,11,20,21,45,55,55,95,109,124,190,245,278,321,420,535,621,738,1008,1113,1279,1458,1514,1742,1836,1953,2087,2318,2456,2584,2700,2836,2971,3088,3211,3321,3524,3626,3728,3830,3937,4081,4208,4398,4539,4602,4690,4805,4898,4998,5227,5311,5426,5491,5594,5663,5766,5884,6028,6098,6152,6311,6394,6499,6614,6662,6857,6906,7046,7166,7255,7401,7696,7770,7879,7997,8113,8208,8350,8495,8593,8688,8830,8935,9090,9266,9460,9649,9786,10030,10164,10399,10678,10946,11173,11279,11658,11842,12076,12486,12931,13205,13535,13997,14362,14859,15240,16339,17160,17894,18456,19101,19733,20718,21575,22418,22909,23785,24301,24904,25908,26838,27683,28515,29619,30468,31915,33295,34477,35765,36713,37528,38657,39919,40885,41816,42843,43831,44936,45806,46824,48088,49074,50205,51199,52179,52828,53557,54533,55419,56230,56972,57520,58048,58650,59749,60608,61305,61967 |y7Title=Nevada |y5=1665,1921,2218,2484,2738,3107,3432,3810,4146,4551,4837,5121,5568,5923,6329,6700,7076,7397,7715,8120,8431,8869,9201,9485,9732,9953,10282,10547,10831,11118,11395,11605,11775,12079,12303,12619,12872,13174,13407,13583,13890,14133,14375,14628,14913,15110,15292,15566,15798,16042,16309,16653,16802,16943,17209,17470,17718,17914,18124,18275,18449,18741,18952,19179,19424,19650,19838,19991,20286,20535,20784,20988,21283,21492,21652,21909,22184,22483,22753,23047,23275,23456,23798,24086,24385,24677,25023,25227,25419,25732,26004,26281,26559,26825,26985,27095,27493,27925,28255,28575,28666,28680,28225,28680,28870,29386,29869,30367,30855,31404,31752,32253,32824,33435,34151,34778,35247,35898,36985,37420,37941,38581,39218,39218,40656,41757,42304,43046,44313,45067,46026,46946,47743,48575,49247,50009,50824,51849,52635,53321,54205,54985,55803,55803,57541,58173,58751,59379,60084,60917,61587,62523,63072,63647,64151,64702,65339,66139,66885,67461 |y5Title=Washington |y3=3,9,23,23,37,56,83,121,174,235,315,425,466,525,667,806,969,1134,1276,1422,1585,1821,2040,2263,2476,2643,2866,3064,3279,3443,3665,3822,3964,4080,4246,4453,4636,4839,5013,5176,5353,5509,5766,6011,6364,6715,6963,7161,7391,7660,8052,8550,8920,9227,9538,9896,10262,10621,11030,11402,11694,11920,12131,12449,12869,13344,13878,14257,14442,14692,15269,15792,16340,16843,17253,17571,17867,18513,19077,19843,20382,20564,20736,21155,21661,22193,22599,22937,23212,23434,23734,24070,24441,24795,25089,25340,25546,25844,26129,26590,26913,27326,27615,27878,28175,28641,29105,29668,30227,30707,31033,31662,32225,32809,33431,34207,34740,35230,35765,36410,37210,38099,39080,39877,40382,41349,42197,43139,44068,45099,45948,46675,47836,48583,49669,50727,51715,52680,53281,54064,54988,56079,56934,58058,58990,59401,60171,61110,61985,63028,64213,64835,65356,66123,66654,67622,68681,69547,70246,70715 |y3Title=Wisconsin <!--Numbers that I see for the linear plot April 11, 2020, 10:15 pm EDT: |yScaleType=--><!--log This is the line that makes this plot have a log axis, so leave it blank here!--> |yGrid= |xGrid= }} === Progression charts === No. of new daily cases (also in [https://covidtracking.com/data covidtracking.com] and [https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/us/ Worldometers]), with a seven-day [[moving average]]: <!--CASES PER DAY--> {{Graph:Chart |width=700 |height= |type=line |colors=#50A5FF, #0045FF |showValues=offset:1 |xAxisAngle=-40 |xType = date |xAxisFormat=%e %b <!--Search string NEW_X (if the date range is NOT the same as for total cases, you may need to add zeros to the y axis data with fewer dates to align the data)--> |x= Feb 26 2020,Feb 27 2020,Feb 28 2020,Feb 29 2020,Mar 1 2020,Mar 2 2020,Mar 3 2020,Mar 4 2020,Mar 5 2020,Mar 6 2020,Mar 7 2020,Mar 8 2020,Mar 9 2020,Mar 10 2020,Mar 11 2020,Mar 12 2020,Mar 13 2020,Mar 14 2020,Mar 15 2020,Mar 16 2020,Mar 17 2020,Mar 18 2020,Mar 19 2020,Mar 20 2020,Mar 21 2020,Mar 22 2020,Mar 23 2020,Mar 24 2020,Mar 25 2020,Mar 26 2020,Mar 27 2020,Mar 28 2020,Mar 29 2020,Mar 30 2020,Mar 31 2020,Apr 1 2020,Apr 2 2020,Apr 3 2020,Apr 4 2020,Apr 5 2020,Apr 6 2020,Apr 7 2020,Apr 8 2020,Apr 9 2020,Apr 10 2020,Apr 11 2020,Apr 12 2020,Apr 13 2020,Apr 14 2020,Apr 15 2020,Apr 16 2020,Apr 17 2020,Apr 18 2020,Apr 19 2020,Apr 20 2020,Apr 21 2020,Apr 22 2020,Apr 23 2020,Apr 24 2020,Apr 25 2020,Apr 26 2020,Apr 27 2020,Apr 28 2020,Apr 29 2020,Apr 30 2020,May 1 2020,May 2 2020,May 3 2020,May 4 2020,May 5 2020,May 6 2020,May 7 2020,May 8 2020,May 9 2020,May 10 2020,May 11 2020,May 12 2020,May 13 2020,May 14 2020,May 15 2020,May 16 2020,May 17 2020,May 18 2020,May 19 2020,May 20 2020,May 21 2020,May 22 2020,May 23 2020,May 24 2020,May 25 2020,May 26 2020,May 27 2020,May 28 2020,May 29 2020,May 30 2020,May 31 2020,Jun 1 2020,Jun 2 2020,Jun 3 2020,Jun 4 2020,Jun 5 2020,Jun 6 2020,Jun 7 2020,Jun 8 2020,Jun 9 2020,Jun 10 2020,Jun 11 2020,Jun 12 2020,Jun 13 2020,Jun 14 2020, Jun 15 2020,Jun 16 2020,Jun 17 2020,Jun 18 2020,Jun 19 2020,Jun 20 2020,Jun 21 2020,Jun 22 2020,Jun 23 2020,Jun 24 2020,Jun 25 2020,Jun 26 2020,Jun 27 2020,Jun 28 2020,Jun 29 2020,Jun 30 2020,Jul 1 2020,Jul 2 2020,Jul 3 2020,Jul 4 2020,Jul 5 2020,Jul 6 2020,Jul 7 2020,Jul 8 2020,Jul 9 2020,Jul 10 2020,Jul 11 2020,Jul 12 2020,Jul 13 2020,Jul 14 2020,Jul 15 2020,Jul 16 2020,Jul 17 2020,Jul 18 2020,Jul 19 2020,Jul 20 2020,Jul 21 2020,Jul 22 2020,Jul 23 2020,Jul 24 2020,Jul 25 2020,Jul 26 2020,Jul 27 2020,Jul 28 2020,Jul 29 2020,Jul 30 2020,Jul 31 2020,Aug 1 2020,Aug 2 2020,Aug 3 2020,Aug 4 2020,Aug 5 2020,Aug 6 2020,Aug 7 2020,Aug 8 2020,Aug 9 2020,Aug 10 2020,Aug 11 2020,Aug 12 2020,Aug 13 2020,Aug 14 2020,Aug 15 2020,Aug 16 2020,Aug 17 2020,Aug 18 2020,Aug 19 2020 |yAxisTitle=No. of new cases | yAxisMin = 1 | yAxisMax = <!--Search String NEW_Y (if the date range is NOT the same as for total cases, you may need to add zeros to the y axis data with fewer dates to align the data)--> |y1= 1, 0, 4, 5, 18, 15, 28, 26, 64, 77, 101, 144, 148, 291, 269, 393, 565, 662, 676, 872, 1291, 2410, 3948, 5417, 6271, 8631, 10410, 9939, 12226, 17050, 19046, 20093, 19118, 20463, 25396, 26732, 28812, 32182, 34068, 25717, 29362, 30752, 32039, 34243, 33578, 31869, 28057, 24685, 25987, 29465, 32076, 30915, 28084, 26013, 25132, 25178, 29246, 32331, 36137, 34956, 26884, 22086, 24429, 25904, 29674, 33007, 30568, 25393, 21278, 22252, 24859, 27535, 27114, 25562, 20697, 17779, 21486, 20549, 26762, 25382, 24527, 19731, 21109, 19962, 22368, 25028, 22206, 22717, 20253, 18554, 16682, 18636, 23016, 23575, 23816, 21684, 16079, 20048, 19685, 21004, 23292, 23394, 18550, 16313, 17182, 19958, 17847, 24421, 25891, 21141, 18307, 23047, 23620, 27082, 30927, 31963, 28095, 26558, 33315, 37945, 38853, 44726, 43581, 40691, 36390, 43865, 52609, 54869, 57209, 50445, 43003, 46727, 50940, 62425, 57437, 66786, 62653, 61038, 57942, 61834, 65370, 70254, 76091, 65389, 63591, 55896, 63496, 68377, 70719, 74360, 65944, 58631, 54806, 58540, 63255, 68543, 66364, 60817, 53561, 41963, 51185, 51884, 53305, 60184, 55692, 48769, 40171, 54443, 55170, 51335, 55057, 55348, 42181, 37240, 39794, 43798 |y2= ,,,,,,10, 14, 23, 33, 47, 65, 84, 122, 156, 203, 273, 353, 429, 533, 675, 981, 1489, 2182, 2984, 4120, 5483, 6718, 8120, 9992, 11939, 13914, 15412, 16848, 19056, 21128, 22809, 24685, 26682, 27624, 28896, 29661, 30419, 31195, 31394, 31080, 31414, 30746, 30065, 29698, 29388, 29008, 28467, 28175, 28239, 28123, 28092, 28128, 28874, 29856, 29981, 29545, 29438, 28961, 28581, 28134, 27507, 27294, 27179, 26868, 26719, 26413, 25571, 24856, 24185, 23685, 23576, 22960, 22850, 22602, 22455, 22317, 22792, 22575, 22834, 22587, 22133, 21874, 21949, 21584, 21115, 20582, 20295, 20490, 20647, 20852, 20498, 20979, 21129, 20842, 20801, 20741, 20293, 20327, 19917, 19956, 19505, 19666, 20023, 20393, 20678, 21516, 22039, 23358, 24288, 25155, 26149, 27327, 28794, 30841, 32522, 34494, 36153, 37953, 39357, 40864, 42959, 45247, 47031, 48011, 48341, 49818, 50829, 52231, 52598, 53966, 55710, 58287, 59889, 61445, 61866, 63697, 65026, 65417, 65782, 65489, 65727, 66156, 66223, 65975, 66055, 65346, 65190, 64482, 63751, 63440, 62298, 61565, 60841, 59006, 57955, 56331, 54154, 53271, 52539, 51854, 51598, 52064, 52533, 52252, 51520, 51470, 50529, 50111, 48014 <!--|yScaleType=log This is the line that makes this plot have a log axis--> |yGrid= |xGrid= }} No. of new daily deaths (also in [https://covidtracking.com/data covidtracking.com] and [https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/us/ Worldometers]), with a seven-day moving average: <!--DEATHS PER DAY--> {{Graph:Chart |width=700 |height= |colors=#A4A1A2, #343132 |showValues=offset:1 |xAxisAngle=-40 |type=line |xType=date |xAxisFormat=%e %b <!--Search String DEATH_X--> |x= Feb 26 2020,Feb 27 2020,Feb 28 2020,Feb 29 2020,Mar 1 2020,Mar 2 2020,Mar 3 2020,Mar 4 2020,Mar 5 2020,Mar 6 2020,Mar 7 2020,Mar 8 2020,Mar 9 2020,Mar 10 2020,Mar 11 2020,Mar 12 2020,Mar 13 2020,Mar 14 2020,Mar 15 2020,Mar 16 2020,Mar 17 2020,Mar 18 2020,Mar 19 2020,Mar 20 2020,Mar 21 2020,Mar 22 2020,Mar 23 2020,Mar 24 2020,Mar 25 2020,Mar 26 2020,Mar 27 2020,Mar 28 2020,Mar 29 2020,Mar 30 2020,Mar 31 2020,Apr 1 2020,Apr 2 2020,Apr 3 2020,Apr 4 2020,Apr 5 2020,Apr 6 2020,Apr 7 2020,Apr 8 2020,Apr 9 2020,Apr 10 2020,Apr 11 2020,Apr 12 2020,Apr 13 2020,Apr 14 2020,Apr 15 2020,Apr 16 2020,Apr 17 2020,Apr 18 2020,Apr 19 2020,Apr 20 2020,Apr 21 2020,Apr 22 2020,Apr 23 2020,Apr 24 2020,Apr 25 2020,Apr 26 2020,Apr 27 2020,Apr 28 2020,Apr 29 2020,Apr 30 2020,May 1 2020,May 2 2020,May 3 2020,May 4 2020,May 5 2020,May 6 2020,May 7 2020,May 8 2020,May 9 2020,May 10 2020,May 11 2020,May 12 2020,May 13 2020,May 14 2020,May 15 2020,May 16 2020,May 17 2020,May 18 2020,May 19 2020,May 20 2020,May 21 2020,May 22 2020,May 23 2020,May 24 2020,May 25 2020,May 26 2020,May 27 2020,May 28 2020,May 29 2020,May 30 2020,May 31 2020,Jun 1 2020,Jun 2 2020,Jun 3 2020,Jun 4 2020,Jun 5 2020,Jun 6 2020,Jun 7 2020,Jun 8 2020,Jun 9 2020,Jun 10 2020,Jun 11 2020,Jun 12 2020,Jun 13 2020,Jun 14 2020, Jun 15 2020,Jun 16 2020,Jun 17 2020,Jun 18 2020,Jun 19 2020,Jun 20 2020,Jun 21 2020,Jun 22 2020,Jun 23 2020,Jun 24 2020,Jun 25 2020,Jun 26 2020,Jun 27 2020,Jun 28 2020,Jun 29 2020,Jun 30 2020,Jul 1 2020,Jul 2 2020,Jul 3 2020,Jul 4 2020,Jul 5 2020,Jul 6 2020,Jul 7 2020,Jul 8 2020,Jul 9 2020,Jul 10 2020,Jul 11 2020,Jul 12 2020,Jul 13 2020,Jul 14 2020,Jul 15 2020,Jul 16 2020,Jul 17 2020,Jul 18 2020,Jul 19 2020,Jul 20 2020,Jul 21 2020,Jul 22 2020,Jul 23 2020,Jul 24 2020,Jul 25 2020,Jul 26 2020,Jul 27 2020,Jul 28 2020,Jul 29 2020,Jul 30 2020,Jul 31 2020,Aug 1 2020,Aug 2 2020,Aug 3 2020,Aug 4 2020,Aug 5 2020,Aug 6 2020,Aug 7 2020,Aug 8 2020,Aug 9 2020,Aug 10 2020,Aug 11 2020,Aug 12 2020,Aug 13 2020,Aug 14 2020,Aug 15 2020,Aug 16 2020,Aug 17 2020,Aug 18 2020,Aug 19 2020 |yAxisTitle=No. of new deaths | yAxisMin = 1 | yAxisMax = <!--Search string DEATH_Y--> |y1= 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 4, 3, 3, 0, 6, 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 4, 7, 7, 6, 13, 21, 26, 52, 51, 67, 109, 111, 162, 225, 253, 433, 447, 392, 554, 821, 939, 1075, 1186, 1346, 1175, 1214, 1928, 1936, 1831, 2078, 1910, 1493, 1462, 2378, 2438, 1871, 2080, 1743, 1634, 1643, 2624, 2119, 1840, 2053, 1825, 1161, 1237, 2204, 2536, 2083, 1794, 1668, 1117, 877, 2435, 2701, 1971, 1695, 1555, 941, 840, 1591, 1715, 1858, 1524, 1231, 785, 792, 1425, 1528, 1286, 1262, 1089, 646, 504, 634, 1379, 1216, 1175, 979, 605, 478, 1039, 1004, 909, 849, 725, 448, 491, 926, 861, 812, 758, 654, 345, 384, 739, 742, 694, 682, 550, 283, 292, 766, 688, 644, 598, 507, 250, 338, 613, 670, 671, 610, 273, 212, 244, 902, 810, 874, 839, 735, 476, 282, 785, 873, 924, 936, 879, 512, 390, 1039, 1103, 1082, 1150, 985, 552, 1079, 1144, 1449, 1231, 1323, 1207, 462, 505, 1265, 1328, 1248, 1287, 1109, 554, 432, 1334, 1486, 1149, 1234, 1190, 616, 400, 1205, 1369 |y2= , , , , , , 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 19, 25, 34, 48, 62, 83, 111, 140, 194, 249, 289, 352, 446, 548, 666, 773, 902, 1014, 1108, 1266, 1409, 1517, 1644, 1725, 1770, 1805, 1870, 1941, 1947, 1947, 1924, 1944, 1970, 2005, 1959, 1955, 1951, 1963, 1895, 1837, 1777, 1837, 1871, 1834, 1812, 1806, 1754, 1787, 1811, 1795, 1781, 1764, 1739, 1734, 1613, 1473, 1456, 1432, 1386, 1363, 1357, 1333, 1306, 1224, 1187, 1167, 1147, 1106, 993, 971, 961, 949, 933, 927, 924, 982, 928, 884, 838, 801, 779, 781, 765, 744, 730, 717, 707, 692, 677, 650, 633, 617, 606, 591, 582, 569, 573, 565, 558, 546, 540, 535, 542, 520, 517, 521, 523, 489, 484, 470, 512, 532, 561, 593, 659, 697, 703, 686, 695, 702, 716, 736, 742, 757, 793, 826, 849, 879, 894, 900, 999, 1014, 1063, 1084, 1109, 1141, 1128, 1046, 1063, 1046, 1048, 1043, 1029, 1042, 1031, 1042, 1064, 1050, 1043, 1054, 1063, 1058, 1040 |yScaleType= <!--log This is the option that makes the plot have a log axis, so leave it blank here!--> |yGrid= |xGrid= }} The plots above are charts showing the number of COVID-19 cases, deaths, and recoveries in the U.S. since February 26, 2020. The plot below uses a [[Logarithmic scale|log scale]] for all four y axes on one plot to show relationships between the trends. On a log scale, data that shows exponential growth will plot as a more-or-less straight line. Each major division is a factor of 10. This makes the slope of the plot the relative rate of change anywhere in the timeline, which allows comparison of one plot with the others throughout the pandemic.<!--One option in the Graph:Chart template, "yScaleType=log" makes this happen; this option was added for this article and is not yet documented in the template. If you accidentally break the chart, please don't delete that line. Template for Graph:Chart is at [[Template:Graph:Chart]]--> {{Graph:Chart |type=line |width=700 |height=480<!--height = 80 X <no. of log10 cycles in y axis>--> |colors=#50A5FF,#FFC000,#87CEEB,#A4A1A2 |showValues= |xType = date |xAxisFormat=%e %b |xAxisAngle=-40 |yAxisTitle=No. of cases |legend=Legend <!--When you update this chart, please clipboard copy the "x=..." and "|y1=..." lines to the linear charts, update second and third datasets from "y2=" and "y3=" to "y1="--> <!--Search string CASES_X (on this log scale combined chart, we use only one x axis for all three datasets!)--> |x= Mar 7 2020,Mar 8 2020,Mar 9 2020,Mar 10 2020,Mar 11 2020,Mar 12 2020,Mar 13 2020,Mar 14 2020,Mar 15 2020,Mar 16 2020,Mar 17 2020,Mar 18 2020,Mar 19 2020,Mar 20 2020,Mar 21 2020,Mar 22 2020,Mar 23 2020,Mar 24 2020,Mar 25 2020,Mar 26 2020,Mar 27 2020,Mar 28 2020,Mar 29 2020,Mar 30 2020,Mar 31 2020,Apr 1 2020,Apr 2 2020,Apr 3 2020,Apr 4 2020,Apr 5 2020,Apr 6 2020,Apr 7 2020,Apr 8 2020,Apr 9 2020,Apr 10 2020,Apr 11 2020,Apr 12 2020,Apr 13 2020,Apr 14 2020,Apr 15 2020,Apr 16 2020,Apr 17 2020,Apr 18 2020,Apr 19 2020,Apr 20 2020,Apr 21 2020,Apr 22 2020,Apr 23 2020,Apr 24 2020,Apr 25 2020,Apr 26 2020,Apr 27 2020,Apr 28 2020, Apr 29 2020,Apr 30 2020,May 1 2020,May 2 2020,May 3 2020,May 4 2020,May 5 2020,May 6 2020,May 7 2020,May 8 2020,May 9 2020,May 10 2020,May 11 2020,May 12 2020,May 13 2020,May 14 2020,May 15 2020,May 16 2020,May 17 2020,May 18 2020,May 19 2020,May 20 2020,May 21 2020,May 22 2020,May 23 2020,May 24 2020,May 25 2020,May 26 2020,May 27 2020, May 28 2020,May 29 2020,May 30 2020,May 31 2020,Jun 1 2020,Jun 2 2020,Jun 3 2020,Jun 4 2020,Jun 5 2020,Jun 6 2020, Jun 7 2020,Jun 8 2020,Jun 9 2020,Jun 10 2020,Jun 11 2020,Jun 12 2020,Jun 13 2020,Jun 14 2020, Jun 15 2020,Jun 16 2020,Jun 17 2020,Jun 18 2020,Jun 19 2020,Jun 20 2020,Jun 21 2020,Jun 22 2020,Jun 23 2020,Jun 24 2020,Jun 25 2020,Jun 26 2020,Jun 27 2020,Jun 28 2020,Jun 29 2020,Jun 30 2020,Jul 1 2020,Jul 2 2020,Jul 3 2020,Jul 4 2020,Jul 5 2020,Jul 6 2020,Jul 7 2020,Jul 8 2020,Jul 9 2020,Jul 10 2020,Jul 11 2020,Jul 12 2020,Jul 13 2020,Jul 14 2020,Jul 15 2020,Jul 16 2020,Jul 17 2020,Jul 18 2020,Jul 19 2020,Jul 20 2020,Jul 21 2020,Jul 22 2020,Jul 23 2020,Jul 24 2020,Jul 25 2020,Jul 26 2020,Jul 27 2020,Jul 28 2020,Jul 29 2020,Jul 30 2020,Jul 31 2020,Aug 1 2020,Aug 2 2020,Aug 3 2020,Aug 4 2020,Aug 5 2020,Aug 6 2020,Aug 7 2020,Aug 8 2020,Aug 9 2020,Aug 10 2020,Aug 11 2020,Aug 12 2020,Aug 13 2020,Aug 14 2020,Aug 15 2020,Aug 16 2020,Aug 17 2020,Aug 18 2020,Aug 19 2020 |y1Title=Total confirmed cases <!--Search string CASES_Y--> |y1=353,497,645,936,1205,1598,2163,2825,3501,4373,5662,8074,12018,17439,23710,32341,42749,52685,64916,81966,101022,121105,140223, 160686,186082,212814,241626,273808,307876,333593,362955,393707,425746,459989,493567,525436,553493,578178,604165,633630,665706,696621,724705,750718,775850,801028, 830274,862605,898742,933698,960582,982668,1007097,1033001,1062675,1095682,1126250,1151643,1172921,1195173,1220032,1247567,1274681,1300244,1320941,1338720,1360206, 1380755,1407517,1432899,1457426,1477157,1498266,1517928,1540296,1565324,1587530,1610247,1630500,1649054,1665736,1684372,1707388,1730963,1754779,1776463,1792542,1812590,1832275,1853279,1876571,1899965,1918515,1934828,1949450,1969696,1987543,2011966,2037857,2059048,2077355,2100402,2124026,2151108,2182035,2213998,2242093,2268651,2301966,2339911,2378764,2423490,2467071,2507762,2544152,2588017,2640626,2695495,2752704,2803149,2846152,2892879,2943823,3006248,3063685,3130471,3193124,3256142,3312104,3374256,3439626,3509880,3585701,3651090,3714681,3770577,3834073,3902450,3973169,4047529,4113473,4172104,4226910,4285450,4348705,4417248,4483612,4544429,4597990,4639953,4691138,4743022,4796327,4856511,4912203,4960972,5001143,5055586,5110756,5162091,5217148,5272496,5314677,5351917,5391711,5435509 |y2Title=Total active cases <!--Search string ACTIVE_Y--> |y2=319,461,604,890,1153,1542,2098,2720,3379,4222,5458,7844,11734,17062,23241,31755,41934,51625,63616,78943,96965,115835,133233, 152195,175025,199198,225330,254526,284706,306096,332648,359371,388257,417632,447746,474559,498923,517832,539569,556708,577041,603676,622242,643894,666006,678026,704026,732644,742208,767620,792724,793364,812341,830536,849801,875188,889793,911658,922260,929647,939883,958823,980048,989216,990394,1001761,987251,992473,1009605,1025234,1035540,1047329,1057652,1071092,1083036,1094597,1072512,1087331,1092413,1093162,1100258,1134630,1150190,1115401,1124178,1080647,1080693,1069170,1045169,1041699,1037780,1047215,1055509,1059562,1058320,1055239,1064956,1062773,1076492,1080740,1078847,1087980,1095107,1109297,1114475,1129008,1149406,1153098,1168173,1185228,1211749,1239465,1269806,1298228,1310560,1327655,1358248,1386035,1398237,1423492,1437124,1448224,1468350,1492149,1514963,1546843,1578816,1612415,1638009,1648648,1667378,1703037,1716322,1746846,1782806,1790661,1816524,1827744,1860401,1885154,1916111,1946137,1953390,1961495,1964151,1991542,2013976,2038255,2074040,2048917,2063955,2056054,2071481,2099278,2123258,2145242,2133748,2147443,2143872,2163457,2185337,2214454,2233483,2219460,2220538,2211734 |y3Title=Total recoveries <!--Search string RECOV_Y--> |y3= 15,15,15,15,15,15,16,49,60,75,107,107,109,147,171,178,296,379,394,1864,2465,3231,4559,5506,7251,8878,10483,12283,14825,17977,19573,21674, 22891,25928,27314,30453,32634,36948,38820,48708,57754,60510,68285,71012,72389,82923,84050,85922,110432,118162,118781,138990,142238,147411,155737,161563,173725, 178263,188068,200628,213084,217250,223603,238078,256336,262225,296746,310259,318027,326242,339232,346389,356383,361180,370076,382169,403201,446914,451702,464670,479969,490130,498725,519569,535238,599867,615416,645974,688670,712252,738646,751894,761708,773480,788862,808494,816086,841934,854106,870050,889866,903041,918796,930994,956061,972941,980355,1002929,1020403,1040605,1052293,1068703,1081437,1093456,1117177,1143334,1164680,1191091,1235488,1260405,1289564,1324947,1354863,1392679,1426428,1460495,1490446,1517084,1549469,1600195,1645962,1679633,1741233,1775219,1802338,1849989,1886583,1942637,1979617,2028074,2061692,2090129,2136603,2185894,2245044,2284965,2327572,2362903,2380217,2446798,2481680,2540137,2576668,2616967,2638470,2664701,2715934,2755348,2812603,2843204,2875147,2900188,2922724,2973587,3011098,3062331 <!--|y4Title=No. of DEATHS PER DAY--> |y4Title=Total deaths <!--Search string CUMULATIVE_DEATHS_Y--> |y4=19,21,26,31,37,41,49,56,62,76,97,123,175,230,298,408,519,681,906,1159,1592,2039,2431,2985,3806,4746,5821,7006,8359,9534,10746,12674, 14610,16466,18544,20443,21936,23398,25776,28214,30085,32435,34178,35812,37455,40079,42198,44038,46091,47916,49077,50314,52518,55054,57137,58931,60599,61716,62593,65028,67729,69700,71395,72950,73895,74735,76326,78041,79899,81423,82654,83439,84231,85656,87184,88470,89732,90821,91467,91971,92605,93984,95200,96375,97354,97959,98437,99476,100480,101389,102238,102963,103411,103902,104828,105689,106501,107259,107913,108258,108642,109381,110123,110817,111499,112049,112332,112624,113390,114078,114722,115320,115828,116077,116415,117028,117698,118369,118979,119252,119464,119708,120610,121420,122294,123133,123868,124346,124628,125413,126286,127210,128146, 129025,129537,129927,130966,132069,133151,134301,135286,135838,136917,138061,139510,140741,142064,143271,143733,144238,145503,146831,148079,149366,150475,151029,151461,152795,154281,155430,156664,157854,158470,158870,160075,161444 |yScaleType=log<!--This is the line that makes this plot have a log axis--> |yAxisMin = 1<!--Needed to avoid trying to show the values y2, y3 of 0, impossible on log scale because log(0)=-infinity--> |yGrid= |xGrid= }} Daily new tests from Our World in Data, from owid-covid-data.csv[https://github.com/owid/covid-19-data/tree/master/public/data] ([https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/daily-covid-19-tests-smoothed-7-day?country=~USA chart], [https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/daily-tests-per-thousand-people-smoothed-7-day?country=~USA pop-adjusted chart]), smoothed via seven-day moving average: {{Graph:Chart |type=line |width=500 |yAxisTitle=Daily new tests, US |xGrid= |yGrid= |yAxisMin=0 |xType=date |xAxisFormat=%e %b |xAxisAngle=-45 |x=2020-03-15, 2020-03-16, 2020-03-17, 2020-03-18, 2020-03-19, 2020-03-20, 2020-03-21, 2020-03-22, 2020-03-23, 2020-03-24, 2020-03-25, 2020-03-26, 2020-03-27, 2020-03-28, 2020-03-29, 2020-03-30, 2020-03-31, 2020-04-01, 2020-04-02, 2020-04-03, 2020-04-04, 2020-04-05, 2020-04-06, 2020-04-07, 2020-04-08, 2020-04-09, 2020-04-10, 2020-04-11, 2020-04-12, 2020-04-13, 2020-04-14, 2020-04-15, 2020-04-16, 2020-04-17, 2020-04-18, 2020-04-19, 2020-04-20, 2020-04-21, 2020-04-22, 2020-04-23, 2020-04-24, 2020-04-25, 2020-04-26, 2020-04-27, 2020-04-28, 2020-04-29, 2020-04-30, 2020-05-01, 2020-05-02, 2020-05-03, 2020-05-04, 2020-05-05, 2020-05-06, 2020-05-07, 2020-05-08, 2020-05-09, 2020-05-10, 2020-05-11, 2020-05-12, 2020-05-13, 2020-05-14, 2020-05-15, 2020-05-16, 2020-05-17, 2020-05-18, 2020-05-19, 2020-05-20, 2020-05-21, 2020-05-22, 2020-05-23, 2020-05-24, 2020-05-25, 2020-05-26, 2020-05-27, 2020-05-28, 2020-05-29, 2020-05-30, 2020-05-31, 2020-06-01, 2020-06-02, 2020-06-03, 2020-06-04, 2020-06-05, 2020-06-06, 2020-06-07, 2020-06-08, 2020-06-09, 2020-06-10, 2020-06-11, 2020-06-12, 2020-06-13, 2020-06-14, 2020-06-15, 2020-06-16, 2020-06-17, 2020-06-18, 2020-06-19, 2020-06-20, 2020-06-21, 2020-06-22, 2020-06-23, 2020-06-24, 2020-06-25, 2020-06-26, 2020-06-27, 2020-06-28, 2020-06-29, 2020-06-30, 2020-07-01, 2020-07-02, 2020-07-03, 2020-07-04, 2020-07-05, 2020-07-06, 2020-07-07, 2020-07-08, 2020-07-09, 2020-07-10, 2020-07-11, 2020-07-12, 2020-07-13, 2020-07-14, 2020-07-15, 2020/07/16, 2020/07/17, 2020/07/18, 2020/07/19, 2020/07/20, 2020/07/21, 2020/07/22, 2020/07/23, 2020/07/24, 2020/07/25, 2020/07/26, 2020/07/27, 2020/07/28, 2020/07/29, |y=4968, 7275, 9394, 12429, 15682, 19609, 25427, 30837, 36583, 43985, 52461, 62995, 72422, 81213, 87233, 95849, 102020, 105466, 107900, 112219, 129694, 134272, 139064, 145051, 150618, 158076, 161720, 148547, 151299, 148753, 148400, 146899, 145862, 145903, 147167, 149312, 150955, 151107, 177750, 181895, 192919, 211536, 219016, 226028, 233709, 221698, 227389, 235870, 231718, 236036, 241276, 250544, 251319, 261175, 261550, 267911, 272170, 293694, 298992, 309593, 318512, 327151, 337224, 352199, 348283, 361538, 374126, 388090, 395342, 399325, 400803, 410500, 396870, 382766, 378859, 390022, 395130, 397225, 395759, 411861, 434473, 438261, 440982, 453355, 460638, 458333, 458523, 453032, 452381, 468252, 467255, 472360, 477927, 484093, 492504, 500716, 493876, 502704, 506982, 510870, 516078, 519504, 536930, 541569, 546665, 557210, 581401, 600594, 618043, 621970, 639038, 644662, 654700, 638733, 638630, 637685, 642972, 657534, 656563, 666622, 695500, 713652, 732194, 760099, 763897, 772924, 778664, 781156, 778337, 783123, 782671, 795877, 801014, 809200, 816318, 813889, 820227 }} Daily new tests per 1000 pop from Our World in Data, from owid-covid-data.csv[https://github.com/owid/covid-19-data/tree/master/public/data] ([https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/daily-tests-per-thousand-people-smoothed-7-day?tab=chart&country=~USA chart]), seven-day moving average, for the U.S. and top 5 countries by latest test rate: {{Graph:Chart |type=line |width=500 |yAxisTitle=Daily new tests per 1000 pop |xGrid= |yGrid= |yAxisMin=0 |xType=date |xAxisFormat=%e %b |xAxisAngle=-45 |legend=Legend |colors=#00C,#BDD,#DBD,#DDB,#BBD,#BDB, |x = 2020-02-03, 2020-02-04, 2020-02-05, 2020-02-06, 2020-02-07, 2020-02-08, 2020-02-09, 2020-02-10, 2020-02-11, 2020-02-12, 2020-02-13, 2020-02-14, 2020-02-15, 2020-02-16, 2020-02-17, 2020-02-18, 2020-02-19, 2020-02-20, 2020-02-21, 2020-02-22, 2020-02-23, 2020-02-24, 2020-02-25, 2020-02-26, 2020-02-27, 2020-02-28, 2020-02-29, 2020-03-01, 2020-03-02, 2020-03-03, 2020-03-04, 2020-03-05, 2020-03-06, 2020-03-07, 2020-03-08, 2020-03-09, 2020-03-10, 2020-03-11, 2020-03-12, 2020-03-13, 2020-03-14, 2020-03-15, 2020-03-16, 2020-03-17, 2020-03-18, 2020-03-19, 2020-03-20, 2020-03-21, 2020-03-22, 2020-03-23, 2020-03-24, 2020-03-25, 2020-03-26, 2020-03-27, 2020-03-28, 2020-03-29, 2020-03-30, 2020-03-31, 2020-04-01, 2020-04-02, 2020-04-03, 2020-04-04, 2020-04-05, 2020-04-06, 2020-04-07, 2020-04-08, 2020-04-09, 2020-04-10, 2020-04-11, 2020-04-12, 2020-04-13, 2020-04-14, 2020-04-15, 2020-04-16, 2020-04-17, 2020-04-18, 2020-04-19, 2020-04-20, 2020-04-21, 2020-04-22, 2020-04-23, 2020-04-24, 2020-04-25, 2020-04-26, 2020-04-27, 2020-04-28, 2020-04-29, 2020-04-30, 2020-05-01, 2020-05-02, 2020-05-03, 2020-05-04, 2020-05-05, 2020-05-06, 2020-05-07, 2020-05-08, 2020-05-09, 2020-05-10, 2020-05-11, 2020-05-12, 2020-05-13, 2020-05-14, 2020-05-15, 2020-05-16, 2020-05-17, 2020-05-18, 2020-05-19, 2020-05-20, 2020-05-21, 2020-05-22, 2020-05-23, 2020-05-24, 2020-05-25, 2020-05-26, 2020-05-27, 2020-05-28, 2020-05-29, 2020-05-30, 2020-05-31, 2020-06-01, 2020-06-02, 2020-06-03, 2020-06-04, 2020-06-05, 2020-06-06, 2020-06-07, 2020-06-08, 2020-06-09, 2020-06-10, 2020-06-11, 2020-06-12, 2020-06-13, 2020-06-14, 2020-06-15, 2020-06-16, 2020-06-17, 2020-06-18, 2020-06-19, 2020-06-20, 2020-06-21, 2020-06-22, 2020-06-23, 2020-06-24, 2020-06-25, 2020-06-26, 2020-06-27, 2020-06-28, 2020-06-29, 2020-06-30, 2020-07-01, 2020-07-02, 2020-07-03, 2020-07-04, 2020-07-05, 2020-07-06, 2020-07-07, 2020-07-08, 2020-07-09, 2020-07-10, 2020-07-11, 2020-07-12, 2020-07-13, 2020-07-14, 2020-07-15, 2020-07-16, 2020-07-17, 2020-07-18, 2020-07-19, 2020-07-20, 2020-07-21, 2020-07-22, 2020-07-23, 2020-07-24, 2020-07-25, 2020-07-26, 2020-07-27, 2020-07-28, 2020-07-29, 2020-07-30, 2020-07-31, 2020-08-01, 2020-08-02, 2020-08-03, 2020-08-04, 2020-08-05, 2020-08-06, 2020-08-07, 2020-08-08, 2020-08-09, 2020-08-10, 2020-08-11, 2020-08-12, 2020-08-13, 2020-08-14, 2020-08-15, 2020-08-16, 2020-08-17, 2020-08-18, 2020-08-19 |y1 = , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 0.012, 0.015, 0.022, 0.028, 0.038, 0.047, 0.059, 0.077, 0.093, 0.111, 0.133, 0.158, 0.190, 0.219, 0.245, 0.264, 0.290, 0.308, 0.319, 0.326, 0.339, 0.392, 0.406, 0.420, 0.438, 0.455, 0.478, 0.489, 0.449, 0.457, 0.449, 0.448, 0.444, 0.441, 0.441, 0.445, 0.451, 0.456, 0.457, 0.537, 0.550, 0.583, 0.639, 0.662, 0.683, 0.706, 0.670, 0.687, 0.713, 0.700, 0.713, 0.729, 0.757, 0.759, 0.789, 0.790, 0.809, 0.822, 0.887, 0.903, 0.935, 0.962, 0.988, 1.019, 1.064, 1.052, 1.092, 1.130, 1.172, 1.194, 1.206, 1.211, 1.240, 1.199, 1.156, 1.145, 1.178, 1.194, 1.200, 1.196, 1.244, 1.313, 1.324, 1.332, 1.383, 1.395, 1.387, 1.388, 1.371, 1.371, 1.421, 1.401, 1.428, 1.444, 1.463, 1.488, 1.512, 1.491, 1.518, 1.529, 1.544, 1.555, 1.570, 1.622, 1.636, 1.654, 1.685, 1.763, 1.820, 1.869, 1.880, 1.925, 1.944, 1.986, 1.923, 1.928, 1.926, 1.943, 1.986, 2.011, 2.044, 2.127, 2.185, 2.243, 2.296, 2.308, 2.335, 2.352, 2.360, 2.351, 2.366, 2.372, 2.410, 2.420, 2.445, 2.466, 2.460, 2.485, 2.470, 2.383, 2.358, 2.296, 2.284, 2.267, 2.192, 2.160, 2.176, 2.152, 2.151, 2.145, 2.163, 2.076, 2.140, 2.174, 2.205, 2.234, 2.205, 2.163, |y1Title = U.S. |y2 = , , , 0.007, 0.008, 0.008, 0.008, 0.027, 0.032, 0.032, 0.032, 0.032, 0.032, 0.046, 0.041, 0.047, 0.058, 0.067, 0.077, 0.086, 0.130, 0.119, 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3.268, 3.205, 3.191, 3.057, 3.010, 2.897, 2.783, 2.686, 2.614, 2.466, 2.369, 2.265, 2.197, 2.038, 2.011, 1.984, 2.027, 1.998, 1.998, 2.045, 2.099, 2.231, 2.247, 2.274, 2.292, 2.278, 2.188, 2.106, 1.930, 1.902, 1.801, 1.805, 1.859, 1.889, 1.916, 1.882, 1.900, 1.782, 1.850, 1.807, 1.819, 1.857, 1.893, 1.873, 1.991, 1.875, 1.848, 1.780, 1.701, 1.692, 1.692, 1.692, 1.760, 1.850, 1.900, 1.934, 1.964, 2.004, 2.013, 2.025, 2.034, 2.034, 2.111, 2.235, 2.321, 2.448, 2.643, 2.840, 2.962, 3.178, 3.241, 3.431, 3.479, 3.551, 3.567, 3.696, 3.633, 3.753, 3.812, 3.934, 4.034, 4.265, 4.419, 4.704, 4.817, 5.028, 5.107, , |y3Title = Malta |y4 = , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 0.311, 0.330, 0.350, 0.356, 0.361, 0.437, 0.554, 0.689, 0.779, 0.884, 0.990, 1.095, 1.097, 1.064, 1.031, 0.942, 0.839, 0.735, 0.624, 0.615, 0.606, 0.597, 0.645, 0.684, 1.048, 1.266, 1.359, 1.470, 1.549, 1.653, 1.801, 1.644, 1.649, 1.737, 1.718, 1.834, 1.841, 1.835, 1.911, 1.929, 1.979, 2.059, 1.938, 2.162, 2.337, 2.298, 2.308, 2.294, 2.444, 2.491, 2.411, 2.340, 2.522, 2.669, 2.837, 2.807, 3.080, 3.196, 3.365, 3.347, 3.459, 3.560, 3.797, 3.757, 4.230, 4.352, 4.433, 4.387, 4.224, 4.203, 4.305, 3.915, 3.892, 3.725, 3.430, 3.192, 2.980, 2.978, 2.938, 2.772, 2.989, 3.298, 3.737, 3.916, 3.985, 4.193, 4.349, 4.218, 4.298, 3.988, 4.060, 4.078, 4.107, 4.153, 4.312, 4.267, 5.024, 5.045, 5.076, 4.983, 5.001, 5.008, 5.081, 4.348, 4.013, 4.063, 4.120, 4.256, 4.297, 4.265, 4.639, 5.055, 5.172, 5.260, 5.287, 6.121, 6.345, 6.406, 6.424, 5.971, 5.551, 5.453, 4.576, 4.546, 4.536, 4.581, 4.874, 5.271, 5.177, 5.126, 5.028, 5.813, 5.658, 5.641, 5.659, 5.826, 6.021, 6.100, 5.338, 5.448, 5.536, 5.087, 4.659, 4.496, 4.353, 4.196, 3.802, 3.430, 3.837, 4.242, 4.192, 4.316, 4.522, 5.950, 6.023, 5.717, 5.717, 5.827, 5.872, 5.801, 4.817 |y4Title = Bahrain |y5 = , 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.001, 0.004, 0.005, 0.007, 0.008, 0.010, 0.012, 0.013, 0.013, 0.015, 0.015, 0.020, 0.032, 0.050, 0.070, 0.084, 0.098, 0.110, 0.122, 0.133, 0.137, 0.145, 0.174, 0.186, 0.186, 0.181, 0.184, 0.188, 0.192, 0.186, 0.209, 0.228, 0.247, 0.299, 0.350, 0.404, 0.506, 0.618, 0.675, 0.697, 0.780, 0.858, 0.909, 0.830, 0.724, 0.688, 0.686, 0.578, 0.573, 0.574, 0.642, 0.703, 0.705, 0.699, 0.810, 0.898, 1.045, 1.221, 1.469, 1.718, 1.927, 2.190, 2.350, 2.460, 2.546, 2.537, 2.505, 2.472, 2.483, 2.471, 2.428, 2.389, 2.239, 2.168, 2.111, 2.078, 2.053, 2.063, 2.029, 2.135, 2.122, 2.131, 2.103, 2.106, 2.099, 1.987, 1.979, 2.005, 2.045, 2.119, 2.145, 2.153, 2.269, 2.256, 2.216, 2.191, 1.955, 1.944, 1.911, 1.879, 1.826, 1.846, 1.849, 2.049, 2.052, 2.089, 2.155, 2.284, 2.334, 2.367, 2.388, 2.451, 2.556, 2.629, 2.681, 2.733, 2.791, 2.883, 2.950, 2.971, 2.954, 2.926, 2.861, 2.813, 2.746, 2.671, 2.610, 2.574, 2.537, 2.540, 2.547, 2.525, 2.491, 2.449, 2.423, 2.420, 2.420, 2.405, 2.416, 2.421, 2.432, 2.454, 2.456, 2.481, 2.526, 2.524, 2.522, 2.529, 2.544, 2.590, 2.616, 2.662, 2.723, 2.815, 2.904, 3.021, 3.115, 3.178, 3.250, 3.317, 3.430, 3.545, 3.700, 3.877, 4.037, 4.165, 4.350, 4.562, 4.805, 4.973, 5.108, 5.201, 5.150, 4.579, , |y5Title = Denmark |y6 = , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 0.022, 0.039, 0.072, 0.109, 0.154, 0.188, 0.221, 0.243, 0.269, 0.310, 0.334, 0.350, 0.368, 0.358, 0.369, 0.385, 0.384, 0.423, 0.469, 0.508, 0.590, 0.635, 0.693, 0.736, 0.767, 0.750, 0.731, 0.670, 0.630, 0.573, 0.563, 0.555, 0.602, 0.653, 0.696, 0.744, 0.838, 0.922, 1.002, 1.065, 1.119, 1.114, 1.083, 1.005, 0.986, 0.938, 0.906, 0.866, 0.853, 0.885, 0.948, 0.991, 1.065, 1.109, 1.188, 1.229, 1.219, 1.254, 1.245, 1.213, 1.212, 1.120, 1.082, 1.089, 1.057, 1.030, 0.991, 0.945, 0.918, 0.906, 0.868, 0.850, 0.795, 0.759, 0.682, 0.647, 0.601, 0.566, 0.477, 0.429, 0.389, 0.389, 0.387, 0.392, 0.404, 0.445, 0.465, 0.469, 0.468, 0.481, 0.482, 0.496, 0.525, 0.572, 0.670, 0.810, 0.913, 0.989, 1.072, 1.237, 1.400, 1.505, 1.548, 1.530, 1.511, 1.441, 1.304, 1.093, 0.912, 0.726, 0.636, 0.586, 0.576, 0.505, 0.498, 0.465, 0.440, 0.426, 0.425, 0.425, 0.423, 0.417, 0.415, 0.425, 0.411, 0.401, 0.383, 0.386, 0.372, 0.382, 0.379, 0.391, 0.387, 0.390, 0.406, 0.409, 0.398, 0.419, 0.438, 0.472, 0.487, 0.529, 0.603, 0.648, 0.657, 0.711, 0.724, 0.732, 0.735, 0.764, 1.110, 1.719, 2.295, 3.003, 3.493, 4.050, |y6Title = New Zealand }} Test positivity rate for the U.S., calculated from Our World in Data (OWID), from owid-covid-data.csv[https://github.com/owid/covid-19-data/tree/master/public/data] ([https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/positive-rate-daily-smoothed?tab=chart&country=~USA chart]), smoothed via seven-day moving average: {{Graph:Chart |type=line |width=500 |yAxisTitle=Test positivity rate in %, US |xGrid= |yGrid= |yAxisMin=0 |xType=date |xAxisFormat=%e %b |xAxisAngle=-45 |x = 2020-03-14, 2020-03-15, 2020-03-16, 2020-03-17, 2020-03-18, 2020-03-19, 2020-03-20, 2020-03-21, 2020-03-22, 2020-03-23, 2020-03-24, 2020-03-25, 2020-03-26, 2020-03-27, 2020-03-28, 2020-03-29, 2020-03-30, 2020-03-31, 2020-04-01, 2020-04-02, 2020-04-03, 2020-04-04, 2020-04-05, 2020-04-06, 2020-04-07, 2020-04-08, 2020-04-09, 2020-04-10, 2020-04-11, 2020-04-12, 2020-04-13, 2020-04-14, 2020-04-15, 2020-04-16, 2020-04-17, 2020-04-18, 2020-04-19, 2020-04-20, 2020-04-21, 2020-04-22, 2020-04-23, 2020-04-24, 2020-04-25, 2020-04-26, 2020-04-27, 2020-04-28, 2020-04-29, 2020-04-30, 2020-05-01, 2020-05-02, 2020-05-03, 2020-05-04, 2020-05-05, 2020-05-06, 2020-05-07, 2020-05-08, 2020-05-09, 2020-05-10, 2020-05-11, 2020-05-12, 2020-05-13, 2020-05-14, 2020-05-15, 2020-05-16, 2020-05-17, 2020-05-18, 2020-05-19, 2020-05-20, 2020-05-21, 2020-05-22, 2020-05-23, 2020-05-24, 2020-05-25, 2020-05-26, 2020-05-27, 2020-05-28, 2020-05-29, 2020-05-30, 2020-05-31, 2020-06-01, 2020-06-02, 2020-06-03, 2020-06-04, 2020-06-05, 2020-06-06, 2020-06-07, 2020-06-08, 2020-06-09, 2020-06-10, 2020-06-11, 2020-06-12, 2020-06-13, 2020-06-14, 2020-06-15, 2020-06-16, 2020-06-17, 2020-06-18, 2020-06-19, 2020-06-20, 2020-06-21, 2020-06-22, 2020-06-23, 2020-06-24, 2020-06-25, 2020-06-26, 2020-06-27, 2020-06-28, 2020-06-29, 2020-06-30, 2020-07-01, 2020-07-02, 2020-07-03, 2020-07-04, 2020-07-05, 2020-07-06, 2020-07-07, 2020-07-08, 2020-07-09, 2020-07-10, 2020-07-11, 2020-07-12, 2020-07-13, 2020-07-14, 2020-07-15, 2020-07-16, 2020-07-17, 2020-07-18, 2020-07-19, 2020-07-20, 2020-07-21, 2020-07-22, 2020-07-23, 2020-07-24, 2020-07-25, 2020-07-26, 2020-07-27, 2020-07-28, 2020-07-29, 2020-07-30, 2020-07-31, 2020-08-01, 2020-08-02, 2020-08-03, 2020-08-04, 2020-08-05, 2020-08-06, 2020-08-07, 2020-08-08, 2020-08-09, 2020-08-10, 2020-08-11, 2020-08-12, 2020-08-13, 2020-08-14, 2020-08-15, 2020-08-16 |y = 7.6, 7.5, 7.2, 6.8, 6.8, 7.5, 8.8, 9.0, 9.7, 11.2, 12.7, 13.2, 13.7, 14.1, 14.9, 15.9, 16.1, 16.5, 18.3, 19.6, 20.4, 19.9, 20.7, 20.9, 21.0, 20.7, 20.2, 20.1, 21.8, 20.6, 21.2, 20.7, 20.6, 20.4, 20.2, 19.5, 19.7, 19.1, 19.4, 18.2, 16.9, 15.7, 13.8, 14.1, 13.6, 12.5, 12.3, 12.7, 12.6, 13.4, 11.8, 11.4, 11.0, 11.0, 10.4, 10.4, 9.7, 9.3, 8.5, 8.2, 7.8, 7.5, 7.2, 6.9, 6.4, 6.4, 6.4, 6.1, 6.0, 5.8, 5.7, 5.5, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.6, 5.4, 5.4, 5.4, 5.4, 5.2, 5.0, 5.0, 4.9, 4.7, 4.7, 4.8, 4.7, 4.7, 4.7, 4.6, 4.7, 4.7, 4.6, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 5.1, 5.2, 5.5, 5.8, 5.8, 6.1, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.6, 6.7, 7.0, 7.1, 7.2, 7.2, 7.7, 7.9, 8.2, 8.3, 8.3, 8.4, 8.7, 8.5, 8.4, 8.4, 8.4, 8.6, 8.6, 8.5, 8.6, 8.6, 8.6, 8.6, 8.2, 8.3, 8.3, 8.1, 8.1, 7.8, 8.0, 8.4, 8.3, 8.3, 8.2, 8.1, 8.2, 7.9, 7.7, 7.6, 7.6, 7.6, 7.6, 7.8, 7.7, 7.4, 7.4, 7.2 }} Test positivity rate is the ratio of positive tests to all tests made on the day. Charts of test positivity rate on U.S. state level are available in [https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/testing/tracker/overview coronavirus.jhu.edu]. As of July 19, 2020, maximum test positivity rates on state-level (seven-day average) are 23.6% for Arizona, 19.1% for Nevada and 18.7% for Florida [https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/testing/tracker/overview Track Testing Trends]. An up-to-date hospitalization chart is available at [https://covidtracking.com/data covidtracking.com]. A map in which progression charts for current hospitalizations per state are available on mouseover is available in [https://covidtracking.com/data/charts/currently-hospitalized-by-state Currently Hospitalized by State], covidtracking.com. Weekly all-cause deaths in the U.S. based on CDC data [https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/covid19/excess_deaths.htm Excess Deaths Associated with COVID-19]: {{Graph:Chart |width=700 |type=line |xAxisAngle=-40 |xType = date |yAxisMin = 0 |xAxisFormat=%e %b %Y |yAxisTitle=Weekly all-cause deaths |yGrid=|xGrid= |x = 2017-01-14, 2017-01-21, 2017-01-28, 2017-02-04, 2017-02-11, 2017-02-18, 2017-02-25, 2017-03-04, 2017-03-11, 2017-03-18, 2017-03-25, 2017-04-01, 2017-04-08, 2017-04-15, 2017-04-22, 2017-04-29, 2017-05-06, 2017-05-13, 2017-05-20, 2017-05-27, 2017-06-03, 2017-06-10, 2017-06-17, 2017-06-24, 2017-07-01, 2017-07-08, 2017-07-15, 2017-07-22, 2017-07-29, 2017-08-05, 2017-08-12, 2017-08-19, 2017-08-26, 2017-09-02, 2017-09-09, 2017-09-16, 2017-09-23, 2017-09-30, 2017-10-07, 2017-10-14, 2017-10-21, 2017-10-28, 2017-11-04, 2017-11-11, 2017-11-18, 2017-11-25, 2017-12-02, 2017-12-09, 2017-12-16, 2017-12-23, 2017-12-30, 2018-01-06, 2018-01-13, 2018-01-20, 2018-01-27, 2018-02-03, 2018-02-10, 2018-02-17, 2018-02-24, 2018-03-03, 2018-03-10, 2018-03-17, 2018-03-24, 2018-03-31, 2018-04-07, 2018-04-14, 2018-04-21, 2018-04-28, 2018-05-05, 2018-05-12, 2018-05-19, 2018-05-26, 2018-06-02, 2018-06-09, 2018-06-16, 2018-06-23, 2018-06-30, 2018-07-07, 2018-07-14, 2018-07-21, 2018-07-28, 2018-08-04, 2018-08-11, 2018-08-18, 2018-08-25, 2018-09-01, 2018-09-08, 2018-09-15, 2018-09-22, 2018-09-29, 2018-10-06, 2018-10-13, 2018-10-20, 2018-10-27, 2018-11-03, 2018-11-10, 2018-11-17, 2018-11-24, 2018-12-01, 2018-12-08, 2018-12-15, 2018-12-22, 2018-12-29, 2019-01-05, 2019-01-12, 2019-01-19, 2019-01-26, 2019-02-02, 2019-02-09, 2019-02-16, 2019-02-23, 2019-03-02, 2019-03-09, 2019-03-16, 2019-03-23, 2019-03-30, 2019-04-06, 2019-04-13, 2019-04-20, 2019-04-27, 2019-05-04, 2019-05-11, 2019-05-18, 2019-05-25, 2019-06-01, 2019-06-08, 2019-06-15, 2019-06-22, 2019-06-29, 2019-07-06, 2019-07-13, 2019-07-20, 2019-07-27, 2019-08-03, 2019-08-10, 2019-08-17, 2019-08-24, 2019-08-31, 2019-09-07, 2019-09-14, 2019-09-21, 2019-09-28, 2019-10-05, 2019-10-12, 2019-10-19, 2019-10-26, 2019-11-02, 2019-11-09, 2019-11-16, 2019-11-23, 2019-11-30, 2019-12-07, 2019-12-14, 2019-12-21, 2019-12-28, 2020-01-04, 2020-01-11, 2020-01-18, 2020-01-25, 2020-02-01, 2020-02-08, 2020-02-15, 2020-02-22, 2020-02-29, 2020-03-07, 2020-03-14, 2020-03-21, 2020-03-28, 2020-04-04, 2020-04-11, 2020-04-18, 2020-04-25, 2020-05-02, 2020-05-09, 2020-05-16, 2020-05-23, 2020-05-30, 2020-06-06, 2020-06-13, 2020-06-20, 2020-06-27, 2020-07-04, 2020-07-11, 2020-07-18 |y = 61124, 59444, 58176, 58537, 59175, 58591, 58385, 57370, 57597, 56780, 57161, 55827, 55267, 54976, 53168, 53404, 52753, 52082, 52574, 51101, 51370, 51525, 50933, 51326, 50742, 51090, 50122, 50230, 49505, 50210, 50364, 50296, 49666, 50960, 51116, 51820, 51353, 51462, 52250, 51703, 52357, 52672, 53823, 53384, 53919, 54225, 54903, 55749, 57537, 59672, 61261, 66339, 67664, 64820, 62922, 61124, 61243, 59931, 57954, 56830, 57244, 56462, 55912, 55045, 55421, 55359, 54152, 53848, 53875, 52215, 50739, 51066, 51162, 52123, 51514, 51230, 50995, 51812, 51337, 50731, 50432, 50799, 51142, 50423, 50577, 50745, 50429, 51215, 51720, 51098, 52486, 51972, 53113, 53892, 53784, 53692, 54820, 54981, 55210, 56095, 56530, 56671, 56180, 58462, 58506, 58351, 58042, 58276, 58650, 58116, 58141, 58071, 58664, 58033, 57214, 56773, 56710, 55641, 54584, 53767, 54118, 53611, 53676, 53822, 52856, 53292, 52790, 52418, 52320, 52498, 52070, 51788, 51800, 51554, 51849, 51128, 51141, 51284, 51953, 51751, 51905, 52869, 52679, 53217, 54435, 54155, 54206, 55814, 56030, 56313, 55591, 57432, 57772, 57575, 58613, 60103, 60654, 59281, 59025, 58626, 59254, 58888, 59020, 59373, 59555, 58312, 59075, 63163, 72502, 79493, 77343, 74437, 69826, 67339, 65047, 62119, 60218, 59414, 58552, 58387, 57304, 57792, 59803, 60510 }} Weekly all-cause deaths in the U.S., based on mortality.org data, stmf.csv [https://mpidr.shinyapps.io/stmortality/ ]: {{Graph:Chart |width=700 |type=line |xType = date |xAxisFormat=%e %b %Y |xAxisAngle=-40 |yAxisMin = 0 |yAxisTitle=Weekly all-cause deaths |yGrid=|xGrid= |x = 2013-01-06, 2013-01-13, 2013-01-20, 2013-01-27, 2013-02-03, 2013-02-10, 2013-02-17, 2013-02-24, 2013-03-03, 2013-03-10, 2013-03-17, 2013-03-24, 2013-03-31, 2013-04-07, 2013-04-14, 2013-04-21, 2013-04-28, 2013-05-05, 2013-05-12, 2013-05-19, 2013-05-26, 2013-06-02, 2013-06-09, 2013-06-16, 2013-06-23, 2013-06-30, 2013-07-07, 2013-07-14, 2013-07-21, 2013-07-28, 2013-08-04, 2013-08-11, 2013-08-18, 2013-08-25, 2013-09-01, 2013-09-08, 2013-09-15, 2013-09-22, 2013-09-29, 2013-10-06, 2013-10-13, 2013-10-20, 2013-10-27, 2013-11-03, 2013-11-10, 2013-11-17, 2013-11-24, 2013-12-01, 2013-12-08, 2013-12-15, 2013-12-22, 2013-12-29, 2014-01-05, 2014-01-12, 2014-01-19, 2014-01-26, 2014-02-02, 2014-02-09, 2014-02-16, 2014-02-23, 2014-03-02, 2014-03-09, 2014-03-16, 2014-03-23, 2014-03-30, 2014-04-06, 2014-04-13, 2014-04-20, 2014-04-27, 2014-05-04, 2014-05-11, 2014-05-18, 2014-05-25, 2014-06-01, 2014-06-08, 2014-06-15, 2014-06-22, 2014-06-29, 2014-07-06, 2014-07-13, 2014-07-20, 2014-07-27, 2014-08-03, 2014-08-10, 2014-08-17, 2014-08-24, 2014-08-31, 2014-09-07, 2014-09-14, 2014-09-21, 2014-09-28, 2014-10-05, 2014-10-12, 2014-10-19, 2014-10-26, 2014-11-02, 2014-11-09, 2014-11-16, 2014-11-23, 2014-11-30, 2014-12-07, 2014-12-14, 2014-12-21, 2014-12-28, 2015-01-04, 2015-01-11, 2015-01-18, 2015-01-25, 2015-02-01, 2015-02-08, 2015-02-15, 2015-02-22, 2015-03-01, 2015-03-08, 2015-03-15, 2015-03-22, 2015-03-29, 2015-04-05, 2015-04-12, 2015-04-19, 2015-04-26, 2015-05-03, 2015-05-10, 2015-05-17, 2015-05-24, 2015-05-31, 2015-06-07, 2015-06-14, 2015-06-21, 2015-06-28, 2015-07-05, 2015-07-12, 2015-07-19, 2015-07-26, 2015-08-02, 2015-08-09, 2015-08-16, 2015-08-23, 2015-08-30, 2015-09-06, 2015-09-13, 2015-09-20, 2015-09-27, 2015-10-04, 2015-10-11, 2015-10-18, 2015-10-25, 2015-11-01, 2015-11-08, 2015-11-15, 2015-11-22, 2015-11-29, 2015-12-06, 2015-12-13, 2015-12-20, 2015-12-27, 2016-01-03, 2016-01-10, 2016-01-17, 2016-01-24, 2016-01-31, 2016-02-07, 2016-02-14, 2016-02-21, 2016-02-28, 2016-03-06, 2016-03-13, 2016-03-20, 2016-03-27, 2016-04-03, 2016-04-10, 2016-04-17, 2016-04-24, 2016-05-01, 2016-05-08, 2016-05-15, 2016-05-22, 2016-05-29, 2016-06-05, 2016-06-12, 2016-06-19, 2016-06-26, 2016-07-03, 2016-07-10, 2016-07-17, 2016-07-24, 2016-07-31, 2016-08-07, 2016-08-14, 2016-08-21, 2016-08-28, 2016-09-04, 2016-09-11, 2016-09-18, 2016-09-25, 2016-10-02, 2016-10-09, 2016-10-16, 2016-10-23, 2016-10-30, 2016-11-06, 2016-11-13, 2016-11-20, 2016-11-27, 2016-12-04, 2016-12-11, 2016-12-18, 2016-12-25, 2017-01-01, 2017-01-08, 2017-01-15, 2017-01-22, 2017-01-29, 2017-02-05, 2017-02-12, 2017-02-19, 2017-02-26, 2017-03-05, 2017-03-12, 2017-03-19, 2017-03-26, 2017-04-02, 2017-04-09, 2017-04-16, 2017-04-23, 2017-04-30, 2017-05-07, 2017-05-14, 2017-05-21, 2017-05-28, 2017-06-04, 2017-06-11, 2017-06-18, 2017-06-25, 2017-07-02, 2017-07-09, 2017-07-16, 2017-07-23, 2017-07-30, 2017-08-06, 2017-08-13, 2017-08-20, 2017-08-27, 2017-09-03, 2017-09-10, 2017-09-17, 2017-09-24, 2017-10-01, 2017-10-08, 2017-10-15, 2017-10-22, 2017-10-29, 2017-11-05, 2017-11-12, 2017-11-19, 2017-11-26, 2017-12-03, 2017-12-10, 2017-12-17, 2017-12-24, 2018-01-07, 2018-01-14, 2018-01-21, 2018-01-28, 2018-02-04, 2018-02-11, 2018-02-18, 2018-02-25, 2018-03-04, 2018-03-11, 2018-03-18, 2018-03-25, 2018-04-01, 2018-04-08, 2018-04-15, 2018-04-22, 2018-04-29, 2018-05-06, 2018-05-13, 2018-05-20, 2018-05-27, 2018-06-03, 2018-06-10, 2018-06-17, 2018-06-24, 2018-07-01, 2018-07-08, 2018-07-15, 2018-07-22, 2018-07-29, 2018-08-05, 2018-08-12, 2018-08-19, 2018-08-26, 2018-09-02, 2018-09-09, 2018-09-16, 2018-09-23, 2018-09-30, 2018-10-07, 2018-10-14, 2018-10-21, 2018-10-28, 2018-11-04, 2018-11-11, 2018-11-18, 2018-11-25, 2018-12-02, 2018-12-09, 2018-12-16, 2018-12-23, 2018-12-30, 2019-01-06, 2019-01-13, 2019-01-20, 2019-01-27, 2019-02-03, 2019-02-10, 2019-02-17, 2019-02-24, 2019-03-03, 2019-03-10, 2019-03-17, 2019-03-24, 2019-03-31, 2019-04-07, 2019-04-14, 2019-04-21, 2019-04-28, 2019-05-05, 2019-05-12, 2019-05-19, 2019-05-26, 2019-06-02, 2019-06-09, 2019-06-16, 2019-06-23, 2019-06-30, 2019-07-07, 2019-07-14, 2019-07-21, 2019-07-28, 2019-08-04, 2019-08-11, 2019-08-18, 2019-08-25, 2019-09-01, 2019-09-08, 2019-09-15, 2019-09-22, 2019-09-29, 2019-10-06, 2019-10-13, 2019-10-20, 2019-10-27, 2019-11-03, 2019-11-10, 2019-11-17, 2019-11-24, 2019-12-01, 2019-12-08, 2019-12-15, 2019-12-22, 2019-12-29, 2020-01-05, 2020-01-12, 2020-01-19, 2020-01-26, 2020-02-02, 2020-02-09, 2020-02-16, 2020-02-23, 2020-03-01, 2020-03-08, 2020-03-15, 2020-03-22, 2020-03-29, 2020-04-05, 2020-04-12, 2020-04-19, 2020-04-26, 2020-05-03, 2020-05-10, 2020-05-17, 2020-05-24, 2020-05-31, 2020-06-07, 2020-06-14, 2020-06-21, 2020-06-28, 2020-07-05 |y = 59430, 60790, 59159, 57843, 56345, 55683, 54418, 53468, 53049, 53332, 53016, 52068, 51788, 51322, 50842, 49531, 48348, 48353, 47909, 47334, 47283, 46585, 46966, 46523, 46442, 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53879, 54059, 53484, 53144, 51020, 51266, 50992, 50461, 50487, 49706, 49914, 49906, 49617, 49743, 49695, 49632, 49266, 49690, 49501, 49734, 49806, 49502, 49573, 50066, 49907, 49871, 50248, 51394, 52120, 51434, 51860, 51734, 52516, 53432, 53120, 54492, 55125, 55973, 56686, 57603, 59760, 60975, 59286, 58045, 58427, 59037, 58474, 58283, 57250, 57469, 56650, 57041, 55697, 55153, 54858, 53067, 53289, 52654, 51981, 52476, 50967, 51248, 51412, 50790, 51192, 50611, 50957, 49972, 50120, 49360, 50084, 50232, 50184, 49514, 50824, 50973, 51692, 51226, 51339, 52102, 51571, 52215, 52537, 53663, 53233, 53762, 54117, 54757, 55590, 57363, 59500, 61084, 66129, 67491, 64641, 62777, 60972, 61107, 59774, 57790, 56690, 57089, 56317, 55758, 54913, 55285, 55223, 54031, 53719, 53734, 52101, 50617, 50923, 51037, 51998, 51383, 51043, 50851, 51681, 51188, 50604, 50267, 50633, 50963, 50295, 50453, 50600, 50292, 51081, 51576, 50951, 52348, 51846, 52971, 53757, 53632, 53558, 54694, 54844, 55055, 55962, 56380, 56523, 56024, 58290, 58347, 58189, 57830, 58125, 58489, 57914, 57857, 57917, 58497, 57895, 57084, 56669, 56593, 55477, 54454, 53646, 53972, 53458, 53548, 53668, 52710, 53126, 52626, 52266, 52182, 52324, 51912, 51617, 51616, 51357, 51653, 50934, 50966, 51106, 51772, 51547, 51677, 52680, 52563, 53090, 54335, 54045, 54084, 55695, 55880, 56195, 55458, 57300, 57655, 57419, 58453, 59924, 60424, 58978, 58555, 58300, 59071, 58355, 58412, 58711, 58757, 57650, 58508, 62473, 71700, 78472, 76179, 73168, 68540, 66059, 63632, 60613, 58403, 57083, 55432, 54489, 53563, 52680 }} mortality.org indicates the data for 2020 to be preliminary; above, the last two weeks available from mortality.org were excluded to prevent the worst effect of registration delay. Weekly all-cause deaths in the U.S. for 0-14 year olds, based on mortality.org data, stmf.csv [https://mpidr.shinyapps.io/stmortality/ ]: {{Graph:Chart |width=700 |type=line |xType = date |xAxisFormat=%e %b %Y |xAxisAngle=-40 |yAxisMin = 0 |yAxisTitle=Weekly all-cause deaths, 0-14y |yGrid=|xGrid= |x =2013-01-06, 2013-01-13, 2013-01-20, 2013-01-27, 2013-02-03, 2013-02-10, 2013-02-17, 2013-02-24, 2013-03-03, 2013-03-10, 2013-03-17, 2013-03-24, 2013-03-31, 2013-04-07, 2013-04-14, 2013-04-21, 2013-04-28, 2013-05-05, 2013-05-12, 2013-05-19, 2013-05-26, 2013-06-02, 2013-06-09, 2013-06-16, 2013-06-23, 2013-06-30, 2013-07-07, 2013-07-14, 2013-07-21, 2013-07-28, 2013-08-04, 2013-08-11, 2013-08-18, 2013-08-25, 2013-09-01, 2013-09-08, 2013-09-15, 2013-09-22, 2013-09-29, 2013-10-06, 2013-10-13, 2013-10-20, 2013-10-27, 2013-11-03, 2013-11-10, 2013-11-17, 2013-11-24, 2013-12-01, 2013-12-08, 2013-12-15, 2013-12-22, 2013-12-29, 2014-01-05, 2014-01-12, 2014-01-19, 2014-01-26, 2014-02-02, 2014-02-09, 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2020-07-05 |y =633, 642, 612, 637, 611, 615, 627, 636, 629, 628, 682, 665, 605, 596, 656, 623, 597, 632, 623, 631, 631, 659, 650, 642, 661, 642, 646, 617, 657, 692, 578, 616, 669, 612, 643, 612, 644, 592, 639, 594, 606, 601, 606, 615, 627, 589, 587, 565, 610, 601, 627, 599, 605, 627, 612, 624, 580, 621, 624, 608, 620, 623, 574, 611, 600, 576, 610, 604, 646, 621, 665, 579, 614, 612, 621, 591, 670, 639, 616, 629, 612, 620, 644, 632, 603, 588, 642, 626, 602, 616, 564, 621, 636, 619, 581, 558, 629, 619, 602, 598, 606, 579, 604, 614, 634, 612, 643, 615, 621, 598, 661, 621, 672, 611, 592, 674, 623, 623, 600, 649, 644, 643, 619, 639, 654, 622, 635, 645, 706, 665, 678, 621, 616, 649, 628, 652, 633, 655, 607, 628, 655, 605, 648, 530, 603, 621, 576, 578, 606, 578, 591, 600, 607, 625, 586, 650, 621, 596, 612, 605, 605, 655, 660, 625, 615, 604, 655, 649, 637, 628, 603, 587, 626, 635, 619, 634, 619, 660, 640, 673, 614, 650, 585, 635, 651, 631, 614, 645, 638, 655, 574, 620, 655, 583, 594, 638, 601, 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data for 2020 to be preliminary; above, the last two weeks available from mortality.org were excluded to prevent the worst effect of registration delay. All-cause deaths in the U.S. in weeks 1-27, year by year, based on mortality.org data, stmf.csv[https://mpidr.shinyapps.io/stmortality/ ]: {{Graph:Chart |type=rect |width=500 |xAxisAngle=-40 |yAxisMin = 0 |yAxisTitle=All-cause deaths in weeks 1-27 |yGrid=|xGrid= |x = 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 |y = 1390825, 1371887, 1451326, 1431186, 1487049, 1515074, 1503153, 1658131 }} mortality.org indicates the data for 2020 to be preliminary; above, the last two weeks available from mortality.org were excluded to prevent the worst effect of registration delay. The above is not adjusted by population size. === Demographics === No. of COVID-19 deaths by age on July 22[https://data.cdc.gov/NCHS/Provisional-COVID-19-Death-Counts-by-Sex-Age-and-S/9bhg-hcku]: {{Graph:Chart |type = stackedrect |linewidth=1 |showSymbols=1 |colors=#0060AB |width=250 |showValues = offset:4 |xAxisTitle=Age |xAxisAngle=-60 |x=Under 1, 1-4, 5-14, 15-24, 25-34, 35-44, 45-54, 55-64, 65-74, 75-84, 85+ |yAxisTitle=No. of deaths |y1= 11, 9, 16, 190, 935, 2411, 6566, 15880, 27166, 34398, 42663 |yGrid= |xGrid= }} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size:90%" |+ {{nowrap|Current provisional COVID-19 deaths in the United States by age}} |- ! Age group ! Death count ! Death percent (%) |- style="font-weight:bold;" ! All ages |130,245 |100% |- ! Under 1y |11 |0.008% |- ! 1-4y |9 |0.007% |- ! 5-14y |16 |0.012% |- ! 15-24y |190 |0.15% |- ! 25-34y |935 |0.72% |- ! 35-44y |2,411 |1.85% |- ! 45-54y |6,566 |5.04% |- ! 55-64y |15,880 |12.19% |- ! 65-74y |27,166 |20.86% |- ! 75-84y |34,398 |26.41% |- ! 85y and over |42,663 |32.76% |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="4" | '''Source:''' U.S. ''[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]]'',<ref name=CDCdeaths>{{cite web|url=https://data.cdc.gov/NCHS/Provisional-COVID-19-Death-Counts-by-Sex-Age-and-S/9bhg-hcku|title=Provisional COVID-19 Death Counts by Sex, Age, and Week)|last=|first=|date=|website=CDC|access-date=}}</ref> 2020/07/22.<!--Please no time-of-day (worse "midnight", worst "EST").--> |} === Mortality rates === Top 20 mortality rates in U.S. states, that is, covid-coded deaths per million pop, August{{nbsp}}9[https://www.realclearpolitics.com/coronavirus/country/united-states/]: {{Graph:Chart |type=rect |width=600 |yGrid= |showValues=offset:2 |xAxisAngle=-45 |yAxisTitle=Deaths per million pop |x=New Jersey, New York, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Louisiana, District of Columbia, Michigan, Mississippi, Illinois, Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Arizona, Indiana, Georgia, South Carolina, Florida, Alabama, New Mexico |y=1795, 1688, 1255, 1246, 957, 905, 836, 653, 630, 619, 606, 592, 578, 568, 451, 394, 390, 378, 354, 325 }} === Death projections === On March 31, 2020, the CDC projected that, even under the best case scenario, eventually at least 100,000 Americans would die of coronavirus.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Shear|first1=Michael D.|last2=Crowley|first2=Michael|last3=Glanz|first3=James|date=March 31, 2020|title=Coronavirus May Kill 100,000 to 240,000 in U.S. Despite Actions, Officials Say|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/31/us/politics/coronavirus-death-toll-united-states.html|accessdate=April 1, 2020}}</ref> This death toll was reached within two months after the CDC made its projection.<ref>{{Cite news|date=May 28, 2020|title=Coronavirus Live Updates: Four Months After First Case, U.S. Death Toll Passes 100,000|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/27/us/coronavirus-live-news-updates.html|access-date=May 28, 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Then, at the end of May, the CDC projected the death toll would reach 115,000–135,000 by June 20.<ref>{{Cite web|title=With the coronavirus pandemic entering a new phase in the US, world health experts shift focus to new hot spots|url=https://www.kitv.com/story/42187942/with-the-coronavirus-pandemic-entering-a-new-phase-in-the-us-world-health-experts-shift-focus-to-new-hot-spots|last=Holcombe|first=Madeline|date=May 28, 2020|website=www.kitv.com|language=en|access-date=May 29, 2020}}{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The CDC eventually counted 119,000 deaths by this date.<ref>{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the U.S.|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/cases-in-us.html|access-date=June 21, 2020|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> The University of Washington [[Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation]] (IHME) on July 30 predicted 230,000 deaths by November{{nbsp}}1 under current conditions.<ref name= "KOMO">{{cite news |url=https://komonews.com/news/coronavirus/latest-uw-model-projects-230000-covid-19-deaths-in-united-states-by-dec-1 |title=Latest UW model projects 230,000 COVID-19 deaths in United States by Nov. 1 |work=KOMO News |date=July 31, 2020 }}</ref> The CDC ensemble forecast as of July 31 predicts between 168,000 and 182,000 total COVID-19 deaths by August 22.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/covid-data/forecasting-us.html |title=Forecasts of COVID-19 Deaths |website=CDC.gov |date=July 31, 2020 }}</ref> For comparison, the CDC estimated deaths in the U.S. from the [[Spanish flu|1918 Spanish Flu]], the [[1957–1958 influenza pandemic]], and the [[Hong Kong flu|1968 Hong Kong flu]] were 675,000, 116,000 and 100,000 respectively.<ref>{{cite web |title=Past Pandemics |url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/basics/past-pandemics.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703120333/https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/basics/past-pandemics.html |archive-date=July 3, 2020 |accessdate=June 22, 2020}}</ref> Adjusted for growth in population, these would be per-capita equivalents of 2,147,000, 218,000, and 164,000, respectively, in 2020. === Impact of face coverings === IHME predicted that universal wearing of face masks could prevent between 17,000 and 28,000 deaths between June 26 and October 1, 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/07/03/886905055/widespread-use-of-face-masks-could-save-tens-of-thousands-of-lives-models-projec|title=Widespread Use Of Face Masks Could Save Tens Of Thousands Of Lives, Models Project|website=NPR.org}}</ref> An IHME model in late July 2020 projected that nationwide deaths would exceed 250,000 by November{{nbsp}}1 if people did not wear masks but could be reduced to 198,000 with universal mask-wearing.<ref name= "KOMO" /> == See also == * [[COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory]] * [[Misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic]] * [[United States House Select Committee on the Coronavirus Crisis]] * [[United States influenza statistics by flu season]] * [[COVID Tracking Project]] * [[COVID-19 pandemic in North America]] == Notes == {{reflist|group=lower-alpha|liststyle=lower-alpha}} == References == {{reflist}} == External links == {{Commons category|COVID-19 pandemic in the United States}} {{Wikiquote}} * [https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-nCoV/index.html CDC: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)], the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] ** [https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-in-us.html CDC: Map of U.S. cases] ** [https://www.cdc.gov/media/dpk/diseases-and-conditions/coronavirus/coronavirus-2020.html CDC: Newsroom on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)] ** [https://www.cdc.gov/publichealthgateway/healthdirectories/healthdepartments.html CDC: State & Territorial Health Department directory] * [https://covidtracking.com/data Our Data | The COVID Tracking Project], covidtracking.com—a tracker by a volunteer organization launched from ''The Atlantic'' * [https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/us/coronavirus-us-cases.html Coronavirus U.S. Maps and Case Count] by [[The New York Times]] * [https://www.c-span.org/coronavirus/ Coverage of federal response to coronavirus pandemic] by [[C-SPAN]] * [https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/ Coronavirus Resource Center], [https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/us-map map], and [https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19 historical data] by [[Johns Hopkins University]] * [https://www.unacast.com/covid19/social-distancing-scoreboard U.S. Social-Distancing Interactive Data Visualization, by county, by day, using location data from apps installed on phones, by Unacast, from Norway] * [https://rt.live/ R_t COVID-19] real-time [[effective reproduction number]] estimates and history per state * [https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/national/businesses-foot-traffic-coronavirus-reopening-us/ As states start to reopen, here's where people are going] * [https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public/myth-busters COVID-19 FACTS] ([[World Health Organization|W.H.O.]]; August 2020). {{COVID-19 pandemic|locations|short=yes}} {{COVID-19 pandemic in the United States}} {{United States topics}} {{Portal bar|Coronavirus disease 2019|Medicine|United States|Viruses}} [[Category:COVID-19 pandemic in the United States| ]] [[Category:COVID-19 pandemic by country|United States]] [[Category:2020 disasters in the United States]] [[Category:Articles containing video clips]] [[Category:January 2020 events in the United States]] [[Category:February 2020 events in the United States]] [[Category:March 2020 events in the United States]] [[Category:April 2020 events in the United States]] [[Category:May 2020 events in the United States]] [[Category:June 2020 events in the United States]] [[Category:Disease outbreaks in the United States]] nnmjeg8f4ccp7s76t6kghej8omvjnoq 0 115589 540680 539794 2022-08-28T16:04:40Z InternetArchiveBot 34092 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Ongoing viral pandemic in the United States}} {{pp-move-indef|small=yes}} {{pp-protected|small=yes}} {{Use mdy dates|date=July 2020}} {{Use American English|date=July 2020}} {{Infobox pandemic | name = COVID-19 pandemic in the United States | map1 = {{COVID-19 pandemic in the United States imagemap}} | legend1 = {{COVID-19 pandemic in the United States imagemap/caption}} | map2 = COVID-19 rolling 14day Prevalence in the United States by county.svg{{!}}upright=1.5 | legend2 = {{COVID-19 pandemic in the United States new cases prevalence legend|state=the United States}} | map3 = COVID-19 Prevalence in the United States by county.svg{{!}}upright=1.5 | legend3 = {{COVID-19 pandemic in the United States prevalence legend|state=the United States}} | disease = [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]] | virus_strain = [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|SARS-CoV-2]] | location = [[United States]] | first_case = [[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]] (earliest known arrival)<ref name=firstthreemonths/><br>[[Everett, Washington]] (first case report)<ref name=NEJMFirstCase>{{Cite journal|title=First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States|first1=Michelle L.|last1=Holshue|first2=Chas|last2=DeBolt|first3=Scott|last3=Lindquist|first4=Kathy H.|last4=Lofy|first5=John|last5=Wiesman|first6=Hollianne|last6=Bruce|first7=Christopher|last7=Spitters|first8=Keith|last8=Ericson|first9=Sara|last9=Wilkerson|first10=Ahmet|last10=Tural|first11=George|last11=Diaz|first12=Amanda|last12=Cohn|first13=LeAnne|last13=Fox|first14=Anita|last14=Patel|first15=Susan I.|last15=Gerber|first16=Lindsay|last16=Kim|first17=Suxiang|last17=Tong|first18=Xiaoyan|last18=Lu|first19=Steve|last19=Lindstrom|first20=Mark A.|last20=Pallansch|first21=William C.|last21=Weldon|first22=Holly M.|last22=Biggs|first23=Timothy M.|last23=Uyeki|first24=Satish K.|last24=Pillai|date=March 5, 2020|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=382|issue=10|pages=929–936|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2001191|pmid=32004427|pmc=7092802}}</ref> | arrival_date = January 13, 2020<ref name=secondcase/><br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=01|day1=13|year1=2020|month2=|day2=|year2=}} ago) | origin = [[Wuhan]], Hubei, China<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sheikh |first1=Knvul |last2=Rabin |first2=Roni Caryn |title=The Coronavirus: What Scientists Have Learned So Far |url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/what-is-coronavirus.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 10, 2020|accessdate=March 24, 2020}}</ref> | deaths = {{Unbulleted list |171,012 ([[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]])<ref name=CDCnumbers>{{cite web|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Cases in U.S.|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/cases-in-us.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}} Data lags one day behind other sources.</ref> |173,193 ([[Johns Hopkins University|JHU]])<ref name=JHU>{{cite web|work=Johns Hopkins CSSE|title=Coronavirus COVID-19 (2019-nCoV)|format=ArcGIS|url=https://www.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6}} Frequently updated.</ref> |165,011 ([[COVID Tracking Project|CTP]])<ref name=CTP>{{Cite web|url=https://covidtracking.com/data/|title=Our Data|website=The COVID Tracking Project}} Frequently updated.</ref>}} | confirmed_cases = {{Unbulleted list |5,460,429 ([[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]])<ref name=CDCnumbers/> |5,530,247 ([[Johns Hopkins University|JHU]])<ref name=JHU/> |5,502,927 ([[COVID Tracking Project|CTP]])<ref name=CTP/> }} | active_cases = | recovery_cases = 1,925,049 ([[Johns Hopkins University|JHU]])<ref name=JHU/> | suspected_cases = | total_ili = | website = {{URL|coronavirus.gov/}} }} The '''COVID-19 pandemic in the United States''' is part of the [[COVID-19 pandemic|worldwide pandemic]] of [[coronavirus disease 2019]] ({{nowrap|COVID-19}}) caused by [[severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus&nbsp;2]] ({{nowrap|SARS-CoV-2}}). The first confirmed [[local transmission]] was recorded in January 2020,<ref name=Ghinai/> while the first known deaths were reported in February.<ref name=freqTraveller/> By the end of March, cases had occurred in all fifty [[U.S. state]]s, the [[District of Columbia]], and all inhabited [[Territories of the United States|U.S. territories]] except [[American Samoa]].<ref>{{cite web |title=CDC Weekly Key Messages: March 29, 2020 as of 10:30 p.m. |url=https://banningca.gov/DocumentCenter/View/7139/CDC_COVID19-Weekly-Key_Messages_03292020_FINAL |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |accessdate=April 28, 2020 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20200428073138/https://banningca.gov/DocumentCenter/View/7139/CDC_COVID19-Weekly-Key_Messages_03292020_FINAL |archivedate=April 28, 2020 |date=March 29, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=Oliver |title=The only places on Earth still (apparently) without coronavirus |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/lists/countries-with-no-covid-coronavirus/ |accessdate=April 28, 2020 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=April 21, 2020 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20200424013035/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/lists/countries-with-no-covid-coronavirus/ |archivedate=April 24, 2020}}</ref> Within a week after China announced that it found a cluster of infections from the virus in [[Wuhan]], the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]] offered to send them a team of experts to help contain the spread, but they refused the offer.<ref name="FoxNews"/> The US outbreak was officially declared a public health emergency on January 31, and restrictions were placed on flights arriving from China.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/01/31/801686524/trump-declares-coronavirus-a-public-health-emergency-and-restricts-travel-from-c |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=January 31, 2020 |accessdate=March 18, 2020 |title=Trump Declares Coronavirus A Public Health Emergency And Restricts Travel From China |author=Aubrey, Allison|quote='Foreign nationals other than immediate family of U.S. citizens and permanent residents who have traveled in China in the last 14 days will be denied entry into United States,' Azar said.}}</ref><ref name=RobertsonApril15>{{cite web|url=https://www.factcheck.org/2020/04/trumps-snowballing-china-travel-claim |title=Trump's Snowballing China Travel Claim |first=Lori |last=Robertson |date=April 15, 2020 |website=[[FactCheck.org]] |access-date=April 29, 2020|quote=...{{nbsp}}effective February{{nbsp}}2.}}</ref> The initial U.S. response to the pandemic was otherwise slow, in terms of preparing the healthcare system, stopping other travel, and [[COVID-19 testing|testing for the virus]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lemire |first1=Jonathan |last2=Miller |first2=Zeke |last3=Colvin |first3=Jill |last4=Alonso-Zaldivar |first4=Ricardo |title=Signs missed and steps slowed in Trump's pandemic response |url=https://apnews.com/6a8f85aad99607f313cca6ab1398e04d |accessdate=April 28, 2020 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=April 12, 2020}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite news|last1=Pilkington|first1=Ed|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/mar/28/trump-coronavirus-politics-us-health-disaster|title=The missing six weeks: how Trump failed the biggest test of his life|date=March 28, 2020|work=The Guardian|access-date=March 28, 2020|last2=McCarthy|first2=Tom|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ollstein |first1=Alice Miranda |title=Trump halts funding to World Health Organization |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/04/14/trump-world-health-organization-funding-186786 |accessdate=April 28, 2020 |work=[[Politico]] |date=April 14, 2020}}</ref>{{Efn|A lack of mass testing obscured the extent of the outbreak.<ref name="WhoriskeyMarch16">{{cite news|last1=Whoriskey|first1=Peter|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/03/16/cdc-who-coronavirus-tests/|title=How U.S. coronavirus testing stalled: Flawed tests, red tape and resistance to using the millions of tests produced by the WHO|date=March 16, 2020|work=[[The Washington Post]]|accessdate=March 18, 2020|last2=Satija|first2=Neena}}</ref>}} Meanwhile, President [[Donald Trump]] downplayed the threat posed by the virus and claimed the outbreak was under control.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Blake |first1=Aaron |title=A timeline of Trump playing down the coronavirus threat |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/03/12/trump-coronavirus-timeline/ |accessdate=August 14, 2020 |work=The Washington Post |date=June 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811160119/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/03/12/trump-coronavirus-timeline/ |archive-date=August 11, 2020 }}</ref> On March 13, President Trump declared a [[national emergency]].<ref name=LiptakMarch13>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/13/politics/donald-trump-emergency/index.html|title=Trump declares national emergency—and denies responsibility for coronavirus testing failures|last=Liptak|first=Kevin|date=March 13, 2020|work=CNN|accessdate=April 18, 2020}}</ref> In early March, the [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) began allowing public health agencies and private companies to develop and administer tests, and loosened restrictions so anyone with a doctor's order could be tested.<ref name=WangMarch22 /> The Trump administration largely waited until mid-March to start purchasing large quantities of medical equipment.<ref name="BieseckerApril7">{{cite news|last1=Biesecker|first1=Michael|date=April 7, 2020|title=US 'wasted' months before preparing for coronavirus pandemic|agency=Associated Press|url=https://apnews.com/090600c299a8cf07f5b44d92534856bc|accessdate=April 24, 2020}}</ref> In late March, the administration started to use the [[Defense Production Act]] to direct industries to produce medical equipment.<ref name="WatsonMarch27" /> [[Office of Inspector General, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services|Federal health inspectors]] who surveyed hospitals in late March found shortages of test supplies, [[personal protective equipment]] (PPE), and other resources due to extended patient stays while awaiting test results.<ref name="RobertsonApril7">{{cite web |last1=Robertson |first1=Lori |title=The HHS Inspector General Report |date=April 7, 2020 |url=https://www.factcheck.org/2020/04/the-hhs-inspector-general-report/ |publisher=[[Factcheck.org]] |accessdate=April 18, 2020}}</ref> By April 11, the federal government approved disaster declarations for all states and inhabited territories except American Samoa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/live-blog/2020-04-11-coronavirus-news-n1181761/ncrd1182006|title=Every U.S. state is now under disaster declaration|last=Good|first=Dan|date=April 11, 2020|website=[[NBC News]]|language=en|access-date=April 28, 2020}}</ref> By early May, testing had increased, but experts said this level of testing was still not enough to contain the outbreak.<ref name=GearanMay9/> [[U.S. state and local government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic|State and local responses]] to the outbreak have included prohibitions and cancellation of large-scale gatherings (including festivals and sporting events), [[stay-at-home order]]s, and the closure of schools.<ref name="nyt sports">{{Cite news|last1=Deb|first1=Sopan|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/11/sports/basketball/warriors-coronavirus-fans.html|title=Sports Leagues Bar Fans and Cancel Games Amid Coronavirus Outbreak|date=March 11, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=March 12, 2020|last2=Cacciola|first2=Scott|issn=0362-4331|last3=Stein|first3=Marc}}</ref> Disproportionate numbers of cases have been observed among [[Black people|Black]] and [[Latino (demonym)|Latino]] populations,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Godoy|first=Maria|date=May 30, 2020|title=What Do Coronavirus Racial Disparities Look Like State By State?|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/05/30/865413079/what-do-coronavirus-racial-disparities-look-like-state-by-state|access-date=|website=NPR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Karson|first1=Kendall|last2=Scanlan|first2=Quinn|date=May 22, 2020|title=Black Americans and Latinos nearly 3 times as likely to know someone who died of COVID-19: POLL|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/black-americans-latinos-times-died-covid-19-poll/story?id=70794789|access-date=|website=ABC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date = July 28, 2020 |title = States tracking COVID-19 race and ethnicity data|website = American Medical Association|url = https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/health-equity/states-tracking-covid-19-race-and-ethnicity-data|accessdate = July 31, 2020}}</ref> and <!--THE FOLLOWING SENTENCE HAS BEEN AFFIRMED BY AN RFC. DO NOT REMOVE WITHOUT CONSENSUS.-->there were reported [[List of incidents of xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic#United States|incidents of xenophobia and racism]] against [[Asian Americans]].<ref name="NYT Racism">{{cite news|last1=Tavernise|first1=Sabrina|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/23/us/chinese-coronavirus-racist-attacks.html|title=Spit On, Yelled At, Attacked: Chinese-Americans Fear for Their Safety|date=March 23, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=March 23, 2020|last2=Oppel Jr|first2=Richard A.}}</ref> Clusters of infections and deaths have occurred in urban areas, [[nursing home]]s, [[long-term care]] facilities, group homes for the intellectually disabled,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/06/09/872401607/covid-19-infections-and-deaths-are-higher-among-those-with-intellectual-disabili|title=COVID-19 Infections And Deaths Are Higher Among Those With Intellectual Disabilities|website=NPR.org}}</ref> [[COVID-19 pandemic in US immigration detention|detention centers]] (including prisons), [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the meat industry in the United States|meatpacking plants]], churches, and navy ships.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/06/09/872710991/u-s-navy-policies-battling-covid-19-rely-heavily-on-isolation|title=U.S. Navy Policies Battling COVID-19 Rely Heavily On Isolation|website=NPR.org}}</ref> A second rise in infections began in June 2020, following relaxed restrictions in several states.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/paloma/the-health-202/2020/06/26/the-health-202-the-trump-administration-is-eyeing-a-new-testing-strategy-for-coronavirus-anthony-fauci-says/5ef4f629602ff1080718f308/ |title=The Health 202: The Trump administration is eyeing a new testing strategy for coronavirus, Anthony Fauci says |author1=Paige Winfield Cunningham |author2=Paulina Firozi |work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> In August, the U.S. topped five million confirmed cases. As of mid-August, according to [[Johns Hopkins University]], the U.S. has been doing the most per-capita testing of any country,<ref>{{cite web |title=How Does Testing in the U.S. Compare to Other Countries? |url=https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/testing/international-comparison |work=Johns Hopkins Univ. of Medicine |accessdate=August 12, 2020 }}</ref> although [[Our World in Data]] shows other countries having higher rates.<ref name="owid-covid">{{cite web |last1=Roser |first1=Max |last2=Ritchie |first2=Hannah |last3=Ortiz-Ospina |first3=Esteban |last4=Hasell |first4=Joe |title=Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19) |url=https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus |website=Our World in Data |accessdate=August 19, 2020 |date=August 19, 2020}} – New Zealand, Israel and UK are examples.</ref> Its test positivity rate was still above the WHO's recommended threshold for controlling the outbreak.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jhsph.edu/covid-19/articles/covid-19-testing-understanding-the-percent-positive.html |title=COVID-19 Testing: Understanding the "Percent Positive" |publisher=Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health |author1=David Dowdy |author2=Gypsyamber D'Souza |date=10 August 2020 |accessdate=17 August 2020}}</ref><ref name=NYTAugustTesting>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/15/us/coronavirus-testing-decrease.html |title='We're Clearly Not Doing Enough': Drop in Testing Hampers Coronavirus Response |publisher=New York Times |date=16 August 2020 |accessdate=17 August 2020 |author=Sarah Mervosh |author2=Nicholas Bogel-Burroughs |author3=Sheryl Gay Stolberg |quote=And the percent of people testing positive over all is hovering at about 7{{nbsp}}percent, down from 8.5 percent in July{{nbsp}}... A community may be considered to have controlled virus spread if it is testing widely and the percent of people testing positive over a two-week period is less than 5{{nbsp}}percent, according to the World Health Organization.}}</ref> As of August 20, its death rate had reached 529 per million people, the eleventh-highest{{Efn|If the [[microstate]]s of [[Andorra]] and [[San Marino]] are excluded, the U.S. has the ninth-highest death rate globally.}} [[COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country|rate globally]].<ref name="statista">{{cite web|url= https://www.statista.com/statistics/1104709/coronavirus-deaths-worldwide-per-million-inhabitants/ |title=Coronavirus (COVID-19) deaths worldwide per one million population as of August 17, 2020, by country |publisher=[[Statista]] |date=August 17, 2020 |accessdate=August 17, 2020}}</ref><ref name="JH Mortality">{{cite web|url= https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/data/mortality|title=Mortality Analyses—Johns Hopkins University Coronavirus Resource Center|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University]]|accessdate=August 20, 2020}}</ref> {{TOC limit|4}} == Timeline == {{Main|Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States}} {{COVID-19 pandemic data/United States medical cases chart}} {{stack|clear=right|{{COVID-19 pandemic data/United States medical cases by state}}}} [[File:CoViD-19 US.svg|thumb|upright=2|right|Number of cases (blue), number of deaths (red), and deaths reported in the previous ten days (dotted black) on a [[logarithmic scale]]]] === December 2019 to January 2020 === On December 31, 2019, China reported a [[disease cluster|cluster]] of [[pneumonia]] cases in [[Wuhan]].<ref name=NEJMFirstCase/> On January 6, Health and Human Services offered to send China a team of CDC health experts to help contain the outbreak, but they ignored the offer.<ref name="FoxNews">{{cite news |url=https://www.foxnews.com/health/us-health-officials-on-coronavirus-outbreak |first=Madeline |last=Farber |title=China spurned CDC offer to send a team to help contain coronavirus: US Health Secretary |work=Fox News |date=January 28, 2020 }}</ref> According to Dr. [[Robert Redfield]], the director of the CDC, the CDC was ready to send in a team of scientists within a week, but the Chinese government refused to let them in, which was a reason the US got a later start in identifying the danger of virus outbreak there and taking early action.<ref name=Redfield>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/28/health/redfield-coronavirus-spread-abc/index.html |title=The Trump administration was slow to recognize coronavirus threat from Europe, CDC director admits |work=CNN |date=July 28, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.webmd.com/coronavirus-in-context/video/robert-redfield |title=Coronavirus in Context: CDC Director Discusses Next Steps in the War Against COVID |work=WebMD |date=August 12, 2020 }}</Ref> On January 7, 2020, the Chinese health authorities confirmed that this cluster was caused by [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|a novel infectious coronavirus]].<ref name=NEJMFirstCase/> On January 8, the CDC issued an official health advisory via its [[Health Alert Network]] (HAN) and established an Incident Management Structure to coordinate domestic and international public health actions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00424.asp |title=Outbreak of Pneumonia of Unknown Etiology (PUE) in Wuhan, China |work=CDC.gov |date=January 8, 2020 }}</ref> On January 10 and 11, the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) issued technical briefings warning about a strong possibility of human-to-human transmission and urging precautions.<ref name="Guardian-WHO">{{cite web | first1=Peter | last1=Beaumont | first2=Julian | last2=Borger | title=WHO warned of transmission risk in January, despite Trump claims | work=[[The Guardian]] | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/09/who-cited-human-transmission-risk-in-january-despite-trump-claims | date=April 9, 2020 | accessdate=April 17, 2020}}</ref> On January 14, the WHO said "preliminary investigations conducted by the Chinese authorities have found no clear evidence of human-to-human transmission," although it recommended that countries still take precautions due to the human-to-human transmission during earlier [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome|SARS]] and [[Middle East respiratory syndrome|MERS]] outbreaks.<ref name="Guardian-WHO"/> The CDC issued an update on January 17, noting that person-to-person spread was not confirmed, but was still a possibility.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00426.asp |title=Update and Interim Guidance on Outbreak of 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Wuhan, China |work=CDC.gov |date=January 17, 2020 }}</ref> On January 20, it activated its [[Emergency Operations Center]] (EOC) to further respond to the outbreak in China.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://emergency.cdc.gov/recentincidents/ |title=CDC Emergency Operations Center Activations |work=CDC |date=January 20, 2020 }}</ref> The same day, the WHO and China confirmed that human-to-human transmission had occurred.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kuo |first1=Lily |title=China confirms human-to-human transmission of coronavirus |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/20/coronavirus-spreads-to-beijing-as-china-confirms-new-cases |accessdate=April 19, 2020 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=January 21, 2020}}</ref> On January 20, the first report of a COVID-19 case in the U.S. came in a man who returned on January 15 from visiting family in Wuhan, China, to his home in [[Snohomish County, Washington]]. He sought medical attention on January 19.<ref name="NEJMFirstCase" /> The second report came on January 24, in a woman who returned to [[Chicago, Illinois]], on January 13 from visiting Wuhan.<ref name="firstthreemonths">{{cite journal|date=April 22, 2020|title=Coronavirus: the first three months as it happened|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00154-w|pmid=32152592|s2cid=212652777}}</ref><ref name="secondcase">{{cite news|title=Second Travel-related Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Detected in United States|work=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|url=https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2020/p0124-second-travel-coronavirus.html|quote=Second Travel-related Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Detected in United States: The patient returned to the U.S. from Wuhan on January 13, 2020}}</ref> The woman passed the virus to her husband, and he was confirmed to have the virus on January 30; at the time it was the first reported case of [[local transmission]] in the United States.<ref name=Ghinai>{{cite journal |last1=Ghinai |first1=Isaac |last2=McPherson |first2=Tristan D |last3=Hunter |first3=Jennifer C |last4=Kirking |first4=Hannah L |last5=Christiansen |first5=Demian |last6=Joshi |first6=Kiran |last7=Rubin |first7=Rachel |last8=Morales-Estrada |first8=Shirley |last9=Black |first9=Stephanie R |last10=Pacilli |first10=Massimo |last11=Fricchione |first11=Marielle J |last12=Chugh |first12=Rashmi K |last13=Walblay |first13=Kelly A |last14=Ahmed |first14=N Seema |last15=Stoecker |first15=William C |last16=Hasan |first16=Nausheen F |last17=Burdsall |first17=Deborah P |last18=Reese |first18=Heather E |last19=Wallace |first19=Megan |last20=Wang |first20=Chen |last21=Moeller |first21=Darcie |last22=Korpics |first22=Jacqueline |last23=Novosad |first23=Shannon A |last24=Benowitz |first24=Isaac |last25=Jacobs |first25=Max W |last26=Dasari |first26=Vishal S |last27=Patel |first27=Megan T |last28=Kauerauf |first28=Judy |last29=Charles |first29=E Matt |last30=Ezike |first30=Ngozi O |last31=Chu |first31=Victoria |last32=Midgley |first32=Claire M |last33=Rolfes |first33=Melissa A |last34=Gerber |first34=Susan I |last35=Lu |first35=Xiaoyan |last36=Lindstrom |first36=Stephen |last37=Verani |first37=Jennifer R |last38=Layden |first38=Jennifer E |title=First known person-to-person transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the USA |journal=Lancet |date=2020 |volume=395 |issue=10230 |pages=1137–1144 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30607-3 |pmid=32178768 |pmc=7158585 }}</ref> The same day, the WHO declared the outbreak a [[Public Health Emergency of International Concern]], warning that "all countries should be prepared for containment."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Boseley|first1=Sarah|date=January 30, 2020|title=WHO declares coronavirus a global health emergency|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/30/who-declares-coronavirus-a-global-health-emergency|accessdate=March 30, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Kennedy|first1=Merrit|date=January 30, 2020|title=WHO Declares Coronavirus Outbreak A Global Health Emergency|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/01/30/798894428/who-declares-coronavirus-outbreak-a-global-health-emergency|accessdate=April 19, 2020}}</ref>{{efn|The editorial board for ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' suggested the world may have been "better prepared" had the WHO declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on January 23, by which time the virus had spread to other countries.<ref name=wsj-info>{{cite news |title=World Health Coronavirus Disinformation |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/world-health-coronavirus-disinformation-11586122093 |accessdate=April 29, 2020 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=April 5, 2020 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20200409192517/https://www.wsj.com/articles/world-health-coronavirus-disinformation-11586122093 |archivedate=April 9, 2020}}</ref>}} The next day, January 31, the U.S. also declared a public health emergency.<ref name="Globe">{{cite news |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/nation/2020/01/31/declares-public-health-emergency-from-coronavirus/9WMXL38AdA08GJworROtII/story.html |title=US declares public health emergency from coronavirus |newspaper=Boston Globe |date=February 1, 2020 }}</ref> Although by that date there were only seven known cases in the U.S., the [[United States Department of Health and Human Services|HHS]] and CDC reported that there was a likelihood of further cases appearing in the country.<ref name="Globe" /> === February 2020 === On February 2, the U.S. enacted [[Travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic|travel restrictions]] to and from China.<ref name=RobertsonApril15/> Additional travel restrictions were placed on foreign nationals who had traveled within the past 14 days in certain countries, with exceptions for families and residents. Americans returning from those regions underwent health screenings and a 14-day [[quarantine]].<ref>{{cite news |title=DHS Issues Supplemental Instructions for Inbound Flights with Individuals Who Have Been in China|url=https://www.dhs.gov/news/2020/02/02/dhs-issues-supplemental-instructions-inbound-flights-individuals-who-have-been-china|accessdate=March 9, 2020 |agency=[[Department of Homeland Security]]|date=March 8, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Colarossi |first1=Natalie |last2=Cranley |first2=Ellen |title=The CDC is urging residents in New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut to refrain from travel because of the coronavirus |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/us-government-travel-warnings-for-coronavirus-outbreak-2020-2#the-us-state-department-has-implemented-travel-restrictions-barring-most-non-us-citizens-or-permanent-residents-from-entering-the-country-from-europe-the-uk-and-ireland-6 |accessdate=March 31, 2020 |work=Business Insider |date=March 30, 2020}}</ref> On February 6, the earliest confirmed American death occurred in [[Santa Clara County, California]], of a 57-year-old woman.<ref name=freqTraveller>{{cite news|last1=Moon|first1=Sarah|date=April 24, 2020|title=A seemingly healthy woman's sudden death is now the first known US coronavirus-related fatality|work=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/23/us/california-woman-first-coronavirus-death/index.html|accessdate=May 25, 2020}}</ref> It was later learned that nine deaths had occurred before February{{nbsp}}6, as the virus had been circulating undetected in the U.S. before January, and possibly as early as November.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|last=Melinek|first=Judy|date=May 1, 2020|title=When Did COVID-19 Arrive and Could We Have Spotted It Earlier?|url=https://www.medpagetoday.com/infectiousdisease/covid19/86291|accessdate=May 7, 2020|publisher=MedPage Today}}</ref> On February 25, the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) warned the American public for the first time to prepare for a local outbreak.<ref name=TaylorMarch23>{{cite news |last1=Taylor |first1=Marisa |title=Exclusive: U.S. axed CDC expert job in China months before virus outbreak |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-china-cdc-exclusiv/exclusive-u-s-axed-cdc-expert-job-in-china-months-before-virus-outbreak-idUSKBN21910S |accessdate=March 24, 2020 |agency=[[Reuters]] |date=March 23, 2020}}</ref> With no vaccine or treatment available, Americans were asked to prepare to take other precautions.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lanese |first1=Nicoletta |title=A US coronavirus outbreak is almost inevitable. Here's how you can prepare. |url=https://www.livescience.com/coronavirus-epidemic-how-to-prepare.html |website=[[Live Science]] |accessdate=August 4, 2020 |date=February 27, 2020}}</ref> Meanwhile, large gatherings that occurred before widespread shutdowns and [[social distancing]] measures were put in place, including [[Mardi Gras in New Orleans]] on February 25, accelerated transmission.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6918e2.htm |author=Anne Schuchat |date=May 1, 2020 |title=Public Health Response to the Initiation and Spread of Pandemic COVID-19 in the United States, February 24 – April 21, 2020 |journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |volume=69 |issue=18 |pages=551–556 |doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm6918e2 |pmid=32379733 |doi-access=free }}</ref> === March 2020 === [[File:President Trump Signs the Congressional Funding Bill for Coronavirus Response (49627907646).jpg|thumb|March 6: President Trump and Alex Azar at the signing of [[Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act]] into law]] On March 2, travel restrictions from Iran went into effect.<ref name=Boulder>{{cite web |title=February 29, 2020: Temporary Restriction on Entering the U.S. after Travel from Iran |url=https://www.colorado.edu/isss/2020/03/03/february-29-2020-temporary-restriction-entering-us-after-travel-iran |date=March 3, 2020 |publisher=[[University of Colorado Boulder]] |accessdate=April 24, 2020}}</ref> On March 7, the CDC warned that widespread disease transmission may force large numbers of people to seek healthcare, which could overload healthcare systems and lead to otherwise preventable deaths.<ref name="CDC COVID-19 Situation Summary">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/summary.html |title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Summary |last= |publisher=CDC |accessdate=March 7, 2020|date=March 7, 2020 }}</ref> On March{{nbsp}}11, the WHO declared the outbreak to be a [[pandemic]].<ref name="nyt sports" /> By this time, the virus had spread to 110 countries and all continents except Antarctica.<ref name=declaration>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/11/health/coronavirus-pandemic-who.html |title=Coronavirus Has Become a Pandemic, W.H.O. Says |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 11, 2020 }}</ref> The World Health Organization's definition of a pandemic "mixed severity and spread", reported ''[[Vox (website)|Vox]]'', and it held off calling the outbreak a pandemic because many countries at the time were reporting no spread or low spread.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2020/3/9/21163412/who-coronavirus-covid19-pandemic-world-health-organization |title=Why the WHO waited to call the coronavirus a pandemic |work=Vox |date=March 11, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/02/how-coronavirus-could-become-pandemic-and-why-it-matters/ |title=Coronavirus is officially a pandemic. Here's why that matters. |work=National Geographic |date=March 11, 2020 }}</ref> By March 12, diagnosed cases of {{nowrap|COVID-19}} in the U.S. exceeded a thousand.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2020/03/11/coronavirus-live-updates/ |title=Live updates: As U.S. coronavirus cases top 1,000, mixed signs of recovery in China, South Korea |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |first1=Adam |last1=Taylor |first2=Teo |last2=Armus |date=March 11, 2020 |accessdate=March 11, 2020 }}</ref> On March 13, travel restriction for the 26 European countries that comprise the [[Schengen Area]] went into effect; restrictions for the United Kingdom and Ireland went into effect on March 16.<ref name=WoodyardMarch16>{{cite news |last1=Woodyard |first1=Chris |title=Q&A: What you need to know about the United Kingdom and Ireland travel ban |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/airline-news/2020/03/16/coronavirus-uk-ireland-travel-ban-what-know-europe-travel-ban/5060715002/ |accessdate=April 29, 2020 |work=[[USA Today]] |date=March 16, 2020}}</ref> Also on March 16, the White House advised against any gatherings of more than ten people.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Liptak |first1=Kevin |title=White House advises public to avoid groups of more than 10, asks people to stay away from bars and restaurants |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/16/politics/white-house-guidelines-coronavirus/index.html |accessdate=March 18, 2020 |publisher=CNN |date=March 16, 2020}}</ref> Since March 19, 2020, the [[State Department]] has advised U.S. citizens to avoid all international travel.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/ea/travel-advisory-alert-global-level-4-health-advisory-issue.html |title=Global Level 4 Health Advisory—Do Not Travel|website=travel.state.gov}}</ref> By the middle of March, all fifty states were able to perform tests with a doctor's approval, either from the CDC or from commercial labs. However, the number of available test kits remained limited, which meant the true number of people infected had to be estimated.<ref name="theatlantic.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2020/03/why-coronavirus-testing-us-so-delayed/607954/ |title=The 4{{nbsp}}Key Reasons the U.S. Is So Behind on Coronavirus Testing |work=The Atlantic |date=March 15, 2020 }}</ref> On March 19, administration officials warned that the number of cases would begin to rise sharply as the country's testing capacity substantially increased to 50,000-70,000 tests per day.<ref name="CBSTesting">{{cite news |last1=Kates |first1=Graham |title=Confirmed coronavirus cases will jump as testing ramps up |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/coronavirus-confirmed-cases-rise-tests/ |accessdate=March 27, 2020 |publisher=CBS |date=March 19, 2020}}</ref><ref name="GageTesting">{{cite news |last1=Gage |first1=John |title='Transformed the testing process': Deborah Birx says US has done more coronavirus testing in eight days than South Korea in eight weeks |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/transformed-the-testing-process-deborah-birx-says-us-has-done-more-coronavirus-testing-in-eight-days-than-south-korea-in-eight-weeks |accessdate=March 27, 2020 |publisher=Washington Examiner |date=March 24, 2020}}{{unreliable source?|date=April 2020}}</ref> As cases began spreading throughout the nation, federal and state agencies began taking urgent steps to prepare for a surge of hospital patients. Among the actions was establishing additional places for patients in case hospitals became overwhelmed. The [[Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival]], for instance, was postponed to October and the fairgrounds where it is normally held was turned into a medical center.<ref name="auto3">{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2020-03-30/coronavirus-event-companies-coachella-pivot-covid-19-testing |title=They were supposed to build stages for Coachella. Now they're building coronavirus triage tents |work=Los Angeles Times |date=March 30, 2020 }}</ref> Manpower from the military and volunteer armies were called up to help construct the emergency facilities.<ref name="auto8">{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/photos-field-hospitals-built-globe-coronavirus-pandemic-spreads/story?id=69962474 |title=Field hospitals built around the globe as coronavirus pandemic spreads |work=ABC News |date=April 4, 2020 }}</ref><ref name="auto5">{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcconnecticut.com/news/local/connecticut-national-guard-sets-up-temporary-hospitals-amid-coronavirus-pandemic/2248512/ |title=Connecticut National Guard Sets Up Temporary Hospitals Amid Coronavirus Pandemic |work=NBC |date=April 1, 2020 }}</ref> Throughout March and early April, several state, city, and county governments imposed [[Stay-at-home order|"stay at home"]] [[U.S. state and local government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic|quarantines on their populations]] to stem the spread of the virus.<ref name="Norwood">{{cite news |last1=Norwood |first1=Candace |title=Most states have issued stay-at-home orders, but enforcement varies widely |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/most-states-have-issued-stay-at-home-orders-but-enforcement-varies-widely |accessdate=April 9, 2020 |publisher=PBS |date=April 3, 2020}}</ref> By March 27, the country had reported over 100,000 cases.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chan |first1=Christine |last2=Shumaker |first2=Lisa |last3=Maler |first3=Sandra |title=Confirmed coronavirus cases in U.S. reach 100,000: Reuters tally |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-cases/confirmed-coronavirus-cases-in-u-s-reach-100000-reuters-tally-idUSKBN21E3DA |date=March 28, 2020 |agency=Reuters |accessdate=March 28, 2020 }}</ref> === April 2020 === On April 2, at President Trump's direction, the [[Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services]] (CMS) and CDC ordered additional preventive guidelines to the long-term care facility industry. They included requiring temperature checks for anyone in a nursing home, symptom screenings, and requiring all nursing home personnel to wear face masks. Trump also said COVID patients should have their own buildings or units and dedicated staffing teams.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mcknights.com/news/trump-wants-masks-on-all-nursing-home-workers-temperature-checks-for-all-and-separate-covid-units/ |title=Trump wants masks on all nursing home workers, temperature checks for all, and separate COVID-19 units |work=McKnight's Long-term Care News |date=April 3, 2020 }}</ref> On April 11, the U.S. death toll became the highest in the world when the number of cases reached 20,000, surpassing that of [[COVID-19 pandemic in Italy|Italy]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=April 11, 2020|title=U.S. coronavirus deaths top 20,000, highest in world exceeding Italy: Reuters tally|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-casualties-idUSKCN21T0NA|access-date=May 1, 2020}}</ref> On April 19, the CMS added new regulations requiring nursing homes to inform residents, their families and representatives, of COVID-19 cases in their facilities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cms.gov/newsroom/press-releases/trump-administration-announces-new-nursing-homes-covid-19-transparency-effort |title=Trump Administration Announces New Nursing Homes COVID-19 Transparency Effort |work=Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services |date=April 19, 2020 }}</ref> On April 28, the total number of confirmed cases across the country surpassed one million.<ref name="million 1">{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/28/health/us-coronavirus-tuesday/index.html|title=US coronavirus cases surpass 1 million and the death toll is greater than US losses in Vietnam War|author1=Steve Almasy |author2=Christina Maxouris |author3=Nicole Chavez|work=CNN|access-date=April 29, 2020}}</ref><ref name="million 2">{{cite news|date=April 28, 2020|title=The US has now passed 1 million confirmed Covid-19 cases|publisher=Vox|url=https://www.vox.com/2020/4/28/21239172/coronavirus-us-confirmed-cases-update-1-million|accessdate=April 30, 2020}}</ref><ref name="million 3">{{cite news|date=April 28, 2020|title=U.S. Surpasses 1 Million Coronavirus Cases|publisher=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/04/28/846741935/u-s-surpasses-1-million-coronavirus-cases|accessdate=April 30, 2020}}</ref> On April 30, President Trump announced the administration was establishing a Coronavirus Commission for Safety and Quality in Nursing Homes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-remains-committed-caring-nations-seniors-coronavirus-pandemic-beyond/ |title=President Donald J. Trump Remains Committed to Caring for Our Nation's Seniors During the Coronavirus Pandemic and Beyond |website=Whitehouse.gov |date=April 30, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o-_XhBQPpgU&t=4m17s |title=President Trump delivers remarks on senior citizens and COVID-19 |work=USA Today |date=April 30, 2020 }}</ref> === May to June 2020 === The CDC prepared detailed guidelines for the reopening of businesses, public transit, restaurants, religious organizations, schools, and other public places. The Trump administration shelved the guidelines, but an unauthorized copy was published by the [[Associated Press]] on May 7.<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump administration buries detailed CDC advice on reopening|last1=Dearen|first1=Jason|last2=Stobbe|first2=Mike|date=May 6, 2020|accessdate=May 15, 2020|publisher=The Associated Press|url=https://apnews.com/7a00d5fba3249e573d2ead4bd323a4d4}}</ref> Six flow charts were ultimately published on May 15,<ref>{{cite news|title=C.D.C. Issues Reopening Checklists for Schools and Businesses|work=The New York Times|author=Bogel-Burroughs, Nicholas|date=May 15, 2020|accessdate=May 15, 2020|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/15/us/cdc-coronavirus-checklists-decision-trees.html}}</ref> and a 60-page set of guidelines was released without comment on May 20, weeks after many states had already emerged from lockdowns.<ref>{{cite news|title=CDC quietly releases detailed plan for reopening America|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/cdc-quietly-releases-detailed-plan-reopening-america-n1211316|author=Chuck, Elizabeth|date=May 20, 2020|accessdate=May 20, 2020|publisher=NBC News}}</ref> By May 27, less than four months after the pandemic reached the U.S., 100,000 Americans had died from COVID-19.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/national/100000-deaths-american-coronavirus/ |title=U.S. coronavirus death toll surpasses 100,000, exposing nation's vulnerabilities |work=[[Washington Post]] |author=Marc Fisher |date=May 27, 2020 |accessdate=July 23, 2020}}</ref> State economic reopenings and lack of widespread mask orders resulted in a sharp rise in cases across most of the continental U.S. outside of the Northeast. By June 11, the number of cases in the U.S. had passed two million.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/06/11/coronavirus-update-us/ |title=U.S. surpasses 2 million coronavirus cases |work=[[Washington Post]] |date=June 11, 2020 |accessdate=July 23, 2020 | author=Antonia Noori Farzan |displayauthors=etal}}</ref> === July 2020 to present === By July 9, the number of cases had passed three million.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-53342222 |title=Coronavirus: US surpasses three million cases |date=July 9, 2020 |accessdate=July 23, 2020 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> President Trump was first seen wearing a face mask in public on July 11, months after it had been recommended by public health experts.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/7651589ac439646e5cf873d021f1f4b6|title=Trump wears mask in public for first time during pandemic|work=[[Associated Press]]|first=Jonathan|last=Lemire|date=July 11, 2020|accessdate=July 23, 2020}}</ref> By July 23, the number of cases had passed four million.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/23/health/us-coronavirus-thursday/index.html |title=US surpasses 4 million reported coronavirus cases as hospitalizations near record |publisher=[[CNN]] |author=Christina Maxouris |author2=Jason Hanna |date=July 23, 2020 |accessdate=July 23, 2020}}</ref> On July 29, the U.S. passed 150,000 deaths.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/07/29/896491060/more-than-150-000-people-have-died-from-coronavirus-in-the-u-s |title=More Than 150,000 People Have Died From Coronavirus In The U.S. |date=July 29, 2020 |accessdate=July 29, 2020 |publisher=[[NPR]] |author=Alana Wise |author2=Bill Chappell}}</ref> On August 9, the U.S. passed five million COVID-19 cases.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/08/09/900640397/u-s-hits-5-million-coronavirus-cases-as-debate-lingers-over-the-path-forward |title=U.S. Hits 5 Million Coronavirus Cases As Debate Lingers Over The Path Forward |publisher=NPR |author=Jason Slotkin |date=August 9, 2020 |accessdate=August 11, 2020}}</ref> In July, [[Public Interest Research Group|U.S. PIRG]] and 150 health professionals sent a letter asking the federal government to "shut it down now, and start over".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alisondurkee/2020/07/24/medical-experts-tell-government-shut-it-down-now-and-start-over/#5c0f64e7695c|title=Medical Experts Tell Government: 'Shut It Down Now, And Start Over'|author=Durkee, Alison|date=July 24, 2020|accessdate=July 25, 2020|publisher=Forbes (Forbes Media)}}</ref> In July and early August, requests multiplied, with a number of experts asking for lockdowns of "six to eight weeks"<ref>{{cite news|title=America Could Control the Pandemic by October. Let's Get to It.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/08/opinion/sunday/coronavirus-response-testing-lockdown.html|author=Editorial Board|date=August 8, 2020|accessdate=August 8, 2020|work=The New York Times}}</ref> that they believed would restore the country by October 1, in time to reopen schools and have an in-person election. <ref>{{cite web|title=Resetting Our Response: Changes Needed in the US Approach to COVID-19|vauthors=Rivers C, Martin E, Watson C, Schoch-Spana M, Cicero A, Inglesby T|year=2020|url=https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-work/publications/resetting-our-response-changes-needed-in-the-us-approach-to-covid-19|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security]]|location=Baltimore, MD}} and {{cite news|url=https://www.khou.com/article/news/health/coronavirus/us-life-back-to-normal-by-october-with-local-experts-plan/285-296ded16-c271-4306-a08b-e31123351161|date=July 23, 2020|author=Benito, Marcelino|publisher=KHOU-TV|title=Back to normal by October? Dr. Hotez sends the White House a national, unified coronavirus plan}} and {{cite news|title=Here's How to Crush the Virus Until Vaccines Arrive|last1=Osterholm|first1=Michael T.|last2=Kashkari|first2=Neel|date=August 7, 2020|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/07/opinion/coronavirus-lockdown-unemployment-death.html}} and {{cite news|author=Slavitt, Andy|title=Joe Biden is the national reset we need on COVID-19, but he's more than 75,000 lives away|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2020/08/04/trump-ignores-covid-deaths-need-for-national-strategy-column/5574327002/|date=August 4, 2020|publisher=USA Today (Gannett)}} and {{cite news|title=Winter is coming: Why America's window of opportunity to beat back Covid-19 is closing|author=Branswell, Helen|date=August 10, 2020|accessdate=August 11, 2020|url=https://www.statnews.com/2020/08/10/winter-is-coming-as-flu-season-nears-americas-window-of-opportunity-to-beat-back-covid-19-is-narrowing/|publisher=STAT}}</ref> == Preparations made after previous outbreaks == {{Main|Pandemic predictions and preparations prior to the COVID-19 pandemic#United States}} The United States has been subjected to pandemics and epidemics throughout its history, including the 1918 [[Spanish flu]], the 1957 [[Asian flu]], and the 1968 [[Hong Kong flu]] pandemics.<ref name="abc7">{{cite news |last1=Miguel |first1=Ken |title=Here's a look at some of history's worst pandemics that have killed millions |url=https://abc7news.com/5974174/ |accessdate=March 22, 2020 |publisher=ABC 7 News |date=February 28, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lileks |first1=James |title=How the news media played down the pandemics of yore, from Spanish flu to Swine flu |url=http://www.startribune.com/how-the-news-media-played-down-the-pandemics-of-yore-from-spanish-flu-to-swine-flu/568899732/?refresh=true |accessdate=March 22, 2020 |work=Star Tribune |date=March 18, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Brown |first1=Jeremy |title=The Coronavirus Is No 1918 Pandemic |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/03/were-not-facing-second-spanish-flu/607354/ |access-date=March 22, 2020 |work=[[The Atlantic]] |date=March 3, 2020}}</ref> In the most recent pandemic prior to COVID-19, the [[2009 swine flu pandemic]] took the lives of more than 12,000 Americans and hospitalized another 270,000 over the course of approximately one year.<ref name="abc7" /> According to the [[Global Health Security Index]], an American-British assessment which ranks the health security capabilities in 195 countries, the U.S. in 2020 was the "most prepared" nation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/02/these-are-the-countries-best-prepared-for-health-emergencies/ |title=These are the countries best prepared for health emergencies |work=World Economic Forum |date=February 12, 2020 }}</ref><ref name=cfr>{{cite news |url=https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/what-global-health-survey-found-months-coronavirus-pandemic |title=What a Global Health Survey Found Months Before the Coronavirus Pandemic |work=Council on Foreign Relations |date=March 24, 2020 |first1= Lindsay |last1=Maizland |first2=Thamine |last2=Nayeem |first3=Anu |last3=Kumar}}</ref> === Reports predicting global pandemics === [[File:Alex Azar declares PHED for Coronavirus.jpg|thumb|[[Health and Human Services Secretary|Health and Human Services (HHS) Secretary]] [[Alex Azar]] signs a public health emergency declaration.]] The [[United States Intelligence Community]], in its annual ''[[Worldwide Threat Assessment of the US Intelligence Community|Worldwide Threat Assessment]]'' report of 2017 and 2018, said if a related coronavirus were "to acquire efficient human-to-human transmissibility", it would have "pandemic potential". The 2018 ''Worldwide Threat Assessment'' also said new types of microbes that are "easily transmissible between humans" remain "a major threat".<ref name="auto7">{{cite web |url=https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/Newsroom/Testimonies/SSCI%20Unclassified%20SFR%20-%20Final.pdf |title=Worldwide Threat Assessment of the US Intelligence Community |work=Senate Select Committee on Intelligence |date=May 11, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Reider |first1=Rem |title=Contrary to Trump's Claim, A Pandemic Was Widely Expected at Some Point |url=https://www.factcheck.org/2020/03/contrary-to-trumps-claim-a-pandemic-was-widely-expected-at-some-point/ |accessdate=March 21, 2020 |work=[[Factcheck.org]] |date=March 20, 2020}}</ref><ref name=DilanianFebruary29>{{cite news |last1=Dilanian |first1=Ken |title=U.S. intel agencies warned of a rising risk of an outbreak like coronavirus |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/national-security/u-s-intel-agencies-warned-rising-risk-outbreak-coronavirus-n1144891 |accessdate=March 21, 2020 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |date=February 29, 2020}}</ref> Similarly, the 2019 ''Worldwide Threat Assessment'' warned that "the United States and the world will remain vulnerable to the next flu pandemic or large-scale outbreak of a contagious disease that could lead to massive rates of death and disability, severely affect the world economy, strain international resources, and increase calls on the United States for support."<ref name=DilanianFebruary29 /><ref name="threats">{{cite web |url=https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/2019-ATA-SFR---SSCI.pdf |title=Worldwide Threat Assessment of the US Intelligence Community |work=Senate Select Committee on Intelligence |date=January 29, 2019 }}</ref> === Preparations === {{Main|Pandemic predictions and preparations prior to the COVID-19 pandemic#United States}} In 2005, President [[George W. Bush]] began preparing a national pandemic response plan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/george-bush-2005-wait-pandemic-late-prepare/story?id=69979013 |title=George W. Bush in 2005: 'If we wait for a pandemic to appear, it will be too late to prepare' |publisher=[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] |date=April 5, 2020 |accessdate=July 23, 2020 |author=Matthew Mosk}}</ref> In 2006, the [[Department of Health and Human Services]] established a new division, the [[Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority]] (BARDA) to prepare for chemical, biological and nuclear attacks, as well as infectious diseases. In its first year of operation, BARDA "estimated that an additional 70,000 [ventilators] would be required in a moderate influenza pandemic"; a contract was let and work started, but no ventilators were ever delivered.<ref name="NYT Mission Failed">{{Cite news|last1=Kulish|first1=Nicholas|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/29/business/coronavirus-us-ventilator-shortage.html |title=The U.S. Tried to Build a New Fleet of Ventilators. The Mission Failed.|date=March 29, 2020 |work=The New York Times |access-date=April 12, 2020 |last2=Kliff |first2=Sarah |issn=0362-4331| last3=Silver-Greenberg |first3=Jessica}}</ref> A vaccine for a related coronavirus, [[SARS]], was developed in the U.S. by 2016, but never progressed to human trials due to a lack of funding.<ref name="nbc5">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-care/scientists-were-close-coronavirus-vaccine-years-ago-then-money-dried-n1150091 |title=Scientists were close to a coronavirus vaccine years ago. Then the money dried up. |work=NBC |access-date=April 13, 2020 |language=en}}</ref> In January 2017, the U.S. government had updated its estimate of resource gaps, including ventilators, face masks, and hospital beds.<ref name="nat5">{{Cite news |last=Klippenstine |first=Ken |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/politics/covid-military-shortage-pandemic/ |title=The Military Knew Years Ago That a Coronavirus Was Coming |date=April 1, 2020 |work=The Nation |access-date=April 13, 2020}}</ref> While some cities did take the risk of a pandemic seriously enough to prepare years ahead of time, there was often a failure to follow through due to financial constraints. New York City, for instance, took preparatory steps more than a decade ago, but then discontinued them in favor of other priorities.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://nypost.com/2020/04/07/nycs-pandemic-preparations-that-started-and-stopped/ |title=NYC's pandemic preparations that started—and stopped |newspaper=New York Post |date=April 7, 2020 }}</ref> In 2017, outgoing Obama administration officials briefed incoming Trump administration officials on how to respond to pandemics by using simulated scenarios.<ref name="briefing">{{cite news |last1=Toosi |first1=Nahal |last2=Lippman |first2=Daniel |last3=Diamond |first3=Dan |title=Before Trump's inauguration, a warning: 'The worst influenza pandemic since 1918' |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/16/trump-inauguration-warning-scenario-pandemic-132797 |accessdate=March 20, 2020 |work=[[Politico]] |date=March 16, 2020}}</ref> Obama's national security advisor [[Susan Rice]] met with her successor, General [[Michael Flynn]], where she outlined the risk of a pandemic with a tabletop exercise and gave him a pandemic guidebook.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Capehart|first=Jonathan|date=April 6, 2020|title=Susan Rice on Trump's coronavirus response: 'He has cost tens of thousands of American lives'|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/04/06/susan-rice-trumps-coronavirus-response-he-has-cost-tens-thousands-american-lives/|access-date=May 4, 2020}}</ref> The Trump administration simulated a series of pandemic outbreaks from China in 2019 and found that the U.S. government response was "underfunded, underprepared, and uncoordinated" (see [[Crimson Contagion]]).<ref name= simulation2019>{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/trump-let-u-fall-behind-120054883.html|title=How Trump let the U.S. fall behind the curve on coronavirus threat|website=news.yahoo.com}}</ref> Among the conclusions of the test was a shortage of certain medical supplies which are produced overseas, including N95 masks. President Trump responded to the simulation with an executive order to increase the availability and quality of flu vaccines, and the administration later increased funding for the pandemic threats program of the Department of Health and Human Services ([[United States Department of Health and Human Services|HHS]]).<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Sanger|first1=David E.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/19/us/politics/trump-coronavirus-outbreak.html|title=Before Virus Outbreak, a Cascade of Warnings Went Unheeded|date=March 19, 2020|work=The New York Times|access-date=March 20, 2020|last2=Lipton|first2=Eric|issn=0362-4331|last3=Sullivan|first3=Eileen|last4=Crowley|first4=Michael}}</ref> In September 2019, White House economists published a study that warned a pandemic could kill half a million Americans and devastate the economy.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tankersley|first=Tim|title=White House Economists Warned in 2019 a Pandemic Could Devastate America|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/31/business/coronavirus-economy-trump.html|date=March 31, 2020|newspaper=New York Times}}</ref> === Reorganization and departures === In May 2018, [[National Security Advisor (United States)|National Security Advisor]] [[John Bolton]] reorganized the executive branch's [[United States National Security Council]] (NSC), largely merging the group responsible for global [[health security]] and [[biodefense]]—established by the Obama administration following the [[Ebola virus cases in the United States|2014 ebola epidemic]]—into a bigger group responsible for [[counter-proliferation]] and biodefense. Along with the reorganization, the leader of the global health security and biodefense group, Rear Admiral [[Timothy Ziemer]], left to join another federal agency, while [[Tim Morrison (presidential advisor)|Tim Morrison]] became the leader of the combined group.<ref name=KellyMarch20>{{cite news |last1=Kessler |first1=Glenn |last2=Kelly |first2=Meg |title=Was the White House office for global pandemics eliminated? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/03/20/was-white-house-office-global-pandemics-eliminated |accessdate=March 21, 2020 |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=March 20, 2020}}</ref><ref name="disband">{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/ce014d94b64e98b7203b873e56f80e9a|title=Trump disbanded NSC pandemic unit that experts had praised|author-last=Riechmann|author-first=Deb|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=March 14, 2020|accessdate=March 19, 2020}}</ref> Critics of this reorganization referred to it as "disbanding" a pandemic preparedness group.<ref name="disband" /><ref>{{cite news |first=Bethania|last= Palma |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/experts-officials-pandemic-2018 |title=Did Experts and Officials Warn in 2018 US Couldn't Respond Effectively to a Pandemic? Such individuals have made repeated warnings about U.S. readiness in the event of a pandemic. |date=1 April 2020 |work=[[Snopes]] }}</ref> In July 2020, the administration planned to create a new pandemic preparedness office within the State Department.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Atwood|first1=Kylie|last2=Gaouette|first2=Nicole|date=July 2, 2020|title=Trump administration moves ahead with plan to open new pandemic office as coronavirus crisis intensifies|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/02/politics/trump-state-dept-new-pandemic-office/index.html|access-date=July 2, 2020|website=CNN}}</ref> In the years before the COVID-19 outbreak, the administration had reduced the number of staff working in the Beijing office of the U.S. CDC from 47 to 14. One of the staff eliminated in July 2019 was training Chinese field epidemiologists to respond to disease outbreaks at their hotbeds. Also closed were single-person offices of Beijing's [[National Science Foundation]] (NSF), the [[United States Agency for International Development]] (USAID) and [[U.S. Department of Agriculture]].<ref name=TaylorMarch26 /> The Trump Administration also ended funding for the [[PREDICT (USAID)|PREDICT]] pandemic early-warning program in China, which trained and supported staff in 60 foreign laboratories, with field work ceasing September 2019.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2020-04-02/coronavirus-trump-pandemic-program-viruses-detection |title=Trump administration ended coronavirus detection program |date=March 2, 2020 |work=LATimes.com }}</ref> The scientists tasked with identifying potential pandemics were already stretched too far and thin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-the-coronavirus-slipped-past-disease-detectives |title=Why the Coronavirus Slipped Past Disease Detectives; Groups of scientists tasked with identifying pandemic-prone microbes were stretched too far and thin |first=Charles |last=Schmidt |date=April 3, 2020 |website=[[Scientific American]] |access-date=April 10, 2020}}</ref> === Unsuccessful efforts to improve mask and ventilator supply === Since 2015, the federal government has spent $9.8{{nbsp}}million on two projects to prevent a mask shortage but abandoned both projects before completion.<ref name="wp-masks">{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/federal-government-spent-millions-to-ramp-up-mask-readiness-but-that-isnt-helping-now/2020/04/03/d62dda5c-74fa-11ea-a9bd-9f8b593300d0_story.html|title=Federal government spent millions to ramp up mask readiness, but that isn't helping now|first=Jon |last=Swaine|website=Washington Post}}</ref> A second BARDA contract was signed with Applied Research Associates of Albuquerque, to design an N95-rated mask that could be reused in emergencies without reduced effectiveness. Though federal reports had called for such a project since 2006, the ARA contract was not signed until 2017, and missed its 15-month completion deadline, resulting in the 2020 pandemic reaching the United States before the design was ready.<ref name="wp-masks" /> Previous respiratory epidemics and government planning indicated a need for a stockpile of ventilators that were easier for less-trained medical personnel to use. BARDA Project Aura issued a [[request for proposals]] in 2008, with a goal of FDA approval in 2010 or 2011. A contract for the production of up to 40,000 ventilators was awarded to Newport Medical Instruments, a small ventilator manufacturer, with a target price of $3,000, much lower than more complicated machines costing more than $10,000, and it produced prototypes with target FDA approval in 2013. [[Covidien]] purchased NMI and after requesting more money to complete the project (bringing the total cost to around $8{{nbsp}}million) asked the government to cancel the contract, saying it was not profitable.<ref name="nyt-vent" /> The government awarded a new $13.8{{nbsp}}million contract to [[Philips]], in 2014. The design for the Trilogy Evo Universal gained FDA approval in July 2019. The government ordered 10,000 ventilators in September 2019, with a mid-2020 deadline for the first deliveries and a deadline of 2022 to complete all 10,000. Despite the start of the epidemic in December, the capacity of the company to have produced enough to fill the full order, and the ability of the government to force faster production, the government did not reach an agreement with Philips for accelerated delivery until March 10, 2020.<ref name="nyt-vent">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/29/business/coronavirus-us-ventilator-shortage.html|title=The U.S. Tried to Build a New Fleet of Ventilators. The Mission Failed.|first1=Nicholas|last1=Kulish|first2=Sarah|last2=Kliff|first3=Jessica|last3=Silver-Greenberg|date=March 29, 2020|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref><ref name="propublica-vent">{{cite web|url=https://www.propublica.org/article/taxpayers-paid-millions-to-design-a-low-cost-ventilator-for-a-pandemic-instead-the-company-is-selling-versions-of-it-overseas- |title=Taxpayers Paid Millions to Design a Low-Cost Ventilator for a Pandemic. Instead, the Company Is Selling Versions of It Overseas. |first1=Sebastian|last1=Rotella|first2=Patricia|last2=Callahan|first3=Tim |last3=Golden |date=March 30, 2020 |website=ProPublica.org}}</ref> By mid-March, the need for more ventilators had become immediate, and even in the absence of any government contracts, other manufacturers announced plans to make many tens of thousands.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/04/01/824610787/fema-hadnt-ordered-ventilators-manufacturers-forged-ahead-anyway|title=FEMA Hadn't Ordered Ventilators. Manufacturers Forged Ahead Anyway|website=NPR.org}}</ref> In the meantime, Philips had been selling a commercial version, the Trilogy Evo, at much higher prices,<ref name="propublica-vent" /> leaving only 12,700 in the [[Strategic National Stockpile]] as of March 15.<ref name="nyt-vent" /> Compared to the small amount of money spent on recommended supplies for a pandemic, billions of dollars had been spent by the Strategic National Stockpile to create and store a vaccine for [[anthrax]], and enough [[smallpox]] inoculations for the entire country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/coronavirus-strategic-national-stockpile-was-ready-but-not-for-this-135266|title=Coronavirus: Strategic National Stockpile was ready, but not for this|first=Andrew|last=Lakoff|website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]}}</ref> === Potential response strategies === In 2016, the NSC laid out pandemic strategies and recommendations including moving swiftly to fully detect potential outbreaks, securing supplemental funding, considering invoking the [[Defense Production Act of 1950|Defense Production Act]], and ensuring sufficient protective equipment available for healthcare workers. The Trump administration was briefed on it in 2017, but declined to make it official policy.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Dan |last1=Diamond |first2=Nahal |last2=Toosi |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/25/trump-coronavirus-national-security-council-149285 |title=Trump team failed to follow NSC's pandemic playbook; The 69-page document, finished in 2016, provided a step by step list of priorities—which were then ignored by the administration. |date=March 25, 2020 |website=[[Politico]] }}</ref> == Responses == === Medical response === ==== Attempts to assist China and Iran ==== On January 6, a week after the U.S. was informed about the outbreak in China, both the [[Health and Human Services]] department and the CDC offered to send a team of U.S. health experts to China multiple times but were ignored.<ref name="FoxNews"/><ref name=TheHill>{{cite news |url=https://thehill.com/changing-america/well-being/prevention-cures/480314-us-looks-to-send-health-experts-to-china-amid |title=Trump offers to send health experts to China to help with coronavirus outbreak |work=The Hill |date=January 28, 2020 }}</ref> For all of January, China reported shortages of test equipment and hospital facilities in Wuhan.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-testing-insight/confusion-and-lost-time-how-testing-woes-slowed-chinas-coronavirus-response-idUSKBN1ZQ21K |title=Confusion and lost time: how testing woes slowed China's coronavirus response |work=Reuters |date=January 27, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3047603/wuhan-coronavirus-hospitals-turning-people-doctors-say-home-best |title=China coronavirus: hospitals turning people away as doctors say 'home is best' in many cases |work=South China Morning Post |date=January 24, 2020 }}</ref> Nonetheless, according to CDC Director Dr. [[Robert Redfield]], the director of the CDC, the Chinese government refused to let them in, which contributed to the U.S. getting a late start in identifying the danger of their outbreak and containing it before it reached other countries.<ref name=Redfield/> U.S. Health Secretary [[Alex Azar]] said China did notify the world much sooner than it had after their [[SARS outbreak]] in 2003, but it was unexplainably turning away CDC help for this new one.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/sars/about/fs-sars.html |title=CDC's response to SARS during the 2003 outbreak|work=CDC.gov }}</ref><ref name="nytimes1"/> On January 28, the CDC updated its China travel recommendations to level 3, its highest alert.<ref name="FoxNews"/> Alex Azar submitted names of U.S. experts to the WHO and said the U.S. would provide $105{{nbsp}}million in funding, adding that he had requested another $136{{nbsp}}million from Congress.<ref name=Reuters-2>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-usa/u-s-announces-aid-for-china-other-countries-impacted-by-coronavirus-idUSKBN2012FH |title=U.S. announces aid for China, other countries impacted by coronavirus |work=Reuters |date=February 7, 2020 }}</ref><ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/07/health/cdc-coronavirus-china.html |title=C.D.C. and W.H.O. Offers to Help China Have Been Ignored for Weeks |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 7, 2020 }}</ref> On February 8, the WHO's director-general announced that a team of international experts had been assembled to travel to China and he hoped officials from the CDC would also be part of that mission.<ref name=NPR-China>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/02/08/804130735/whos-tedros-china-has-agreed-to-allow-international-team-probe-coronavirus |author=Bobby Allyn |title=China's Coronavirus Death Toll Surpasses SARS Pandemic |publisher=NPR |date=February 8, 2020 |accessdate=August 12, 2020}}</ref><ref name="nytimes1"/> The WHO team consisted of 13 international researchers, including two Americans, and toured five cities in China with 12 local scientists to study the epidemic from February 16–23.<ref>{{cite web | first=Jon | last=Cohen | work=[[Science (journal)|Science]] | title=Quarantined at home now, U.S. scientist describes his visit to China's hot zone | url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/quarantined-scientist-reveals-what-it-s-be-china-s-hot-zone | date=March 6, 2020 | accessdate=May 5, 2020}}</ref> The final report was released on February 28.<ref>{{cite web | first1=Kai | last1=Kupferschmidt | first2=Jon | last2=Cohen | work=[[Science (journal)|Science]] | title=China's aggressive measures have slowed the coronavirus. They may not work in other countries | url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/china-s-aggressive-measures-have-slowed-coronavirus-they-may-not-work-other-countries | date=March 2, 2020 | accessdate=May 5, 2020}}</ref> In late January, a number of U.S. organizations began sending personal protective equipment to China. [[Boeing]] announced a donation of 250,000 medical masks to help address China's supply shortages,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://komonews.com/news/local/boeing-donating-250000-medical-masks-to-battle-coronavirus-in-china |title=Boeing donating 250,000 medical masks to battle coronavirus in China |work=[[KOMO-TV]] |date=January 29, 2020 }}</ref> while the [[United Church of Christ]] (UCC) and [[American Baptist Churches]] USA joined an ecumenical effort of American churches to provide much-needed medical supplies to China.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ucc.org/news_ucc_joins_ecumenical_effort_to_send_medical_supplies_to_china_to_combat_coronaviru_01282020 |title=UCC joins ecumenical effort to send medical supplies to China to combat coronavirus |work=United Church of Christ |date=January 28, 2020 |access-date=August 20, 2020 |archive-date=September 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911143151/https://www.ucc.org/news_ucc_joins_ecumenical_effort_to_send_medical_supplies_to_china_to_combat_coronaviru_01282020 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On February 7, The State Department said it had facilitated the transportation of nearly eighteen tons of medical supplies to China, including masks, gowns, gauze, respirators, and other vital materials.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.state.gov/the-united-states-announces-assistance-to-combat-the-novel-coronavirus/ |title=The United States Announces Assistance To Combat the Novel Coronavirus|work=U.S. Dept. of State |date=February 7, 2020 }}</ref> On the same day, U.S. Secretary of State Pompeo announced a $100&nbsp;million pledge to China and other countries to assist with their fights against the virus.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thehill.com/changing-america/well-being/prevention-cures/482096-us-pledges-100-million-to-help-fight-coronavirus |title=US pledges $100&nbsp;million to help fight coronavirus in China |last=Guzman |first=Joseph| name-list-format = vanc |date=February 7, 2020 |website=TheHill|access-date=April 11, 2020}}</ref> On March 21, China said it had not received epidemic funding from the U.S. government and said so again on April 3.<ref>{{cite news |title=COVID-19: China says it has received no U.S. aid |url=https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-04-03/COVID-19-China-says-it-has-received-no-U-S-aid-PoBg2L0kXS/index.html |access-date=April 13, 2020 |work=CGTN |date=April 3, 2020}}</ref> On February 28, the State Department offered to help Iran fight its own outbreak, as Iran's cases and deaths were dramatically increasing.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/coronavirus-iran-us-help-death-toll-higher |title=Coronavirus in Iran prompts US to extend olive branch amid claim country's death toll far higher than reported |publisher=Fox News |date=February 28, 2020 |accessdate=August 12, 2020 |author=Hollie McKay}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/how-iran-became-a-new-epicenter-of-the-coronavirus-outbreak |title=How Iran Became a New Epicenter of the Coronavirus Outbreak |publisher=The New Yorker |author=Robin Wright |date=February 28, 2020 |accessdate=August 12, 2020}}</ref> ==== Testing ==== {{See also|COVID-19 testing|Trump administration communication during the COVID-19 pandemic#Testing}} [[File:Colorado National Guard (49673441472).jpg|thumb|March 18: Colorado National Guard, [[Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment|CDPHE]], and [[San Miguel County, Colorado|San Miguel County]] personnel assist at a drive-up testing center in [[Telluride, Colorado]].]] [[File:Utah National Guard (49897808562).jpg|thumb|May 14: COVID-19 test conducted in [[Salt Lake City]], [[Utah]]]] [[File:West Virginia National Guard - 49744586872.jpg|thumb|April 5: Testing team in [[Charleston, West Virginia]] responds to a confirmed case in a [[nursing home]].]] Beyond identifying whether a person is currently infected, SARS-CoV-2 testing helps health professionals ascertain how bad the epidemic is and where it is worst.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.statnews.com/2020/03/13/coronavirus-testing-long-way-to-go |title=Coronavirus testing is starting to get better—but it has a long way to go |work=[[Statnews.com]] |date=March 13, 2020 }}</ref> However, the accuracy of national statistics on the number of cases and deaths from the outbreak depend on knowing how many people are being tested every day, and how the available tests are being allocated.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus-testing-source-data |title=Coronavirus Testing—Source Data |work=Our World of Data |date=March 20, 2020 }}</ref> While the WHO opted to use an approach developed by Germany to test for SARS-CoV-2, the United States developed its own testing approach. The German testing method was made public on January 13, and the American testing method was made public on January 28. The WHO did not offer any test kits to the U.S. because the U.S. normally had the supplies to produce their own tests.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Greenberg |first1=Jon |last2=Knight |first2=Victoria |title=Mostly False: Joe Biden stated on March 15, 2020, in a Democratic primary debate: "The World Health Organization offered the testing kits that they have available and to give it to us now. We refused them. We did not want to buy them." |url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2020/mar/16/joe-biden/biden-falsely-says-trump-administration-rejected-w/ |accessdate=March 24, 2020 |work=[[Politifact]] |date=March 16, 2020}}</ref> The United States had a slow start in widespread SARS-CoV-2 testing.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shear |first1=Michael |last2=Goodnough |first2=Abby |last3=Kaplan |first3=Sheila |last4=Fink |first4=Sheri |last5=Thomas |first5=Katie |last6=Weiland |first6=Noah |title=The Lost Month: How a Failure to Test Blinded the U.S. to Covid-19 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/28/us/testing-coronavirus-pandemic.html |accessdate=April 24, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 29, 2020 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20200330032228/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/28/us/testing-coronavirus-pandemic.html |archivedate=March 30, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Cohen |first1=Jon |title=The United States badly bungled coronavirus testing—but things may soon improve |url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/02/united-states-badly-bungled-coronavirus-testing-things-may-soon-improve |website=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |date=February 28, 2020 |accessdate=March 9, 2020}}</ref> From the start of the outbreak until early March 2020, the CDC gave restrictive guidelines on who should be eligible for COVID-19 testing. The initial criteria were (a) people who had recently traveled to certain countries, or (b) people with respiratory illness serious enough to require hospitalization, or (c) people who have been in contact with a person confirmed to have coronavirus.<ref name=WangMarch22/> In February, the U.S. CDC produced 160,000 SARS-CoV-2 tests, but soon it was discovered that many were defective and gave inaccurate readings.<ref name="WhoriskeyMarch16"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kenen |first1=Joanne |title=How testing failures allowed coronavirus to sweep the U.S. |url=http://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/06/coronavirus-testing-failure-123166 |accessdate=March 23, 2020 |work=Politico |date=March 8, 2020}}</ref> On February 19, the first U.S. patient with COVID-19 of unknown origin (a possible indication of [[community transmission]]) was hospitalized. The patient's test was delayed for four days because he had not qualified for a test under the initial federal testing criteria.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Abdalla |first1=Jihan |title=First US coronavirus case of unknown origin marks 'turning point' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/coronavirus-case-unknown-origin-marks-turning-point-200227154643100.html |accessdate=March 23, 2020 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |date=February 28, 2020}}</ref> By February 27, fewer than 4,000 tests had been conducted in the U.S.<ref name=WhoriskeyMarch16 /> Although academic laboratories and hospitals had developed their own tests, they were not allowed to use them until February 29, when the FDA issued approvals for them and private companies.<ref name="WhoriskeyMarch16" /><ref name=LeeMarch21>{{cite news |last1=Lee |first1=Timothy |title=America is finally testing for coronavirus in significant volumes |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2020/03/america-is-finally-testing-for-coronavirus-in-significant-volumes/ |accessdate=March 23, 2020 |work=[[Ars Technica]] |date=March 21, 2020}}</ref> From February 25, a group of researchers from the [[Seattle Flu Study]] defied federal and state officials to conduct their own tests, using samples already collected from flu study subjects who had not given permission for SARS-CoV-2 testing. They quickly found a teenager infected with SARS-CoV-2 of unknown origin, newly indicating that an outbreak had already been occurring in Washington for the past six weeks. State regulators stopped these researchers' testing on March 2, although the testing later resumed through the creation of the [[Seattle Coronavirus Assessment Network]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fink |first1=Sheri |last2=Baker |first2=Mike |title='It's Just Everywhere Already': How Delays in Testing Set Back the U.S. Coronavirus Response |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/10/us/coronavirus-testing-delays.html |accessdate=March 24, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 10, 2020 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20200319065701/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/10/us/coronavirus-testing-delays.html |archivedate=March 19, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Achenbach |first1=Joel |last2=Mettler |first2=Katie |last3=Sun |first3=Lena H. |last4=Guarino |first4=Ben |title=Coronavirus may have spread undetected for weeks in Washington state, which reported first two deaths in U.S. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/coronavirus-may-have-spread-undetected-for-weeks-in-washington-state/2020/03/01/0f292336-5bcc-11ea-9055-5fa12981bbbf_story.html |accessdate=April 5, 2020 |work=The Washington Post |date=March 1, 2020| archiveurl=https://archive.today/20200421025345/https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/coronavirus-may-have-spread-undetected-for-weeks-in-washington-state/2020/03/01/0f292336-5bcc-11ea-9055-5fa12981bbbf_story.html |archivedate= April 21, 2020}}</ref> On March{{nbsp}}5, the CDC relaxed the criteria to allow doctors discretion to decide who would be eligible for tests.<ref name=WangMarch22>{{cite news |last1=Wang |first1=Jessica |last2=Huth |first2=Lindsay |last3=Umlauf |first3=Taylor |last4=Wang |first4=Elbert |last5=McKay |first5=Betsy |title=How the CDC's Restrictive Testing Guidelines Hid the Coronavirus Epidemic |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-the-cdcs-restrictive-testing-guidelines-hid-the-coronavirus-epidemic-11584882001 |accessdate=March 23, 2020 |archivedate=March 22, 2020 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=March 22, 2020 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20200322161141/https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-the-cdcs-restrictive-testing-guidelines-hid-the-coronavirus-epidemic-11584882001}}</ref> Also on March 5, Vice President [[Mike Pence]], the leader of the coronavirus response team, acknowledged that "we don't have enough tests" to meet the predicted future demand; this announcement came only three days after [[FDA]] commissioner [[Stephen Hahn (oncologist)|Stephen Hahn]] committed to producing nearly a million tests by that week.<ref>{{cite news |title=Coronavirus: White House concedes US lacks enough test kits |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-51761435 |accessdate=March 23, 2020 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=March 6, 2020}}</ref> Senator [[Chris Murphy]] of Connecticut and Representative [[Stephen F. Lynch|Stephen Lynch]] of Massachusetts both noted that as of March{{nbsp}}8 their states had not yet received the new test kits.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |last1=transcript |title=Transcript: Chris Murphy on "Face the Nation", March 8, 2020 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/transcript-chris-murphy-on-face-the-nation-march-8-2020/ |website=Face the Nation |accessdate=March 9, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Cathey |first1=Libby |title=Government coronavirus response: Trump prepared to use the 'full power' of government |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/government-coronavirus-response-updates-fauci-warns-congress-worse/story?id=69532695 |website=ABC News |accessdate=March 12, 2020}}</ref> By March 11, the U.S had tested fewer than 10,000 people.<ref name=worried>{{cite news |title=Coronavirus: Should Americans be worried? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-51649897 |accessdate=April 18, 2020 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=March 12, 2020}}</ref> Doctor [[Anthony Fauci]], head of the [[National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases]], acknowledged on March 12 it was "a failing" of the U.S. system that the demand for SARS-CoV-2 tests was not being met;<ref name="Burton_WSJ">{{cite news |last1=Burton |first1=Thomas M. |last2=Armour |first2=Stephanie |last3=Wise |first3=Lindsay |date=March 12, 2020 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-virus-testing-system-is-failing-fauci-tells-congress-11584042312 |title=U.S. Virus Testing System Is Failing, Fauci Tells Congress |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |accessdate=April 19, 2020 }}</ref> Fauci later clarified that he believed the private sector should have been brought in sooner to address the shortfall.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kessler |first1=Glenn |title=What did Dr. Anthony Fauci say about coronavirus testing 'failing'? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/03/18/what-did-dr-fauci-say-about-coronavirus-testing-failing/ |accessdate=March 18, 2020 |work=The Washington Post |date=March 18, 2020}}</ref> By mid-March, the U.S. had tested 125 people per million of their population, which was lower than several other countries.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McCarthy |first1=Niall |title=U.S. Lags Behind Other Countries in Coronavirus Testing |url=https://www.statista.com/chart/21108/covid-19-tests-performed-per-million-of-the-population/ |accessdate=March 25, 2020 |work=[[Statista]] |date=March 20, 2020}}</ref> The first COVID-19 cases in the U.S. and South Korea were identified at around the same time.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McCann |first1=Larry |last2=Lai |first2=Rebecca |last3=McCann |first3=Allison |title=U.S. Lags in Coronavirus Testing |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/03/17/us/coronavirus-testing-data.html |accessdate=March 25, 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=March 17, 2020}}</ref> Critics say the U.S. government has botched the approval and distribution of test kits, losing crucial time during the early weeks of the outbreak, with the result that the true number of cases in the United States was impossible to estimate with any reasonable accuracy.<ref name="theatlantic.com" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Pilkington|first=Ed|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/13/coronavirus-testing-us|title=Why has coronavirus testing in the US been such a disaster?|date=March 13, 2020|work=The Guardian|access-date=March 15, 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> By March 12, all fifty states were able to perform tests, with a doctor's approval, either from the CDC or local commercial lab.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/testing-in-us.html |title=Testing in the U.S. |work=CDC.gov |date=March 13, 2020 }}</ref> This was followed by the government announcing a series of measures intended to speed up testing. These measures included the appointment of Admiral [[Brett Giroir]] of the [[United States Public Health Service|U.S. Public Health Service]] to oversee testing, funding for two companies developing rapid tests, and a hotline to help labs find needed supplies.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/03/13/815363944/trump-administration-announces-measures-to-speed-coronavirus-testing |title=Trump Administration Announces Measures To Speed Coronavirus Testing |work=NPR |date=March 13, 2020 }}</ref> The FDA also gave emergency authorization for New York to obtain an automated coronavirus testing machine.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://nypost.com/2020/03/13/fda-issues-emergency-authorization-for-coronavirus-test/ |title=FDA authorizes coronavirus test that could drastically speed up screening |work=New York Post |date=March 13, 2020 }}</ref> In a March 13 press conference, the Trump administration announced a campaign to conduct tests in retail store parking lots across the country,<ref name="reuters1">{{cite news |accessdate=March 15, 2020 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-google/google-walmart-join-us-effort-to-speed-up-coronavirus-testing-idUSKBN21036R |title=Google, Walmart join U.S. effort to speed up coronavirus testing |agency=Reuters |location=New York, NY |date=March 13, 2020 |author=Sanders, Chris}}</ref> but this was not widely implemented.<ref name="MakApril13">{{cite news |last1=Mak |first1=Tim |last2=Pfeiffer |first2=Sacha |last3=Huo |first3=Jingnan |last4=Benincasa |first4=Robert |last5=Smith |first5=Graham |last6=Shapiro |first6=Joseph |last7=Anderson |first7=Meg |title=A Month After Emergency Declaration, Trump's Promises Largely Unfulfilled |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/04/13/832797592/a-month-after-emergency-declaration-trumps-promises-largely-unfulfilled |accessdate=April 19, 2020 |work=[[NPR]] |date=April 13, 2020}}</ref> On March 13, drive-through testing in the U.S. began in [[Westchester County, New York|New Rochelle]], [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester County]], as New Rochelle was the U.S. town with the most diagnosed cases at that time.<ref name="pbs1">{{cite news |accessdate=March 15, 2020 |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/new-york-launches-drive-thru-testing-site-for-covid-19 |title=New York launches drive-thru testing site for COVID-19 |publisher=PBS |location=New York, NY |date=March 14, 2020 |author=Booker, Christopher}}</ref> By March 22, drive-through testing had started in more than thirty states, although the [[Associated Press]] reported that "the system has been marked by inconsistencies, delays, and [[Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic|shortages]]," leading to many people waiting hours or days even though they showed symptoms and were recommended by a doctor to get a test. A lack of supplies had already forced the closure of drive-through testing in seven states.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=Michelle |title=Chaos, Inconsistency Mark Launch of Drive-Thru Virus Testing |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/business/articles/2020-03-22/chaos-inconsistency-mark-launch-of-drive-thru-virus-testing |accessdate=March 30, 2020 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=March 22, 2020}}</ref> By March 30, more than a million people had been tested,<ref name=CummingsMarch30>{{cite news |last1=Cummings |first1=William |last2=Hayes |first2=Christal |last3=Jackson |first3=David |title=Trump says more than 1 million Americans have been tested for coronavirus |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2020/03/30/coronavirus-response-mnuchin-trump/5086774002/ |accessdate=April 18, 2020 |work=[[USA Today]] |date=March 30, 2020}}</ref> but not all the people showing symptoms were being tested.<ref name="Stockman">{{cite news |first=Farah |last=Stockman |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/12/us/coronavirus-testing-challenges.html |title=Sick People Across the U.S. Say They Are Being Denied the Coronavirus Test |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 12, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first1=Sheila |last1=Kaplan |first2=Katie |last2=Thomas |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/06/health/coronavirus-testing-us.html |title=Despite Promises, Testing Delays Leave Americans 'Flying Blind' |newspaper=The New York Times |date=April 6, 2020 |accessdate=April 10, 2020 }}</ref><ref name="Burton_WSJ" /><ref name="Myer_Atlantic">{{cite news |last1=Myer |first1=Robinson |last2=Madrigal |first2=Alexis |date=April 16, 2020 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2020/04/us-coronavirus-outbreak-out-control-test-positivity-rate/610132/ |title=A New Statistic Reveals Why America's COVID-19 Numbers Are Flat |work=The Atlantic |accessdate=April 19, 2020 }}</ref> During the weeks of April{{nbsp}}6 and 13, the U.S. conducted about 150,000 tests per day, while experts recommended at least 500,000 per day prior to ending social distancing, with some recommending several times that level. Building up both testing and surveillance capacity are important to re-opening the economy; the purpose of social distancing is to buy time for such capacity-building.<ref name="Vox_Tests1">{{cite news |accessdate=April 19, 2020 |url=https://www.vox.com/2020/4/17/21224872/coronavirus-testing-trump-reopen-economy |title=Trump's plan to reopen America can't work without a massive surge in testing |work=vox.com |date=April 17, 2020 |author=Lopez, German}}</ref> ''The New York Times'' reported on April 26 that the U.S. still had yet to reach an adequate level of testing capacity needed to monitor and contain outbreaks. The capacity has been hampered by shortages of reagents, shortages of test kits components like nasal swabs, shortages of protective gear for health workers, limited laboratory workers and equipment, and the federal government's limited interventions to solve shortages, instead of leaving the issue to the free market, causing states and hospitals to compete with each other for supplies.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stolberg |first1=Sheryl |last2=Stockman |first2=Farah |last3=LaFraniere |first3=Sharon |title=Testing Remains Scarce as Governors Weigh Reopening States |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/25/us/politics/virus-testing-shortages-states-trump.html |accessdate=April 28, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=April 26, 2020 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20200427021827/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/25/us/politics/virus-testing-shortages-states-trump.html |archivedate=April 27, 2020}}</ref> By early May, the U.S. was testing around 240,000 to 260,000 people per day, but this was still an inadequate level to contain the outbreak.<ref name="GearanMay9">{{cite news |last1=Gearan |first1=Anne |last2=DeBonis |first2=Mike |last3=Dennis |first3=Brady |title=Trump plays down coronavirus testing as U.S. falls far short of level scientists say is needed |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-plays-down-coronavirus-testing-as-us-falls-far-short-of-level-scientists-say-is-needed/2020/05/08/d9241454-913f-11ea-a9c0-73b93422d691_story.html |accessdate=May 10, 2020 |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=May 9, 2020}}</ref><ref name=MeyerMay8>{{cite news |last1=Meyer |first1=Robinson |title=There's One Big Reason the U.S. Economy Can't Reopen |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2020/05/theres-only-one-way-out-of-this-mess/611431/ |accessdate=May 10, 2020 |work=[[The Atlantic]] |date=May 8, 2020}}</ref><ref name=SteinMay7>{{cite news |last1=Stein |first1=Rob |last2=Worth |first2=Carmel |last3=Hurt |first3=Alyson |title=U.S. Coronavirus Testing Still Falls Short. How's Your State Doing? |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/05/07/851610771/u-s-coronavirus-testing-still-falls-short-hows-your-state-doing |accessdate=May 10, 2020 |work=[[NPR]] |date=May 7, 2020}}</ref><ref name=McDonaldMay8>{{cite news |last1=McDonald |first1=Jessica |title=How Many COVID-19 Tests Are 'Needed' to Reopen? |url=https://www.factcheck.org/2020/05/how-many-covid-19-tests-are-needed-to-reopen/ |accessdate=May 10, 2020 |work=[[FactCheck.org]] |date=May 8, 2020}}</ref> By June 24, 13 of the 41 federally funded community-based testing sites originally established in March were set to lose federal funding. They will remain under state and local control. Trump administration testing czar Admiral Giroir described the original community-based testing program as "antiquated".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mangan|first=Dan|date=June 24, 2020|title=Coronavirus: Federal government will end funding for 13 community-based Covid-19 test sites, most in Texas|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/24/coronavirus-federal-government-to-end-funding-some-covid-19-test-sites.html|access-date=June 25, 2020|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref> By June 26, 2020, Dr. Fauci said the administration was considering [[COVID-19 testing#Pooled testing|pooled testing]] as a way to speed up testing.<ref name= pooledTesting>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/26/politics/anthony-fauci-testing-coronavirus-task-force/index.html |author1=Jim Acosta |author2=Sam Fossum |date=June 26, 2020 |accessdate=August 12, 2020 |title=Fauci says task force 'seriously considering' new testing strategy}}</ref> By August, the overall [[test positivity rate]] (ratio of positives to total) was close to seven percent—well above the WHO's threshold (five) for containment.<ref name=NYTAugustTesting/> ==== Contact tracing ==== {{further|COVID-19 apps}} [[Contact tracing]] is a tool to control transmission rates during the reopening process. Some states like Texas and Arizona opted to proceed with reopening without adequate contact tracing programs in place. Health experts have expressed concerns about training and hiring enough personnel to reduce transmission. Privacy concerns have prevented measures such as those imposed in South Korea where authorities used cellphone tracking and credit card details to locate and test thousands of nightclub patrons when new cases began emerging.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statnews.com/2020/05/29/contact-tracing-can-it-help-avoid-more-lockdowns/|title=Contact tracing may help avoid another lockdown. Can it work in the U.S.?|date=May 29, 2020}}</ref> Funding for contact tracing is thought to be insufficient, and even better-funded states have faced challenges getting in touch with contacts. Congress has allocated $631{{nbsp}}million for state and local health surveillance programs, but the [[Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security]] estimates that $3.6{{nbsp}}billion will be needed. The cost rises with the number of infections, and contact tracing is easier to implement when the infection count is lower. Health officials are also worried that low-income communities will fall further behind in contact tracing efforts which "may also be hobbled by long-standing distrust among minorities of public health officials".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/paloma/the-health-202/2020/06/15/the-health-202-u-s-isn-t-ready-for-the-contact-tracing-it-needs-to-stem-the-coronavirus/5ee6528b602ff12947e8c0d7/|title=Analysis &#124; The Health 202: U.S. isn't ready for the contact tracing it needs to stem the coronavirus|first=Paige Winfield|last=Cunningham|date=June 15, 2020|via=www.washingtonpost.com}}</ref> As of July 1, only four states are using [[COVID-19 apps|contact tracing apps]] as part of their state-level strategies to control transmission. The apps document digital encounters between smartphones, so the users will automatically be notified if someone they had contact with has tested positive. Public health officials in California claim that most of the functionality could be duplicated by using text, chat, email and phone communications.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2020/07/01/coronavirus-users-weigh-benefits-of-growing-number-of-covid-19-contact-tracing-apps-with-data-privacy-concerns/ |title=New Contact Tracing Apps Need Access To Users' Private Data To Control Spread Of COVID-19 |date=July 1, 2020 |work=sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com |accessdate=July 7, 2020 }}</ref> ==== Drug therapy and vaccine development ==== {{further|COVID-19 vaccine|COVID-19 drug development|COVID-19 drug repurposing research}} {{See also|List of unproven methods against COVID-19}} [[File:President Trump at the National Institute of Health (49618032306).jpg|thumb|March 3: President [[Donald Trump]] and Doctor [[Anthony Fauci]] visit the [[Vaccine Research Center]] and the Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory at the [[National Institutes of Health]].]] There is currently no drug therapy or vaccine approved for treating COVID-19, nor is there any clear evidence that COVID-19 infection leads to immunity (although experts assume it does for some period).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Callaway |first1=Ewen |title=Coronavirus vaccines: five key questions as trials begin |journal=Nature |date=March 18, 2020 |volume=579 |issue=7800 |pages=481 |doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00798-8 |pmid=32203367 |bibcode=2020Natur.579..481C |doi-access=free }}</ref> As of late March 2020, more than a hundred drugs were in testing.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Herman |first1=Bob |title=Over 100 drugs are in testing in the race to treat coronavirus |url=https://www.axios.com/coronavirus-treatment-vaccine-research-pharma-drugs-55a28ea3-ee91-4f77-a093-44d450470b25.html |work=Axios |date=March 25, 2020 }}</ref> In early March, President Trump directed the FDA to test certain medications to discover if they had the potential to treat COVID-19 patients.<ref name="WSJ-drugs">{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-expected-to-detail-new-virus-therapies-but-expansion-could-be-controversial-11584629965 |title=U.S. Moves to Expand Array of Drug Therapies Deployed Against Coronavirus |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=March 19, 2020 }}</ref> Among those were [[chloroquine]] and [[hydroxychloroquine]], which have been successfully used to treat [[malaria]] for over fifty years. A small test in France had apparently given good results<ref>{{cite web |last1=Braun |first1=Elisa |title=In France, controversial doctor stirs coronavirus debate |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/30/in-france-controversial-doctor-stirs-coronavirus-debate-156889 |website=Politico |accessdate=April 24, 2020}}</ref> and they were being tested in a European Union-wide clinical trial.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/hydroxychloroquine-trial-gets-french-presidents-attention-460000-sign-petition-supporting-1497218|title=Hydroxychloroquine trial gets French president's attention as 460,000 sign petition supporting treatment|first=Daniel|last= Villarreal |date=April 10, 2020|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=April 19, 2020}}</ref> Some U.S. physicians, under the [[compassionate use]] and [[Emergency Use Authorization]] exceptions by the FDA, have prescribed them while trials and analysis are still ongoing.<ref name="WSJ-drugs" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pharmacytimes.com/news/fda-announces-two-drugs-approved-for-compassionate-use-in-treating-covid-19|title=FDA Announces Two Drugs Given 'Compassionate Use' Status in Treating COVID-19|last=Koppock|first=Kristen|date=March 13, 2020|work=Pharmacy Times|accessdate=April 25, 2020}}</ref><ref name="JustinWise">{{cite news |last1=Wise |first1=Justin |title=FDA issues emergency-use authorization for anti-malaria drugs amid coronavirus outbreak |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/490110-fda-issues-emergency-use-authorization-for-anti-malaria-drugs-amid |accessdate=March 30, 2020 |newspaper=The Hill |date=March 30, 2020}}</ref> In April 2020, the CDC began testing blood samples to determine if a person has been exposed to the virus, even without showing symptoms, which could provide information about immunity.<ref name=stat-1>{{cite web |url=https://www.statnews.com/2020/04/04/cdc-launches-studies-to-get-more-precise-count-of-undetected-covid-19-cases |title=CDC launches studies to get more precise count of undetected Covid-19 cases |website=[[Statnews.com]] |date=April 4, 2020 }}</ref> On July 1, 2020, the FDA updated its advice and cautioned against the use of hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 outside of a hospital or clinical trial due to heart risk, but maintained its approved use for malaria, lupus, and rheumatoid arthritis.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-cautions-against-use-hydroxychloroquine-or-chloroquine-covid-19-outside-hospital-setting-or|title=FDA cautions against use of hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine for COVID-19 outside of the hospital setting or a clinical trial due to risk of heart rhythm problems|first=Center for Drug Evaluation and|last=Research|date=June 26, 2020|journal=FDA|via=www.fda.gov}}</ref> In a study of 1446 patients hospitalized for COVID-19 published June 18, 2020, hydroxychloroquine was found to not have a significant beneficial or adverse effect.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Observational Study of Hydroxychloroquine in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19|first1=Joshua|last1=Geleris|first2=Yifei|last2=Sun|first3=Jonathan|last3=Platt|first4=Jason|last4=Zucker|first5=Matthew|last5=Baldwin|first6=George|last6=Hripcsak|first7=Angelena|last7=Labella|first8=Daniel K.|last8=Manson|first9=Christine|last9=Kubin|first10=R. Graham|last10=Barr|first11=Magdalena E.|last11=Sobieszczyk|first12=Neil W.|last12=Schluger|date=June 18, 2020|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=382|issue=25|pages=2411–2418|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2012410|pmid=32379955|pmc=7224609}}</ref> However, in a study of 2,541 patients admitted to hospitals for COVID-19, published July 1, 2020, the use of hydroxychloroquine with and without azithromycin resulted in a significant reduction of deaths.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.ijidonline.com/article/S1201-9712(20)30534-8/abstract|title=Treatment with Hydroxychloroquine, Azithromycin, and Combination in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19|first1=Samia|last1=Arshad|first2=Paul|last2=Kilgore|first3=Zohra S.|last3=Chaudhry|first4=Gordon|last4=Jacobsen|first5=Dee Dee|last5=Wang|first6=Kylie|last6=Huitsing|first7=Indira|last7=Brar|first8=George J.|last8=Alangaden|first9=Mayur S.|last9=Ramesh|first10=John E.|last10=McKinnon|first11=William|last11=O'Neill|first12=Marcus|last12=Zervos|first13=Varidhi|last13=Nauriyal|first14=Asif Abdul|last14=Hamed|first15=Owais|last15=Nadeem|first16=Jennifer|last16=Swiderek|first17=Amanda|last17=Godfrey|first18=Jeffrey|last18=Jennings|first19=Jayna|last19=Gardner-Gray|first20=Adam M.|last20=Ackerman|first21=Jonathan|last21=Lezotte|first22=Joseph|last22=Ruhala|first23=Raef|last23=Fadel|first24=Amit|last24=Vahia|first25=Smitha|last25=Gudipati|first26=Tommy|last26=Parraga|first27=Anita|last27=Shallal|first28=Gina|last28=Maki|first29=Zain|last29=Tariq|first30=Geehan|last30=Suleyman|first31=Nicholas|last31=Yared|first32=Erica|last32=Herc|first33=Johnathan|last33=Williams|first34=Odaliz Abreu|last34=Lanfranco|first35=Pallavi|last35=Bhargava|first36=Katherine|last36=Reyes|first37=Anne|last37=Chen|s2cid=220282688|date=July 1, 2020|journal=International Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=0|pages=396–403|via=www.ijidonline.com|doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.099|pmid=32623082|pmc=7330574}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/hydroxychloroquine-helped-save-coronavirus-study|title=Hydroxychloroquine helped save coronavirus patients, study shows; Trump campaign hails 'fantastic news'|first=Gregg|last=Re|date=July 3, 2020|website=Fox News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/02/health/hydroxychloroquine-coronavirus-detroit-study/index.html|title=Study finds hydroxychloroquine may have boosted survival, but other researchers have doubts|first1=Maggie |last1=Fox |first2=Andrea |last2=Kane |first3=Elizabeth |last3=Cohen|website=CNN}}</ref> There is no vaccine for coronavirus {{as of|July 2020|lc=y}}, however, research is ongoing in a number of countries to create one.<ref name=May-vaccine>{{cite web |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-vaccine/art-20484859 |title=COVID-19 (coronavirus) vaccine: Get the facts |work=[[Mayo Clinic]] |date=April 22, 2020 }}</ref> More than 70 companies and research teams are working on a vaccine, with five or six operating primarily in the U.S.<ref name=WSJ-vaccine>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/america-needs-to-win-the-coronavirus-vaccine-race-11587924258 |title=America Needs to Win the Coronavirus Vaccine Race |first=Scott |last=Gottlieb |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=April 26, 2020 }}</ref> Contributing funds to the research is [[Bill Gates]], whose [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation|foundation]] is focusing entirely on the pandemic, and he anticipates a vaccine could be ready by April 2021.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-26/billionaire-gates-s-foundation-to-focus-solely-on-virus-ft-says |title=Bill Gates's Coronavirus Vaccine Could Be Ready in 12 Months |work=Bloomberg News |date=April 26, 2020 }}</ref> In preparation for large-scale production, Congress set aside more than $3.5{{nbsp}}billion for this purpose as part of the [[Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act|CARES Act.]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sbc.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/guide-to-the-cares-act |accessdate=15 August 2020 |title=Guide to the Cares Act |work=[[United States Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship]] }}</ref><ref name=WSJ-vaccine/> Among the labs working on a vaccine is the [[Walter Reed Army Institute of Research]], which has previously studied other infectious diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, Ebola, and MERS. By March 18, tests had begun with dozens of volunteers in Seattle, Washington, which was sponsored by the U.S. government. Similar safety trials of other coronavirus vaccines will begin soon in the U.S.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/walter-reed-researchers-join-global-search-coronavirus-vaccine-n1165806 |title=Walter Reed researchers join global search for coronavirus vaccine |work=NBC News |date=March 21, 2020 }}</ref> This search for a vaccine has taken on aspects of national security and global competition.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/19/us/politics/coronavirus-vaccine-competition.html |title=Search for Coronavirus Vaccine Becomes a Global Competition |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 19, 2020 |first1=David E. |last1=Sanger |first2=David D. |last2=Kirkpatrick |first3=Sui-Lee |last3=Wee |first4=Katrin |last4=Bennhold |accessdate=August 15, 2020 }}</ref> On August 5, 2020, the United States agreed to pay [[Johnson and Johnson]] more than $1{{nbsp}}billion to create 100{{nbsp}}million doses of [[COVID-19 vaccine]]. The deal gave the US an option to order an additional 200 million doses. The doses were supposed to be provided for free to Americans if they are used in a COVID-19 vaccination campaign.<ref>{{cite_web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/08/05/jj-reaches-deal-with-us-for-100-million-doses-of-coronavirus-vaccine-at-more-than-1-billion.html|title=Johnson & Johnson reaches deal with U.S. for 100 million doses of coronavirus vaccine at more than $1 billion|accessdate=August 5, 2020|website=CNBC}}</ref> ==== Medical supplies ==== {{See also|Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic}} [[File:NNU Protest UCLA Medical Center (crop).png|thumb|April 13: Protest by [[National Nurses United]] over lack of [[personal protective equipment]] at [[Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center|UCLA Medical Center]]]] The first known case of COVID-19 in the U.S. was confirmed by the CDC on January 21, 2020.<ref name=CNN20200329 /> The next day, the owner of the medical supply company [[Prestige Ameritech]] wrote to HHS officials to say he could produce millions of N95 masks per month, but the government was not interested. In a follow-up letter on January 23, the business owner informed the government that "We are the last major domestic mask company," without success.<ref>{{Cite web|title=In the early days of the pandemic, the U.S. government turned down an offer to manufacture millions of N95 masks in America|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/in-the-early-days-of-the-pandemic-the-us-government-turned-down-an-offer-to-manufacture-millions-of-n95-masks-in-america/2020/05/09/f76a821e-908a-11ea-a9c0-73b93422d691_story.html|last=Davis|first=Aaron C.|date=May 9, 2020|website=Washington Post|access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> Trump administration officials declined an offer for congressional coronavirus funding on February 5. The officials, including HHS Secretary Alex Azar, "didn't need emergency funding, that they would be able to handle it within existing appropriations," Senator [[Chris Murphy]] recalled.<ref>{{cite news |first=Suzanne |last=Smalley |url=https://news.yahoo.com/senator-says-white-house-turned-down-emergency-coronavirus-funding-in-early-february-003319950.html |title=Senator says White House turned down emergency coronavirus funding in early February |date=March 27, 2020 |website=news.yahoo.com }}</ref> On February{{nbsp}}7 [[Mike Pompeo]] announced the administration donated more than 35,000 pounds of "masks, gowns, gauze, respirators, and other vital materials" to China the same day the WHO warned about "the limited stock of PPE ([[personal protective equipment]])".<ref name="CNN20200329">{{cite news |first=Dean |last=Obeidallah |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/29/opinions/coronavirus-personal-protective-equipment-obeidallah |title=Trump administration sent protective medical gear to China while he minimized the virus threat to US |work=CNN |date=March 30, 2020 }}</ref> In early March, the country had about twelve million [[N95 masks]] and thirty million [[surgical mask]]s in the [[Strategic National Stockpile]] (SNS), but the DHS estimated the stockpile had only 1.2% of the roughly 3.5&nbsp;billion masks that would be needed if COVID-19 were to become a "full-blown" pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HHS clarifies US has about 1% of face masks needed for 'full-blown' coronavirus pandemic|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/04/hhs-clarifies-us-has-about-1percent-of-face-masks-needed-for-full-blown-pandemic.html|last=Lovelace Jr.|first=Berkeley|date=March 4, 2020|website=CNBC|language=en|access-date=May 14, 2020}}</ref> As of March, the SNS had more than 19,000 ventilators (16,660 immediately available and 2,425 in maintenance), all of which dated from previous administrations.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gore|first=D'Angelo|date=June 22, 2020|title=Trump Inherited More Ventilators Than Have Been Distributed|url=https://www.factcheck.org/2020/06/trump-inherited-more-ventilators-than-have-been-distributed/|access-date=June 25, 2020|website=FactCheck.org|language=en-US}}</ref> A previous 2015 CDC study found that seven billion N95 respirators might be necessary to handle a "severe respiratory outbreak".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Akpan |first1=Nsikan |title=U.S. has only a fraction of the medical supplies it needs to combat coronavirus.|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/03/us-america-has-fraction-medical-supplies-it-needs-to-combat-coronavirus/? |accessdate=March 24, 2020 |work=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] |date=March 3, 2020}}</ref> Vessel manifests maintained by [[U.S. Customs and Border Protection]] showed a steady flow of the medical equipment needed to treat the coronavirus being shipped abroad as recently as March 17. Meanwhile [[FEMA]] said the agency "has not actively encouraged or discouraged U.S. companies from exporting overseas" and asked USAID to send back its reserves of protective gear for use in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/31/pence-task-force-coronavirus-aid-157806|title=Pence taskforce freezes coronavirus aid amid backlash|website=Politico}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://theintercept.com/2020/04/01/coronavirus-medical-supplies-export |title=Key Medical Supplies Exported From U.S. to Foreign Buyers |publisher=Theintercept.com |date=April 1, 2020 |accessdate=April 7, 2020}}</ref> President Trump evoked the Defense Production Act to prohibit some medical exports.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://time.com/5815155/3m-face-masks-trump/|title=3M Says White House's Request to Stop Exporting Masks Would Reduce U.S. Supplies|website=Time|language=en|access-date=April 19, 2020|archive-date=April 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418205904/https://time.com/5815155/3m-face-masks-trump/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Some analysts warned that export restrictions could cause retaliation from countries that have medical supplies the United States needs to import.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/04/08/828789521/borders-didnt-stop-the-pandemic-but-they-might-block-the-trade-of-medical-goods|title=Borders Didn't Stop The Pandemic. But They Might Block The Trade Of Medical Goods|website=NPR.org}}</ref> [[File:President Trump in Michigan (49922546878).jpg|thumb|May 21: President Trump traveled to the [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] Rawsonville Components Plant in [[Ypsilanti, Michigan]] to tour the factory where they have been producing ventilators.]] Some states had immediate needs for ventilators; hospitals in New York City, for example, ran out.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=James |title=Elon Musk Can't Solve This |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/03/car-manufacturers-alone-cant-solve-the-ventilator-crisis.html |accessdate=March 25, 2020 |work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |date=March 21, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Allen |first1=Jonathan |title=Trump's war between the states creates eBay-like fight for aid |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/trump-s-war-between-states-creates-ebay-fight-aid-n1173116 |accessdate=April 25, 2020 |work=[[NBC News]] |date=April 1, 2020}}</ref> By the end of March, states were in a bidding war against each other and the federal government for scarce medical supplies such as N95 masks, surgical masks, and ventilators.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Forgey |first1=Quint |last2=Choi |first2=Matthew |title=Trump downplays need for ventilators as New York begs to differ |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/26/trump-ventilators-coronavirus-151311 |accessdate=March 30, 2020 |work=Politico |date=March 27, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2020/04/coronavirus-crisis-ventilator-shortages-have-not-come-to-pass/|title=The Ventilator Shortage That Wasn't|date=April 17, 2020|website=National Review|language=en-US|access-date=April 19, 2020}}</ref><ref name="BieseckerApril7" /> Meanwhile, as States scrambled to purchase supplies at inflated prices from third party distributors (some of which later turned out to be defective), hundreds of tons of medical-grade face masks were shipped by [[air freight]] to foreign buyers in China and other countries.<ref name=n95>{{cite news |last=Fang |first=Lee |title=The Airline Industry Blocked Disclosure of Trade Data, Helping Conceal the Airlift of N95 masks from the US to China |date=June 29, 2020 |work=The Intercept}}</ref> In February, the [[Department of Commerce]] published a guidance advising U.S. firms on compliance with Beijing's fast-track process for the sale of "critical medical products", which required the masks shipped overseas meet U.S. regulatory standards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/context/commerce-s-covid-service-flyer/7e7f5bec-fb82-4516-a858-89b3ae658eaf/|title=Commerce's COVID Service Flyer|website=Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=U.S. sent millions of face masks to China early this year, ignoring pandemic warning signs |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/us-sent-millions-of-face-masks-to-china-early-this-year-ignoring-pandemic-warning-signs/2020/04/18/aaccf54a-7ff5-11ea-8013-1b6da0e4a2b7_story.html |date=April 18, 2020 |work=The Washington Post}}</ref> According to Chinese customs disclosures, over 600 tons of face masks were shipped to China in February. [[Rick Bright]], a federal immunologist and [[whistleblower]] testified in May that the federal government had not taken proper action to acquire the needed supplies.<ref name=n95/> Medical organizations such as the [[American Medical Association]] and [[American Nurses Association]] implored Trump to obtain medical supplies, because they were "urgently needed".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Naughton |first1=Hailey |last2=Naughton |first2=Keith |title=Trump Baffles Ford, GM Over Ventilators They're Willing to Make |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-22/trump-says-they-can-make-ventilators-automakers-aren-t-so-sure |accessdate=April 24, 2020 |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=March 22, 2020 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20200323135559/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-22/trump-says-they-can-make-ventilators-automakers-aren-t-so-sure |archivedate=March 23, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date = March 31, 2020 |title = Why stronger federal leadership is needed to buy, distribute PPE|website = American Medical Association|url = https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/public-health/why-stronger-federal-leadership-needed-buy-distribute-ppe|accessdate = July 31, 2020}}</ref> That led President Trump to sign an order setting motion parts of the [[Defense Production Act]], first used during the [[Korean War]], to allow the federal government a wide range of powers, including telling industries on what to produce, allocating supplies, giving incentives to industries, and allowing companies to cooperate.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vazquez |first1=Maegan |title=Trump invokes Defense Production Act to expand production of hospital masks and more |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/18/politics/trump-defense-production-act-coronavirus/index.html |accessdate=March 25, 2020 |publisher=CNN |date=March 18, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rizzo |first1=Salvador |title=Is Trump using the Defense Production Act? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/03/25/is-trump-using-defense-production-act/ |accessdate=March 25, 2020 |work=The Washington Post |date=March 25, 2020}}</ref> Trump then ordered auto manufacturer [[General Motors]] to make ventilators.<ref name=WatsonMarch27>{{cite news |last1=Watson |first1=Kathryn |title=Trump invokes Defense Production Act to require GM to produce ventilators |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-invokes-defense-production-act-to-require-gm-to-produce-ventilators-2020-03-27/ |accessdate=April 24, 2020 |work=[[CBS News]] |date=March 27, 2020}}</ref> During this period, hospitals in the U.S. and other countries were reporting shortages of test kits, test swabs, masks, gowns and gloves, referred to as PPE.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Diamond |first1=Dan |title=Short-term thinking plagues Trump's coronavirus response |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/21/short-term-thinking-trump-coronavirus-response-140883 |accessdate=March 25, 2020 |work=Politico |date=March 21, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Adamczyk |first1=Ed |title=U.S. mayors say they're running out of supplies to fight coronavirus |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2020/03/27/US-mayors-say-theyre-running-out-of-supplies-to-fight-coronavirus/2751585333088/ |accessdate=March 30, 2020 |agency=[[United Press International]] |date=March 27, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mccammon |first1=Sarah |title=Hospitals Reject Trump's Claim They Are 'Really Thrilled' With Supplies |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/04/05/827671323/hospitals-reject-trumps-claim-they-are-really-thrilled-with-supplies |website=NPR |accessdate=April 7, 2020}}</ref> The [[Office of Inspector General, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] released a report regarding their March 23–27 survey of 323 hospitals. The hospitals reported "severe shortages of testing supplies", "frequently waiting 7{{nbsp}}days or longer for test results", which extended the length of patient stays, and as a result, "strained bed availability, personal protective equipment (PPE) supplies, and staffing". The hospitals also reported, "widespread shortages of PPE" and "changing and sometimes inconsistent guidance from federal, state and local authorities".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Grimm |first1=Christi |title=Hospital Experiences Responding to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results of a National Pulse Survey March 23–27, 2020 |url=https://oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/oei-06-20-00300.pdf |accessdate=April 18, 2020 |publisher=[[Office of Inspector General, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]]}}</ref> At a press briefing following the release of the report President Trump called the report "wrong" and questioned the motives of the author. Later he called the report "another fake dossier".<ref name=RobertsonApril7/> In early April, there was a widespread shortage of PPE, including masks, gloves, gowns, and sanitizing products.<ref>{{cite news| last=Balmes| first=John R.| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/mask-shortages-are-outrageous-the-federal-government-needs-to-do-better/2020/04/02/58301064-7399-11ea-87da-77a8136c1a6d_story.html|title=Mask shortages are outrageous. The federal government needs to do better.| work=The Washington Post| date=April 2, 2020| access-date=April 4, 2020}}</ref> The difficulties in acquiring PPE for local hospitals led to orders for gowns and other safety items being confiscated by FEMA and diverted to other locations, which meant that in some cases states had to compete for the same PPE.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Levey |first1=Noam |title=Hospitals say feds are seizing masks and other coronavirus supplies without a word |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2020-04-07/hospitals-washington-seize-coronavirus-supplies |accessdate=April 27, 2020 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=April 7, 2020 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20200412043814/https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2020-04-07/hospitals-washington-seize-coronavirus-supplies |archivedate=April 12, 2020}}</ref> The shortages led in one instance of a governor asking the [[New England Patriots]] of the [[NFL]] to use their private plane to fly approximately 1.2&nbsp;million masks from China to [[COVID-19 pandemic in Boston|Boston]].<ref name="WWLP-NE-Patriots">{{cite news |last=Asiamah |first=Nancy |date=April 3, 2020 |title=3 million masks ordered by Massachusetts were seized at Port of NY in March |url=https://www.wwlp.com/news/massachusetts/3-million-masks-ordered-by-massachusetts-seized-at-port-of-ny-in-march/ |url-status=live |work=WWLP 22 News |location=Boston, Massachusetts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412104110/https://www.wwlp.com/news/massachusetts/3-million-masks-ordered-by-massachusetts-seized-at-port-of-ny-in-march/ |archive-date=April 12, 2020 |access-date=April 27, 2020}}</ref> At that time, [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs|Veterans Affairs]] (VA) employees said nurses were having to use surgical masks and face shields instead of more protective N95 masks.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rein |first1=Lisa |title=VA health chief acknowledges a shortage of protective gear for its hospital workers |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/va-health-chief-acknowledges-a-shortage-of-protective-gear-for-its-hospital-workers/2020/04/24/4c1bcd5e-84bf-11ea-ae26-989cfce1c7c7_story.html |accessdate=April 27, 2020 |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=April 25, 2020 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20200425191929/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/va-health-chief-acknowledges-a-shortage-of-protective-gear-for-its-hospital-workers/2020/04/24/4c1bcd5e-84bf-11ea-ae26-989cfce1c7c7_story.html |archivedate=April 25, 2020}}</ref> An unexpectedly high percentage of COVID-19 patients in the ICU required [[dialysis]] as a result of [[kidney failure]], about 20%.<ref name="politico">{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/04/15/dialysis-kidney-coronavirus-188840|title=U.S. races to stock up on dialysis supplies as kidney failure ravages virus patients|website=POLITICO}}</ref> In mid-April, employees at some hospitals in New York City reported not having enough [[dialysis machine]]s, were running low on fluids to operate the machines, and reported a shortage of dialysis nurses as many were out sick with COVID-19 due to lack of sufficient PPE.<ref name="politico" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/18/health/kidney-dialysis-coronavirus.html|title=An Overlooked, Possibly Fatal Coronavirus Crisis: A Dire Need for Kidney Dialysis|first1=Reed|last1=Abelson|first2=Sheri|last2=Fink|first3=Nicholas|last3=Kulish|first4=Katie|last4=Thomas|date=April 18, 2020|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/04/19/837727691/doctors-at-hard-hit-hospitals-say-theyre-facing-shortage-of-dialysis-equipment|title=Doctors at Hard-Hit Hospitals Say They're Facing Shortage Of Dialysis Equipment|website=NPR.org}}</ref> ==== Exceeding hospital capacity ==== Uncontrolled [[community spread]] led some medical facilities to refuse new patients or start transferring patients out. In March and April, this happened in the [[Detroit, Michigan]] area<ref>[https://www.fox2detroit.com/news/henry-ford-health-reaches-capacity-at-2-hospitals-for-covid-19-patients Henry Ford Health reaches capacity at 2{{nbsp}}hospitals for COVID-19 patients]</ref> and [[COVID-19 pandemic in New York City|New York City]] area;<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/21/nyregion/coronavirus-hospital-usta-queens.html This Hospital Cost $52{{nbsp}}Million. It Treated 79 Virus Patients.]</ref> [[Yakima, Washington]] in June;<ref>[https://www.npr.org/2020/07/28/896088067/as-coronavirus-cases-surge-npr-examines-hospital-capacity As Coronavirus Cases Surge, NPR Examines Hospital Capacity]</ref> and in July it happened in [[Houston]],<ref>[https://www.texastribune.org/2020/07/10/houston-coronavirus-emergency-rooms/ Houston hospitals are increasingly turning away new patients as coronavirus overwhelms emergency rooms]</ref> the [[Boise, Idaho]] area,<ref>[https://www.npr.org/2020/07/22/894343578/idaho-is-among-the-most-likely-to-see-hospitals-reach-their-capacity In Idaho, One Of The Last States Hit By The Coronavirus, Cases Are Now Surging]</ref> [[Lake Charles, Louisiana|Lake Charles]] and [[Lafayette, Louisiana]],<ref>[https://www.npr.org/2020/07/27/895651311/coronavirus-pushes-some-hospitals-to-the-brink Coronavirus Pushes Some Hospitals In Southern Louisiana To The Brink]</ref> and at dozens of hospitals across Florida.<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/coronavirus-pandemic-07-29-20-intl/h_15aad8fa4b8ae02fc0ca3e7a7a4655a4 At least 54 hospitals have reached ICU capacity in Florida]</ref> By August, some hospitals in [[Mississippi]] were transferring patients out of state.<ref>[https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/08/03/898656250/mississippi-on-track-to-become-no-1-state-for-new-cases-of-coronavirus-per-capit Mississippi On Track To Become No.{{nbsp}}1 State For New Coronavirus Cases Per Capita]</ref> Arizona declared [[crisis standards of care]] in July 2020, allowing hospitals to legally provide treatment normally considered substandard to some patients in order to save others.<ref>[https://kvoa.com/news/2020/07/01/arizona-under-crisis-standards-of-care-triage-protocols-in-place/ Arizona under 'Crisis Standards of Care'; triage protocols in place]</ref> ==== Measuring case and mortality rates ==== [[File:COVID19 deceased in Hackensack NJ April 27.jpg|thumb|Deceased in a 53-foot "mobile morgue" outside a hospital in [[Hackensack, New Jersey]] on April 27, 2020]] By March 26, the United States, with the world's third-largest population, surpassed China and Italy as the country with the highest number of confirmed cases in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|author1=Nicole Chavez |author2=Holly Yan |author3=Madeline Holcombe|title=US has more known cases of coronavirus than any other country|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/26/health/coronavirus-thousand-deaths-thursday/index.html|access-date=June 14, 2020|website=CNN}}</ref> By April 25, the U.S. had over 905,000 confirmed coronavirus cases and nearly 52,000 deaths, giving it a mortality rate around 5.7 percent. (In comparison, Spain's mortality rate was 10.2 percent and Italy's was 13.5 percent.)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newsweek.com/us-has-lowest-coronavirus-mortality-rates-worldwide-highest-number-deaths-1499347 |title=U.S. Has One of the Lowest Coronavirus Mortality Rates Worldwide but Highest Number of Deaths |work=Newsweek |date=April 21, 2020 }}</ref><ref name=statista/> At that time, more than 10,000 American deaths had occurred in nursing homes. Most nursing homes did not have easy access to testing, making the actual number unknown.<ref>{{cite news |title=10,000 deaths: Ravaged nursing homes plead for more testing |url=https://www.thedenverchannel.com/news/national/coronavirus/10-000-deaths-ravaged-nursing-homes-plead-for-more-testing |website=KMGH |agency=Associated Press|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20200425170705/https://www.thedenverchannel.com/news/national/coronavirus/10-000-deaths-ravaged-nursing-homes-plead-for-more-testing |archivedate=April 25, 2020 |language=en |date=April 23, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Subsequently, a number of states including Maryland<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/coronavirus/bs-md-nursing-home-resources-20200428-47niuutoubeohovoa42wfyhw7y-story.html |title=Nursing homes account for more than half of Maryland's coronavirus deaths. Some want the state to do more. |newspaper=Baltimore Sun |date=April 28, 2020 }}</ref> and New Jersey<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nj.com/coronavirus/2020/04/coronavirus-deaths-in-nursing-homes-grow-as-nj-still-tries-to-sort-out-the-grim-toll-in-each-facility.html |title=Coronavirus deaths in nursing homes grow, as N.J. still tries to sort out the grim toll in each facility |work=[[NJ.com]] |date=April 27, 2020 }}</ref> reported their own estimates of deaths at nursing homes, ranging from 20 to 50 percent of the states' total deaths. Several [[Serology|serological]] antibody studies suggest both that the number of infections is far higher than officially reported, and that the true [[case fatality rate]] is far lower.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ioannidis|first=John|s2cid=218676078|date=July 14, 2020|title=The infection fatality rate of COVID-19 inferred from seroprevalence data|url=https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.20101253v3|journal=MedRxiv|language=en|pages=2020.05.13.20101253|doi=10.1101/2020.05.13.20101253}}</ref>{{medrs|date=August 2020}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Donnelly|first=Claire|title=Wake Forest COVID Study: Death Rate, Severity Of Symptoms Is Lower Than First Thought|url=https://www.wunc.org/post/wake-forest-covid-study-death-rate-severity-symptoms-lower-first-thought|access-date=August 1, 2020|website=www.wunc.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sheyner|first=Gennady|title=Los Angeles study backs Stanford researchers' conclusion about high prevalence of COVID-19|url=https://paloaltoonline.com/news/2020/04/21/los-angeles-study-backs-stanford-researchers-conclusion-about-high-prevalence-of-covid-19|access-date=August 1, 2020|website=paloaltoonline.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=April 24, 2020|title=Miami-Dade has tens of thousands of missed coronavirus infections, UM survey finds|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/coronavirus/article242260406.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Miami Herald}}</ref>{{medcn|date=August 2020}} In counting actual confirmed cases, some have questioned the reliability of totals reported by different countries. Measuring rates reported by countries such as China or Iran have been questioned as potentially inaccurate.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/15/heres-why-the-white-house-doesnt-trust-chinas-coronavirus-numbers.html |title=The White House doesn't trust China's coronavirus numbers—here's why |work=CNBC |date=February 15, 2020 }}</ref> In mid-April 2020, China revised its case totals much higher and its death toll up by 50% for Wuhan, partly as a result of a number of countries having questioned China's official numbers.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.livescience.com/wuhan-coronavirus-death-toll-revised.html |title=China increases Wuhan's COVID-19 death toll by 50% |work=Live Science |date=April 17, 2020 }}</ref> Iran's rates have also been disputed, as when the WHO's reports about their case counts were contradicted by top Iranian health officials.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newsweek.com/who-coronavirus-cases-iran-flattening-iranian-health-official-half-million-infected-1496803 |title=WHO Says Coronavirus Cases in Iran are 'Flattening Off', Despite Iranian Health Official Claiming Half Million Infected |work=Newsweek |date=April 8, 2020 }}</ref> Within the U.S., there are also discrepancies in rates between different states. After a group of epidemiologists requested revisions in how the CDC counts cases and deaths, the CDC in mid-April updated its guidance for counting COVID-19 cases and deaths to include both confirmed and probable ones, although each state can still determine what to report.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.webmd.com/lung/news/20200417/how-accurate-are-coronavirus-death-counts |title=How Accurate Are Coronavirus Death Counts? |work=WebMD |date=April 17, 2020 }}</ref> Without accurate reporting of cases and deaths, however, epidemiologists have difficulty in guiding government response.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/17/who-says-china-revised-coronavirus-infection-data-to-leave-no-case-undocumented.html |title=WHO says China revised coronavirus infection data to 'leave no case undocumented' |work=CNBC |date=April 17, 2020 }}</ref> === Federal, state, and local governments === {{See|U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic|U.S. state and local government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic}} The [[federal government of the United States]] responded to the pandemic with various [[State of emergency#United States|declarations of emergency]], which resulted in travel and entry restrictions. They also imposed guidelines and recommendations regarding the [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education#United States|closure of schools]] and public meeting places, [[Curfews and lockdowns related to the COVID-19 pandemic|lockdowns]], and other restrictions intended to slow the progression of the virus, which state, territorial, tribal, and local governments have followed. Effective July 15, 2020, the default data centralization point for COVID-19 data in the U.S. is switching from the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] to [[Department of Health and Human Services]].<ref name= cdcToHhs >{{Cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/covid-19-faqs-hospitals-hospital-laboratory-acute-care-facility-data-reporting.pdf|title=HHS (March 2020) COVID-19 Guidance for Hospital Reporting and FAQs For Hospitals, Hospital Laboratory, and Acute Care Facility Data Reporting—Updated July 10, 2020}}</ref><ref name= dataGlitchesAfterSwitchover >{{cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/07/16/us-coronavirus-data-has-already-disappeared-after-trump-administration-shifted-control-from-cdc-to-hhs.html |first=Will |last=Feuer |date=16 July 2020 |title=Coronavirus data has already disappeared after Trump administration shifted control from CDC }}</ref><ref name= rockyStart >{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/covid-19-data-reporting-system-gets-off-to-rocky-start-11597178974 |first=Robbie |last=Whelan |date=11 August 2020 |title=Covid-19 Data Reporting System Gets Off to Rocky Start |quote=They pulled it away from CDC because it was updated three times a week, and now they update it once a week.{{nbsp}}... HHS's estimated patient impact and hospital-capacity statistics, for example, weren't updated between August{{nbsp}}3 and August 10.}}</ref> However, "hospitals may be relieved from reporting directly to the Federal Government if they receive a written release from the State stating the State will collect the data from the hospitals and take over Federal reporting."<ref name= cdcToHhs /> === Military === {{See also|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the military#United States|COVID-19 pandemic on naval ships#United States|Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq (2020)}} [[File:USNS Comfort in NYC, 1 April 2020.jpg|thumb|{{USNS|Comfort|T-AH-20|6}}, docked in Manhattan]] [[File:Food bank support (49743030266).jpg|thumb|The [[Georgia National Guard]] assisting the Atlanta Community Food Bank]] On February 3, an unclassified Army briefing document on the coronavirus projected that in an unlikely "[[Black swan theory|black swan]]" scenario, "between 80,000 and 150,000 could die." The black swan theory correctly stated that [[Asymptomatic carrier|asymptomatic]] people could "easily" [[Transmission (medicine)|transmit]] the virus, a belief that was presented as outside medical consensus at the time of the briefing. The briefing also stated that military forces could be tasked with providing logistics and medical support to civilians, including "provid[ing] PPE (N-95 Face Mask, Eye Protection, and Gloves) to evacuees, staff, and DoD personnel".<ref>{{cite web |author1=James LaPorta |author2=Spencer Ackerman |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/army-warned-in-early-february-that-coronavirus-could-kill-150000-americans |title=Army Warned in Early February That Coronavirus Could Kill 150,000 Americans |date=April 3, 2020 |publisher=[[The Daily Beast]] |accessdate=August 12, 2020}}</ref> In mid-March, the government began having the military add its health care capacity to impacted areas. The [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] (USACE), under the authority of [[Federal Emergency Management Agency]] (FEMA), leased private buildings nationwide. They included hotels, college dormitories, and larger open buildings, which were converted into temporary hospitals. The [[Jacob K. Javits Convention Center]] in New York City was quickly transformed into a 2,000-bed care facility on March 23, 2020.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-23/n-y-s-javits-center-to-add-2-000-beds-to-system-under-strain |title=N.Y.'s Javits Center to Add 2,000 Beds to System Under Strain |date=March 23, 2020 |work=Bloomberg L.P. |access-date=March 26, 2020 }}</ref>The [[United States Army|Army]] also set up [[field hospital]]s in various affected cities.<ref name= uamtf332,1/> Some of these facilities had [[Intensive care unit|ICU]]s for Covid patients, while others served non-coronavirus patients to allow established hospitals to concentrate on the pandemic.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/balajis/status/1242029099310133248|title=Ok. It's just one clip. But it's by far the most intelligent thing I've heard any government official say in the last few months. Further increases likelihood the military will take over COVID-19 response in the near future. |website=twitter.com/usarmy|first=Balaji S.|last=Srinivasan|date=March 23, 2020|accessdate=March 24, 2020}}{{Primary source inline|date=April 2020}}</ref><ref name= uamtf332,1 >{{cite web |url=https://www.army.mil/article/237328/verge_of_collapsing_soldiers_describe_initial_fight_against_covid_19 |first=Thomas |last=Brading |work=Army News Service |date=16 July 2020 |title='Verge of collapsing': Soldiers describe the initial fight against COVID-19 }}</ref> At the height of this effort, [[U.S. Northern Command]] had deployed 9000 military medical personnel.<ref name= uamtf332,1/> On March 18, in addition to the many popup hospitals nationwide, the [[United States Navy|Navy]] deployed two [[hospital ship]]s, {{USNS|Mercy|T-AH-19|6}} and {{USNS|Comfort|T-AH-20|6}}, which were planned to accept non-coronavirus patients transferred from land-based hospitals, so those hospitals could concentrate on virus cases.<ref name=ships>{{cite web|url=https://www.defense.gov/Explore/News/Article/Article/2116862/hospital-ships-other-dod-assets-prepare-for-coronavirus-response/|title=Hospital Ships, Other DOD Assets Prepare for Coronavirus Response|website=U.S. Department of Defense|access-date=March 19, 2020}}</ref> On March 29, citing reduction in on-shore medical capabilities and the closure of facilities at the [[Port of Miami]] to new patients, the U.S. Coast Guard required ships carrying more than fifty people to prepare to care for sick people onboard.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/04/01/825205607/coast-guard-tells-cruise-ships-with-covid-19-cases-to-stay-away-from-u-s-ports|title=Coast Guard Tells Cruise Ships With COVID-19 Cases To Stay Away From U.S. Ports|last=Chappell|first=Bill|date=April 1, 2020|website=NPR|language=en|access-date=April 5, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://homeport.uscg.mil/Lists/Content/Attachments/62863/MSIB%2020-001%20COVID-19%20Cruiseship%20Medical%20Capabilities_Signed.29Mar20.pdf |title=Marine Safety Information Bulletin 01-20 |date=March 29, 2020 }}</ref> On April 6, the Army announced that [[basic training]] would be postponed for new recruits. Recruits already in training would continue what the Army is calling "social-distanced-enabled training".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/04/06/828276307/u-s-army-delays-new-recruits-basic-training-due-to-coronavirus |title=U.S. Army Delays New Recruits' Basic Training Due To Coronavirus |date=April 6, 2020 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> However, the military, in general, remained ready for any contingency in a COVID-19 environment. By April 9, nearly 2,000 service members had confirmed cases of COVID-19.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.military.com/daily-news/2020/04/09/terrible-tragic-mistake-top-general-warns-enemies-not-test-us-military-readiness.html|title='Terrible, Tragic Mistake:' Top General Warns Enemies Not to Test US Military Readiness|work=Military.com|date=April 9, 2020|accessdate=April 12, 2020}}</ref> In April, the Army made plans to resume collective training.<ref name= planToResumeCollectiveTraining >{{cite web |url=https://www.army.mil/article/235160/army_finalizing_plan_to_resume_collective_training |title=Army finalizing plan to resume collective training |publisher=United States Army |first=Sean |last=Kimmons |date=April 30, 2020 |url-status=live |work=Army News Service |location=Washington |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626200816/https://www.army.mil/article/235160/army_finalizing_plan_to_resume_collective_training |archive-date=June 26, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2020 }}</ref> Social distancing of soldiers is in place during training, assemblies,<ref name= ftHuachucaAitVideo >{{cite web |url=https://vimeo.com/408177447 |work=U.S. Army Fort Huachuca |date=April 2020 |title=Fort Report Soldiers PCS During COVID-19 |quote=Permanent Change of Station (PCS) }}</ref> and transport between locations.<ref name= ftHuachucaAitArticle>{{cite web |url=https://www.army.mil/article/234747/soldier_graduates_to_their_new_duty_stations |first=Thom|last=Williams |date=20 April 2020 |title=Soldier graduates to their new duty stations |work=U.S. Army Intelligence Center of Excellence travel from Fort Huachuca, Arizona }}</ref> Temperatures of the soldiers are taken at identified intervals, and measures are taken to immediately remediate affected soldiers.<ref name= westPtGraduationPlanning >{{cite web |url=https://www.army.mil/article/234815/president_to_speak_at_west_point_graduation |first=Audricia |last=Harris |date=26 April 2020 |title=Statement from the Secretary of the Army on West Point graduation }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/24/us/politics/coronavirus-trump-west-point.html |first1=Eric |last1=Schmitt |first2=Annie |last2=Karni |date=24 April 2020 |title=Trump Speech to Bring 1,000 West Point Cadets Back to Campus |accessdate=June 13, 2020 |archive-date=April 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200424180546/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/24/us/politics/coronavirus-trump-west-point.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2020/04/30/army-defends-decision-to-have-west-point-graduation/ |first=Lolita C. |last=Baldor |agency=The Associated Press |date=30 April 2020 |title=Army defends decision to have West Point graduation |quote=1000 First Classmen divided into five cohorts, and quarantine physically separated before the graduation |access-date=August 20, 2020 |archive-date=May 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200503000856/https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2020/04/30/army-defends-decision-to-have-west-point-graduation/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref name= westPtGraduationPlanDetails >{{cite web |url=https://www.army.mil/article/235804/plans_in_place_to_safely_welcome_class_of_2020_back_to_west_point |first=Brandon |last=OConnor |date=20 May 2020 |title=Plans in place to safely welcome Class of 2020 back to West Point |accessdate=June 13, 2020 }}</ref> On June 26, 2020, the VA reported 20,509 cases of COVID-19 and 1,573 deaths among patients (plus more than two thousand cases and 38 deaths among its own employees).<ref>{{cite news |last=Shane |first=Leo |date=June 26, 2020 |title=Grim COVID-19 milestones for Veterans Affairs: 20,000 cases, 1,500 deaths in the last 100 days |url=https://www.militarytimes.com/news/pentagon-congress/2020/06/26/grim-coronavirus-milestones-for-veterans-affairs-20000-cases-1500-deaths-in-the-last-100-days/ |work=[[Sightline Media Group|Militarytimes.com]] |location= |access-date=July 3, 2020 }}</ref> As of July 2020, additional Reserve personnel are on 'prepare-to-deploy orders' to Texas and California.<ref name= uamtf332,1/> === Private sectors === Many [[janitor]]s and other cleaners throughout the United States have reported that they are afforded completely inadequate time and resources to clean and to disinfect for COVID-19. Many office cleaners reported that they are given insufficient time for cleaning and no training on how to disinfect COVID-19. Airlines often allot ten minutes to clean an entire airplane between arrival and departure, and cleaners are unable to disinfect even close to all the tray tables and bathrooms. Often, cleaners are not told where workers who test positive for COVID-19 are working; cleaning cloths and wipes are re-used, and disinfecting agents, such as bleach, are not provided. The [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration]] (OSHA), the federal agency that regulates workplace safety and health, investigates but a small fraction of COVID-19 complaints. Mary Kay Henry, president of [[Service Employees International Union]] (a [[trade union]] which represents 375,000 American custodians), explained that "reopenings happened across the country without much thoughtfulness for cleaning standards." She urges better government standards and a certification system.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The New York Times |date=July 17, 2020 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/17/us/coronavirus-janitors.html |title=No Bleach and Dirty Rags: How Some Janitors Are Asked to Keep You Virus Free |first=Jodi |last=Kantor}}</ref> === Public response === [[File:2020-03-06 — Coronavirus – Flyers at Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport wearing facemasks.jpg|thumb|Passengers wearing facemasks at [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport]]]] Polling showed a significant partisan divide regarding the outbreak.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2020/3/15/21180506/coronavirus-poll-democrats-republicans-trump|title=A new poll shows a startling partisan divide on the dangers of the coronavirus|first=Zeeshan|last=Aleem|date=March 15, 2020|website=Vox}}</ref> [[NPR]], [[PBS NewsHour]], and Marist found in their mid-March survey that 76% of Democrats viewed COVID-19 as "a real threat", while only 40% of Republicans agreed; the previous month's figures for Democrats and Republicans were 70% and 72%, respectively.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Allyn |first1=Bobby |last2=Sprunt |first2=Barbara |title=Poll: As Coronavirus Spreads, Fewer Americans See Pandemic As A Real Threat |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/03/17/816501871/poll-as-coronavirus-spreads-fewer-americans-see-pandemic-as-a-real-threat |accessdate=March 25, 2020 |publisher=NPR |date=March 17, 2020}}</ref> A mid-March poll conducted by NBC News and ''The Wall Street Journal'' found that 60% of Democrats were concerned someone in their family might contract the virus, while 40% of Republicans expressed concern. Nearly 80% of Democrats believed the worst was yet to come, whereas 40% of Republicans thought so. About 56% of Democrats believed their lives would change in a major way due to the outbreak, compared to 26% for Republicans.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/meet-the-press/sixty-percent-believe-worst-yet-come-u-s-coronavirus-pandemic-n1159106 |title=Sixty percent believe worst is yet to come for the U.S. in coronavirus pandemic; Public attitudes about the coronavirus response are split along partisan lines in a new NBC News/Wall Street Journal poll |publisher=NBC News |first=Mark |last=Murray |date=March 15, 2020}}</ref> A mid-March poll by the [[Kaiser Family Foundation]] found that 83% of Democrats had taken certain precautions against the virus, compared to 53% of Republicans. The poll found that President Trump was the least-trusted source of information about the outbreak, at 46% overall, after the news media (47%), state and local government officials (70%), WHO (77%), and CDC (85%). 88% of Republicans expressed trust in the President; 69% of Democrats expressed trust in the media.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://slate.com/business/2020/03/democrats-republicans-coronavirus-trump.html|title=Democrats Are Being Much, Much More Careful About the Coronavirus Than Republicans|first=Jordan|last=Weissmann|date=March 17, 2020|website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]}}</ref> A CNBC/Change Research Poll conducted in early May—in six states where the November election was expected to be close—found that 97% of Democrats but only 39% of Republicans were "seriously concerned" about the outbreak, and similarly that Democrats were far more likely to report taking health precautions.<ref>{{cite web|title=States of Play: Change Research/CNBC Poll on COVID-19|url=https://www.changeresearch.com/post/states-of-play-battleground-wave-4|date=May 6, 2020|website=Change Research|language=en|access-date=May 7, 2020}}</ref> The outbreak prompted calls for the United States to adopt social policies common in other wealthy countries, including [[universal health care]], [[universal child care]], [[paid sick leave]], and higher levels of funding for public health.<ref name="NYT Calls">{{cite news |last1=Miller |first1=Claire Cain |title=Could the Pandemic Wind Up Fixing What's Broken About Work in America? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/10/upshot/coronavirus-future-work-america.html |accessdate=May 3, 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=April 10, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Hill5">{{cite news |last1=Swanson |first1=Ian |title=Five ways the coronavirus could change American politics |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/495761-five-ways-the-coronavirus-could-change-american-politics |accessdate=May 3, 2020 |work=TheHill |date=May 2, 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ddn2P">{{cite web |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/03/13/opinion/americas-botched-response-coronavirus-is-problem-bigger-than-donald-trump/ |title=America's botched response to the coronavirus is a problem bigger than Donald Trump |website=[[Boston Globe]]}}</ref> [[File:OPEN our OHIO IMG 0144 (49790376873).jpg|thumb|An [[2020 United States anti-lockdown protests|anti-lockdown protester]] wearing a face mask at the [[Ohio Statehouse]] in April 2020<ref name="Columbus Dispatch">{{cite news |last1=Rouan |first1=Rick |title=Protesters at Statehouse demand state reopen as DeWine announces schools to remain closed |url=https://www.dispatch.com/news/20200420/protesters-at-statehouse-demand-state-reopen-as-dewine-announces-schools-to-remain-closed |accessdate=May 3, 2020 |work=[[The Columbus Dispatch]] |date=April 20, 2020 |language=en |archive-date=April 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425004821/https://www.dispatch.com/news/20200420/protesters-at-statehouse-demand-state-reopen-as-dewine-announces-schools-to-remain-closed |url-status=dead }}</ref>]] Political analysts anticipated it may negatively affect Trump's chances of re-election.<ref name="qsnbr">{{Cite news |last1=Haberman |first1=Maggie |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/12/us/politics/trump-vs-biden.html |title=Trump's Re-election Chances Suddenly Look Shakier |date=March 12, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=March 15, 2020 |last2=Martin |first2=Jonathan |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="AtlanticChances">{{cite news |last1=Lowrey |first1=Annie |title=The Economy Is Collapsing. So Are Trump's Reelection Chances. |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/04/most-important-number-trumps-re-election-chances/609376/ |accessdate=May 3, 2020 |work=The Atlantic |date=April 3, 2020}}</ref> In March 2020, when "social distancing" practices began, the governors of many states experienced sharp gains in approval ratings,<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Gabriel|first1=Trip|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/31/us/politics/trump-approval-rating.html|title=Who Are the Voters Behind Trump's Higher Approval Rating?|date=March 31, 2020|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 1, 2020|last2=Lerer|first2=Lisa|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and Trump's approval rating increased from 44% to 49% in [[Gallup poll]]s,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Jones|first=Jeffrey M.|url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/298313/president-trump-job-approval-rating.aspx|title=President Trump's Job Approval Rating Up to 49%|date=March 24, 2020|work=Gallup|access-date=April 1, 2020|last2=|first2=}}</ref> although it then fell to 43% by mid-April. At that time, [[Pew Research]] polls indicated that 65% of Americans felt Trump was too slow in taking major steps to respond to the coronavirus outbreak.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rummler |first1=Orion |title=Gallup: Trump's approval rating takes its steepest drop |url=https://www.axios.com/trump-coronavirus-approval-rating-442a186f-0b10-467b-afb0-8ec408d8e349.html |accessdate=April 19, 2020 |work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |date=April 17, 2020}}</ref> An April 21 Washington Post-University of Maryland poll found a 44% approval rate for the president's handling of the pandemic, compared to 72% approval for state governors.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/most-rate-trumps-coronavirus-response-negatively-and-expect-crowds-will-be-unsafe-until-summer-post-u-md-poll-finds/2020/04/20/0b436dda-833b-11ea-a3eb-e9fc93160703_story.html |title=Most rate Trump's coronavirus response negatively and expect crowds will be unsafe until summer, Post-U. Md. poll finds |website=Washington Post |date=April 21, 2020}}</ref> A mid-April poll by the Associated Press and [[NORC at the University of Chicago]] estimated that President Trump was a source of information on the pandemic for 28% of Americans, while state or local governments were a source for 50% of Americans. 60% of Americans felt Trump was not listening enough to health experts in dealing with the outbreak.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pace |first1=Julie |last2=Fingerhut |first2=Hannah |title=AP-NORC poll: Few Americans trust Trump's info on pandemic |url=https://apnews.com/87f1545cea4b5e8c96e6e902a8d9e9bd |accessdate=May 5, 2020 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=April 24, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Assessing the President as an Information Source on the Coronavirus Outbreak |url=http://www.apnorc.org/projects/Pages/Assessing-the-President-as-an-Information-Source-on-the-Coronavirus-Outbreak.aspx |accessdate=May 5, 2020 |work=[[NORC at the University of Chicago]]}}</ref> [[File:Protest against police violence - Justice for George Floyd, May 26, 2020 11.jpg|thumb|People wearing face masks during the [[George Floyd protests]] against police violence, Minneapolis, May 28]] {{Excerpt|2020 United States anti-lockdown protests|nohat=yes|files=|tag=div}} On April 16, Pew Research polls indicated that 32% of Americans worried state governments would take too long to re-allow public activities, while 66% feared the state restrictions would be lifted too quickly.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Coleman |first1=Justine |title=Two-thirds of Americans worry states will lift restrictions on public activity too quickly: poll |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/news/public-global-health/493210-two-thirds-of-americans-worry-states-will-lift |accessdate=April 19, 2020 |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=April 16, 2020}}</ref> A poll conducted from May 7 to 10 by SRSS, for [[CNN]], concluded that 54% of people in the U.S. felt the federal government was doing a poor job in stopping the spread of COVID-19 in the country. 57% felt the federal government was not doing enough to address the limited availability of COVID-19 testing. 58% felt the federal government was not doing enough to prevent a second wave of COVID-19 cases later in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Agiesta |first1=Jennifer |title=CNN Poll: Negative ratings for government handling of coronavirus persist |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/12/politics/cnn-poll-federal-government-handling-of-coronavirus/index.html |accessdate=May 13, 2020 |work=[[CNN]] |date=May 12, 2020}}</ref> A poll conducted from May 20 and 21 by [[Yahoo News]] and [[YouGov]] found that 56% of the American public were "very" concerned about "false or misleading information being communicated about coronavirus", while 30% were "somewhat" concerned. 56% of Democrats said the top source of false or misleading information about the coronavirus was the Trump administration, while 54% of Republicans felt the media was the top source of false or misleading information. Regarding a debunked conspiracy theory that philanthropist Bill Gates was planning to use mass COVID-19 vaccinations to implant microchips into people to track them, 44% of Republicans believed the conspiracy theory, as did 19% of Democrats.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Romano |first1=Andrew |title=New Yahoo News/YouGov poll shows coronavirus conspiracy theories spreading on the right may hamper vaccine efforts |url=https://news.yahoo.com/new-yahoo-news-you-gov-poll-shows-coronavirus-conspiracy-theories-spreading-on-the-right-may-hamper-vaccine-efforts-152843610.html |accessdate=May 25, 2020 |work=[[Yahoo News]] |date=May 22, 2020}}</ref> Starting in late May, [[George Floyd protests|large-scale protests]] against police brutality in at least 200 U.S. cities in response to the [[killing of George Floyd]] raised concerns of a resurgence of the virus due to the close proximity of protesters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Protests could cause catastrophic setback for controlling coronavirus, experts say |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/protests-could-accelerate-spread-coronavirus-public-health-experts-say-n1220551 |website=NBC News |accessdate=June 1, 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Doctor Fauci said it could be a "perfect set-up for the spread of the virus".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Meek |first1=Andy |title=Dr. Fauci is worried that protestors may be spreading coronavirus |url=https://bgr.com/2020/06/07/coronavirus-us-fauci-protest-comments-crowds-spread-virus/ |work=BGR |date=June 7, 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Fauci also said, "Masks can help, but it's masks plus physical separation."<ref>{{cite news |title=Fauci underscores concerns about protests spreading coronavirus |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/502001-fauci-underscores-concerns-about-protests-spreading-coronavirus |work=The Hill |date=June 10, 2020}}</ref> A 2020 study using both GPS location data and surveys found that Republicans engaged in less social distancing than Democrats during the pandemic.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Allcott|first1=Hunt|last2=Boxell|first2=Levi|last3=Conway|first3=Jacob|last4=Gentzkow|first4=Matthew|last5=Thaler|first5=Michael|last6=Yang|first6=David|date=August 6, 2020|title=Polarization and Public Health: Partisan Differences in Social Distancing during the Coronavirus Pandemic|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272720301183|journal=Journal of Public Economics|language=en|pages=104254|doi=10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104254|issn=0047-2727|pmc=7409721}}</ref> == Impacts == === Economic === {{Main|Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States|Coronavirus recession}} The pandemic, along with the resultant [[2020 stock market crash|stock market crash]] and other impacts, has led a recession in the United States following the economic cycle peak in February 2020.<ref name="NBER_Recession">{{cite news|url=https://www.nber.org/cycles/june2020.html |title=Determination of the February 2020 Peak in US Economic Activity|date=June 8, 2020|via=NBER.org}}</ref> The economy contracted 4.8 percent from January through March 2020,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Long |first1=Heather |title=U.S. economy shrank 4.8 percent in first quarter, the biggest decline since the Great Recession |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/04/29/gdp-coronavirus/ |accessdate=April 29, 2020 |work=The Washington Post |date=April 29, 2020}}</ref> and the unemployment rate rose to 14.7 percent in April.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Long |first1=Heather |title=U.S. unemployment rate soars to 14.7 percent, the worst since the Depression era |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/05/08/april-2020-jobs-report/ |accessdate=May 8, 2020 |work=The Washington Post |date=May 8, 2020}}</ref> The total healthcare costs of treating the epidemic could be anywhere from $34{{nbsp}}billion to $251{{nbsp}}billion according to analysis presented by ''The New York Times''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Abelson |first1=Reed |title=Coronavirus May Add Billions to the Nation's Health Care Bill |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/28/health/coronavirus-insurance-premium-increases.html?algo=identity&fellback=false&imp_id=351649575&imp_id=888116964&action=click&module=Science%20%20Technology&pgtype=Homepage |accessdate=April 1, 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=March 28, 2020}}</ref> A study by economists [[Austan Goolsbee]] and Chad Syverson indicated that most economic impact due to consumer behavior changes was prior to mandated lockdowns.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goolsbee |first1=Austan|title=Fear, Lockdown, and Diversion: Comparing Drivers of Pandemic Economic Decline 2020 |url=https://bfi.uchicago.edu/working-paper/2020-80/?|accessdate=June 23, 2020 |work=bfi.uchicago.edu |date=June 18, 2020}}</ref> During the second quarter of 2020, the U.S. economy suffered its largest drop on record, with GDP falling at an annualized rate of 32.9%. As of June 2020, the U.S. economy was over 10% smaller than it was in December 2019.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tapee |first1=Annekan|title=US economy posts its worst drop on record |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/30/economy/us-economy-2020-second-quarter/index.html|accessdate=August 19, 2020 |work=cnn.com |date=July 31, 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;" |+ Impact of the pandemic on various economic variables |- ! Variable ! Feb ! Mar ! Apr ! May ! June ! July |- | Jobs, level (000s)<ref name="auto4">{{cite web|url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PAYEMS|title=All Employees: Total Nonfarm Payrolls|last=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics|date=January 1, 1939|website=FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis|accessdate=June 4, 2019}}</ref> | 152,463 | 151,090 | 130,303 | 133,002 | 137,802 | 139,582 |- | Jobs, monthly change (000s)<ref name="auto4"/> | 251 | -1,373 | -20,787 | 2,699 | 4,800 | 1,780 |- | Unemployment rate %<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/UNRATE|title=Civilian Unemployment Rate|last=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics|date=January 1, 1948|website=FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis|accessdate=June 4, 2019}}</ref> | 3.5% | 4.4% | 14.7% | 13.3% | 11.1% | 10.2% |- | Number unemployed (millions)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/UNEMPLOY|title=Unemployment level|last=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics|date=January 1, 1948|website=FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis|accessdate=June 20, 2020}}</ref> | 5.8 | 7.1 | 23.1 | 21.0 | 17.8 | 16.3 |- | Employment to population ratio %, age 25-54<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/LNS12300060|title=Employment-Population Ration 25-54 Yrs.|last=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics|date=January 1, 1948|website=FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis|accessdate=June 22, 2020}}</ref> | 80.5% | 79.6% | 69.7% | 71.4% | 73.5% | 73.8% |- | Inflation rate % (CPI-All)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CPIAUCSL|title=Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All Items|last=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics|date=January 1, 1947|website=FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis|accessdate=June 4, 2019}}</ref> | 2.3% | 1.5% | 0.4% | 0.2% | 0.7% | 1.0% |- | Stock market S&P 500 (avg. level)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/SP500|title=S&P 500|date=June 3, 2019|website=fred.stlouisfed.org|accessdate=June 4, 2019}}</ref> | 3,277 | 2,652 | 2,762 | 2,920 | 3,105 | 3,230 |- |Debt held by public ($ trillion)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.treasurydirect.gov/govt/reports/pd/pd_debttothepenny.htm|title=The Debt to the Penny and Who Holds It|date=June 20, 2020|website=treasurydirect.gov|accessdate=June 20, 2020}}</ref> | 17.4 | 17.7 | 19.1 | 19.9 | 20.5 | 20.6 |- |} === Social === {{Main|Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States}} The pandemic has had far-reaching consequences that go beyond the spread of the [[Coronavirus disease 2019|disease]] itself and efforts to quarantine it, including political, cultural, and social implications. === Elections === {{Main|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics#United States}} The pandemic prompted calls from voting rights groups and some Democratic Party leaders to expand [[mail-in voting]]. Republican leaders generally opposed the change, though Republican governors in Nebraska and New Hampshire adopted it. Some states were unable to agree on changes, and a lawsuit in Texas resulted in a ruling (which is under appeal) that would allow ''any'' voter to mail in a ballot.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/04/15/835515753/texas-judge-set-to-order-state-to-allow-all-voters-to-request-mail-in-ballots|title=Texas Judge Set To Order State To Allow All Voters To Request Mail-In Ballots|website=NPR.org}}</ref> Responding to Democratic proposals for nation-wide mail-in voting as part of a coronavirus relief law, President Trump said "you'd never have a Republican elected in this country again" despite evidence the change would not favor any particular group.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-falsely-claims-expanding-voting-access-would-hurt-republicans-2020-3|title=Trump baselessly claimed that expanding voting access would lead to a Republican never being elected in America again|first=Grace|last=Panetta|website=Business Insider}}</ref> Trump called mail-in voting "corrupt" and said voters should be required to show up in person, even though, as reporters pointed out, he had himself voted by mail in the last Florida primary.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/trump-defends-his-mail-in-ballot-after-calling-vote-by-mail-corrupt/ar-BB12i2Ce|title=Trump defends his mail-in ballot after calling vote-by-mail 'corrupt'|website=www.msn.com}}</ref> Though vote fraud is slightly higher than in-person voter fraud, both instances are rare, and mail-in voting can be made more secure by disallowing third parties to collect ballots and providing free drop-off locations or prepaid postage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/04/07/829323152/fact-check-is-mail-ballot-fraud-as-rampant-as-president-trump-says-it-is|title=Fact Check: Is Mail Ballot Fraud As Rampant As President Trump Says It Is?|website=NPR.org}}</ref> April{{nbsp}}7 elections in Wisconsin were [[COVID-19 pandemic in Wisconsin#Impact on politics and elections|impacted by the pandemic]]. Many polling locations were consolidated, resulting in hours-long lines. County clerks were overwhelmed by a shift from 20 to 30% mail-in ballots to about 70%, and some voters had problems receiving and returning ballots in time. Despite the problems, turnout was 34%, comparable to similar previous primaries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/04/15/834037566/in-the-end-the-voters-responded-surprising-takeaways-from-wisconsin-s-election|title='In The End, The Voters Responded': Surprising Takeaways From Wisconsin's Election|website=NPR.org}}</ref> == Statistics == The CDC publishes official numbers every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, reporting several categories of cases: individual travelers, people who contracted the disease from other people within the U.S., and repatriated citizens who returned to the U.S. from crisis locations, such as Wuhan, where the disease originated, and the cruise ship ''Diamond Princess''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-in-us.html|title=International Locations with Confirmed COVID-19 Cases|date=February 11, 2020|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222072600/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-in-us.html|archive-date=February 22, 2020|access-date=February 18, 2020}}</ref> However, multiple sources note that statistics on confirmed coronavirus cases are misleading, since the shortage of tests means the actual number of cases is much higher than the number of cases confirmed.<ref>{{bulleted list|{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/why-we-dont-know-how-many-americans-are-infected-with-coronavirusand-might-never-know-11586005200|title=Why We Don't Know How Many Americans Are Infected With Coronavirus—and Might Never Know|first1=Joel |last1=Eastwood |first2=Paul |last2=Overberg |first3=Rob |last3=Barry|date=April 4, 2020|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|ref=none}}|{{cite web|url=https://www.dailyastorian.com/coronavirus/lack-of-testing-clouds-virus-picture-on-the-north-coast/article_b6253d02-7876-11ea-828a-bf59009219b5.html |title=Lack of testing clouds virus picture on the North Coast &#124; Coronavirus |publisher=dailyastorian.com |date=April 8, 2020 |accessdate=April 27, 2020|ref=none}}|{{cite web|url=https://www.healthline.com/health-news/how-many-coronavirus-cases-are-there|title=How Many People in the United States Actually Have COVID-19?|website=Healthline|ref=none}}|{{cite news|first=Julie |last=Bosman |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/05/us/coronavirus-deaths-undercount.html |title=Official Counts Understate the U.S. Coronavirus Death Toll—The New York Times |publisher=Nytimes.com |date=April 11, 2020 |accessdate=April 27, 2020|ref=none}}|{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/graphics/2020/03/10/us-coronavirus-map-tracking-united-states-outbreak/4945223002/ |title=US coronavirus map: Tracking the United States outbreak |publisher=Usatoday.com |date=January 28, 2020 |accessdate=April 27, 2020|ref=none}}|{{cite news |quote=Confirmed coronavirus cases in the U.S. crossed 200,000 on Thursday, but experts agree the actual number of infected people is much higher. The lack of reliable data—a persistent problem since the pandemic began—has made it impossible to determine the actual size of the outbreak, hampering the U.S. response. |first=Jeff J. |last=Roberts |url=https://fortune.com/2020/04/03/coronavirus-data-stats-private-sector-covid-19/ |title=Can the private sector provide better coronavirus data? Experts are skeptical |work=Fortune |date=April 3, 2020 |accessdate=April 10, 2020 }} }}</ref><ref name="Myer_Atlantic" /> The number of deaths confirmed to be due to coronavirus is likely to be an undercount for the same reason.<ref name="Kliff+Bosman" /><ref>{{cite news |first1=Mark |last1=Abdelmalek |first2=Josh |last2=Margolin |first3=Aaron |last3=Katersky |first4=Eden |last4=David |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/coronavirus-death-toll-us-worse-numbers/story?id=70018321 |title=Coronavirus death toll in US likely worse than numbers say |work=ABC News |date=April 7, 2020 |accessdate=April 10, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first1=Emma |last1=Brown |first2=Beth |last2=Reinhard |first3=Aaron C. |last3=Davis |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/coronavirus-death-toll-americans-are-almost-certainly-dying-of-covid-19-but-being-left-out-of-the-official-count/2020/04/05/71d67982-747e-11ea-87da-77a8136c1a6d_story.html |title=Coronavirus death toll: Americans are almost certainly dying of covid-19 but being left out of the official count |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=April 5, 2020 |accessdate=April 10, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first1=Jonathan |last1=Swan |first2=Sam |last2=Baker |url=https://www.axios.com/trump-coronavirus-death-toll-d8ba60a4-316b-4d1e-8595-74970c15fb34.html |title=Trump and some top aides question the accuracy of virus death toll |work=Axios |date=May 6, 2020 }}</ref> Conversely, deaths of people who had underlying conditions may lead to overcounting.<ref name=stuff120443722>{{cite web |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/coronavirus/120443722/coronavirus-is-covid19-really-the-cause-of-all-the-fatalities-in-italy |title=Coronavirus: Is Covid-19 really the cause of all the fatalities in Italy? |website=Stuff |accessdate=April 16, 2020}}</ref> [[File:U.S. COVID-19 Deaths Could Be Far Higher Than Reported.jpg|thumb|Excess mortality from March{{nbsp}}1 to April{{nbsp}}4 was higher than the number of confirmed deaths.]] [[Excess mortality]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/covid19/excess_deaths.htm|title=Excess Deaths Associated with COVID-19|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—National Center for Health Statistics|url-status=live|access-date=July 21, 2020}}</ref> comparing deaths for all causes versus the seasonal average is more reliable.<ref name=":0nytimes">{{Cite news |last1=Wu |first1=Jin |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/04/21/world/coronavirus-missing-deaths.html |title=28,000 Missing Deaths: Tracking the True Toll of the Coronavirus Crisis |work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=April 22, 2020|last2=McCann |first2=Allison |last3=Katz |first3=Josh |last4=Peltier |first4=Elian | name-list-format = vanc |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> It counts additional deaths which are not explained by official reported coronavirus mortality statistics.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Katz |first1=Josh |last2=Lu |first2=Denise |last3=Sanger-Katz |first3=Margot |title=U.S. Coronavirus Death Toll Is Far Higher Than Reported, C.D.C. Data Suggests |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/04/28/us/coronavirus-death-toll-total.html |accessdate=April 29, 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=April 28, 2020}}</ref> On the other hand, it may include deaths due to strained healthcare systems, bans on [[elective surgery]], or by policies aimed at curtailing the epidemic.<ref name=20200429reason>{{cite web |title=What 'Excess Deaths' Do and Don't Tell Us About COVID-19 |url=https://reason.com/2020/04/29/what-excess-deaths-do-and-dont-tell-us-about-covid-19/ |website=Reason |accessdate=May 4, 2020|date=April 29, 2020}}</ref> The CDC says it will issue an official estimate of coronavirus deaths in 2021—current estimates may not be reliable.<ref name="Kliff+Bosman">{{cite news |last1=Kliff |first1=Sarah |last2=Bosman |first2=Julie |title=Official Counts Understate the U.S. Coronavirus Death Toll |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/05/us/coronavirus-deaths-undercount.html?action=click&module=Spotlight&pgtype=Homepage |accessdate=April 5, 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=April 5, 2020}}</ref> The following numbers are based on CDC data, which is incomplete. In most U.S. locations, testing for some time was performed only on symptomatic people with a history of travel to Wuhan or with close contact to such people.<ref name="Madrigal">{{cite web|url= https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2020/03/how-many-americans-have-been-tested-coronavirus/607597/ |title=Exclusive: The Strongest Evidence Yet That America Is Botching Coronavirus Testing|last=Madrigal|first=Robinson Meyer, Alexis C.|date=March 6, 2020|website=[[The Atlantic]] |accessdate=July 23, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/925233|title=Persons Evaluated for 2019 Novel Coronavirus—US, Jan 2020|website=Medscape|accessdate=March 12, 2020}}</ref><ref name="McFall_testing">{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/new-york-man-denied-coronavirus-test-japan-trip-fever-cough-2020-3|title=A New York City man wasn't tested for the coronavirus even though he had symptoms and had gone to Japan. It highlights the troublingly limited scope of US testing.|first=Morgan|last=McFall-Johnsen|website=Business Insider|accessdate=March 12, 2020}}</ref> CDC testing protocols did not include non-travelling patients with no known contact with China until February 28.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/27/health/us-cases-coronavirus-community-transmission/index.html|title=The CDC has changed its criteria for testing patients for coronavirus after the first case of unknown origin was confirmed|first1=Sarah |last1=Moon |first2=Holly |last2=Yan |first3=Jen |last3=Christensen |first4=Christina|last4=Maxouris|publisher=CNN|accessdate=March 12, 2020}}</ref> The original CDC-developed tests sent out on February{{nbsp}}5 turned out to be faulty.<ref name="factcheck.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.factcheck.org/2020/03/trumps-misplaced-blame-on-obama-for-coronavirus-tests/|title=Trump's Misplaced Blame on Obama for Coronavirus Tests|first=Jessica|last=McDonald|date=March 6, 2020|accessdate=March 12, 2020}}</ref> The faulty test produced a [[false positive]] from ordinary running water; a newer version is accurate and reliable.<ref name= simulation2019 /> On February 29, the FDA announced that labs would be allowed to do their own in-house testing immediately, independently of CDC testing, as long as they complete an emergency use authorization (EUA) within 15 days.<ref name="factcheck.org" /> === Maps === {{gallery | File:COVID-19 Outbreak Cases in the United States (Density).svg|Map of states and territories in the U.S. with number of confirmed cases {{As of|2020|08|15|lc=y|df=US}} {{legend|#D3D3D3|None confirmed}} {{legend|#FFDDDD|<6,250 confirmed}} {{legend|#FFAAAA|>6,250 confirmed}} {{legend|#FF6666|>25,000 confirmed}} {{legend|#CC0000|>100,000 confirmed}} {{legend|#550000|>400,000 confirmed}} | File:COVID-19 Pandemic Deaths in the United States (Density).svg|Map of states and territories in the U.S. with number of confirmed deaths {{As of|2020|08|19|lc=y|df=US}} {{legend|#D3D3D3|None confirmed}} {{legend|#FFDDDD|<125 confirmed}} {{legend|#FFBBBB|>125 confirmed}} {{legend|#FF8888|>500 confirmed}} {{legend|#FF2222|>2,000 confirmed}} {{legend|#BB0000|>8,000 confirmed}} {{legend|#330000|>32,000 confirmed}} | File:COVID-19 pandemic in the United States by county.svg|Confirmed COVID-19 cases by county ({{As of|2020|08|14|lc=y|df=US}}) |title=}} === Number of U.S. cases by date {{anchor|State number of reported cases by date}} === {{Main|Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/United States medical cases|l1=COVID-19 pandemic data/United States medical cases}} <!--Template for Graph:Chart is at [[Template:Graph:Chart]]--> '''> 200,000 cases''': {{Graph:Chart |type=line | above = |width=700 |height=250 |showValues=offset:1 |xType = date |xAxisAngle=-40 |yAxisTitle=Cumulative no. of cases |legend=Legend <!--Search string CASES_X--> |x= Mar 11 2020, Mar 12 2020,Mar 13 2020,Mar 14 2020, Mar 15 2020, Mar 16 2020, Mar 17 2020, Mar 18 2020, Mar 19 2020, Mar 20 2020, Mar 21 2020, Mar 22 2020, Mar 23 2020, Mar 24 2020, Mar 25 2020, Mar 26 2020, Mar 27 2020, Mar 28 2020, Mar 29 2020, Mar 30 2020, Mar 31 2020, Apr 1 2020, Apr 2 2020, Apr 3 2020, Apr 4 2020, Apr 5 2020, Apr 6 2020, Apr 7 2020, Apr 8 2020, Apr 9 2020, Apr 10 2020, Apr 11 2020, Apr 12 2020, Apr 13 2020, Apr 14 2020, Apr 15 2020, Apr 16 2020, Apr 17 2020, Apr 18 2020, Apr 19 2020, Apr 20 2020, Apr 21 2020, Apr 22 2020, Apr 23 2020, Apr 24 2020, Apr 25 2020, Apr 26 2020, Apr 27 2020, Apr 28 2020, Apr 29 2020, Apr 30 2020, May 1 2020, May 2 2020, May 3 2020, May 4 2020, May 5 2020, May 6 2020, May 7 2020, May 8 2020, May 9 2020, May 10 2020, May 11 2020, May 12 2020, May 13 2020, May 14 2020, May 15 2020, May 16 2020, May 17 2020, May 18 2020, May 19 2020, May 20 2020, May 21 2020, May 22 2020, May 23 2020, May 24 2020, May 25 2020, May 26 2020, May 27 2020, May 28 2020, May 29 2020, May 30 2020, May 31 2020, Jun 1 2020, Jun 2 2020, Jun 3 2020, Jun 4 2020, Jun 5 2020, Jun 6 2020, Jun 7 2020,Jun 8 2020,Jun 9 2020,Jun 10 2020,Jun 11 2020,Jun 12 2020,Jun 13 2020,Jun 14 2020, Jun 15 2020,Jun 16 2020,Jun 17 2020,Jun 18 2020,Jun 19 2020,Jun 20 2020,Jun 21 2020,Jun 22 2020,Jun 23 2020,Jun 24 2020,Jun 25 2020,Jun 26 2020,Jun 27 2020,Jun 28 2020,Jun 29 2020,Jun 30 2020,Jul 1 2020,Jul 2 2020,Jul 3 2020,Jul 4 2020,Jul 5 2020,Jul 6 2020,Jul 7 2020,Jul 8 2020,Jul 9 2020,Jul 10 2020,Jul 11 2020,Jul 12 2020,Jul 13 2020,Jul 14 2020,Jul 15 2020,Jul 16 2020,Jul 17 2020,Jul 18 2020,Jul 19 2020,Jul 20 2020,Jul 21 2020,Jul 22 2020,Jul 23 2020,Jul 24 2020,Jul 25 2020,Jul 26 2020,Jul 27 2020,Jul 28 2020,Jul 29 2020,Jul 30 2020,Jul 31 2020,Aug 1 2020,Aug 2 2020,Aug 3 2020,Aug 4 2020,Aug 5 2020,Aug 6 2020,Aug 7 2020,Aug 8 2020,Aug 9 2020,Aug 10 2020,Aug 11 2020,Aug 12 2020,Aug 13 2020,Aug 14 2020,Aug 15 2020,Aug 16 2020,Aug 17 2020 <!--Search string CASES_STATES_Y--> 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|y4=216,216,421,524,729,950,1700,2382,4152,7102,10356,15168,20875,25665,30811,37258,44635,52318,59513,66497,75795,83712,92381,102863,113704,122031,130689,138863,149316,159937,170512,180458,188694,195031,202208,213779,222284,229642,236732,242786,247512,251690,257216,263460,271590,282143,288045,291996,295106,299691,304372,308314,312977,316415,318953,321192,323978,327649,330407,333122,335395,337055,338485,340661,343051,345813,348232,350121,351371,352845,354370,356458,358154,359926,361515,362764,363836,364965,366733,368284,369660,370770,371711,373040,374085,375133,376208,377316,378097,378799,379482,380156,380892,381714,382630,383324,383944,384575,385142,385760,386556,387272,387936,388488,389085,389666,390415,391220,391923,392539,392930,393454,394079,394954,395872,396598,397131,397649,398237,398929,399513,400299,401029,401706,402263,403175,404006,404775,405551,406305,406807,407326,408181,408886,409697,410450,411200,411736,412344,412878,413593,414370,415014,415767,416298,416843,417589,418225,418928,419642,420345,420860,421336,422003,422703,423440,424167,424901,425508,425916 |y4Title=New York |y3=21,23,39,51,56,57,64,83,143,194,304,334,352,410,974,1396,1731,2052,2552,2877,3266,3997,4669,5330,6110,6812,7276,8262,9353,10230,11671,12561,13484,13906,14624,15492,16455,17371,18260,18923,19458,20196,21069,21944,22806,23773,24631,25297,26171,27054,28087,29229,30522,31548,32332,33369,34422,35390,36609,37860,38869,39869,41048,42403,43851,45198,46999,47784,48693,49912,51323,52268,53449,54509,55348,55971,56560,57921,59776,61006,62338,64287,64880,66568,68271,69920,71613,73553,74978,75616,77253,79757,81583,83680,86011,87854,89108,93206,96335,99851,103305,107735,111601,114881,120370,125921,131917,137624,143371,148728,153011,159986,168062,175977,183532,191790,195293,200557,210585,220564,230346,240111,250462,258658,264313,275058,282365,292656,307572,317730,325030,332434,341739,351618,361125,369826,375846,381656,385923,394265,403307,412107,420946,430485,436711,442014,451181,459887,467485,474524,481483,486362,490817,500620,506820,513575,520593,528838,535582,542950 |y3Title=Texas <!--Numbers that I see for the linear plot April 11, 2020, 10:15 pm EDT: |yScaleType=--><!--log This is the line that makes this plot have a log axis, so leave it blank here!--> |yGrid= |xGrid= }} '''100,000–200,000 cases''': {{Graph:Chart |type=line | above = |width=700 |height=250 |showValues=offset:1 |xType = date |xAxisAngle=-40 |yAxisTitle=Cumulative no. of cases |legend=Legend <!--Search string CASES_X--> |x= Mar 11 2020, Mar 12 2020,Mar 13 2020,Mar 14 2020, Mar 15 2020, Mar 16 2020, Mar 17 2020, Mar 18 2020, Mar 19 2020, Mar 20 2020, Mar 21 2020, Mar 22 2020, Mar 23 2020, Mar 24 2020, Mar 25 2020, Mar 26 2020, Mar 27 2020, Mar 28 2020, Mar 29 2020, Mar 30 2020, Mar 31 2020, Apr 1 2020, Apr 2 2020, Apr 3 2020, Apr 4 2020, Apr 5 2020, Apr 6 2020, Apr 7 2020, Apr 8 2020, Apr 9 2020, Apr 10 2020, Apr 11 2020, Apr 12 2020, Apr 13 2020, Apr 14 2020, Apr 15 2020, Apr 16 2020, Apr 17 2020, Apr 18 2020, Apr 19 2020, Apr 20 2020, Apr 21 2020, Apr 22 2020, Apr 23 2020, Apr 24 2020, Apr 25 2020, Apr 26 2020, Apr 27 2020, Apr 28 2020, Apr 29 2020, Apr 30 2020, May 1 2020, May 2 2020, May 3 2020, May 4 2020, May 5 2020, May 6 2020, May 7 2020, May 8 2020, May 9 2020, May 10 2020, May 11 2020, May 12 2020, May 13 2020, May 14 2020, May 15 2020, May 16 2020, May 17 2020, May 18 2020, May 19 2020, May 20 2020, May 21 2020, May 22 2020, May 23 2020, May 24 2020, May 25 2020, May 26 2020, May 27 2020, May 28 2020, May 29 2020, May 30 2020, May 31 2020, Jun 1 2020, Jun 2 2020, Jun 3 2020, Jun 4 2020, Jun 5 2020, Jun 6 2020, Jun 7 2020,Jun 8 2020,Jun 9 2020,Jun 10 2020,Jun 11 2020,Jun 12 2020,Jun 13 2020,Jun 14 2020, Jun 15 2020,Jun 16 2020,Jun 17 2020,Jun 18 2020,Jun 19 2020,Jun 20 2020,Jun 21 2020,Jun 22 2020,Jun 23 2020,Jun 24 2020,Jun 25 2020,Jun 26 2020,Jun 27 2020,Jun 28 2020,Jun 29 2020,Jun 30 2020,Jul 1 2020,Jul 2 2020,Jul 3 2020,Jul 4 2020,Jul 5 2020,Jul 6 2020,Jul 7 2020,Jul 8 2020,Jul 9 2020,Jul 10 2020,Jul 11 2020,Jul 12 2020,Jul 13 2020,Jul 14 2020,Jul 15 2020,Jul 16 2020,Jul 17 2020,Jul 18 2020,Jul 19 2020,Jul 20 2020,Jul 21 2020,Jul 22 2020,Jul 23 2020,Jul 24 2020,Jul 25 2020,Jul 26 2020,Jul 27 2020,Jul 28 2020,Jul 29 2020,Jul 30 2020,Jul 31 2020,Aug 1 2020,Aug 2 2020,Aug 3 2020,Aug 4 2020,Aug 5 2020,Aug 6 2020,Aug 7 2020,Aug 8 2020,Aug 9 2020,Aug 10 2020,Aug 11 2020,Aug 12 2020,Aug 13 2020,Aug 14 2020,Aug 15 2020,Aug 16 2020,Aug 17 2020 <!--Search string CASES_STATES_Y--> |y8=0,0,1,6,12,28,36,46,68,81,124,138,167,215,283,506,587,696,806,859,981,1077,1233,1432,1580,1796,1968,2119,2369,2769,2968,3191,3525,3734,3876,4113,4345,4530,4655,4837,5025,5231,5465,5778,5832,6137,6270,6499,6687,6842,7019,7158,7434,7725,8025,8285,8581,8898,9221,9567,9777,10009,10310,10617,10968,11216,11523,11771,12086,12376,12744,13119,13563,13938,14327,14730,15396,15843,16310,16823,17359,17903,18363,18642,18851,19072,19387,20043,20500,20925,21422,21989,22845,23710,24601,25615,26272,26912,27312,28206,29002,29549,30021,30454,31097,32064,33206,34183,35083,35441,37175,38045,38962,40111,41865,42862,43953,44878,45785,46962,49174,50508,51947,53587,55545,57255,59067,61088,63091,65234,67011,68891,70358,71813,74212,76005,78130,79294,81115,82366,83782,85762,87723,89349,91444,92661,93702,94654,96592,98301,98387,101334,103020,103851,104786,105557,106309,107580,108433,109004 |y8Title=Alabama |y1=9,9,9,12,12,18,20,28,44,65,104,152,265,357,450,577,736,873,919,1157,1289,1413,1598,1769,2019,2269,2456,2575,2726,3018,3112,3393,3539,3702,3806,3962,4234,4507,4719,4929,5064,5251,5459,5769,6045,6280,6526,6716,6948,7202,7648,7962,8364,8640,8919,9305,9707,9945,10526,10960,11119,11380,11736,12176,12674,13169,13631,13937,14170,14566,14897,15315,15608,16039,16339,16561,16783,17262,17763,18465,19255,19936,20123,21250,22233,22753,24332,25451,26889,27678,28296,29852,31264,32918,34458,35691,36705,39097,40924,43443,46689,49798,52390,54586,58179,59974,63030,66548,70051,73908,74533,79215,84092,87425,91858,94553,98089,101441,105094,108614,112671,116892,119930,122467,123824,128097,131354,134613,138523,141265,143624,145183,148683,150609,152944,156301,160041,162014,163827,165934,168273,170798,174010,177002,178476,179497,180505,182203,183647,185053,186107,186923,187523,188737,189443,190794,191721,192654,193537,194005 |y1Title=Arizona |y4=6,14,36,51,90,115,137,240,347,473,580,837,1172,1388,1795,2305,2746,3315,3540,4025,5237,6424,9150,10297,12496,13010,14867,16284,17030,18283,19253,20014,20595,21016,21518,21951,22532,23118,23580,23928,24523,24854,25258,25739,26140,26512,26773,27068,27286,27660,28001,28711,29140,29340,29673,29996,30399,30652,30855,31417,31600,31815,32050,32662,33489,33837,34117,34432,34709,35038,35316,36504,36925,37040,37169,37809,38054,38497,38802,38802,39577,39916,40341,40746,41133,41562,41989,42486,42816,43050,43612,44030,44472,44995,46283,46619,47172,47706,48634,48634,48515,49385,49778,50239,51595,52477,53415,54769,54769,56236,57081,58095,60178,61561,63289,63289,65226,66327,68263,70151,71994,74636,76803,78122,79827,82042,84131,86411,88590,88590,91706,94892,96583,99354,101650,103734,103734,107574,109917,111038,112773,114481,116280,116280,119747,120846,124461,125943,127246,128746,128746,131399,131961,133125,134304,135439,136737,136737,137918,138485 |y4Title=Louisiana |y7=0,8,23,38,64,97,118,156,229,314,426,547,678,1060,1739,2318,3151,4158,4856,5653,6521,7639,8867,10303,11637,12402,13739,15104,16692,18843,20878,22766,25381,26794,28109,29970,32492,35125,37527,39820,41416,43168,44913,47992,50969,53348,54938,56462,58302,60265,62205,64311,66263,68087,69087,70271,72025,73721,75333,76743,77793,78462,79332,80497,82182,83421,84933,86010,86010,87925,88970,90084,90889,91662,92675,93271,93693,94220,94895,95512,96301,96965,96965,101163,101592,102063,102557,103132,103436,103626,103889,104156,104667,105059,105395,105603,105690,105885,106151,106422,106650,106936,107061,107210,107439,107611,107837,108070,108443,108667,108768,108882,109143,109338,109628,109838,109974,110137,110338,110602,110897,111110,111398,111597,111827,112130,112347,112581,112879,113238,113534,113789,114033,114320,114320,114647,115268,115637,115926,116182,116182,117098,117612,117612,118458,118657,119203,119203,119874,120291,120711,121040,121315,121707,122000,122319,122531,122897,123200,123413 |y7Title=Massachusetts |y13=9,12,17,26,31,28,57,85,107,149,190,244,288,349,423,580,774,992,1239,1413,1660,1985,2331,2758,3125,3609,4045,4371,5529,6185,6968,7694,8225,8936,9472,10032,10784,11572,12308,12830,13684,14193,14775,15737,16616,17766,18581,19487,20113,20849,21742,23472,24473,25462,26408,27117,28163,29374,30485,31534,32587,33373,34061,34812,35903,36986,37968,38804,39762,41546,42323,43531,44424,45495,46313,47152,47687,48423,49709,50988,52015,52778,53327,54175,54982,55858,56770,57482,57973,58404,58904,59465,60197,60613,61305,61701,62032,62409,62969,63229,63548,63956,64306,64603,65007,65337,65777,66115,66450,66777,67254,67559,67918,68423,68961,69341,69632,69904,70396,70861,71447,71910,72467,73109,73527,74260,75016,75664,76371,77206,78131,78685,79545,80172,80836,81766,83054,83748,84876,85524,86285,87177,88346,89365,90274,91144,91854,92426,93005,93806,94581,95503,96258,96843,97843,98160,98875,99693,100212,100715 |y13Title=Maryland |y12=497,702,945,1196,1480,1933,3659,4531,5276,6219,7023,7822,9062,10155,11335,12475,13799,14865,15784,17363,18654,20246,21376,22579,23581,24458,25785,26964,28064,29096,30172,30980,31666,32702,33613,34533,35455,36320,37029,37557,38494,39589,40705,41694,42730,43263,43789,44709,45538,46488,47505,48240,48672,49029,49809,50497,51131,51731,52349,52732,53033,54004,55641,56458,57036,57687,58023,58278,58812,59576,60151,60610,61075,61293,61457,61632,62075,62461,62797,63116,63321,63568,63813,64103,64382,64616,64821,64914,64969,65104,65167,65182,65449,65672,65836,66054,66085,66269,66497,66798,67097,67545,67711,67957,68197,68555,68989,69329,69679,69946,70223,70728,71089,71678,72175,72581,72941,73269,73900,74551,75063,75685,76370,76776,77198,77864,78913,79839,80593,81338,81868,82395,83059,83730,84431,85072,85072,86661,87173,87958,88974,89781,90574,91332,91761,92374,93175,93893,94656,95470,96191,96726,97306,98213,98689,99856,100724,101782,102259,102749 |y12Title=Michigan |y2=24,30,50,50,98,178,267,427,742,890,1327,1914,2844,3675,4402,6876,8825,11124,13386,16636,18696,22255,25590,29895,34124,37505,41090,44416,47437,51027,54588,58151,61850,64584,68824,71030,75317,78467,81420,85301,88806,92387,95865,99989,102196,105523,109038,111188,113856,116264,118652,121190,123717,126744,128269,130593,131890,133635,135454,137085,138532,139945,140743,141560,142704,143905,145089,146334,148039,149013,150399,151472,152719,153104,154154,155092,155764,156628,157815,158844,159608,160445,160918,161545,162068,162530,163336,163893,164164,164497,164796,165346,165816,166164,166605,166881,167103,167426,167703,168107,168496,168834,169142,169415,169734,169892,170196,170584,170873,171182,171272,171667,171928,172356,172742,173033,173402,173611,173878,174039,174240,174628,174959,175298,175522,175915,176278,176501,176551,176814,176783,176963,177256,177645,177887,178345,178858,179363,179812,180295,180766,180970,181660,182029,182350,182614,182970,183327,183701,184061,184429,184773,185031,185475,185938,186594,187164,187442,187455,187767 |y2Title=New Jersey |y3=7,12,15,23,32,33,40,63,97,137,184,255,297,398,504,636,763,935,1040,1307,1498,1584,1857,2093,2402,2585,2870,3221,3426,3651,3908,4312,4520,4816,5024,5123,5465,5859,6140,6493,6764,6951,7220,7608,8052,8623,8830,9142,9568,9948,10509,10923,11509,11664,11848,12256,12758,13397,13868,14360,14764,15045,15346,15816,16507,17129,17982,18512,19023,19700,20122,20860,21618,22725,23222,23964,24140,24628,25412,26488,27673,28589,29263,29889,30777,31966,33255,34625,35546,36484,37160,38171,39481,41249,42676,44119,45102,45853,46855,48188,49840,51389,52801,53605,54453,56174,57183,58818,60537,62142,63484,64670,66513,68142,70241,71654,72983,74529,75875,77310,79349,81331,83793,85701,87528,89484,91266,93426,95477,97958,99778,101046,102861,105001,106893,108995,111092,112713,114338,116087,117850,120194,122148,123878,125219,126532,128161,129288,131267,132812,134766,136218,136844,137895,139061,140824,142170,143706,144952,145516 |y3Title=North Carolina |y9=4,5,13,13,36,50,67,88,119,169,247,351,442,564,704,867,1137,1406,1653,1933,2199,2547,2902,3312,3739,4043,4450,4782,5148,5512,5878,6250,6604,6975,7280,7791,8414,9107,10222,11602,12919,13725,14117,14694,15169,15587,15963,15699,16128,17303,18027,18743,19335,19914,20474,20969,21576,22131,23016,23697,24081,24777,25250,25721,26357,26954,27474,27923,28454,28952,29436,30167,30794,31408,31911,32477,33006,33439,33915,34566,35034,35513,35984,36350,36792,37282,37758,38111,38476,38837,39162,39575,40004,40424,40848,41148,41576,42010,42422,43122,43731,44262,44808,45537,46127,46759,47651,48638,49455,50309,51046,51789,52865,52865,55257,56183,57151,57956,58904,60181,61331,62856,64214,65592,66853,67995,69311,70601,72280,73822,74932,76168,77215,78742,80186,81746,83184,84073,85177,86497,87893,89626,91159,92087,93031,93963,95106,96305,97471,98675,99969,100848,101731,102826,104248,105426,106557,107674,108287,109062 |y9Title=Ohio |y6=16,22,41,47,63,76,96,133,185,268,371,479,644,851,1127,1687,2218,2751,3394,4087,4843,5805,7016,8420,10017,11510,12980,14559,16239,18228,19979,21655,22833,24199,25345,26490,27735,29441,31069,32284,33232,34528,35684,37053,38652,40049,41165,42050,43264,44366,45763,46971,48305,49267,50092,50957,51845,52915,54238,55316,56611,57154,57991,58698,59636,60622,61611,62234,63056,63666,63666,65392,66258,66983,67713,68186,68637,69417,70042,71339,72031,72546,72898,73510,74022,74560,75005,75706,76212,76563,77056,77466,77933,77999,78462,78798,79121,79483,79818,80263,80762,81266,81730,82186,82696,83191,83770,84370,84370,85496,85988,86606,87242,88074,88741,89375,89854,90304,91299,92148,92867,93876,94689,95266,95742,96671,97665,98446,99478,100241,101027,101738,102765,103396,104358,105571,106625,107425,108264,109384,110218,111078,112048,112936,113590,114155,115009,115714,116521,117279,118092,118852,119453,120281,121130,122121,122950,123800,124460,124844 |y6Title=Pennsylvania |y11=9,10,12,13,19,28,33,60,60,81,152,195,298,298,424,456,456,539,774,925,1083,1293,1554,1554,1917,2049,2049,2417,2552,2792,3065,3207,3319,3319,3553,3656,3656,3941,4246,4377,4377,4439,4761,4917,4917,5253,5490,5490,5613,5881,6095,6258,6489,6626,6626,6757,6936,6936,7142,7531,7653,7653,7927,7927,8189,8407,8407,8816,8942,9056,9056,9175,9638,9895,10096,10178,10416,10623,10788,11131,11394,11861,12148,12415,12561,13005,13453,13916,14286,14800,15228,15759,16441,17170,17955,18795,19378,19990,20556,21548,22641,23786,24693,25701,26613,27897,29022,30335,31939,33320,34644,36399,37919,39701,41532,43386,44847,46380,47352,48909,50691,52419,54699,56648,58168,60389,62245,64083,66060,67612,69986,71445,73337,75042,76606,78607,80008,81199,82417,84109,85846,87572,89016,90599,91788,92951,95190,95472,96797,98219,99460,100435,101159,102130,102974,103909,104841,105882,106497,106953 |y11Title=South Carolina |y5=7,18,26,32,39,52,73,98,154,228,371,505,615,667,784,957,1203,1373,1537,1834,2239,2683,2845,3067,3321,3633,3802,4138,4362,4634,4862,5114,5308,5610,5823,6079,6262,6589,6762,7070,7238,7394,7842,8266,8726,9189,9667,9918,10052,10366,10735,11891,12661,13177,13571,13690,13938,14096,14441,14768,14985,15544,16111,16370,16699,16970,17288,17388,18011,18378,18532,18961,19394,19789,20145,20607,20965,21306,21679,22085,22566,23006,23554,24375,24822,25120,25520,26071,26381,26944,27575,28061,28538,29126,29541,30432,31160,31830,32143,32829,34017,34446,35102,35553,36303,37235,38034,39444,40172,40172,42297,43509,45315,46890,48712,50140,51431,52155,53514,55986,57591,59546,61006,61960,65274,66788,69061,71540,73819,76336,78115,79754,81944,84417,86987,89078,90796,93936,96489,99044,100822,102871,105959,108184,109627,110636,112441,114098,116350,118782,120585,122712,123914,124915,126393,128511,130458,131747,133708,134744 |y5Title=Tennessee |y10=9,17,30,30,45,51,67,77,94,114,152,219,254,290,391,460,604,739,890,1020,1250,1484,1706,2012,2407,2637,2878,3333,3645,4042,4509,5077,5274,5747,6171,6500,6889,7491,8053,8537,8990,9630,10266,10998,11594,12366,12970,13535,14339,14961,15846,16901,17731,18671,19492,20256,20256,21570,22342,23196,24081,25070,25800,26746,27813,28672,29683,30388,31140,32145,32908,34137,34950,35749,36244,37727,39342,40249,41401,42533,43611,44607,45398,46239,46905,47856,48532,49397,50681,51251,51738,52177,52647,53211,53869,54506,54886,55331,55775,56238,56793,57443,57994,58465,58994,59514,59946,60570,61247,61736,62189,62787,63203,63735,64393,65109,65748,66102,66740,67375,67988,68931,69782,70670,71642,72443,73527,74431,75433,76373,77430,78375,79371,80393,81237,82364,83609,84567,86072,86994,87993,88904,89888,90801,91782,93106,94251,95049,95867,97882,99189,100086,100749,101745,102521,103622,104838,105750,106687,107421 |y10Title=Virginia <!--Numbers that I see for the linear plot April 11, 2020, 10:15 pm EDT: |yScaleType=--><!--log This is the line that makes this plot have a log axis, so leave it blank here!--> |yGrid= |xGrid= }} '''50,000–100,000 cases''': {{Graph:Chart |type=line |width=700 |height=250 |showValues= |xType = date |xAxisAngle=-40 |yAxisTitle=Cumulative no. of cases |legend=Legend <!--Search string CASES_X--> |x= Mar 11 2020, Mar 12 2020,Mar 13 2020,Mar 14 2020, Mar 15 2020, Mar 16 2020, Mar 17 2020, Mar 18 2020, Mar 19 2020, Mar 20 2020, Mar 21 2020, Mar 22 2020, Mar 23 2020, Mar 24 2020, Mar 25 2020, Mar 26 2020, Mar 27 2020, Mar 28 2020, Mar 29 2020, Mar 30 2020, Mar 31 2020, Apr 1 2020, Apr 2 2020, Apr 3 2020, Apr 4 2020, Apr 5 2020, Apr 6 2020, Apr 7 2020, Apr 8 2020, Apr 9 2020, Apr 10 2020, Apr 11 2020, Apr 12 2020, Apr 13 2020, Apr 14 2020, Apr 15 2020, Apr 16 2020, Apr 17 2020, Apr 18 2020, Apr 19 2020, Apr 20 2020, Apr 21 2020, Apr 22 2020, Apr 23 2020, Apr 24 2020, Apr 25 2020, Apr 26 2020, Apr 27 2020, Apr 28 2020, Apr 29 2020, Apr 30 2020, May 1 2020, May 2 2020, May 3 2020, May 4 2020, May 5 2020, May 6 2020, May 7 2020, May 8 2020, May 9 2020, May 10 2020, May 11 2020, May 12 2020, May 13 2020, May 14 2020, May 15 2020, May 16 2020, May 17 2020, May 18 2020, May 19 2020, May 20 2020, May 21 2020, May 22 2020, May 23 2020, May 24 2020, May 25 2020, May 26 2020, May 27 2020, May 28 2020, May 29 2020, May 30 2020, May 31 2020, Jun 1 2020, Jun 2 2020, Jun 3 2020, Jun 4 2020, Jun 5 2020, Jun 6 2020, Jun 7 2020,Jun 8 2020,Jun 9 2020,Jun 10 2020,Jun 11 2020,Jun 12 2020,Jun 13 2020,Jun 14 2020, Jun 15 2020,Jun 16 2020,Jun 17 2020,Jun 18 2020,Jun 19 2020,Jun 20 2020,Jun 21 2020,Jun 22 2020,Jun 23 2020,Jun 24 2020,Jun 25 2020,Jun 26 2020,Jun 27 2020,Jun 28 2020,Jun 29 2020,Jun 30 2020,Jul 1 2020,Jul 2 2020,Jul 3 2020,Jul 4 2020,Jul 5 2020,Jul 6 2020,Jul 7 2020,Jul 8 2020,Jul 9 2020,Jul 10 2020,Jul 11 2020,Jul 12 2020,Jul 13 2020,Jul 14 2020,Jul 15 2020,Jul 16 2020,Jul 17 2020,Jul 18 2020,Jul 19 2020,Jul 20 2020,Jul 21 2020,Jul 22 2020,Jul 23 2020,Jul 24 2020,Jul 25 2020,Jul 26 2020,Jul 27 2020,Jul 28 2020,Jul 29 2020,Jul 30 2020,Jul 31 2020,Aug 1 2020,Aug 2 2020,Aug 3 2020,Aug 4 2020,Aug 5 2020,Aug 6 2020,Aug 7 2020,Aug 8 2020,Aug 9 2020,Aug 10 2020,Aug 11 2020,Aug 12 2020,Aug 13 2020,Aug 14 2020,Aug 15 2020,Aug 16 2020,Aug 17 2020 <!--Search string CASES_STATES_Y--> |y9=0,6,9,12,16,22,22,33,46,96,118,165,174,218,280,335,381,404,426,473,523,584,643,704,743,830,875,946,1000,1119,1171,1226,1280,1410,1480,1569,1620,1695,1739,1781,1923,2227,2276,2465,2741,2829,2941,3017,3111,3192,3255,3321,3372,3431,3458,3496,3568,3611,3694,3747,3747,4034,4164,4164,4236,4463,4578,4759,4813,4923,5003,5458,5612,5612,5922,6029,6180,6277,6538,6538,7013,7253,7443,7443,8067,8067,8651,9101,9426,9740,10080,10368,10816,11547,11547,12501,12917,13191,13606,13928,14631,15142,15142,16083,16678,17375,18062,18062,18740,19310,20257,20777,21197,22075,22622,23209,23209,24253,24512,24512,26052,26803,26803,28367,28939,29733,30297,31114,31762,31762,32533,33927,34655,35246,36259,37249,37249,38623,39447,40181,40968,41759,42511,43173,43173,44597,45381,46293,47028,48039,48039,49383,50028,50411,51114,51766,51892,51992,52655,53077 |y9Title=Arkansas |y8=28,45,72,101,131,131,160,183,216,277,363,475,591,720,912,1086,1430,1734,2061,2627,2627,2966,3342,3728,4173,4565,4950,5172,5429,5655,6510,6510,6893,7684,7691,7941,8280,8675,9047,9433,9730,10106,10447,10878,11262,12256,12968,13441,13879,14735,14758,15284,15768,16225,16635,16907,17364,17830,18801,18827,19703,19899,19879,20157,20475,20838,21232,21633,21938,22202,22482,22797,23191,23487,23964,24174,24269,24565,24767,25121,25613,26098,26378,26577,26788,27060,27360,27615,27848,28001,28183,28347,28499,28647,28822,29017,29130,29299,29442,29673,29901,30187,30349,30539,30705,30893,31155,31479,31796,32022,32307,32511,32715,33029,33352,33619,33866,34065,34257,34664,35116,35525,36191,36591,36913,37242,37686,38155,38726,39344,39788,40142,40566,41059,41698,42314,42980,43789,44336,44565,45314,45796,46204,46809,47267,47716,47968,48394,48988,49436,49893,50324,50660,51039,51441,51756,52219,52538,52838,53176 |y8Title=Colorado |y11=3,6,6,11,20,26,41,68,96,194,194,223,415,618,875,1012,1291,1291,1993,2571,3128,3557,3824,4914,5276,5675,6906,7781,7781,9784,10538,11510,12035,13381,13989,14755,15884,16809,16809,17550,19815,20360,22469,23100,23921,24582,25269,25269,26312,26767,27700,28764,28764,29287,29287,30621,30995,31784,32411,32984,33554,33765,34333,34855,35464,36085,36703,37419,38116,38430,39017,39208,39640,40022,40468,40873,41303,41288,41559,41762,42022,42201,42740,42979,43091,43239,43460,43818,43968,44092,44179,44347,44461,44689,44994,45088,45235,45349,45429,45440,45557,45715,45755,45782,45899,45913,45994,46059,46206,46303,46362,46514,46572,46646,46717,46717,46717,46976,47033,47108,47209,47287,47287,47287,47510,47530,47636,47750,47893,47893,47893,48055,48096,48223,48232,48776,48776,48776,48983,49077,49540,49670,49810,49810,49810,50062,50110,50225,50245,50320,50320,50320,50567,50684,50706,50782,50897,50897,50897,51267 |y11Title=Connecticut |y1=10,12,12,15,19,24,30,39,56,79,126,201,259,365,477,645,981,1232,1514,1786,2159,2565,3039,3437,3953,4411,4944,5507,5943,6351,6907,7435,7928,8236,8527,8955,9542,10154,10641,11210,11686,12097,12438,13039,13680,14395,15012,15961,16588,17182,17835,18630,19295,19933,20507,21033,21870,22503,23146,23732,24126,24627,25127,25473,26053,26655,27280,27778,28255,28705,29274,29936,30409,30901,31376,31715,32078,32437,33068,33558,34211,34574,34830,35237,35712,36096,36578,36997,37397,37623,38033,38337,38748,39146,39543,39909,40430,40786,41013,41438,41746,42061,42423,42633,42871,43140,43655,44140,44575,44930,45228,45594,45952,46387,46915,47432,48008,48331,48626,49063,49575,50300,51079,51612,52037,52685,53370,54080,54813,55654,56571,57206,57916,58673,59602,60598,61520,62372,62907,63678,64299,65253,66154,67122,67857,68433,69255,69975,71015,72254,73287,74328,74992,75862,76522,77565,78632,79676,80415,81006 |y1Title=Indiana |y10=13,14,16,17,18,22,23,29,38,45,68,90,105,124,145,179,235,298,336,424,497,549,614,699,786,868,946,1048,1145,1270,1388,1510,1587,1710,1899,1995,2141,2332,2513,2902,3159,3641,3748,3924,4445,5092,5476,5868,6376,6843,7145,7884,8641,9169,9703,10111,10404,11059,11457,11671,11959,12373,12912,13289,13675,14049,14328,14651,14955,15349,15614,16170,16504,16893,17252,17577,17703,18360,18573,18926,19244,19552,19697,20016,20055,20805,21152,21478,21667,21987,22236,22551,22938,23337,23717,23926,24053,24179,24461,24854,25275,25496,25963,26051,26373,26705,27197,27686,28012,28489,28782,29007,29451,30209,30429,31041,31353,31657,32029,32509,33240,33984,34647,35071,35529,35849,36291,37132,37722,37907,38723,39166,39474,39793,40634,41271,41671,42200,42554,42777,43277,44038,44582,44976,45492,45841,46042,46659,47361,47865,48283,48789,49071,49329,49806,50336,50932,51793,52428,52722 |y10Title=Iowa |y6=21,43,62,90,128,179,246,269,287,303,327,349,393,444,502,565,640,687,725,823,916,973,1056,1119,1158,1217,1330,1432,1534,1637,1732,1806,1864,2012,2165,2321,2486,2668,2788,2914,3190,3452,3758,4270,4788,5127,5512,6187,6788,7468,8116,8736,9071,9411,10235,10876,11510,12328,13040,13321,13552,14379,15043,15772,16565,17363,17705,18016,18987,19842,20609,21582,22374,22765,23121,23524,24308,24988,25559,26013,26181,26322,26897,27376,27889,28290,28688,28853,28988,29436,29866,30199,30418,30463,30465,30471,30693,30882,31296,31675,32031,32467,32920,33227,33469,33763,34123,34616,35033,35549,35861,36303,36716,37210,37624,37624,38136,38569,39133,39589,40163,40767,41571,42281,42772,43170,43742,44347,45013,45470,46204,47107,47457,47961,48721,49488,50291,51153,51803,52281,52947,53692,54463,55188,55947,56560,57162,57779,58640,59185,60101,60898,61516,61839,62303,62993,63723,64413,65152,65716 |y6Title=Minnesota |y2=0,1,4,6,10,12,21,34,50,80,140,207,249,320,377,485,579,663,758,847,937,1073,1177,1358,1455,1638,1738,1915,2003,2260,2469,2642,2781,2942,3087,3360,3624,3793,3974,4274,4512,4716,4894,5153,5434,5718,5911,6094,6342,6569,6815,7212,7441,7550,7877,8207,8424,8686,9090,9378,9501,9674,9908,10090,10483,10801,11123,11296,11432,11704,11967,12222,12624,13005,13252,13458,13731,14044,14372,14790,15229,15501,15752,16020,16322,16560,16759,16769,17270,17768,17768,18483,18483,19091,19348,19516,19799,20152,20641,20641,20641,20641,20641,22287,22898,23424,24516,25066,25531,25892,26567,27247,27900,28770,28770,30674,30900,31257,32214,32888,33591,34622,35419,36287,36680,37542,38567,39797,40829,41846,42638,43889,45524,47071,48053,49663,51097,52304,52957,54299,55804,57579,58747,59881,60553,61125,62199,63444,64400,65436,66646,67173,67649,68293,69374,69986,70930,71755,72136,72412 |y2Title=Mississippi |y4=1,1,2,4,5,6,8,13,24,47,73,90,183,183,356,502,669,838,838,1031,1327,1581,1834,2113,2291,2367,2722,3037,3327,3539,3799,4024,4160,4388,4686,4895,5111,5283,5517,5667,5807,5941,6137,6321,6625,6826,6997,7171,7303,7425,7562,7835,8154,8386,8754,8916,9102,9341,9489,9666,9844,9918,10006,10142,10317,10456,10675,10789,10945,11080,11232,11340,11558,11752,11988,12167,12291,12492,12673,12795,12962,13147,13327,13575,13767,14057,14253,14442,14553,14734,14913,15187,15390,15585,15810,15810,16189,16414,16625,16908,17201,17590,18003,18143,18143,18868,19421,19914,20261,20575,21043,21551,21927,22283,22830,23215,23436,23856,24629,25204,25999,25999,27133,27443,27890,28826,29714,30422,31288,32248,33094,33624,34762,36063,37700,39352,40709,41927,43050,44823,46750,48834,50323,51258,51840,52887,54080,55321,56383,57379,57379,57379,59954,60935,62530,63797,65270,66397,67475,68623 |y4Title=Missouri |y7=5,7,11,20,21,45,55,55,95,109,124,190,245,278,321,420,535,621,738,1008,1113,1279,1458,1514,1742,1836,1953,2087,2318,2456,2584,2700,2836,2971,3088,3211,3321,3524,3626,3728,3830,3937,4081,4208,4398,4539,4602,4690,4805,4898,4998,5227,5311,5426,5491,5594,5663,5766,5884,6028,6098,6152,6311,6394,6499,6614,6662,6857,6906,7046,7166,7255,7401,7696,7770,7879,7997,8113,8208,8350,8495,8593,8688,8830,8935,9090,9266,9460,9649,9786,10030,10164,10399,10678,10946,11173,11279,11658,11842,12076,12486,12931,13205,13535,13997,14362,14859,15240,16339,17160,17894,18456,19101,19733,20718,21575,22418,22909,23785,24301,24904,25908,26838,27683,28515,29619,30468,31915,33295,34477,35765,36713,37528,38657,39919,40885,41816,42843,43831,44936,45806,46824,48088,49074,50205,51199,52179,52828,53557,54533,55419,56230,56972,57520,58048,58650,59749,60608,61305,61967 |y7Title=Nevada |y5=1665,1921,2218,2484,2738,3107,3432,3810,4146,4551,4837,5121,5568,5923,6329,6700,7076,7397,7715,8120,8431,8869,9201,9485,9732,9953,10282,10547,10831,11118,11395,11605,11775,12079,12303,12619,12872,13174,13407,13583,13890,14133,14375,14628,14913,15110,15292,15566,15798,16042,16309,16653,16802,16943,17209,17470,17718,17914,18124,18275,18449,18741,18952,19179,19424,19650,19838,19991,20286,20535,20784,20988,21283,21492,21652,21909,22184,22483,22753,23047,23275,23456,23798,24086,24385,24677,25023,25227,25419,25732,26004,26281,26559,26825,26985,27095,27493,27925,28255,28575,28666,28680,28225,28680,28870,29386,29869,30367,30855,31404,31752,32253,32824,33435,34151,34778,35247,35898,36985,37420,37941,38581,39218,39218,40656,41757,42304,43046,44313,45067,46026,46946,47743,48575,49247,50009,50824,51849,52635,53321,54205,54985,55803,55803,57541,58173,58751,59379,60084,60917,61587,62523,63072,63647,64151,64702,65339,66139,66885,67461 |y5Title=Washington |y3=3,9,23,23,37,56,83,121,174,235,315,425,466,525,667,806,969,1134,1276,1422,1585,1821,2040,2263,2476,2643,2866,3064,3279,3443,3665,3822,3964,4080,4246,4453,4636,4839,5013,5176,5353,5509,5766,6011,6364,6715,6963,7161,7391,7660,8052,8550,8920,9227,9538,9896,10262,10621,11030,11402,11694,11920,12131,12449,12869,13344,13878,14257,14442,14692,15269,15792,16340,16843,17253,17571,17867,18513,19077,19843,20382,20564,20736,21155,21661,22193,22599,22937,23212,23434,23734,24070,24441,24795,25089,25340,25546,25844,26129,26590,26913,27326,27615,27878,28175,28641,29105,29668,30227,30707,31033,31662,32225,32809,33431,34207,34740,35230,35765,36410,37210,38099,39080,39877,40382,41349,42197,43139,44068,45099,45948,46675,47836,48583,49669,50727,51715,52680,53281,54064,54988,56079,56934,58058,58990,59401,60171,61110,61985,63028,64213,64835,65356,66123,66654,67622,68681,69547,70246,70715 |y3Title=Wisconsin <!--Numbers that I see for the linear plot April 11, 2020, 10:15 pm EDT: |yScaleType=--><!--log This is the line that makes this plot have a log axis, so leave it blank here!--> |yGrid= |xGrid= }} === Progression charts === No. of new daily cases (also in [https://covidtracking.com/data covidtracking.com] and [https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/us/ Worldometers]), with a seven-day [[moving average]]: <!--CASES PER DAY--> {{Graph:Chart |width=700 |height= |type=line |colors=#50A5FF, #0045FF |showValues=offset:1 |xAxisAngle=-40 |xType = date |xAxisFormat=%e %b <!--Search string NEW_X (if the date range is NOT the same as for total cases, you may need to add zeros to the y axis data with fewer dates to align the data)--> |x= Feb 26 2020,Feb 27 2020,Feb 28 2020,Feb 29 2020,Mar 1 2020,Mar 2 2020,Mar 3 2020,Mar 4 2020,Mar 5 2020,Mar 6 2020,Mar 7 2020,Mar 8 2020,Mar 9 2020,Mar 10 2020,Mar 11 2020,Mar 12 2020,Mar 13 2020,Mar 14 2020,Mar 15 2020,Mar 16 2020,Mar 17 2020,Mar 18 2020,Mar 19 2020,Mar 20 2020,Mar 21 2020,Mar 22 2020,Mar 23 2020,Mar 24 2020,Mar 25 2020,Mar 26 2020,Mar 27 2020,Mar 28 2020,Mar 29 2020,Mar 30 2020,Mar 31 2020,Apr 1 2020,Apr 2 2020,Apr 3 2020,Apr 4 2020,Apr 5 2020,Apr 6 2020,Apr 7 2020,Apr 8 2020,Apr 9 2020,Apr 10 2020,Apr 11 2020,Apr 12 2020,Apr 13 2020,Apr 14 2020,Apr 15 2020,Apr 16 2020,Apr 17 2020,Apr 18 2020,Apr 19 2020,Apr 20 2020,Apr 21 2020,Apr 22 2020,Apr 23 2020,Apr 24 2020,Apr 25 2020,Apr 26 2020,Apr 27 2020,Apr 28 2020,Apr 29 2020,Apr 30 2020,May 1 2020,May 2 2020,May 3 2020,May 4 2020,May 5 2020,May 6 2020,May 7 2020,May 8 2020,May 9 2020,May 10 2020,May 11 2020,May 12 2020,May 13 2020,May 14 2020,May 15 2020,May 16 2020,May 17 2020,May 18 2020,May 19 2020,May 20 2020,May 21 2020,May 22 2020,May 23 2020,May 24 2020,May 25 2020,May 26 2020,May 27 2020,May 28 2020,May 29 2020,May 30 2020,May 31 2020,Jun 1 2020,Jun 2 2020,Jun 3 2020,Jun 4 2020,Jun 5 2020,Jun 6 2020,Jun 7 2020,Jun 8 2020,Jun 9 2020,Jun 10 2020,Jun 11 2020,Jun 12 2020,Jun 13 2020,Jun 14 2020, Jun 15 2020,Jun 16 2020,Jun 17 2020,Jun 18 2020,Jun 19 2020,Jun 20 2020,Jun 21 2020,Jun 22 2020,Jun 23 2020,Jun 24 2020,Jun 25 2020,Jun 26 2020,Jun 27 2020,Jun 28 2020,Jun 29 2020,Jun 30 2020,Jul 1 2020,Jul 2 2020,Jul 3 2020,Jul 4 2020,Jul 5 2020,Jul 6 2020,Jul 7 2020,Jul 8 2020,Jul 9 2020,Jul 10 2020,Jul 11 2020,Jul 12 2020,Jul 13 2020,Jul 14 2020,Jul 15 2020,Jul 16 2020,Jul 17 2020,Jul 18 2020,Jul 19 2020,Jul 20 2020,Jul 21 2020,Jul 22 2020,Jul 23 2020,Jul 24 2020,Jul 25 2020,Jul 26 2020,Jul 27 2020,Jul 28 2020,Jul 29 2020,Jul 30 2020,Jul 31 2020,Aug 1 2020,Aug 2 2020,Aug 3 2020,Aug 4 2020,Aug 5 2020,Aug 6 2020,Aug 7 2020,Aug 8 2020,Aug 9 2020,Aug 10 2020,Aug 11 2020,Aug 12 2020,Aug 13 2020,Aug 14 2020,Aug 15 2020,Aug 16 2020,Aug 17 2020,Aug 18 2020,Aug 19 2020 |yAxisTitle=No. of new cases | yAxisMin = 1 | yAxisMax = <!--Search String NEW_Y (if the date range is NOT the same as for total cases, you may need to add zeros to the y axis data with fewer dates to align the data)--> |y1= 1, 0, 4, 5, 18, 15, 28, 26, 64, 77, 101, 144, 148, 291, 269, 393, 565, 662, 676, 872, 1291, 2410, 3948, 5417, 6271, 8631, 10410, 9939, 12226, 17050, 19046, 20093, 19118, 20463, 25396, 26732, 28812, 32182, 34068, 25717, 29362, 30752, 32039, 34243, 33578, 31869, 28057, 24685, 25987, 29465, 32076, 30915, 28084, 26013, 25132, 25178, 29246, 32331, 36137, 34956, 26884, 22086, 24429, 25904, 29674, 33007, 30568, 25393, 21278, 22252, 24859, 27535, 27114, 25562, 20697, 17779, 21486, 20549, 26762, 25382, 24527, 19731, 21109, 19962, 22368, 25028, 22206, 22717, 20253, 18554, 16682, 18636, 23016, 23575, 23816, 21684, 16079, 20048, 19685, 21004, 23292, 23394, 18550, 16313, 17182, 19958, 17847, 24421, 25891, 21141, 18307, 23047, 23620, 27082, 30927, 31963, 28095, 26558, 33315, 37945, 38853, 44726, 43581, 40691, 36390, 43865, 52609, 54869, 57209, 50445, 43003, 46727, 50940, 62425, 57437, 66786, 62653, 61038, 57942, 61834, 65370, 70254, 76091, 65389, 63591, 55896, 63496, 68377, 70719, 74360, 65944, 58631, 54806, 58540, 63255, 68543, 66364, 60817, 53561, 41963, 51185, 51884, 53305, 60184, 55692, 48769, 40171, 54443, 55170, 51335, 55057, 55348, 42181, 37240, 39794, 43798 |y2= ,,,,,,10, 14, 23, 33, 47, 65, 84, 122, 156, 203, 273, 353, 429, 533, 675, 981, 1489, 2182, 2984, 4120, 5483, 6718, 8120, 9992, 11939, 13914, 15412, 16848, 19056, 21128, 22809, 24685, 26682, 27624, 28896, 29661, 30419, 31195, 31394, 31080, 31414, 30746, 30065, 29698, 29388, 29008, 28467, 28175, 28239, 28123, 28092, 28128, 28874, 29856, 29981, 29545, 29438, 28961, 28581, 28134, 27507, 27294, 27179, 26868, 26719, 26413, 25571, 24856, 24185, 23685, 23576, 22960, 22850, 22602, 22455, 22317, 22792, 22575, 22834, 22587, 22133, 21874, 21949, 21584, 21115, 20582, 20295, 20490, 20647, 20852, 20498, 20979, 21129, 20842, 20801, 20741, 20293, 20327, 19917, 19956, 19505, 19666, 20023, 20393, 20678, 21516, 22039, 23358, 24288, 25155, 26149, 27327, 28794, 30841, 32522, 34494, 36153, 37953, 39357, 40864, 42959, 45247, 47031, 48011, 48341, 49818, 50829, 52231, 52598, 53966, 55710, 58287, 59889, 61445, 61866, 63697, 65026, 65417, 65782, 65489, 65727, 66156, 66223, 65975, 66055, 65346, 65190, 64482, 63751, 63440, 62298, 61565, 60841, 59006, 57955, 56331, 54154, 53271, 52539, 51854, 51598, 52064, 52533, 52252, 51520, 51470, 50529, 50111, 48014 <!--|yScaleType=log This is the line that makes this plot have a log axis--> |yGrid= |xGrid= }} No. of new daily deaths (also in [https://covidtracking.com/data covidtracking.com] and [https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/us/ Worldometers]), with a seven-day moving average: <!--DEATHS PER DAY--> {{Graph:Chart |width=700 |height= |colors=#A4A1A2, #343132 |showValues=offset:1 |xAxisAngle=-40 |type=line |xType=date |xAxisFormat=%e %b <!--Search String DEATH_X--> |x= Feb 26 2020,Feb 27 2020,Feb 28 2020,Feb 29 2020,Mar 1 2020,Mar 2 2020,Mar 3 2020,Mar 4 2020,Mar 5 2020,Mar 6 2020,Mar 7 2020,Mar 8 2020,Mar 9 2020,Mar 10 2020,Mar 11 2020,Mar 12 2020,Mar 13 2020,Mar 14 2020,Mar 15 2020,Mar 16 2020,Mar 17 2020,Mar 18 2020,Mar 19 2020,Mar 20 2020,Mar 21 2020,Mar 22 2020,Mar 23 2020,Mar 24 2020,Mar 25 2020,Mar 26 2020,Mar 27 2020,Mar 28 2020,Mar 29 2020,Mar 30 2020,Mar 31 2020,Apr 1 2020,Apr 2 2020,Apr 3 2020,Apr 4 2020,Apr 5 2020,Apr 6 2020,Apr 7 2020,Apr 8 2020,Apr 9 2020,Apr 10 2020,Apr 11 2020,Apr 12 2020,Apr 13 2020,Apr 14 2020,Apr 15 2020,Apr 16 2020,Apr 17 2020,Apr 18 2020,Apr 19 2020,Apr 20 2020,Apr 21 2020,Apr 22 2020,Apr 23 2020,Apr 24 2020,Apr 25 2020,Apr 26 2020,Apr 27 2020,Apr 28 2020,Apr 29 2020,Apr 30 2020,May 1 2020,May 2 2020,May 3 2020,May 4 2020,May 5 2020,May 6 2020,May 7 2020,May 8 2020,May 9 2020,May 10 2020,May 11 2020,May 12 2020,May 13 2020,May 14 2020,May 15 2020,May 16 2020,May 17 2020,May 18 2020,May 19 2020,May 20 2020,May 21 2020,May 22 2020,May 23 2020,May 24 2020,May 25 2020,May 26 2020,May 27 2020,May 28 2020,May 29 2020,May 30 2020,May 31 2020,Jun 1 2020,Jun 2 2020,Jun 3 2020,Jun 4 2020,Jun 5 2020,Jun 6 2020,Jun 7 2020,Jun 8 2020,Jun 9 2020,Jun 10 2020,Jun 11 2020,Jun 12 2020,Jun 13 2020,Jun 14 2020, Jun 15 2020,Jun 16 2020,Jun 17 2020,Jun 18 2020,Jun 19 2020,Jun 20 2020,Jun 21 2020,Jun 22 2020,Jun 23 2020,Jun 24 2020,Jun 25 2020,Jun 26 2020,Jun 27 2020,Jun 28 2020,Jun 29 2020,Jun 30 2020,Jul 1 2020,Jul 2 2020,Jul 3 2020,Jul 4 2020,Jul 5 2020,Jul 6 2020,Jul 7 2020,Jul 8 2020,Jul 9 2020,Jul 10 2020,Jul 11 2020,Jul 12 2020,Jul 13 2020,Jul 14 2020,Jul 15 2020,Jul 16 2020,Jul 17 2020,Jul 18 2020,Jul 19 2020,Jul 20 2020,Jul 21 2020,Jul 22 2020,Jul 23 2020,Jul 24 2020,Jul 25 2020,Jul 26 2020,Jul 27 2020,Jul 28 2020,Jul 29 2020,Jul 30 2020,Jul 31 2020,Aug 1 2020,Aug 2 2020,Aug 3 2020,Aug 4 2020,Aug 5 2020,Aug 6 2020,Aug 7 2020,Aug 8 2020,Aug 9 2020,Aug 10 2020,Aug 11 2020,Aug 12 2020,Aug 13 2020,Aug 14 2020,Aug 15 2020,Aug 16 2020,Aug 17 2020,Aug 18 2020,Aug 19 2020 |yAxisTitle=No. of new deaths | yAxisMin = 1 | yAxisMax = <!--Search string DEATH_Y--> |y1= 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 4, 3, 3, 0, 6, 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 4, 7, 7, 6, 13, 21, 26, 52, 51, 67, 109, 111, 162, 225, 253, 433, 447, 392, 554, 821, 939, 1075, 1186, 1346, 1175, 1214, 1928, 1936, 1831, 2078, 1910, 1493, 1462, 2378, 2438, 1871, 2080, 1743, 1634, 1643, 2624, 2119, 1840, 2053, 1825, 1161, 1237, 2204, 2536, 2083, 1794, 1668, 1117, 877, 2435, 2701, 1971, 1695, 1555, 941, 840, 1591, 1715, 1858, 1524, 1231, 785, 792, 1425, 1528, 1286, 1262, 1089, 646, 504, 634, 1379, 1216, 1175, 979, 605, 478, 1039, 1004, 909, 849, 725, 448, 491, 926, 861, 812, 758, 654, 345, 384, 739, 742, 694, 682, 550, 283, 292, 766, 688, 644, 598, 507, 250, 338, 613, 670, 671, 610, 273, 212, 244, 902, 810, 874, 839, 735, 476, 282, 785, 873, 924, 936, 879, 512, 390, 1039, 1103, 1082, 1150, 985, 552, 1079, 1144, 1449, 1231, 1323, 1207, 462, 505, 1265, 1328, 1248, 1287, 1109, 554, 432, 1334, 1486, 1149, 1234, 1190, 616, 400, 1205, 1369 |y2= , , , , , , 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 19, 25, 34, 48, 62, 83, 111, 140, 194, 249, 289, 352, 446, 548, 666, 773, 902, 1014, 1108, 1266, 1409, 1517, 1644, 1725, 1770, 1805, 1870, 1941, 1947, 1947, 1924, 1944, 1970, 2005, 1959, 1955, 1951, 1963, 1895, 1837, 1777, 1837, 1871, 1834, 1812, 1806, 1754, 1787, 1811, 1795, 1781, 1764, 1739, 1734, 1613, 1473, 1456, 1432, 1386, 1363, 1357, 1333, 1306, 1224, 1187, 1167, 1147, 1106, 993, 971, 961, 949, 933, 927, 924, 982, 928, 884, 838, 801, 779, 781, 765, 744, 730, 717, 707, 692, 677, 650, 633, 617, 606, 591, 582, 569, 573, 565, 558, 546, 540, 535, 542, 520, 517, 521, 523, 489, 484, 470, 512, 532, 561, 593, 659, 697, 703, 686, 695, 702, 716, 736, 742, 757, 793, 826, 849, 879, 894, 900, 999, 1014, 1063, 1084, 1109, 1141, 1128, 1046, 1063, 1046, 1048, 1043, 1029, 1042, 1031, 1042, 1064, 1050, 1043, 1054, 1063, 1058, 1040 |yScaleType= <!--log This is the option that makes the plot have a log axis, so leave it blank here!--> |yGrid= |xGrid= }} The plots above are charts showing the number of COVID-19 cases, deaths, and recoveries in the U.S. since February 26, 2020. The plot below uses a [[Logarithmic scale|log scale]] for all four y axes on one plot to show relationships between the trends. On a log scale, data that shows exponential growth will plot as a more-or-less straight line. Each major division is a factor of 10. This makes the slope of the plot the relative rate of change anywhere in the timeline, which allows comparison of one plot with the others throughout the pandemic.<!--One option in the Graph:Chart template, "yScaleType=log" makes this happen; this option was added for this article and is not yet documented in the template. If you accidentally break the chart, please don't delete that line. Template for Graph:Chart is at [[Template:Graph:Chart]]--> {{Graph:Chart |type=line |width=700 |height=480<!--height = 80 X <no. of log10 cycles in y axis>--> |colors=#50A5FF,#FFC000,#87CEEB,#A4A1A2 |showValues= |xType = date |xAxisFormat=%e %b |xAxisAngle=-40 |yAxisTitle=No. of cases |legend=Legend <!--When you update this chart, please clipboard copy the "x=..." and "|y1=..." lines to the linear charts, update second and third datasets from "y2=" and "y3=" to "y1="--> <!--Search string CASES_X (on this log scale combined chart, we use only one x axis for all three datasets!)--> |x= Mar 7 2020,Mar 8 2020,Mar 9 2020,Mar 10 2020,Mar 11 2020,Mar 12 2020,Mar 13 2020,Mar 14 2020,Mar 15 2020,Mar 16 2020,Mar 17 2020,Mar 18 2020,Mar 19 2020,Mar 20 2020,Mar 21 2020,Mar 22 2020,Mar 23 2020,Mar 24 2020,Mar 25 2020,Mar 26 2020,Mar 27 2020,Mar 28 2020,Mar 29 2020,Mar 30 2020,Mar 31 2020,Apr 1 2020,Apr 2 2020,Apr 3 2020,Apr 4 2020,Apr 5 2020,Apr 6 2020,Apr 7 2020,Apr 8 2020,Apr 9 2020,Apr 10 2020,Apr 11 2020,Apr 12 2020,Apr 13 2020,Apr 14 2020,Apr 15 2020,Apr 16 2020,Apr 17 2020,Apr 18 2020,Apr 19 2020,Apr 20 2020,Apr 21 2020,Apr 22 2020,Apr 23 2020,Apr 24 2020,Apr 25 2020,Apr 26 2020,Apr 27 2020,Apr 28 2020, Apr 29 2020,Apr 30 2020,May 1 2020,May 2 2020,May 3 2020,May 4 2020,May 5 2020,May 6 2020,May 7 2020,May 8 2020,May 9 2020,May 10 2020,May 11 2020,May 12 2020,May 13 2020,May 14 2020,May 15 2020,May 16 2020,May 17 2020,May 18 2020,May 19 2020,May 20 2020,May 21 2020,May 22 2020,May 23 2020,May 24 2020,May 25 2020,May 26 2020,May 27 2020, May 28 2020,May 29 2020,May 30 2020,May 31 2020,Jun 1 2020,Jun 2 2020,Jun 3 2020,Jun 4 2020,Jun 5 2020,Jun 6 2020, Jun 7 2020,Jun 8 2020,Jun 9 2020,Jun 10 2020,Jun 11 2020,Jun 12 2020,Jun 13 2020,Jun 14 2020, Jun 15 2020,Jun 16 2020,Jun 17 2020,Jun 18 2020,Jun 19 2020,Jun 20 2020,Jun 21 2020,Jun 22 2020,Jun 23 2020,Jun 24 2020,Jun 25 2020,Jun 26 2020,Jun 27 2020,Jun 28 2020,Jun 29 2020,Jun 30 2020,Jul 1 2020,Jul 2 2020,Jul 3 2020,Jul 4 2020,Jul 5 2020,Jul 6 2020,Jul 7 2020,Jul 8 2020,Jul 9 2020,Jul 10 2020,Jul 11 2020,Jul 12 2020,Jul 13 2020,Jul 14 2020,Jul 15 2020,Jul 16 2020,Jul 17 2020,Jul 18 2020,Jul 19 2020,Jul 20 2020,Jul 21 2020,Jul 22 2020,Jul 23 2020,Jul 24 2020,Jul 25 2020,Jul 26 2020,Jul 27 2020,Jul 28 2020,Jul 29 2020,Jul 30 2020,Jul 31 2020,Aug 1 2020,Aug 2 2020,Aug 3 2020,Aug 4 2020,Aug 5 2020,Aug 6 2020,Aug 7 2020,Aug 8 2020,Aug 9 2020,Aug 10 2020,Aug 11 2020,Aug 12 2020,Aug 13 2020,Aug 14 2020,Aug 15 2020,Aug 16 2020,Aug 17 2020,Aug 18 2020,Aug 19 2020 |y1Title=Total confirmed cases <!--Search string CASES_Y--> |y1=353,497,645,936,1205,1598,2163,2825,3501,4373,5662,8074,12018,17439,23710,32341,42749,52685,64916,81966,101022,121105,140223, 160686,186082,212814,241626,273808,307876,333593,362955,393707,425746,459989,493567,525436,553493,578178,604165,633630,665706,696621,724705,750718,775850,801028, 830274,862605,898742,933698,960582,982668,1007097,1033001,1062675,1095682,1126250,1151643,1172921,1195173,1220032,1247567,1274681,1300244,1320941,1338720,1360206, 1380755,1407517,1432899,1457426,1477157,1498266,1517928,1540296,1565324,1587530,1610247,1630500,1649054,1665736,1684372,1707388,1730963,1754779,1776463,1792542,1812590,1832275,1853279,1876571,1899965,1918515,1934828,1949450,1969696,1987543,2011966,2037857,2059048,2077355,2100402,2124026,2151108,2182035,2213998,2242093,2268651,2301966,2339911,2378764,2423490,2467071,2507762,2544152,2588017,2640626,2695495,2752704,2803149,2846152,2892879,2943823,3006248,3063685,3130471,3193124,3256142,3312104,3374256,3439626,3509880,3585701,3651090,3714681,3770577,3834073,3902450,3973169,4047529,4113473,4172104,4226910,4285450,4348705,4417248,4483612,4544429,4597990,4639953,4691138,4743022,4796327,4856511,4912203,4960972,5001143,5055586,5110756,5162091,5217148,5272496,5314677,5351917,5391711,5435509 |y2Title=Total active cases <!--Search string ACTIVE_Y--> |y2=319,461,604,890,1153,1542,2098,2720,3379,4222,5458,7844,11734,17062,23241,31755,41934,51625,63616,78943,96965,115835,133233, 152195,175025,199198,225330,254526,284706,306096,332648,359371,388257,417632,447746,474559,498923,517832,539569,556708,577041,603676,622242,643894,666006,678026,704026,732644,742208,767620,792724,793364,812341,830536,849801,875188,889793,911658,922260,929647,939883,958823,980048,989216,990394,1001761,987251,992473,1009605,1025234,1035540,1047329,1057652,1071092,1083036,1094597,1072512,1087331,1092413,1093162,1100258,1134630,1150190,1115401,1124178,1080647,1080693,1069170,1045169,1041699,1037780,1047215,1055509,1059562,1058320,1055239,1064956,1062773,1076492,1080740,1078847,1087980,1095107,1109297,1114475,1129008,1149406,1153098,1168173,1185228,1211749,1239465,1269806,1298228,1310560,1327655,1358248,1386035,1398237,1423492,1437124,1448224,1468350,1492149,1514963,1546843,1578816,1612415,1638009,1648648,1667378,1703037,1716322,1746846,1782806,1790661,1816524,1827744,1860401,1885154,1916111,1946137,1953390,1961495,1964151,1991542,2013976,2038255,2074040,2048917,2063955,2056054,2071481,2099278,2123258,2145242,2133748,2147443,2143872,2163457,2185337,2214454,2233483,2219460,2220538,2211734 |y3Title=Total recoveries <!--Search string RECOV_Y--> |y3= 15,15,15,15,15,15,16,49,60,75,107,107,109,147,171,178,296,379,394,1864,2465,3231,4559,5506,7251,8878,10483,12283,14825,17977,19573,21674, 22891,25928,27314,30453,32634,36948,38820,48708,57754,60510,68285,71012,72389,82923,84050,85922,110432,118162,118781,138990,142238,147411,155737,161563,173725, 178263,188068,200628,213084,217250,223603,238078,256336,262225,296746,310259,318027,326242,339232,346389,356383,361180,370076,382169,403201,446914,451702,464670,479969,490130,498725,519569,535238,599867,615416,645974,688670,712252,738646,751894,761708,773480,788862,808494,816086,841934,854106,870050,889866,903041,918796,930994,956061,972941,980355,1002929,1020403,1040605,1052293,1068703,1081437,1093456,1117177,1143334,1164680,1191091,1235488,1260405,1289564,1324947,1354863,1392679,1426428,1460495,1490446,1517084,1549469,1600195,1645962,1679633,1741233,1775219,1802338,1849989,1886583,1942637,1979617,2028074,2061692,2090129,2136603,2185894,2245044,2284965,2327572,2362903,2380217,2446798,2481680,2540137,2576668,2616967,2638470,2664701,2715934,2755348,2812603,2843204,2875147,2900188,2922724,2973587,3011098,3062331 <!--|y4Title=No. of DEATHS PER DAY--> |y4Title=Total deaths <!--Search string CUMULATIVE_DEATHS_Y--> |y4=19,21,26,31,37,41,49,56,62,76,97,123,175,230,298,408,519,681,906,1159,1592,2039,2431,2985,3806,4746,5821,7006,8359,9534,10746,12674, 14610,16466,18544,20443,21936,23398,25776,28214,30085,32435,34178,35812,37455,40079,42198,44038,46091,47916,49077,50314,52518,55054,57137,58931,60599,61716,62593,65028,67729,69700,71395,72950,73895,74735,76326,78041,79899,81423,82654,83439,84231,85656,87184,88470,89732,90821,91467,91971,92605,93984,95200,96375,97354,97959,98437,99476,100480,101389,102238,102963,103411,103902,104828,105689,106501,107259,107913,108258,108642,109381,110123,110817,111499,112049,112332,112624,113390,114078,114722,115320,115828,116077,116415,117028,117698,118369,118979,119252,119464,119708,120610,121420,122294,123133,123868,124346,124628,125413,126286,127210,128146, 129025,129537,129927,130966,132069,133151,134301,135286,135838,136917,138061,139510,140741,142064,143271,143733,144238,145503,146831,148079,149366,150475,151029,151461,152795,154281,155430,156664,157854,158470,158870,160075,161444 |yScaleType=log<!--This is the line that makes this plot have a log axis--> |yAxisMin = 1<!--Needed to avoid trying to show the values y2, y3 of 0, impossible on log scale because log(0)=-infinity--> |yGrid= |xGrid= }} Daily new tests from Our World in Data, from owid-covid-data.csv[https://github.com/owid/covid-19-data/tree/master/public/data] ([https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/daily-covid-19-tests-smoothed-7-day?country=~USA chart], [https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/daily-tests-per-thousand-people-smoothed-7-day?country=~USA pop-adjusted chart]), smoothed via seven-day moving average: {{Graph:Chart |type=line |width=500 |yAxisTitle=Daily new tests, US |xGrid= |yGrid= |yAxisMin=0 |xType=date |xAxisFormat=%e %b |xAxisAngle=-45 |x=2020-03-15, 2020-03-16, 2020-03-17, 2020-03-18, 2020-03-19, 2020-03-20, 2020-03-21, 2020-03-22, 2020-03-23, 2020-03-24, 2020-03-25, 2020-03-26, 2020-03-27, 2020-03-28, 2020-03-29, 2020-03-30, 2020-03-31, 2020-04-01, 2020-04-02, 2020-04-03, 2020-04-04, 2020-04-05, 2020-04-06, 2020-04-07, 2020-04-08, 2020-04-09, 2020-04-10, 2020-04-11, 2020-04-12, 2020-04-13, 2020-04-14, 2020-04-15, 2020-04-16, 2020-04-17, 2020-04-18, 2020-04-19, 2020-04-20, 2020-04-21, 2020-04-22, 2020-04-23, 2020-04-24, 2020-04-25, 2020-04-26, 2020-04-27, 2020-04-28, 2020-04-29, 2020-04-30, 2020-05-01, 2020-05-02, 2020-05-03, 2020-05-04, 2020-05-05, 2020-05-06, 2020-05-07, 2020-05-08, 2020-05-09, 2020-05-10, 2020-05-11, 2020-05-12, 2020-05-13, 2020-05-14, 2020-05-15, 2020-05-16, 2020-05-17, 2020-05-18, 2020-05-19, 2020-05-20, 2020-05-21, 2020-05-22, 2020-05-23, 2020-05-24, 2020-05-25, 2020-05-26, 2020-05-27, 2020-05-28, 2020-05-29, 2020-05-30, 2020-05-31, 2020-06-01, 2020-06-02, 2020-06-03, 2020-06-04, 2020-06-05, 2020-06-06, 2020-06-07, 2020-06-08, 2020-06-09, 2020-06-10, 2020-06-11, 2020-06-12, 2020-06-13, 2020-06-14, 2020-06-15, 2020-06-16, 2020-06-17, 2020-06-18, 2020-06-19, 2020-06-20, 2020-06-21, 2020-06-22, 2020-06-23, 2020-06-24, 2020-06-25, 2020-06-26, 2020-06-27, 2020-06-28, 2020-06-29, 2020-06-30, 2020-07-01, 2020-07-02, 2020-07-03, 2020-07-04, 2020-07-05, 2020-07-06, 2020-07-07, 2020-07-08, 2020-07-09, 2020-07-10, 2020-07-11, 2020-07-12, 2020-07-13, 2020-07-14, 2020-07-15, 2020/07/16, 2020/07/17, 2020/07/18, 2020/07/19, 2020/07/20, 2020/07/21, 2020/07/22, 2020/07/23, 2020/07/24, 2020/07/25, 2020/07/26, 2020/07/27, 2020/07/28, 2020/07/29, |y=4968, 7275, 9394, 12429, 15682, 19609, 25427, 30837, 36583, 43985, 52461, 62995, 72422, 81213, 87233, 95849, 102020, 105466, 107900, 112219, 129694, 134272, 139064, 145051, 150618, 158076, 161720, 148547, 151299, 148753, 148400, 146899, 145862, 145903, 147167, 149312, 150955, 151107, 177750, 181895, 192919, 211536, 219016, 226028, 233709, 221698, 227389, 235870, 231718, 236036, 241276, 250544, 251319, 261175, 261550, 267911, 272170, 293694, 298992, 309593, 318512, 327151, 337224, 352199, 348283, 361538, 374126, 388090, 395342, 399325, 400803, 410500, 396870, 382766, 378859, 390022, 395130, 397225, 395759, 411861, 434473, 438261, 440982, 453355, 460638, 458333, 458523, 453032, 452381, 468252, 467255, 472360, 477927, 484093, 492504, 500716, 493876, 502704, 506982, 510870, 516078, 519504, 536930, 541569, 546665, 557210, 581401, 600594, 618043, 621970, 639038, 644662, 654700, 638733, 638630, 637685, 642972, 657534, 656563, 666622, 695500, 713652, 732194, 760099, 763897, 772924, 778664, 781156, 778337, 783123, 782671, 795877, 801014, 809200, 816318, 813889, 820227 }} Daily new tests per 1000 pop from Our World in Data, from owid-covid-data.csv[https://github.com/owid/covid-19-data/tree/master/public/data] ([https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/daily-tests-per-thousand-people-smoothed-7-day?tab=chart&country=~USA chart]), seven-day moving average, for the U.S. and top 5 countries by latest test rate: {{Graph:Chart |type=line |width=500 |yAxisTitle=Daily new tests per 1000 pop |xGrid= |yGrid= |yAxisMin=0 |xType=date |xAxisFormat=%e %b |xAxisAngle=-45 |legend=Legend |colors=#00C,#BDD,#DBD,#DDB,#BBD,#BDB, |x = 2020-02-03, 2020-02-04, 2020-02-05, 2020-02-06, 2020-02-07, 2020-02-08, 2020-02-09, 2020-02-10, 2020-02-11, 2020-02-12, 2020-02-13, 2020-02-14, 2020-02-15, 2020-02-16, 2020-02-17, 2020-02-18, 2020-02-19, 2020-02-20, 2020-02-21, 2020-02-22, 2020-02-23, 2020-02-24, 2020-02-25, 2020-02-26, 2020-02-27, 2020-02-28, 2020-02-29, 2020-03-01, 2020-03-02, 2020-03-03, 2020-03-04, 2020-03-05, 2020-03-06, 2020-03-07, 2020-03-08, 2020-03-09, 2020-03-10, 2020-03-11, 2020-03-12, 2020-03-13, 2020-03-14, 2020-03-15, 2020-03-16, 2020-03-17, 2020-03-18, 2020-03-19, 2020-03-20, 2020-03-21, 2020-03-22, 2020-03-23, 2020-03-24, 2020-03-25, 2020-03-26, 2020-03-27, 2020-03-28, 2020-03-29, 2020-03-30, 2020-03-31, 2020-04-01, 2020-04-02, 2020-04-03, 2020-04-04, 2020-04-05, 2020-04-06, 2020-04-07, 2020-04-08, 2020-04-09, 2020-04-10, 2020-04-11, 2020-04-12, 2020-04-13, 2020-04-14, 2020-04-15, 2020-04-16, 2020-04-17, 2020-04-18, 2020-04-19, 2020-04-20, 2020-04-21, 2020-04-22, 2020-04-23, 2020-04-24, 2020-04-25, 2020-04-26, 2020-04-27, 2020-04-28, 2020-04-29, 2020-04-30, 2020-05-01, 2020-05-02, 2020-05-03, 2020-05-04, 2020-05-05, 2020-05-06, 2020-05-07, 2020-05-08, 2020-05-09, 2020-05-10, 2020-05-11, 2020-05-12, 2020-05-13, 2020-05-14, 2020-05-15, 2020-05-16, 2020-05-17, 2020-05-18, 2020-05-19, 2020-05-20, 2020-05-21, 2020-05-22, 2020-05-23, 2020-05-24, 2020-05-25, 2020-05-26, 2020-05-27, 2020-05-28, 2020-05-29, 2020-05-30, 2020-05-31, 2020-06-01, 2020-06-02, 2020-06-03, 2020-06-04, 2020-06-05, 2020-06-06, 2020-06-07, 2020-06-08, 2020-06-09, 2020-06-10, 2020-06-11, 2020-06-12, 2020-06-13, 2020-06-14, 2020-06-15, 2020-06-16, 2020-06-17, 2020-06-18, 2020-06-19, 2020-06-20, 2020-06-21, 2020-06-22, 2020-06-23, 2020-06-24, 2020-06-25, 2020-06-26, 2020-06-27, 2020-06-28, 2020-06-29, 2020-06-30, 2020-07-01, 2020-07-02, 2020-07-03, 2020-07-04, 2020-07-05, 2020-07-06, 2020-07-07, 2020-07-08, 2020-07-09, 2020-07-10, 2020-07-11, 2020-07-12, 2020-07-13, 2020-07-14, 2020-07-15, 2020-07-16, 2020-07-17, 2020-07-18, 2020-07-19, 2020-07-20, 2020-07-21, 2020-07-22, 2020-07-23, 2020-07-24, 2020-07-25, 2020-07-26, 2020-07-27, 2020-07-28, 2020-07-29, 2020-07-30, 2020-07-31, 2020-08-01, 2020-08-02, 2020-08-03, 2020-08-04, 2020-08-05, 2020-08-06, 2020-08-07, 2020-08-08, 2020-08-09, 2020-08-10, 2020-08-11, 2020-08-12, 2020-08-13, 2020-08-14, 2020-08-15, 2020-08-16, 2020-08-17, 2020-08-18, 2020-08-19 |y1 = , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 0.012, 0.015, 0.022, 0.028, 0.038, 0.047, 0.059, 0.077, 0.093, 0.111, 0.133, 0.158, 0.190, 0.219, 0.245, 0.264, 0.290, 0.308, 0.319, 0.326, 0.339, 0.392, 0.406, 0.420, 0.438, 0.455, 0.478, 0.489, 0.449, 0.457, 0.449, 0.448, 0.444, 0.441, 0.441, 0.445, 0.451, 0.456, 0.457, 0.537, 0.550, 0.583, 0.639, 0.662, 0.683, 0.706, 0.670, 0.687, 0.713, 0.700, 0.713, 0.729, 0.757, 0.759, 0.789, 0.790, 0.809, 0.822, 0.887, 0.903, 0.935, 0.962, 0.988, 1.019, 1.064, 1.052, 1.092, 1.130, 1.172, 1.194, 1.206, 1.211, 1.240, 1.199, 1.156, 1.145, 1.178, 1.194, 1.200, 1.196, 1.244, 1.313, 1.324, 1.332, 1.383, 1.395, 1.387, 1.388, 1.371, 1.371, 1.421, 1.401, 1.428, 1.444, 1.463, 1.488, 1.512, 1.491, 1.518, 1.529, 1.544, 1.555, 1.570, 1.622, 1.636, 1.654, 1.685, 1.763, 1.820, 1.869, 1.880, 1.925, 1.944, 1.986, 1.923, 1.928, 1.926, 1.943, 1.986, 2.011, 2.044, 2.127, 2.185, 2.243, 2.296, 2.308, 2.335, 2.352, 2.360, 2.351, 2.366, 2.372, 2.410, 2.420, 2.445, 2.466, 2.460, 2.485, 2.470, 2.383, 2.358, 2.296, 2.284, 2.267, 2.192, 2.160, 2.176, 2.152, 2.151, 2.145, 2.163, 2.076, 2.140, 2.174, 2.205, 2.234, 2.205, 2.163, |y1Title = U.S. |y2 = , , , 0.007, 0.008, 0.008, 0.008, 0.027, 0.032, 0.032, 0.032, 0.032, 0.032, 0.046, 0.041, 0.047, 0.058, 0.067, 0.077, 0.086, 0.130, 0.119, 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3.268, 3.205, 3.191, 3.057, 3.010, 2.897, 2.783, 2.686, 2.614, 2.466, 2.369, 2.265, 2.197, 2.038, 2.011, 1.984, 2.027, 1.998, 1.998, 2.045, 2.099, 2.231, 2.247, 2.274, 2.292, 2.278, 2.188, 2.106, 1.930, 1.902, 1.801, 1.805, 1.859, 1.889, 1.916, 1.882, 1.900, 1.782, 1.850, 1.807, 1.819, 1.857, 1.893, 1.873, 1.991, 1.875, 1.848, 1.780, 1.701, 1.692, 1.692, 1.692, 1.760, 1.850, 1.900, 1.934, 1.964, 2.004, 2.013, 2.025, 2.034, 2.034, 2.111, 2.235, 2.321, 2.448, 2.643, 2.840, 2.962, 3.178, 3.241, 3.431, 3.479, 3.551, 3.567, 3.696, 3.633, 3.753, 3.812, 3.934, 4.034, 4.265, 4.419, 4.704, 4.817, 5.028, 5.107, , |y3Title = Malta |y4 = , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 0.311, 0.330, 0.350, 0.356, 0.361, 0.437, 0.554, 0.689, 0.779, 0.884, 0.990, 1.095, 1.097, 1.064, 1.031, 0.942, 0.839, 0.735, 0.624, 0.615, 0.606, 0.597, 0.645, 0.684, 1.048, 1.266, 1.359, 1.470, 1.549, 1.653, 1.801, 1.644, 1.649, 1.737, 1.718, 1.834, 1.841, 1.835, 1.911, 1.929, 1.979, 2.059, 1.938, 2.162, 2.337, 2.298, 2.308, 2.294, 2.444, 2.491, 2.411, 2.340, 2.522, 2.669, 2.837, 2.807, 3.080, 3.196, 3.365, 3.347, 3.459, 3.560, 3.797, 3.757, 4.230, 4.352, 4.433, 4.387, 4.224, 4.203, 4.305, 3.915, 3.892, 3.725, 3.430, 3.192, 2.980, 2.978, 2.938, 2.772, 2.989, 3.298, 3.737, 3.916, 3.985, 4.193, 4.349, 4.218, 4.298, 3.988, 4.060, 4.078, 4.107, 4.153, 4.312, 4.267, 5.024, 5.045, 5.076, 4.983, 5.001, 5.008, 5.081, 4.348, 4.013, 4.063, 4.120, 4.256, 4.297, 4.265, 4.639, 5.055, 5.172, 5.260, 5.287, 6.121, 6.345, 6.406, 6.424, 5.971, 5.551, 5.453, 4.576, 4.546, 4.536, 4.581, 4.874, 5.271, 5.177, 5.126, 5.028, 5.813, 5.658, 5.641, 5.659, 5.826, 6.021, 6.100, 5.338, 5.448, 5.536, 5.087, 4.659, 4.496, 4.353, 4.196, 3.802, 3.430, 3.837, 4.242, 4.192, 4.316, 4.522, 5.950, 6.023, 5.717, 5.717, 5.827, 5.872, 5.801, 4.817 |y4Title = Bahrain |y5 = , 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.001, 0.004, 0.005, 0.007, 0.008, 0.010, 0.012, 0.013, 0.013, 0.015, 0.015, 0.020, 0.032, 0.050, 0.070, 0.084, 0.098, 0.110, 0.122, 0.133, 0.137, 0.145, 0.174, 0.186, 0.186, 0.181, 0.184, 0.188, 0.192, 0.186, 0.209, 0.228, 0.247, 0.299, 0.350, 0.404, 0.506, 0.618, 0.675, 0.697, 0.780, 0.858, 0.909, 0.830, 0.724, 0.688, 0.686, 0.578, 0.573, 0.574, 0.642, 0.703, 0.705, 0.699, 0.810, 0.898, 1.045, 1.221, 1.469, 1.718, 1.927, 2.190, 2.350, 2.460, 2.546, 2.537, 2.505, 2.472, 2.483, 2.471, 2.428, 2.389, 2.239, 2.168, 2.111, 2.078, 2.053, 2.063, 2.029, 2.135, 2.122, 2.131, 2.103, 2.106, 2.099, 1.987, 1.979, 2.005, 2.045, 2.119, 2.145, 2.153, 2.269, 2.256, 2.216, 2.191, 1.955, 1.944, 1.911, 1.879, 1.826, 1.846, 1.849, 2.049, 2.052, 2.089, 2.155, 2.284, 2.334, 2.367, 2.388, 2.451, 2.556, 2.629, 2.681, 2.733, 2.791, 2.883, 2.950, 2.971, 2.954, 2.926, 2.861, 2.813, 2.746, 2.671, 2.610, 2.574, 2.537, 2.540, 2.547, 2.525, 2.491, 2.449, 2.423, 2.420, 2.420, 2.405, 2.416, 2.421, 2.432, 2.454, 2.456, 2.481, 2.526, 2.524, 2.522, 2.529, 2.544, 2.590, 2.616, 2.662, 2.723, 2.815, 2.904, 3.021, 3.115, 3.178, 3.250, 3.317, 3.430, 3.545, 3.700, 3.877, 4.037, 4.165, 4.350, 4.562, 4.805, 4.973, 5.108, 5.201, 5.150, 4.579, , |y5Title = Denmark |y6 = , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 0.022, 0.039, 0.072, 0.109, 0.154, 0.188, 0.221, 0.243, 0.269, 0.310, 0.334, 0.350, 0.368, 0.358, 0.369, 0.385, 0.384, 0.423, 0.469, 0.508, 0.590, 0.635, 0.693, 0.736, 0.767, 0.750, 0.731, 0.670, 0.630, 0.573, 0.563, 0.555, 0.602, 0.653, 0.696, 0.744, 0.838, 0.922, 1.002, 1.065, 1.119, 1.114, 1.083, 1.005, 0.986, 0.938, 0.906, 0.866, 0.853, 0.885, 0.948, 0.991, 1.065, 1.109, 1.188, 1.229, 1.219, 1.254, 1.245, 1.213, 1.212, 1.120, 1.082, 1.089, 1.057, 1.030, 0.991, 0.945, 0.918, 0.906, 0.868, 0.850, 0.795, 0.759, 0.682, 0.647, 0.601, 0.566, 0.477, 0.429, 0.389, 0.389, 0.387, 0.392, 0.404, 0.445, 0.465, 0.469, 0.468, 0.481, 0.482, 0.496, 0.525, 0.572, 0.670, 0.810, 0.913, 0.989, 1.072, 1.237, 1.400, 1.505, 1.548, 1.530, 1.511, 1.441, 1.304, 1.093, 0.912, 0.726, 0.636, 0.586, 0.576, 0.505, 0.498, 0.465, 0.440, 0.426, 0.425, 0.425, 0.423, 0.417, 0.415, 0.425, 0.411, 0.401, 0.383, 0.386, 0.372, 0.382, 0.379, 0.391, 0.387, 0.390, 0.406, 0.409, 0.398, 0.419, 0.438, 0.472, 0.487, 0.529, 0.603, 0.648, 0.657, 0.711, 0.724, 0.732, 0.735, 0.764, 1.110, 1.719, 2.295, 3.003, 3.493, 4.050, |y6Title = New Zealand }} Test positivity rate for the U.S., calculated from Our World in Data (OWID), from owid-covid-data.csv[https://github.com/owid/covid-19-data/tree/master/public/data] ([https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/positive-rate-daily-smoothed?tab=chart&country=~USA chart]), smoothed via seven-day moving average: {{Graph:Chart |type=line |width=500 |yAxisTitle=Test positivity rate in %, US |xGrid= |yGrid= |yAxisMin=0 |xType=date |xAxisFormat=%e %b |xAxisAngle=-45 |x = 2020-03-14, 2020-03-15, 2020-03-16, 2020-03-17, 2020-03-18, 2020-03-19, 2020-03-20, 2020-03-21, 2020-03-22, 2020-03-23, 2020-03-24, 2020-03-25, 2020-03-26, 2020-03-27, 2020-03-28, 2020-03-29, 2020-03-30, 2020-03-31, 2020-04-01, 2020-04-02, 2020-04-03, 2020-04-04, 2020-04-05, 2020-04-06, 2020-04-07, 2020-04-08, 2020-04-09, 2020-04-10, 2020-04-11, 2020-04-12, 2020-04-13, 2020-04-14, 2020-04-15, 2020-04-16, 2020-04-17, 2020-04-18, 2020-04-19, 2020-04-20, 2020-04-21, 2020-04-22, 2020-04-23, 2020-04-24, 2020-04-25, 2020-04-26, 2020-04-27, 2020-04-28, 2020-04-29, 2020-04-30, 2020-05-01, 2020-05-02, 2020-05-03, 2020-05-04, 2020-05-05, 2020-05-06, 2020-05-07, 2020-05-08, 2020-05-09, 2020-05-10, 2020-05-11, 2020-05-12, 2020-05-13, 2020-05-14, 2020-05-15, 2020-05-16, 2020-05-17, 2020-05-18, 2020-05-19, 2020-05-20, 2020-05-21, 2020-05-22, 2020-05-23, 2020-05-24, 2020-05-25, 2020-05-26, 2020-05-27, 2020-05-28, 2020-05-29, 2020-05-30, 2020-05-31, 2020-06-01, 2020-06-02, 2020-06-03, 2020-06-04, 2020-06-05, 2020-06-06, 2020-06-07, 2020-06-08, 2020-06-09, 2020-06-10, 2020-06-11, 2020-06-12, 2020-06-13, 2020-06-14, 2020-06-15, 2020-06-16, 2020-06-17, 2020-06-18, 2020-06-19, 2020-06-20, 2020-06-21, 2020-06-22, 2020-06-23, 2020-06-24, 2020-06-25, 2020-06-26, 2020-06-27, 2020-06-28, 2020-06-29, 2020-06-30, 2020-07-01, 2020-07-02, 2020-07-03, 2020-07-04, 2020-07-05, 2020-07-06, 2020-07-07, 2020-07-08, 2020-07-09, 2020-07-10, 2020-07-11, 2020-07-12, 2020-07-13, 2020-07-14, 2020-07-15, 2020-07-16, 2020-07-17, 2020-07-18, 2020-07-19, 2020-07-20, 2020-07-21, 2020-07-22, 2020-07-23, 2020-07-24, 2020-07-25, 2020-07-26, 2020-07-27, 2020-07-28, 2020-07-29, 2020-07-30, 2020-07-31, 2020-08-01, 2020-08-02, 2020-08-03, 2020-08-04, 2020-08-05, 2020-08-06, 2020-08-07, 2020-08-08, 2020-08-09, 2020-08-10, 2020-08-11, 2020-08-12, 2020-08-13, 2020-08-14, 2020-08-15, 2020-08-16 |y = 7.6, 7.5, 7.2, 6.8, 6.8, 7.5, 8.8, 9.0, 9.7, 11.2, 12.7, 13.2, 13.7, 14.1, 14.9, 15.9, 16.1, 16.5, 18.3, 19.6, 20.4, 19.9, 20.7, 20.9, 21.0, 20.7, 20.2, 20.1, 21.8, 20.6, 21.2, 20.7, 20.6, 20.4, 20.2, 19.5, 19.7, 19.1, 19.4, 18.2, 16.9, 15.7, 13.8, 14.1, 13.6, 12.5, 12.3, 12.7, 12.6, 13.4, 11.8, 11.4, 11.0, 11.0, 10.4, 10.4, 9.7, 9.3, 8.5, 8.2, 7.8, 7.5, 7.2, 6.9, 6.4, 6.4, 6.4, 6.1, 6.0, 5.8, 5.7, 5.5, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.6, 5.4, 5.4, 5.4, 5.4, 5.2, 5.0, 5.0, 4.9, 4.7, 4.7, 4.8, 4.7, 4.7, 4.7, 4.6, 4.7, 4.7, 4.6, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 5.1, 5.2, 5.5, 5.8, 5.8, 6.1, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.6, 6.7, 7.0, 7.1, 7.2, 7.2, 7.7, 7.9, 8.2, 8.3, 8.3, 8.4, 8.7, 8.5, 8.4, 8.4, 8.4, 8.6, 8.6, 8.5, 8.6, 8.6, 8.6, 8.6, 8.2, 8.3, 8.3, 8.1, 8.1, 7.8, 8.0, 8.4, 8.3, 8.3, 8.2, 8.1, 8.2, 7.9, 7.7, 7.6, 7.6, 7.6, 7.6, 7.8, 7.7, 7.4, 7.4, 7.2 }} Test positivity rate is the ratio of positive tests to all tests made on the day. Charts of test positivity rate on U.S. state level are available in [https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/testing/tracker/overview coronavirus.jhu.edu]. As of July 19, 2020, maximum test positivity rates on state-level (seven-day average) are 23.6% for Arizona, 19.1% for Nevada and 18.7% for Florida [https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/testing/tracker/overview Track Testing Trends]. An up-to-date hospitalization chart is available at [https://covidtracking.com/data covidtracking.com]. A map in which progression charts for current hospitalizations per state are available on mouseover is available in [https://covidtracking.com/data/charts/currently-hospitalized-by-state Currently Hospitalized by State], covidtracking.com. Weekly all-cause deaths in the U.S. based on CDC data [https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/covid19/excess_deaths.htm Excess Deaths Associated with COVID-19]: {{Graph:Chart |width=700 |type=line |xAxisAngle=-40 |xType = date |yAxisMin = 0 |xAxisFormat=%e %b %Y |yAxisTitle=Weekly all-cause deaths |yGrid=|xGrid= |x = 2017-01-14, 2017-01-21, 2017-01-28, 2017-02-04, 2017-02-11, 2017-02-18, 2017-02-25, 2017-03-04, 2017-03-11, 2017-03-18, 2017-03-25, 2017-04-01, 2017-04-08, 2017-04-15, 2017-04-22, 2017-04-29, 2017-05-06, 2017-05-13, 2017-05-20, 2017-05-27, 2017-06-03, 2017-06-10, 2017-06-17, 2017-06-24, 2017-07-01, 2017-07-08, 2017-07-15, 2017-07-22, 2017-07-29, 2017-08-05, 2017-08-12, 2017-08-19, 2017-08-26, 2017-09-02, 2017-09-09, 2017-09-16, 2017-09-23, 2017-09-30, 2017-10-07, 2017-10-14, 2017-10-21, 2017-10-28, 2017-11-04, 2017-11-11, 2017-11-18, 2017-11-25, 2017-12-02, 2017-12-09, 2017-12-16, 2017-12-23, 2017-12-30, 2018-01-06, 2018-01-13, 2018-01-20, 2018-01-27, 2018-02-03, 2018-02-10, 2018-02-17, 2018-02-24, 2018-03-03, 2018-03-10, 2018-03-17, 2018-03-24, 2018-03-31, 2018-04-07, 2018-04-14, 2018-04-21, 2018-04-28, 2018-05-05, 2018-05-12, 2018-05-19, 2018-05-26, 2018-06-02, 2018-06-09, 2018-06-16, 2018-06-23, 2018-06-30, 2018-07-07, 2018-07-14, 2018-07-21, 2018-07-28, 2018-08-04, 2018-08-11, 2018-08-18, 2018-08-25, 2018-09-01, 2018-09-08, 2018-09-15, 2018-09-22, 2018-09-29, 2018-10-06, 2018-10-13, 2018-10-20, 2018-10-27, 2018-11-03, 2018-11-10, 2018-11-17, 2018-11-24, 2018-12-01, 2018-12-08, 2018-12-15, 2018-12-22, 2018-12-29, 2019-01-05, 2019-01-12, 2019-01-19, 2019-01-26, 2019-02-02, 2019-02-09, 2019-02-16, 2019-02-23, 2019-03-02, 2019-03-09, 2019-03-16, 2019-03-23, 2019-03-30, 2019-04-06, 2019-04-13, 2019-04-20, 2019-04-27, 2019-05-04, 2019-05-11, 2019-05-18, 2019-05-25, 2019-06-01, 2019-06-08, 2019-06-15, 2019-06-22, 2019-06-29, 2019-07-06, 2019-07-13, 2019-07-20, 2019-07-27, 2019-08-03, 2019-08-10, 2019-08-17, 2019-08-24, 2019-08-31, 2019-09-07, 2019-09-14, 2019-09-21, 2019-09-28, 2019-10-05, 2019-10-12, 2019-10-19, 2019-10-26, 2019-11-02, 2019-11-09, 2019-11-16, 2019-11-23, 2019-11-30, 2019-12-07, 2019-12-14, 2019-12-21, 2019-12-28, 2020-01-04, 2020-01-11, 2020-01-18, 2020-01-25, 2020-02-01, 2020-02-08, 2020-02-15, 2020-02-22, 2020-02-29, 2020-03-07, 2020-03-14, 2020-03-21, 2020-03-28, 2020-04-04, 2020-04-11, 2020-04-18, 2020-04-25, 2020-05-02, 2020-05-09, 2020-05-16, 2020-05-23, 2020-05-30, 2020-06-06, 2020-06-13, 2020-06-20, 2020-06-27, 2020-07-04, 2020-07-11, 2020-07-18 |y = 61124, 59444, 58176, 58537, 59175, 58591, 58385, 57370, 57597, 56780, 57161, 55827, 55267, 54976, 53168, 53404, 52753, 52082, 52574, 51101, 51370, 51525, 50933, 51326, 50742, 51090, 50122, 50230, 49505, 50210, 50364, 50296, 49666, 50960, 51116, 51820, 51353, 51462, 52250, 51703, 52357, 52672, 53823, 53384, 53919, 54225, 54903, 55749, 57537, 59672, 61261, 66339, 67664, 64820, 62922, 61124, 61243, 59931, 57954, 56830, 57244, 56462, 55912, 55045, 55421, 55359, 54152, 53848, 53875, 52215, 50739, 51066, 51162, 52123, 51514, 51230, 50995, 51812, 51337, 50731, 50432, 50799, 51142, 50423, 50577, 50745, 50429, 51215, 51720, 51098, 52486, 51972, 53113, 53892, 53784, 53692, 54820, 54981, 55210, 56095, 56530, 56671, 56180, 58462, 58506, 58351, 58042, 58276, 58650, 58116, 58141, 58071, 58664, 58033, 57214, 56773, 56710, 55641, 54584, 53767, 54118, 53611, 53676, 53822, 52856, 53292, 52790, 52418, 52320, 52498, 52070, 51788, 51800, 51554, 51849, 51128, 51141, 51284, 51953, 51751, 51905, 52869, 52679, 53217, 54435, 54155, 54206, 55814, 56030, 56313, 55591, 57432, 57772, 57575, 58613, 60103, 60654, 59281, 59025, 58626, 59254, 58888, 59020, 59373, 59555, 58312, 59075, 63163, 72502, 79493, 77343, 74437, 69826, 67339, 65047, 62119, 60218, 59414, 58552, 58387, 57304, 57792, 59803, 60510 }} Weekly all-cause deaths in the U.S., based on mortality.org data, stmf.csv [https://mpidr.shinyapps.io/stmortality/ ]: {{Graph:Chart |width=700 |type=line |xType = date |xAxisFormat=%e %b %Y |xAxisAngle=-40 |yAxisMin = 0 |yAxisTitle=Weekly all-cause deaths |yGrid=|xGrid= |x = 2013-01-06, 2013-01-13, 2013-01-20, 2013-01-27, 2013-02-03, 2013-02-10, 2013-02-17, 2013-02-24, 2013-03-03, 2013-03-10, 2013-03-17, 2013-03-24, 2013-03-31, 2013-04-07, 2013-04-14, 2013-04-21, 2013-04-28, 2013-05-05, 2013-05-12, 2013-05-19, 2013-05-26, 2013-06-02, 2013-06-09, 2013-06-16, 2013-06-23, 2013-06-30, 2013-07-07, 2013-07-14, 2013-07-21, 2013-07-28, 2013-08-04, 2013-08-11, 2013-08-18, 2013-08-25, 2013-09-01, 2013-09-08, 2013-09-15, 2013-09-22, 2013-09-29, 2013-10-06, 2013-10-13, 2013-10-20, 2013-10-27, 2013-11-03, 2013-11-10, 2013-11-17, 2013-11-24, 2013-12-01, 2013-12-08, 2013-12-15, 2013-12-22, 2013-12-29, 2014-01-05, 2014-01-12, 2014-01-19, 2014-01-26, 2014-02-02, 2014-02-09, 2014-02-16, 2014-02-23, 2014-03-02, 2014-03-09, 2014-03-16, 2014-03-23, 2014-03-30, 2014-04-06, 2014-04-13, 2014-04-20, 2014-04-27, 2014-05-04, 2014-05-11, 2014-05-18, 2014-05-25, 2014-06-01, 2014-06-08, 2014-06-15, 2014-06-22, 2014-06-29, 2014-07-06, 2014-07-13, 2014-07-20, 2014-07-27, 2014-08-03, 2014-08-10, 2014-08-17, 2014-08-24, 2014-08-31, 2014-09-07, 2014-09-14, 2014-09-21, 2014-09-28, 2014-10-05, 2014-10-12, 2014-10-19, 2014-10-26, 2014-11-02, 2014-11-09, 2014-11-16, 2014-11-23, 2014-11-30, 2014-12-07, 2014-12-14, 2014-12-21, 2014-12-28, 2015-01-04, 2015-01-11, 2015-01-18, 2015-01-25, 2015-02-01, 2015-02-08, 2015-02-15, 2015-02-22, 2015-03-01, 2015-03-08, 2015-03-15, 2015-03-22, 2015-03-29, 2015-04-05, 2015-04-12, 2015-04-19, 2015-04-26, 2015-05-03, 2015-05-10, 2015-05-17, 2015-05-24, 2015-05-31, 2015-06-07, 2015-06-14, 2015-06-21, 2015-06-28, 2015-07-05, 2015-07-12, 2015-07-19, 2015-07-26, 2015-08-02, 2015-08-09, 2015-08-16, 2015-08-23, 2015-08-30, 2015-09-06, 2015-09-13, 2015-09-20, 2015-09-27, 2015-10-04, 2015-10-11, 2015-10-18, 2015-10-25, 2015-11-01, 2015-11-08, 2015-11-15, 2015-11-22, 2015-11-29, 2015-12-06, 2015-12-13, 2015-12-20, 2015-12-27, 2016-01-03, 2016-01-10, 2016-01-17, 2016-01-24, 2016-01-31, 2016-02-07, 2016-02-14, 2016-02-21, 2016-02-28, 2016-03-06, 2016-03-13, 2016-03-20, 2016-03-27, 2016-04-03, 2016-04-10, 2016-04-17, 2016-04-24, 2016-05-01, 2016-05-08, 2016-05-15, 2016-05-22, 2016-05-29, 2016-06-05, 2016-06-12, 2016-06-19, 2016-06-26, 2016-07-03, 2016-07-10, 2016-07-17, 2016-07-24, 2016-07-31, 2016-08-07, 2016-08-14, 2016-08-21, 2016-08-28, 2016-09-04, 2016-09-11, 2016-09-18, 2016-09-25, 2016-10-02, 2016-10-09, 2016-10-16, 2016-10-23, 2016-10-30, 2016-11-06, 2016-11-13, 2016-11-20, 2016-11-27, 2016-12-04, 2016-12-11, 2016-12-18, 2016-12-25, 2017-01-01, 2017-01-08, 2017-01-15, 2017-01-22, 2017-01-29, 2017-02-05, 2017-02-12, 2017-02-19, 2017-02-26, 2017-03-05, 2017-03-12, 2017-03-19, 2017-03-26, 2017-04-02, 2017-04-09, 2017-04-16, 2017-04-23, 2017-04-30, 2017-05-07, 2017-05-14, 2017-05-21, 2017-05-28, 2017-06-04, 2017-06-11, 2017-06-18, 2017-06-25, 2017-07-02, 2017-07-09, 2017-07-16, 2017-07-23, 2017-07-30, 2017-08-06, 2017-08-13, 2017-08-20, 2017-08-27, 2017-09-03, 2017-09-10, 2017-09-17, 2017-09-24, 2017-10-01, 2017-10-08, 2017-10-15, 2017-10-22, 2017-10-29, 2017-11-05, 2017-11-12, 2017-11-19, 2017-11-26, 2017-12-03, 2017-12-10, 2017-12-17, 2017-12-24, 2018-01-07, 2018-01-14, 2018-01-21, 2018-01-28, 2018-02-04, 2018-02-11, 2018-02-18, 2018-02-25, 2018-03-04, 2018-03-11, 2018-03-18, 2018-03-25, 2018-04-01, 2018-04-08, 2018-04-15, 2018-04-22, 2018-04-29, 2018-05-06, 2018-05-13, 2018-05-20, 2018-05-27, 2018-06-03, 2018-06-10, 2018-06-17, 2018-06-24, 2018-07-01, 2018-07-08, 2018-07-15, 2018-07-22, 2018-07-29, 2018-08-05, 2018-08-12, 2018-08-19, 2018-08-26, 2018-09-02, 2018-09-09, 2018-09-16, 2018-09-23, 2018-09-30, 2018-10-07, 2018-10-14, 2018-10-21, 2018-10-28, 2018-11-04, 2018-11-11, 2018-11-18, 2018-11-25, 2018-12-02, 2018-12-09, 2018-12-16, 2018-12-23, 2018-12-30, 2019-01-06, 2019-01-13, 2019-01-20, 2019-01-27, 2019-02-03, 2019-02-10, 2019-02-17, 2019-02-24, 2019-03-03, 2019-03-10, 2019-03-17, 2019-03-24, 2019-03-31, 2019-04-07, 2019-04-14, 2019-04-21, 2019-04-28, 2019-05-05, 2019-05-12, 2019-05-19, 2019-05-26, 2019-06-02, 2019-06-09, 2019-06-16, 2019-06-23, 2019-06-30, 2019-07-07, 2019-07-14, 2019-07-21, 2019-07-28, 2019-08-04, 2019-08-11, 2019-08-18, 2019-08-25, 2019-09-01, 2019-09-08, 2019-09-15, 2019-09-22, 2019-09-29, 2019-10-06, 2019-10-13, 2019-10-20, 2019-10-27, 2019-11-03, 2019-11-10, 2019-11-17, 2019-11-24, 2019-12-01, 2019-12-08, 2019-12-15, 2019-12-22, 2019-12-29, 2020-01-05, 2020-01-12, 2020-01-19, 2020-01-26, 2020-02-02, 2020-02-09, 2020-02-16, 2020-02-23, 2020-03-01, 2020-03-08, 2020-03-15, 2020-03-22, 2020-03-29, 2020-04-05, 2020-04-12, 2020-04-19, 2020-04-26, 2020-05-03, 2020-05-10, 2020-05-17, 2020-05-24, 2020-05-31, 2020-06-07, 2020-06-14, 2020-06-21, 2020-06-28, 2020-07-05 |y = 59430, 60790, 59159, 57843, 56345, 55683, 54418, 53468, 53049, 53332, 53016, 52068, 51788, 51322, 50842, 49531, 48348, 48353, 47909, 47334, 47283, 46585, 46966, 46523, 46442, 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data for 2020 to be preliminary; above, the last two weeks available from mortality.org were excluded to prevent the worst effect of registration delay. All-cause deaths in the U.S. in weeks 1-27, year by year, based on mortality.org data, stmf.csv[https://mpidr.shinyapps.io/stmortality/ ]: {{Graph:Chart |type=rect |width=500 |xAxisAngle=-40 |yAxisMin = 0 |yAxisTitle=All-cause deaths in weeks 1-27 |yGrid=|xGrid= |x = 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 |y = 1390825, 1371887, 1451326, 1431186, 1487049, 1515074, 1503153, 1658131 }} mortality.org indicates the data for 2020 to be preliminary; above, the last two weeks available from mortality.org were excluded to prevent the worst effect of registration delay. The above is not adjusted by population size. === Demographics === No. of COVID-19 deaths by age on July 22[https://data.cdc.gov/NCHS/Provisional-COVID-19-Death-Counts-by-Sex-Age-and-S/9bhg-hcku]: {{Graph:Chart |type = stackedrect |linewidth=1 |showSymbols=1 |colors=#0060AB |width=250 |showValues = offset:4 |xAxisTitle=Age |xAxisAngle=-60 |x=Under 1, 1-4, 5-14, 15-24, 25-34, 35-44, 45-54, 55-64, 65-74, 75-84, 85+ |yAxisTitle=No. of deaths |y1= 11, 9, 16, 190, 935, 2411, 6566, 15880, 27166, 34398, 42663 |yGrid= |xGrid= }} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size:90%" |+ {{nowrap|Current provisional COVID-19 deaths in the United States by age}} |- ! Age group ! Death count ! Death percent (%) |- style="font-weight:bold;" ! All ages |130,245 |100% |- ! Under 1y |11 |0.008% |- ! 1-4y |9 |0.007% |- ! 5-14y |16 |0.012% |- ! 15-24y |190 |0.15% |- ! 25-34y |935 |0.72% |- ! 35-44y |2,411 |1.85% |- ! 45-54y |6,566 |5.04% |- ! 55-64y |15,880 |12.19% |- ! 65-74y |27,166 |20.86% |- ! 75-84y |34,398 |26.41% |- ! 85y and over |42,663 |32.76% |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="4" | '''Source:''' U.S. ''[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]]'',<ref name=CDCdeaths>{{cite web|url=https://data.cdc.gov/NCHS/Provisional-COVID-19-Death-Counts-by-Sex-Age-and-S/9bhg-hcku|title=Provisional COVID-19 Death Counts by Sex, Age, and Week)|last=|first=|date=|website=CDC|access-date=}}</ref> 2020/07/22.<!--Please no time-of-day (worse "midnight", worst "EST").--> |} === Mortality rates === Top 20 mortality rates in U.S. states, that is, covid-coded deaths per million pop, August{{nbsp}}9[https://www.realclearpolitics.com/coronavirus/country/united-states/]: {{Graph:Chart |type=rect |width=600 |yGrid= |showValues=offset:2 |xAxisAngle=-45 |yAxisTitle=Deaths per million pop |x=New Jersey, New York, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Louisiana, District of Columbia, Michigan, Mississippi, Illinois, Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Arizona, Indiana, Georgia, South Carolina, Florida, Alabama, New Mexico |y=1795, 1688, 1255, 1246, 957, 905, 836, 653, 630, 619, 606, 592, 578, 568, 451, 394, 390, 378, 354, 325 }} === Death projections === On March 31, 2020, the CDC projected that, even under the best case scenario, eventually at least 100,000 Americans would die of coronavirus.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Shear|first1=Michael D.|last2=Crowley|first2=Michael|last3=Glanz|first3=James|date=March 31, 2020|title=Coronavirus May Kill 100,000 to 240,000 in U.S. Despite Actions, Officials Say|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/31/us/politics/coronavirus-death-toll-united-states.html|accessdate=April 1, 2020}}</ref> This death toll was reached within two months after the CDC made its projection.<ref>{{Cite news|date=May 28, 2020|title=Coronavirus Live Updates: Four Months After First Case, U.S. Death Toll Passes 100,000|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/27/us/coronavirus-live-news-updates.html|access-date=May 28, 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Then, at the end of May, the CDC projected the death toll would reach 115,000–135,000 by June 20.<ref>{{Cite web|title=With the coronavirus pandemic entering a new phase in the US, world health experts shift focus to new hot spots|url=https://www.kitv.com/story/42187942/with-the-coronavirus-pandemic-entering-a-new-phase-in-the-us-world-health-experts-shift-focus-to-new-hot-spots|last=Holcombe|first=Madeline|date=May 28, 2020|website=www.kitv.com|language=en|access-date=May 29, 2020}}{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The CDC eventually counted 119,000 deaths by this date.<ref>{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the U.S.|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/cases-in-us.html|access-date=June 21, 2020|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> The University of Washington [[Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation]] (IHME) on July 30 predicted 230,000 deaths by November{{nbsp}}1 under current conditions.<ref name= "KOMO">{{cite news |url=https://komonews.com/news/coronavirus/latest-uw-model-projects-230000-covid-19-deaths-in-united-states-by-dec-1 |title=Latest UW model projects 230,000 COVID-19 deaths in United States by Nov. 1 |work=KOMO News |date=July 31, 2020 }}</ref> The CDC ensemble forecast as of July 31 predicts between 168,000 and 182,000 total COVID-19 deaths by August 22.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/covid-data/forecasting-us.html |title=Forecasts of COVID-19 Deaths |website=CDC.gov |date=July 31, 2020 }}</ref> For comparison, the CDC estimated deaths in the U.S. from the [[Spanish flu|1918 Spanish Flu]], the [[1957–1958 influenza pandemic]], and the [[Hong Kong flu|1968 Hong Kong flu]] were 675,000, 116,000 and 100,000 respectively.<ref>{{cite web |title=Past Pandemics |url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/basics/past-pandemics.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703120333/https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/basics/past-pandemics.html |archive-date=July 3, 2020 |accessdate=June 22, 2020}}</ref> Adjusted for growth in population, these would be per-capita equivalents of 2,147,000, 218,000, and 164,000, respectively, in 2020. === Impact of face coverings === IHME predicted that universal wearing of face masks could prevent between 17,000 and 28,000 deaths between June 26 and October 1, 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/07/03/886905055/widespread-use-of-face-masks-could-save-tens-of-thousands-of-lives-models-projec|title=Widespread Use Of Face Masks Could Save Tens Of Thousands Of Lives, Models Project|website=NPR.org}}</ref> An IHME model in late July 2020 projected that nationwide deaths would exceed 250,000 by November{{nbsp}}1 if people did not wear masks but could be reduced to 198,000 with universal mask-wearing.<ref name= "KOMO" /> == See also == * [[COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory]] * [[Misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic]] * [[United States House Select Committee on the Coronavirus Crisis]] * [[United States influenza statistics by flu season]] * [[COVID Tracking Project]] * [[COVID-19 pandemic in North America]] == Notes == {{reflist|group=lower-alpha|liststyle=lower-alpha}} == References == {{reflist}} == External links == {{Commons category|COVID-19 pandemic in the United States}} {{Wikiquote}} * [https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-nCoV/index.html CDC: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)], the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] ** [https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-in-us.html CDC: Map of U.S. cases] ** [https://www.cdc.gov/media/dpk/diseases-and-conditions/coronavirus/coronavirus-2020.html CDC: Newsroom on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)] ** [https://www.cdc.gov/publichealthgateway/healthdirectories/healthdepartments.html CDC: State & Territorial Health Department directory] * [https://covidtracking.com/data Our Data | The COVID Tracking Project], covidtracking.com—a tracker by a volunteer organization launched from ''The Atlantic'' * [https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/us/coronavirus-us-cases.html Coronavirus U.S. Maps and Case Count] by [[The New York Times]] * [https://www.c-span.org/coronavirus/ Coverage of federal response to coronavirus pandemic] by [[C-SPAN]] * [https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/ Coronavirus Resource Center], [https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/us-map map], and [https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19 historical data] by [[Johns Hopkins University]] * [https://www.unacast.com/covid19/social-distancing-scoreboard U.S. Social-Distancing Interactive Data Visualization, by county, by day, using location data from apps installed on phones, by Unacast, from Norway] * [https://rt.live/ R_t COVID-19] real-time [[effective reproduction number]] estimates and history per state * [https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/national/businesses-foot-traffic-coronavirus-reopening-us/ As states start to reopen, here's where people are going] * [https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public/myth-busters COVID-19 FACTS] ([[World Health Organization|W.H.O.]]; August 2020). {{COVID-19 pandemic|locations|short=yes}} {{COVID-19 pandemic in the United States}} {{United States topics}} {{Portal bar|Coronavirus disease 2019|Medicine|United States|Viruses}} [[Category:COVID-19 pandemic in the United States| ]] [[Category:COVID-19 pandemic by country|United States]] [[Category:2020 disasters in the United States]] [[Category:Articles containing video clips]] [[Category:January 2020 events in the United States]] [[Category:February 2020 events in the United States]] [[Category:March 2020 events in the United States]] [[Category:April 2020 events in the United States]] [[Category:May 2020 events in the United States]] [[Category:June 2020 events in the United States]] [[Category:Disease outbreaks in the United States]] nnmjeg8f4ccp7s76t6kghej8omvjnoq 2 118608 540978 518320 2022-08-29T02:31:46Z Nardog 40946 javascript text/javascript // jshint maxerr:9999,shadow:outer,undef:true,unused:true /* globals $,mw,OO,ace,ve */ (mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') || mw.config.get('wgAction') !== 'view') && (function consecudiff() { mw.loader.addStyleTag('.consecudiff::before{content:" ["} .consecudiff::after{content:"]"} .consecudiff-top::before{content:" ⟨"} .consecudiff-top::after{content:"⟩"}'); let isHist = mw.config.get('wgAction') === 'history'; class Consecudiff { constructor(lis, isContribs) { this.isContribs = isContribs; this.isEnhanced = !isHist && !isContribs && lis[0].classList.contains('mw-enhanced-rc'); this.threshold = isContribs ? window.consecudiffContribsThreshold || 120 : isHist ? window.consecudiffHistThreshold || 720 : window.consecudiffThreshold || 720; this.strictMode = !isContribs && !!window.consecudiffDetectInterruptions; this.diffSelector = isHist ? '.mw-history-histlinks > span:last-child > a' : '.mw-changeslist-diff'; this.permaSelector = this.isEnhanced && '.mw-enhanced-rc-time > a' || (isHist || isContribs) && 'a.mw-changeslist-date'; this.hybridSelector = this.diffSelector; if (this.permaSelector) { this.hybridSelector += ', ' + this.permaSelector; } this.topClass = isContribs ? 'mw-contributions-current' : 'mw-changeslist-last'; let dependencies = ['mediawiki.util']; if ((isHist || isContribs) && mw.config.get('wgUserLanguage') !== 'en' ) { dependencies.push('mediawiki.language.months'); } mw.loader.using(dependencies, () => { let chunks; if (isHist) { chunks = this.chunkByUser(lis); } else { chunks = []; this.groupByTitle(lis).forEach(group => { chunks.push(...this.chunkByUser(group)); }); } let subchunks = []; chunks.forEach(chunk => { subchunks.push(...this.divideByDate(chunk)); }); let linkPairs = []; subchunks.forEach(subchunk => { linkPairs.push(...this.makeLinks(subchunk)); }); linkPairs.forEach(([$span, parent]) => { $span.appendTo(parent); }); }); } groupByTitle(lis) { let selector = this.isContribs ? '.mw-contributions-title' : '.mw-changeslist-title'; let lisByTitle = {}; lis.forEach(li => { let link = (this.isEnhanced ? li.closest('table') : li) .querySelector(selector); if (!link) return; let title = link.textContent; if (!lisByTitle.hasOwnProperty(title)) lisByTitle[title] = []; lisByTitle[title].push(li); }); return Object.values(lisByTitle).filter(group => group.length > 1); } chunkByUser(lis) { if (this.isSingleContribs) return [lis]; let chunks = [], lastSplitAt = 0, prevUser; this.isSingleContribs = lis.some((li, i) => { let link = li.querySelector('.mw-userlink'); if (!link) return this.isContribs; let user = link.textContent; if (i && user !== prevUser) { chunks.push(lis.slice(lastSplitAt, i)); lastSplitAt = i; } prevUser = user; }); if (this.isSingleContribs) return [lis]; chunks.push(lis.slice(lastSplitAt)); return chunks.filter(chunk => chunk.length > 1); } divideByDate(lis) { let chunks = [], lastSplitAt = 0, prevDate; lis.forEach((li, i) => { let date; if (isHist || this.isContribs) { date = this.parseDate( li.querySelector('.mw-changeslist-date').textContent ); } else { date = Date.parse( li.dataset.mwTs.replace(/(....)(..)(..)(..)(..)(..)/, '$1-$2-$3T$4:$5:$6Z') ); } if (date) date = date / 60000; if (i && prevDate - date > this.threshold) { chunks.push(lis.slice(lastSplitAt, i)); lastSplitAt = i; } prevDate = date; if (!this.strictMode || lastSplitAt === i) return; let prevDiff = lis[i - 1].querySelector(this.diffSelector); if (prevDiff) { let prevNext = mw.util.getParamValue('oldid', prevDiff.search); if (prevNext !== li.dataset.mwRevid) { chunks.push(lis.slice(lastSplitAt, i)); lastSplitAt = i; } } }); chunks.push(lis.slice(lastSplitAt)); return chunks.filter(chunk => chunk.length > 1); } makeLinks(lis) { let count = lis.length; let firstPerma; let start = lis.findIndex(li => ( firstPerma = li.querySelector(this.hybridSelector) )); if (start === -1 || count - start < 2) return []; let end, lastDiff; for (let i = count - 1; i > start; i--) { if (!this.isContribs) { lastDiff = lis[i].querySelector(this.diffSelector); if (lastDiff) { end = i + 1; break; } } if (this.permaSelector && lis[i].querySelector(this.permaSelector) || !isHist && !this.isContribs && lis[i].classList.contains('mw-changeslist-src-mw-new') ) { end = i + 1; break; } } if (!end) return []; count = end - start; let params = { diff: lis[start].dataset.mwRevid }; if (lastDiff) { params.oldid = mw.util.getParamValue('oldid', lastDiff.search); } else { params.oldid = lis[end - 1].dataset.mwRevid; if (this.isContribs && !lis[end - 1].querySelector('.newpage')) { params.direction = 'prev'; } } let title = !isHist && mw.util.getParamValue('title', firstPerma.search); let url = mw.util.getUrl(title, params); let classes = 'consecudiff'; if (!isHist && lis[start].classList.contains(this.topClass)) { classes += ' consecudiff-top'; } return lis.slice(start, end).map((li, i) => [ $('<span>').addClass(classes).append( $('<a>') .attr('href', url) .text(this.convertNumber(count - i + '/' + count)) ), this.isEnhanced ? li.tagName === 'TR' ? li.lastElementChild : li.querySelector('.mw-changeslist-line-inner') : li ]); } parseDate(s) { let date = Date.parse(s); if (date) return date; if (s.includes(',')) date = Date.parse(s.replace(',', '')); if (date) return date; if (mw.loader.getState('mediawiki.language.months') !== 'ready') return; if (!this.digitRes) { this.digitRes = Object.entries(mw.language.getDigitTransformTable()) .map(([k, v]) => [k, new RegExp(mw.util.escapeRegExp(v), 'g')]); } this.digitRes.forEach(([k, v]) => { s = s.replace(v, k); }); console.log(s); let h, m; s = s.replace(/(\d\d?)[.:h](\d\d?)/, ($0, $1, $2) => { h = $1; m = $2; return ' '; }); if (!h) { console.error('????-??-?? __:__'); return; } let y, dateFirst; s = s.replace(/^(.*?)(\d{4})(?=\D|$)/, ($0, $1, $2) => { y = $2; dateFirst = /\d/.test($1); return $1 + ' '; }); if (!y) { console.error(`____-??-?? ${h}:${m}`); return; } let mo, d; if (dateFirst) { [d, s] = this.getDate(s); if (!d) { console.error(`${y}-??-__ ${h}:${m}`); return; } [mo, s] = this.getMonth(s); if (mo === -1) { console.error(`${y}-__-${d.padStart(2, 0)} ${h}:${m}`); return; } } else { [mo, s] = this.getMonth(s); if (mo === -1) { console.error(`${y}-__-?? ${h}:${m}`); return; } [d, s] = this.getDate(s); if (!d) { console.error(`${y}-${(mo + 1).toString().padStart(2, 0)}-__ ${h}:${m}`); return; } } console.log(`${y}-${(mo + 1).toString().padStart(2, 0)}-${d.padStart(2, 0)} ${h}:${m}`); return new Date(y, mo, d, h, m).getTime(); } getMonth(s) { if (!this.months) { this.months = mw.language.months.abbrev .concat(mw.language.months.names, mw.language.months.genitive) .reverse(); } let mo = this.months.findIndex(mn => { let temp = s.replace(mn, ' '); if (temp !== s) { s = temp; return true; } }); if (mo === -1) { let [numeric, temp] = this.getDate(s); numeric = parseInt(numeric); if (numeric > 0 && numeric < 13) { mo = numeric - 1; s = temp; } } else { mo = 11 - mo % 12; } return [mo, s]; } getDate(s) { let d; s = s.replace(/(^|\D)(\d\d?)(?=\D|$)/, ($0, $1, $2) => { d = $2; return $1 + ' '; }); return [d, s]; } convertNumber(num) { try { return mw.language.convertNumber(num); } catch (e) { return num; } } } mw.hook('wikipage.content').add($content => { $content.find('.mw-pager-body').each(function () { let lis = this.querySelectorAll(':scope > .mw-contributions-list > li'); if (lis.length > 1) new Consecudiff([...lis], !isHist); }); if (isHist) return; let $lists = $content.filter('.mw-changeslist'); if (!$lists.length) $lists = $content.find('.mw-changeslist'); $lists.each(function () { let lis = this.querySelectorAll('.mw-changeslist-edit[data-mw-revid]'); if (lis.length > 1) new Consecudiff([...lis]); }); }); }()); mw.config.get('wgAction') !== 'history' && mw.loader.using(['mediawiki.util', 'mediawiki.api'], function catChangeLinker() { let query = (args, lis, isWl, continued) => { new mw.Api().get(args).done(response => { (((response || {}).query || {})[isWl ? 'watchlist' : 'recentchanges'] || []).forEach(rc => { if (!rc.comment) return; let title = rc.comment.match(/\[\[:?([^\]]+)\]\]/); if (!title) return; title = title[1]; let li = lis[`${rc.timestamp.replace(/\D/g, '')}${rc.title}|${title}`]; if (!li) return; $(li.querySelector('.mw-changeslist-links > :first-child')).wrapInner($('<a>').attr({ class: 'mw-changeslist-diff', href: mw.util.getUrl(title, { curid: rc.pageid, diff: rc.revid, oldid: rc.old_revid }), title: title })).next().children('.mw-changeslist-history') .attr('href', mw.util.getUrl(title, { curid: rc.pageid, action: 'history' })); }); if (continued) return; let contKey = isWl ? 'wlcontinue' : 'rccontinue'; let cont = ((response || {}).continue || {})[contKey]; if (cont) { args[contKey] = cont; query(args, lis, isWl, true); } }); }; mw.hook('wikipage.content').add($content => { let $nested = $content.find('.mw-changeslist-src-mw-categorize td.mw-enhanced-rc-nested').each(function () { if (this.querySelector('.mw-changeslist-diff')) return; let timeLink = this.querySelector('.mw-enhanced-rc-time > a'); if (!timeLink) return; let curid = mw.util.getParamValue('curid', timeLink.search); let oldid = mw.util.getParamValue('oldid', timeLink.search); let titleLink = this.querySelector('.comment > a'); if (!titleLink) return; let title = titleLink.textContent; $(timeLink).attr({ href: mw.util.getUrl(title, { curid: curid, oldid: oldid }), title: title }).parent().after( ' (', $('<a>').attr({ class: 'mw-changeslist-diff-cur', href: mw.util.getUrl(title, { curid: curid, diff: 0, oldid: oldid }) }).text('cur'), ' | ', $('<a>').attr({ class: 'mw-changeslist-diff', href: mw.util.getUrl(title, { curid: curid, diff: oldid }), title: title }).text('prev'), ')' ); $('<span>').addClass('mw-changeslist-links').append( $('<a>').attr({ class: 'mw-changeslist-history', href: mw.util.getUrl(title, { curid: curid, action: 'history' }), title: title }).text('hist').wrap('<span>').parent() ).appendTo(this).before(' '); }); if ($nested.length) return; let lis = {}, start, end; let $lis = $content.find('li.mw-changeslist-src-mw-categorize').filter(function () { if (this.querySelector('.mw-changeslist-diff')) return; let titleLink = this.querySelector('.comment > a'); if (!titleLink) return; let title = titleLink.textContent; $(this.querySelector('.mw-changeslist-links > :last-child')).wrapInner($('<a>').attr({ class: 'mw-changeslist-history', href: mw.util.getUrl(title, { action: 'history' }), title: title })); let ts = this.dataset.mwTs; lis[`${ts}${this.querySelector('.mw-changeslist-title').textContent}|${title}`] = this; if (!start) start = ts; end = ts; return true; }); if (!start) return; let isOnWl = mw.config.get('wgCanonicalSpecialPageName') === 'Watchlist'; let isWl = isOnWl || !$lis.hasClass('mw-changeslist-notwatched'); let pre = isWl ? 'wl' : 'rc'; let args = { action: 'query', list: isWl ? 'watchlist' : 'recentchanges', [pre + 'start']: start, [pre + 'end']: end, [pre + 'namespace']: 14, [pre + 'limit']: 'max', [pre + 'prop']: 'ids|timestamp|title|comment', [pre + 'type']: 'categorize', formatversion: 2 }; if (isWl && $lis.hasClass('mw-changeslist-previous')) args.wlallrev = 1; switch ($lis.filter('.mw-changeslist-self').length) { case 0: args[pre + 'excludeuser'] = mw.config.get('wgUserName'); break; case $lis.length: args[pre + 'user'] = mw.config.get('wgUserName'); } let flags = []; switch ($lis.filter('.mw-changeslist-user-unregistered').length) { case 0: flags.push('!anon'); break; case $lis.length: flags.push('anon'); } switch ($lis.filter('.mw-changeslist-bot').length) { case 0: flags.push('!bot'); break; case $lis.length: flags.push('bot'); } switch ($lis.filter('.mw-changeslist-watched' + (isOnWl ? 'unseen' : 'new')).length) { case 0: flags.push('!unread'); break; case $lis.length: flags.push('unread'); } if (flags.length) args[pre + 'show'] = flags; query(args, lis, isWl); }); }); mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') === 14 && (mw.config.get('wgAction') === 'view' || !mw.config.get('wgArticleId')) && mw.loader.using([ 'mediawiki.api', 'mediawiki.util', 'oojs-ui-widgets', 'mediawiki.widgets', 'mediawiki.widgets.UserInputWidget', 'mediawiki.widgets.datetime', 'oojs-ui.styles.icons-interactions', 'oojs-ui.styles.icons-movement', 'mediawiki.interface.helpers.styles' ], function catChangesViewer() { mw.loader.addStyleTag('.catchangesviewer .oo-ui-numberInputWidget{width:4em} .catchangesviewer .oo-ui-numberInputWidget input{text-align:center} .catchangesviewer .oo-ui-menuSelectWidget, .catchangesviewer .mw-widgets-datetime-dateTimeInputWidget{width:min-content} .catchangesviewer .mw-widget-userInputWidget{width:8em} .catchangesviewer .oo-ui-fieldLayout-align-inline{vertical-align:top} .catchangesviewer-table{white-space:nowrap} .catchangesviewer-addition{background:#e6ffe6} .catchangesviewer-removal{background:#ffe6e6} .catchangesviewer-table td:empty::after{content:"\\00a0"} .catchangesviewer-table td{max-width:40em;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}'); let defLimit = window.catchangesviewerDefaultLimit || 50; let perPageNum = window.catchangesviewerChangesPerPage || 20; let limitInput = new OO.ui.NumberInputWidget({ required: true, min: 1, max: 500, value: defLimit, showButtons: false, title: 'Number of changes to load (1–500)' }).setIndicator(); let filterOptions = { '!anon': new OO.ui.MenuOptionWidget({ data: { incompatibleWith: 'anon' }, label: 'No IPs', icon: 'none' }), anon: new OO.ui.MenuOptionWidget({ data: { incompatibleWith: '!anon' }, label: 'IPs only', icon: 'none' }), '!bot': new OO.ui.MenuOptionWidget({ data: { incompatibleWith: 'bot' }, label: 'No bots', icon: 'none' }), bot: new OO.ui.MenuOptionWidget({ data: { incompatibleWith: '!bot' }, label: 'Bots only', icon: 'none' }), rcuser: new OO.ui.MenuOptionWidget({ data: { param: 'rcuser', incompatibleWith: 'rcexcludeuser', input: 'user' }, label: 'This user:', icon: 'none' }), rcexcludeuser: new OO.ui.MenuOptionWidget({ data: { param: 'rcexcludeuser', incompatibleWith: 'rcuser', input: 'user' }, label: 'Not this user:', icon: 'none' }), rcstart: new OO.ui.MenuOptionWidget({ data: { param: 'rcstart', input: 'until' }, label: 'Until:', icon: 'none' }) }; let now = Date.now(); let filterInputs = { user: new mw.widgets.UserInputWidget({ placeholder: 'User' }).toggle(), until: new mw.widgets.datetime.DateTimeInputWidget({ min: new Date(now - 2592000000), // 30 days ago clearable: false }).toggle() }; let filtersButton = new OO.ui.ButtonMenuSelectWidget({ icon: 'funnel', title: 'Filters', menu: { items: Object.values(filterOptions) } }); let filtersMenu = filtersButton.getMenu(); let filtersLayout = new OO.ui.HorizontalLayout({ items: [filtersButton, filterInputs.user, filterInputs.until] }); let button = new OO.ui.ButtonInputWidget({ label: 'Search', flags: ['primary', 'progressive'], type: 'submit' }); let refreshButton = new OO.ui.ButtonWidget({ icon: 'reload', title: 'Load new', disabled: true }); let buttonsLayout = new OO.ui.HorizontalLayout({ items: [button, refreshButton] }); let form = new OO.ui.FormLayout({ items: [limitInput, filtersLayout, buttonsLayout], classes: ['oo-ui-horizontalLayout'] }); let $div = $('<div>').addClass('catchangesviewer').append(form.$element); let $table, $tbody, $error = $('<div>'); let navLabel = new OO.ui.LabelWidget(); let firstButton = new OO.ui.ButtonWidget({ icon: 'first', title: 'Newest ' + perPageNum }); let prevButton = new OO.ui.ButtonWidget({ icon: 'previous', title: 'Newer ' + perPageNum }); let nextButton = new OO.ui.ButtonWidget({ icon: 'next', title: 'Older ' + perPageNum }); let lastButton = new OO.ui.ButtonWidget({ icon: 'last', title: 'Oldest ' + perPageNum }); let hideAdditionsCheckbox = new OO.ui.CheckboxInputWidget(); let hideRemovalsCheckbox = new OO.ui.CheckboxInputWidget(); let hideDuplicatesCheckbox = new OO.ui.CheckboxInputWidget(); let hideLayout = new OO.ui.HorizontalLayout({ items: [ new OO.ui.LabelWidget({ label: 'Hide:' }), new OO.ui.FieldLayout( hideAdditionsCheckbox, { label: 'Additions', align: 'inline' } ), new OO.ui.FieldLayout( hideRemovalsCheckbox, { label: 'Removals', align: 'inline' } ), new OO.ui.FieldLayout( hideDuplicatesCheckbox, { label: 'Duplicates', align: 'inline' } ) ] }); let navLayout = new OO.ui.HorizontalLayout({ items: [ navLabel, new OO.ui.ButtonGroupWidget({ items: [firstButton, prevButton, nextButton, lastButton] }), hideLayout ] }).toggle(); let args = { action: 'query', list: 'recentchanges', rctype: 'categorize', rctitle: mw.config.get('wgPageName'), rcprop: 'ids|timestamp|comment|user|flags', formatversion: 2 }; let prevArgs, modified = new Set(), prevLabel, prevDisabled; let setArg = (k, v) => { if (v) { args[k] = v; } else { delete args[k]; } if (prevArgs) { if (args[k] == prevArgs[k]) { modified.delete(k); } else { modified.add(k); } if (modified.size) { button.setLabel('Search').setDisabled(false); } else { button.setLabel(prevLabel).setDisabled(prevDisabled); } } console.log(args); }; filterInputs.user.on('change', v => { setArg(filterOptions.rcuser.getIcon() === 'check' ? 'rcuser' : 'rcexcludeuser', v); }); filterInputs.until.on('change', setArg, ['rcstart']); filtersMenu.on('choose', option => { let data = option.getData(); if (option.getIcon() === 'none') { option.setIcon('check'); if (data.incompatibleWith) filterOptions[data.incompatibleWith].setIcon('none'); filtersButton.setIndicator('required'); if (data.input) { filterInputs[data.input].toggle(true); if (data.incompatibleWith) setArg(data.incompatibleWith); setArg(data.param, filterInputs[data.input].getValue()); } } else { option.setIcon('none'); if (!filtersMenu.getItems().some(item => item.getIcon() === 'check')) { filtersButton.setIndicator(); } if (data.input) { filterInputs[data.input].toggle(false); setArg(data.param); } } if (!data.input) { setArg( 'rcshow', Object.keys(filterOptions).filter(k => { let o = filterOptions[k]; return o.getIcon() === 'check' && !o.getData().input; }).join('|') ); } }); let setDisabledAll = disabled => { [ limitInput, filtersButton, filtersMenu, filterInputs.user, filterInputs.until, button, refreshButton, firstButton, prevButton, nextButton, lastButton, hideAdditionsCheckbox, hideRemovalsCheckbox, hideDuplicatesCheckbox ].forEach(widget => { widget.setDisabled(disabled); }); if (!disabled) resetNavButtons(); }; let api, recentchanges = [], additions = [], removals = [], newest = {}, refArgs; let load = isRefresh => { if (isRefresh) { prevDisabled = button.isDisabled(); if (!refArgs) refArgs = Object.assign({ rcdir: 'newer' }, prevArgs); refArgs.rclimit = limitInput.getNumericValue() + 1; refArgs.rccontinue = recentchanges[0].timestamp.replace(/\D/g, '') + '|' + recentchanges[0].revid; } else { prevLabel = button.getLabel(); button.setLabel('Loading...'); args.rclimit = limitInput.getNumericValue(); if (modified.size) { delete args.rccontinue; recentchanges = []; additions = []; removals = []; newest = {}; refArgs = null; $table.detach(); $tbody.empty(); navLayout.toggle(false); modified.clear(); } prevArgs = Object.assign({}, args); } setDisabledAll(true); $error.empty(); if (!api) api = new mw.Api({ ajax: { headers: { 'Api-User-Agent': 'CatChangesViewer (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Nardog/CatChangesViewer)' } } }); api.get(isRefresh ? refArgs : args).always((response, errorObj) => { setDisabledAll(false); if (isRefresh) button.setDisabled(prevDisabled); let errorMsg = ((errorObj || {}).error || {}).info; if (!response || typeof response === 'string' || errorMsg) { button.setLabel(prevLabel); $error.text(errorMsg ? 'Error: ' + errorMsg : 'Unknown error').appendTo($div); return; } let newRc = ((response || {}).query || {}).recentchanges || []; let rccontinue = ((response || {}).continue || {}).rccontinue; if (!isRefresh) { args.rccontinue = rccontinue; if (rccontinue) { button.setLabel('Load more'); } else if (response.batchcomplete) { let rcCount = recentchanges.length + newRc.length; button.setLabel(rcCount ? 'No more results' : 'No results').setDisabled(true); } prevLabel = button.getLabel(); prevDisabled = button.isDisabled(); } processRc(newRc, isRefresh); if (isRefresh && !rccontinue || !isRefresh && !prevArgs.rccontinue) { refreshButton.setDisabled(true); if (!prevArgs.rcstart || prevArgs.rcstart > new Date().toISOString()) { setTimeout(() => { refreshButton.setDisabled(false); }, 5000); } } }); }; let msgKeys = mw.config.get('wgContentLanguage') === 'en' ? [] : [ 'recentchanges-page-added-to-category', 'recentchanges-page-added-to-category-bundled', 'recentchanges-page-removed-from-category', 'recentchanges-page-removed-from-category-bundled' ]; let addedKeys = msgKeys.slice(0, 2), removedKeys = msgKeys.slice(2); let processRc = (newRc, isRefresh) => { if (isRefresh && (newRc[0] || {}).revid === recentchanges[0].revid) newRc.shift(); if (!newRc.length) return; api.loadMessagesIfMissing(msgKeys).always(() => { let method = isRefresh ? 'unshift' : 'push'; newRc.forEach(rc => { if (!rc.comment) return; let page = rc.comment.match(/\[\[:?([^\]]+)\]\]/)[1]; let action, actionClass; if (rc.comment.includes(']] added to category')) { action = true; } else if (rc.comment.includes(']] removed from category')) { action = false; } else if (addedKeys.some(key => rc.comment === mw.msg(key, page))) { action = true; } else if (removedKeys.some(key => rc.comment === mw.msg(key, page))) { action = false; } if (action === true) { action = '+'; actionClass = 'catchangesviewer-addition'; additions[method](rc); } else if (action === false) { action = '−'; actionClass = 'catchangesviewer-removal'; removals[method](rc); } else { action = '?'; } rc.$row = $('<tr>').addClass(actionClass).append( $('<td>').text(action), $('<td>').append( $('<a>') .attr('href', mw.util.getUrl(page, { oldid: rc.revid })) .text(rc.timestamp), ' ', $('<span>').addClass('mw-changeslist-links').append( $('<a>') .attr('href', mw.util.getUrl(page, { diff: rc.revid })) .text('diff') .wrap('<span>').parent(), $('<a>') .attr('href', mw.util.getUrl(page, { curid: rc.pageid, action: 'history' })) .text('hist') .wrap('<span>').parent() ) ), $('<td>').append( $('<a>').attr('href', mw.util.getUrl(page)).text(page) ), $('<td>').append( $('<a>') .attr('href', mw.util.getUrl((rc.anon ? 'Special:Contributions/' : 'User:') + rc.user)) .text(rc.user), ' ', $('<span>').addClass('mw-changeslist-links').append( $('<a>') .attr('href', mw.util.getUrl('User talk:' + rc.user)) .text('talk') .wrap('<span>').parent(), !rc.anon && $('<a>') .attr('href', mw.util.getUrl('Special:Contributions/' + rc.user)) .text('contribs') .wrap('<span>').parent() ) ), $('<td>').text(rc.bot ? 'Yes' : 'No') ); if (newest.hasOwnProperty(page)) { if (isRefresh) { newest[page].duplicate = true; newest[page] = rc; } else { rc.duplicate = true; } } else { newest[page] = rc; } recentchanges[method](rc); }); initializeNavigation(); }); }; let currentPage = 0, pageCount, visibleRows; let initializeNavigation = () => { let rcToShow = hideAdditionsCheckbox.isSelected() ? removals : hideRemovalsCheckbox.isSelected() ? additions : recentchanges; if (hideDuplicatesCheckbox.isSelected()) { rcToShow = rcToShow.filter(rc => !rc.duplicate); } visibleRows = rcToShow.map(rc => rc.$row[0]); pageCount = Math.ceil(visibleRows.length / perPageNum) || 1; let z = recentchanges.length > perPageNum ? perPageNum * pageCount - visibleRows.length : recentchanges.length - visibleRows.length; for (let i = 0, j; i < z; i++) { let $row = $('<tr>'); for (j = 0; j < 5; j++) $('<td>').appendTo($row); visibleRows.push($row[0]); } if (!$table) { $tbody = $('<tbody>'); $table = $('<table>').addClass('wikitable catchangesviewer-table').append( $('<tr>').append( $('<th>').text('±'), $('<th>').text('Date'), $('<th>').text('Page'), $('<th>').text('User'), $('<th>').text('Bot') ).wrap('<thead>').parent(), $tbody ); } setPage(); $table.prependTo($div); if (!navLayout.isVisible()) navLayout.toggle(true).$element.insertAfter($table); // mw.hook('catchangesviewer.added').fire(visibleRows); }; let setPage = increment => { if (pageCount > 1) { if (increment === false) { currentPage = 0; } else if (increment === true) { currentPage = pageCount - 1; } else if (increment) { currentPage += increment; if (currentPage < 0) currentPage = pageCount - 1; if (currentPage > pageCount - 1) currentPage = 0; } else { if (currentPage > pageCount - 1) currentPage = pageCount - 1; } } else { currentPage = 0; } $tbody.empty(); let start = currentPage * perPageNum; $tbody.append(visibleRows.slice(start, start + perPageNum)); navLabel.setLabel(currentPage + 1 + ' / ' + pageCount); resetNavButtons(); }; let resetNavButtons = () => { firstButton.setDisabled(currentPage === 0); prevButton.setDisabled(pageCount < 2); nextButton.setDisabled(pageCount < 2); lastButton.setDisabled(currentPage === pageCount - 1); }; firstButton.on('click', setPage, [false]); prevButton.on('click', setPage, [-1]); nextButton.on('click', setPage, [1]); lastButton.on('click', setPage, [true]); hideAdditionsCheckbox.on('change', selected => { if (selected) hideRemovalsCheckbox.setSelected(false); initializeNavigation(); }); hideRemovalsCheckbox.on('change', selected => { if (selected) hideAdditionsCheckbox.setSelected(false); initializeNavigation(); }); hideDuplicatesCheckbox.on('change', initializeNavigation); button.on('click', load); refreshButton.on('click', load, [true]); $('.mw-parser-output').first().append($('<h2>').text('Recent changes'), $div); // mw.hook('catchangesviewer.ready').fire($div); }); $(function moveHistory() { if (!document.getElementById('p-tb')) return; mw.loader.using('mediawiki.util', function moveHistory() { let opening; mw.util.addPortletLink('p-tb', '#', 'Move history', 't-movehistory').firstElementChild.addEventListener('click', e => { e.preventDefault(); if (window.moveHistoryDialog) { window.moveHistoryDialog.open(); return; } if (opening) return; opening = true; mw.loader.load('//test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Nardog/sandbox5.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); }); }); }); mw.loader.using('user.options', function codeEditorAssist() { let isEdit = mw.config.exists('wgCodeEditorCurrentLanguage') && ( ['edit', 'submit'].includes(mw.config.get('wgAction')) || mw.config.get('wgCanonicalSpecialPageName') === 'GraphSandbox' ); let veAvailable = document.documentElement.classList.contains('ve-available'); let isAf = mw.config.exists('aceConfig'); if (!isEdit && !veAvailable && !isAf) return; let context, curEditor, defSettingsMap = new WeakMap(); let getSettings = (editor, isDef) => { let settings = {}; let defSettings = !isDef && defSettingsMap.get(editor); Object.entries(editor.getOptions()).forEach(([k, v]) => { if (v === undefined) v = null; if (isDef || v !== defSettings[k] || k === 'showInvisibles' || k === 'wrap' ) { settings[k] = v; } }); delete settings.mode; delete settings.readOnly; delete settings.maxLines; delete settings.minLines; delete settings.firstLineNumber; if (isDef) { settings.showInvisibles = false; settings.wrap = 'off'; } return settings; }; let updateToolbar = () => { if (!context) return; let names = []; if (curEditor.getShowInvisibles() !== context.showInvisibleChars) { names.push('invisibleChars'); } if (curEditor.session.getUseWrapMode() !== context.lineWrappingActive) { names.push('lineWrapping'); } names.forEach(name => { context.modules.toolbar.$toolbar.find(`.tool[rel="${name}"]`) .data('action').execute(context); }); }; let saveRemoveHandler = function (e) { this.disabled = true; let value = e.data ? '' : JSON.stringify(getSettings(curEditor)); mw.loader.using('mediawiki.api', () => { new mw.Api().postWithEditToken({ action: 'globalpreferences', // Removing the option somehow doesn't work, so empty it for now (T207448) change: 'userjs-codeeditorassist-settings=' + value }).always(response => { this.disabled = false; if (!response || response.globalpreferences !== 'success') { mw.notify( e.data ? 'Couldn\'t remove settings from your global preferences' : 'Couldn\'t save settings to your global preferences', { type: 'error' } ); return; } mw.user.options.set('userjs-codeeditorassist-settings', value); mw.notify( e.data ? 'Removed settings from your global preferences' : 'Saved settings to your global preferences' ); }); }); }; let observing; let addButtons = () => { if (observing) return; observing = true; let $buttons = $('<div>').addClass('floatright').append( $('<button>').text('Save').click(saveRemoveHandler), ' ', $('<button>').text('Remove').click(true, saveRemoveHandler), ' ', $('<button>').text('Reset').click(() => { curEditor.setOptions(defSettingsMap.get(curEditor)); $('#ace_settingsmenu').parent().click(); curEditor.execCommand('showSettingsMenu'); }) ); new MutationObserver(() => { $buttons.appendTo('#ace_settingsmenu > table > tr:last-child > td'); updateToolbar(); }).observe(document.body, { childList: true }); }; let onFocus = (e, editor) => { curEditor = editor; }; let initialize = editor => { if (!window.ace) return; if (!(editor instanceof ace.Editor)) { if (context) { editor = context.codeEditor; } else { let el = document.querySelector('.ace_editor'); if (!el) return; editor = ace.edit(el); } } if (defSettingsMap.has(editor)) return; curEditor = editor; defSettingsMap.set(editor, getSettings(editor, true)); let savedSettings = mw.user.options.get('userjs-codeeditorassist-settings'); if (savedSettings) { savedSettings = JSON.parse(savedSettings); editor.setOptions(savedSettings); updateToolbar(); } editor.on('focus', onFocus); addButtons(); }; if (isAf) { $.when($.ready, mw.loader.using('ext.abuseFilter.ace')).then(initialize); return; } if (veAvailable) { mw.hook('ve.loadModules').add(addPlugin => { addPlugin(() => { let setupEditor = ve.ui.MWAceEditorWidget.prototype.setupEditor; ve.ui.MWAceEditorWidget.prototype.setupEditor = function () { setupEditor.apply(this, arguments); initialize(this.editor); }; }); }); } if (!isEdit) return; mw.loader.load([ 'oojs-ui.styles.icons-interactions', 'oojs-ui.styles.icons-layout' ]); let deferred = $.Deferred(); mw.hook('codeEditor.configure').add(() => { initialize(); if (deferred) deferred.resolve(); }); mw.hook('wikiEditor.toolbarReady').add($textarea => { context = $textarea.data('wikiEditorContext'); deferred.done(() => { deferred = null; $textarea.wikiEditor('addToToolbar', { section: 'main', group: 'codeeditor-style', tools: { settings: { label: 'Open code editor settings', type: 'button', oouiIcon: 'settings', action: { type: 'callback', execute: () => { curEditor.execCommand('showSettingsMenu'); } } } } }).wikiEditor('addToToolbar', { section: 'main', group: 'codeeditor-format', tools: { autoIndent: { label: 'Auto indent', type: 'button', oouiIcon: 'textFlow', action: { type: 'callback', execute: () => { curEditor.autoIndent(); } } } } }); }); }); }); mw.config.get('wgCanonicalSpecialPageName') === 'CentralAuth' && mw.loader.using('jquery.tablesorter', function sortCentralAuthByEditCount() { mw.hook('wikipage.content').add($content => { let $table = $content.find('.mw-centralauth-wikislist').has('td'); if (!$table.length) return; $table.tablesorter().data('tablesorter').sort([{ 4: 'desc' }, { 1: 'asc' }]); }); }); ['edit', 'submit'].includes(mw.config.get('wgAction')) && [10, 828].includes(mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber')) && !mw.config.get('wgTitle').endsWith('/doc') && $(function autoTestcases() { let input = document.querySelector('#wpTemplateSandboxPage > input'); if (!input || input.value) return; let isModule = mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') === 828; let title = mw.config.get('wgTitle'); let ns = mw.config.get('wgFormattedNamespaces'); if (title.endsWith('/testcases')) { if (isModule) input.value = ns[829] + ':' + title; return; } let titles = [], last; title.replace(/\/sandbox$/, '').split('/').forEach(s => { last = last ? last + '/' + s : s; titles.push(ns[10] + ':' + last + '/testcases'); if (isModule) titles.push(ns[829] + ':' + last + '/testcases'); }); new mw.Api().post({ action: 'query', titles: titles, formatversion: 2 }).done(response => { let obj; (((response || {}).query || {}).pages || []).forEach(page => { if (page.missing || obj && (page.ns < obj.ns || page.title.length < obj.title.length) ) { return; } obj = page; }); if (obj) input.value = obj.title; }); }); ['edit', 'submit'].includes(mw.config.get('wgAction')) && $.when($.ready, mw.loader.using([ 'mediawiki.api', 'mediawiki.storage' ])).then(function templatePreviewGuard() { let button = document.querySelector('input[name="wpTemplateSandboxPreview"]'); if (!button) return; let handler = e => { e.preventDefault(); e.stopPropagation(); let pageInput = document.querySelector('input[name="wpTemplateSandboxPage"]'); if (!pageInput) return; let page = pageInput.value; if (!page) return; let tempInput = document.querySelector('input[name="wpTemplateSandboxTemplate"]'); if (!tempInput) return; let temp = tempInput.value; if (!temp) return; let storage = mw.storage.session.getObject('templatepreviewguard'); if (storage && storage[0] === page && storage[1] === temp) { proceed(); return; } new mw.Api().get({ action: 'query', titles: page, prop: 'templates', tltemplates: temp, formatversion: 2 }).always(response => { if (((((response || {}).query || {}).pages || [])[0] || {}).templates || confirm(`"${page}" doesn't appear to transclude "${temp}". Continue?`) ) { mw.storage.session.setObject('templatepreviewguard', [page, temp]); proceed(); } }); }; let proceed = () => { button.removeEventListener('click', handler); button.click(); }; button.addEventListener('click', handler); }); ['edit', 'submit'].includes(mw.config.get('wgAction')) && mw.config.get('wgArticleId') && mw.config.get('wgPageContentModel') === 'wikitext' && $(function autoSectionLink() { let form = document.getElementById('editform'); if (!form) return; let formData = new FormData(form); let section = formData.get('wpSection'); if (section === 'new') return; let widget = document.getElementById('wpSummaryWidget'); if (!widget) return; let isOld = formData.get('altBaseRevId') > 0 || (formData.get('baseRevId') || formData.get('parentRevId')) !== formData.get('editRevId'); mw.loader.using([ 'jquery.textSelection', 'mediawiki.util', 'oojs-ui-core', 'oojs-ui.styles.icons-editing-core' ], () => { let $textarea = $('#wpTextbox1'); if (!$textarea.data('origtext')) { $textarea.data('origtext', $textarea.textSelection('getContents')); } let input = OO.ui.infuse(widget); let button = new OO.ui.ButtonWidget({ framed: false, icon: 'undo', classes: ['autosectionlink-button'], title: 'Restore previous section link' }).toggle().on('click', () => { let cache = button.getData(); input.setValue(input.getValue().replace( /^(\/\*.*?\*\/)?\s*/, cache[0] ? '/* ' + cache[0] + ' */ ' : '' )); updatePreview(cache[0]); cache.reverse(); }).on('toggle', () => { input.$input.css('width', `calc(100% - ${button.$element.width()}px)`); }); input.$input.after(button.$element); let update = mw.util.debounce($diff => { let lines = $textarea.textSelection('getContents').replace(/\s+$/, '').split('\n'); let firstLineNum; if (isOld) { let i, lastLineNum; $diff.find('td:last-child').each(function () { if (this.classList.contains('diff-lineno')) { i = this.textContent.replace(/\D+/g, '') - 1; } else if (this.classList.contains('diff-context')) { i++; } else if (this.classList.contains('diff-addedline')) { i++; if (!firstLineNum) firstLineNum = i; lastLineNum = i; } else if (this.classList.contains('diff-empty')) { if (!firstLineNum) firstLineNum = i === 0 ? 1 : i; lastLineNum = i; } }); lines.length = lastLineNum || 0; } else { let origLines = $textarea.data('origtext').replace(/\s+$/, '').split('\n'); firstLineNum = lines.findIndex((line, i) => line !== origLines[i]) + 1; if (!firstLineNum) { firstLineNum = lines.length < origLines.length ? lines.length : 1; } for (let i = 1, x = lines.length, y = origLines.length; (section ? i < x : i <= x) && lines[x - i] === origLines[y - i]; i++ ) { lines.pop(); } } let re = /^(={1,6})\s*(.+?)\s*\1\s*(?:<!--.+-->\s*)?$/, lowest = 6; lines.slice(firstLineNum).forEach(line => { let match = line.match(re); if (match && match[1].length < lowest) lowest = match[1].length; }); let head; lines.slice(0, firstLineNum).reverse().some(line => { let match = line.match(re); if (match && match[1].length < lowest) { head = match[2]; return true; } }); console.log({ lines: lines, firstLineNum: firstLineNum, firstChunk: lines.slice(0, firstLineNum), secondChunk: lines.slice(firstLineNum), head: head, lowest: lowest }); // https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/plugins/gitiles/mediawiki/core/+/master/includes/parser/Sanitizer.php head = head ? head .replace(/'''(.+?)'''|\[\[:?(?:[^|\]]+\|)?([^\]]+)\]\]|<\/?(?:abbr|b|bdi|bdo|big|cite|code|data|del|dfn|em|font|i|ins|kbd|mark|nowiki|q|rb|ref|rp|rt|rtc|ruby|s|samp|small|span|strike|strong|sub|sup|templatestyles|time|tt|u|var)(?:\s[^>]*)?>|<!--.*?-->|\[(?:https?:)?\/\/[^\s\[\]]+\s([^\]]+)\]/gi, '$1$2$3') .replace(/''(.+?)''/g, '$1') .trim() : ''; let match = input.getValue().match(/^(?:\/\*\s*(.*?)\s*\*\/)?\s*(.*?)$/); if (!match[1]) match[1] = ''; if (match[1] === head) return; if (section < 1 && lowest === 6 && !head && match[1] === 'top') return; input.setValue((head ? '/* ' + head + ' */ ' : '') + match[2]); button.setData([match[1], head]).toggle(true); updatePreview(head); }, 500); let updatePreview = head => { let $preview = $('.mw-summary-preview > .comment > span[dir="auto"]'); if (!$preview.length) return; let url = head && mw.util.getUrl() + '#' + head.replace(/ /g, '_'); let text = head && (document.dir === 'rtl' ? '←\u200F' : '→\u200E') + head; let $ac = $preview.children('.autocomment:first-child'); if ($ac.length && !$ac[0].previousSibling) { if (head) { $ac.children('a').attr('href', url).text(text); } else { let node = $ac[0].nextSibling; if (node && node.nodeType === 3) { node.textContent = node.textContent.replace(/^\s+/, ''); } $ac.remove(); } } else if (head) { $('<span>').addClass('autocomment').append( $('<a>').attr({ href: url, title: mw.config.get('wgPageName').replace(/_/g, ' ') }).text(text), mw.messages.get('colon-separator', ': ') ).prependTo($preview); } }; if (isOld) { mw.hook('wikipage.diff').add(update); } else { $textarea.on('input', update); mw.hook('ext.CodeMirror.switch').add((on, $codeMirror) => { if (on) $codeMirror[0].CodeMirror.on('change', update); }); } }); mw.loader.addStyleTag('.autosectionlink-button{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;margin:0}'); }); window.listtoolsGetWatched = true; window.listtoolsExtraSelector = 'form[action$="/hide"] > ul > li, .mw-search-exists, .mw-search-createlink'; (mw.config.exists('wgRedirectedFrom') || ['edit', 'submit'].includes(mw.config.get('wgAction')) || mw.config.get('wgAction') === 'view' && mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber')) && mw.loader.using([ 'mediawiki.util', 'mediawiki.Title', 'mediawiki.api', 'mediawiki.interface.helpers.styles' ], function listTools() { mw.loader.addStyleTag('.listtools:not(#contentSub .listtools){font-size:85%} .TablePager_col_pr_page > .listtools{display:block} .listtools, .listtools a{font-weight:normal !important;font-style:normal}'); let messages = Object.assign({ watched: 'Added "$1" to your watchlist', watchFail: 'Couldn\'t watch "$1"', unwatchFail: 'Couldn\'t unwatch "$1"' }, window.listtoolsMessages); let getMsg = (key, ...args) => messages.hasOwnProperty(key) ? mw.format(messages[key], ...args) : key; let getWatched = titles => { if (!titles.length) return; new mw.Api().post({ action: 'query', titles: titles.slice(0, 50), prop: 'info', inprop: 'watched', formatversion: 2 }).done(response => { (((response || {}).query || {}).pages || []).forEach(page => { if (!page.watched) return; $(`.listtools-watch > a[href="${mw.util.getUrl(page.title, { action: 'watch' })}"]`) .attr('href', mw.util.getUrl(page.title, { action: 'unwatch' })) .text(getMsg('unwatch')); }); getWatched(titles.slice(50)); }); }; let watchHandler = function (e) { e.preventDefault(); let $link = $(this); let t = $link.closest('.listtools').data('listtools'); let $wrapper = $link.parent(); $link.detach(); let action = mw.util.getParamValue('action', this.search); $wrapper.text(getMsg(action + 'ing')); let pn = t.getSubjectPage().toText(); new mw.Api()[action](pn).always(result => { if (result && result[action + 'ed']) { let newAction = action === 'watch' ? 'unwatch' : 'watch'; $link.add(`.listtools-watch > a[href="${this.pathname + this.search}"]`) .attr('href', t.getUrl({ action: newAction })) .text(getMsg(newAction)); if (action === 'watch') { mw.loader.using([ 'mediawiki.notification', 'mediawiki.watchstar.widgets' ], require => { let WatchlistExpiryWidget = require('mediawiki.watchstar.widgets'); mw.notify(new WatchlistExpiryWidget('watch', pn, null, { message: getMsg('watched', pn) }).$element, { tag: 'listtools-watch' }); }); } } else { mw.notify(getMsg(action + 'Fail', pn), { tag: 'listtools-watch', type: 'error' }); } $wrapper.html($link); }); let notif = $('.mw-notification-tag-listtools-watch').data('mw-notification'); if (notif) notif.close(); }; let tools = [ ['edit', t => t.getUrl({ action: 'edit' })], ['hist', t => !t.missing && t.getUrl({ action: 'history' })], ['links', t => mw.util.getUrl('Special:WhatLinksHere/' + t)], ['watch', t => !t.host && t.getUrl({ action: 'watch' }), null, watchHandler] ]; let addTool = ($span, t, name, url, insertBefore, callback, escapedName) => { let $duplicate = escapedName && $span.children('.listtools-' + escapedName); if (typeof url === 'function') { url = url(t); if (!url) { if ($duplicate) $duplicate.remove(); return; } } let $link = $('<a>').attr('href', url).text(getMsg(name)); if (t.host) $link.prop('host', t.host); if (callback) $link.click(callback); let $wrapper = $('<span>').addClass('listtools-' + name).append($link); let $next = insertBefore && $span.children('.listtools-' + insertBefore); if ($next && $next.length) { if ($duplicate) $duplicate.remove(); $next.before($wrapper); } else if ($duplicate && $duplicate.length) { $duplicate.replaceWith($wrapper); } else { $span.append($wrapper); } }; let extend = (name, url, label, insertBefore, callback) => { let existingTool = tools.find(t => t[0] === name); if (!existingTool && label && !messages.hasOwnProperty(name)) messages[name] = label; if (insertBefore) insertBefore = $.escapeSelector(insertBefore); if (existingTool) { existingTool[1] = url; if (insertBefore) existingTool[2] = insertBefore; if (callback) existingTool[3] = callback; } else { tools.push([name, url, insertBefore, callback]); } let escapedName = existingTool && $.escapeSelector(name); let $spans = $('.listtools'); $spans.each(function (i) { let $span = $spans.eq(i); let t = $span.data('listtools'); addTool($span, t, name, url, insertBefore, callback, escapedName); }); }; mw.hook('listtools.ready').fire(extend); let extGetMain = function () { return this.title; }; let processLis = ($lis, type) => { if (!$lis.length) return; if (window.listtoolsNegativeSelector) { $lis = $lis.not(window.listtoolsNegativeSelector); if (!$lis.length) return; } $lis = $lis.not($lis.has('.listtools')); if (!$lis.length) return; let getWatchedTitles = window.listtoolsGetWatched && new Set(); let articlePath = mw.config.get('wgArticlePath').replace(/\$1.*/, ''); let scriptPath = mw.config.get('wgScript') + '?title='; let selector = `a[href^="${articlePath}"], a[href^="${scriptPath}"], .external, .extiw`; let negativeSelector = '.image, .mw-userlink, .mw-usertoollinks a, .mw-logevent-loglines .comment a, .mw-changeslist-log-entry .comment a, .mw-tag-marker a'; let re = new RegExp(`(?:\\?title=|${mw.util.escapeRegExp(articlePath)})([^#&?]+)`); if (!type) { type = mw.config.get('wgCanonicalSpecialPageName') || mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber'); } let multiAllowed = [ 'subpages', // 'DisambiguationPageLinks', 'DoubleRedirects', 'Listredirects', 'Log', 'Recentchanges', 'Recentchangeslinked', 'Search', 'Watchlist' ].includes(type); $lis.each(function (i) { let $li = $lis.eq(i); let $sublists = $li.find('ul, ol'); let data = {}, external; let $links = $li.find(selector).not(negativeSelector); $links.each(function (j) { if ($sublists.has(this).length) return; let $link = $links.eq(j); let match = $link.attr('href').match(re); if (!match) return; let pn = decodeURIComponent(match[1]); if ($link.is('.external, .extiw')) { if (!external) external = [pn, $link]; return; } data[pn] = $link; }); let added; let entries = Object.entries(data); entries.some(entry => { let t = addTools(...entry, $li, entries.length, type); if (!t) return; added = true; if (getWatchedTitles) getWatchedTitles.add(t.toText()); if (!multiAllowed) return true; }); if (!added) { if (external) addTools(...external, $li, 1, type, true); return; } $li.next('.CategoryTreeChildren').each(function () { let observer = new MutationObserver(records => { let $subcats = $(records.pop().target).find('.CategoryTreeItem'); if ($subcats.length) { observer.disconnect(); processLis($subcats); } }); observer.observe(this, { childList: true }); }); }); if (getWatchedTitles && getWatchedTitles.size) { getWatched([...getWatchedTitles].slice(0, 500)); } }; let addTools = (pn, $link, $li, pnCount, type, isExternal) => { let t = mw.Title.newFromText(pn); if (!t) return; if (isExternal) { Object.assign(t, { getMain: extGetMain, host: $link[0].host, namespace: 0, title: pn }); } else { if (t.namespace < 0) return; if ($link.hasClass('new')) t.missing = true; } let $span = $('<span>').addClass('listtools mw-changeslist-links') .data('listtools', t); tools.forEach(args => { addTool($span, t, ...args); }); if (type === 'Whatlinkshere') { $li.children('.mw-whatlinkshere-tools').replaceWith($span); } else if ([14, 'ComparePages'].includes(type) || pnCount === 1 && $li.is('li, td') ) { let $children = $li.children(); let $sublists = $children.filter('ul, ol'); if (!$sublists.length) $sublists = $children.has('ul, ol'); if ($sublists.length) { $sublists.first().before(' ', $span); } else { $li.append(' ', $span); } } else { $link.after(' ', $span); } return t; }; if (['edit', 'submit'].includes(mw.config.get('wgAction'))) { let callback = mw.util.debounce(() => { processLis($('.mw-editfooter-list > li, .previewnote'), 'edit'); }, 250); mw.hook('wikipage.content').add(callback); mw.hook('wikipage.diff').add(callback); return; } $(() => { processLis($('.subpages'), 'subpages'); if (mw.config.exists('wgRedirectedFrom')) { processLis($('.mw-redirectedfrom'), 'redirect'); } }); if (![-1, 6, 14].includes(mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber'))) return; mw.hook('wikipage.content').add($content => { let selector = '#mw-pages li, .gallerytext, #mw-category-media li:not(.gallerybox), .CategoryTreeItem, .mw-search-result-heading, .searchResultImage, .iw-result__title, #mw-whatlinkshere-list li, .mw-prefixindex-list > li, .mw-allpages-chunk > li, .TablePager_col_img_name, .TablePager_col_pr_page, .mw-spcontent > .special > li, .mw-logevent-loglines > li, .mw-changeslist-log-entry, .mw-changeslist-line.mw-changeslist-src-mw-categorize .comment, .mw-imagepage-linkstoimage > li, .mw-imagepage-redirectstofile > li, #mw-imagepage-section-globalusage ul ul li, #mw-globalusage-result li, #mw-diff-otitle1, #mw-diff-ntitle1'; if (window.listtoolsExtraSelector) { selector += ', ' + window.listtoolsExtraSelector; } processLis($content.find(selector)); }); }); mw.hook('listtools.ready').add(function (extend) { // extend( // 'talk', // function (t) { // return !t.isTalkPage() && t.canHaveTalkPage() && t.getTalkPage().getUrl(); // }, // 'talk', // 'hist' // ); extend( 'subject', function (t) { return t.isTalkPage() && t.getSubjectPage().getUrl(); }, 'subject', 'hist' ); extend( 'last', function (t) { return t.getUrl({ diff: 'cur', diffonly: 1 }); }, null, 'links' ); extend( 'copy', '#', null, null, function (e) { e.preventDefault(); var text = $(this).closest('.listtools').data('listtools').toText(); navigator.clipboard.writeText(text).then(function () { mw.notify('Copied "' + text + '"'); }, function () { var $input = $('<input>').attr({ type: 'text', readonly: '', style: 'position:fixed;top:-100%' }).val(text).appendTo(document.body); $input[0].select(); document.execCommand('copy'); $input.remove(); mw.notify('Probably copied "' + text + '"'); }); } ); }); mw.config.get('wgAction') !== 'history' && mw.loader.using('mediawiki.api', function playAudioNow() { mw.loader.addStyleTag('.playaudionow{background-image:url(//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/OOjs_UI_icon_play-ltr-progressive.svg);background-position:right;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px 12px;padding-right:13px} .playaudionow-loading{background-image:url(//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/MaterialThrobber.svg)} .playaudionow-playing{background-image:url(//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/OOjs_UI_icon_pause-progressive.svg)} .playaudionow-playing.playaudionow-rewinds:not(.playaudionow-nopause){background-image:url(//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/OOjs_UI_icon_stop-progressive.svg)}'); let prevAudio; let onPlay = e => { e.data.removeClass('playaudionow-paused').addClass('playaudionow-loading'); }; let onPlaying = function (e) { if (!window.playaudionowAllowMulti) { if (prevAudio && prevAudio !== this) prevAudio.pause(); prevAudio = this; } e.data.removeClass('playaudionow-loading').addClass('playaudionow-playing'); }; let onPause = function (e) { e.data.removeClass('playaudionow-loading playaudionow-playing'); if (!this.ended || this.currentTime !== 0) { if (this.duration - this.currentTime < 1) { this.currentTime = 0; } else { e.data.addClass('playaudionow-paused'); } } }; let onClick = function (e) { e.preventDefault(); if (this.classList.contains('playaudionow-rewinds')) e.data.currentTime = 0; if (e.data.paused) { e.data.play(); } else if (!this.classList.contains('playaudionow-nopause')) { e.data.pause(); } }; let query = (titles, links, types, classes) => { if (!titles.length) return; let prefix = mw.config.get('wgFormattedNamespaces')[6] + ':'; new mw.Api().post({ action: 'query', titles: titles.slice(0, 50).map(fn => prefix + fn), prop: 'videoinfo', viprop: 'derivatives', formatversion: 2 }).done(response => { (((response || {}).query || {}).normalized || []).forEach(entry => { let from = entry.from.slice(prefix.length); if (!links[from]) return; let to = entry.to.slice(prefix.length); links[to] = links[from]; delete links[from]; }); (((response || {}).query || {}).pages || []).reverse().forEach(page => { let fn = page.title.slice(prefix.length); let $links = $(links[fn]); if (!$links.length) return; let sources = (((page.videoinfo || [])[0] || {}).derivatives || []) .sort((a, b) => types.indexOf(a.type) - types.indexOf(b.type)) .map(derivative => $('<source>').attr({ src: derivative.src, type: derivative.type })); if (!sources.length) return; let audio = $('<audio>').attr('preload', 'none').append(sources) .on({ play: onPlay, playing: onPlaying, pause: onPause }, $links)[0]; $links.addClass(classes).click(audio, onClick); delete links[fn]; }); query(titles.slice(50), links, types, classes); }); }; mw.hook('wikipage.content').add($content => { let links = {}, i = 0; $content.find('.haudio > .fn > .internal:not(.playaudionow)').each(function () { let fn = this.title; if (!links.hasOwnProperty(fn)) { if (i >= 500) return; links[fn] = []; i++; } links[fn].push(this); }); let titles = Object.keys(links); if (!titles.length) return; let types = [ 'audio/midi', 'audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"', 'audio/ogg; codecs="opus"', 'audio/ogg; codecs="speex"', 'audio/webm', 'audio/mpeg', 'audio/flac', 'audio/ogg; codecs="flac"', 'audio/wav' ]; let classes = ['playaudionow']; if (window.playaudionowPause === false) classes.push('playaudionow-nopause'); if (window.playaudionowRewind) classes.push('playaudionow-rewinds'); query(titles, links, types, classes); }); }); (mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') === -1 || ( (mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') % 2 || mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') === 4) && (mw.config.exists('wgDiffNewId') || mw.config.get('wgAction') === 'history') )) && mw.loader.using(['mediawiki.util', 'mediawiki.Title'], function copyUnsig() { let handler = function (e) { e.preventDefault(); let parent = this.closest('li, td'); let match = parent.textContent.match(/\d\d:\d\d, \d\d? [A-Z][a-z]+ \d{4}/); if (!match) return; let user = parent.querySelector('.mw-userlink').textContent; if (mw.util.isIPv6Address(user)) user = user.toUpperCase(); let temp = mw.util.isIPAddress(user) ? 'unsigned IP' : 'unsigned'; let text = `{{subst:${temp}|${user}|${match[0]}}}`; navigator.clipboard.writeText(text).then(() => { mw.notify(`Copied "${text}"`); }, () => { let $input = $('<input>').attr({ type: 'text', readonly: '', style: 'position:fixed;top:-100%' }).val(text).appendTo(document.body); $input[0].select(); document.execCommand('copy'); $input.remove(); mw.notify(`Probably copied "${text}"`); }); }; mw.hook('wikipage.diff').add($diff => { $diff.find('#mw-diff-otitle1, #mw-diff-ntitle1').filter(function () { let t = mw.Title.newFromText(mw.util.getParamValue('title', this.querySelector('a').search)); return t.isTalkPage() || t.namespace === 4; }).append(' (', $('<a>').click(handler).text('us')[0], ')'); }); if (mw.config.get('wgAction') !== 'history') return; mw.hook('wikipage.content').add($content => { $content.find('.mw-contributions-list > li > .mw-changeslist-links:not(.mw-history-histlinks)') .append($('<span>').append($('<a>').click(handler).text('us'))); }); }); if (screen.width < 500) { mw.loader.addStyleTag('@font-face{font-family:CharisSILW;src:url(//db.onlinewebfonts.com/t/20becdd98504161dc918be59c47e2268.woff2)} @font-face{font-family:CharisSILW;font-weight:700;src:url(//db.onlinewebfonts.com/t/76c44f99f6209ecea79724429dbcba3e.woff2)} .IPA{font-family:CharisSILW,sans-serif} .mw-highlight-lines.mw-highlight-lang-javascript > pre{user-select:none}'); location.hash && $(() => { let target = document.querySelector(':target'); if (target && target.getBoundingClientRect().top < 0) target.scrollIntoView(); }); // if (['edit', 'submit'].includes(mw.config.get('wgAction'))) { // mw.hook('wikiEditor.toolbarReady').add($textarea => { // $textarea.off('keyup input change'); // setInterval(() => { // $textarea.off('keyup input change'); // }, 10000); // }); // mw.notify('unbinding'); // } } ['metawiki', 'testwiki'].includes(mw.config.get('wgWikiID')) && ['edit', 'submit'].includes(mw.config.get('wgAction')) && mw.loader.using([ 'mediawiki.api', 'mediawiki.util', 'jquery.textSelection', 'oojs-ui-core' ], function saveNEdit() { $(document.body).on('click', '#wpSave', function (e) { if (e.ctrlKey || e.shiftKey || e.metaKey || e.altKey) return; e.preventDefault(); let button = OO.ui.infuse(this.parentElement).setDisabled(true); let $textarea = $('#wpTextbox1'); let text = $textarea.textSelection('getContents'); let summary = $('#wpSummary').textSelection('getContents'); let formData = new FormData(document.getElementById('editform')); new mw.Api().postWithEditToken({ action: 'edit', title: mw.config.get('wgPageName'), text: text, section: formData.get('wpSection') || undefined, summary: summary, [$('#wpMinoredit').prop('checked') ? 'minor' : 'notminor']: 1, baserevid: formData.get('editRevId'), basetimestamp: formData.get('wpEdittime'), starttimestamp: formData.get('wpStarttime'), watchlist: $('#wpWatchthis').prop('checked') ? 'watch' : 'unwatch', watchlistexpiry: formData.get('wpWatchlistExpiry') || undefined, undo: formData.get('wpUndidRevision') || undefined, undoafter: formData.get('wpUndoAfter') || undefined, contentformat: formData.get('format'), contentmodel: formData.get('model'), assertuser: mw.config.get('wgUserName'), formatversion: 2 }).always((response, errorObj) => { button.setDisabled(); let edit = response && response.edit; if (!edit || edit.result !== 'Success') { mw.notify(((errorObj || {}).error || {}).info || 'Save failed', { autoHideSeconds: 'long', tag: 'savenedit', type: 'error' }); return; } mw.notify(edit.nochange ? 'No change' : $([ document.createTextNode('Saved'), $('<div>').append( new OO.ui.ButtonWidget({ href: mw.util.getUrl(), target: '_blank', label: 'View page' }).$element, new OO.ui.ButtonWidget({ href: mw.util.getUrl(null, { diff: edit.newrevid || 'cur', diffonly: 1 }), target: '_blank', label: 'Diff' }).$element )[0] ]), { tag: 'savenedit' }); $('#editform > input[name="wpUndidRevision"], #editform > input[name="wpUndoAfter"]').remove(); $textarea.data('origtext', text); $('#wpSummary').data('origtext', summary); // if (window.ace) { // let editor = document.querySelector('.ace_editor'); // if (editor) { // ace.edit(editor).session.getUndoManager().reset(); // } // } }); let notif = $('.mw-notification-tag-savenedit').data('mw-notification'); if (notif) notif.close(); }); }); !mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') && mw.config.get('wgAction') === 'view' && (mw.config.get('wgCategories') || []).some(c => c.endsWith('actors') || c.endsWith('actresses')) && $(() => { let n = mw.config.get('wgTitle'); let $links = $(`.hatnote a[title$="${n} filmography"], .hatnote a[title*="${n} on "], .hatnote a[title*="${n} performances"]`); if (!$links.length) return; mw.notify( $links.length === 1 ? $links.clone() : $('<ul>').append($links.clone().wrap('<li>').parent()), { autoHideSeconds: 'long' } ); }); 3uzlonrh3xapt2v1idrv85j1gptmidv 3 118926 540534 509747 2022-08-28T14:10:43Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki == February 2021 == {{rangeblock|sig=~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 12:02, 18 February 2021 (UTC)}} {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:16, 27 February 2021 (UTC) {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:16, 27 February 2021 (UTC) {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:17, 27 February 2021 (UTC) == April 2021 == <div class="user-block" style="min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' temporarily from editing for REASON, as done at [[:L_PAGE]]. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 16:12, 1 April 2021 (UTC)</div></div> :reply [[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 16:13, 1 April 2021 (UTC) : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-ablock --> <div class="user-block" style="min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''36 hours''' for persistent [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]], as done at [[:LINKED_PAGE]]. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 06:21, 4 April 2021 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-vblock --> [[Category:Example and test user accounts]] TEST<!-- Testing --> TEST<!-- Testing --> == August 2022 == {{uw-agf1}} [[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:10, 28 August 2022 (UTC) mmfydmipvu7cwry6nt54ygym33pzrum 540535 540534 2022-08-28T14:11:00Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki == February 2021 == {{rangeblock|sig=~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 12:02, 18 February 2021 (UTC)}} {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:16, 27 February 2021 (UTC) {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:16, 27 February 2021 (UTC) {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:17, 27 February 2021 (UTC) == April 2021 == <div class="user-block" style="min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' temporarily from editing for REASON, as done at [[:L_PAGE]]. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 16:12, 1 April 2021 (UTC)</div></div> :reply [[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 16:13, 1 April 2021 (UTC) : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-ablock --> <div class="user-block" style="min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''36 hours''' for persistent [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]], as done at [[:LINKED_PAGE]]. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 06:21, 4 April 2021 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-vblock --> [[Category:Example and test user accounts]] TEST<!-- Testing --> TEST<!-- Testing --> == August 2022 == {{uw-block}} [[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:10, 28 August 2022 (UTC) svj4vw3bx731410jepmwerukg1b8ktf 540536 540535 2022-08-28T14:11:41Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki == February 2021 == {{rangeblock|sig=~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 12:02, 18 February 2021 (UTC)}} {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:16, 27 February 2021 (UTC) {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:16, 27 February 2021 (UTC) {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:17, 27 February 2021 (UTC) == April 2021 == <div class="user-block" style="min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' temporarily from editing for REASON, as done at [[:L_PAGE]]. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 16:12, 1 April 2021 (UTC)</div></div> :reply [[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 16:13, 1 April 2021 (UTC) : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-ablock --> <div class="user-block" style="min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''36 hours''' for persistent [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]], as done at [[:LINKED_PAGE]]. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 06:21, 4 April 2021 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-vblock --> [[Category:Example and test user accounts]] TEST<!-- Testing --> TEST<!-- Testing --> == August 2022 == {{uw-block|reason=testing}} [[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:10, 28 August 2022 (UTC) {{uw-voablock}} [[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:11, 28 August 2022 (UTC) cg3siuern0xqek849y3slams0yryyfy 540537 540536 2022-08-28T14:12:41Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki == February 2021 == {{rangeblock|sig=~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 12:02, 18 February 2021 (UTC)}} {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:16, 27 February 2021 (UTC) {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:16, 27 February 2021 (UTC) {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:17, 27 February 2021 (UTC) == April 2021 == <div class="user-block" style="min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' temporarily from editing for REASON, as done at [[:L_PAGE]]. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 16:12, 1 April 2021 (UTC)</div></div> :reply [[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 16:13, 1 April 2021 (UTC) : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-ablock --> <div class="user-block" style="min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''36 hours''' for persistent [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]], as done at [[:LINKED_PAGE]]. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 06:21, 4 April 2021 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-vblock --> [[Category:Example and test user accounts]] TEST<!-- Testing --> TEST<!-- Testing --> == August 2022 == <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''3w''' for testing. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:12, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> {{uw-voablock|sig=yes|anon=yes}} 9zufj6ftqr8xn5yobh5aof5j4zumf1g 540538 540537 2022-08-28T14:13:52Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki == February 2021 == {{rangeblock|sig=~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 12:02, 18 February 2021 (UTC)}} {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:16, 27 February 2021 (UTC) {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:16, 27 February 2021 (UTC) {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:17, 27 February 2021 (UTC) == April 2021 == <div class="user-block" style="min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' temporarily from editing for REASON, as done at [[:L_PAGE]]. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 16:12, 1 April 2021 (UTC)</div></div> :reply [[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 16:13, 1 April 2021 (UTC) : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-ablock --> <div class="user-block" style="min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''36 hours''' for persistent [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]], as done at [[:LINKED_PAGE]]. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 06:21, 4 April 2021 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-vblock --> [[Category:Example and test user accounts]] TEST<!-- Testing --> TEST<!-- Testing --> == August 2022 == <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''3w''' for testing. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:12, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> ipi4e1p7bvipgcl5n9cnmo20uludjkf 540539 540538 2022-08-28T14:15:06Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki == February 2021 == {{rangeblock|sig=~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 12:02, 18 February 2021 (UTC)}} {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:16, 27 February 2021 (UTC) {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:16, 27 February 2021 (UTC) {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:17, 27 February 2021 (UTC) == April 2021 == <div class="user-block" style="min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' temporarily from editing for REASON, as done at [[:L_PAGE]]. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 16:12, 1 April 2021 (UTC)</div></div> :reply [[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 16:13, 1 April 2021 (UTC) : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-ablock --> <div class="user-block" style="min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''36 hours''' for persistent [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]], as done at [[:LINKED_PAGE]]. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 06:21, 4 April 2021 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-vblock --> [[Category:Example and test user accounts]] TEST<!-- Testing --> TEST<!-- Testing --> == August 2022 == <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''3w''' for testing. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:12, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> {{Uw-block|reason=breaking the 3-revert rule.|time=24 hours|anon=yes}} 8j6kw0d89ff94whculyq0glwfb9pwgo 540540 540539 2022-08-28T14:15:30Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki == February 2021 == {{rangeblock|sig=~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 12:02, 18 February 2021 (UTC)}} {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:16, 27 February 2021 (UTC) {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:16, 27 February 2021 (UTC) {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:17, 27 February 2021 (UTC) == April 2021 == <div class="user-block" style="min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' temporarily from editing for REASON, as done at [[:L_PAGE]]. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 16:12, 1 April 2021 (UTC)</div></div> :reply [[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 16:13, 1 April 2021 (UTC) : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-ablock --> <div class="user-block" style="min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''36 hours''' for persistent [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]], as done at [[:LINKED_PAGE]]. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 06:21, 4 April 2021 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-vblock --> [[Category:Example and test user accounts]] TEST<!-- Testing --> TEST<!-- Testing --> == August 2022 == <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''3w''' for testing. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:12, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> {{Uw-block|reason=breaking the 3-revert rule|time=24 hours|anon=yes}} 5lvl9tl4cp7nqv929nxzk00l556jln9 540541 540540 2022-08-28T14:15:48Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki == February 2021 == {{rangeblock|sig=~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 12:02, 18 February 2021 (UTC)}} {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:16, 27 February 2021 (UTC) {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:16, 27 February 2021 (UTC) {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:17, 27 February 2021 (UTC) == April 2021 == <div class="user-block" style="min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' temporarily from editing for REASON, as done at [[:L_PAGE]]. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 16:12, 1 April 2021 (UTC)</div></div> :reply [[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 16:13, 1 April 2021 (UTC) : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-ablock --> <div class="user-block" style="min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''36 hours''' for persistent [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]], as done at [[:LINKED_PAGE]]. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 06:21, 4 April 2021 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-vblock --> [[Category:Example and test user accounts]] TEST<!-- Testing --> TEST<!-- Testing --> == August 2022 == <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''3w''' for testing. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:12, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> {{Uw-block|reason=breaking the 3-revert rule|time=24 hours|anon=yes|sig=yes}} 4rirwmksged22j17x1wvm5izztofa8k 540542 540541 2022-08-28T14:16:04Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki == February 2021 == {{rangeblock|sig=~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 12:02, 18 February 2021 (UTC)}} {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:16, 27 February 2021 (UTC) {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:16, 27 February 2021 (UTC) {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:17, 27 February 2021 (UTC) == April 2021 == <div class="user-block" style="min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' temporarily from editing for REASON, as done at [[:L_PAGE]]. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 16:12, 1 April 2021 (UTC)</div></div> :reply [[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 16:13, 1 April 2021 (UTC) : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-ablock --> <div class="user-block" style="min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''36 hours''' for persistent [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]], as done at [[:LINKED_PAGE]]. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 06:21, 4 April 2021 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-vblock --> [[Category:Example and test user accounts]] TEST<!-- Testing --> TEST<!-- Testing --> == August 2022 == <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''3w''' for testing. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:12, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> {{Uw-block|reason=edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule|time=24 hours|anon=yes|sig=yes}} 4ovxlml2yssnev1p0rs05d9spffelmq 540543 540542 2022-08-28T14:16:36Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki == February 2021 == {{rangeblock|sig=~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 12:02, 18 February 2021 (UTC)}} {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:16, 27 February 2021 (UTC) {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:16, 27 February 2021 (UTC) {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:17, 27 February 2021 (UTC) == April 2021 == <div class="user-block" style="min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' temporarily from editing for REASON, as done at [[:L_PAGE]]. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 16:12, 1 April 2021 (UTC)</div></div> :reply [[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 16:13, 1 April 2021 (UTC) : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-ablock --> <div class="user-block" style="min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''36 hours''' for persistent [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]], as done at [[:LINKED_PAGE]]. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 06:21, 4 April 2021 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-vblock --> [[Category:Example and test user accounts]] TEST<!-- Testing --> TEST<!-- Testing --> == August 2022 == <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''3w''' for testing. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:12, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> {{Uw-block|reason=edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule|time=24 hours|anon=yes}} {{Uw-block|reason=edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule|time=48 hours|anon=yes}} 1d7896bv7c9iua7gkc3t350ba6s8uvf 540544 540543 2022-08-28T14:17:06Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki == February 2021 == {{rangeblock|sig=~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 12:02, 18 February 2021 (UTC)}} {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:16, 27 February 2021 (UTC) {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:16, 27 February 2021 (UTC) {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:17, 27 February 2021 (UTC) == April 2021 == <div class="user-block" style="min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' temporarily from editing for REASON, as done at [[:L_PAGE]]. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 16:12, 1 April 2021 (UTC)</div></div> :reply [[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 16:13, 1 April 2021 (UTC) : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-ablock --> <div class="user-block" style="min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''36 hours''' for persistent [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]], as done at [[:LINKED_PAGE]]. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 06:21, 4 April 2021 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-vblock --> [[Category:Example and test user accounts]] TEST<!-- Testing --> TEST<!-- Testing --> == August 2022 == <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''3w''' for testing. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:12, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''24 hours''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:17, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''48 hours''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:17, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> b0pbe6rrw7do59hj60fawkbpet4o8k1 540545 540544 2022-08-28T14:17:27Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki == February 2021 == {{rangeblock|sig=~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 12:02, 18 February 2021 (UTC)}} {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:16, 27 February 2021 (UTC) {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:16, 27 February 2021 (UTC) {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:17, 27 February 2021 (UTC) == April 2021 == <div class="user-block" style="min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' temporarily from editing for REASON, as done at [[:L_PAGE]]. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 16:12, 1 April 2021 (UTC)</div></div> :reply [[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 16:13, 1 April 2021 (UTC) : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-ablock --> <div class="user-block" style="min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''36 hours''' for persistent [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]], as done at [[:LINKED_PAGE]]. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 06:21, 4 April 2021 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-vblock --> [[Category:Example and test user accounts]] TEST<!-- Testing --> TEST<!-- Testing --> == August 2022 == <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''3w''' for testing. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:12, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''24 hours''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:17, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''48 hours''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:17, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''72 hours''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:17, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> 26efrbysm2g3w8ntob2qo5wjwolwy4v 540546 540545 2022-08-28T14:17:54Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki == February 2021 == {{rangeblock|sig=~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 12:02, 18 February 2021 (UTC)}} {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:16, 27 February 2021 (UTC) {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:16, 27 February 2021 (UTC) {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:17, 27 February 2021 (UTC) == April 2021 == <div class="user-block" style="min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' temporarily from editing for REASON, as done at [[:L_PAGE]]. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 16:12, 1 April 2021 (UTC)</div></div> :reply [[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 16:13, 1 April 2021 (UTC) : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-ablock --> <div class="user-block" style="min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''36 hours''' for persistent [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]], as done at [[:LINKED_PAGE]]. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 06:21, 4 April 2021 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-vblock --> [[Category:Example and test user accounts]] TEST<!-- Testing --> TEST<!-- Testing --> == August 2022 == <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''3w''' for testing. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:12, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''24 hours''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:17, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''48 hours''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:17, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''72 hours''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:17, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''96 hours''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:17, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> 6qz70a1l59jkjtphwizgcuu224m635d 540547 540546 2022-08-28T14:18:18Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki == February 2021 == {{rangeblock|sig=~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 12:02, 18 February 2021 (UTC)}} {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:16, 27 February 2021 (UTC) {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:16, 27 February 2021 (UTC) {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:17, 27 February 2021 (UTC) == April 2021 == <div class="user-block" style="min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' temporarily from editing for REASON, as done at [[:L_PAGE]]. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 16:12, 1 April 2021 (UTC)</div></div> :reply [[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 16:13, 1 April 2021 (UTC) : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-ablock --> <div class="user-block" style="min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''36 hours''' for persistent [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]], as done at [[:LINKED_PAGE]]. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 06:21, 4 April 2021 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-vblock --> [[Category:Example and test user accounts]] TEST<!-- Testing --> TEST<!-- Testing --> == August 2022 == <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''3w''' for testing. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:12, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''24 hours''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:17, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''48 hours''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:17, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''72 hours''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:17, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''96 hours''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:17, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''5 days''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:18, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> n2wn4yhm68g3g60b0z5p3lstcmbseyr 540548 540547 2022-08-28T14:19:29Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki == February 2021 == {{rangeblock|sig=~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 12:02, 18 February 2021 (UTC)}} {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:16, 27 February 2021 (UTC) {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:16, 27 February 2021 (UTC) {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:17, 27 February 2021 (UTC) == April 2021 == <div class="user-block" style="min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' temporarily from editing for REASON, as done at [[:L_PAGE]]. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 16:12, 1 April 2021 (UTC)</div></div> :reply [[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 16:13, 1 April 2021 (UTC) : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-ablock --> <div class="user-block" style="min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''36 hours''' for persistent [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]], as done at [[:LINKED_PAGE]]. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 06:21, 4 April 2021 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-vblock --> [[Category:Example and test user accounts]] TEST<!-- Testing --> TEST<!-- Testing --> == August 2022 == <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''3w''' for testing. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:12, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''24 hours''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:17, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''48 hours''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:17, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''72 hours''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:17, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''96 hours''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:17, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''5 days''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:18, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''3 weeks''' for edit warring, breaking the 3-revert rule, and vandalism. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:19, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> j21zrsdxjlnf06yw7ida7zrzqkswbj2 540549 540548 2022-08-28T14:20:16Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki == February 2021 == {{rangeblock|sig=~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 12:02, 18 February 2021 (UTC)}} {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:16, 27 February 2021 (UTC) {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:16, 27 February 2021 (UTC) {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:17, 27 February 2021 (UTC) == April 2021 == <div class="user-block" style="min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' temporarily from editing for REASON, as done at [[:L_PAGE]]. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 16:12, 1 April 2021 (UTC)</div></div> :reply [[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 16:13, 1 April 2021 (UTC) : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-ablock --> <div class="user-block" style="min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''36 hours''' for persistent [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]], as done at [[:LINKED_PAGE]]. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 06:21, 4 April 2021 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-vblock --> [[Category:Example and test user accounts]] TEST<!-- Testing --> TEST<!-- Testing --> == August 2022 == <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''3w''' for testing. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:12, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''24 hours''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:17, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''48 hours''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:17, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''72 hours''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:17, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''96 hours''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:17, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''5 days''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:18, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''3 weeks''' for edit warring, breaking the 3-revert rule, and vandalism. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:19, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''1 week''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:20, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> ntmsi6yv3xnt99mmsnaugo3prtvwduj 540550 540549 2022-08-28T14:21:38Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki == February 2021 == {{rangeblock|sig=~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 12:02, 18 February 2021 (UTC)}} {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:16, 27 February 2021 (UTC) {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:16, 27 February 2021 (UTC) {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:17, 27 February 2021 (UTC) == April 2021 == <div class="user-block" style="min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' temporarily from editing for REASON, as done at [[:L_PAGE]]. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 16:12, 1 April 2021 (UTC)</div></div> :reply [[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 16:13, 1 April 2021 (UTC) : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-ablock --> <div class="user-block" style="min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''36 hours''' for persistent [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]], as done at [[:LINKED_PAGE]]. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 06:21, 4 April 2021 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-vblock --> [[Category:Example and test user accounts]] TEST<!-- Testing --> TEST<!-- Testing --> == August 2022 == <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''3w''' for testing. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:12, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''24 hours''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:17, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''48 hours''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:17, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''72 hours''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:17, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''96 hours''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:17, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''5 days''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:18, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''3 weeks''' for edit warring, breaking the 3-revert rule, and vandalism. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:19, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''1 week''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:20, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> {{Blocked talk-revoked-notice}} 7cj3e5unlq5se21rt4p9jzk4bdgs45t 540551 540550 2022-08-28T14:23:41Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki == February 2021 == {{rangeblock|sig=~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 12:02, 18 February 2021 (UTC)}} {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:16, 27 February 2021 (UTC) {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:16, 27 February 2021 (UTC) {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:17, 27 February 2021 (UTC) == April 2021 == <div class="user-block" style="min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' temporarily from editing for REASON, as done at [[:L_PAGE]]. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 16:12, 1 April 2021 (UTC)</div></div> :reply [[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 16:13, 1 April 2021 (UTC) : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-ablock --> <div class="user-block" style="min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''36 hours''' for persistent [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]], as done at [[:LINKED_PAGE]]. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 06:21, 4 April 2021 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-vblock --> [[Category:Example and test user accounts]] TEST<!-- Testing --> TEST<!-- Testing --> == August 2022 == <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''3w''' for testing. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:12, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''24 hours''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:17, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''48 hours''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:17, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''72 hours''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:17, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''96 hours''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:17, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''5 days''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:18, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''3 weeks''' for edit warring, breaking the 3-revert rule, and vandalism. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:19, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''1 week''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:20, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> {{Blocked talk-revoked-notice}} <div class="notice" style="background:#ffe0e0; border:1px solid #886644; padding:0.5em; margin:0.5em auto; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">You have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''1.5 months''' for Edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. Once the block has expired, you are welcome to [[WP:Five pillars|make useful contributions]]. In addition, your ability to edit your talk page has ''also'' been revoked.</div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then submit a request to the ''[[Wikipedia:Unblock Ticket Request System|Unblock Ticket Request System]]''. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:23, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div><!-- Template:uw-block --> buoohvm92ayihic1pth0mkisnskh3dj 540552 540551 2022-08-28T14:24:30Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki == February 2021 == {{rangeblock|sig=~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 12:02, 18 February 2021 (UTC)}} {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:16, 27 February 2021 (UTC) {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:16, 27 February 2021 (UTC) {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:17, 27 February 2021 (UTC) == April 2021 == <div class="user-block" style="min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' temporarily from editing for REASON, as done at [[:L_PAGE]]. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 16:12, 1 April 2021 (UTC)</div></div> :reply [[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 16:13, 1 April 2021 (UTC) : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-ablock --> <div class="user-block" style="min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''36 hours''' for persistent [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]], as done at [[:LINKED_PAGE]]. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 06:21, 4 April 2021 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-vblock --> [[Category:Example and test user accounts]] TEST<!-- Testing --> TEST<!-- Testing --> == August 2022 == <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''3w''' for testing. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:12, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''24 hours''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:17, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''48 hours''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:17, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''72 hours''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:17, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''96 hours''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:17, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''5 days''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:18, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''3 weeks''' for edit warring, breaking the 3-revert rule, and vandalism. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:19, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''1 week''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:20, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="background:#ffe0e0; border:1px solid #886644; padding:0.5em; margin:0.5em auto; min-height: 40px"> [[File:Stop hand nuvola.svg|left|45px|link=|alt=Stop hand]] '''Your ability to edit this talk page has been revoked as an [[Wikipedia:Administrators|administrator]] has identified your talk page edits as inappropriate and/or disruptive.''' <span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:88%;">([{{fullurl:Special:Log|type=block&page=User:{{BASEPAGENAMEE}}}} block log] • [{{fullurl:Special:BlockList|action=search&ip={{BASEPAGENAMEE}}}} active blocks] • [{{fullurl:Special:GlobalBlockList|ip={{BASEPAGENAMEE}}}} global blocks] • [//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/autoblock/?user={{BASEPAGENAMEE}}&project=en.wikipedia.org autoblocks] • [[Special:Contributions/{{BASEPAGENAME}}|contribs]]<span class="sysop-show"> • [[Special:DeletedContributions/{{BASEPAGENAME}}|deleted contribs]]</span> • [{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser={{BASEPAGENAMEE}}}} abuse filter log] • [{{fullurl:Special:Log|type=newusers&user={{BASEPAGENAMEE}} creation log]}}<span class="sysop-show"> • [[Special:BlockIP/{{BASEPAGENAME}}|change block settings]] • [{{fullurl:Special:BlockList|action=unblock&ip={{BASEPAGENAMEE}}}} unblock]</span> • [{{fullurl:Special:CheckUser|user={{BASEPAGENAMEE}}&reason={{urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}]], unblock request}}}} checkuser] ([{{fullurl:Special:CheckUserLog|cuSearchType=target&cuSearch={{BASEPAGENAMEE}}}} log])) </span> {{clear}} ---- If you think there are good reasons why you should be unblocked, you should read the [[Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then contact administrators by submitting a request to the ''[[Wikipedia:Unblock Ticket Request System|Unblock Ticket Request System]]''. If the block is a [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy#CheckUser blocks|CheckUser]] or [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy#Oversight blocks|Oversight]] block, was made by the Arbitration Committee or to enforce an arbitration decision (arbitration enforcement), or is unsuitable for public discussion, you should appeal to the [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|Arbitration Committee]].<br><small>Please note that there could be appeals to the [[Wikipedia:Unblock Ticket Request System|unblock ticket request system]] that have been declined leading to the post of this notice.</small><p>&nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:24, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div><!-- Template:Blocked talk-revoked-notice --> <div class="notice" style="background:#ffe0e0; border:1px solid #886644; padding:0.5em; margin:0.5em auto; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">You have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''1.5 months''' for Edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. Once the block has expired, you are welcome to [[WP:Five pillars|make useful contributions]]. In addition, your ability to edit your talk page has ''also'' been revoked.</div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then submit a request to the ''[[Wikipedia:Unblock Ticket Request System|Unblock Ticket Request System]]''. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:23, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div><!-- Template:uw-block --> awzwrrznvpvyl5qp8h1zb3ydidoq7r8 540553 540552 2022-08-28T14:25:49Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Please do NOT remove this header message. Thank you. --> {{User:Sandbox for user warnings/Talk header}} __TOC__ <!-- All comments/sections/warnings/etc. go below this line --> == February 2021 == {{rangeblock|sig=~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 12:02, 18 February 2021 (UTC)}} {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:16, 27 February 2021 (UTC) {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:16, 27 February 2021 (UTC) {{subst:socksuspectnotice|1=Amory}} ~ <span style="color:#F09">Amory</span><small style="color:#555"> ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])''</small> 19:17, 27 February 2021 (UTC) == April 2021 == <div class="user-block" style="min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' temporarily from editing for REASON, as done at [[:L_PAGE]]. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 16:12, 1 April 2021 (UTC)</div></div> :reply [[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 16:13, 1 April 2021 (UTC) : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-ablock --> <div class="user-block" style="min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''36 hours''' for persistent [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]], as done at [[:LINKED_PAGE]]. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:SD0001|SD0001]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 06:21, 4 April 2021 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-vblock --> [[Category:Example and test user accounts]] TEST<!-- Testing --> TEST<!-- Testing --> == August 2022 == <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''3w''' for testing. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:12, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''24 hours''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:17, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''48 hours''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:17, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''72 hours''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:17, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''96 hours''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:17, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''5 days''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:18, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''3 weeks''' for edit warring, breaking the 3-revert rule, and vandalism. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:19, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''1 week''' for edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:20, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="background:#ffe0e0; border:1px solid #886644; padding:0.5em; margin:0.5em auto; min-height: 40px"> [[File:Stop hand nuvola.svg|left|45px|link=|alt=Stop hand]] '''Your ability to edit this talk page has been revoked as an [[Wikipedia:Administrators|administrator]] has identified your talk page edits as inappropriate and/or disruptive.''' <span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:88%;">([{{fullurl:Special:Log|type=block&page=User:{{BASEPAGENAMEE}}}} block log] • [{{fullurl:Special:BlockList|action=search&ip={{BASEPAGENAMEE}}}} active blocks] • [{{fullurl:Special:GlobalBlockList|ip={{BASEPAGENAMEE}}}} global blocks] • [//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/autoblock/?user={{BASEPAGENAMEE}}&project=en.wikipedia.org autoblocks] • [[Special:Contributions/{{BASEPAGENAME}}|contribs]]<span class="sysop-show"> • [[Special:DeletedContributions/{{BASEPAGENAME}}|deleted contribs]]</span> • [{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser={{BASEPAGENAMEE}}}} abuse filter log] • [{{fullurl:Special:Log|type=newusers&user={{BASEPAGENAMEE}} creation log]}}<span class="sysop-show"> • [[Special:BlockIP/{{BASEPAGENAME}}|change block settings]] • [{{fullurl:Special:BlockList|action=unblock&ip={{BASEPAGENAMEE}}}} unblock]</span> • [{{fullurl:Special:CheckUser|user={{BASEPAGENAMEE}}&reason={{urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}]], unblock request}}}} checkuser] ([{{fullurl:Special:CheckUserLog|cuSearchType=target&cuSearch={{BASEPAGENAMEE}}}} log])) </span> {{clear}} ---- If you think there are good reasons why you should be unblocked, you should read the [[Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then contact administrators by submitting a request to the ''[[Wikipedia:Unblock Ticket Request System|Unblock Ticket Request System]]''. If the block is a [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy#CheckUser blocks|CheckUser]] or [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy#Oversight blocks|Oversight]] block, was made by the Arbitration Committee or to enforce an arbitration decision (arbitration enforcement), or is unsuitable for public discussion, you should appeal to the [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|Arbitration Committee]].<br><small>Please note that there could be appeals to the [[Wikipedia:Unblock Ticket Request System|unblock ticket request system]] that have been declined leading to the post of this notice.</small><p>&nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:24, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div><!-- Template:Blocked talk-revoked-notice --> <div class="notice" style="background:#ffe0e0; border:1px solid #886644; padding:0.5em; margin:0.5em auto; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">You have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''1.5 months''' for Edit warring and breaking the 3-revert rule. Once the block has expired, you are welcome to [[WP:Five pillars|make useful contributions]]. In addition, your ability to edit your talk page has ''also'' been revoked.</div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then submit a request to the ''[[Wikipedia:Unblock Ticket Request System|Unblock Ticket Request System]]''. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:23, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div><!-- Template:uw-block --> 0cx1pivo50xa8hwm44qn4c8zwdw13rs 3 119048 540556 509745 2022-08-28T14:29:16Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Please do NOT remove this header message. Thank you. --> {{User:Sandbox for user warnings/Talk header}} __TOC__ <!-- All comments/sections/warnings/etc. go below this line --> [[Category:Example and test user accounts]] TEST<!-- Testing --> TEST<!-- Testing --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''24 hours''' for Edit warring and breaking the 3RR rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:29, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> 03k3k8y9rn1kdf5u8gmt4nlcrzwqbqy 540557 540556 2022-08-28T14:29:40Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Please do NOT remove this header message. Thank you. --> {{User:Sandbox for user warnings/Talk header}} __TOC__ <!-- All comments/sections/warnings/etc. go below this line --> [[Category:Example and test user accounts]] TEST<!-- Testing --> TEST<!-- Testing --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''24 hours''' for Edit warring and breaking the 3RR rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:29, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''48 hours''' for edit warring and breaking the 3RR rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:29, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> azqwt0ehs83qizae34ixq5rjjpyuett 540560 540557 2022-08-28T14:30:04Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Please do NOT remove this header message. Thank you. --> {{User:Sandbox for user warnings/Talk header}} __TOC__ <!-- All comments/sections/warnings/etc. go below this line --> [[Category:Example and test user accounts]] TEST<!-- Testing --> TEST<!-- Testing --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''24 hours''' for Edit warring and breaking the 3RR rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:29, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''48 hours''' for edit warring and breaking the 3RR rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:29, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''72 hours''' for edit warring and breaking the 3RR rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:30, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> cpqkm0zl93uygd04nxslfrwnvs3ywvk 540574 540560 2022-08-28T14:44:35Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Please do NOT remove this header message. Thank you. --> {{User:Sandbox for user warnings/Talk header}} __TOC__ <!-- All comments/sections/warnings/etc. go below this line --> [[Category:Example and test user accounts]] TEST<!-- Testing --> TEST<!-- Testing --> == August 2022 == <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''24 hours''' for Edit warring and breaking the 3RR rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. &nbsp;[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 14:29, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</div></div> : ''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]] and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by [[Special:Userlogin|logging in]]''.<!-- Template:uw-block --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon with clock]]<div style="margin-left:45px">Anonymous users from this IP address have been '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''48 hours''' for edit warring and breaking the 3RR rule. </div><div style="margin-left:45px">If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the [[WP:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]], then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. 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He subsequently moved to Sweden. In collaboration with his wife, [[Ingrid Falk (artist)|Ingrid Falk]], he set up an [[art collective]] in [[Stockholm]] called FA+ in 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fa-art.se/01wrk1.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2021-07-11 |archive-date=2012-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419191000/http://www.fa-art.se/01wrk1.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kultur.stockholm.se/default.asp?id=4290&ptid=1378|title=Stockholms stad: Ingrid Falk och Gustavo Aguerro (FA+)}}</ref> Amongst the artists who have worked with FA+ are [[Nicola Pellegrini]], [[Otonella Mocellin]], Daniel Wetter, [[Lennie Lee]]. Aguerre and Falk have worked on a number of site-specific [[Installation art|installations]] throughout Europe."<ref name="auto"/> These involve large -scale [[Installation art|installations]], [[photographic]] projections, [[sculptures]], [[video]] installations in [[Stockholm]]. He has exhibited in museums and private galleries, including the Italian Pavilion [[Venice Biennale]] in 1999,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://du-store-verden.no/artister/artist.php%3F990271024 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202102652/http://du-store-verden.no/artister/artist.php?990271024 |archive-date=2009-02-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Malmo Museum in 1996, The Rich and Famous Gallery, London in 1998, the Galeria Milano in 1999, [[ARCO]] in 2000, The Museo bellas Artes in Buenos Aires and the Konstnarhuset, Stockholm, the Sternersenmuseet, Oslo, the Tirana Biennial in 2001, Reykjavik Art Museum in 2002 and the National Center of Contemporary Art in 2005 ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050217213041/http://callereal.se/photos_gustavo.htm Gustavo Aguerre's Photographic works] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Aguerre, Gustavo}} [[Category:1953 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Argentine photographers]] [[Category:People from Buenos Aires]] [[Category:Swedish contemporary artists]] [[Category:Argentine contemporary artists]] {{photographer-stub}} 8mw8svfc47zjs4b92mtitidiyw1mb70 0 122009 541009 539859 2022-08-29T06:12:03Z InternetArchiveBot 34092 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Overview of honour killings in Pakistan}} {{Use Pakistani English|date=January 2016}} '''Honour killings in Pakistan'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://hamariweb.com/articles/84364|title=Stop Karo-Kari|work=Hamariweb.com Articles|access-date=2018-07-07|language=en-US}}</ref> are known locally as ''karo-kari'' ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|کاروکاری}}}}).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.interfaithshaadi.org/blog/?p=11250|title=Stop Karo-Kari (Honor Killing)|date=2016-05-02|work=www.InterfaithShaadi.org|access-date=2018-07-07|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Pakistan]] has the highest number of documented and estimated [[Honor killing|honour killings]] per capita of any country in the world; about one-fifth of the world's honour killings are committed in Pakistan (1,000 out of the 5,000 per year total).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hbv-awareness.com/|title=Statistics & Data|website=Honour Based Violence Awareness Network|access-date=2018-04-02}}</ref> An honour killing is the [[homicide]] of a member of a family or social group by other members, due to the belief the victim has brought [[honour|dishonour]] upon the family or community.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Honour killing : dilemma, ritual, understanding|last=Jafri|first=Amir H.|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195476316|location=Oxford|oclc=180753749}}</ref> The death of the victim is viewed as a way to restore the reputation and honour of the family.<ref name="Goldstein 2002 31">{{cite journal|last=Goldstein|first=Matthew|title=The Biological Roots of Heat-of-Passion Crimes and Honor Killings|journal=Politics and the Life Sciences|year=2002|volume=21|issue=2|page=31|pmid=16859346}}</ref> It is likely that honour killing has been a practice in Pakistan for thousands of years,<ref name=":0" /> and, despite recent legal reforms, it remains a common practice in Pakistan today.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/09/25/honor-killings-continue-pakistan-despite-new-law|title='Honor' Killings Continue in Pakistan Despite New Law|last=Ijaz|first=Saroop|date=2017-09-25|website=Human Rights Watch|access-date=2018-03-01}}</ref> Both international and Pakistani activists and activist groups are pushing for an end to the practice, although some say that change will not truly happen unless the general public chooses to condemn the practice.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Siddiqi|first=Muhammad Khursheed|title=The Punjab Protection of Women against Violence Act 2016: A Legislative Review|url=https://sahsol.lums.edu.pk/sites/default/files/adjudicating_family_law_in_muslim_courts.pdf|journal=LUMS Law Journal|volume=3|pages=100–118}}</ref> ==Background== Honour killing is an act of murder, in which a person is killed for his or her actual or perceived immoral behavior. Such "immoral behavior" may take the form of alleged marital infidelity, refusal to submit to an [[arranged marriage]], demanding a divorce, perceived flirtatious behaviour and being raped.<ref name="Khan_A_1999">{{Cite journal|last=Khan|first=Ayesha|date=November 1999|title=Mobility of women and access to health and family planning services in Pakistan|journal=[[Reproductive Health Matters]]|volume=7|issue=14|pages=39–48|doi=10.1016/S0968-8080(99)90005-8}}</ref>{{rp|44}} Suspicion and accusations alone are many times enough to defile a family's honour and therefore enough to warrant the killing of the woman.<ref name=Khan_A_1999 /> In [[Patriarchy|patriarchal]] cultures, women's lives are structured through a strict maintenance of an honour code. In order to preserve woman's chastity, women must abide by socially restrictive cultural practices pertaining to women's status and family [[izzat (honour)|izzat]], or honour, such as the practice of ''[[purdah]]'', the segregation of sexes.<ref name=Khan_A_1999 />{{rp|41}} Honour killings are frequently more complex than the stated excuses of the perpetrators. More often than not, the murder relates to inheritance problems, feud-settling, or to get rid of the wife, for instance in order to remarry. Human rights agencies in Pakistan have repeatedly emphasized that victims were often women wanting to marry of their own will. In such cases, the victims held properties that the male members of their families did not wish to lose if the woman chose to marry outside the family.<ref name="Pakistan rejects pro-women bill">{{cite news | title=Pakistan rejects pro-women bill | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4311055.stm | work=BBC News | date=2005-03-02 | access-date=2010-01-01}}</ref> A 1999 Amnesty International report drew specific attention to "the failure of the authorities to prevent these killings by investigating and punishing the perpetrators."<ref name="Amnesty International">{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/ASA33/018/1999|title=Pakistan: Honour killings of women and girls|publisher=Amnesty International|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123134208/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/ASA33/018/1999|archive-date=2015-01-23}}</ref> According to [[women's rights]] advocates, the concepts of women as property and honour are so deeply entrenched in the social, political and economic fabric of Pakistan that the government, for the most part, ignores the daily occurrences of women being killed and maimed by their families.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hassan|first=Yasmeen|title=The Fate of Pakistani Women|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/25/opinion/25iht-edhass.2.t.html?pagewanted=1|access-date=April 25, 2012|newspaper=New York Times|date=March 25, 1999}}</ref> The fact that much of Pakistan's [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas|Tribal Areas]] are semi-autonomous and governed by often fundamentalist leaders makes federal enforcement difficult when attempted.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gardi|first=Balazs|title=The Truth About Talibanistan|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1601850,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325154852/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1601850,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 25, 2007|access-date=April 25, 2012|newspaper=Time Magazine|date=March 22, 2007}}</ref> === Terminology related to honour killing === Both Appiah and Jafri explain the historical significance of ''karo-kari'' ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|کاروکاری}}}}) within Pakistan. Karo can be directly translated as "black [or 'blackened'] man" and kari as "black [or 'blackened] woman"<ref name=":0" /> and refers to sexual intercourse outside the bonds of marriage.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=The honor code : how moral revolutions happen|last=Anthony.|first=Appiah|date=2010|publisher=W.W. Norton|isbn=9780393071627|edition=1st|location=New York|oclc=601094356}}</ref> The term ''karo-kari'' is commonly used as a synonym to honour killing,<ref name=":0" /> especially in the [[Sindh]] region of Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite document|title=Grassroots Islamic solution to achieving and advancing honour killing reform in Pakistan - ComDisDome - ProQuest|language=en|id={{ProQuest|1868415349}}}}</ref> Originally, karo and kari were metaphoric terms for adulterer and adulteress, but it has come to be used with regards to multiple forms of perceived immoral behavior. Once a woman is labeled as a kari, family members consider themselves to be authorized to kill her and the co-accused karo in order to restore family honour. In the majority of cases, the victim of the attacks is female with her attackers being male members of her family or community.<ref name="Khan_A_1999" /> === Cultural pressures for honour killing in Pakistan === Pakistan is a collective, patriarchal society, and therefore social boundaries and community regard are based on honour; in this situation, honour is based on the behaviour of kin or members of a certain group.<ref name=":0" /> A Pakistani folk saying describes well the cultural importance of honour: "'<nowiki/>''Daulat khonay pur kuch naheen khota, sihat khonay pur kuch kho jaata hai, ghairat khonay pur sub kuch kho jaata hai''' (When wealth is lost nothing is lost; when health is lost something is lost; when honour is lost everything is lost)."<ref name=":0" /> In Pakistan, honour is focused more on the perception of the community versus actual evidence.<ref name=":0" /> Honour is important for both women and men to uphold; women protect honour by modesty and men by masculinity.<ref name=":0" /> The cultural perspective behind honour is that if a woman does something that the community perceives as immodest then the men in her family must uphold their masculinity and regain the family honour by killing the woman.<ref name=":0" /> If this action isn't completed the shame and dishonour can extend beyond the immediate family to the entire lineage, or even to the entire community.<ref name=":0" /> There are multiple other cultural characteristics that contribute to honour including a strong disdain for death.<ref name=":0" /> Due to this, the perpetrator of an honour killing is highly regarded in the community because of their courage and because what they had to endure through with killing another was worse than death itself.<ref name=":0" /> ==Prevalence== As in other countries, the exact number of honour killings is not known. The [[Human Rights Commission of Pakistan]] lists 460 cases of reported honour killings in 2017, with 194 males and 376 females as victims.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://hrcpmonitor.org/search/?id=5|title=HRCP Archive {{!}} Search News|website=hrcpmonitor.org|language=en|access-date=2018-05-02}}</ref> Of these killings, 253 were sparked by disapproval of illicit relations and 73 by disapproval of marriage choice.<ref name=":3" /> Additionally, out of the known suspect relationship with victims, over 93% were family relationships.<ref name=":3" /> Although these are most likely only a sample of the actual honour killings that were completed during 2017, it still gives a glimpse into characteristics of honour killings in Pakistan. Sources disagree as to the exact number by year, but according to [[Human Rights Watch]], NGOs/INGOs in the area estimate that around 1,000 honour killings are carried out each year in Pakistan.<ref>"World Report 2017: Rights Trends in Pakistan". ''Human Rights Watch''. 2017-01-12. Retrieved 2018-04-02.</ref> In 2015 nearly 1,100 women were murdered in honour killings.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35943732 |title=Pakistan honour killings on the rise, report reveals - BBC News |publisher=Bbc.com |date= April 2016|access-date=2016-10-13|work=BBC News }}</ref> In 2011, human rights groups reported 720 honour killings in Pakistan (605 women and 115 men),<ref>[http://www.stophonourkillings.com/?q=node/8348 "Honour killings, domestic disputes claim 720 lives in Sindh"]</ref> while Pakistan's Human Rights Commission reported that in 2010 there were 791 honour killings in the country,<ref>Mariya Karimjee, [http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/asia-pacific/pakistan/111220/pakistan-675-women-killed-honor-killings-2011 "Pakistan: 675 women killed in honour killings in 2011"] 20 December 2011. The Global Post</ref> and Amnesty International cited 960 incidents of women who were slain in honour killings that year.<ref name="amnesty2010" /> Over 4,000 honour killing cases were reported in Pakistan between 1998 and 2004. Of the victims, around 2,700 were women vs about 1,300 men; 3,451 cases came before the courts. During this time, the highest rates were in [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]], followed by the [[Sindh]] province. A significant number of cases have also been reported in [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North-West Frontier Province]] (NWFP) and in [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]].<ref name="asianews">{{cite news | first=Qaiser | last=Felix | title=Honour killing and "karo kari" in Pakistan | url=http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=1187 | publisher=AsiaNews.it | date=2004-07-22 | access-date=2010-01-01}}</ref><ref>"'Honour Killings' and the Law in Pakistan" by Sohail Warraich in Chapter 4 of "Honour, Crimes, paradigms, and violence against women" By Sara Hossain, and Lynn Welchman, Zed Books (November 10, 2005), {{ISBN|1-84277-627-4}}</ref> [[Nilofar Bakhtiar]], advisor to [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Shaukat Aziz]], stated that in 2003, as many as 1,261 women were murdered in honour killings.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan Tries to Curb 'Honor Killings'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/27/international/asia/27stan.html?oref=login|last=Masood|first=Salman|newspaper=[[New York Times]]|access-date=2010-01-01 | date=2004-10-27}}</ref> ===Complications in data=== Data and its absence are difficult to interpret. One reason is the reluctance to report honour killings to official bodies. Another reason is that honour killings are occurring in cultural and social contexts which do not recognize the ''criminality'' of honour killings.<ref name="Goldstein 2002 31"/> The very nature of honour killings reflects deeply entrenched notions of "honour" and "morality", in which the perpetrator is upholding justice and order when the victim commits deplorable social acts. The perpetrator becomes the champion of justice while the victim becomes the perpetrator and is accused of the criminal act. Human rights advocates are in wide agreement that the reported cases do not reflect the full extent of the issue, as honour killings have a high level of support in Pakistan's rural society, and thus often go unreported.<ref>[http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2004/07/24/2003180222 Pakistan's honor killings enjoy high-level support]. Taipei Times (2011-09-24). Retrieved on 2011-10-01.</ref><ref name=Hassan>Yasmeen Hassan, "The Haven Becomes Hell: A Study of Domestic Violence in Pakistan," ''The Fate of Pakistani Women'', 1995 August, 72 p. (Special Bulletin), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg</ref> Frequently, women & men killed in honour killings are recorded as having committed suicide or died in accidents.<ref name="Hassan"/> ==Specific occurrences== In one of the most publicized honour killing cases committed in Pakistan, [[Samia Sarwar]] was murdered by her family in the [[Lahore]] office of well-known human rights activists [[Asma Jahangir]] and [[Hina Jilani]] in April 1999. As Sarwar sought assistance for a divorce from her first cousin, her family arranged her murder after the shame felt in her attempt to marry a man of her choice. The police did not make any arrests or pursue prosecution as Sarwar's family is highly well known in elite, political circles. The 2000 award-winning BBC documentary, "License to Kill," covers Samia's killing in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/correspondent/909948.stm|title=Licence To Kill; BBC Documentary|publisher=BBC | date=4 September 2000 | access-date=4 January 2010}}</ref> Amnesty International reported that on 27 April 2009, Ayman Udas, a [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] singer from the [[Peshawar]] area, was shot to death apparently by her two brothers who "viewed her divorce, remarriage and artistic career as damaging to family honour." No one was prosecuted.<ref name="amnesty2010">{{Cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/pakistan/report-2010 |title="Amnesty International 2010 report on Pakistan" |access-date=2021-09-04 |archive-date=2014-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006123156/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/pakistan/report-2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A widely reported case was that of Tasleem Khatoon Solangi, 17, of Hajna Shah village in [[Khairpur district]], which was widely reported after her father, 57-year-old Gul Sher Solangi, publicized the case. He alleged his eight months' pregnant daughter was tortured and killed on March 7, 2008, by members of her village claiming that she had brought dishonour to the tribe. Solangi's father claimed that it was orchestrated by her father-in-law, who accused her of carrying a child conceived out of wedlock, potentially with the added motive of trying to take over the family farm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenational.ae/article/20081028/FOREIGN/662811008/1103/NEWS|title=Pakistan to investigate 'honour killing' case|publisher=Th National Newspaper, Abu Dhabi|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227050259/http://www.thenational.ae/article/20081028/FOREIGN/662811008/1103/NEWS|archive-date=2008-12-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4311055.stm | title=Pakistan rejects pro-women bill | date=2005-03-02 | work=BBC News}}</ref> The {{ill|14 July 2008 honour killings in Baba Kot|fr|Crimes d'honneur à Baba Kot du 14 juillet 2008}} occurred in Balochistan. Five women were killed by tribesmen of the [[Umrani|Umrani Tribe]] of [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]].<ref name="sickos">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/five-women-beaten-and-buried-alive-in-pakistan-honour-killing-915714.html|title=Five women beaten and buried alive in Pakistan 'honour killing'|last=Waraich|first=Omar |date=2008-09-02|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=2008-09-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2008/0901/1220180158986.html|publisher=Irish Time|title=Three teenagers buried alive in Pakistan 'honour killing' | date=2008-09-09}}</ref> The five victims – three teens, and two middle-aged women – were kidnapped, beaten, shot, and then buried alive because they refused the tribal leader's marriage arrangements and wanted to marry men of their own choosing.<ref name="sickos" /> Local politicians may have been involved in the murders. [[Syed Iqbal Haider]] commented that the Pakistani government had been very slow to react.<ref name="sickos"/> [[Senate of Pakistan|Senator]] [[Israr Ullah Zehri]] defending the killings, stating, "these are centuries-old traditions and I will continue to defend them.'<ref name="senator">{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,418025,00.html|title=Girl Forced to Marry at Nine Murdered After She Sought Annulment|date=2008-09-06|publisher=FOX News|access-date=2008-09-07}}</ref> On 27 May 2014 a pregnant woman named [[Stoning of Farzana Parveen|Farzana Iqbal (''née'' Parveen)]] was stoned to death by her family in front of a [[High Courts of Pakistan|Pakistani High Court]] for eloping and marrying the man she loved, Muhammad Iqbal. Police investigator Mujahid quoted the father as saying: "I killed my daughter as she had insulted all of our family by marrying a man without our consent, and I have no regret over it."<ref>{{cite web |author=K.M. Chaudhry And Zaheer Babar |url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/pregnant-pakistani-woman-stoned-death-family-163143284.html |title=Pregnant Pakistani woman stoned to death by family |publisher=In.news.yahoo.com |date=2014-05-27 |access-date=2016-10-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215205524/https://in.news.yahoo.com/pregnant-pakistani-woman-stoned-death-family-163143284.html |archive-date=2015-02-15 }}</ref> Muhammad Iqbal stated that it had been a prolonged engagement, and Farzana's father had become enraged only after Iqbal refused a demand for more money than the originally agreed amount of the [[bride price]]. Muhammad Iqbal strangled his first wife so that he would be free to marry Farzana, and police said he had been released after that murder when a "compromise" was reached with his first wife's family.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/29/pakistan-man-protesting-honour-killing-admits-strangling-first-wife|title=Pakistani man protesting 'honour killing' admits strangling first wife|date=29 May 2014 |website=The Guardian |publisher=theguardian.com |access-date=May 27, 2014 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-05-27/pakistani-woman-stoned-to-death-in-27honour-killing27/5482308 |title=Pakistani woman stoned to death in 'honour killing' | work = Australia Network News | publisher = [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date= 27 May 2014 |access-date= 3 August 2014 }}</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-27599325 |title= Pakistan woman stoned by family outside Lahore court | work = [[BBC News]] | publisher = BBC |date= 28 May 2014 |access-date= 3 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Associated Press in Lahore |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/27/pregnant-pakistani-woman-stoned-to-death |title=Pregnant Pakistani woman stoned to death by family | work = [[The Guardian]] &#124; World news | publisher = [[Guardian Media Group]] |date= 27 May 2014 |access-date= 3 August 2014 }}</ref> In 2015, a [[A Girl in the River: The Price of Forgiveness|documentary]] was released about Saba Qaiser,<ref>{{Citation|last=Obaid-Chinoy|first=Sharmeen|title=A Girl in the River: The Price of Forgiveness|date=2015-10-28|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5144072/|others=Asad Jamal, Saba|access-date=2018-05-02}}</ref> a woman from Punjab, Pakistan,<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hbo.com/content/hboweb/en/documentaries/a-girl-in-the-river-the-price-of-forgiveness/synopsis.html|title=A Girl in the River: The Price of Forgiveness - A Girl in the River|website=HBO|language=en|access-date=2018-05-02}}</ref> who married a man against her family's wishes<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/31/opinion/sunday/her-father-shot-her-in-the-head-as-an-honor-killing.html|title=Opinion {{!}} Her Father Shot Her in the Head, as an 'Honor Killing'|date=2016-01-30|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-05-02|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> because his family was of "lowly status."<ref name=":4" /> In response to her elopement, her father and uncle beat her, shot her in the head, put her body in a sack, and threw the sack into a river.<ref name=":5" /> Amazingly, Saba survived the violent attack, escaped the sack, swam to shore, and was able to get help at a local gas station.<ref name=":4" /> While still in recovery, Saba was pressured by community leaders to forgive her father and uncle.<ref name=":4" /> During that time, the "forgiveness law" was still in place, allowing murderers of victims to be released if the family chose to forgive them.<ref name=":4" /> With the help of a pro bono human rights lawyer, Saba fought the case in court,<ref name=":4" /> but finally chose to exclaim forgiveness in court due to the pressure she was receiving.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.samaa.tv/pakistan/2017/03/pakistani-woman-fears-for-life-after-surviving-honour-killing/|title=Pakistani woman fears for life after surviving honour killing - Samaa TV|website=www.samaa.tv|language=en-US|access-date=2018-05-02}}</ref> Due to her forgiveness in court, Saba's attackers were released from jail.<ref name=":6" /> Both her uncle and father were later imprisoned again in April 2016, and were set to be released March 2017, leaving Saba worrying for her life.<ref name=":6" /> In July 2016, popular Pakistani social media celebrity [[Qandeel Baloch]] was strangled by her brother in an act of honour killing in [[Multan]] in the province of Punjab. She had reportedly raised controversy by posting controversial pictures of herself on social media, including one alongside a [[Muslim]] cleric, and her brothers had asked her to stop.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-36814258|title= Social media star 'honour killing' case|publisher=BBC, United Kingdom |work= BBC News|date= 2016-07-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/16/asia/pakistan-qandeel-baloch-murder/ | title=Qandeel Baloch: Pakistani social media star strangled by her brother | date=2016-07-17 | work=CNN}}</ref> The state was named as complainant in Qandeel's murder case, making it impossible for her family to pardon her killers.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/pakistan/18-Jul-16/state-becomes-complainant-in-qandeels-murder-case | title=State becomes complainant in Qandeel's murder case | publisher=Daily Times, Pakistan|date=2016-07-18}}</ref> Qandeel's brother Waseem was arrested on the charges of murder. He confessed to murdering his sister, saying "she [[Qandeel Baloch]] was bringing disrepute to our family's honour and I could not tolerate it any further. I killed her around 11:30 p.m. on Friday night when everyone else had gone to bed."<ref name="Qandeelbrotherfoundguilty">{{cite news|title=Qandeel Baloch's brother arrested, says he killed her for 'honour'|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/07/17/national/qandeel-balochs-brother-arrested-says-he-killed-her-for-honour/|newspaper=Pakistan Today|date=17 July 2016|access-date=17 July 2016}}</ref> In July 2016, a British woman, [[Death of Samia Shahid|Samia Shahid]], flew to visit her family in Pakistan under false pretenses; she was told she needed to come immediately because her father was dying. On July 20, 2016 (only six days after arriving in Pakistan),<ref name=":8">''Murdered for Love? Samia Shahid''. Sasha Achili. BBC TWO, 2018. Short film/documentary.</ref> she was found dead - raped and strangled - in Punjab, Pakistan, at the home of Mohammed Shakeel, her former husband. Years earlier, Samia had been forced to marry her cousin, Mohammed Shakeel, in an arranged marriage. In 2014, Samia married Syed Mukhtar Kazam and started a new life with him in Dubai. Before flying to Pakistan in 2016, Samia expressed she was worried about the nature of the visit, about seeing her former husband, and about whether or not she would come home alive. In a BBC documentary about her death, ''Murdered for Love? Samia Shahid'', BBC shares that Shakeel killed Samia after she refused to remarry him. Police reports say that Shakeel raped and killed Samia after she refused to reveal the location of her passport. Additionally, the BBC documentary reports that Samia was able to briefly escape the attack by Shakeel and run into his hallway but then she was then confronted by her father who nodded his approval to Shakeel before Shakeel strangled Samia. Samia's family claimed she died by heart attack but the autopsy reports showed that she was raped and strangled. Her father was released from police custody due to lack of evidence and later died without being charged.<ref name=":8" /> Her cousin and former husband, Shakeel, is still in police custody.<ref name=":8" /> In January 2017 a Pakistani mother was [[capital punishment|sentenced to death]] for killing her daughter by burning her alive, for ‘bringing shame to the family’ by marrying against her family's wishes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/17/pakistani-mother-sentenced-to-death-for-burning-daughter-alive#img-1|title=Pakistani mother sentenced to death for burning daughter alive|date=2017-01-17|agency=[[Reuters]]|access-date=2017-01-17|via=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> In February 2018, a man and five accomplices opened fire on a couple in Karachi, Pakistan, killing the husband, Rozi Khan, and injuring the wife, Zainab.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1389385|title=Nephew allegedly kills uncle, injures aunt in 'honour killing'|last=Ali|first=Imtiaz|date=2018-02-14|work=DAWN.COM|access-date=2018-05-03|language=en-US}}</ref> Zainab put up a fight and was further attacked with sticks and a knife, but still survived.<ref name=":9" /> The couple had entered into a marriage that most of their family was opposed to but that Zainab's mother and brother gave permission for.<ref name=":9" /> The main assailant in the honour killing and attempted honour killing is Zainab's nephew.<ref name=":9" /> The nephew was apprehended at a private hospital following the attack where he claimed his injuries from fighting Zainab were instead from being robbed.<ref name=":9" /> The nephew's friend is also a suspect in the case.<ref name=":9" /> Also, in February 2018, a 19-year-old woman was murdered in Karachi, Pakistan, by her brother for having an affair with one of her relatives.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/pakistan-man-arrested-for-killing-sister-over-affair-with-relative/articleshow/62865245.cms|title=Pakistan man arrested for killing sister over affair with relative - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-05-03}}</ref> Her father and two landlords have also been arrested in addition to her brother, and all have confessed their involvement.<ref name=":10" /> Prior to her killing, a local jirga declared she was a "sinful woman."<ref name=":10" /> 2020 June a woman was allegedly stoned to death in Jamshoro district of Sindh province allegedly in tradition of Karo-Kari. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Post-mortem hints girl was stoned to death in Jamshoro|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/684176-post-mortem-hints-girl-was-stoned-to-death-in-jamshoro|access-date=2020-07-09|website=www.thenews.com.pk|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=News|date=2020-07-07|title=Honor killing in Sindh: Woman stoned to death, confirms post-mortem report|url=https://www.globalvillagespace.com/honor-killing-in-sindh-woman-stoned-to-death-confirms-post-mortem-report/|access-date=2020-07-09|website=Global Village Space|language=en-US}}</ref> Other similar six instances were reported beginning of 2020 July from Sukkur, Jacobabad, Naushahro Feroze and Dad Leghari regions of Sindh. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Six killed over 'Karo-Kari'|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/680339-six-killed-over-karo-kari|access-date=2020-07-09|website=www.thenews.com.pk|language=en}}</ref> From 2019 January to June official figure of Karo-Kari murders was at 78 cases.<ref name=":7" /> A 27 years girl from Islamabad [[Noor Mukadam]] daughter of former Pakistani diplomat Shaukat Mukadam, was murdered and beheaded on July 21, 2021. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Suspect booked on premeditated murder charges in killing of ex-diplomat's daughter'|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1636397/suspect-booked-on-premeditated-murder-charges-in-killing-of-ex-diplomats-daughter|website=www.dawn.com|language=en}}</ref> ==Pakistani law == An Amnesty International report noted "the failure of the authorities to prevent these killings by investigating and punishing the perpetrators."<ref name="Amnesty International"/> Honour killings are supposed to be prosecuted as ordinary murder, but in practice, police and prosecutors often ignore it.<ref>{{cite news | last = Reuters | title = Pakistan's honour killings enjoy high-level support | url = http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2004/07/24/2003180222 | work = [[Taipei Times]] | publisher = The Liberty Times Group | date = 24 July 2004 | access-date = 1 January 2010}}</ref> The Pakistani government's failure to take effective measures to end the practice of honour killings is indicative of a weakening of [[political institutions]], [[corruption]], and economic decline. In the wake of civil crisis, people turn to other alternative models, such as traditional tribal customs. In 2016, Pakistan repealed the loophole which allowed the perpetrators of honour killings to avoid punishment by seeking forgiveness for the crime from another family member, and thus be legally pardoned.<ref name="Bbc.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37578111 |title='Honour killings': Pakistan closes loophole allowing killers to go free - BBC News |publisher=Bbc.com |date= 2016-10-06|access-date=2016-10-13|work=BBC News }}</ref> In some rural parts of Pakistan, the male-dominated [[jirga]], or tribal council, decides affairs and its executive decisions take primacy over state legislation. A [[jirga]] arbitrates based on tribal consensus and tribal values among clients.<ref name=Ethnology>{{Cite journal | last = Lindholm | first = Charles | author-link = Charles Lindholm | title = The structure of violence among the Swat Pukhtun | journal = [[Ethnology (journal)|Ethnology]] | volume = 20 | issue = 2 | pages = 147–156 | doi = 10.2307/3773062 | jstor = 3773062 | date = April 1981 | hdl = 2144/3838 | hdl-access = free }}</ref>{{rp|150}} Tribal notions of justice often include violence on client's behalf.<ref name=Ethnology />{{rp|149}} For example, in December 2017, a local jirga in Karachi, Pakistan, condemned Ghani Reham and Bakhtaja to death by electrocution.<ref name=":10" /> The teenage couple, 18-years-old and 15-years-old, had eloped.<ref name=":10" /> The killing was sanctioned by the jirga and then carried out by the couple's fathers and uncles.<ref name=":10" /> ===Roots in British Colonial Law=== Leniency against honor killings is rooted in traditional Pakistani culture (see above) but Pakistani apologists cite the [[British Raj|British Colonial law]]. Pakistan's legal code is based on the 1860 code imported by Britain, which granted a lenient sentence to a man who murdered his wife for “grave and sudden provocation."<ref name="kanoon">{{cite web |title=Section 352 in The Indian Penal Code |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1672685/ |website=indiankanoon.org |access-date=5 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="Brown">{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Jonathan |title=Islam is not the Cause of Honor Killings. It's Part of the Solution |url=https://yaqeeninstitute.org/jonathan-brown/islam-is-not-the-cause-of-honor-killings-its-part-of-the-solution/#ftnt_ref3 |website=Yaqeen Institute for Islamic Research |access-date=5 May 2020 |date=25 October 2016}}</ref> Pakistan's [[Federal Shariat Court]] reformed this law in 1990 to bring it closer to the [[Shari'a]], declaring that “according to the teachings of Islam, provocation, no matter how grave and sudden it is, does not lessen the intensity of crime of murder.” Lenient sentences, however, are still handed down by certain judges, who continue to justify it by citing the British law's “grave and sudden provocation."<ref name="Welchman">{{cite book |last1=Welchman |first1=Lynn |last2=Hossain |first2=Sara |title='Honour': Crimes, Paradigms, and Violence Against Women |date=2013 |publisher=Zed Books Ltd. |isbn=978-1-84813-698-4 |pages=84–97 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Honour/1AdjDgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |access-date=5 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Idzikowski">{{cite book |last1=Idzikowski |first1=Lisa |title=Honor Killings |date=2017 |publisher=Greenhaven Publishing LLC |isbn=978-1-5345-0133-1 |page=74 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WntmDwAAQBAJ&q=according+to+the+teachings+of+Islam%2C+provocation%2C+no+matter+how+grave+and+sudden+it+is%2C+does+not+lessen+the+intensity+of+crime+of+murder&pg=PA74 |access-date=5 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref> ===Legal reforms=== The law on honor killings has been reformed several times throughout the years. Notable legislation reforms to protect women in Pakistan from violence include The Protection of Women (Criminal Laws Amendment) Act of 2006,<ref name=":11">“Protection of Women (Criminal Laws Amendment) Act, 2006. December 1, 2006. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.af.org.pk/Important%20Courts%27%20judgement/Important%20legislation/Protec</nowiki> tion%20of%20Women%20_Criminal%20Laws%20Amendment_%20Act,%202006.pdf</ref> Criminal Law (Third Amendment) Act of 2011,<ref name=":12">“Act No. XXVI of 2011.” State Secretariat. ''The Gazette of Pakistan''. 2011-12-28. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.na.gov.pk/uploads/documents/1475762285_283.pdf</nowiki></ref> The Punjab Protection of Women against Violence Act of 2016,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lawsofpakistan.com/punjab-women-protection-bill-2016-free-pdf-download/|title=Punjab Women Protection Bill 2016 - Free PDF Download|date=2016-03-02|website=Pakistan "The Land of Pure"|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-20}}</ref> and The Criminal Law (Amendment) (Offences in the name or pretext of Honour) Act of 2016.<ref name=":14">“A Bill.” National Assembly of Pakistan. n.d. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.na.gov.pk/uploads/documents/1475762285_283.pdf</nowiki></ref> On December 8, 2004, under international and domestic pressure, Pakistan enacted a law that made honour killings punishable by a prison term of seven years, or by the death penalty in the most extreme cases.<ref>Shahid Qazi and Carol Grisanti {{cite web|url=http://worldblog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2008/09/12/1382073.aspx|title=Honor Killings Persist in 'Man's World'|author=Shahid Qazi|author2=Carol Grisanti|publisher=[[MSNBC]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922004859/http://worldblog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2008/09/12/1382073.aspx|archive-date=2008-09-22|url-status=dead|access-date=2008-01-01}}</ref> Women and [[human rights]] organizations were, however, skeptical of the law's impact, as it stopped short of outlawing the practice of allowing killers to buy their freedom by paying compensation to the victim's relatives, which was problematic because most honour killings are committed by close relatives.<ref name="Pakistan: No compromise on murder">{{cite web|url=http://www.wluml.org/node/1689|title=Pakistan: No compromise on murder|last=Sarwar|first=Beena|date=17 October 2004|publisher=Women Living Under Muslim Laws|access-date=4 September 2021|archive-date=3 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603212033/http://www.wluml.org/node/1689|url-status=dead}}</ref> In March 2005, the Pakistani parliament rejected a bill which sought to strengthen the law against the practice of honour killing declaring it to be un-Islamic.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4311055.stm|title=Pakistan rejects pro-women bill|date=2005-03-02|access-date=2010-01-01|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> The bill was eventually passed in 2006 as the Protection of Women (Criminal Laws Amendment) Act of 2006,<ref name=":11" /> also known as [[Women's Protection Bill|The Women's Protection Bill]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view.asp?at_code=375584&no=330818&rel_no=1|title=Pakistan's Senate Approve Women Protection Bill|last=Yasin|first=Asim|work=[[OhmyNews]]|access-date=2010-01-01|archive-date=2008-12-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230034609/http://english.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view.asp?at_code=375584&no=330818&rel_no=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, doubts of its effectiveness remained.<ref>Justice (Retd) Muhammad Taqi Usmani {{cite web|url=http://mac.abc.se/~onesr/ez/isl2/rwpb_e.html|title=The Reality of 'Women Protection Bill'|website=www.livingislam.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227051324/http://mac.abc.se/~onesr/ez/isl2/rwpb_e.html|archive-date=2008-12-27|url-status=dead|access-date=2010-01-01}}</ref> The bill created a punishment of imprisonment for life and a fine if a woman is abducted or induced to marry a person without her personal consent and will.<ref name=":11" /> The bill also expanded the definition of rape to include sexual intercourse without a woman's consent, against her will, a punishment for the false accusation of fornication, and expanding zina to be prosecutable if accused by four male eye-witnesses.<ref name=":11" /> Even with these added protections against crimes that commonly lead to honour killing, honour killing itself was not addressed in this bill. Doubts of the effectiveness of this bill have remained.<ref name=":11" /> The Criminal Law (Third Amendment) Act of 2011 created a punishment for giving or compelling a woman to marry for any reason including the purpose of preventing criminal liability (for example, in the case of rape) or settling a civil dispute.<ref name=":12" /> The Punjab Protection of Women against Violence Act of 2016 was passed to amend Pakistani law to further protect women.<ref name=":13">“THE PUNJAB PROTECTION OF WOMEN AGAINST VIOLENCE ACT 2016.” Punjab Laws, March 2, 2016. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.lawsofpakistan.com/punjab-women-protection-bill-2016-free-pdf-download</nowiki></ref> The goal of this act is "to establish an effective system of protection, relief and rehabilitation of women against violence."<ref name=":13" /> Through this act, the Provincial Assembly of Punjab commits to allow a person to receive protection if in danger or treated unfairly, create a safe-house and rescue and recovery system, protect individuals through protection orders, order property and monetary recompense to the victim, and established the power to enter homes to respond to a potential threat and safely remove the victim to a safe location, if requested by the victim.<ref name=":13" /> In addition, this act requires that a District Women Protection Committee be created to advocate for victims and ensure these laws are being followed.<ref name=":13" /> Although The Punjab Protection of Women against Violence act in 2016 is a step forward in providing services and protection for women, Siddiqi believes that even further action needs to be taken to protect women.<ref name=":1" /> According to Siddiqi, even though this act closes some of the legal loopholes surrounding honour killing and domestic violence, this act will not work unless the public is committed to condemning and ending the violence.<ref name=":1" /> The Criminal Law (Amendment) (Offences in the name or pretext of Honour) Act of 2016 repealed the loophole which allowed the perpetrators of honour killings to avoid punishment by seeking forgiveness for the crime from another family member, and thus be legally pardoned.<ref name="Bbc.com" /> This bill focuses primarily on honour killing and its legal punishment.<ref name=":14" /> In addition to closing the loophole mentioned above, the act established a punishment of 14 years imprisonment to life in prison for crimes committed "on the pretext of honour."<ref name=":14" /> Even with the major improvements by this act, honour killing has continued in Pakistan.<ref name=":14" /> ==International activism== Human rights are [[natural rights]], fundamentally ensured to every human, regardless of nationality, race, gender, or ethnic group. Through the ongoing work of the [[United Nations]], the universality of [[human rights]] has been clearly established and recognized in [[international law]].{{citation needed|date=May 2021}} In March 1996, Pakistan ratified the [[CEDAW]], or the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.<ref name=Amnesty_Gallagher>{{Cite journal | last = Gallagher | first = Nancy | title = Amnesty International and the idea of Muslim women's human rights | journal = [[Journal of Middle East Women's Studies]] | volume = 1 | issue = 3 | pages = 96–107 | doi = 10.2979/mew.2005.1.3.96 | jstor = 40326873 | date = Fall 2005 }}</ref>{{rp|102}} By ratifying [[CEDAW]], Pakistan promises to abolish discriminatory laws and establish [[tribunals]] and public institutions to effectively protect women.<ref name="Goldstein 2002 31"/> [[CEDAW]], as a human rights treaty, notably targets culture and tradition as contributing factors to gender-based discrimination. In 1993, the [[United Nations General Assembly]] adopted the [[Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women]], entreating states not to invoke custom, tradition, or religious consideration to avoid their obligation to eliminate violence against women. According to [[Amnesty International]], if a government is negligent in prosecuting perpetrators, it is liable and complicit in those abuses.<ref name="Amnesty_Gallagher" />{{rp|103}} The role of the modern nation-state is to ensure full protection of [[universal human rights]]. The prevalence of honour killings in Pakistan underscores the Pakistani government's systematic failure in ensuring fundamental human rights to women. However, international organizations and [[feminists]] globally have been criticized for upholding a Western-centric agenda{{clarify|date=January 2018}} when engaging in honour-killing activism. Long-standing discourses on the universality of [[human rights]] versus [[cultural relativism]] indicate tensions in international activism for women's rights{{Explain|date=January 2018}}. But cultural relativism can be partially resolved when local activists make clear that cultural customs are harmful to women and in violation of [[international human rights]] standard. Cultural and religious customs are constantly evolving and it is necessary to partner with regional activists in Pakistan to be at the forefront for demanding change.<ref name="Amnesty_Gallagher" />{{rp|99}} === International activist groups === IKWRO helps provide local resources for women and girls who are fleeing from dangerous situations, including honour killing.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|url=http://ikwro.org.uk/about-us/|title=About us|website=IKWRO|language=en-US|access-date=2018-05-03}}</ref> The group provides advocacy, training, and counseling to these women and girls and strives to work with the police and others to improve their safety.<ref name=":15" /> Women Living Under Muslim Laws serves as a public source for information by helping provide public appeals and statements on human rights issues towards women, including honour killing.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wluml.org/node/5408|title=About WLUML {{!}} Women Reclaiming and Redefining Cultures|website=www.wluml.org|language=en|access-date=2018-05-03}}</ref> The organization acknowledges that Islam is not practiced the same everywhere, and that many times politics and cultures use religion as an excuse to abuse women.<ref name=":16" /> Humanity Healing International and Hope Development Organization are working together to create a trained network of Pakistani women to advocate against honour killing.<ref name=":17">{{Cite news|url=http://humanityhealing.org/current-projects/pakistan/advocacy-against-honor-killings/|title=Advocacy Against Honor Killings - Humanity Healing International|work=Humanity Healing International|access-date=2018-05-03|language=en-US}}</ref> The groups have a plan to train 500 women in 10 different targeted areas on how to become advocates, including holding press conferences and public rallies.<ref name=":17" /> The goal is to specifically target policy makers and members of the Pakistan National Assembly Standing Committee in order to effectuate change.<ref name=":17" /> Recent international documentaries have also helped raise international awareness about honour killing in Pakistan. For example, BBC's ''Murdered for Love? Samia Shahid'' tells the story of Samia Shahid, a British woman who was lured back to Pakistan and then raped and murdered by her former husband and her father.<ref name=":8" /> === Proposed international activism === Collective shaming, also known as international shaming and state shaming, is a strategy used by international entities (such as INGOs or other countries) to pressure governments to act in a certain way.<ref>Murdie, A. & Urpelainen J. (2014). Why Pick on Us? Environmental INGOs and State Shaming as a Strategic Substitute. ''Political Studies'', 63(2), 353-372. doi: 10.1111/1467-9248.12101. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1467-9248.12101</nowiki></ref> Collective shaming has been a tool used by the international community to facilitate change, including legal change, in Pakistan in regard to honour killing in the past.<ref name=":2" /> Appiah uses the example of [[Safia Bibi rape case|Safia Bibi]] to show the effective collective shaming can have.<ref name=":2" /> Safia Bibi was a blind maid who, at the age of thirteen, was raped by her employer's son.<ref name=":2" /> The rape was brought to public attention when she became pregnant.<ref name=":2" /> The law at the time said that she needed to visually identify the perpetrator in order to convict him.<ref name=":2" /> Safia was unable to do this because of her blindness and therefore was punished for sexual misconduct and subject to 30 lashes (a relatively lenient punishment).<ref name=":2" /> The case attracted international attention and collective international shaming.<ref name=":2" /> Due to the pressure from the international community, the court decision was reversed.<ref name=":2" /> Appiah suggests that the practice of collective shaming be more strongly applied to change not only laws, but also to change the local cultural perspective of honour killing.<ref name=":2" /> Honour is obviously a major characteristic of Pakistani culture, and Appiah suggests that outsiders and insiders work together to make the community feel as if honour killing is bringing shame upon them and is therefore dishonourable (removes their honour).<ref name=":2" /> If enough people outside and inside the country view honour killing as dishonourable, then the cultural practice will change, and families will need to stop performing honour killings to remain honourable.<ref name=":2" /> Changing perspectives will take time, but will eradicate the practice almost permanently.<ref name=":2" /> ==Pakistani activism== Human rights activists in Pakistan have been on the forefront of change and reform to end the practice of honour killings. Emphasizing universal human rights, democracy, and global feminism, Pakistani activists seek legal reform to criminalise the practice and protect victims from abuse. [[Asma Jehangir]], chairperson of [[Human Rights Commission of Pakistan]], and [[Hina Jilani]] are Pakistani lawyers reinvigorating civil society to become critical of the Pakistani state's failure to ensure fair rights and benefits to its female citizenry. Jehangir and Jilani founded Pakistan's first legal aid center in 1986 and a women's shelter called Dastak in 1991 for women fleeing from violence. Other notable Pakistani activists working on reporting and deterring honour killings include [[Aitzaz Ahsan]], [[Anis Amir Ali]], [[Ayaz Latif Palijo]], [[Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy]] and [[Shahnaz Bukhari]].<ref>Raja Asghar [http://www.dawn.com/2004/07/21/top3.htm Opposition presses karo-kari bill] 2004-07-24</ref><ref>[http://www.wluml.org/node/795 Pakistan: Zina judgement quashed by court] 2002-04-29</ref><ref>Gul Nasreen [http://jang.com.pk/thenews/may2009-weekly/you-26-05-2009/index.html Women on the legal front] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714030929/http://jang.com.pk/thenews/may2009-weekly/you-26-05-2009/index.html |date=2009-07-14 }} 2009-05-26</ref><ref>[http://www.centerforinquiry.net/isis/islamic_viewpoints/cdwrme_bullentin_3/ Pakistan: Honour killing in Rise]</ref><ref>Uddalak Mukherjee [http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060629/asp/opinion/story_6392638.asp There is no honour in killing] 2006-06-29</ref> In June 2016, the Council of Islamic Ideology, a body of Muslim clerics which advises the government on compliance of laws with the Shariah, has "decreed that honour killings are un-Islamic".<ref>{{cite news |last=Gannon |first= Kathy |date= 2016-07-04|title=In Pakistan, gruesome 'honor' killings bring a new backlash |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/in-pakistan-gruesome-honor-killings-bring-a-new-backlash/2016/07/04/0cfa3e24-41ae-11e6-a76d-3550dba926ac_story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705134713/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/in-pakistan-gruesome-honor-killings-bring-a-new-backlash/2016/07/04/0cfa3e24-41ae-11e6-a76d-3550dba926ac_story.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-07-05 |newspaper=Washington Post / AP|access-date= 2016-07-04}}</ref> The Pakistani Women's Human Rights Organization, a local NGO, helps provide a voice for victims by sharing their stories, working with international human rights organizations to fight international human rights violations, and changing laws to improve the situation for women with Pakistan.<ref>"WHO ARE WE – Pakistani Women's Human Rights Organization". ''pakistaniwomen.org''. Retrieved 2018-04-02.</ref> In 2006, the [[National Police Bureau]] established the Gender Crime Cell in order to gather data about crimes committed against women in Pakistan, an area that was previously missing significant portions of data.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web|url=http://www.npb.gov.pk/index.php/gcc-introduction/|title=Gender Crime Cell Introduction {{!}} National Police Bureau|website=www.npb.gov.pk|language=en-US|access-date=2018-05-03}}</ref> The goal was to use this data to make more appropriate policy decisions to protect women and punish offenders.<ref name=":18" /> One part of this solution included the Gender Responsive Policing Project, which began in 2009.<ref name=":18" /> This project focused on improving police procedures in response to gender-based crimes, as well as to create more opportunities for women within the police department.<ref name=":18" /> Another one of the Gender Crime Cell's projects has been the Women Police Network (WPN), with the goal of connecting police organizations across the country in order to improve fact and practice sharing with the goal of improving women's situations.<ref name=":18" /> [[Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy]], a Pakistani journalist, created the documentary, ''[[A Girl in the River: The Price of Forgiveness]]'', as her way to inform the world about honour killings in Pakistan and to motivate people to join the fight against the practice.<ref>''asianculturevulture'' (2016-08-03), ''Sharmeed Obaid-Chinoy: 'A Girl in the River', retrieved 2018-04-02''</ref> Her documentary won an Academy Award in 2016 for Best Documentary Short Subject.<ref>Shah, Bina (2016-10-27). "Opinion | Pakistan's Honor-Killing Law Isn't Enough". ''The New York Times''. [[International Standard Serial Number|ISSN]] 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-04-02.</ref> As of April 2018, this documentary has had over 384K views on YouTube and is bringing the issue of honour killing to an international audience.<ref>HBODocs (2016-02-21), ''A Girl in the River: The Price of Forgiveness (HBO Documentary Films)'', retrieved 2018-04-02</ref> ==See also== {{Portal|Pakistan|Law}} Honour killings of people of Pakistani heritage outside of Pakistan * [[Murder of Shafilea Ahmed|Shafilea Ahmed]] (United Kingdom) * [[Sandeela Kanwal]] (United States) * [[Honour killing of Ghazala Khan|Gazala Khan]] (Denmark) * [[Murder of Rukhsana Naz|Rukhsana Naz]] (United Kingdom) * [[Murder of Aqsa Parvez|Aqsa Parvez]] (Canada) * [[Hina Saleem]] (Italy) * [[Honour killing of Sadia Sheikh|Sadia Sheikh]] (Belgium) **''[[A Wedding (2016 film)|A Wedding]]'' (2016 film, co-produced by three European countries and Pakistan, about an honour killing of a Belgian woman of Pakistani heritage, based on the Sadia Sheikh case) Related: * [[Acid throwing]] * [[Blue Veins (Pakistan)]] * [[Domestic violence in Pakistan]] * [[Ghairat]] * [[Feudalism in Pakistan]] * [[Hudood Ordinance]] * [[Human rights in Pakistan]] * [[Islamic sexual jurisprudence]] * [[Forced conversion of minority girls in Pakistan]] * [[Mera Jism Meri Marzi]] * [[Misogyny]] * [[Rape in Pakistan]] * [[Violence against women in Pakistan]] * [[Women in Islam]] *[[Women related laws in Pakistan]] {{-}} ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==External links== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100207115931/http://stop-stoning.org/node/853 Shame (A 2005 documentary about Honour Killings in Pakistan)] * https://apnews.com/0ddcb44fe2b9416381e44ad35c07314b/i-had-inside-mind-honor-killer-pakistan {{Social issues in Pakistan}} {{Honor killing}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Karo-Kari}} [[Category:Honour killing in Pakistan| ]] [[Category:Human rights abuses in Pakistan]] d3007zqgskhn8ihz23g73nqudv5pd76 0 122214 540975 539820 2022-08-29T02:07:01Z InternetArchiveBot 34092 Rescuing 13 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}} '''François Joseph le Mercier''' (4 October 1604 &ndash; 12 June 1690) was a prominent French Jesuit in the early missions to [[New France]] and the [[Wyandot people|Huron]] people. Rector of the Jesuit college in [[Quebec]] and superior of the whole Canada mission from 1653–56 and again 1665-70 during which period he authored [[The Jesuit Relations]] as well as two published works concerning the Huron missions in the years 1637 and 1638. ==Early life== Le Mercier was born in Paris in 1604. He joined the [[Society of Jesus]] at Paris on 22 October 1622<ref name=Campeau>[http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/le_mercier_francois_joseph_1E.html Campeau, Lucien. "Le Mercier, François Joseph", ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography'', vol. 1, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003]</ref> and completed fifteen years of study and teaching before being sent on mission to Canada.<ref name=Jones>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09146b.htm Jones, Arthur. "François Le Mercier." The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 1 February 2018</ref> ==Mission To Canada== Le Mercier arrived in Quebec on 20 July 1635. Three days later he left for the mission at Ihonatiria, a small Huron town, where he arrived on 13 August.<ref name=Jones/> There he studied the Huron language under the supervision of [[Jean de Brébeuf]]. He spent a good part of 1636 nursing the sick through various epidemics. The settlement at Ihonatiria was ravaged by smallpox which greatly reduced the population, so the mission was abandoned in 1637 and relocated to the Huron capital Ossossané (now in [[Simcoe County, Ontario]]). In 1639 a new mission called [[Sainte-Marie among the Hurons]] was built on the north-east corner of Wye Lake along a stretch of river known to the Jesuits as Iroquois River (now [[Wye Marsh|Wye River]]).<ref>Friends of Awenda Park [http://www.awendapark.ca/?page_id=388 "A Friends of Awenda Online Publication, History of the Park, The French Period"], ''[[Awenda Provincial Park]]''</ref> For a time, this served as a base for the missionaries. Le Mercier served as procurator, managing Sainte-Marie, except for a brief period of 1640 to 1642 where he returned to Ossossané, until the Jesuits were forced to abandon Sainte-Marie in 1649 due to increasing Iroquois attacks. They burned the mission before they left, so that it could not be used as a base for further raids. Le Mercier and the Jesuits then set up a mission on St. Joseph's Island, now [[Christian Island (Ontario)]] which only lasted a year before they were forced to return to Quebec.<ref>Sainte Marie Among the Hurons [http://www.saintemarieamongthehurons.on.ca/sm/en/HistoricalInformation/TheSainteMarieStory/index.htm "Online Publication, The Sainte-Marie Story"], ''[[Sainte-Marie among the Hurons]]''</ref> On his return to Quebec Le Mercier was engaged in ministry there and at [[Trois-Rivières]] where he saw to the settlement's fortification. In 1653 he was named rector of the college and superior of the whole Canada mission a post he occupied until 1656. During his years as superior, he was responsible for compiling and writing the annual report to the French Provincial. These annual reports of the superiors came to be known as the ''Jesuit Relations''. Not willing to expose others to dangers perils he was not ready to face, he appointed [[Jérôme Lalemant]] vice-superior, while Le Mercier led a missionary expedition to the Onondagas. He returned to Quebec by June 1657. From 1659 to 1660, in charge of Quebec parish with Father [[Claude Dablon]], while also attending the mission at [[Beaupré, Quebec|Beaupré]].<ref name=Jones/> In 21 October 1660 formally named assistant parish priest by Mgr de Petrée, the first Bishop of Quebec. In August 1665 he was again named rector and superior-general of the missions, a post he held for six years. On 12 July 1671 became bursar and vice-president (et primarius in convictu) of the Jesuit college at Quebec.<ref name=Campeau/> ==Later life== Le Mercier was recalled to France in 1673 and made 'Visitor of the French missions in South America and in the Antilles'. In 1674 he was appointed superior-general of the missions in the West Indies and continued as such until 1681. The remainder of his life was spent as confessor and spiritual director of the Jesuits on Martinique. He died on the island of Martinique on 12 June 1690 at the age of eighty-six.<ref name=Campeau/> ==Works== * ''Relation de ce qvi s’est passé en la Novvelle France, en l’année 1637.'' Ihonatiria, 1637. ([http://puffin.creighton.edu/jesuit/relations/relations_13.html HTML; 235 kB], [http://puffin.creighton.edu/jesuit/relations/relations_14.html HTML; 242 kB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030001040/http://puffin.creighton.edu/jesuit/relations/relations_14.html |date=30 October 2015 }}) * ''Relation de ce qvi s’est passé en la Novvelle France, en l’année 1638.'' Ossossané, 1638. ([http://puffin.creighton.edu/jesuit/relations/relations_15.html HTML; 214 kB]) * ''Journal des PP. Jésuites.'' Quebec, 1653. ([http://puffin.creighton.edu/jesuit/relations/relations_38.html HTML; 242 kB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207025836/http://puffin.creighton.edu/jesuit/relations/relations_38.html |date=7 February 2009 }}) * ''Relation de ce qvi s'est passé en la mission des pères de la Compagnie de Iésvs, av pays de la Novvelle France, depuis l'été de l'année 1652 iusques à l'été 1653.'' Québec, 1653. ([http://puffin.creighton.edu/jesuit/relations/relations_40.html HTML; 211 kB]) * ''Journal des PP. Jésuites.'' Quebec, 1654. ([http://puffin.creighton.edu/jesuit/relations/relations_40.html HTML; 213 kB]) * ''Copie de devx Lettres envoiées de la Novvelle France, au Père Procureur des Missions de la Compagnie de Iésvs en ces contrées.'' Québec, 1655. ([http://puffin.creighton.edu/jesuit/relations/relations_40.html HTML; 213 kB]) * ''Journal des PP. Jésuites.'' Quebec, 1665. ([http://puffin.creighton.edu/jesuit/relations/relations_49.html HTML; 400 kB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150228054018/http://puffin.creighton.edu/jesuit/relations/relations_49.html |date=28 February 2015 }}) * ''Relation de ce qvi s’est passé en la Novvelle France, des années 1664 & 1665.'' Québec, 1665. ([http://puffin.creighton.edu/jesuit/relations/relations_49.html HTML; 400 kB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150228054018/http://puffin.creighton.edu/jesuit/relations/relations_49.html |date=28 February 2015 }}, [http://puffin.creighton.edu/jesuit/relations/relations_50.html HTML; 524 kB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221022125/http://puffin.creighton.edu/jesuit/relations/relations_50.html |date=21 February 2015 }}) * ''Relation de ce qvi s’est passé en la Novvelle France, aux années 1665 & 1666.'' Québec, 1666. ([http://puffin.creighton.edu/jesuit/relations/relations_50.html HTML; 524 kB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221022125/http://puffin.creighton.edu/jesuit/relations/relations_50.html |date=21 February 2015 }}) * ''Journal des, PP. Jésuites.'' Québec, 1667. ([http://puffin.creighton.edu/jesuit/relations/relations_50.html HTML; 524 kB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221022125/http://puffin.creighton.edu/jesuit/relations/relations_50.html |date=21 February 2015 }}) * ''Relation de ce qvi s’est passé en la Novvelle France, les années 1666 & 1667.'' Québec, 1667. ([http://puffin.creighton.edu/jesuit/relations/relations_50.html HTML; 524 kB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221022125/http://puffin.creighton.edu/jesuit/relations/relations_50.html |date=21 February 2015 }}, [http://puffin.creighton.edu/jesuit/relations/relations_51.html HTML; 438 kB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150228052508/http://puffin.creighton.edu/jesuit/relations/relations_51.html |date=28 February 2015 }}) * ''Journal des PP. Jésuites.'' Québec, 1668. ([http://puffin.creighton.edu/jesuit/relations/relations_51.html HTML; 438 kB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150228052508/http://puffin.creighton.edu/jesuit/relations/relations_51.html |date=28 February 2015 }}) * ''Relation de ce qvi s’est passé en la Novvelle France, aux années 1667 & 1668.'' Québec 1668. ([http://puffin.creighton.edu/jesuit/relations/relations_51.html HTML; 438 kB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150228052508/http://puffin.creighton.edu/jesuit/relations/relations_51.html |date=28 February 2015 }}, [http://puffin.creighton.edu/jesuit/relations/relations_52.html HTML; 314 kB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221055511/http://puffin.creighton.edu/jesuit/relations/relations_52.html |date=21 February 2015 }}) * ''Relation de ce qvi s’est passé en la Novvelle France, les années 1668 & 1669.'' Québec, 1669. ([http://puffin.creighton.edu/jesuit/relations/relations_52.html HTML; 314 kB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221055511/http://puffin.creighton.edu/jesuit/relations/relations_52.html |date=21 February 2015 }}) * ''Relation de ce qvi s’est passé en la Novvelle France, les années 1669 & 1670.'' Québec, 1670. ([http://puffin.creighton.edu/jesuit/relations/relations_53.html HTML; 345 kB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511214801/http://puffin.creighton.edu/jesuit/relations/relations_53.html |date=11 May 2015 }}) ==Legacy== [[The Jesuits in North America in the Seventeenth Century]], by Francis Parkman is sourced largely from the Relations written by Le Mercier. == References == {{Reflist}} {{catholic|title=François Le Mercier}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Francois Le Mercier}} [[Category:17th-century French Jesuits]] [[Category:French Roman Catholic missionaries]] [[Category:Roman Catholic missionaries in Canada]] [[Category:Jesuit missionaries in New France]] h5i27mm4fvrganpb0jcnkilt46akqxx 0 122251 540920 539801 2022-08-28T21:23:05Z InternetArchiveBot 34092 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|List of notable deaths in a month}} {{Use mdy dates|date=October 2018}} {{Deaths in month TOC}} The following is a list of '''notable deaths in October 2018'''. Entries for each day are listed <u>alphabetically</u> by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence: * Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent country of citizenship (if applicable), reason for notability, cause of death (if known), and reference. <!-- * * * * * * * Please adhere to the guidelines below when adding a name to this article. * * * * * * * (1) Please add only those meeting Wikipedia notability guidelines. Please include a reference to a reliable source. If a Wikipedia article for the deceased does not yet exist, please reconsider whether the subject is actually notable. If so, please consider writing an article yourself. Those without a Wikipedia article are removed after one month. (2) Please understand that the intent of this article is to report notable deaths. Tragic deaths, while unfortunate, do not necessarily render the deceased "notable". If you report the death of a subject that does not already have a Wikipedia article, please consider starting one, provided that the deceased is notable. Please include third-party sources other than the obituary. (3) Please add entries in alphabetical order by family name. Please avoid overlinking. As such, please do not add links to nationalities, common occupations, or common causes of death. Rather, please include only "links that aid navigation and understanding". Thank you. (4) References should be in <ref>[url & title]</ref> format, as full citations make the page too slow to load, and too big to edit. * * * * * * * Please adhere to the guidelines above when adding a name to this article * * * * * * * ---> ==October 2018== ===1=== *[[Shirin Aliabadi]], 45, Iranian visual artist, cancer.<ref>[https://madmimi.com/p/4ed5fc?fe=1&pact=732334-147484339-4277843480-c3698b66f092ea135f853a2240d835f10a68c452 In Loving Memory of Shirin Aliabadi]</ref> *[[Charles Aznavour]], 94, French-Armenian singer ("[[La Bohème (Charles Aznavour song)|La Bohème]]", "[[She (Charles Aznavour song)|She]]"), lyricist and actor (''[[Shoot the Piano Player]]''), complications from pulmonary edema.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-45709214 Charles Aznavour, French singing star, dies at 94]</ref> *[[Peter C. Bjarkman]], 77, American baseball historian and author.<ref>[https://www.baseballamerica.com/stories/cuban-baseball-expert-peter-bjarkman-remembered-for-his-passion/ Cuban Baseball Expert Peter Bjarkman Remembered For His Passion]</ref> *[[John H. Bryan]], 81, American business executive and philanthropist ([[Millennium Park]]), CEO of [[Sara Lee Corporation|Sara Lee]] (1975–2001), complications from lung cancer.<ref>[https://chicago.suntimes.com/entertainment/john-h-bryan-jr-sara-lee-corporation-ceo-chicago-philanthropist-arts-patron-millennium-park-lake-bluff-farnsworth-house-national-trust-historic-preservation-obituary/ John H. Bryan Jr., renowned Chicago philanthropist, longtime Sara Lee CEO, dies]</ref> *[[Mario Castellazzi]], 82, Italian footballer ([[Spezia Calcio|Spezia]], [[Calcio Catania|Catania]], [[A.S. Livorno Calcio|Livorno]]).<ref>[https://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/01-10-2018/morto-mario-castellazzi-suo-gol-ispiro-clamoroso-cibali-300314675409.shtml Morto Mario Castellazzi: il suo gol ispirò il "Clamoroso al Cibali"] {{in lang|it}}</ref> *[[Caroline Charrière]], 57, Swiss composer, conductor and flautist.<ref>[https://www.rts.ch/info/culture/musiques/9887559-la-compositrice-et-musicienne-caroline-charriere-s-est-eteinte.html La compositrice et musicienne Caroline Charrière s'est éteinte] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> *[[Stelvio Cipriani]], 81, Italian composer, complications from a stroke.<ref>[https://www.ilmessaggero.it/spettacoli/musica/stelvio_cipriani_morto_anonimo_veneziano_1_ottobre_2018-4009741.html Morto Stelvio Cipriani, il compositore di "Anonimo Veneziano"] {{in lang|it}}</ref> *[[Ben Daglish]], 52, British composer (''[[The Last Ninja]]''), lung cancer.<ref>[https://metro.co.uk/2018/10/04/legendary-c64-composer-ben-daglish-has-died-8005131/ Legendary C64 composer Ben Daglish has died]</ref> *[[Đỗ Mười]], 101, Vietnamese politician, [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam|General Secretary of the Communist Party]] (1991–1997), [[Prime Minister of Vietnam|Prime Minister]] (1988–1991), respiratory and kidney failure.<ref>[https://vietnamnews.vn/politics-laws/466956/former-party-general-secretary-do-muoi-passes-away.html Former Party General Secretary Đỗ Mười passes away]</ref> *[[Carlos Ezquerra]], 70, Spanish comics artist (''[[Judge Dredd]]'', ''[[Preacher (comics)|Preacher]]'', ''[[Strontium Dog]]''), lung cancer.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/oct/01/judge-dredd-co-creator-carlos-ezquerra-dies-aged-70 Judge Dredd co-creator Carlos Ezquerra dies aged 70]</ref> *[[Michael Freedland]], 83, British journalist and biographer.<ref>[https://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/journalist-michael-freedland-83-dies-doing-what-he-loved-1.470469 Journalist Michael Freedland, 83, dies 'doing what he loved']</ref> *[[Jerry González]], 69, American bandleader and trumpeter, heart attack.<ref>[https://elpais.com/cultura/2018/10/01/actualidad/1538392971_598128.html Muere en un incendio en Madrid el músico de jazz Jerry González] {{in lang|es}}</ref> *[[Francesco Greco]], 75, Italian politician, [[Senate (Italy)|Senator]] (1983–1994).<ref>[https://www.siracusatimes.it/siracusa-e-morto-il-senatore-franco-greco/ Siracusa, è morto il Senatore Franco Greco] {{in lang|it}}</ref> *[[Darryl Greenamyer]], 82, American aviator and record holder.<ref>[http://www.aero-news.net/index.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=8cde2c84-e119-4a17-a4c1-0c2238baed65 Gone West: Reno Air Race Pilot Darryl Greenamyer]</ref> *[[Ronnie Leitch]], 64, Sri Lankan singer and actor (''[[Mother Teresa: In the Name of God's Poor]]'', ''[[Re Daniel Dawal Migel]]'', ''[[Onna Babo]]''), heart attack.<ref>[http://www.pulse.lk/news/superstar-ronnie-leitch-passes-away/ All-round Superstar Ronnie Leitch passes away]</ref> *[[M. V. V. S. Murthi]], 76, Indian academic, businessman and politician, founder of [[Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management|GITAM]], [[Parliament of India|MP]] for [[Visakhapatnam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Visakhapatnam]] (1991–1996, 1999–2004), traffic collision.<ref>[https://www.adn.com/alaska-news/2018/10/03/former-member-of-india-parliament-among-dead-in-parks-highway-crash Former member of India parliament among dead in Parks Highway crash]</ref> *[[Donald Read]], 88, British historian.<ref>[http://www.thebaron.info/news/article/2018/10/08/obituary-donald-read Obituary: Donald Read]</ref> *[[Graciano Rocchigiani]], 54, German boxer, [[List of WBC world champions#Light heavyweight|WBC]] (1988–1989) and [[List of IBF world champions#Super middleweight|IBF]] world champion (1998–2000), traffic collision.<ref>[https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/boxing/graciano-rocky-rocchigiani-dead-former-13346984 Graciano "Rocky" Rocchigiani Dead: Former World Champion Dies in Car Crash in Italy]</ref> *[[Franco Sar]], 84, Italian Olympic decathlete ([[Athletics at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's decathlon|1960]], [[Athletics at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Men's decathlon|1964]]), heart attack.<ref>[http://fidalmilano.it/attivita/gare/2394-atletica-in-lutto-e-morto-franco-sar-olimpico-e-padre-della-snia.html Atletica in Lutto, è morto Franco Sar, Olimpico e Padre della SNIA] {{in lang|it}}</ref> *[[Antoine Sfeir]], 69, Lebanese journalist and professor.<ref>[http://www.europe1.fr/medias-tele/le-journaliste-et-politologue-specialiste-du-moyen-orient-antoine-sfeir-est-mort-3768236 Le journaliste et politologue spécialiste du Moyen-Orient Antoine Sfeir est mort] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> *[[María Teresa Sosa]], 88, Guatemalan politician and activist, [[First Lady of Guatemala|First Lady]] (1982–1983).<ref>[https://www.prensalibre.com/guatemala/politica/fallece-a-los-89-aos-teresa-sosa-esposa-de-efrain-rios-montt Fallece a los 89 años Teresa Sosa, esposa de Efraín Ríos Montt] {{in lang|es}}</ref> *[[Chris Wilkins]], 74, South African cricketer ([[Border (cricket team)|Border]], [[Derbyshire County Cricket Club|Derbyshire]], [[KwaZulu-Natal (cricket team)|Natal]]).<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24868510/chris-wilkins-original-pinch-hitter-dies-aged-74 Chris Wilkins, the original pinch-hitter, dies aged 74]</ref> *[[Élaine Zakaïb]], 59, Canadian politician, brain cancer.<ref>[https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1127522/deces-mort-ex-ministre-elaine-zakaib-parti-quebecois-pq Décès de l'ex-ministre péquiste Élaine Zakaïb] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> ===2=== *[[Wendy Atkin]], 71, British epidemiologist.<ref>[https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/188595/obituary-professor-wendy-atkin-obe-19472018/ Obituary: Professor Wendy Atkin]</ref> *[[Smilja Avramov]], 100, Serbian academic and educator.<ref>[http://www.rtv.rs/sr_ci/drustvo/umrla-smilja-avramov_954925.html Професорка Смиља Аврамов преминула у 101. години] {{in lang|sr}}</ref> *[[Balabhaskar]], 40, Indian violinist, composer and record producer, heart attack.<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/malayalam-vilionist-singer-dies-at-40-1353814-2018-10-02 Violinist Balabhaskar dies a week after car crash that killed his daughter]</ref> *[[Ron Casey (Sydney broadcaster)|Ron Casey]], 89, Australian broadcaster and sports journalist.<ref>[https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/controversial-tv-presenter-and-talk-back-radio-host-ron-casey-dead-aged-89-20181002-p50780.html Controversial TV presenter and talk-back radio host Ron Casey dead, aged 89]</ref> *[[Geoff Emerick]], 72, English recording engineer ([[Abbey Road Studios]], [[The Beatles]]), multi-[[Technical Grammy Award|Grammy]] winner, heart attack.<ref>[https://variety.com/2018/music/news/geoff-emerick-beatles-engineer-dead-1202966681/ Geoff Emerick, Beatles Chief Recording Engineer, Dies at 72]</ref> *[[Dorothy Hukill]], 72, American politician, member of the [[Florida House of Representatives]] (2004–2012) and [[Florida Senate|Senate]] (since 2012), cancer.<ref>[https://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics-government/state-politics/article219315690.html Florida state Sen. Dorothy Hukill dies at 72]</ref> *[[Bob Jones (illustrator)|Bob Jones]], 91, American cartoonist and illustrator, pulmonary fibrosis.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.societyillustrators.org/society-mourns-loss-robert-goodhue-jones|title=The society mourns the loss of Robert Goodhue Jones|access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref> *[[Thampi Kannanthanam]], 64, Indian film director (''[[Bhoomiyile Rajakkanmar]]'').<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/thampi-kannanthanam-dead-5382569/ Filmmaker Thampi Kannanthanam passes away]</ref> *[[Roman Kartsev]], 79, Russian actor (''[[Heart of a Dog (1988 film)|Heart of a Dog]]'', ''[[Promised Heaven]]'', ''[[Old Hags]]'').<ref>[https://lenta.ru/news/2018/10/02/kartsv Умер Роман Карцев] {{in lang|ru}}</ref> *[[Jamal Khashoggi]], 59, Saudi Arabian journalist, strangled.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/19/world/middleeast/jamal-khashoggi-dead-saudi-arabia.html Saudi Arabia Says Jamal Khashoggi Was Killed in Consulate Fight]</ref> *[[Józef Kokot]], 89, Polish footballer[https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=10871] *[[Wilhelmus Luxemburg]], 89, Dutch mathematician.<ref>[http://www.udailynews.com/news/caltech-mourns-the-passing-of-wilhelmus-a-j-luxemburg/287354/US Caltech Mourns the Passing of Wilhelmus A. J. Luxemburg]</ref> *[[Utu Abe Malae]], American Samoan businessman, banker and politician.<ref>[http://www.samoanews.com/local-news/utu-abe-malae-passes-away Utu Abe Malae passes away — territory mourns loss of a great man]</ref> *[[Cosimo Ennio Masiello]], 88, Italian politician, Mayor of [[Brindisi]] (1987–1989) and [[Senate (Italy)|Senator]] (1992–1994).<ref>[http://www.brindisicronaca.it/2018/10/02/brindisi-scomparsa-di-ennio-masiello-il-cordoglio-del-sindaco-e-della-giunta-comunale/ Brindisi, scomparsa di Ennio Masiello, il cordoglio del Sindaco e della Giunta comunale] {{in lang|it}}</ref> *[[Ceri Peach]], 78, Welsh geographer.<ref>[http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/thetimes-uk/obituary.aspx?pid=190447572 Professor Ceri Peach]</ref> *[[Hermenegildo Sábat]], 85, Uruguayan comic book artist.<ref>[https://www.lanacion.com.ar/2177638-murio-hermenegildo-sabat-uno-dibujantes-mas-reconocidos Murió Hermenegildo Sábat, uno de los dibujantes mas reconocidos en la historia argentina] {{in lang|es}}</ref> *[[José Lorenzo Sartori]], 86, Argentine Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of San Roque de Presidencia Roque Sáenz Peña|San Roque de Presidencia Roque Sáenz Peña]] (1994–2008).<ref>[http://www.aica.org/35782-murio-mons-jose-lorenzo-sartori-obispo-emerito-de-san-roque.html Murió Mons. José Lorenzo Sartori, obispo emerito de San Roque] {{in lang|es}}</ref> *[[Ole E. Storlien]], 83, Norwegian politician.<ref>[https://www.stortinget.no/no/Representanter-og-komiteer/Representantene/Representantfordeling/Representant/?perid=OLST&tab=Biography Storlien, Ole E. (1935-2018)] {{in lang|no}}</ref> *[[Burhan Uray]], 87, Chinese-Indonesian timber tycoon and philanthropist.<ref>[http://www.theborneopost.com/2018/10/08/prominent-businessman-burhan-uray-laid-to-rest/ Prominent businessman Burhan Uray laid to rest]</ref> ===3=== *[[Elisabeth Andersen]], 98, Dutch actress.<ref>[https://www.telegraaf.nl/entertainment/2634206/actrice-elisabeth-andersen-98-overleden Actrice Elisabeth Andersen (98) overleden] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> *[[Jiří Bis]], 77, Czech politician, [[Senate of the Czech Republic|Senator]] (2008–2014).<ref>[https://www.plzen.cz/plzenska-politicka-scena-smutni-zemrel-zastupitel-jiri-bis/ Plzeňská politická scéna smutní. Zemřel zastupitel Jiří Bis] {{in lang|cs}}</ref> *[[Julien Bogaert]], 94, Belgian Olympic sprint canoeist ([[1948 Summer Olympics|1948]]).<ref>[https://static1.squarespace.com/static/562a1fcde4b0f81918c08e0f/t/5bbe201be4966b219beb7804/1539186716249/De+Heer+Julien+Bogaert.pdf Julien Bogaert] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> *[[Fang Nanjiang]], 75, Chinese novelist and major general of the [[People's Armed Police]].<ref>[https://news.sina.com.cn/o/2018-10-19/doc-ihmrasqs2430141.shtml 武警原政治部副主任方南江逝世 系著名军旅作家] {{in lang|zh}}</ref> *[[David M. Fergusson]], 74, British-born New Zealand psychologist, lung cancer.<ref>[https://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/news/107587545/Influential-and-groundbreaking-Christchurch-health-researcher-dies Influential and groundbreaking Christchurch health researcher David Fergusson dies]</ref> *[[Wen Fong]], 88, Chinese-American art historian, leukemia.<ref>[https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_2500175 方闻先生辞世，半个世纪美国亚洲艺术史学界的开拓者与领航者] {{in lang|zh}}</ref> *[[Roger Gibbs|Sir Roger Gibbs]], 83, British financier.<ref>[http://announcements.telegraph.co.uk/deaths/227795/gibbs Gibbs]</ref> *[[Heo Su-gyeong]], 54, South Korean poet.<ref>[http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/bulletin/2018/10/04/0200000000AKR20181004058652005.HTML 독일서 눈 감은 허수경 시인…향년 54세(종합2보)] {{in lang|ko}}</ref> *[[Joseph Kamaru]], 79, Kenyan [[Benga music|benga]] musician and political activist, complications from Parkinson's disease.<ref>[https://www.nation.co.ke/counties/muranga/Joseph-Kamaru-dies-at-MP-Shah-Hospital/1183310-4790634-11eq94m/index.html Musician Joseph Kamaru, 79, dies at MP Shah Hospital]</ref> *[[Saak Karapetyan]], 58, Russian attorney, [[Prosecutor General of Russia|Deputy Attorney General]], helicopter crash.<ref>[http://eng.genproc.gov.ru/smi/news/news-1465530/ Tragic death of Deputy Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation Saak Albertovich Karapetyan]</ref> *[[Leon M. Lederman]], 96, American experimental physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (1988), dementia.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/03/science/leon-lederman-died-particle-accelerators.html Leon Lederman, 96, Explorer (and Explainer) of the Subatomic World, Dies]</ref> *[[Bent Lorentzen]], 83, Danish composer.<ref>[https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/kultur/klassisk/dansk-musikpioner-doed-han-var-en-af-de-helt-store-fritaenkere Dansk musikpioner død: Han var en af de helt store fritænkere] {{in lang|da}}</ref> *[[Marty Pattin]], 75, American baseball player ([[Milwaukee Brewers]], [[Boston Red Sox]], [[Kansas City Royals]]).<ref>[https://www.kansascity.com/sports/mlb/kansas-city-royals/article219466410.html Former Royals pitcher/Kansas baseball coach Marty Pattin dies at age of 75]</ref> *[[Hollie Pihl]], 90, American judge.<ref>[http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/oregon/obituary.aspx?pid=190445419 Hollie M. Pihl Jr.]</ref> *[[Hugo Raspoet]], 77, Belgian singer and guitarist ("[[Helena (Hugo Raspoet song)|Helena]]", "[[Evviva Il Papa]]").<ref>[https://www.gva.be/cnt/dmf20181003_03804861/kleinkunstzanger-hugo-raspoet-bekend-van-helena-overleden Kleinkunstzanger Hugo Raspoet, bekend van 'Helena', overleden]{{in lang|nl}}</ref> *[[Bror Stefenson]], 89, Swedish navy admiral.<ref>[http://www.nyfikengra.se/nyfiken-pa-bror-stefenson-ubatsamiralen/ Ubåtsamiralen Bror Stefenson är död] {{in lang|sv}}</ref> *[[Keiichiro Takahara]], 87, Japanese businessman, founder of [[Unicharm]].<ref>[https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASLB94SQFLB9ULFA00Z.html ユニ・チャーム創業者の高原慶一朗さん死去] {{in lang|ja}}</ref> *[[Antonio Valero (footballer, born 1931)|Antonio Valero]], 86, Spanish footballer.<ref>[https://www.diariodesevilla.es/sevillafc/SevillaFC-Antonio-Valero-fallecimiento-Dorsal-Leyenda_0_1287771881.html Fallece Antonio Valero, Dorsal de Leyenda de los años 50] {{in lang|es}}</ref> *[[John Von Ohlen]], 77, American jazz drummer ([[Blue Wisp Big Band]]).<ref>[https://www.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/news/2018/10/03/john-von-ohlen-acclaimed-jazz-drummer-dies-at-77.html John Von Ohlen, acclaimed jazz drummer, dies at 77]</ref> *[[Peter Wales]], 89, English cricketer.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/33/33549/33549.html Profile of Peter Wales]</ref> *[[Prosper Weil]], 92, French lawyer.<ref>[http://www.asmp.fr/fiches_academiciens/WEIL.HTM Prosper Weil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061206042300/http://www.asmp.fr/fiches_academiciens/WEIL.HTM |date=December 6, 2006 }} {{in lang|fr}}</ref> *[[Edward E. Williams]], 73, American economist.<ref>[https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/houstonchronicle/obituary.aspx?pid=190393837 Edward Williams]</ref> ===4=== *[[Dave Anderson (sportswriter)|Dave Anderson]], 89, American sportswriter (''[[The New York Times]]''), [[Pulitzer Prize for Commentary|Pulitzer Prize]] winner (1981).<ref>[http://www.espn.co.uk/espn/story/_/id/24879453/dave-anderson-long-new-york-s-columnist-dies-89 Dave Anderson, longtime New York Times columnist, dies at 89]</ref> *[[Jeanne Ashworth]], 80, American speed skater, Olympic bronze medalist ([[Speed skating at the 1960 Winter Olympics – Women's 500 metres|1960]]), pancreatic cancer.<ref>[https://www.wilx.com/content/sports/Olympic-Chamion-Ashworth-Dies-497023361.html Olympic Champion Ashworth Dies]</ref> *[[Jack Avina]], 89, American college basketball coach ([[Portland Pilots men's basketball|Portland Pilots]]).<ref>[https://portlandtribune.com/pt/12-sports/408861-308088-jack-avina-former-university-of-portland-basketball-coach-dies-at-89 Jack Avina, former University of Portland basketball coach, dies at 89]</ref> *[[Hamiet Bluiett]], 78, American jazz saxophonist, complications from a series of strokes.<ref>[http://www.khsu.org/post/hamiet-bluiett-giant-baritone-sax-has-died-78 Hamiet Bluiett, Giant Of The Baritone Sax, Has Died At 78]</ref> *[[Kevin Ellison (American football)|Kevin Ellison]], 31, American football player ([[History of the San Diego Chargers|San Diego Chargers]], [[Spokane Shock]]), traffic collision.<ref>[https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/former-usc-safety-kevin-ellison-dies-31-005027524.html Former USC safety Kevin Ellison dies at 31]</ref> *[[Barrie Frost]], 79, New Zealand-born Canadian psychologist and neuroscientist.<ref>[http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/theglobeandmail/obituary.aspx?pid=190405226 Barrie Frost]</ref> *[[Takumi Furukawa]], 101, Japanese film director (''[[Season of the Sun (1956 film)|Season of the Sun]]'', ''[[Cruel Gun Story]]''), heart failure.<ref>[https://www.sanspo.com/geino/news/20181012/geo18101205000004-n1.html１０１歳大往生 「太陽の季節」監督の古川卓己さんが死去]{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[José Lluis]], 80, Spanish Olympic basketball player ([[Basketball at the 1960 Summer Olympics|1960]]).<ref>[https://www.mundodeportivo.com/baloncesto/20181004/452166453595/fallece-josep-lluis-historico-basket-espanol-jugador-entrenador-ayudante-diaz-miguel-seleccion-espanola.html Fallece Josep Lluís, el eterno ayudante de Díaz-Miguel] {{in lang|es}}</ref> *[[Kurt Malangré]], 84, German politician, Lord Mayor of [[Aachen]] (1973–1989) and [[Member of the European Parliament|MEP]] (1979–1999).<ref>[https://www.aachener-nachrichten.de/lokales/aachen/frueherer-aachener-oberbuergermeister-kurt-malangre-tot_aid-33468449 Alt-Oberbürgermeister Kurt Malangré gestorben] {{in lang|de}}</ref> *[[Karl Mildenberger]], 80, German boxer, European heavyweight champion (1964&ndash;1968).<ref>[https://www.rheinpfalz.de/lokal/artikel/box-europameister-karl-mildenberger-stirbt-mit-80-jahren/ Box-Europameister Karl Mildenberger stirbt mit 80 Jahren] {{in lang|de}}</ref> *[[Walter Paine]], 95, American journalist and publisher (''[[Valley News]]'').<ref>[https://www.vnews.com/Former-Valley-News-Publisher-Paine-Dies-at-95-Leaves-Many-Legacies-20356531 Former 'Valley News' Publisher Walter Paine Dies at 95]</ref> *[[Bert Romp]], 59, Dutch equestrian, Olympic champion ([[Equestrian at the 1992 Summer Olympics|1992]]), kicked by horse.<ref>[https://www.rtvnoord.nl/nieuws/199664/Voormalig-springruiter-Bert-Romp-overleden-na-trap-van-paard Voormalig springruiter Bert Romp overleden na trap van paard] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> *[[José Sacal]], 74, Mexican surrealist sculptor.<ref>[http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/cultura/fallece-el-escultor-mexicano-jose-sacal Fallece el escultor mexicano José Sacal] {{in lang|es}}</ref> *[[Neville Sayers]], 91, Australian Olympic modern pentathlete ([[Modern pentathlon at the 1956 Summer Olympics|1956]], [[Modern pentathlon at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's individual|1960]]) and sports shooter ([[Shooting at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's 25 metre rapid fire pistol|1960]]).<ref>[https://www.heraldsun.com.au/classifieds/ad/3049928/ Sayers. – Neville.]</ref> *[[John Swinton of Kimmerghame|Sir John Swinton]], 93, British military officer.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.star-magazine.co.uk/celebrity-news/1483139/tilda-swinton-collects-film-festival-prize-hours |title=Tilda Swinton collects film festival prize hours after father's death |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006155022/https://www.star-magazine.co.uk/celebrity-news/1483139/tilda-swinton-collects-film-festival-prize-hours |archive-date=October 6, 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[John Tyrrell (musicologist)|John Tyrrell]], 76, British musicologist.<ref>[https://www.tyden.cz/rubriky/kultura/hudba/zemrel-john-tyrrell-predni-odbornik-na-tvorbu-leose-janacka_498514.html Zemřel John Tyrrell, přední odborník na tvorbu Leoše Janáčka] {{in lang|cs}}</ref> *[[Will Vinton]], 70, American animator ([[The California Raisins]], ''[[The Adventures of Mark Twain (1985 film)|The Adventures of Mark Twain]]'', ''[[Return to Oz]]''), [[Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film|Oscar]] winner ([[47th Academy Awards|1974]]), multiple myeloma.<ref>[https://kval.com/news/local/portlands-will-vinton-creator-of-famous-claymation-characters-dies Portland's Will Vinton, creator of famous Claymation characters, dies]</ref> *[[Scott Weir]], 65, Scottish cricketer.<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/scott-weir-25392]</ref> *[[Audrey Wells]], 58, American film director and screenwriter (''[[Under the Tuscan Sun (film)|Under the Tuscan Sun]]'', ''[[The Hate U Give (film)|The Hate U Give]]'', ''[[The Truth About Cats & Dogs]]''), cancer.<ref>[https://variety.com/2018/film/news/audrey-wells-dead-dies-the-hate-u-give-1202970966/ 'The Hate U Give' Screenwriter Audrey Wells Dies at 58]</ref> *[[Konisi Yabaki]], 77, Fijian politician, [[Cabinet of Fiji|Minister for Fisheries and Forests]] (2001–2006).<ref>[http://fijisun.com.fj/2018/10/08/ex-minister-dies/ Ex-Minister Dies]</ref> ===5=== *[[Wayne Berry (American football)|Wayne Berry]], 86, American football player ([[New York Giants]]).<ref>[https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/idahostatesman/obituary.aspx?pid=190489927 Wayne C. Berry]</ref> *[[John Deeble]], 87, Australian health economist.<ref>[http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/canberratimes-au/obituary.aspx?pid=190458498 John Deeble]</ref> *[[Louis A. DeSimone]], 96, American Roman Catholic prelate, Auxiliary Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia|Philadelphia]] (1981–1997).<ref>[http://catholicphilly.com/2018/10/news/local-news/bishop-louis-desimone-beloved-retired-pastor-dies-at-96/ Auxiliary Bishop Louis DeSimone, beloved retired pastor, dies at 96]</ref> *[[Frank Drum]], 87, Australian [[Australian rules football|footballer]] ([[Richmond Football Club|Richmond]]).<ref>[http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/MailTimes-AU/obituary.aspx?pid=190409109 Frank Drum]{{Dead link|date=August 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Jimmy Duquennoy]], 23, Belgian racing cyclist, heart attack.<ref>[https://www.notele.be/it9-media60625-jimmy-duquennoy-est-decede-a-l-age-de-23-ans.html Jimmy Duquennoy est décédé à l'âge de 23 ans] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> *[[Ray Galton]], 88, British scriptwriter (''[[Hancock's Half Hour]]'', ''[[Steptoe and Son]]''), dementia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.yorkshirecoastradio.com/news/national/2704571/groundbreaking-sitcom-writer-ray-galton-dies/ |title=Groundbreaking sitcom writer Ray Galton dies |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006195349/https://www.yorkshirecoastradio.com/news/national/2704571/groundbreaking-sitcom-writer-ray-galton-dies/ |archive-date=October 6, 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[Richard Horden]], 73, British architect.<ref>[http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/thetimes-uk/obituary.aspx?pid=190438332 Richard Manaton Horden RIBA]</ref> *[[Ed Kenney]], 85, American singer and actor (''[[Flower Drum Song]]'').<ref>[http://www.staradvertiser.com/2018/10/06/hawaii-news/star-on-broadway-and-waikiki-stage-left-legacy-of-song/ Hawaii singer Ed Kenney Jr. left legacy of song on Broadway and Waikiki stage]</ref> *[[Grigorij Khizhnyak]], 44, Ukrainian basketball player ([[BC Kyiv|Kyiv]], [[Makedonikos BC|Makedonikos]], [[BC Dnipro|Dnipro]]), heart attack.<ref>[https://ukr.segodnya.ua/sport/basketball/umer-znamenityy-ukrainskiy-basketbolist-grigoriy-hizhnyak-1176979.html Помер знаменитий український баскетболіст Григорій Хижняк] {{in lang|uk}}</ref> *[[Herbert Kleber]], 84, American psychiatrist.<ref>[https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/nytimes/obituary.aspx?pid=190445481 Herbert Kleber]</ref> *[[Lin Xiao]], 97, Chinese politician, Chairman of [[Henan]] People's Congress.<ref>[http://cpc.people.com.cn/n1/2018/1010/c87393-30333223.html 林晓同志遗体送别仪式在郑州举行] {{in lang|zh}}</ref> *[[Greg Marx]], 68, American football player ([[Atlanta Falcons]]).<ref>[https://eu.hometownlife.com/story/sports/2018/10/10/detroit-catholic-central-notre-dame-all-american-greg-marx-remembered/1574486002/ Notre Dame All-American, Detroit Catholic Central Hall of Famer Gregory Marx remembered]</ref> *[[Ivar Odnes]], 55, Norwegian politician, [[Storting|MP]] (since 2017), cancer.<ref>[https://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/i/4deyO9/stortingsrepresentant-ivar-odnes-er-doed Stortingsrepresentant Ivar Odnes er død] {{in lang|no}}</ref> *[[Víctor Pey]], 103, Spanish-Chilean engineer, counselor of [[Salvador Allende]].<ref>[http://www.elmostrador.cl/noticias/pais/2018/10/05/adios-a-un-historico-a-los-103-anos-fallece-victor-pey-dueno-de-el-clarin/ Adiós a un histórico en un día emblemático: a los 103 años fallece Víctor Pey, dueño de El Clarín] {{in lang|es}}</ref> *[[Hege Skjeie]], 63, Norwegian political scientist.<ref>[https://frifagbevegelse.no/folk/en-bauta-i-norsk-likestillingspolitikk-er-dod--hege-skjeie-63-etterlater-dype-spor-6.158.583708.134494adc5 En bauta i norsk likestillingspolitikk er død: – Hege Skjeie (63) etterlater dype spor] {{in lang|no}}</ref> *[[Rudy Wowor]], 74, Indonesian actor, prostate cancer.<ref>[http://style.tribunnews.com/2018/10/05/breaking-news-rudy-wowor-meninggal-dunia-karena-kanker-prostat Rudy Wowor Meninggal Dunia karena Kanker Prostat] {{in lang|id}}</ref> ===6=== *[[Don Askarian]], 69, Armenian filmmaker.<ref>[https://www.panorama.am/en/news/2018/10/09/Don-Askarian/2015630 Famous Artsakh filmmaker Don Askarian dies at 69]</ref> *[[John Nicholson Black]], 96, British academic and university administrator, Principal of [[Bedford College, London]] (1971–1981).<ref>[http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/thetimes-uk/obituary.aspx?pid=190447292 John Nicholson Black]</ref> *[[Eef Brouwers]], 79, Dutch journalist and spokesman, Director-general of the [[Netherlands Government Information Service|RVD]] (1995–2004).<ref>[https://nos.nl/artikel/2253649-nos-presentator-en-oud-rvd-chef-eef-brouwers-overleden.html NOS-presentator en oud-RVD-chef Eef Brouwers overleden] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007122031/https://nos.nl/artikel/2253649-nos-presentator-en-oud-rvd-chef-eef-brouwers-overleden.html |date=October 7, 2018 }} {{in lang|nl}}</ref> *[[Montserrat Caballé]], 85, Spanish opera singer, [[Grammy Award|Grammy]] winner ([[11th Annual Grammy Awards|1968]]), gallbladder infection.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/oct/06/spanish-soprano-montserrat-caballe-dies-aged-85 Spanish soprano Montserrat Caballé dies aged 85]</ref> *[[Tahir Chaudhry]], Pakistani chef, cardiac arrest.<ref>[https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/renowned-pakistani-chef-tahir-chaudhry-dies-1.2287048 Renowned Pakistani chef Tahir Chaudhry dies]</ref> *[[Edwin-Michael Cortez]], 66, American library science professor.<ref>[https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/knoxnews/obituary.aspx?pid=190494462 Edwin Michael Cortez]</ref> *[[James Cowan (author)|James Cowan]], 76, Australian author.<ref>[https://www.smh.com.au/national/james-cowan-author-poet-obituary-writer-20181030-p50ctr.html An adventurous poet and writer]</ref> *[[Encosta De Lago]], 25, Australian racehorse and sire.<ref>[https://www.racenet.com.au/news/encosta-de-lago-dead-at-25-20181006 Encosta De Lago dead at 25]</ref> *[[Lorna Cooke deVaron]], 97, American choral conductor.<ref>[http://necmusic.edu/news/nec-mourns-loss-lorna-cooke-devaron NEC Mourns the Loss of Lorna Cooke deVaron]</ref> *[[Ira Gasman]], 76, American playwright and lyricist, heart failure.<ref>[https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/nytimes/obituary.aspx?pid=190445472 Ira Gasman]</ref> *[[Paul James (sportscaster)|Paul James]], 87, American sportscaster ([[Utah Utes]], [[BYU Cougars]]).<ref>[https://www.deseretnews.com/article/900035944/voice-of-the-cougars-paul-james-87-dies-at-his-home-after-long-illness.html Voice of the Cougars Paul James, 87, dies at his home after long illness]</ref> *[[George Kaftan]], 90, American basketball player ([[Boston Celtics all-time roster#K|Boston Celtics]]).<ref>[https://usobit.com/2018/10/george-akaftan-1928-2018/ George A Kaftan 1928 2018]</ref> *[[Quentin Kenihan]], 43, Australian disability advocate and actor (''[[Mad Max: Fury Road]]''), asthma attack.<ref>[https://www.smh.com.au/national/disability-advocate-quentin-kenihan-dies-20181007-p50892.html Disability advocate Quentin Kenihan dies]</ref> *[[Wilf Malcolm]], 84, New Zealand pure mathematician, vice-chancellor of the [[University of Waikato]] (1985–1994).<ref>[http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/nzherald-nz/obituary.aspx?pid=190414855 Wilfred Gordon OBE (Wilf) Malcolm]</ref> *[[Victoria Marinova]], 30, Bulgarian journalist and television presenter, strangled.<ref>[https://cpj.org/2018/10/bulgarian-tv-host-victoria-marinova-raped-and-kill.php Bulgarian TV host Victoria Marinova raped and killed]</ref> *[[Bert Nederlof]], 72, Dutch journalist and radio sports commentator.<ref>[https://www.vi.nl/nieuws/vi-icoon-bert-nederlof-overleden VI-icoon Bert Nederlof overleden] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> *[[Ramon Neto da Costa]], 31, Brazilian footballer ([[Figueirense FC|Figueirense]]), heart attack.<ref>[http://www.figueirense.com.br/noticia/nota-de-falecimento-ramon-neto-da-costa/ Nota de falecimento – Ramon Neto da Costa] {{in lang|pt}}</ref> *[[Robert Pitofsky]], 88, American legal scholar.<ref>[https://www.law.georgetown.edu/news/in-memoriam-dean-emeritus-robert-pitofsky/ In Memoriam: Dean Emeritus Robert Pitofsky]</ref> *[[Don Sandburg]], 87, American actor (''[[The Bozo Show|Bozo's Circus]]''), complications from Alzheimer's disease.<ref>[https://wgntv.com/2018/10/07/don-sandburg-last-surviving-original-cast-member-of-bozos-circus-dead-at-87/ Don Sandburg, last surviving original cast member of 'Bozo's Circus,' dead at 87]</ref> *[[Michel Vovelle]], 85, French historian.<ref>[http://www.lamarseillaise.fr/marseille/flash/72619-l-historien-michel-vovelle-n-est-plus L'historien Michel Vovelle n'est plus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007180438/http://www.lamarseillaise.fr/marseille/flash/72619-l-historien-michel-vovelle-n-est-plus |date=October 7, 2018 }} {{in lang|fr}}</ref> *[[Scott Wilson (actor)|Scott Wilson]], 76, American actor (''[[The Walking Dead (TV series)|The Walking Dead]]'', ''[[In Cold Blood (film)|In Cold Blood]]'', ''[[CSI: Crime Scene Investigation]]''), complications from leukemia.<ref>[https://variety.com/2018/film/news/obituary-actor-scott-wilson-walking-dead-dies-1202971361/ 'Walking Dead' Actor Scott Wilson Dies at 76]</ref> ===7=== *[[René Bouin]], 81, French politician, [[National Assembly (France)|Deputy]] (2002–2007), Mayor of [[Chenillé-Changé]] (1977–2001).<ref>[https://www.ouest-france.fr/pays-de-la-loire/angers-49000/maine-et-loire-maire-de-chenille-l-ex-depute-rene-bouin-est-decede-6006554 Maine-et-Loire. Maire de Chenillé, l'ex-député René Bouin est décédé] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> *[[Boris Braun]], 98, Croatian professor and Holocaust survivor.<ref>[https://www.buchenwald.de/315/date/2018/10/11/nachruf-11/ Überlebender der KZ Auschwitz, Groß-Rosen und Buchenwald und kroatischer Vizepräsident des Internationalen Komitees Buchenwald-Dora und Kommandos (IKBD) verstorben] {{in lang|de}}</ref> *[[John Gagliardi]], 91, American [[College Football Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] college football coach ([[Saint John's Johnnies football|Saint John's Johnnies]]).<ref>[https://abcnews.go.com/Sports/john-gagliardi-winningest-coach-college-football-history-dies/story?id=58340188 John Gagliardi, winningest coach in college football history, dies at 91]</ref> *[[Gibba]], 93, Italian animator (''[[Il nano e la strega]]'').<ref>[https://www.lastampa.it/2018/10/07/savona/alassio-morto-gibba-il-pioniere-del-cartone-animato-italiano-OF22BCzkxUdbPV9M3zfwHL/pagina.html Alassio, è morto "Gibba", il pioniere del cartone animato italiano] {{in lang|it}}</ref> *[[Betty Grissom]], 91, American plaintiff winner against NASA contractor.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/11/obituaries/betty-grissom-dead.html Betty Grissom, Who Sued in Astronaut Husband's Death, Dies at 91]</ref> *[[Brian Hughes (footballer, born 1937)|Brian Hughes]], 80, Welsh footballer ([[Swansea City A.F.C.|Swansea City]], [[Atlanta Chiefs]]).<ref>[https://www.canadasoccer.com/brian-hughes-former-player-and-national-coach-passed-away-p161886 Brian Hughes, former player and national coach, passed away]</ref> *[[Eija Krogerus]], 86, Finnish bowler.<ref>[https://www.hs.fi/paivanlehti/28102018/art-2000005878095.html Eija Krogerus 1932–2018] {{in lang|fi}}</ref> *[[Patrice L'Heureux]], 46, Canadian boxer, heart attack.<ref>[https://www.rds.ca/combat/boxe/deces-de-l-ancien-boxeur-patrice-l-heureux-1.6410690 Décès de l'ancien boxeur Patrice L'Heureux] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> *[[Nino Lombardo]], 91, Italian politician, [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Deputy]] (1976–1994), heart failure.<ref>[https://catania.meridionews.it/articolo/70136/paterno-e-morto-lex-onorevole-dc-nino-lombardo-candidato-sindaco-a-90-anni-e-storia-della-citta/ Paternò, è morto l'ex onorevole Dc Nino Lombardo. Candidato sindaco a 90 anni. "È storia della città"] {{in lang|it}}</ref> *[[Peggy McCay]], 90, American actress (''[[Days of Our Lives]]'', ''[[Love of Life]]'', ''[[Murphy's Romance]]'').<ref>[https://www.thewrap.com/peggy-mccay-longtime-star-days-lives-dies-90/ Peggy McCay, Longtime Star of 'Days of Our Lives,' Dies at 90]</ref> *[[Moi-Yo Miller]], 104, Australian actress and illusionist, dementia.<ref>[https://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/news/geelong/geelongborn-illusionist-moiyo-miller-dies-aged-104/news-story/b47b282cf24fcf55f402955aec0b203a Geelong-born illusionist Moi-Yo Miller dies aged 104]</ref> *[[Ludo Monset]], 72, Belgian politician, [[Senate (Belgium)|Senator]] (1991–1995), Mayor of [[Blankenberge]] (1995–2011).<ref>[https://kw.knack.be/west-vlaanderen/nieuws/samenleving/oud-burgemeester-ludo-monset-van-blankenberge-overleden/article-normal-341719.html Oud-burgemeester Ludo Monset van Blankenberge overleden] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> *[[Peter Nyombi]], 64, Ugandan politician, [[Attorney General of Uganda|Attorney General]] (2011–2015), heart failure.<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1487164/attorney-peter-nyombi-dies Former Attorney General Peter Nyombi dies]</ref> *[[John Odey]], 58, Nigerian politician, Minister of Environment (since 2008), cancer.<ref>[https://www.bodedolu.com/former-pdp-spokesman-john-odey-has-passed-away/ Former PDP Spokesman, John Odey Has Passed Away]</ref> *[[Moses Olaiya]], 82, Nigerian actor, complications from a stroke.<ref>[https://guardian.ng/life/film/veteran-actor-and-comedian-baba-sala-dies-at-82/ Veteran Actor And Comedian Baba Sala Dies At 82]</ref> *[[Oleg Pavlov]], 48, Russian writer, heart attack.<ref>[https://gorky.media/news/umer-oleg-pavlov/ Умер Олег Павлов] {{in lang|ru}}</ref> *[[Marie M. Runyon]], 103, American political activist and politician, member of the [[New York State Assembly]] (1975–1976).<ref>[https://www.wral.com/marie-runyon-a-liberal-firebrand-into-her-90s-dies-at-103/17906971/ Marie Runyon, a Liberal Firebrand Into Her 90s, Dies at 103]</ref> *[[Natwar Thakkar]], 86, Indian social worker.<ref>[http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/oct/07/nagalands-gandhi-natwar-thakkar-dies-at-86-1882319.html 'Nagaland's Gandhi' Natwar Thakkar dies at 86]</ref> *[[John Wicks (singer)|John Wicks]], 65, British singer and songwriter ([[The Records]]).<ref>[https://pitchfork.com/news/john-wicks-the-records-starry-eyes-dead-at-65/ John Wicks (The Records, "Starry Eyes") Dead at 65]</ref> *[[Celeste Yarnall]], 74, American actress (''[[Eve (1968 film)|Eve]]'', ''[[The Mechanic (1972 film)|The Mechanic]]'', ''[[The Apple (Star Trek: The Original Series)|Star Trek]]''), ovarian cancer.<ref>[http://www.startrek.com/article/remembering-tos-guest-star-celeste-yarnall-1944-2018 Remembering TOS Guest Star, Celeste Yarnall, 1944-2018]</ref> ===8=== *[[Fernando Albán Salazar]], 56, Venezuelan lawyer and politician, [[Libertador Bolivarian Municipality]] councilman (since 2012).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20181009041603/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/venezuela-caracas-opposition-councilman-dies-in-jail/2018/10/08/2c72e57c-cb5d-11e8-ad0a-0e01efba3cc1_story.html Venezuela: Caracas opposition councilman dies in jail]</ref> *[[Shibly Aziz]], 75, Sri Lankan lawyer and politician, [[Attorney General of Sri Lanka|Attorney General]] (1995–1996).<ref>[https://english-vigasapuwath.blogspot.com/2018/10/presidents-counsel-shibly-aziz-passed.html President's Counsel Shibly Aziz passed away at the age of 75]</ref> *[[Neville Chamberlain (bishop)|Neville Chamberlain]], 78, British Anglican prelate, [[Bishop of Brechin]] (1997–2005).<ref>[https://www.heraldscotland.com/opinion/17193588.obituary-neville-chamberlain-former-bishop-of-brechin/ Obituary – Neville Chamberlain, former Bishop of Brechin]</ref> *[[Tim Chandler]], 58, American rock bassist ([[Daniel Amos]], [[The Swirling Eddies]], [[The Choir (alternative rock band)|The Choir]]).<ref>[http://www.musictap.com/2018/10/10/in-memoriam-bassist-tim-chandler-1960-2018/ In memoriam: bassist Tim Chandler (1960-2018)]</ref> *[[Chris Curran (Australian footballer)|Chris Curran]], 44, Australian [[Australian rules football|footballer]] ([[Collingwood Football Club|Collingwood]]).<ref>[https://forever.collingwoodfc.com.au/players/chris-curran/ Chris Curran]</ref> *[[Dina Haroun]], 44, Syrian actress (''[[Maraya]]''), lung infection.<ref>[https://archynewsy.com/the-reason-for-the-death-of-the-syrian-artist-dina-haroun/ The reason for the death of the Syrian artist Dina Haroun]{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Alfred Holland (bishop)|Alfred Holland]], 91, British-born Australian Anglican bishop.<ref>[https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-10-25/church-disciplinary-proceedings-discontined-against-dead-bishop/10427796 "Church disciplinary proceedings discontinued against dead bishop"], ABC news.</ref> *[[Juan Heredia Moreno]], 76, Spanish footballer ([[RCD Mallorca|Mallorca]]).<ref>[https://www.lavanguardia.com/deportes/20181008/452241815364/fallece-a-los-76-anos-juan-heredia-exguardameta-del-mallorca.html Fallece a los 76 años Juan Heredia, exguardameta del Mallorca] {{in lang|es}}</ref> *[[Arnold Kopelson]], 83, American film producer (''[[Platoon (film)|Platoon]]'', ''[[The Fugitive (1993 film)|The Fugitive]]'', ''[[Seven (1995 film)|Seven]]''), [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Oscar]] winner ([[59th Academy Awards|1987]]).<ref>[https://variety.com/2018/biz/news/arnold-kopelson-dead-83-producer-platoon-fugitive-1202972316/ Arnold Kopelson, Oscar Winning Producer of 'Platoon' and 'The Fugitive,' Dies at 83]</ref> *[[John Quinn (physicist)|John Quinn]], 85, American theoretical physicist.<ref>[https://eu.knoxnews.com/story/news/education/2018/10/09/john-quinn-former-university-tennessee-chancellor-physicist-obituary/1575730002/ Former UT Chancellor, physicist John Quinn dies]</ref> *[[Geoff Smith (cyclist)|Geoff Smith]], 76, Australian sprint cyclist, Olympic tandem [[Cycling at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's tandem|(1960)]].<ref>[https://brunswickcyclingclub.com/post/2018/10/vale-geoff-smith/ Vale Geoff Smith]</ref> *[[George Taliaferro]], 91, American professional ([[Indianapolis Colts|Baltimore Colts]]) and college [[College Football Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] football player ([[Indiana Hoosiers football|Indiana Hoosiers]]), first [[African-American]] selected in an [[NFL Draft]].<ref>[https://www.indystar.com/story/sports/college/indiana/2018/10/08/first-african-american-drafted-nfl-george-taliaferro-dies-91-iu-hoosiers/1574059002/ IU football trailblazer George Taliaferro dies at 91]</ref> *[[Joseph Tydings]], 90, American lawyer (''[[Eisenstadt v. Baird]]'') and politician, [[U.S. Senator]] from [[Maryland]] (1965–1971).<ref>[https://baltimore.cbslocal.com/2018/10/08/joseph-tydings-dead/ Fmr. Senator Joseph Tydings Has Passed Away]</ref> <!-- W -->*[[Hiroshi Wajima]], 70, Japanese sumo [[yokozuna]] ([[Hanakago stable]]) and professional wrestler ([[All Japan Pro Wrestling|AJPW]]), throat cancer.<ref>[https://www.sponichi.co.jp/sports/news/2018/10/09/kiji/20181009s00005000109000c.html 大相撲の元横綱・輪島こと輪島大士氏が死去 ７０歳 輪湖時代を築く] {{in lang|ja}}</ref> *[[David Wise (journalist)|David Wise]], 88, American journalist (''[[New York Herald-Tribune]]''), pancreatic cancer.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/09/obituaries/david-wise-dead.html David Wise, Journalist Who Exposed C.I.A. Activity, Dies at 88]</ref> ===9=== *[[Carolyn Blanchard Allen]], 97, American politician, Member of the [[Wisconsin State Assembly]] (1963–1970).<ref>[https://www.gazettextra.com/obituaries/carolyn-blanchard-allen/article_9c31b26b-aba2-50f8-9001-405b42cf0797.html Carolyn Blanchard Allen]</ref> *[[Heiki Arike]], 53, Estonian politician, [[Ministry of the Interior (Estonia)|Minister of the Interior]] (1993–1994).<ref>[https://www.postimees.ee/6425092/suri-endine-siseminister-heiki-arike Suri endine siseminister Heiki Arike] {{in lang|et}}</ref> *[[Robert Bausch]], 73, American author, multiple myeloma.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/robert-bausch-acclaimed-virginia-novelist-and-teacher-dies-at-73/2018/10/13/8c87605c-cd86-11e8-a360-85875bac0b1f_story.html Robert Bausch, acclaimed Virginia novelist and teacher, dies at 73]</ref> *[[Robert W. Cox]], 92, Canadian political scientist.<ref>[https://www.dailysabah.com/columns/sadik_unay/2018/10/13/robert-cox-and-the-post-hegemonic-global-order Robert Cox and the post-hegemonic global order]</ref> *[[Pat Gorman]], 85, British actor (''[[Doctor Who]]'', ''[[The Nightmare Man]]'').<ref>[http://www.bafta.org/heritage/in-memory-of/pat-gorman Pat Gorman]</ref> *[[Thomas M. Hannigan]], 78, American politician, member of the [[California State Assembly]] (1978–1996).<ref>[https://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article219868020.html He 'kept the Democratic cats herded:' Former California legislator Tom Hannigan dies]</ref> *[[Anna Harvey]], 74, British fashion editor (''[[Vogue (British magazine)|Vogue]]'') and stylist ([[Diana, Princess of Wales|Princess Diana]]).<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/people/remembering-anna-harvey-vogue-editor-telegraph-columnist-stylist/ Remembering Anna Harvey- Vogue editor, Telegraph columnist and stylist to Princess Diana]</ref> *[[Tony Hopper]], 42, English footballer ([[Carlisle United F.C.|Carlisle United]]), motor neurone disease.<ref>[http://www.newsandstar.co.uk/news/16972839.carlisle-united-legend-tony-hopper-footballer-who-bravely-fought-motor-neurone-disease-dies/ Carlisle United legend Tony Hopper, footballer who bravely fought motor neurone disease, dies]</ref> *[[Diane Jergens]], 83, American actress (''[[The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet]]'', ''[[The Bob Cummings Show]]'', ''[[Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color]]'').<ref>[http://www.emmys.com/bios/diane-jergens Diane Jergens]</ref> *[[George W. Landau]], 98, American diplomat.<ref>[https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/washingtonpost/obituary.aspx?n=george-landau&pid=190470740 George Landau (1920–2018)]</ref> *[[Larry Larrañaga]], 80, American politician, member of the [[New Mexico House of Representatives]] (1995–2018), [[Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease]].<ref>[https://www.abqjournal.com/1231412/ex-rep-larranaga-leading-budget-voice-passes-away-overnight.html Ex-Rep. Larrañaga, leading budget voice, passes away overnight]</ref> *[[Lü Junchang]], 53, Chinese palaeontologist (''[[Tongtianlong]]'', ''[[Qianzhousaurus]]'', ''[[Darwinopterus]]'').<ref>[https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_2517034 53岁恐龙专家、中国地质科学院地质研究所研究员吕君昌逝世] {{in lang|zh}}</ref> *[[Frank Padavan]], 83, American politician, member of the [[New York State Senate|New York Senate]] (1973–2010), heart attack.<ref>[http://www.wamc.org/post/former-nys-senator-padavan-dies-83 Former NYS Senator Padavan Dies At 83]</ref> *[[José Santiago (1950s pitcher)|José Santiago]], 90, Puerto Rican baseball player ([[Cleveland Indians]], [[Oakland Athletics|Kansas City Athletics]]).<ref>[https://www.primerahora.com/deportes/beisbol/nota/muriouniconodelbeisbol-1306216/ "Murió un ícono del béisbol"] {{in lang|es}}</ref> *[[Warner Saunders]], 83, American news anchor ([[WMAQ-TV]], [[WBBM-TV]]).<ref>[https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/warner-saunders-nbc5-anchor-chicago-passes-away-496594461.html Longtime NBC 5 Anchor Warner Saunders Passes Away at 83]</ref> *[[Werner Scheler]], 95, German physician and pharmacologist, president of the East German Academy of Sciences (1979–1990).<ref>[http://www.ostsee-zeitung.de/Vorpommern/Greifswald/Altrektor-Scheler-verstorben Altrektor Scheler verstorben] {{in lang|de}}</ref> *[[Alex Spanos]], 95, American real estate developer and football team owner ([[Los Angeles Chargers]]), dementia.<ref>[https://www.chargers.com/news/spanos-family-statement-on-the-passing-of-family-patriarch-alex-spanos Spanos Family Statement on the Passing of Family Patriarch Alex Spanos]</ref> *[[Thomas A. Steitz]], 78, American biochemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (2009), pancreatic cancer.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/10/obituaries/thomas-a-steitz-dead.html Thomas A. Steitz, 78, Dies; Illuminated a Building Block of Life]</ref> *[[Venantino Venantini]], 88, Italian actor (''[[Seven Deaths in the Cat's Eye]]'', ''[[City of the Living Dead]]'', ''[[Cannibal Ferox]]''), complications from surgery.<ref>[https://www.laregione.ch/culture/spettacoli/1328853/e-morto-l-attore-venantino-venantini È morto l'attore Venantino Venantini] {{in lang|it}}</ref> *[[Carolyn Warner]], 88, American politician, [[Arizona Superintendent of Public Instruction]] (1975–1987).<ref>[https://www.abc15.com/news/state/carolyn-warner-former-arizona-superintendent-dead-at-88 Carolyn Warner, former Arizona superintendent, dead at 88]</ref> *[[William Wilbanks]], 78, American criminologist.<ref>[http://www.dossmanfh.com/obituary/william-wilbanks-phd William's Obituary]</ref> *[[Roman Zabzaliuk]], 58, Ukrainian politician, [[Verkhovna Rada|MP]] (2006–2014), cancer.<ref>[https://www.ukrinform.ru/rubric-society/2555024-na-59m-godu-zizni-skoncalsa-byvsij-narodnyj-deputat-roman-zabzaluk.html На 59-м году жизни скончался бывший народный депутат Роман Забзалюк] {{in lang|ru}}</ref> ===10=== *[[Andie Airfix]], 72, British graphic designer and album artist ([[Def Leppard]], [[Metallica]]).<ref>[http://ultimateclassicrock.com/rip-andie-airflix/ Def Leppard, Metallica Album Cover Artist Andie Airfix Dies at 72]</ref> *[[Malcolm Andrews]], 73–74, Australian writer.<ref>[http://www.travelmonitor.com.au/category/news/todays-news/vale-malcolm-edwards/ Malcolm Andrews – Vale]</ref> *[[Yvan Blot]], 70, French politician, [[Member of the European Parliament|MEP]] (1989–1994).<ref>[https://www.medias-presse.info/deces-dyvan-blot-r-i-p/99176/ Décès d’Yvan Blot – R.I.P.] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> *[[Louis Brouillard]], 97, American Roman Catholic priest.<ref>[https://eu.caller.com/story/news/nation-now/2018/10/11/father-louis-brouillard-guam-dies-97/1610361002/ Retired priest, accused in more than 130 sex abuse cases, dies at 97]</ref> *[[Achille Cutrera]], 89, Italian politician, [[Senate (Italy)|Senator]] (1987–1994).<ref>[https://www.ticinonotizie.it/in-morte-del-senatore-achille-cutrera-fondatore-e-primo-presidente-del-parco-del-ticino/ In morte del senatore Achille Cutrera, fondatore e primo presidente del Parco del Ticino] {{in lang|it}}</ref> *[[Raymond Danon]], 88, French film producer (''[[The Gardener of Argenteuil]]'', ''[[Someone Behind the Door]]'', ''[[Lovers Like Us]]'').<ref>[http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2018/10/10/97001-20181010FILWWW00164-deces-du-producteur-de-cinema-raymond-danon.php Décès du producteur de cinéma Raymond Danon] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> *[[Denzil Davies]], 80, British politician, [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|MP]] (1970–2005).<ref>[https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/denzil-davies-long-serving-former-15265610 Denzil Davies, long-serving former Llanelli MP, has died a day after his 80th birthday]</ref> *[[Frank Deem]], 90, American politician, member of the [[West Virginia House of Delegates]] (1954–1962, 1988–1990, since 2014) and [[West Virginia Senate|Senate]] (1964–1978, 1994–2010), pneumonia.<ref>[http://wvmetronews.com/2018/10/10/remembering-wood-county-delegate-frank-deem/ Remembering Wood County Delegate Frank Deem]</ref> *[[Don Eddy (baseball)|Don Eddy]], 71, American baseball player ([[Chicago White Sox]]), pancreatic cancer.<ref>[https://usobit.com/2018/10/donald-don-eugene-eddy-october-25-1946-october-10-2018/ Donald Don Eugene Eddy October 25 1946 October 10 2018]</ref> *[[Laurence Forristal]], 87, Irish Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Ossory|Ossory]] (1981–2007).<ref>[https://www.leinsterexpress.ie/news/deaths/340984/former-bishop-of-ossory-passes-away.html Former Bishop of Ossory passes away]</ref> *[[Zíbia Gasparetto]], 92, Brazilian spiritualist writer, pancreatic cancer.<ref>[http://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/geral/noticia/2018-10/morre-aos-92-anos-escritora-zibia-gasparetto Morre, aos 92 anos, a escritora Zibia Gasparetto] {{in lang|pt}}</ref> *[[Theresa Hightower]], 64, American jazz singer, colon cancer.<ref>[https://www.ajc.com/lifestyles/legendary-atlanta-singer-theresa-hightower-dies/Fk9hGdgNdrJDPevJaRYqRI/ Legendary Atlanta singer Theresa Hightower dies at 64]</ref> *[[Angelo Marino]], 62, Italian art curator.<ref>[https://caserta.italiani.it/angelo-marino/ Un gallerista all'avanguardia: l'esperienza di Angelo Marino] {{in lang|it}}</ref> *[[Mary Midgley]], 99, British moral philosopher.<ref>[http://dailynous.com/2018/10/11/mary-midgley-1919-2018/ Mary Midgley (1919-2018)]</ref> *[[Raye Montague]], 83, American naval engineer ([[Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigate|''Oliver Hazard Perry'' class]]), heart failure.<ref>[https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2018/oct/10/raye-montague-arkansan-and-hidden-figure-credited-/ Raye Montague, Arkansan and 'hidden figure' credited with U.S. Navy breakthrough, dies at 83]</ref> *[[Richard T. Morgan]], 66, American politician, member of the [[North Carolina House of Representatives]] (1990–2006).<ref>[http://www.thepilot.com/news/former-state-rep-richard-morgan-dies-at-age/article_e923b2e0-cd98-11e8-a88f-4f678f029fa2.html Former State Rep. Richard Morgan Dies at Age 66]</ref> *[[Peter Ramseier]], 73, Swiss footballer ([[FC Basel|Basel]], [[Switzerland national football team|national team]]).<ref>[https://www.bzbasel.ch/sport/basel/ex-fcb-spieler-peter-ramseier-im-alter-von-73-jahren-verstorben-133570106 Ex-FCB-Spieler Peter Ramseier im Alter von 73 Jahren verstorben] {{in lang|de}}</ref> *[[Bruce N. Whitman]], 85, American aviation executive.<ref>[http://aviationweek.com/business-aviation/flightsafety-international-loses-its-chief FlightSafety International Loses Its Chief]</ref> *[[Tex Winter]], 96, American [[Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] basketball coach ([[Kansas State Wildcats men's basketball|Kansas State Wildcats]], [[Chicago Bulls]]), innovator of the [[triangle offense]].<ref>[https://chicago.suntimes.com/sports/former-bulls-assistant-coach-tex-winter-dies/ Bulls confirm that former assistant coach Tex Winter dies at the age of 96]</ref> ===11=== *[[G. D. Agrawal]], 86, Indian environmental activist, starvation following hunger strike.<ref>[http://www.freepressjournal.in/india/activist-gd-agarwal-who-was-on-indefinite-fast-for-clean-ganga-dies-in-rishikesh/1373173 Activist GD Agarwal, who was on indefinite fast for clean Ganga, dies in Rishikesh]</ref> *[[Ireneo A. Amantillo]], 83, Filipino Roman Catholic prelate, Auxiliary Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cagayan de Oro|Cagayan de Oro]] (1976–1978) and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tandag|Tandag]] (1978–2001), prostate cancer.<ref>[https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/10/11/18/retired-bishop-of-tandag-dies-at-83 Retired bishop of Tandag dies at 83]</ref> *[[Paul Andreu]], 80, French architect ([[Charles de Gaulle Airport]], [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (China)|National Grand Theatre of China]]).<ref>[https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/13673-obituary-paul-andreu-19382018 Obituary: Paul Andreu, 1938–2018]</ref> *[[Fatos Arapi]], 89, Albanian poet.<ref>[http://www.ocnal.com/2018/10/albanian-writer-fatos-arapi-passed-away.html Albanian writer Fatos Arapi passed away today, October 11]</ref> *[[Leif Axmyr]], 80, Swedish double murderer.<ref>[https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/ddedjz/leif-axmyr-ar-dod--blev-80-ar Leif Axmyr är död – blev 80 år] {{in lang|sv}}</ref> *[[Marie Bignold]], 91, Australian politician, member of the [[New South Wales Legislative Council]] (1984–1991).<ref>[https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/members/formermembers/Pages/former-member-details.aspx?pk=1865 The Hon. Marie May Bignold]</ref> *[[Charlie Crickmore]], 76, English footballer ([[Hull City A.F.C.|Hull City]], [[A.F.C. Bournemouth|Bournemouth]], [[Notts County F.C.|Notts County]]).<ref>[https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/former-hull-city-winger-charlie-2111255 Former Hull City winger Charlie Crickmore dies at the age of 76]</ref> *[[Robert Dean (ufologist)|Robert Dean]], 89, American ufologist.<ref>[https://www.grenzwissenschaft-aktuell.de/ufo-forscher-robert-o-dean-verstorben20181016/ UFO-Forscher Robert O. Dean Verstorben] {{in lang|de}}</ref> *[[Doug Ellis|Sir Doug Ellis]], 94, English entrepreneur and football club chairman ([[Aston Villa]]).<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/football-league/doug-ellis-dead-aston-villa-owner-dies-aged-94-cause-of-death-latest-news-a8578681.html Doug Ellis dead: Former Aston Villa owner dies, aged 94]</ref> *[[Milton Gendel]], 99, American-Italian photographer and art critic (''[[ARTnews]]'').<ref>[https://www.artribune.com/arti-visive/fotografia/2018/10/morto-a-roma-milton-gendel-fotografo-e-giornalista-protagonista-del-dialogo-italia-usa/ Morto a Roma Milton Gendel, fotografo e giornalista, protagonista del dialogo Italia-Usa] {{in lang|it}}</ref> *[[Carol Hall]], 82, American composer and lyricist (''[[The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas]]''), complications from [[primary progressive aphasia]].<ref>[http://www.playbill.com/article/carol-hall-composer-lyricist-of-the-best-little-whorehouse-in-texas-dies-at-82 Carol Hall, Composer-Lyricist of The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas, Dies at 82]</ref> *[[Labinot Harbuzi]], 32, Swedish footballer ([[Malmö FF]], [[S.B.V. Excelsior]], [[Gençlerbirliği S.K.|Gençlerbirliği]]), heart attack.<ref>[https://www.fotbollskanalen.se/allsvenskan/tidigare-mff-talangen-labinot-harbuzi-dod/ Tidigare MFF-talangen Labinot Harbuzi död] {{in lang|sv}}</ref> *[[Duncan Johnson]], 80, Canadian-born British DJ, complications from Parkinson's disease.<ref>[https://radiotoday.co.uk/2018/10/former-radio-1-and-pirate-dj-duncan-johnson-dies/ Former Radio 1 and pirate DJ Duncan Johnson dies]</ref> *[[Dieter Kemper]], 81, German racing cyclist.<ref>[https://www.ruhrnachrichten.de/Sport/Dortmund/Ein-emotionaler-Rueckblick-Radsport-Fans-trauern-um-Dieter-Kemper-Plus-1337168.html Ein emotionaler Rückblick: Radsport-Fans trauern um Dieter Kemper] {{in lang|de}}</ref> *[[Anatoli Levitin]], 96, Russian painter and art educator.<ref>[https://yandex.ru/turbo?text=https%3A%2F%2Frg.ru%2F2018%2F10%2F11%2Freg-szfo%2Fumer-vice-prezident-akademii-hudozhestv-anatolij-levitin.html Умер вице-президент академии художеств Анатолий Левитин] {{in lang|ru}}</ref> *[[Pran Nevile]], 95, Indian art historian.<ref>[https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/10/11/indian-historian-pran-nevile-passes-away-at-95/ Indian historian Pran Nevile passes away at 95]</ref> *[[P. Chandrasekhara Rao]], 82, Indian jurist.<ref>[http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2018/oct/12/eminent-jurist-patibandla-chandrasekhara-rao-passes-away-in-hyderabad-1884380.html Eminent jurist Patibandla Chandrasekhara Rao passes away in Hyderabad]</ref> *[[Yoshito Sengoku]], 72, Japanese politician, [[Minister of Justice (Japan)|Minister of Justice]] (2010–2011), lung cancer.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20181016/p2g/00m/0fp/083000c |title=Sengoku, ex-Cabinet member under DPJ administration, dies at 72 |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103184942/https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20181016/p2g/00m/0fp/083000c |archive-date=November 3, 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[Engelbert Siebler]], 81, German Roman Catholic prelate, Auxiliary Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Munich and Freising|Munich and Freising]] (1986–2012).<ref>[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bsiebler.html Bishop Engelbert Siebler]</ref> *[[Jimbo Simpson]], 60, Northern Irish paramilitary ([[Ulster Defence Association|UDA]]), lung cancer.<ref>[https://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2018/10/15/news/former-north-belfast-uda-leader-dies-from-cancer-1458393/ Holy Cross dispute UDA leader Jim Simpson dies from cancer]</ref> *[[Greg Stafford]], 70, American game designer (''[[White Bear and Red Moon]]'', ''[[King of Dragon Pass]]'', ''[[HeroQuest (role-playing game)|HeroQuest]]'').<ref>[https://www.chaosium.com/blogvale-greg-stafford-1948-2018/ Vale Greg Stafford (1948–2018)]</ref> *[[Hebe Uhart]], 81, Argentine writer.<ref>[https://www.lanacion.com.ar/2180814-murio-escritora-hebe-uhart Murió la escritora Hebe Uhart] {{in lang|es}}</ref> ===12=== *[[Pik Botha]], 86, South African politician, [[Minister of International Relations and Cooperation|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] (1977–1994).<ref>[https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/former-foreign-affairs-minister-pik-botha-dies-20181012 Former foreign affairs minister Pik Botha dies]</ref> *[[George Castledine]], 72, British nursing educator.<ref>[http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/thetimes-uk/obituary.aspx?pid=190755016 Professor George Castledine]</ref> *[[Chang Chun-yen]], 81, Taiwanese engineer, President of [[National Chiao Tung University]], member of [[Academia Sinica]], cancer.<ref>[https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20181012001742-260405 台灣半導體先鋒、前交大校長張俊彥病逝 享壽81歲] {{in lang|zh}}</ref> *[[Colleen Conway-Welch]], 74, American academic administrator ([[Vanderbilt University School of Nursing|Vanderbilt School of Nursing]]), [[List of Living Legends of the American Academy of Nursing|Nursing Living Legend]], pancreatic cancer.<ref>[https://tennessean.com/story/news/2018/10/12/colleen-m-conway-welch-former-vanderbilt-nursing-dean-dies-74/1612672002/ Colleen M. Conway-Welch, former Vanderbilt nursing dean, dies at 74]</ref> *[[Rudy Horn]], 85, German juggler.<ref>[https://www.juggle.org/rudy-horn-obituary/ Rudy Horn obituary]</ref> *[[Tom Jago]], 93, British liquor executive and distiller, creator of [[Baileys Irish Cream]].<ref>[https://www.cornwalllive.com/news/cornwall-news/cornishman-who-created-baileys-irish-2144909 Cornishman who created Baileys' Irish Cream, Malibu and Johnnie Walker Blue Label dies aged 93]</ref> *[[Kim Chang-ho (climber)|Kim Chang-ho]], 49, South Korean mountaineer, fall.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/13/world/asia/nepal-climbers-himalaya-mountains.html Snowstorm Kills at Least 8 Climbers in Nepal]</ref> *[[Takehisa Kosugi]], 80, Japanese composer and violinist, esophageal cancer.<ref>[https://www.asahi.com/articles/DA3S13721082.html 小杉武久さん死去] {{in lang|ja}}</ref> *[[Pat Leane]], 88, Australian athlete, Olympic decathlon ([[Athletics at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Men's decathlon|1952]] and [[Athletics at the 1956 Summer Olympics – Men's decathlon|1956]]).<ref>[http://athletics.com.au/News/patrick-francis-pat-leane-11-jan-1930-12-oct-2018 Patrick Francis 'Pat' Leane (11 Jan 1930 – 12 Oct 2018)]</ref> *[[Helen Neville]], 72, Canadian-born American psychologist and neuroscientist.<ref>[https://around.uoregon.edu/content/uos-helen-neville-leading-brain-scientist-passes-age-72 UO's Helen Neville, a leading brain scientist, passes at age 72]</ref> *[[A. G. Russell]], 85, American knife maker.<ref>[https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2018/oct/20/rogers-knife-maker-a-g-russell-dies-201/ Rogers knife-maker A.G. Russell dies]</ref> *[[Jan Jakob Tønseth]], 71, Norwegian author.<ref>[https://www.nrk.no/kultur/forfatter-jan-jakob-tonseth-er-dod.-1.14252389 Forfatter Jan Jakob Tønseth er død] {{in lang|no}}</ref> *[[Raymond L. White]], 74, American geneticist.<ref>[https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/sfgate/obituary.aspx?pid=190461582 Raymond White]</ref> (death announced on this date) *[[Claude Zilberberg]], 80, French [[Semiotics|semiotician]].<ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2018/10/24/mort-du-semioticien-et-linguiste-claude-zilberberg_5373959_3382.html Mort du sémioticien et linguiste Claude Zilberberg] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> ===13=== *[[Jockin Arputham]], 71, Indian urban planner and social worker.<ref>[https://unhabitat.org/demise-of-jockin-arputham-15-august-1947-october-13-2018/ Demise of Jockin Arputham (15 August 1947 – October 13 2018)]</ref> *[[Jean Bienvenue]], 90, Canadian politician.<ref>[https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/former-liberal-minister-jean-bienvenue-dies-at-age-90 Former Liberal minister Jean Bienvenue dies at age 90]</ref> *[[Fabien Eboussi Boulaga]], 84, Cameroonian philosopher.<ref>[http://www.icicemac.com/2018/10/13/in-memoriam-fabien-eboussi-boulaga-une-constellation-de-simplicite-et-dengagement/ In Memoriam Fabien Eboussi Boulaga Une Constellation De Simplicité Et D'engagement.] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> *[[François Jacques Bussini]], 82, French Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Amiens|Amiens]] (1985–1987).<ref>[https://www.libramemoria.com/defunts/bussini-francois/364342edef0b48c49ff11dcc274ed746 François Bussini] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> *[[William Coors]], 102, American brewer ([[Coors Brewing Company]]).<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-13/bill-coors-former-chairman-of-namesake-brewery-dies-at-102 Bill Coors, Former Chairman of Namesake Brewery, Dies at 102]</ref> *[[Annapurna Devi]], 91, Indian classical [[surbahar]] player.<ref>[https://bdnews24.com/people/2018/10/13/legendary-indian-classical-musician-annapurna-devi-dies-at-91 Legendary Indian classical musician Annapurna Devi dies at 91]</ref> *[[Robert W. Doran]], 73, New Zealand computer scientist.<ref>[http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/nzherald-nz/obituary.aspx?pid=190477768 Robert William (Bob) Doran]</ref> *[[Edgar S. Harris Jr.]], 93, American Air Force lieutenant general.<ref>[https://www.wileyfuneralhome.com/obituary/lt-gen-edgar-starr-harris-usaf-ret/ Lt./Gen. Edgar Starr Harris USAF RET]</ref> *[[Patricia Hollis, Baroness Hollis of Heigham]], 77, British politician.<ref>[http://hansard.parliament.uk/lords/2018-10-15/debates/6B5FC2B8-E53B-4293-93A9-EEE8C615A3C4/DeathOfAMemberBaronessHollisOfHeigham Death of a Member: Baroness Hollis of Heigham]</ref> *[[Sue Hubbell]], 83, American author, dementia.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/18/obituaries/sue-hubbell-dead.html Sue Hubbell, Who Wrote of Bees and Self-Reliance, Dies at 83]</ref> *[[Parithi Ilamvazhuthi]], 58, Indian politician, heart attack.<ref>[http://www.uniindia.com/~/former-tn-minister-parithi-ilamvazhuthi-passes-away/States/news/1377726.html Former TN Minister Parithi Ilamvazhuthi passes away]</ref> *[[Don Leo Jonathan]], 87, American-Canadian [[Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum|Hall of Fame]] professional wrestler ([[National Wrestling Alliance|NWA]]).<ref>[http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/2018/10/13/22786171.html Don Leo Jonathan Dead at 87]</ref> *[[Meher Kabir]], 97, Bangladeshi academic and litterateur.<ref>[https://www.thedailystar.net/city/news/meher-kabir-passes-away-1646629 Meher Kabir passes away]</ref> *[[János Konkoly]], 78, Hungarian Olympic diver.<ref>[http://www.olympedia.org/athletes/48206]</ref> *[[Nikolai Pankin]], 69, Russian breaststroke swimmer, Olympic bronze medalist ([[Swimming at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre breaststroke|1968]]) and swimming coach.<ref>[https://www.mk.ru/sport/2018/10/13/ushel-iz-zhizni-prizer-olimpiady68-v-plavanii-nikolay-pankin.html Ушел из жизни призер Олимпиады-68 в плавании Николай Панкин] {{in lang|ru}}</ref> *[[Georgeta Pitica]], 88, Romanian table tennis player, world champion ([[1961 World Table Tennis Championships – Women's Doubles|1961]]).<ref>[https://www.antena3.ro/sport/o-legenda-a-sportului-din-romania-a-murit-490815.html O legendă a sportului din România a murit] {{in lang|ro}}</ref> *[[Gerhard Prinzing]], 75, German Olympic alpine skier ([[1968 Winter Olympics|1968]]).<ref>[https://www.trauer-im-allgaeu.de/traueranzeige/gerhard-prinzing Gerhard Prinzing] {{in lang|de}}</ref> *[[Jim Taylor (fullback)|Jim Taylor]], 83, American [[Pro Football Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] football player ([[Green Bay Packers]], [[New Orleans Saints]]).<ref>[http://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/24973592/jim-taylor-first-vince-lombardi-era-green-bay-packers-inducted-hall-fame-dies Jim Taylor, first of Vince Lombardi-era Packers inducted into Hall of Fame, dies]</ref> *[[Johannes Weertman]], 93, American geophysicist.<ref>[https://www.mccormick.northwestern.edu/news/articles/2018/10/professor-emeritus-johannes-weertman-passes-away.html Professor Emeritus Johannes Weertman Passes Away]</ref> ===14=== *[[Vicente Almeida d'Eça]], 100, Portuguese military officer, [[List of colonial governors of Cape Verde|Governor of Cape Verde]] (1974–1975).<ref>[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Cape_Verde.html Cabo Verde (Cape Verde)]</ref> *[[Eduardo Arroyo]], 81, Spanish painter, set designer and writer.<ref>[http://www.elmundo.es/cultura/2018/10/14/5bc31d3f268e3e0c668b4574.html Muere el pintor Eduardo Arroyo a los 81 años de edad] {{in lang|es}}</ref> *[[Enrique Baliño]], 90, Uruguayan basketball player, Olympic bronze medalist ([[Basketball at the 1952 Summer Olympics|1952]]).<ref>[https://www.ovaciondigital.com.uy/basquetbol/fallecio-medallista-olimpico-enrique-balino.html Falleció el medallista olímpico Enrique Baliño] {{in lang|es}}</ref> *[[Patrick Baumann (basketball)|Patrick Baumann]], 51, Swiss basketball executive, [[Secretary General of FIBA]] (since 2003), heart attack.<ref>[https://www.smh.com.au/sport/basketball/shock-as-world-basketball-chief-dies-suddenly-20181015-p509n5.html Shock as world basketball chief dies suddenly]</ref> *[[Ahmed Boustila]], 74, Algerian military officer, Commander of the [[Gendarmerie Nationale (Algeria)|Gendarmerie Nationale]] (2000–2015).<ref>[https://www.alg24.net/photos-general-ahmed-boustila-inhume-a-alger/ Le général Ahmed Boustila inhumé à Alger] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> *[[Peter Brackley]], 67, British football commentator, heart attack.<ref>[https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/breaking-peter-brackley-dead-legendary-13416822 Peter Brackley dead: Legendary football commentator famous for Football Italia and Pro Evolution Soccer dies aged 67]</ref> *[[Robert Bushby]], 91, American aircraft designer ([[Mustang Aeronautics Mustang II]]).<ref>[https://wesleybushby.blogspot.com/2018/10/my-dad-robert-wesley-bushby.html Robert Wesley Bushby]</ref> *[[Tom Delahunty]], 83, British-born New Zealand football referee, [[List of FIFA international referees|FIFA list]] (1969–1984).<ref>[http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/dominion-post-nz/obituary.aspx?pid=190479291 Tom Delahunty]</ref> *[[Milena Dravić]], 78, Serbian actress (''[[Destination Death]]'', ''[[Special Treatment (film)|Special Treatment]]'', ''[[St. George Shoots the Dragon]]'').<ref>[http://mondo.rs/a1138475/Zabava/Film/Milena-Dravic-umrla.html Preminula Milena Dravić] {{in lang|sr}}</ref> *[[Per Theodor Haugen]], 86, Norwegian actor (''[[The Pinchcliffe Grand Prix]]'', ''[[Støv på hjernen (1959 film)|Støv på hjernen]]'').<ref>[https://www.dagbladet.no/kjendis/per-theodor-haugen-er-dod/70322037 Per Theodor Haugen er død] {{in lang|no}}</ref> *[[Germ Hofma]], 93, Dutch footballer ([[SC Heerenveen|Heerenveen]], [[Netherlands national football team|national team]]).<ref>[https://www.onsoranje.nl/nieuws/ex-internationals/73967/ex-international-gerben-hofma-overleden Ex-international Gerben Hofma overleden] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> *[[Abdulaziz Jassim]], 61, Qatari actor.<ref>[https://www.gulf-times.com/story/609445/Leading-Qatari-actor-Abdulaziz-Jassim-dies Leading Qatari actor Abdulaziz Jassim dies]</ref> *[[H. G. Jones]], 94, American archivist.<ref>[https://ncarchives.wordpress.com/2018/10/22/a-final-salute-to-dr-h-g-jones/ A Final Salute to Dr. H. G. Jones]</ref> *[[Brian Kinsella]], 64, Canadian ice hockey player ([[Washington Capitals]]).<ref>[http://ontariohockeyleague.com/article/ohl-mourns-the-loss-of-brian-kinsella OHL Mourns the Loss of Brian Kinsella]</ref> *[[Donald Stovel Macdonald]], 86, Canadian politician and diplomat, [[Parliament of Canada|MP]] (1962–1978), [[Leader of the Government in the House of Commons (Canada)|Government House Leader]] (1968–1970), and [[High Commission of Canada in the United Kingdom|High Commissioner in the UK]] (1988–1991).<ref>[https://globalnews.ca/news/4547788/donald-macdonald-former-cabinet-minister-dies/ Former Liberal cabinet minister Donald Macdonald dead at 86, family says]</ref> *[[R. Burnett Miller]], 95, American politician, [[List of mayors of Sacramento, California|Mayor of Sacramento, California]] (1982).<ref>[https://www.sacbee.com/news/local/obituaries/article220042540.html 'Renaissance man' Burnett Miller, former Sacramento mayor and community icon, dies at 95]</ref> *[[Bengt Harding Olson]], 81, Swedish politician, [[Riksdagen|MP]] (1985–1998).<ref>[http://familj.kristianstadsbladet.se/#!/minnas/8898486 Bengt Harding Olson] {{in lang|sv}}</ref> *[[Mel Ramos]], 83, American artist, heart failure.<ref>[https://www.artdependence.com/articles/pop-art-artist-mel-ramos-dies-at-83/ Pop-Art Artist Mel Ramos dies at 83]</ref> *[[Valeriy Shmarov]], 74, Ukrainian politician, [[Ministry of Defence (Ukraine)|Minister of Defence]] (1994–1996).<ref>[https://112.international/society/former-minister-of-defensevaleriyshmarovdies-aged-74-33190.html Former Minister of Defense Valeriy Shmarov dies aged 74]</ref> *[[Dick Tinkham]], 86, American basketball executive, co-founder of the [[American Basketball Association (2000–present)|American Basketball Association]], muscular dystrophy.<ref>[https://www.devdiscourse.com/Article/agency-wire/219231-aba-pacers-co-founder-tinkham-dies ABA, Pacers co-founder Tinkham dies]</ref> *[[Wu Zhaonan]], 92, Taiwanese [[xiangsheng]] comedian, multiple organ failure.<ref>[http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/lang/archives/2018/11/01/2003703383 Ceremony to be held honoring late crosstalk master Wu Zhao-nan]</ref> ===15=== *[[Paul Allen]], 65, American businessman and sports team owner ([[Seattle Seahawks]], [[Portland Trail Blazers]]), co-founder of [[Microsoft]], septic shock.<ref>[https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/15/microsoft-co-founder-paul-allen-dies-of-cancer-at-age-65.html Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen dies of cancer at age 65]</ref> *[[William Edwin Beckel]], 92, Canadian academic administrator, President of [[University of Lethbridge]] (1972–1979) and [[Carleton University]] (1979–1989).<ref>[http://vancouversunandprovince.remembering.ca/obituary/william-beckel-1926-2018-1070769575 William Beckel]</ref> *[[Cicely Berry]], 92, British theatre director and voice coach.<ref>[https://www.rsc.org.uk/news/rsc-artistic-director-greg-doran-pays-tribute-to-cicely-berry RSC Artistic Director Greg Doran pays tribute to Cicely Berry]</ref> *[[Mario Buatta]], 82, American interior designer, pneumonia.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/16/obituaries/mario-buatta-dead.html Mario Buatta, Interior Designer and 'Prince of Chintz', Dies at 82]</ref> *[[Maximira Figueiredo]], 79, Brazilian actress and voice actress, lung cancer.<ref>[https://www.uai.com.br/app/noticia/e-mais/2018/10/15/noticia-e-mais,235645/morre-aos-79-anos-a-atriz-e-dubladora-maximira-figueiredo.shtml Morre, aos 79 anos, a atriz e dubladora Maximira Figueiredo] {{in lang|pt}}</ref> *[[Shelley Hamlin]], 69, American professional golfer, breast cancer.<ref>[https://www.paloaltoonline.com/news/2018/10/16/former-stanford-golfer-hamlin-passes-away-from-cancer Former Stanford golfer Hamlin passes away from cancer]</ref> *[[Eugeniusz Kamiński]], 86, Polish actor.<ref>[https://film.interia.pl/wiadomosci/news-nie-zyje-eugeniusz-kaminski,nId,2645626 Nie żyje Eugniusz Kamiński] {{in lang|pl}}</ref> *[[John Knox (chemist)|John Knox]], 90, British chemist.<ref>[https://www.rse.org.uk/fellow/john-knox/ Professor John Henderson Knox FRS FRSE]</ref> *[[Cindy Li]], 43, American web designer, cancer.<ref>[https://www.englishfuneralhome.com/notices/Cindy-Li Cindy Sang-Ching Li]</ref> <!-- M -->*[[Ramón Darío Molina Jaramillo]], 83, Colombian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Montería|Montería]] (1984–2001) and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Neiva|Neiva]] (2001–2012), fall.<ref>[https://www.bluradio.com/medellin/fallecio-monsenor-dario-molina-tras-sufrir-un-accidente-en-su-vivienda-en-medellin-193652-ie173 Falleció monseñor Darío Molina tras sufrir un accidente en su vivienda en Medellínes] {{in lang|es}}</ref> *[[Michael H. O'Brien]], 64, American politician, member of the [[Pennsylvania House of Representatives]] (since 2007), heart attack.<ref>[https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/Representative-Mike-OBrien-Dies-497585341.html Philadelphia State Rep. Mike O'Brien Dies]</ref> *[[Arto Paasilinna]], 76, Finnish novelist (''[[The Year of the Hare (novel)|The Year of the Hare]]''), complications from a stroke.<ref>[https://www.wsoy.fi/uutiset/arto-paasilinna-20-4-1942-15-10-2018 Arto Paasilinna 20.4.1942–15.10.2018] {{in lang|fi}}</ref> *[[Nancy-Lou Patterson]], 89, Canadian artist.<ref>[https://uwaterloo.ca/daily-bulletin/2018-10-19#remembering-nancy-lou-patterson-founder-of-fine-arts-at-waterloo Remembering Nancy-Lou Patterson, founder of Fine Arts at Waterloo]</ref> *[[Fernando Serena]], 77, Spanish footballer ([[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]], [[UE Sant Andreu|Sant Andreu]], [[Spain national football team|national team]]).<ref>[https://www.realmadrid.com/noticias/2018/10/fallece-serena Fallece Serena] {{in lang|es}}</ref> *[[Bob Spoo]], 80, American football coach ([[Eastern Illinois Panthers football|Eastern Illinois Panthers]]).<ref>[http://www.news-gazette.com/news/local/2018-10-15/hall-fame-eiu-coach-passes-away.html Hall of Fame EIU coach passes away]</ref> *[[Joe Stanka]], 87, American baseball player ([[Chicago White Sox]], [[Nankai Hawks]]).<ref>[http://www.schmidtfuneralhome.net/sitemaker/sites/Schmid1/obit.cgi?user=28580461_JStanka In Memory of Joe Stanka]</ref> *[[William Thompson (admiral)|William Thompson]], 96, American admiral, led development of [[United States Navy Memorial]], complications from cancer.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/william-thompson-rear-admiral-who-helped-create-navy-memorial-dies-at-96/2018/10/19/b3afa146-d0c2-11e8-b2d2-f397227b43f0_story.html William Thompson, rear admiral who helped create Navy Memorial, dies at 96]</ref> *[[Jim Wiechers]], 74, American professional golfer.<ref>[https://www.pgatour.com/news/2018/10/17/obituary-jim-wiechers.html Wiechers, accomplished amateur champion, TOUR pro and college coach, passes at age 74]</ref> ===16=== *[[Thomas Aisu]], 64, Ugandan physician and educator, heart attack.<ref>[https://allafrica.com/stories/201810170189.html Uganda: University Professor Collapses to Death in Planning Meeting]</ref> *[[Ismail Amat]], 83, Chinese politician, Chairman of [[Xinjiang]] (1979–1985), [[State councillor (China)|State Councillor]] (1993–2003).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://asiatimes.com/2018/10/mahathir-puts-uighur-rights-above-china-ties/|title=Mahathir puts Uighur rights above China ties|date=19 October 2018|accessdate=8 April 2021|work=Asia Times}}</ref> *[[Pierre Barlaguet]], 86, French football player and manager ([[Nîmes Olympique|Nîmes]]).<ref>[https://www.midilibre.fr/2018/10/16/foot-nimes-pierre-barlaguet-est-decede,4734444.php Football : l'ancien entraîneur de Nîmes Olympique, Pierre Barlaguet est décédé] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> *[[Oleh Bazylevych]], 80, Ukrainian football player ([[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]) and manager ([[Ukraine national football team|national team]]).<ref>[https://football24.ua/pomer_legendarniy_eks_trener_dinamo_oleg_bazilevich_n495517/ Помер легендарний екс-тренер Динамо Олег Базилевич] {{in lang|uk}}</ref> *[[Joseph R. Cistone]], 69, American Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Saginaw|Saginaw]] (since 2009), lung cancer.<ref>[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bcist.html Bishop Joseph Robert Cistone]</ref> *[[David Helwig]], 80, Canadian poet.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.pe.ca/news/local/former-pei-poet-laureate-david-helwig-dies-251035/ Former P.E.I. poet laureate David Helwig dies]</ref> *[[Dave Hill (baseball)|Dave Hill]], 80, American baseball player ([[Oakland Athletics|Kansas City Athletics]]), cancer.<ref>[http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/theledger/obituary.aspx?pid=190514678 David Burnham Hill]</ref> *[[Dennis Hof]], 72, American brothel owner ([[Moonlite BunnyRanch]]) and reality show personality (''[[Cathouse: The Series]]'').<ref>[https://www.politico.com/story/2018/10/16/republican-candidate-dennis-hof-dies-908091 Nevada brothel owner and Republican state legislature candidate dies]</ref> *[[Even Hovdhaugen]], 77, Norwegian linguist.<ref>[https://linguistlist.org/issues/29/29-4226.html Even Hovdhaugen 1941-2018]</ref> *[[Walter "Dee" Huddleston]], 92, American politician, [[Senate of the United States|U.S. Senator]] from Kentucky (1973–1985).<ref>[https://eu.courier-journal.com/story/news/2018/10/16/former-senator-walter-dee-huddleston-kentucky-dies/1657899002/ Walter 'Dee' Huddleston, who lost Senate seat to Mitch McConnell, dies]</ref> *[[Sid Michaels Kavulich]], 62, American sportscaster ([[WBRE-TV]]) and politician, member of the [[Pennsylvania House of Representatives]] (since 2011), complications from heart surgery.<ref>[https://www.timesleader.com/news/721672/state-rep-sid-michaels-kavulich-former-sportscaster-died State Rep. Sid Michaels Kavulich, former sportscaster, died]</ref> *[[Ian Kiernan]], 78, Australian yachtsman and environmental campaigner ([[Clean Up Australia]]), cancer.<ref>[https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-10-17/ian-kiernan-clean-up-australia-founder-and-yachtsman-dies/10383846 Ian Kiernan, Clean Up Australia founder and yachtsman, dies aged 78]</ref> *[[Wayne Krenchicki]], 64, American baseball player ([[Cincinnati Reds]], [[Baltimore Orioles]]).<ref>[https://www.cincinnati.com/story/sports/mlb/reds/2018/10/17/wayne-krenchicki-ex-reds-infielder-minor-league-manager-dies-64/1667749002/ Reports: Former Cincinnati Reds infielder Wayne Krenchicki dies at 64]</ref> *[[Berthold Leibinger]], 87, German engineer and philanthropist.<ref>[https://www.photonics.com/Articles/In_Memoriam_TRUMPF_Senior_Figure_and_Partner/a64016 In Memoriam: TRUMPF Senior Figure and Partner, Berthold Leibinger, Passes Away]</ref> *[[Albert Lexie]], 76, American philanthropist.<ref>[https://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2018/10/16/childrens-hospital-shoeshine-man-albert-lexie-dies/ 'A True Legend': Children's Hospital Beloved 'Shoeshine Man' Dies At Age Of 76]</ref> *[[Giovanni Moretti (bishop)|Giovanni Moretti]], 94, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of [[Vartana]] (since 1971), Apostolic Nuncio (1971–1999).<ref>[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bmorettig.html Archbishop Giovanni Moretti]</ref> *[[Paul O'Brien (chemist)|Paul O'Brien]], 64, British chemist.<ref>[https://www.chemistryworld.com/rsc/paul-obrien-former-vice-president-of-royal-society-of-chemistry-dies-aged-64/3009649.article Paul O'Brien, former vice president of Royal Society of Chemistry, dies aged 64]</ref> *[[Dimitar Petrov]], 93, Bulgarian film director (''[[Porcupines Are Born Without Bristles]]'', ''[[With Children at the Seaside]]'', ''[[A Dog in a Drawer]]'').<ref>[https://www.novinite.com/articles/192650/Dimitar+Petrov%2C+the+Director+of+Beloved+Bulgarian+Films+has+Passed+Away Dimitar Petrov, the Director of Beloved Bulgarian Films has Passed Away]</ref> *[[Siona Shimshi]], 79, Israeli artist.<ref>[https://www.haaretz.co.il/gallery/art/1.6570722 האמנית הרב־תחומית ציונה שמשי מתה בגיל 79] (in Hebrew)</ref> *[[Margaret Thorsborne]], 91, Australian conservationist.<ref>[http://townsville.wildlife.org.au/2018/10/17/margaret-grace-thorsborne-ao-1927-2018/ Margaret Grace Thorsborne AO 1927-2018]</ref> *[[Jacob Weinroth]], 71, Israeli lawyer, cancer.<ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-jacob-weinroth-benjamin-netanyahu-s-lawyer-dies-at-age-71-1.6566892 Prominent Israeli Lawyer Who Represented Netanyahu Dies at 71]</ref> *[[Chuck Wilson (jazz musician)|Chuck Wilson]], 70, American jazz saxophonist, liver failure.<ref>[https://syncopatedtimes.com/chuck-wilson-big-band-saxophonist-has-passed-at-70/ Chuck Wilson, Big Band Saxophonist has passed at 70]</ref> ===17=== *[[Enrique Bolín]], 78, Spanish industrialist and politician, Mayor of [[Benalmádena]] (1966–1984, 1984, 1995–2007) and [[Senate of Spain|Senator]] (1986–1989).<ref>[https://www.diariosur.es/costadelsol/fallece-enrique-bolin-20181018094253-nt.html Fallece a los 78 años Enrique Bolín, histórico alcalde de Benalmádena] {{in lang|es}}</ref> *[[Carlos Boloña Behr]], 68, Peruvian economist and politician, [[Ministry of Economy and Finance (Peru)|Minister of Economy and Finance]] (1991–1993, 2000).<ref>[https://peru21.pe/peru/carlos-bolona-ex-ministro-economia-fallecio-68-anos-435014 Carlos Boloña, ex ministro de Economía de Alberto Fujimori, falleció a los 68 años] {{in lang|es}}</ref> *[[Sebastian Fischer (actor)|Sebastian Fischer]], 90, German actor (''[[The Dragon's Blood]]'').<ref>[https://orf.at/stories/3075481/ Kammerschauspieler Sebastian Fischer gestorben] {{in lang|de}}</ref> *[[Valters Frīdenbergs]], 30, Latvian singer ([[Valters and Kaža]]), contestant in [[Eurovision Song Contest 2005]], cancer.<ref>[https://rus.tvnet.lv/6431512/umer-muzykant-valters-fridenbergs Умер музыкант Валтерс Фриденбергс] {{in lang|ru}}</ref> *[[Leone Frollo]], 87, Italian comic book artist (''[[Biancaneve]]'').<ref>[http://nuovavenezia.gelocal.it/venezia/cronaca/2018/10/19/news/addio-a-leone-frollo-fumettista-veneziano-1.17371951 Addio a Leone Frollo fumettista veneziano] {{in lang|it}}</ref> *[[Cornelius Gallagher (American politician)|Cornelius Gallagher]], 97, American politician, member of the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] from [[New Jersey's 13th congressional district|New Jersey's 13th district]] (1959–1973).<ref>[https://newjerseyglobe.com/fl/cornelius-gallagher-former-new-jersey-congressman-dies-at-97/ Cornelius Gallagher, former New Jersey congressman, dies at 97]</ref> *[[Ara Güler]], 90, Turkish photojournalist, heart attack.<ref>[https://www.trtworld.com/art-culture/renowned-turkish-photographer-ara-guler-dies-at-90-20953 Renowned Turkish photographer Ara Guler dies at 90]</ref> *[[Ngātata Love|Sir Ngātata Love]], 81, New Zealand [[Māori people|Māori]] leader.<ref>[https://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/news/national/sir-ngatata-love-dies/ Sir Ngatata Love dies]</ref> *[[Jacques Monory]], 94, French painter and filmmaker.<ref>[http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2018/10/17/97001-20181017FILWWW00338-deces-du-peintre-jacques-monory.php Décès du peintre Jacques Monory] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> *[[Geoff Scott (footballer)|Geoff Scott]], 61, English football player ([[Stoke City F.C.|Stoke City]], [[Leicester City F.C.|Leicester]], [[Birmingham City F.C.|Birmingham]]) and manager, cancer.<ref>[https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/geoff-scott-stoke-city-birmingham-2120709 Stoke City Promotion Hero Geoff Scott Dies]</ref> *[[Derrick Sherwin]], 82, English television producer (''[[Doctor Who]]'', ''[[Paul Temple (TV series)|Paul Temple]]'') and actor.<ref>[http://www.doctorwhonews.net/2018/10/derrick-sherwin-1936-2018.html Derrick Sherwin 1936–2018]</ref> *[[Thomas Thorp|Sir Thomas Thorp]], 92, New Zealand jurist, judge of the [[High Court of New Zealand|High Court]] (1979–1996).<ref>[http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/dominion-post-nz/obituary.aspx?pid=190534063 Sir Thomas Thorp]</ref> *[[Kōji Tsujitani]], 56, Japanese voice actor (''[[Inuyasha]]'', ''[[Mobile Suit Gundam 0080: War in the Pocket]], [[The Irresponsible Captain Tylor]])'', stroke.<ref>[https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-10-23/gundam-inuyasha-voice-actor-kouji-tsujitani-passes-away/.138518 Gundam, Inuyasha Voice Actor Kouji Tsujitani Passes Away]</ref> *[[Fritz Wittmann]], 85, German politician, [[Bundestag|MP]] (1971–1994, 1996–1998), president of the [[Federation of Expellees#Presidents|Federation of Expellees]] (1994–1998).<ref>[http://www.bund-der-vertriebenen.de/presse/news-detail/datum/2018/10/18/-ed2e8bda95.html BdV trauert um Dr. Fritz Wittmann] {{in lang|de}}</ref> ===18=== *[[Elihu Abrahams]], 91, American theoretical physicist.<ref>[https://www.aps.org/programs/honors/prizes/prizerecipient.cfm?last_nm=Abrahams&first_nm=Elihu&year=2019 2019 Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Physics Prize Recipient]</ref> *[[Abdul Raziq Achakzai]], 39, Afghan police officer, shot.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-45899845 Top Afghan commander Raziq killed in Kandahar gun attack]</ref> *[[Ayub Bachchu]], 56, Bangladeshi singer-songwriter ([[Love Runs Blind (LRB)|Love Runs Blind]]), heart attack.<ref>[https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2018/10/18/celebrated-guitarist-ayub-bachchu-dies Legendary singer Ayub Bachchu dies]</ref> *[[Anthea Bell]], 82, British literary translator ([[Asterix]]).<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/oct/18/anthea-bell-magnificent-translator-of-asterix-and-kafka-dies-aged-82 Anthea Bell, 'magnificent' translator of Asterix and Kafka, dies aged 82]</ref> *[[Todd Bol]], 62, American teacher and [[public bookcase]] proponent, creator of [[Little Free Library]], pancreatic cancer.<ref>[https://www.npr.org/2018/10/19/658962057/little-free-library-creator-todd-bol-dies Little Free Library Creator Todd Bol Dies]</ref> *[[Dick Cole (baseball)|Dick Cole]], 92, American baseball player ([[Pittsburgh Pirates]]).<ref>[https://obits.ocregister.com/obituaries/orangecounty/obituary.aspx?pid=190869552 Richard Roy "Dick" Cole]</ref> *[[Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab]], 83, Sudanese military officer and politician, [[President of the Sudan|President]] (1985–1986).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-10/18/c_137542325.htm |title=Former Sudanese President Abdel Rahman Swar Al-Dahab dies at 83 |access-date=October 9, 2021 |archive-date=September 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918145122/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-10/18/c_137542325.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[Jeff Hallebone]], 89, Australian cricketer.<ref>[http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/theage-au/obituary.aspx?pid=190515903 Jeffrey Hallebone]</ref> *[[Randolph Hokanson]], 103, American classical pianist.<ref>[https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/obituaries/randolph-hokanson-pianist-and-uw-professor-emeritus-dies-at-103/ Randolph Hokanson, pianist and UW professor emeritus, dies at 103]</ref> *[[Danny Leiner]], 57, American film director (''[[Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle]]'', ''[[Dude, Where's My Car?]]'', ''[[The Great New Wonderful]]''), lung cancer.<ref>[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/danny-leiner-dead-dude-wheres-my-car-harold-kumar-go-white-castle-director-was-57-1154031 Danny Leiner, Director of 'Dude, Where's My Car?' and 'Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle,' Dies at 57]</ref> *[[Li Lianda]], 84, Chinese pharmacologist, academician of the [[Chinese Academy of Engineering]].<ref>[http://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2018/10/418834.shtm 中药药理学家李连达院士逝世] {{in lang|zh}}</ref> *[[Judit Magos-Havas]], 67, Hungarian table tennis player.<ref>[http://www.nemzetisport.hu/egyeb_egyeni/gyasz-elhunyt-magos-judit-hatszoros-eb-gyoztes-asztaliteniszezo-2664197 Gyász: elhunyt Magos Judit hatszoros Eb-győztes asztaliteniszező] {{in lang|hu}}</ref> *[[Izumi Maki (athlete)|Izumi Maki]], 49, Japanese Olympic long-distance runner ([[1992 Summer Olympics|1992]], [[1996 Summer Olympics|1996]]), breast cancer.<ref>[https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2018/10/25/more-sports/track-field/former-olympic-runner-izumi-maki-dies-cancer-48/ Former Olympic runner Izumi Maki dies of cancer at 49]</ref> *[[Åke Ortmark]], 89, Swedish radio journalist, author and television presenter.<ref>[https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/qnaOB1/journalisten-ake-ortmark-ar-dod Journalisten Åke Ortmark är död] {{in lang|sv}}</ref> *[[Hideo Osabe]], 84, Japanese author, heart failure.<ref>[https://www.jiji.com/jc/article?k=2018102400634&g=soc 直木賞作家の長部日出雄さん死去、８４歳] {{in lang|ja}}</ref> *[[Lisbeth Palme]], 87, Swedish child psychologist and philanthropist.<ref>[https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/a29OQ5/lisbet-palme-ar-dod Lisbet Palme är död] {{in lang|sv}}</ref> *[[Dick Slater]], 67, American professional wrestler ([[World Championship Wrestling|WCW]], [[WWE|WWF]], [[Universal Wrestling Federation (Bill Watts)|Mid-South]]).<ref>[https://thesportsdaily.com/2018/10/18/wwe-legend-dick-slater-dead-at-67-tfs1102/ Pro Wrestling Legend Dick Slater Dead At 67, WWE Comments]</ref> *[[Darren Stewart (footballer)|Darren Stewart]], 52, Australian soccer player ([[Newcastle Breakers FC|Newcastle Breakers]], [[Johor Darul Ta'zim II F.C.|Johor]]) and manager ([[Maldives national football team|Maldives national team]]).<ref>[https://www.foxsportsasia.com/football/asian-football/singapore-football/956317/former-socceroo-and-s-league-legend-darren-stewart-passes-away-at-52/ Former Socceroo and S.League legend Darren Stewart passes away at 52]</ref> *[[U Thuzana]], 71, Burmese Buddhist monk, leader of the [[Democratic Karen Buddhist Army]] (1994–2010).<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/burmese/amp/45853930 မြိုင်ကြီးငူ ဆရာတော်ပျံလွန်တော်မူ] {{in lang|my}}</ref> *[[N. D. Tiwari]], 93, Indian politician, [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]] (1986–1987) and [[Minister of Finance (India)|Finance]] (1987–1988), multiple organ failure.<ref>[https://www.latestly.com/india/news/nd-tiwari-veteran-congress-leader-dies-at-93-443302.html ND Tiwari, Veteran Congress Leader, Dies at 93 on His Birthday]</ref> ===19=== *[[Werner Cohn]], 91–92, German-born Canadian sociologist.<ref>[https://ceremonies.ubc.ca/2018/11/02/werner-cohn/ Werner Cohn]</ref> *[[Charles Y. Glock]], 99, American sociologist.<ref>[http://www.bonnercountydailybee.com/obituaries/20181024/charles_young_glock_99 Charles Young Glock, 99]</ref> *[[Åge Hovengen]], 90, Norwegian politician, [[Storting|MP]] (1977–1989).<ref>[https://www.oa.no/dodsfall/age-hovengen/valdres/age-hovengen-er-dod/s/5-35-733919 Åge Hovengen er død: "Ein hedersmann har lagt ned staven"] {{in lang|no}}</ref> *[[Takanobu Hozumi]], 87, Japanese actor (''[[The Demon (1978 film)|The Demon]]'', ''[[Mr. Baseball]]'', ''[[The X from Outer Space]]''), gallbladder cancer.<ref>[https://www.hochi.co.jp/entertainment/20181020-OHT1T50079.html 「積木くずし」穂積隆信さん、死去　胆のうがん８７歳] {{in lang|ja}}</ref> *[[Walter Knödel]], 92, Austrian mathematician and computer scientist.<ref>[https://www.stuttgart-gedenkt.de/traueranzeige/walter-knoedel Walter Knödel] {{in lang|de}}</ref> *[[Victor Marchetti]], 88, American [[CIA]] agent and author (''[[The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence]]''), complications from dementia.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/31/obituaries/victor-marchetti-dead.html Victor Marchetti, 88, Dies; Book Was First to Be Censored by C.I.A.]</ref> *[[John McGrath (judge)|Sir John McGrath]], 73, New Zealand jurist, judge of the [[Supreme Court of New Zealand|Supreme Court]] (2005–2015).<ref>[http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/dominion-post-nz/obituary.aspx?pid=190518590 John McGrath]</ref> *[[Tom Meehan (footballer, born 1926)|Tom Meehan]], 92, Australian footballer ([[St Kilda Football Club|St Kilda]], [[Fitzroy Football Club|Fitzroy]]).<ref>[https://www.heraldsun.com.au/classifieds/ad/3062471/?nk=4541c82dafc3eed0db1d67415f592079-1540416365 Meehan, Thomas]</ref> *[[Dick Modzelewski]], 87, American football player ([[Cleveland Browns]], [[New York Giants]]).<ref>[http://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/25032572/dick-modzelewski-star-defensive-tackle-new-york-giants-dies-87 Dick Modzelewski, star tackle for Giants, Browns, dies at 87]</ref> *[[Tom Neville (hurler)|Tom Neville]], 78–79, Irish hurler ([[Wexford GAA|Wexford]]).<ref>[https://www.inotices.ie/tomneville-134648712 The death has occurred of: Tom Neville]</ref> *[[Patsy Dan Rodgers]], 74, Irish painter and musician, [[Kings of Tory|King of Tory]].<ref>[https://rip.ie/death-notice/patsy-dan-rodgers-gweedore-donegal/368618 Death Notice of Patsy Dan Rodgers]</ref> *[[Osamu Shimomura]], 90, Japanese organic chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (2008).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20181021_22/ |title=Nobel chemistry laureate Shimomura dies |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022080917/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20181021_22/ |archive-date=October 22, 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[Bhola Singh]], 79, Indian politician, [[Indian Parliament|MP]] (since 2014).<ref>[http://zeenews.india.com/india/bjp-mp-from-begusarai-bhola-singh-dies-at-delhi-hospital-2149528.html BJP MP from Begusarai Bhola Singh dies at Delhi hospital]</ref> *[[Diana Sowle]], 88, American actress (''[[Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory]]'', ''[[Fallout 3]]'').<ref>[https://metro.co.uk/2018/10/21/willy-wonka-and-the-chocolate-factory-actress-diana-sowle-dies-aged-88-8061491/ Willy Wonka And The Chocolate Factory actress Diana Sowle dies aged 88]</ref> ===20=== *[[Jun Ashida]], 88, Japanese fashion designer, pneumonia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20181023/p2g/00m/0dm/006000c |title=Ashida, who designed clothes for imperial family, dies at 88 |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106171331/https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20181023/p2g/00m/0dm/006000c |archive-date=November 6, 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[Bruno Bertotti]], 87, Italian physicist.<ref>[http://laprovinciapavese.gelocal.it/pavia/cronaca/2018/10/22/news/addio-al-fisico-bruno-bertotti-i-suoi-esperimenti-nello-spazio-1.17381796 Addio al fisico Bruno Bertotti I suoi esperimenti nello spazio] {{in lang|it}}</ref> *[[Martin Bott]], 92, British geologist.<ref>[http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/thetimes-uk/obituary.aspx?pid=190725332 Professor Martin Bott]</ref> *[[Gaétan Gervais]], 74, Canadian historian and author, co-designer of the [[Franco-Ontarian flag]].<ref>[https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/gaétan-gervais-co-creator-franco-ontario-flag-obituary-1.4871622 Historian who helped design Franco-Ontarian flag dies at 74]</ref> *[[Gerard Houlton]], 79, English cricketer.<ref>[https://www.sthelensstar.co.uk/news/17186934.a-real-character-touching-tributes-sportsman-gerard-houlton/]</ref> *[[Wim Kok]], 80, Dutch politician and trade union leader, [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands|Prime Minister]] (1994–2002), heart failure.<ref>[https://www.yahoo.com/news/former-dutch-prime-minister-wim-kok-dies-80-164514849--business.html Former Dutch prime minister, Wim Kok, dies at 80]</ref> *[[Walter Kwok]], 68, Hong Kong real estate developer ([[Sun Hung Kai Properties]]), complications from a stroke.<ref>[https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/society/article/2169483/hong-kong-property-magnate-walter-kwok-dies-aged-68 Hong Kong property magnate Walter Kwok dies, aged 68]</ref> *[[Aubrey Manning]], 88, English zoologist and broadcaster.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2018/10/26/professor-aubrey-manning-zoologist-population-campaigner-enthralled/ Professor Aubrey Manning, zoologist and population campaigner who enthralled students as well as television audiences – obituary]</ref> *[[Jon McMurray]], 34, Canadian rapper and freeskier, fall.<ref>[https://infotel.ca/newsitem/us-skydiver-dies-in-north-okanagan-parachuting-incident/it56700 Canadian rapper dies while wing walking on a plane in North Okanagan]</ref> *[[Ngok Wah]], 76, Hong Kong actor (''[[Come Drink with Me]]'', ''[[Death Duel]]'', ''[[Looking Back in Anger]]'').<ref>[https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_2549729 纪念｜岳华所饰演的角色都很擅长“隐忍”] {{in lang|zh}}</ref> *[[P. B. Abdul Razak]], 63, Indian politician, [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|MLA]] (since 2011).<ref>[https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/manjeshwaram-mla-pb-abdul-razak-passes-away-age-63-90262 Manjeshwaram MLA PB Abdul Razak passes away at age 63]</ref> *[[Pedro Luís Guido Scarpa]], 93, Italian-born Angolan Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Ndalatando|Ndalatando]] (1990–2005).<ref>[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bscarpa.html Bishop Pedro Luís Guido Scarpa]</ref> *[[István Talabos]], 62, Hungarian Olympic sports shooter.<ref>[http://olimpia.hu/champdata/details/id/26141/m/612]</ref> *[[Charles Turbiville]], 75, American politician, member of the [[South Dakota House of Representatives]] (2005–2013, since 2017), stroke.<ref>[https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/south-dakota/articles/2018-10-21/deadwood-mayor-state-rep-chuck-turbiville-dies-at-75 Deadwood Mayor, State Rep. Chuck Turbiville Dies at 75]</ref> *[[Peter Velappan]], 83, Malaysian football administrator and manager ([[Malaysia national football team|national team]]).<ref>[https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2018/10/20/veteran-football-administrator-peter-velappan-dies/ Veteran football administrator Peter Velappan dies]</ref> *[[Zheng Xiaosong]], 59, Chinese politician and diplomat, Director of the [[Macau Liaison Office]] (since 2017), Vice-Governor of [[Fujian]] Province, fall.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-45931607 Top Macau official Zheng Xiaosong dead after fall from building]</ref> ===21=== *[[Earl Bakken]], 94, American pacemaker inventor ([[Medtronic]]) and museum founder ([[Bakken Museum]]).<ref>[https://www.kare11.com/article/news/medtronic-founder-earl-bakken-dies/89-606583853 Medtronic founder Earl Bakken dies]</ref> *[[Ilie Balaci]], 62, Romanian football player ([[CS Universitatea Craiova|Universitatea Craiova]], [[FC Dinamo București|Dinamo București]], [[Romania national football team|national team]]) and manager, heart attack.<ref>[http://www.gds.ro/Sport/2018-10-21/fotbal-exclusiv-ilie-balaci,-in-stare-grava-medicii-il-resusciteaza-de-minute-bune/ Zi neagră în Bănie: Ilie Balaci a decedat!] {{in lang|ro}}</ref> *[[Seymour Crawford]], 74, Irish politician, [[Teachta Dála|TD]] for [[Cavan-Monaghan (Dáil constituency)|Cavan-Monaghan]] (1992–2011).<ref>[https://www.rte.ie/news/2018/1021/1005669-seymour-crawford-death/ Tributes paid to former Fine Gael TD Seymour Crawford who has died]</ref> *[[Matityahu Drobles]], 87, Israeli politician, [[Knesset]] member (1972–1977).<ref>[https://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/253582 Former MK Matti Drobles passes away]</ref> *[[Harry L. Ettlinger]], 92, American engineer, member of the [[Monuments Men]], [[Congressional Gold Medal]] recipient.<ref>[https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/livingston-nj/harry-ettlinger-8030960 Harry L. Ettlinger obituary]</ref> *[[Robert Faurisson]], 89, British-born French academic and Holocaust denier.<ref>[http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2018/10/22/97001-20181022FILWWW00079-le-negationniste-robert-faurisson-est-mort.php Le négationniste Robert Faurisson est mort] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> *[[Dee Hartford]], 90, American actress.<ref>[http://digital.copcomm.com/i/1280987-summer-2020/67? SAG-AFTRA Summer Edition]</ref> *[[John Hill (American football)|John Hill]], 68, American football player ([[New Orleans Saints]], [[New York Giants]]), pancreatic cancer.<ref>[https://www.newsobserver.com/news/local/article220742715.html John Hill, center for Archie Manning and longtime Raleigh insurance agent, dies at 68]</ref> *[[Idris Legbo Kutigi]], 78, Nigerian lawyer, [[Chief Justice of Nigeria|Chief Justice]] (2007–2009).<ref>[http://dailypost.ng/2018/10/21/ex-chief-justice-nigeria-idris-kutigi-dies-78/ Ex-Chief Justice of Nigeria, Idris Kutigi dies at 78]</ref> *[[François Montmaneix]], 80, French poet and writer.<ref>[https://www.libramemoria.com/defunts/montmaneix-francois/5da5f339984a4bf48e8f6bbfbe111669 Avis de décès de François Montmaneix paru le 23/10/2018 dans Le Dauphiné Libéré – département Rhône – Libra Memoria] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> *[[Benedetto Vincenzo Nicotra]], 85, Italian politician, [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Deputy]] (1983–1994).<ref>[https://www.ragusanews.com/2018/10/22/attualita/morto-nicotra-nome-muri-mezza-sicilia/93402 E' morto Nicotra. Il suo nome sui muri di mezza Sicilia] {{in lang|it}}</ref> *[[Jun-ichi Nishizawa]], 92, Japanese electrical engineer.<ref>[https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20181026/p2a/00m/0na/036000c Former Tohoku U. president Junichi Nishizawa, known as 'Mr. Semiconductor,' dies at 92]</ref> *[[Joachim Rønneberg]], 99, Norwegian broadcaster ([[NRK]]) and military officer (Commander of [[Operation Gunnerside]]).<ref>[https://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/i/5VKLaW/krigshelt-joachim-roenneberg-er-doed Krigshelt Joachim Rønneberg er død] {{in lang|no}}</ref> *[[Harold Stevenson]], 89, American painter.<ref>[http://www.artnews.com/2018/10/26/harold-stevenson-freethinking-artist-gallivanter-painter-new-adam-dies-89/ Harold Stevenson, Freethinking Artist, Gallivanter, and Painter of 'The New Adam,' Dies at 89]</ref> *[[Tan Chin Nam]], 92, Malaysian property developer and racehorse owner.<ref>[https://en.chessbase.com/post/chess-philanthropist-dato-tan-has-died Chess philanthropist Dato Tan has died]</ref> *[[Charles Wang]], 74, Chinese-born American software developer ([[CA Technologies]]), philanthropist ([[Smile Train]]) and sports team owner ([[New York Islanders]]), lung cancer.<ref>[https://libn.com/2018/10/21/long-island-icon-charles-wang-dies/ Long Island icon Charles Wang dies]</ref> *[[Eleanor Witcombe]], 95, Australian screenwriter (''[[My Brilliant Career (film)|My Brilliant Career]]'', ''[[The Getting of Wisdom (film)|The Getting of Wisdom]]'').<ref>[https://www.smh.com.au/national/eleanor-witcombe-her-brilliant-career-20181113-p50fof.html Eleanor Witcombe: Her brilliant career]</ref> ===22=== *[[Gilberto Benetton]], 77, Italian businessman, co-founder of [[Benetton Group]], pneumonia.<ref>[http://www.rainews.it/dl/rainews/articoli/E-morto-Gilberto-Benetton-imprese-Treviso-7e0be8d6-8cc8-4f09-9538-408865a0a56d.html Morto Gilberto Benetton, aveva 77 anni] {{in lang|it}}</ref> *[[Frank Branch]], 74, Canadian politician, [[Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick|Speaker]] (1987–1991) and member (1970–1995) of the [[Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick]], cancer.<ref>[https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/frank-branch-dies-mla-speaker-liberal-1.4872960 Former Speaker and longtime Liberal MLA Frank Branch has died]</ref> *[[Terēzija Broka]], 93, Latvian conductor and educator.<ref>[https://eng.lsm.lv/article/culture/culture/renowned-conductor-passes-away-aged-93.a297011/ Renowned conductor passes away aged 93]</ref> *[[Horacio Cardo]], 74, Argentine painter and illustrator.<ref>[https://www.clarin.com/cultura/fallecio-artista-plastico-horacio-cardo_0_0JTGZ3XGO.html Falleció el artista plástico Horacio Cardo] {{in lang|es}}</ref> *[[Nikola Čupin]], 79, Croatian Olympic rower.<ref>[https://www.hoo.hr/hr/olimpizam/olimpijska-obitelj-in-memoriam/5445-u-80-godini-u-zagrebu-preminuo-veslacki-olimpijac-nikola-cupin U 80. godini u Zagrebu preminuo veslački olimpijac Nikola Čupin] {{in lang|hr}}</ref> *[[Raymond Fraser]], 77, Canadian writer.<ref>[https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/raymond-fraser-new-brunswick-writer-dies-1.4875163 Prolific New Brunswick writer Raymond Fraser dies at 77]</ref> *[[Hank Greenwald]], 83, American sportscaster ([[San Francisco Giants]]).<ref>[https://www.sfchronicle.com/giants/article/Longtime-Giants-broadcaster-Hank-Greenwald-dies-13330066.php Longtime Giants broadcaster Hank Greenwald dies at 83]</ref> *[[Boris Kokorev]], 59, Russian pistol shooter, Olympic champion ([[Shooting at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre pistol|1996]]).<ref>[https://rsport.ria.ru/shooting/20181022/1144491988.html Олимпийский чемпион по пулевой стрельбе Кокорев скончался на 60-м году жизни] {{in lang|ru}}</ref> *[[Mahamadou Djeri Maïga]], 46, Malian politician and [[Azawad]] separatist.<ref>[https://www.voaafrique.com/a/d%C3%A9c%C3%A8s-d-une-figure-de-l-ex-rebellion-au-mali-/4625580.html Décès d'une figure de l'ex-rebellion au Mali] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> *[[Sarah Nyendwoha Ntiro]], 93, Ugandan educator and activist.<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1488234/sarah-nyendwoha-ntiro-champion-womens-rights Sarah Nyendwoha Ntiro: A champion of women's rights]</ref> *[[Friedrich Ostermann]], 86, German Roman Catholic prelate, Auxiliary Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Münster|Münster]] (1981–2007).<ref>[https://www.kirche-und-leben.de/artikel/weihbischof-friedrich-ostermann-ist-gestorben/ Langjähriger Regionalbischof für Münster-Warendorf wurde 86 Jahre alt] {{in lang|de}}</ref> *[[Silvio Palmieri]], 60, Canadian composer.<ref>[https://www.ludwig-van.com/montreal/2018/10/22/in-memoriam-compositeur-silvio-palmieri-decede/ In Memoriam | Le compositeur Silvio Palmieri est décédé] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> *[[Eugene H. Peterson]], 85, American clergyman and biblical scholar.<ref>[https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2018/october/eugene-peterson-died-message-bible-long-obedience-resurrect.html Eugene Peterson Is Now Living the Resurrection]</ref> *[[Milad Petrušić]], 85, Yugoslav Olympic hurdler.<ref>[https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/79451]</ref> *[[Robert Saladrigas]], 78, Spanish writer, journalist and literary critic.<ref>[https://www.ara.cat/cultura/Mor-escriptor-Robert-Saladrigas_0_2111188956.html Mor l'escriptor i crític literari Robert Saladrigas] {{in lang|ca}}</ref> *[[Arthur Schnabel]], 70, German judoka, Olympic bronze medalist ([[Judo at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Men's open category|1984]]).<ref>[https://www.morgenweb.de/mannheimer-morgen_artikel,-lokalsport-mannheim-schnabel-verliert-letzten-kampf-_arid,1340156.html Schnabel verliert letzen Kampf] {{in lang|de}}</ref> *[[José Varacka]], 86, Argentine football player ([[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]], [[Argentina national football team|national team]]) and manager ([[Boca Juniors]]).<ref>[https://www.clarin.com/deportes/futbol/murio-jose-varacka-entrenador-trajo-enzo-francescoli-river_0_I-8f0VPkt.html Murió José Varacka, el entrenador que trajo a Enzo Francescoli a River] {{in lang|es}}</ref> ===23=== *[[Eladio Benítez]], 79, Uruguayan footballer ([[Deportes Temuco]], [[Rangers de Talca]], [[Uruguay national football team|national team]]).<ref>[http://racingclub.com.uy/2018/10/23/fallecio-eladio-benitez/ Falleció Eladio Benitez] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102052259/http://racingclub.com.uy/2018/10/23/fallecio-eladio-benitez/ |date=November 2, 2018 }} {{in lang|es}}</ref> *[[Skip Campbell]], 69, American politician, member of the [[Florida Senate]] (1996–2006), mayor of [[Coral Springs, Florida]] (since 2014).<ref>[https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/community/broward/article220536485.html Coral Springs mayor and former state senator Walter 'Skip' Campbell dies]</ref> *[[Melvin Cohn]], 96, American immunologist, co-founder of the [[Salk Institute]].<ref>[https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/salk-institute-cofounder-melvin-cohn-dies-65002 Salk Institute Cofounder Melvin Cohn Dies]</ref> *[[Daniel Contet]], 74, French tennis player.<ref>[http://sport24.lefigaro.fr/tennis/fil-info/daniel-contet-est-decede-930528 Daniel Contet est décédé] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> *[[Tony Hoagland]], 64, American poet, pancreatic cancer.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/24/obituaries/tony-hoagland-dead.html Tony Hoagland, Poet with a Wry Outlook, Is Dead at 64]</ref> *[[John Hostettler (author)|John Hostettler]], 93, English author.<ref>[https://www.watersidepress.co.uk/acatalog/John-Hostettler-obituary.html John Hostettler (1925-2018)]</ref> *[[James Karen]], 94, American actor (''[[Poltergeist (1982 film)|Poltergeist]]'', ''[[The Return of the Living Dead]]'', ''[[Nixon (film)|Nixon]]''), cardiorespiratory arrest.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/24/obituaries/james-karen-veteran-actor-and-pathmark-man-dies-at-94.html James Karen, Veteran Actor and "Pathmark Man", Dies at 94]</ref> *[[Nicola Lapenta]], 92, Italian politician, [[Italian Parliament|MP]] (1972–1987), President of the [[Antimafia Commission]] (1983).<ref>[http://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/politica/2018/10/24/dc-morto-lex-senatore-nicola-lapenta_61cab6af-8540-444e-a119-73321414a76b.html Dc: morto l'ex senatore Nicola Lapenta] {{in lang|it}}</ref> *[[Mighty Shadow]], 77, Trinidadian [[calypsonian]], stroke.<ref>[http://www.looptt.com/content/mighty-shadow-dead-77 Mighty Shadow dead at 77]</ref> *[[Francisco Nitsche]], 87, Chilean footballer.<ref>[https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/63842/Francisco_Nitsche.html]</ref> *[[Louis O'Neill (politician)|Louis O'Neill]], 93, Canadian writer, professor and politician, [[National Assembly of Quebec|MNA]] (1976–1981).<ref>[https://lactualite.com/actualites/2018/10/23/lex-ministre-pequiste-louis-oneill-meurt-a-lage-de-93-ans/ L'ex-ministre péquiste Louis O'Neill meurt à l'âge de 93 ans Décès de l'ex-ministre péquiste Louis O'Neill] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> *[[Rein Põder]], 75, Estonian writer and publisher.<ref>[https://www.ohtuleht.ee/903403/suri-kirjanik-rein-poder Suri kirjanik Rein Põder] {{in lang|et}}</ref> *[[Laurens van Ravens]], 96, Dutch football referee.<ref>[https://www.knvb.nl/nieuws/scheidsrechters/scheidsrechters/51076/oud-scheidsrechter-lau-van-ravens-96-overleden Oud-scheidsrechter Van Ravens (96) overleden] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> *[[Alojz Rebula]], 94, Italian-born Slovenian writer, playwright and essayist.<ref>[https://www.delo.si/kultura/knjiga/umrl-je-alojz-rebula-105538.html Umrl je Alojz Rebula] {{in lang|sl}}</ref> *[[Todd Reid]], 34, Australian tennis player.<ref>[https://wwos.nine.com.au/tennis/tennis-former-australian-prodigy-todd-reid-found-dead-at-34/9ff411fd-0d64-40e1-87f1-5719e7cc1582 Former Australian junior tennis star Todd Reid found dead]</ref> *[[Roberto Renzi]], 95, Italian cartoonist (''[[Tiramolla]]'', ''[[Akim (comics)|Akim]]'') and journalist.<ref>[http://www.ansa.it/lombardia/notizie/2018/10/24/morto-roberto-renzi-papa-di-tiramolla_58d8f0f8-097c-44cc-a9b1-a25d7ddefccd.html Morto Roberto Renzi, papà di 'Tiramolla'] {{in lang|it}}</ref> *[[Rod Rust]], 90, American football coach ([[New England Patriots]], [[Montreal Alouettes]]).<ref>[https://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2018/10/23/former-patriots-head-coach-rod-rust-dies-at-age-90/ Former Patriots head coach Rod Rust dies at age 90]</ref> *[[Max Webb]], 101, Polish-born American real estate developer and philanthropist.<ref>[http://jewishjournal.com/culture/lifestyle/obituaries/240650/max-webb/ Obituary: Philanthropist Max Webb Dies at 101]</ref> ===24=== *[[Carmen Alborch]], 70, Spanish feminist, writer and politician, [[Minister of Culture (Spain)|Minister of Culture]] (1993–1996), cancer.<ref>[https://elpais.com/politica/2018/10/24/actualidad/1540387288_783094.html Muere la exministra Carmen Alborch a los 70 años] {{in lang|es}}</ref> *[[Beryl Beaurepaire|Dame Beryl Beaurepaire]], 95, Australian political activist.<ref>[http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/theage-au/obituary.aspx?pid=190599008 Beryl Edith Beaurepaire]</ref> *[[Darijan Božič]], 85, Slovenian composer.<ref>[https://www.delo.si/kultura/glasba/umrl-je-skladatelj-darijan-bozic-107582.html Umrl je skladatelj Darijan Božič] {{in lang|sl}}</ref> *[[Pat Farrelly (athlete)|Pat Farrelly]], 83, Canadian Olympic athlete.<ref>[https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/thespec/obituary.aspx?n=patrick-oliver-farrelly-paddy&pid=195220408]</ref> *[[Rudolf Gelbard]], 87, Austrian Holocaust survivor.<ref>[https://derstandard.at/2000089610441/Holocaust-Ueberlebender-Rudolf-Gelbard-gestorben Holocaust-Überlebender Rudolf Gelbard gestorben] {{in lang|de}}</ref> *[[Anatoly Gladilin]], 83, Russian writer.<ref>[http://portal-kultura.ru/articles/obshchiy-plan/219981-v-parizhe-na-84-m-godu-zhizni-skonchalsya-izvestnyy-sovetskiy-prozaik-anatoliy-gladilin/ В Париже на 84-м году жизни известный советский прозаик Анатолий Гладилин] {{in lang|ru}}</ref> *[[Keith Hunter (chemist)|Keith Hunter]], 66, New Zealand marine and freshwater chemist ([[University of Otago]]).<ref>[https://www.pressreader.com/new-zealand/otago-daily-times/20181222/282415580394219 Respected academic and climate change researcher]</ref> *[[John D. Lamond]], 71, Australian film director (''[[Australia After Dark]]'', ''[[Felicity (film)|Felicity]]'', ''[[Breakfast in Paris]]''), complications from Parkinson's disease.<ref>[https://www.if.com.au/vale-john-d-lamond-ozploitation-pioneer/ Vale John D. Lamond, Ozploitation pioneer]</ref> *[[Na Muthuswamy]], 82, Indian theatre artist and playwright.<ref>[https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/renowned-playwright-and-theatre-artist-na-muthuswamy-koothu-p-pattarai-fame-no-more-90487 Renowned playwright and theatre artist Na Muthuswamy of Koothu-p-pattarai fame no more]</ref> *[[Michael J. O'Connor (politician)|Michael J. O'Connor]], 89, American politician, member of the [[South Dakota House of Representatives]] (1971–1972) and [[South Dakota Senate|Senate]] (1973–1977, 1981–1982).<ref>[https://www.argusleader.com/story/news/politics/2018/10/25/janklow-foe-longtime-lawmaker-oconnor-dies/1762199002/ Bill Janklow foe, longtime South Dakota lawmaker Michael O'Connor dies]</ref> *[[Hip Hop Pantsula]], 38, South African rapper, suicide by hanging.<ref>[https://www.ebnewsdaily.co.za/2018/10/Hip-Hop-veteran-HHP-has-passed-away.html Hip Hop veteran HHP has passed away]</ref> *[[Pellegrino Tomaso Ronchi]], 88, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Porto-Santa Rufina|Porto-Santa Rufina]] (1984–1985) and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Città di Castello|Città di Castello]] (1991–2007).<ref>[http://www.ansa.it/umbria/notizie/2018/10/24/morto-mons.-pellegrino-tomaso-ronchi_feea994c-3456-4652-9b1e-a5612a5c2247.html Morto mons. Pellegrino Tomaso Ronchi] {{in lang|it}}</ref> *[[Horst Schulze]], 97, German actor and opera singer.<ref>[https://www.presseportal.de/pm/59019/4103661 neues deutschland: DEFA-Schauspieler Horst Schulze gestorben] {{in lang|de}}</ref> *[[Christine Stix-Hackl]], 60, Austrian jurist, [[Advocate General]] at the [[European Court of Justice]] (2000–2006).<ref>[https://diepresse.com/home/ausland/eu/5521767/Botschafterin-StixHackl-verstorben Botschafterin Stix-Hackl verstorben] {{in lang|de}}</ref> *[[Galeai Moaaliitele Tuufuli]], 81, American Samoan politician, member of the [[American Samoa Senate]] (since 2013).<ref>[https://www.talanei.com/2018/10/25/territory-loses-senior-senator/ Territory loses senior senator]</ref> *[[Benny Valenzuela]], 85, Mexican baseball player ([[St. Louis Cardinals]]), renal failure.<ref>[https://www.purobeisbol.mx/lmb/fallece-benjamin-papelero-valenzuela/ Fallece Benjamín "Papelero" Valenzuela] {{in lang|es}}</ref> *[[Wah Wah Watson]], 67, American guitarist ([[The Funk Brothers]]).<ref>[https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/wah-wah-watson-guitarist-dead-746962/ Wah Wah Watson, Guitarist for Marvin Gaye and Michael Jackson, Dead at 67]</ref> *[[Tony Joe White]], 75, American singer-songwriter ("[[Polk Salad Annie]]", "[[Rainy Night in Georgia]]"), heart attack.<ref>[https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/obituary/8481769/tony-joe-white-dead-polk-salad-annie Tony Joe White, Country Bluesman & Hit Songwriter Behind 'Polk Salad Annie,' Dies at 75]</ref> *[[Haider Zaman Khan]], 82, Pakistani politician.<ref>[https://www.samaa.tv/news/2018/10/baba-haider-zaman-the-man-behind-the-hazara-province-movement-passes-away-at-82/ Baba Haider Zaman, the man behind the Hazara province movement, passes away at 82]</ref> ===25=== *[[Sara Anzanello]], 38, Italian volleyball player ([[Italy women's national volleyball team|national team]]), leukemia.<ref>[https://m.ilgazzettino.it/nordest/articolo-4063703.html Morta Sara Anzanello: aveva 38 anni] {{in lang|it}}</ref> *[[Cheam Channy]], 57, Cambodian politician, [[National Assembly of Cambodia|MP]] (1998–2005), brain tumour.<ref>[https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/former-opposition-lawmaker-channy-dies-aged-57 Former opposition lawmaker Channy dies aged 57]</ref> *[[Chen Tiemei]], 83, Chinese archaeologist.<ref>[https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_2568144 北京大学考古文博学院教授、著名科技考古学家陈铁梅逝世] {{in lang|zh}}</ref> *[[Lindon Crow]], 85, American football player ([[New York Giants]], [[Chicago Cardinals]], [[Los Angeles Rams]]), stroke.<ref>[http://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/25093338/lindon-crow-veteran-nfl-greatest-game-ever-dies-85 Lindon Crow, veteran of NFL's 'greatest game ever,' dies at 85]</ref> *[[Martin Dalby]], 76, Scottish composer.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2018/11/06/martin-dalby-long-serving-head-music-bbc-scotland-composer-leading/ Martin Dalby, long-serving head of music at BBC Scotland, composer and leading light of Scottish classical music – obituary"]</ref> *[[Sylvia Edwards]], 81, American abstract artist.<ref>[http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/thetimes-uk/obituary.aspx?pid=190667650 Sylvia Anne Edwards]</ref> *[[Sonny Fortune]], 79, American jazz saxophonist, stroke.<ref>[https://www.npr.org/2018/10/27/661414691/sonny-fortune-stalwart-saxophonist-of-new-york-dies-at-79 Sonny Fortune, Stalwart Saxophonist Of New York, Dies At 79]</ref> *[[Ruth Gates]], 56, British biologist, brain cancer.<ref>[https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/10/optimist-who-believed-saving-corals/574240/ The Fight for Corals Loses Its Great Champion]</ref> *[[John Taylor Gatto]], 82, American author and teacher, heart failure.<ref>[https://www.sott.net/article/399410-Education-reformer-John-Taylor-Gatto-has-passed-away-but-his-spirit-and-work-live-on Education reformer John Taylor Gatto has passed away but his spirit and work live on]</ref> *[[Tyrone Gayle]], 30, American political campaign staffer, colon cancer.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/tyrone-gayle-aide-to-leading-democrats-dies-at-30/2018/10/26/338fe6e8-d94a-11e8-aeb7-ddcad4a0a54e_story.html Tyrone Gayle, aide to leading Democrats, dies at 30]</ref> *[[Thomas Keating]], 95, American Trappist monk.<ref>[https://www.ncronline.org/news/people/thomas-keating-pioneer-centering-prayer-interfaith-dialogue-dies-95 Thomas Keating, pioneer in centering prayer, interfaith dialogue, dies at 95]</ref> *[[Dorothea Kreß]], 94, German Olympic athlete.<ref>[https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/70036]</ref> *[[Li Yong (television host)|Li Yong]], 50, Chinese television host (''[[Lucky 52]]''), cancer.<ref>[http://news.sina.com.cn/o/2018-10-29/doc-ifxeuwws9096949.shtml 著名主持人李咏因癌症去世 年仅50岁] {{in lang|zh}}</ref> *[[Michael Metcalf]], 85, British numismatist, heart attack.<ref>[http://www.sfnumismatique.org/actualites/deces-de-michael-metcalf-1933-2018/ Décès de Michael Metcalf (1933-2018)] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> *[[Borislav Pelević]], 61, Serbian politician.<ref>[https://www.wakoeurope.com/news/21-news-front-page/626-death-of-prof-borislav-pelevic-wako-president Death of Prof. Borislav Pelevic, WAKO President]</ref> *[[Norman Sheil]], 86, English racing cyclist.<ref>[http://pedalmag.com/legendary-british-racer-and-canadian-coach-norman-sheil-passes-away/ Legendary British Racer and Canadian Coach Norman Sheil Passes Away]</ref> *[[Shivinder Singh Sidhu]], 89, Indian politician, [[List of governors of Meghalaya|Governor of Meghalaya]] (2007–2008) and [[List of governors of Goa|Goa]] (2008–2011).<ref>[https://nenow.in/north-east-news/former-meghalaya-manipur-governor-ss-sidhu-no-more.html Former Meghalaya, Manipur Governor SS Sidhu no more]</ref> *[[Ulysses S. Washington]], 98, American college football player ([[Virginia State Trojans|Virginia State]]) and coach ([[Delaware State Hornets football|Delaware State]]).<ref>[https://delawarestatenews.net/schools/delaware-state-university-icon-dr-ulysses-washington-dies-at-98/ Delaware State University icon Dr. Ulysses Washington dies at 98]</ref> *[[Elder Roma Wilson]], 107, American gospel harmonica player and singer.<ref>[https://www.clorafuneralhome.com/obituaries/Roma-Wilson/#!/Obituary Mr. Roma Wilson]</ref> *[[John Ziegler Jr.]], 84, American ice hockey executive, [[NHL commissioner|President of the NHL]] (1977–1992).<ref>[https://www.ctvnews.ca/mobile/sports/john-ziegler-fourth-president-of-nhl-dies-at-84-1.4151060 John Ziegler, fourth president of NHL, dies at 84]</ref> ===26=== *[[Marc Francina]], 70, French politician, [[National Assembly (France)|Deputy]] (2007–2017), Mayor of [[Évian-les-Bains]] (since 2014).<ref>[https://www.ledauphine.com/haute-savoie/2018/10/26/marc-francina-le-maire-d-evian-les-bains-est-decede-en-fin-de-matinee Marc Francina, le maire d'Évian-les-Bains, est décédé en fin de matinée] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> *[[Ana González de Recabarren]], 93, Chilean human rights activist.<ref>[http://lanacion.cl/2018/10/26/a-los-93-anos-murio-ana-gonzalez-destacada-luchadora-de-los-ddhh/ A los 93 años murió Ana González, destacada luchadora de los DDHH] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029012854/http://lanacion.cl/2018/10/26/a-los-93-anos-murio-ana-gonzalez-destacada-luchadora-de-los-ddhh/ |date=October 29, 2018 }} {{in lang|es}}</ref> *[[Warren B. Hamilton]], 93, American geologist.<ref>[https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/denverpost/obituary.aspx?pid=190635114 Warren B. Hamilton]</ref> *[[Nikolai Karachentsov]], 73, Russian actor (''[[Juno and Avos (opera)|Juno and Avos]]'', ''[[The Dog in the Manger (1978 film)|The Dog in the Manger]]'', ''[[A Man from the Boulevard des Capucines]]''), [[People's Artist of the USSR|People's Artist of the RSFSR]] (1989), kidney failure.<ref>[https://www.rferl.org/a/popular-russian-actor-nikolai-karachentsov-dies-at-73/29565155.html Popular Russian Actor Nikolai Karachentsov Dies At 73]</ref> *[[György Károly]], 65, Hungarian poet and writer, brain tumor.<ref>[http://eletrajz.karolygyorgy.hu/#comment-13 Károly György életrajza] {{in lang|hu}}</ref> *[[Valentin Masengo Mkinda]], 77, Congolese Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kabinda|Kabinda]] (since 1995).<ref>[http://catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bmamk.html Bishop Valentin Masengo Mkinda]</ref> *[[Russ Mobley]], 84, American politician, member of the [[Kentucky General Assembly]] (2001–2009).<ref>[https://www.cknj.com/content/local-leader-mobley-dies-84 Local leader Mobley dies at 84]</ref> *[[Richard Murunga]], 65, Kenyan boxer, Olympic bronze medalist ([[Boxing at the 1972 Summer Olympics|1972]]).<ref>[https://www.tuko.co.ke/290129-kenyas-world-boxing-champion-legend-richard-murunga-dead.html Kenya's world boxing champion legend Richard Murunga is dead]</ref> ===27=== *[[Angela Bianchini]], 97, Italian author and literary critic.<ref>[https://www.repubblica.it/robinson/2018/10/27/news/addio_angela_bianchini-210166631/ Amare e scrivere, addio a Angela Bianchini] {{in lang|it}}</ref> *[[Richard L. Bloch]], 89, American businessman and sports team owner ([[Phoenix Suns]]).<ref>[https://www.abc15.com/sports/sports-blogs-local/richard-bloch-co-founder-of-phoenix-suns-passes-away Richard Bloch, co-founder of Phoenix Suns, passes away]</ref> *[[Daniel Correa Freitas]], 24, Brazilian footballer ([[Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas|Botafogo]], [[São Paulo FC|São Paulo]]), stabbed.<ref>[https://globoesporte.globo.com/sp/tem-esporte/futebol/noticia/ex-sao-paulo-botafogo-e-cruzeiro-meia-daniel-e-encontrado-morto-em-curitiba.ghtml Ex-São Paulo, Botafogo e Cruzeiro, meia Daniel é encontrado morto no Paraná] {{in lang|pt}}</ref> *[[Perry Lee Dunn]], 77, American football player ([[Atlanta Falcons]], [[Ole Miss Rebels football|Ole Miss Rebels]], [[Dallas Cowboys]]).<ref>[https://www.wtva.com/content/sports/Ole-Miss-football-legend-Perry-Lee-Dunn-passes-away-499188041.html Ole Miss Football Legend Perry Lee Dunn Passes Away]</ref> *[[Kyoko Enami]], 76, Japanese actress (''[[Gamera vs. Barugon]]''), pulmonary emphysema.<ref>[https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-11-02/actress-kyoko-enami-passes-away/.138996 Actress Kyoko Enami Passes Away]</ref> *[[Enrique Granados (swimmer)|Enrique Granados]], 84, Spanish Olympic swimmer ([[1952 Summer Olympics|1952]]).<ref>[https://www.diariodemallorca.es/deportes/2018/10/28/fallece-enrique-granados-nadador-olimpico/1360295.html Fallece Enrique Granados, nadador olímpico] {{in lang|es}}</ref> *[[Freddie Hart]], 91, American country musician and songwriter ("[[Easy Loving]]", "[[My Hang-Up Is You]]", "[[Got the All Overs for You (All Over Me)]]"), pneumonia.<ref>[https://variety.com/2018/music/news/freddie-hart-dies-country-star-easy-loving-1203006670/ Freddie Hart, Country Star Who Hit Big in 1970s With 'Easy Loving,' Dies at 91]</ref> *[[Fred Hess]], 74, American tenor saxophonist.<ref>[https://www.westword.com/music/obituary-fred-hess-a-denver-jazz-musician-dies-at-74-11020307 Remembering Denver Jazz Master Fred Hess]</ref> *[[Sibtain Kassamali]], 55, Kenyan cricketer.<ref>[https://africafederation.org/2020/01/21/obituary-marhum-sibtain-akber-kassamali/]</ref> *[[Murray Khouri]], 77, New Zealand-Australian clarinetist, complications of heart surgery.<ref>[https://www.smh.com.au/national/clarinet-virtuoso-and-soloist-with-leading-sydney-orchestras-20181211-p50lh9.html Clarinet virtuoso and soloist with leading Sydney orchestras]</ref> *[[Madan Lal Khurana]], 82, Indian politician, [[Chief Minister of Delhi]] (1993–1996), [[Governor of Rajasthan]] (2004).<ref>[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjp-leaders-condole-madan-lal-khuranas-death-updates-1938686 BJP Leaders Condole Madan Lal Khurana's Death]</ref> *[[Denis Miéville]], 72, Swiss mathematician and philosopher.<ref>[https://www.rtn.ch/rtn/Actualite/Region/20181029-Denis-Mieville-n-est-plus.html Denis Miéville n'est plus] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> *[[Antônio Possamai]], 89, Brazilian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Ji-Paraná|Ji-Paraná]] (1983–2007).<ref>[http://catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bpossamai.html Bishop Antônio Possamai]</ref> *[[Mario Segale]], 84, American real estate developer, namesake of [[Nintendo]]'s [[Mario]].<ref>[https://kotaku.com/marios-real-life-namesake-mario-segale-dies-at-84-1830154543 Mario's Real-Life Namesake, Mario Segale, Dies At 84]</ref> *[[Ntozake Shange]], 70, American poet and playwright (''[[For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide / When the Rainbow Is Enuf]]'').<ref>[http://www.startribune.com/obituary-ntozake-shange-pioneering-playwright-poet-and-novelist/498795391/ Ntozake Shange, pioneering playwright, poet and novelist, dies at 70]</ref> *[[Vichai Srivaddhanaprabha]], 60, Thai duty-free retailer ([[King Power]]) and football club owner ([[Leicester City F.C.|Leicester City]]), [[2018 Leicester City F.C. helicopter crash|helicopter crash]].<ref>[https://www.lcfc.com/news/890995/club-statement-vichai-srivaddhanaprabha/press-release Club Statement: Vichai Srivaddhanaprabha]</ref> *[[Yang Ziyuan]], 90, Chinese politician, Mayor of [[Guangzhou]] (1988–1990).<ref>[https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_2580181 广州原市长杨资元逝世：生在香港，花甲之年挑重担] {{in lang|zh}}</ref> *[[Todd Youth]], 47, American punk and metal guitarist ([[Warzone (band)|Warzone]], [[Murphy's Law (band)|Murphy's Law]], [[Danzig (band)|Danzig]]).<ref>[http://loudwire.com/danzig-warzone-todd-youth-death/ Danzig, Warzone, etc. Guitarist Todd Youth Has Died]</ref> ===28=== *[[Anthony Anenih]], 85, Nigerian politician, Minister of Works and Housing (1999–2003).<ref>[https://www.ladesignatory.com/2018/10/tony-anenih-is-dead/ Tony Anenih is dead]</ref> *[[Mick Archer]], 75, Irish hurler ([[St. Finbarr's GAA|St. Finbarr's]]) and Gaelic footballer ([[Cork GAA|Cork]]).<ref>[http://hoganstand.com/Article/Index/292006 Cork GAA mourn All-Ireland winner Mick Archer]</ref> *[[Luis Miguel Enciso Recio]], 88, Spanish historian and politician, [[Senate of Spain|Senator]] (1977–1982).<ref>[https://www.elespanol.com/espana/20181028/muere-luis-miguel-enciso-senador-ucd-historiador/348965254_0.html Muere a los 88 años Luis Miguel Enciso, senador liberal por UCD e historiador] {{in lang|es}}</ref> *[[Peter Everwine]], 88, American poet.<ref>[https://fresnostatecah.com/2018/11/07/peter-everwine-poet-and-emeritus-professor-at-fresno-state-dies-at-88/ Peter Everwine, poet and Fresno State professor emeritus, dies at 88]</ref> *[[David Fieldhouse]], 93, English historian of the [[British Empire]].<ref>[https://www.jesus.cam.ac.uk/articles/professor-david-fieldhouse-1925-2018 Professor David Fieldhouse (1925-2018)]</ref> *[[Philippe Gildas]], 82, French television and radio presenter.<ref>[http://www.leparisien.fr/culture-loisirs/tv/philippe-gildas-est-decede-28-10-2018-7929762.php Figure des médias et animateur culte de Canal +, Philippe Gildas est mort] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> *[[Richard Gill (conductor)|Richard Gill]], 76, Australian conductor, colorectal and peritoneal cancer.<ref>[https://startsat60.com/entertainment/arts/music/richard-gill-dead-aged-76-renowned-conductor-australian-music-educator 'A profound loss': Renowned Australian conductor Richard Gill dies aged 76]</ref> *[[I. John Hesselink]], 90, American theologian.<ref>[https://www.hollandsentinel.com/news/20181103/former-seminary-president-professor-hesselink-dies Former seminary president, professor Hesselink dies]</ref> *[[Konstantīns Konstantinovs]], 40, Latvian powerlifter.<ref>[https://heavy.com/sports/2018/10/konstantins-konstantinovs-dead/ Konstantins Konstantinovs Dead: Bodybuilding Legend Dies at 40]</ref> *[[Eldridge M. Moores]], 80, American geologist.<ref>[https://geology.ucdavis.edu/people/inmemoriam/moores Eldridge M. Moores (1938-2018)]</ref> *[[Vera Micaelsen]], 43, Norwegian journalist and author, cervical cancer.<ref>[https://www.vg.no/nyheter/i/Xw12On/vera-micaelsen-43-er-doed Vera Micaelsen (43) er død] {{in lang|no}}</ref> *[[Erno Polgar]], 64, Hungarian writer, heart attack.<ref>[http://www.litera.hu/hirek/elhunyt-polgar-erno Elhunyt Polgár Ernő] {{in lang|hu}}</ref> *[[Colin Sylvia]], 32, Australian [[Australian rules football|footballer]] ([[Melbourne Football Club|Melbourne]], [[Fremantle Football Club|Fremantle]]), traffic collision.<ref>[https://www.theage.com.au/sport/afl/former-afl-player-colin-sylvia-dies-in-mildura-car-crash-20181028-p50cj8.html Former AFL player Colin Sylvia dies in Mildura car crash]</ref> *[[Bill Trumbo]], 79, American college basketball coach, complications from Alzheimer's disease.<ref>[https://www.petaluma360.com/sports/8902388-181/former-srjc-ssu-coach-bill Former SRJC, SSU coach Bill Trumbo dies]</ref> *[[Don S. Williams]], 80, Canadian actor, director and producer. ([[The X-Files (film)]]<ref>https://www.pugetsoundradio.com/2018/11/14/producer-behind-cbcs-beachcombers-dr-bundolo-dead-at-80/</ref> ===29=== *[[Germán Aceros]], 80, Colombian football player ([[Colombia national football team|national team]]) and manager.<ref>[https://www.rcnradio.com/deportes/futbol-colombiano/murio-german-el-cuca-aceros-mundialista-con-la-seleccion-colombia Murió Hermánn 'Cuca' Aceros, mundialista con Selección Colombia] {{in lang|es}}</ref> *[[William F. Bernhard]], 93, American cardiovascular surgeon, pneumonia.<ref>[https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/obituaries/2018/11/01/william-bernhard-innovative-surgeon-who-treated-baby-patrick-kennedy-dies/qBKotnya3xxj90TmKCZHAI/story.html Dr. William F. Bernhard, innovative surgeon who treated baby Patrick Kennedy, dies at 93]</ref> *[[Gérald Bloncourt]], 91, Haitian painter and photographer.<ref>[http://www.alterpresse.org/spip.php?article23716#.W9dacTGNzIV Haïti-France : Décès du photographe, dessinateur et écrivain Gérald Bloncourt] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> *[[Peter Brace]], 94, British actor and stuntman (''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]'', ''[[Batman (1989 film)|Batman]]'', ''[[Highlander (film)|Highlander]]'').<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2018/11/08/peter-brace-stuntman-actor-worked-sean-connery-roger-moore/ Peter Brace, stuntman and actor who worked with Sean Connery and Roger Moore – obituary]</ref> *[[Bernard Bragg]], 90, American actor, co-founder of the [[National Theatre of the Deaf]].<ref>[https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/latimes/obituary.aspx?pid=190606029 Bernard Nathan Bragg]</ref> *[[Nigel Broomfield|Sir Nigel Broomfield]], 81, British diplomat, [[List of diplomats of the United Kingdom to Germany|Ambassador to Germany]] (1993–1997).<ref>[http://announcements.telegraph.co.uk/deaths/228404/broomfield Broomfield]</ref> *[[Klaas Bruinsma (translator)|Klaas Bruinsma]], 87, Dutch translator.<ref>[https://nos.nl/artikel/2257238-friese-vertaler-en-dichter-klaas-bruinsma-87-overleden.html Friese vertaler en dichter Klaas Bruinsma (87) overleden] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> *[[Dave Duncan (writer)|Dave Duncan]], 85, Scottish-born Canadian fantasy and science fiction author (''[[West of January]]'', ''[[The Cutting Edge (novel)|The Cutting Edge]]''), brain hemorrhage.<ref>[http://locusmag.com/2018/10/dave-duncan-1933-2018/ Dave Duncan 1933-2018]</ref> *[[Jimmy Farrar]], 67, American rock singer ([[Molly Hatchet]], [[Gator Country]]), heart attack.<ref>[http://ultimateclassicrock.com/jimmy-farrar-molly-hatchet/ Molly Hatchet frontman Jimmy Farrar dies]</ref> *[[Franco Franchi (cyclist)|Franco Franchi]], 95, Italian racing cyclist.<ref>[http://www.cityrumors.it/notizie-teramo/cronaca-teramo/ciclismo-addio-a-franco-franchi-lo-scalatore-gregario-di-bartali-i-funerali-ad-alba-adriatica.html Ciclismo, addio a Franco Franchi lo scalatore gregario di Bartali. I funerali ad Alba Adriatica] {{in lang|it}}</ref> *[[Lodi Gyari]], 69, Tibetan diplomat, liver cancer.<ref>[http://www.tibetanjournal.com/former-special-envoy-dalai-lama-lodi-gyari-passes-away/ Former Special Envoy to Dalai Lama, Lodi Gyari Passes Away]</ref> *[[Werner Holzer]], 81, American Olympic wrestler.<ref>[https://www.teamusa.org/USA-Wrestling/Features/2018/October/30/Werner-Holzer-has-passed-away]</ref> *[[Mariama Keïta]], 72, Nigerien journalist and feminist activist.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/nigers-first-female-journalist-mariama-keita-dies-at-72-20181030 |title=Niger's first female journalist Mariama Keita dies at 72 |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-date=November 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107101638/https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/nigers-first-female-journalist-mariama-keita-dies-at-72-20181030 |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[Li Xifan]], 90, Chinese literary scholar and [[redologist]].<ref>[https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_2575965 纪念李希凡先生] {{in lang|zh}}</ref> *[[Andrea Manfredi]], 26, Italian racing cyclist, [[Lion Air Flight 610|plane crash]].<ref>[https://www.corriere.it/cronache/18_ottobre_29/andrea-manfredi-chi-26enne-italiano-morto-nell-incidente-aereo-indonesia-32b4c62a-db76-11e8-a9c5-62cf8efd543f.shtml Andrea Manfredi, chi era il 26enne italiano morto nell'incidente aereo in Indonesia] {{in lang|it}}</ref> *[[M. S. Rajashekar]], 75, Indian film director (''[[Dhruva Thare]]'', ''[[Hrudaya Hrudaya]]'', ''[[Dakota Express]]''), lung infection.<ref>[https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/veteran-sandalwood-director-ms-rajashekar-passes-away-75-90759 Veteran Sandalwood director MS Rajashekar passes away at 75]</ref> *[[John Roselius]], 74, American actor (''[[This Is Your Brain on Drugs]]'', ''[[Con Air]]'', ''[[JAG (TV series)|JAG]]'').<ref>[http://digital.copcomm.com/i/1114369-spring-2019/68? In Memoriam]</ref> *[[Larry Snyder (jockey)|Larry Snyder]], 76, American jockey, cancer.<ref>[https://www.drf.com/news/larry-snyder-dominant-jockey-arkansas-and-louisiana-dies-76 Larry Snyder, dominant jockey in Arkansas and Louisiana, dies at 76]</ref> *[[Tuti Tursilawati]], 34, Indonesian housekeeper and killer, executed by beheading.<ref>[http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Jakarta-protest:-Indonesian-beheaded-by-Riyadh-without-warning-45373.html Jakarta protest: Indonesian beheaded by Riyadh without warning]</ref> *[[Wang Guangying]], 99, Chinese entrepreneur and politician, founder of [[China Everbright Group]], Vice-Chairman of the [[National People's Congress]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.shine.cn/news/nation/1811024534/|accessdate=8 April 2021|date=2 November 2018|title=Funeral of former non-communist party leader held in Beijing|work=Shine News}}</ref> *[[Young Greatness]], 34, American rapper ("[[Moolah (song)|Moolah]]"), shot.<ref>[https://pitchfork.com/news/rapper-young-greatness-shot-and-killed-report/ Rapper Young Greatness Shot and Killed: Report]</ref> ===30=== *[[David Azulai]], 64, Israeli politician, [[Ministry of Religious Services|Minister of Religious Services]] (since 2015), member of the [[Knesset]] (1996–2018), cancer.<ref>[https://www.timesofisrael.com/religious-affairs-minister-azoulay-dies-after-battle-with-cancer/ Religious Affairs Minister Azoulay dies after battle with cancer]</ref> *[[Whitey Bulger]], 89, American gangster ([[Winter Hill Gang]]) and convicted murderer, beaten.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/31/us/who-killed-whitey-bulger.html Whitey Bulger's Fatal Prison Beating: 'He Was Unrecognizable']</ref> *[[Yashwant Dev]], 91, Indian poet and composer, pneumonia.<ref>[https://www.mumbailive.com/en/entertainment/senior-composer-musician-yashvant-deo-passes-away-29727 Veteran Singer Yashwant Dev Dies At The Age Of 91]</ref> *[[Bill Fischer (baseball)|Bill Fischer]], 88, American baseball player ([[Chicago White Sox]], [[Washington Senators (1901–60)|Washington Senators]], [[Kansas City Athletics]]).<ref>[https://www.kansascity.com/sports/mlb/kansas-city-royals/article220903370.html Bill Fischer, Royals' senior pitching adviser and former KC A's pitcher, dies at 88]</ref> *[[María Irene Fornés]], 88, Cuban-American playwright (''[[Sarita (play)|Sarita]]'', ''[[Fefu and Her Friends]]'').<ref>[http://www.playbill.com/article/playwright-maria-irene-fornes-dies-at-88 Playwright María Irene Fornés Dies at 88]</ref> *[[Hardy Fox]], 73, American composer and musician (''[[The Residents]]'').<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/03/obituaries/hardy-fox-dead.html Hardy Fox, of the Avant-Garde Band the Residents (Maybe), Dies at 73]</ref> *[[Jin Yong]], 94, Hong Kong novelist (''[[Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils]]''), essayist and newspaper proprietor (''[[Ming Pao]]'').<ref>[http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aedu/201810300028.aspx Martial arts novelist Jin Yong dies at 94 (update)]</ref> *[[Rae Ann Kelsch]], 58, American politician, member of the [[North Dakota House of Representatives]] (1991–2012), bacterial infection.<ref>[https://www.klfy.com/news/louisiana/after-eating-raw-oysters-in-new-orleans-longtime-north-dakota-lawmaker-dies/1562685911 After eating raw oysters in New Orleans, longtime North Dakota lawmaker dies]</ref> *[[Tadeusz Kraus]], 86, Czech football player ([[AC Sparta Prague|Sparta Prague]], [[Czechoslovakia national football team|national team]]) and manager ([[Aris Limassol FC|Aris Limassol]]).<ref>[https://sparta.cz/cs/clanek/zemrel-tadeas-kraus-34305 Zemřel Tadeáš Kraus] {{in lang|cs}}</ref> *[[Frank Litsky]], 92, American sports columnist (''[[The New York Times]]'').<ref>[http://www.usatf.org/News/USATF-mourns-loss-of-celebrated-sports-writer-Fran.aspx USATF mourns loss of celebrated sports writer Frank Litsky]</ref> *[[Erika Mahringer]], 93, Austrian alpine skier, double Olympic bronze medalist ([[Alpine skiing at the 1948 Winter Olympics|1948]]).<ref>[https://www.sn.at/sport/wintersport/skilegende-erika-mahringer-verstorben-59709556 Skilegende Erika Mahringer verstorben] {{in lang|de}}</ref> *[[Beverly McClellan]], 49, American singer and reality talent show finalist (''[[The Voice (U.S. season 1)|The Voice]]''), endometrial cancer.<ref>[https://theblast.com/voice-star-beverly-mcclellan-dead-dies-cancer-christina-aguilera/ 'The Voice' Star Beverly McClellan Dies After Battle with Cancer]</ref> *[[Emil Paleček]], 88, Czech chemist, discovered nucleic acids electrochemistry.<ref>[https://ct24.ceskatelevize.cz/domaci/2637104-ve-veku-88-let-zemrel-biochemik-palecek-zabyval-se-vyzkumem-dna Ve věku 88 let zemřel biochemik Paleček, zabýval se výzkumem DNA] {{in lang|cs}}</ref> *[[Rico J. Puno]], 65, Filipino pop singer, heart failure.<ref>[http://cnnphilippines.com/entertainment/2018/10/30/OPM-singer-Rico-J.-Puno-dead.html OPM legend Rico J. Puno dies at 65]</ref> *[[Sangharakshita]], 93, British Buddhist teacher and writer, founder of the [[Triratna Buddhist Community]], pneumonia and sepsis.<ref>[https://thebuddhistcentre.com/news/urgyen-sangharakshita-1925-2018 Urgyen Sangharakshita 1925-2018]</ref> *[[Set Them Free]], 28, American racehorse.<ref>[https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/230445/set-them-free-dam-of-derby-winner-giacomo-dies-at-28 Set Them Free, Dam of Derby Winner Giacomo, Dies at 28]</ref> *[[Götz Schulze]], 54, German jurist and judge, heart attack.<ref>[https://www.pnn.de/wissenschaft/nachruf-uni-dekan-goetz-schulze-verstorben/23257510.html Uni-Dekan Götz Schulze verstorben] {{in lang|de}}</ref> *[[Bob Skoronski]], 84, American football player ([[Green Bay Packers]]), complications from Alzheimer's disease.<ref>[https://fox6now.com/2018/10/30/former-green-bay-packers-ol-bob-skoronski-dies-at-84/ Former Green Bay Packers OL Bob Skoronski dies at 84]</ref> *[[Steven L. Zinter]], 68, American judge ([[South Dakota Supreme Court]]), complications from surgery.<ref>[https://www.newscenter1.tv/south-dakota-supreme-court-justice-steven-zinter-has-died/ South Dakota Supreme Court Justice Steven Zinter has died]</ref> ===31=== *[[Enzo Apicella]], 96, Italian cartoonist and designer.<ref>[https://www.cronachedellacampania.it/2018/10/e-morto-il-giornalista-e-vignettista-vincenzo-apicella/ È morto il giornalista e vignettista Vincenzo Apicella] {{in lang|it}}</ref> *[[José Araújo]], 46, Brazilian footballer ([[Esporte Clube Vitória|Vitória]], [[FC Porto]], [[Real Zaragoza]]), heart attack.<ref>[https://www.fcporto.pt/pt/noticias/20181101-pt-faleceu-esquerdinha Faleceu Esquerdinha] {{in lang|pt}}</ref> *[[Preston Bynum]], 79, American politician, member of the [[Arkansas House of Representatives]] (1969–1980), heart failure.<ref>[https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2018/oct/31/former-chief-staff-gov-frank-white-dies-79-year-ol/ Former chief of staff for Gov. Frank White dies; 79-year-old was once only Republican in Arkansas House]</ref> *[[Chen Chuangtian]], 81, Chinese materials scientist ([[Chinese Academy of Sciences|Academy of Sciences]]), discovered [[Beta barium borate|BBO]] and [[Lithium triborate|LBO]].<ref>[http://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2018/10/419368.shtm 著名材料学家陈创天院士逝世] {{in lang|zh}}</ref> *[[Louise DeSalvo]], 76, American writer and literary scholar, breast cancer.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/11/obituaries/louise-desalvo-dead.html Louise DeSalvo, Memoirist and Virginia Woolf Scholar, Dies at 76]</ref> *[[Colin Edwynn]], 85, British actor (''[[Coronation Street]]'', ''[[Emmerdale]]'').<ref>[https://announcements.johnstonpress.co.uk/obituaries/lutontoday-uk/obituary.aspx?page=lifestory&pid=190793814 Colin Edwynn]</ref> *[[Thomas Eichelbaum|Sir Thomas Eichelbaum]], 87, German-born New Zealand jurist, [[Chief Justice of New Zealand|Chief Justice]] (1989–1999).<ref>[https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/108295190/retired-chief-justice-sir-thomas-eichelbaum-dies Retired Chief Justice Sir Thomas Eichelbaum dies]</ref> *[[Johnny Graham (footballer, born 1945)|Johnny Graham]], 73, Scottish footballer ([[Falkirk F.C.|Falkirk]], [[Hibernian F.C.|Hibernian]], [[Ayr United F.C.|Ayr United]]).<ref>[https://www.falkirkherald.co.uk/sport/football/falkirk-fc/remembering-johnny-graham-1945-2018-1-4824379 Remembering Johnny Graham, 1945-2018]</ref> *[[Hou Fusheng]], 94, Chinese petroleum engineer, member of the [[Chinese Academy of Engineering]].<ref>[http://epaper.gmw.cn/gmrb/html/2018-11/04/nw.D110000gmrb_20181104_5-04.htm 侯芙生院士逝世] {{in lang|zh}}</ref> *[[Yammie Lam]], 55, Hong Kong actress (''[[Witch from Nepal]]'', ''[[The Greed of Man]]'', ''[[Looking Back in Anger]]'').<ref>[https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/entertainment/former-hong-kong-actress-yammie-lam-found-dead-at-home Former Hong Kong actress Yammie Lam found dead at home]</ref> *[[Kenny Marks]], 67, American Christian music singer, heart attack.<ref>[http://www.grootnieuwsradio.nl/k/n663/news/view/114422/80118/gospelzanger-kenny-marks-(67)-overleden.html Gospelzanger Kenny Marks (67) overleden] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103210559/http://www.grootnieuwsradio.nl/k/n663/news/view/114422/80118/gospelzanger-kenny-marks-(67)-overleden.html |date=November 3, 2018 }} {{in lang|nl}}</ref> *[[Willie McCovey]], 80, American [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum|Hall of Fame]] baseball player ([[San Francisco Giants]], [[Oakland Athletics]], [[San Diego Padres]]), infection.<ref>[https://abc7news.com/sports/san-francisco-giants-legend-willie-mccovey-dies/4591742/ San Francisco Giants legend Willie McCovey dies]</ref> *[[Dana G. Mead]], 82, American businessman.<ref>[https://news.mit.edu/2018/dana-mead-former-chair-mit-dies-1109 Dana Mead PhD '67, former chair of the MIT Corporation, dies at 82]</ref> *[[Jack Patera]], 85, American football player ([[Dallas Cowboys]], [[Chicago Cardinals]]) and coach ([[Seattle Seahawks]]), pancreatic cancer.<ref>[https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/seahawks/jack-patera-first-coach-of-seahawks-dies-at-age-85/ Jack Patera, first coach of Seahawks, dies at age 85]</ref> *[[Teodoro Petkoff]], 86, Venezuelan journalist and politician, Minister of the Central Office of Coordination and Planning (1996–1999).<ref>[https://elpais.com/internacional/2018/10/31/america/1541009780_526001.html Fallece el reconocido político y periodista venezolano Teodoro Petkoff] {{in lang|es}}</ref> *[[Hamdi Qandil]], 82, Egyptian journalist.<ref>[http://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/59804/Veteran-journalist-news-anchor-Hamdi-Qandil-dies-at-82 Veteran journalist, news anchor Hamdi Qandil dies at 82]</ref> *[[Ken Shellito]], 78, English football player ([[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]]) and manager.<ref>[https://www.nst.com.my/sports/football/2018/10/426797/ex-sabah-coach-ken-shellito-passes-away Ex-Sabah coach Ken Shellito passes away]</ref> *[[Roger Bootle-Wilbraham, 7th Baron Skelmersdale]], 73, British politician, member of the [[House of Lords]] (since 1974).<ref>[http://announcements.telegraph.co.uk/deaths/228527/skelmersdale Skelmersdale]</ref> *[[Mariasilvia Spolato]], 83, Italian academic, LGBT activist and author, complications from a stroke.<ref>[https://www.stol.it/Artikel/Chronik-im-Ueberblick/Lokal/Nach-bewegtem-Leben-Mariasilvia-Spolato-gestorben Nach bewegtem Leben: Mariasilvia Spolato gestorben] {{in lang|de}}</ref> *[[Tony Streather]], 92, British army officer and mountaineer.<ref>[http://announcements.telegraph.co.uk/deaths/228451/streather Streather]</ref> *[[Wolfgang Zuckermann]], 96, German-born American harpsichord maker and sustainability activist.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/23/obituaries/wolfgang-zuckermann-dead.html Wolfgang Zuckermann, Harpsichord Do-It-Yourselfer, Dies at 96]</ref> ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} {{Navbox deaths}} [[Category:2018 deaths|*2018-10]] [[Category:Lists of deaths in 2018| 10]] 47rgxqt926kiobha0wzrvdpc6s0skyc 0 122864 540857 540345 2022-08-28T18:12:35Z Mwbot-rs test 52001 Test suite edit wikitext text/x-wiki It has been 1661710355 seconds since the epoch. c9mw1z2ah95b12xun81wt04gnuhud7s 540858 540857 2022-08-28T18:13:23Z Mwbot-rs test 52001 Test suite edit wikitext text/x-wiki It has been 1661710403 seconds since the epoch. n4zpo58u5tp130f9qm0y8vekzfmmogb 540859 540858 2022-08-28T18:22:00Z Mwbot-rs test 52001 Test suite edit wikitext text/x-wiki It has been 1661710920 seconds since the epoch. djjwdu6shr3rd89m41putkgm82bds3b 2 122867 540637 498590 2022-08-28T15:36:48Z Daniuu 48803 Check wikitext text/x-wiki ===Log of sysop actions on testwiki=== {{User:Daniuu/sysop}} 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{{PhotographerWikiportrait|Paul|Van Welden|Photographs by Paul Van Welden}} {{PhotographerWikiportrait|Bowie|Verschuuren|Photographs by Bowie Verschuuren}} d86kptw3n2wkoxvy6imn7y5xex7r0zt 541036 540642 2022-08-29T09:15:30Z Daniuu 48803 check wikitext text/x-wiki ===Log of sysop actions on testwiki=== {{User:Daniuu/sysop}} ===Wikiportrait stuff=== {{PhotographerWikiportrait|Dick|van Aalst|Photographs by Dick van Aalst}} {{PhotographerWikiportrait|Jan Harm|Bakhuys|Photographs by Jan Harm Bakhuys}} {{PhotographerWikiportrait|René|Balke|Photographs by René Balke}} {{PhotographerWikiportrait|Tom|Beetz|Photographs by Tom Beetz}} {{PhotographerWikiportrait|Marco|Borggreve|Photographs by Marco Borggreve}} {{PhotographerWikiportrait|Valère|Cools|Images by Valère Cools}} {{PhotographerWikiportrait|Fred|Debrock|Photographs by Fred Debrock}} {{PhotographerWikiportrait|Dick|van Aalst|Photographs by Fred Debrock}} {{PhotographerWikiportrait|Brian|op de Dijk|Images by Brian op de Dijk}} 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{{PhotographerWikiportrait|Brian|op de Dijk|Images by Brian op de Dijk}} {{PhotographerWikiportrait|André|Miltenburg|Photographs by André Miltenburg}} {{PhotographerWikiportrait|Filip|Naudts|Photographs by Filip Naudts}} {{PhotographerWikiportrait|Frank|van Oortmerssen|Photographs by Frank van Oortmerssen}} {{PhotographerWikiportrait|Joeri|Peeters|Photographs by Joeri Peeters}} {{PhotographerWikiportrait|Urs|Keller|Photographs by Urs Keller}} {{PhotographerWikiportrait|Thijs|Ruiter|Photographs by Thijs Ruiter (Wikiportrait uploads)}} {{PhotographerWikiportrait|Otto|van den Toorn|Photographs by Otto van den Toorn}} {{PhotographerWikiportrait|Paul|Van Welden|Photographs by Paul Van Welden}} {{PhotographerWikiportrait|Bowie|Verschuuren|Photographs by Bowie Verschuuren}} [[File:Emmanuel Macron (cropped).jpg|400px]] ir958ezayupgj6zcrpkmrcppsihsz1j 1 123022 540998 539154 2022-08-29T05:46:15Z NovemBot 52214 /* #Test */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Requested move 22 November 2021 == {{requested 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Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 01:39, 19 August 2022 (UTC) == New Section == Test [[User:NovemBot|NovemBot]] ([[User talk:NovemBot|talk]]) 05:46, 29 August 2022 (UTC) pyxfj3zrv0naymodd2lmmlld3xu0vpx 540999 540998 2022-08-29T05:47:02Z NovemBot 52214 wikitext text/x-wiki == Requested move 22 November 2021 == {{requested move/dated|Article}} [[:Mainspace]] → {{no redirect|Article}} – Reason [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 06:02, 22 November 2021 (UTC) == Requested move 22 November 2021 == {{requested move/dated|Article}} [[:Mainspace]] → {{no redirect|Article}} – Reason [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 06:02, 22 November 2021 (UTC) == Requested move 23 November 2021 == {{requested move/dated|Article}} [[:Mainspace]] → {{no redirect|Article}} – Reason [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 09:30, 23 November 2021 (UTC) == Requested move 24 November 2021 == {{requested move/dated|Test}} [[:Mainspace]] → {{no redirect|Test}} – Reason [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 14:52, 24 November 2021 (UTC) == Test#Test == Test [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 01:38, 19 August 2022 (UTC) == #Test == Test [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 01:39, 19 August 2022 (UTC) == New Section == Test [[User:NovemBot|NovemBot]] ([[User talk:NovemBot|talk]]) 05:46, 29 August 2022 (UTC) == Testing == Test [[User:NovemBot|NovemBot]] ([[User talk:NovemBot|talk]]) 05:47, 29 August 2022 (UTC) 510c9mj3fqh8wdmt1214umlgogvppik 541000 540999 2022-08-29T05:48:11Z 98.149.119.230 test wikitext text/x-wiki == Requested move 22 November 2021 == {{requested move/dated|Article}} [[:Mainspace]] → {{no redirect|Article}} – Reason [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 06:02, 22 November 2021 (UTC) == Requested move 22 November 2021 == {{requested move/dated|Article}} [[:Mainspace]] → {{no redirect|Article}} – Reason [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 06:02, 22 November 2021 (UTC) == Requested move 23 November 2021 == {{requested move/dated|Article}} [[:Mainspace]] → {{no redirect|Article}} – Reason [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 09:30, 23 November 2021 (UTC) == Requested move 24 November 2021 == {{requested move/dated|Test}} [[:Mainspace]] → {{no redirect|Test}} – Reason [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 14:52, 24 November 2021 (UTC) == Test#Test == Test [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 01:38, 19 August 2022 (UTC) == #Test == Test [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 01:39, 19 August 2022 (UTC) == New Section == Test [[User:NovemBot|NovemBot]] ([[User talk:NovemBot|talk]]) 05:46, 29 August 2022 (UTC) == Testing == Test [[User:NovemBot|NovemBot]] ([[User talk:NovemBot|talk]]) 05:47, 29 August 2022 (UTC) == Another test == Test [[Special:Contributions/98.149.119.230|98.149.119.230]] 05:48, 29 August 2022 (UTC) 51edv1qvv642lra4ee48oplpt6ybltu 0 123212 541021 518797 2022-08-29T07:09:14Z InternetArchiveBot 34092 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | name = ITerating | logo = ITerating.jpg | logo_size = 200px | foundation = [[New York City]], [[United States|USA]] (2005) | location_city = [[New York City]] | location_country = USA | key_people = [[Nicolas Vandenberghe]], CEO<br />[[Larry Augustin]], Venture Investor | industry = [[Software]] | homepage = [http://www.iterating.com/ www.iterating.com] }} '''ITerating''' was a Wiki-based [[software]] guide, where users could find, compare and give [[reviews]] to software products. As of January 2021 the domain is listed as being for sale and the website no longer on-line. Founded in October 2005, and based in New York, ITerating was created by [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] Nicolas Vandenberghe, who saw that there was an industry need for a comprehensive resource to help evaluate software solutions.<ref>http://www.itmanagersjournal.com/feature/24456 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615095649/http://www.itmanagersjournal.com/feature/24456 |date=2007-06-15 }} IT Manager’s Journal</ref> The site aims to be a reference guide for the IT industry and includes reviews, ratings, articles, and detailed product feature comparisons. ITerating uses [[Semantic Web]] tools (including RDF - [[Resource Description Framework]]) to combine user edits with Web service feeds from other sites.<ref>http://www.ddj.com/architect/201802233 Dr. Dobb's - Semantic Web Service Launched by Iterating</ref> Designed for use by [[real estate developers|developers]] and industry consultants, ITerating allows users to contribute to categories such as Software Engineering Tools; Website Design & Tools; Website Software Tools; Website & Communication Applications & Social Networking; or to create their own category if does not exist yet.<ref>[http://www.linuxpr.com/releases/9755.html Linux Today ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613204900/http://www.linuxpr.com/releases/9755.html |date=2007-06-13 }} PR RELEASE</ref> ==Wiki Matrix== Iterating announced the addition of a Feature Matrix in June 2007, which allows users to dynamically create customized, side-by-side feature comparisons of software solutions.<ref>http://ajax.sys-con.com/read/387628.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930202149/http://ajax.sys-con.com/read/387628.htm |date=2007-09-30 }} Ajax World Magazine</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Iterating}} [[Category:Online databases]] [[Category:Computing websites]] [[Category:Software companies based in New York (state)]] [[Category:Software companies of the United States]] 1f5di1gbmah0ivfa2kl83hr8lg788bd 2 124239 540795 540325 2022-08-28T17:00:13Z SongVĩ.Bot II 52414 [[User:SongVĩ.Bot II|Task 0]]: Đã 244 ngày... wikitext text/x-wiki Cập nhật lần cuối: 28-08-2022 Đã 244 ngày... r6je53k9leajy0l5wec91bhgj77c69y 3 124913 540973 539655 2022-08-29T01:33:35Z MediaWiki message delivery 23852 /* Wikipedia translation of the week: 2022-35 */ new section wikitext text/x-wiki == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2022-10 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2022 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Day of the National Flag (Ukraine)]]'''<br /><small>''([[:uk:День Державного Прапора України]]) ''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Flag of Ukraine.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> August 23 every year since 2004 <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:57, 7 March 2022 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=22918026 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #510 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/EnvlhBot 3|EnvlhBot 3]]. Task/s: add dictionaries IDs to French lexemes ** Closed request for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/IndoBot|IndoBot]] (Approved). Task/s: I would like to import all Indonesian schools, more than 100000. The data includes school type, location, and coordinates as well as external identifiers * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming: *** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Data Reuse Days 2022|Data Reuse Days]], on March 14-24: you can select the sessions you'd like to join among the 35 presentations, workshops and discussions [https://diff.wikimedia.org/calendar/month/2022-03/?tribe_tags%5B0%5D=13446 in the schedule]. *** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish_online_editathon#Träff_#99|Online Wikidata meetup in Swedish #99]], March 13th at 13.00 UTC *** LIVE Wikidata editing #74 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BYJg7RVCamY YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/3190202094598279/ Facebook], March 12th at 19:00 UTC *** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group/Wikibase and WBStack Working Hours|LD4 Wikibase Working Hour]]. Presentation and discussion: "Introduction to Linked Open Data Strategy with Lea Voget, Head, Product Management WMDE". Lea is not only the team lead of product, project and program managers at WMDE, she is also one of the main thinkers behind the Linked Open Data strategy. When: 11 March 2022, 11AM-12PM Eastern US ([https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/converter.html?iso=20220311T160000&p1=179&p2=64&p3=75&p4=224&p5=136&p6=tz_cet Time zone converter]). Registration: [https://columbiauniversity.zoom.us/meeting/register/tJcoc-mqpzssE9RT2GTDHFgGkEpW5nJ7i3ki Registration link] *** Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call: Associate Librarian Stacy Allison-Cassin and her students on Wikidata in the classroom. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/13Tl0ox1wh4T9dXagcidt9EspR8am29n9DamGggxczF0/edit?usp=sharing Agenda] *** [https://www.salernonotizie.it/2022/03/02/unisa-centro-bibliotecario-in-prima-linea-contro-il-divario-di-genere/ Art+Feminism editathon at the University Library Center of the University of Salerno]. 8 March 2022 *** [https://tech.ebu.ch/events/2022/wikidata-workshop Wikidata workshop, held in collaboration with IPTC and explores the use of Wikidata concepts when dealing with metadata in media applications]. Timing: from 10:00 to 18:00 CET. With presentations from: Yle, RAI, France TV, IPTC, Gruppo RES, Media Press, Perfect Memory, New York Times, NTB, Imatrics. ** Ongoing: Weekly Lexemes Challenge #33, [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=32 Ukraine] ** Past: *** LIVE Wikidata editing #73 #opendataday - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JHJwelcuaT0 YouTube] *** NFDI InfraTalk: Wikibase - knowledge graphs for RDM in NFDI4Culture - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RPMkuDxHJtI YouTube] (March 7, 4:00 PM CEST) * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Videos *** Creating a new item on Wikidata (in Italian) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9PfmVx4ai9c YouTube] *** Connecting Wikidata with OpenStreetMap (in Italian) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GMvSo_gmsA4 YouTube] *** Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons (in French) - YouTube: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=10D7GrFAYAc 1], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BY2XUh-8EG4 2], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BjZ8iNSPiJo 3]. * '''Tool of the week''' **[https://wikxhibit.org Wikxhibit] is a tool that allows anyone, even non-programmers, to create cool presentations of Wikidata, and other sources of data on the web, only using HTML and without any additional programming. Are you interested in creating presentations of Wikidata? We would like to understand your experience with Wikidata to better improve our tool. It would help if you can fill out our survey https://mit.co1.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_cvZKKlRu2S7C9Fk * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** Wikidata dumps: Due to technical issues the JSON and RDF dumps for the week of March 1st couldn't be properly generated ([[phab:T300255#7746418]]). The situation is expected to get back to normal this week. ** [[d:Q111111111|Item with QID 111,111,111]] was created ** Job openings: *** The development team at WMDE is looking for a Senior Software Engineer to develop and improve the software behind the Wikidata project. [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/4361894/Senior-Software-Engineer-Wikidata-m-f-d-/?jobDbPVId=41562318&l=en Apply here]! *** The WMF Search Platform team is looking for someone to maintain and develop Wikidata Query Service. [https://boards.greenhouse.io/wikimedia/jobs/3975337 Apply here]! *** {{Q|233098}} is looking for someone for project- and data management especially for Wikidata related stuff about the museums collections [https://jobs.museumfuernaturkunde.berlin/jobposting/17300b246428c9403602628eb5937f770c4c29a2 Job Description (German)] * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P10408|created during]], [[:d:Property:P10422|Ghana Place Names URL]], [[:d:Property:P10449|trained by]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P10394|Old-Games.RU ID]], [[:d:Property:P10395|Strongman Archives athlete ID]], [[:d:Property:P10396|SBN work ID]], [[:d:Property:P10397|SBN place ID]], [[:d:Property:P10398|Kanobu numeric game ID]], [[:d:Property:P10399|St. Sergius Institute authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P10400|CBDB.cz author ID]], [[:d:Property:P10401|CBDB.cz book ID]], [[:d:Property:P10402|ULI ID]], [[:d:Property:P10403|NLC Bibliography ID]], [[:d:Property:P10404|LMHL author ID]], [[:d:Property:P10405|Biographisches Portal der Rabbiner ID]], [[:d:Property:P10406|Latvia water body classification code]], [[:d:Property:P10407|Encyclopedia of Database Systems ID]], [[:d:Property:P10409|UKÄ standard classification of Swedish science topics 2011]], [[:d:Property:P10410|QQ Music singer ID]], [[:d:Property:P10411|PubCRIS product number]], [[:d:Property:P10412|PKULaw CLI Code]], [[:d:Property:P10413|NVE glacier ID]], [[:d:Property:P10414|iXBT Games ID]], [[:d:Property:P10415|TVSA actor ID]], [[:d:Property:P10416|Künstlerdatenbank ID]], [[:d:Property:P10417|Culture.ru person ID]], [[:d:Property:P10418|Naver VIBE track ID]], [[:d:Property:P10419|LastDodo-area-identifier]], [[:d:Property:P10420|Index to Organism Names ID]], [[:d:Property:P10421|ELF code]], [[:d:Property:P10423|Historical Topography of Cultural Heritage object ID]], [[:d:Property:P10424|Refuge.tokyo video game ID]], [[:d:Property:P10425|Trip.com hotel ID]], [[:d:Property:P10426|tiket.com hotel ID]], [[:d:Property:P10427|PegiPegi Hotel ID]], [[:d:Property:P10428|parliament.uk member ID]], [[:d:Property:P10429|RODI-DB player ID]], [[:d:Property:P10430|HockeySlovakia.sk player ID]], [[:d:Property:P10431|Portable Antiquities Scheme object type identifier]], [[:d:Property:P10432|MovieMeter series ID]], [[:d:Property:P10433|Gesher Theatre Archive person ID]], [[:d:Property:P10434|Gesher Theatre Archive play ID]], [[:d:Property:P10435|Euro NCAP ID]], [[:d:Property:P10436|Drammen city encyclopedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P10437|GoHa.ru ID]], [[:d:Property:P10438|Norwegian thesaurus on genre and form identifier]], [[:d:Property:P10439|Qichacha firm ID]], [[:d:Property:P10440|WorldFootball.net match ID]], [[:d:Property:P10441|Michigan Legislative Bio ID]], [[:d:Property:P10442|hostelworld hostel ID]], [[:d:Property:P10443|Viciebsk Encyclopedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P10444|Encyclopedia of Russian avant-garde ID]], [[:d:Property:P10445|NetEase Music artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P10446|Chgk person ID]], [[:d:Property:P10447|Pamyat Naroda ID]], [[:d:Property:P10448|Traveloka hotel ID]], [[:d:Property:P10450|police zone ID (Belgium)]], [[:d:Property:P10451|Berlin Street ID]], [[:d:Property:P10452|Renacyt ID]], [[:d:Property:P10453|VGTimes ID]], [[:d:Property:P10454|CineCartaz film ID]], [[:d:Property:P10455|JeuxActu ID]], [[:d:Property:P10456|Urban Electric Transit country ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Агрегатируется с|Агрегатируется с]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Observer|Observer]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/traveloka activities ID|traveloka activities ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/tiket to-do ID|tiket to-do ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TEIS ID|TEIS ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OBD Memorial ID|OBD Memorial ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hrono.ru article ID|Hrono.ru article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/db.narb.by ID|db.narb.by ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Shopee Shop ID|Shopee Shop ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Grab Food ID|Grab Food ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/US trademark serial number|US trademark serial number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Scottish Built Ships ID|Scottish Built Ships ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/trivago hotel ID|trivago hotel ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/skyscanner hotel ID|skyscanner hotel ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Agoda Hotel Numeric ID|Agoda Hotel Numeric ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/pravo.gov.ru ID|pravo.gov.ru ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NGO Darpan ID|NGO Darpan ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Library of Parliament of Canada riding ID|Library of Parliament of Canada riding ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Booking.com numeric ID|Booking.com numeric ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WIPO Pearl term ID|WIPO Pearl term ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/United Russia member ID|United Russia member ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Repetti on-line ID|Repetti on-line ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nice Classification ID|Nice Classification ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IxTheo ID|IxTheo ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/4uRW Use of free software license for describing software] ([https://twitter.com/imakefoss/status/1499320677035356161 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/4uH4 Count of latest available Twitter follower count for different programming languages] ([https://twitter.com/imakefoss/status/1499040164324294661 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/4uDw Timeline of programming languages and their paradigms] ([https://twitter.com/imakefoss/status/1499000390456684545 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/4uyY Most popular programming language on Wikipedia with multilingual articles] ([https://twitter.com/imakefoss/status/1500077433567027200 source]) *** [[d:User:Märt Põder/Russian TV channels from and about Russia|Russian TV channels from and about Russia]] ([https://twitter.com/trtram/status/1498561371595804673 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/4uvo Places of birth of people named "Désirée"] ([https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Q919943&uselang=en source]) *** [https://w.wiki/4vAW People in the Père-Lachaise cemetery who were born in a city that is or was in Ukraine] ([https://twitter.com/Pyb75/status/1500405994723188736 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/4uTb Properties linking between a church and its saint] ([https://twitter.com/belett/status/1499370059466256392 source]) * '''Development''' ** Data Reuse Days: Preparing for the upcoming [[d:Wikidata:Events/Data Reuse Days 2022|Data Reuse Days]]. Join us! A lot of exciting sessions are coming together. ** Lexicographical data: Continued work on the new Special:NewLexeme page. We are getting close to the point where it can create a Lexeme. ** REST API: Continuing to work on the first endpoint to read Item data. [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2022 03 07|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 14:23, 7 March 2022 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=22912023 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Tech News: 2022-10]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * There was a problem with some interface labels last week. It will be fixed this week. This change was part of ongoing work to simplify the support for skins which do not have active maintainers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301203] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W10"/> 21:16, 7 March 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22958074 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': February 2022 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XII, Issue II, February 2022</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Traditional Food Photography * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Shakespeare is dead - Contemporary playwriting festival; Public Domain Day Belgium 2022 (10/02) report * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/Estonia report|Estonia report]]: An examples of a visual storytelling – two virtual exhibitions * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/France report|France report]]: Wikimedian in Residence in Clermont Auvergne * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: New agreement for Wiki Loves Monument Italy 2022 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: Traditional Food Photography * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: New photo collections of Alkmaar, Wiki goes Caribbean meeting, contemporary art Wikidata import and knowledge platform for GLAMS * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: National Digital Forum and Editing in a Time of COVID * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: 1Lib1Ref 2022 Kwara * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: New GLAM-Wiki partnerships and cooperations * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: A month in the sign of 1Lib1Ref * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Additional photos from Swedish missionairies; Historical maps of Ukraine * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Khalili Collections * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/Ukraine report|Ukraine report]]: Stand with Ukraine! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Women's History Month activities * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: February in AvoinGLAM * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: Encyclopaedia of Life release their 2 million species descriptions under CC0 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: Editing SDC with OpenRefine; Monthly OpenRefine and Wikimedia office hours * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: March's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2022/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 16:19, 12 March 2022 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=22892827 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2022-11 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2022 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Hermila Galindo]]'''<br /><small>''([[:es:Hermila Galindo]]) ''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Portrait of Hermila Galindo.png|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Hermila Galindo Acosta''' (also known as Hermila Galindo de Topete) (2 June 1886 – 18 August 1954) was a Mexican feminist and a writer. She was an early supporter of many radical feminist issues, primarily sex education in schools, women's suffrage, and divorce. She was one of the first feminists to state that Catholicism in Mexico was thwarting feminist efforts, and was the first woman to run for elected office in Mexico. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:23, 14 March 2022 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=22964474 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #511 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming *** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Data Reuse Days 2022|Data Reuse Days]], on March 14-24: you can select the sessions you'd like to join among the many presentations, workshops and discussions [https://diff.wikimedia.org/calendar/month/2022-03/?tribe_tags%5B0%5D=13446 in the schedule]. You can also look at [[d:Wikidata:Project_chat/Archive/2022/03#Data_Reuse_Days:_35_sessions_to_discover_how_Wikidata's_data_is_reused_in_cool_projects|a selection of sessions]] based on your areas of interest. *** LIVE Wikidata editing #75 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4y8YKy-RA-E YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/3195074454111043/ Facebook], March 19th at 19:00 UTC *** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish_online_editathon#Träff_#98|Online Wikidata meetup in Swedish #100(!)]], March 20th at 13.00 UTC *** [[d:Wikidata:Events#Wikidata_bug_triage_hour|Bug Triage Hour focused on data reuse]], March 23rd *** [https://www.facebook.com/SQWikimediansUG/posts/1353788765045262 Wikidata 101 workshop] (in Albanian language) March 15th at 10 o'clock at the Faculty of Economics, University of Tirana *** [https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ontotext-webinar---graphdb-as-company-data-central-301499365.html Ontotext Webinar - GraphDB as Company Data Central] - "How GraphDB can help you create a graph model of your data and enrich it with reference data". March 17th ** Ongoing: Weekly Lexemes Challenge #33, [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=33 Furniture] * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Blogs *** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/tour-de-frances-history-at-a-glance History of the Tour de France]: a notebook to explore the history of the tour de France in three charts. *** [https://zenodo.org/record/6347127#.Yi0CNn_MKV4 A dataset of scholarly journals in wikidata : (selected) external identifiers] *** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/03/06/getting-all-the-government-agencies-of-the-world-structured-in-wikidata/ Getting all the government agencies of the world structured in Wikidata] ** Papers *** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2202.14035.pdf ParaNames: A Massively Multilingual Entity Name Corpus] (built using Wikidata) ** Videos *** Breton Lexicographic data SPARQL queries (in French) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A_w-ldZRDGU YouTube] *** Wikidata SPARQL session (in French) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=93Pttug3DL0 YouTube] *** moreIdentifiers UseAsRef gadget (in Italian) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QMOaziJdGHo YouTube] *** Wikidata working hour - QuickStatements (in Italian) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NQKy-z9RXNI YouTube] *** Graph data formats: Common RDF vocabularies (in Czech) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KcAFlv2cyBY YouTube] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [[d:User:Nikki/LexemeTranslations.js|User:Nikki/LexemeTranslations.js]] is a userscript that shows translations for a lexeme. The translations are inferred from statements on senses, such as [[:d:Property:P5137|item for this sense (P5137)]]. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** WDQS outage on 06 March: users may have unexpectedly had requests blocked. Incident report [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2022-03-06_wdqs-categories here]. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P10422|Ghana Place Names URL]], [[:d:Property:P10449|trained by]], [[:d:Property:P10464|KLADR ID]], [[:d:Property:P10476|identifies]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P10415|TVSA actor ID]], [[:d:Property:P10416|Künstlerdatenbank ID]], [[:d:Property:P10417|Culture.ru person ID]], [[:d:Property:P10418|Naver VIBE track ID]], [[:d:Property:P10419|LastDodo-area-identifier]], [[:d:Property:P10420|Index to Organism Names ID]], [[:d:Property:P10421|ELF code]], [[:d:Property:P10423|Historical Topography of Cultural Heritage object ID]], [[:d:Property:P10424|Refuge.tokyo video game ID]], [[:d:Property:P10425|Trip.com hotel ID]], [[:d:Property:P10426|tiket.com hotel ID]], [[:d:Property:P10427|PegiPegi Hotel ID]], [[:d:Property:P10428|parliament.uk member ID]], [[:d:Property:P10429|RODI-DB player ID]], [[:d:Property:P10430|HockeySlovakia.sk player ID]], [[:d:Property:P10431|Portable Antiquities Scheme object type identifier]], [[:d:Property:P10432|MovieMeter series ID]], [[:d:Property:P10433|Gesher Theatre Archive person ID]], [[:d:Property:P10434|Gesher Theatre Archive play ID]], [[:d:Property:P10435|Euro NCAP ID]], [[:d:Property:P10436|Drammen city encyclopedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P10437|GoHa.ru ID]], [[:d:Property:P10438|Norwegian thesaurus on genre and form identifier]], [[:d:Property:P10439|Qichacha firm ID]], [[:d:Property:P10440|WorldFootball.net match ID]], [[:d:Property:P10441|Michigan Legislative Bio ID]], [[:d:Property:P10442|hostelworld hostel ID]], [[:d:Property:P10443|Viciebsk Encyclopedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P10444|Encyclopedia of Russian avant-garde ID]], [[:d:Property:P10445|NetEase Music artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P10446|Chgk person ID]], [[:d:Property:P10447|Pamyat Naroda ID]], [[:d:Property:P10448|Traveloka hotel ID]], [[:d:Property:P10450|police zone ID (Belgium)]], [[:d:Property:P10451|Berlin Street ID]], [[:d:Property:P10452|Renacyt ID]], [[:d:Property:P10453|VGTimes ID]], [[:d:Property:P10454|CineCartaz film ID]], [[:d:Property:P10455|JeuxActu ID]], [[:d:Property:P10456|Urban Electric Transit country ID]], [[:d:Property:P10457|Change.org decision maker ID]], [[:d:Property:P10458|Podchaser episode ID]], [[:d:Property:P10459|Rusactors actor ID]], [[:d:Property:P10460|Rusactors film ID]], [[:d:Property:P10461|Dumbarton Oaks object ID]], [[:d:Property:P10462|Encyclopedia of Russian America ID]], [[:d:Property:P10463|Dansk Navneleksikon ID]], [[:d:Property:P10465|CiteSeerX person ID]], [[:d:Property:P10466|CNKI author ID]], [[:d:Property:P10467|naturkartan.se ID]], [[:d:Property:P10468|HaBima Archive play ID]], [[:d:Property:P10469|HaBima Archive person ID]], [[:d:Property:P10470|Vedomosti company ID]], [[:d:Property:P10471|Grab Food restaurant ID]], [[:d:Property:P10472|Chinese School Identifier]], [[:d:Property:P10473|Drevo Encyclopedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P10474|svpressa.ru person ID]], [[:d:Property:P10475|GameMAG ID]], [[:d:Property:P10477|ICQ user ID]], [[:d:Property:P10478|Scottish Built Ships ID]], [[:d:Property:P10479|histrf.ru person ID]], [[:d:Property:P10480|symogih.org ID]], [[:d:Property:P10481|Mapping Manuscript Migrations manuscript ID]], [[:d:Property:P10482|US trademark serial number]], [[:d:Property:P10483|NLC Bibliography ID (foreign-language)]], [[:d:Property:P10484|GoFood restaurant ID]], [[:d:Property:P10485|Official Internet Portal of Legal Information ID]], [[:d:Property:P10486|Bavarian Monument Map Object-ID (building ensemble)]], [[:d:Property:P10487|skyscanner hotel ID]], [[:d:Property:P10488|NGO Darpan ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Observer|Observer]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant spectacle Les Archives du spectacle|identifiant spectacle Les Archives du spectacle]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Supports qualifier 2|Supports qualifier 2]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/franchisor|franchisor]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Exhibited Creator|Exhibited Creator]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/colocated with|colocated with]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/trivago hotel ID|trivago hotel ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Agoda Hotel Numeric ID|Agoda Hotel Numeric ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Library of Parliament of Canada riding ID|Library of Parliament of Canada riding ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Booking.com numeric ID|Booking.com numeric ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WIPO Pearl term ID|WIPO Pearl term ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/United Russia member ID|United Russia member ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Repetti on-line ID|Repetti on-line ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nice Classification ID|Nice Classification ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IxTheo ID|IxTheo ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of China ID (Third Edition)|Encyclopedia of China ID (Third Edition)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MovieMeter TV season ID|MovieMeter TV season ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MangaDex title ID|MangaDex title ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/1905.com film ID|1905.com film ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/1905.com star ID|1905.com star ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Stan Radar dossier ID|Stan Radar dossier ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Italian Women Writers ID|Italian Women Writers ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Championat.com ID|Championat.com ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Arachne entity ID|Arachne entity ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IRIS Friuli-Venezia Giulia IDs|IRIS Friuli-Venezia Giulia IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sport24.ru team ID|Sport24.ru team ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sport24.ru person ID|Sport24.ru person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SINGULART artist ID|SINGULART artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AlloCiné TV season ID|AlloCiné TV season ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Virginia Burgesses and Delegates Database ID|Virginia Burgesses and Delegates Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Arizona Legislators Then and Now ID|Arizona Legislators Then and Now ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VideoGameGeek developer ID|VideoGameGeek developer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ubereats store ID|ubereats store ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FamousFix topic ID|FamousFix topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FAOTERM ID|FAOTERM ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RSPA Ancient authors ID|RSPA Ancient authors ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RSPA Modern authors ID|RSPA Modern authors ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ImagesDéfense ID|ImagesDéfense ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Parcours de vies dans la Royale ID|Parcours de vies dans la Royale ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ILO code|ILO code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Culture.ru institutes ID|Culture.ru institutes ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Proza.ru author ID|Proza.ru author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Stihi.ru author ID|Stihi.ru author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TV Maze season ID|TV Maze season ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Virginia Tech Dendrology Factsheets ID|Virginia Tech Dendrology Factsheets ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Boobpedia ID|Boobpedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Leafsnap ID|Leafsnap ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/neftegaz.ru person ID|neftegaz.ru person ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/4wUf Properties describing Art UK artworks] ([https://twitter.com/heald_j/status/1502315047573495808 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/4wu3 Timeline of victims of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine] *** [https://w.wiki/4wPm Population of countries that share a border with Russia] ([https://twitter.com/Tagishsimon/status/1502208355263201284 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/4wGt Audio pronunciation of places in Wales] ([https://twitter.com/WIKI_NLW/status/1501955765782732800 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/4wDu Things with a national gallery of Scotland ID where the artist was or is a woman] ([https://twitter.com/lirazelf/status/1501915958289567745 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/4vm9 Software with gender information of developer, designer and the person named after] [https://twitter.com/jsamwrites/status/1501160556736172034 source] * '''Development''' ** Getting ready for Data Reuse Days ** Mismatch Finder: Discussing the next batches of potential mismatches with MusicBrainz data and some remaining Freebase data ** Lexicographical data: Continuing work on the basic version of the new Special:NewLexeme page, focusing on putting in the base data about the new Lexeme ** REST API: Continuing coding on the basic version of the GET Item endpoint [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2022 03 14|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 14:42, 14 March 2022 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=22991193 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Tech News: 2022-11]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the Wikipedia Android app [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/Communication#Updates|it is now possible]] to change the toolbar at the bottom so the tools you use more often are easier to click on. The app now also has a focused reading mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T296753][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254771] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with the collection of some page-view data from June 2021 to January 2022 on all wikis. This means the statistics are incomplete. To help calculate which projects and regions were most affected, relevant datasets are being retained for 30 extra days. You can [[m:Talk:Data_retention_guidelines#Added_exception_for_page_views_investigation|read more on Meta-wiki]]. * There was a problem with the databases on March 10. All wikis were unreachable for logged-in users for 12 minutes. Logged-out users could read pages but could not edit or access uncached content then. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2022-03-10_MediaWiki_availability] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * When [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System_message#Finding_messages_and_documentation|using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>uselang=qqx</code></bdi> to find localisation messages]], it will now show all possible message keys for navigation tabs such as "{{int:vector-view-history}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300069] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Access to [[{{#special:RevisionDelete}}]] has been expanded to include users who have <code dir=ltr>deletelogentry</code> and <code dir=ltr>deletedhistory</code> rights through their group memberships. Before, only those with the <code dir=ltr>deleterevision</code> right could access this special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301928] * On the [[{{#special:Undelete}}]] pages for diffs and revisions, there will be a link back to the main Undelete page with the list of revisions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284114] '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has announced the IP Masking implementation strategy and next steps. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#feb25|announcement can be read here]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Android FAQ|Wikipedia Android app]] developers are working on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication|new functions]] for user talk pages and article talk pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T297617] '''Events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon 2022|Wikimedia Hackathon 2022]] will take place as a hybrid event on 20-22 May 2022. The Hackathon will be held online and there are grants available to support local in-person meetups around the world. Grants can be requested until 20 March. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W11"/> 22:08, 14 March 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22993074 --> == Growth Newsletter #20 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Growth team logo - Icon only.svg|right|frameless]] Welcome to the twentieth newsletter from the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|Growth team]]! The Growth team's objective is to work on software changes that help retain new contributors in Wikimedia projects. === Suggested edits === As of February, 300,000 suggested edits have been completed since the feature was first deployed in December 2019. '''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add a link|Add a link]]''' is the team's first structured task, deployed in May 2021. It has improved outcomes for newcomers. The team is now working on a second iteration based on community feedback and data analysis. Improvements will include: improved algorithmic suggestions, guardrails to prevent too many similar links to be added, and clearer encouragement for users to continue making edits. After adding these improvements, we will deploy this task to more Wikipedias. '''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add an image|Add an image]]''' is the second structured task built by our team. It was deployed in November 2021 to four pilot Wikipedias. This is a more challenging task for newcomers. However, it adds more value to articles (so far, over 1,000 images have been added). We are currently learning from communities and from the data on what is working well and what needs improvements. The project page contains [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add an image#design|links to interactive prototypes]]. We are very interested to [[mw:Talk:Growth|hear your thoughts on this idea]] as we build and test the early versions. We will soon deploy this task to more Wikipedias as a test. "Add a link" and "Add an image" now both have a limitation on how many of these tasks newcomers can do per day. It is meant to discourage careless newcomers from making too many problematic edits. === Positive reinforcement === Over the last two years, the Growth team has focused on building suggested edits: easy tasks for newcomers to start with. We have learned with this experience that these tasks help many newcomers to make their first edits. Now, the team is starting a new project : "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement|positive reinforcement]]". Its goal is to make newcomers proud of their editing and to make them want to come back for more of them. With the positive reinforcement project, we are considering three kinds of features: * '''Impact stats''': give newcomers the ability to see how many people read the articles they edit. * '''Leveling up''': encourage newcomers to progress from easier tasks to harder tasks. * '''Personalized praise''': encourage mentors and other editors to "thank" and award newcomers for good work. This project is just beginning, and we hope for community thoughts on the direction. We know that things can wrong if we offer the wrong incentives to newcomers, so we want to be careful. Please visit [[mw:Talk:Growth/Positive reinforcement|the talk page]] to help guide the project! === News for mentors === * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Mentor dashboard|mentor dashboard]] is available at all wikis. It helps mentors see who their mentees are and keep track of their activity. It is automatically activated [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list#create|where a list of mentors has been created]]. If you need assistance to create a list of mentors, please [[mw:talk:Growth|contact us]]. * The mentor dashboard has a new module: settings. It is now possible for mentors to define their status (active or away). They can specify the volume of questions they want to receive, and they can claim mentees in an easier way. It is also possible for mentors to quit, which will automatically reassign their mentees to other mentors. * We are [[phab:T287915|working on an ability]] for a mentee to opt-out (and back in) to having a mentor. * Previously, in the table that displays mentees activity, the filters displayed all mentees, even the ones with zero edits or lots of edits. [[phab:T301268|We have changed this]] so that only mentees with between 1 and 500 edits are visible by default. Mentors can change this value in their filters. * We are currently [[phab:T264343|working on a special page]] for mentors to sign-up. Some wikis have created userboxes that mentors can display on the user pages. If your wiki has one, please link it [[d:Q109498957|to Wikidata]]! === Scaling === Previously, at most Wikipedias, only 80% of newcomers were getting the Growth features. This was done for experimentation, to have a control group. We have changed this setting. Now 100% of new accounts at all Wikipedias get the Growth features ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ#pilot|except a few, kept as test wikis]]). We invite communities to update their onboarding documentation and tutorials. Please include the Growth features in it. To help you, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Account creation|we have created an help page]] that can be translated and adapted to your wiki. === How to help === Do you have questions about the Growth features? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ|This translatable FAQ]] contains answers to the most common questions about the Growth team work. We regularly update it. Interface translations are important for newcomers. Please help for your language, by [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translate&group=ext-growthexperiments&language=&filter=&action=translate translating or copyediting] interface translations for the Growth features. ''<small>'''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth team's newsletter]]''' prepared by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|the Growth team]] and posted by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[mw:Talk:Growth|Give feedback]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Growth team updates|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].</small>'' </div> 17:12, 16 March 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Growth_team_updates&oldid=23002302 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2022-12 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2022 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Farn-Sasan]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Bronze coin of Farn-Sasan.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Farn-Sasan''' was the last king of the Indo-Parthian Kingdom, ruling the region of Sakastan approximately from 210 to 226. Literary sources makes no mention of him, and he is only known through the coins he issued. He was defeated in 226 by the Sasanian ruler Ardashir I (r. 224–242), which marked the end of Indo-Parthian rule. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 06:29, 21 March 2022 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=23020670 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #512 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** New requests for permissions/Bot: *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/PodcastBot|PodcastBot]]. Task/s: Upload new podcast episodes, extract: title, part of the series, has quality (explicit episode), full work available at (mp3), production code, apple podcast episode id, spotify episode ID. Regex extraction: talk show guest, recording date (from description) *** [[Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/AradglBot|AradglBot]]. Task/s: Create between 100,000 and 200,000 new lexemes in Aragonese language Q8765 ** Closed request for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/EnvlhBot 3|EnvlhBot 3]] (approved). Task/s: add dictionaries IDs to French lexemes * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming *** Tuesday, March 22 at 9AM UTC: first [[c:Commons:OpenRefine#Join_OpenRefine_meetups_and_office_hours|online OpenRefine office hour]] for Wikimedians. [[c:Commons:OpenRefine#Join_OpenRefine_meetups_and_office_hours|Find the Zoom link and dates/times for next office hours here]]! *** Next [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Linked_Data_for_Production#LD4-Wikidata_Affinity_Group|Linked Data for Libraries LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call: Christian Boulanger on extracting open citation data for [https://www.lhlt.mpg.de/2514927/03-boulanger-legal-theory-graph legal theory graph project]. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1CD0DidHKOEP1uIw9xX8x2buualVRjYQmHu1oSMAwxVw/edit Agenda with call link], March 22. ** Ongoing: *** Weekly Lexemes Challenge #34, [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=34 Geometry] *** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Data Reuse Days 2022|Data Reuse Days]], on March 14-24: you can select the sessions you'd like to join among the many presentations, workshops and discussions [https://diff.wikimedia.org/calendar/month/2022-03/?tribe_tags%5B0%5D=13446 in the schedule]. For a recap of the event so far: **** a selection of sessions are recorded, you can find the [https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLduaHBu_3ejNaZk15ybdHNWY8z-FyunRm videos here] or [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/2022_03_21#Press,_articles,_blog_posts,_videos|below]] **** speakers will progressively add their slides in this [[commons:Category:Data_Reuse_Days_2022_presentations|Commons category]] **** all notes and Q&A of sessions are archived here: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Data_Reuse_Days_2022/Outcomes/notes|Wikidata:Events/Data Reuse Days 2022/Outcomes/notes]] * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Blogs *** [https://lucaswerkmeister.de/posts/2022/03/20/mw-lua-for-non-lua-programmers/ MediaWiki Lua for non-Lua programmers] by [[d:User:Lucas Werkmeister|Lucas Werkmeister]] *** [https://tech-news.wikimedia.de/en/2022/03/17/kohesio-eu-european-commission-goes-open-source/ Kohesio.eu: European Commission goes Open Source] ** Videos *** Ongoing DataReuseDays 2022 - YouTube **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hx1LXCqfD60&list=PLduaHBu_3ejNaZk15ybdHNWY8z-FyunRm&index=2 Lightning talks] **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qqQwC70Kyd8&list=PLduaHBu_3ejNaZk15ybdHNWY8z-FyunRm&index=3 Wikidata for performing and visual arts] **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ZXDdA5V0xE&list=PLduaHBu_3ejNaZk15ybdHNWY8z-FyunRm&index=4 Wikxhibit] **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L6KrBraWgdw&list=PLduaHBu_3ejNaZk15ybdHNWY8z-FyunRm&index=5 How to retrieve Wikidata’s data?] **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HqrEfvRo1iU&list=PLduaHBu_3ejNaZk15ybdHNWY8z-FyunRm&index=6 Best practices for reusing Wikidata’s data] **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7ChC1pplik&list=PLduaHBu_3ejNaZk15ybdHNWY8z-FyunRm&index=7 Building a simple web app using Wikidata data] **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kNDkajxN_mc&list=PLduaHBu_3ejNaZk15ybdHNWY8z-FyunRm&index=8 Biohackathon: report on reviewing Wikidata subsetting method] **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YnBgFeTIHgQ&list=PLduaHBu_3ejNaZk15ybdHNWY8z-FyunRm&index=9 GeneWiki: The Wikidata Integrator] *** Cartographier des données de Wikidata avec Umap (in French) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wbm4b1-XBmU YouTube] *** Mapping Einstein Researchers on Wikidata (in Portuguese) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oYCKLQRQmzQ YouTube] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [http://linkedpeople.net Linked People project] let's you explore the family trees of all known people at Wikipedia/Wikidata. ** [https://lubianat.github.io/gene-wordle/ Gene of the Day] (gene-wordle) uses Wikidata for gene names and crafting an answer list by number of sitelinks. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** There are Rapid Grants available for local meetups during the Wikimedia Hackathon 2022 from May 20-May 22. [[mw:Wikimedia_Hackathon_2022#Local_Meetup_Grants|Apply to host a social for your local community]]. The deadline to apply is March 27, 2022. ** [https://twitter.com/MagnusManske/status/1504079153246703618 Magnus made a recent Mix’n’match improvement]: List of Wikidata properties (incomplete) that could have a MnM catalog, to help create one, or tag as difficult etc. ** [[d:User:Andrew Gray|Andrew]] [https://twitter.com/generalising/status/1503477948057333767 put together a guide] to writing SPARQL queries for the Wikidata MPs project. [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject British Politicians/Building Queries|Wikidata:WikiProject British Politicians/Building Queries]] ** The [[d:Special:PermanentLink/1600003660#Proposed config change: remove changetags right from users|proposed config change]] to remove the <code>changetags</code> right from users – so that they can apply change tags to their own actions as they are made, but not change the tags of other actions after the fact anymore – has been deployed. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P10502|State Heraldic Register of the Russian Federation ID]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P10489|LDT @ Library Name Authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P10490|LDT @ Library Subject Terms Authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P10491|LDT @ Library Classification Authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P10492|USP Production Repository ID]], [[:d:Property:P10493|Transilien ID]], [[:d:Property:P10494|United Russia member ID]], [[:d:Property:P10495|MovieMeter TV season ID]], [[:d:Property:P10496|Joshua Project people group ID]], [[:d:Property:P10497|Moscow Street ID]], [[:d:Property:P10498|Moscow area ID]], [[:d:Property:P10499|vc.ru company ID]], [[:d:Property:P10500|Repetti on-line ID]], [[:d:Property:P10501|Cybersport.ru ID]], [[:d:Property:P10503|Québec Enterprise Number]], [[:d:Property:P10504|Discover Moscow ID]], [[:d:Property:P10505|ArTS author ID]], [[:d:Property:P10506|IRIS UNIUD author ID]], [[:d:Property:P10507|Game Informer ID]], [[:d:Property:P10508|Ligue 2 player ID]], [[:d:Property:P10509|Femiwiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P10510|Arachne entity ID]], [[:d:Property:P10511|VideoGameGeek developer ID]], [[:d:Property:P10512|Encyclopedia of Krasnoyarsk Krai ID]], [[:d:Property:P10513|Oregon State Parks ID]], [[:d:Property:P10514|Washington State Parks ID]], [[:d:Property:P10515|Sport24.ru person ID]], [[:d:Property:P10516|SINGULART artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P10517|eBru ID]], [[:d:Property:P10518|ICCROM authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P10519|Legal entity registered by the Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bhashakosha pp.|Bhashakosha pp.]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/local education level|local education level]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/hours per week|hours per week]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/education level|education level]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/time allocation|time allocation]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/grading system|grading system]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/grade|grade]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ISCED-ALevel|ISCED-ALevel]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ISCED category orientation|ISCED category orientation]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ISCED Broad Field|ISCED Broad Field]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ISCED Narrow Field|ISCED Narrow Field]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ISCED Detailed Field|ISCED Detailed Field]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/competency|competency]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/sessions per week|sessions per week]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/applies to work|applies to work]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/rack system|rack system]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/maintains consistent linking to|maintains consistent linking to]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kramerius of Regional Library in Pardubice UUID|Kramerius of Regional Library in Pardubice UUID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/USA Track & Field (www.usatf.org) athlete ID|USA Track & Field (www.usatf.org) athlete ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GuideStar India Organisations-ID|GuideStar India Organisations-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DACS ID (2022)|DACS ID (2022)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/marriott hotel ID|marriott hotel ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Epigraphie|identifiant Epigraphie]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Salzburger Literatur Netz ID|Salzburger Literatur Netz ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Literatur Netz Oberösterreich ID|Literatur Netz Oberösterreich ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CPNI ID|CPNI ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/QQ Music album ID|QQ Music album ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/QQ Music song ID|QQ Music song ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/eSbírky institution ID|eSbírky institution ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Atlante Beni Culturali Calabria item ID|Atlante Beni Culturali Calabria item ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Atlante Beni Culturali Calabria cultural place ID|Atlante Beni Culturali Calabria cultural place ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Zotero ID|Zotero ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/World of Waterfalls ID|World of Waterfalls ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/4yCg Signature images from Wikidata (change the view to “map” to see the signatures arranged by the person’s place of birth!] ([https://twitter.com/WikidataFacts/status/1504249791643013124 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/4x8g Count of UK lake items with a 'UK Lakes Portal ID' (P7548) property statement] ([https://twitter.com/Tagishsimon/status/1503581042812362754 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/4w$k Travel reports by Alfred Brehm as timeline] ([https://twitter.com/diedatenlaube/status/1503383657989517315 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/4yHx Timeline for the Apple "M" series of Systems on a Chip (SoC)] *** [https://w.wiki/4yCU Religion of men named “Maria” (as one of their given names)] ([https://twitter.com/sandpapier/status/1505611447048544256 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/4xyY Shortest rail link between Narvik and Singapore (passing through Finland and Kazakhstan]) *** [https://w.wiki/4yPA Map of institutions where "where people who studied there" have created written works whose main subject is knowledge graph (Q33002955), knowledge base (Q515701) and (Q33002955)] *** [https://w.wiki/4x75 Colonies of Africa with their or their “main state”’s official language and ISO code] * '''Development''' ** Lexicographical data: We're continuing with the work on the new Special:NewLexeme page. We worked on saving a valid new Lexeme with the new page. We are now focusing on the suggesters for language and lexical category so editors can select the right Item for them. ** Data Reuse Days: We ran sessions on how to use Wikidata's data programmatically and the best practices around it. Slides and videos are available already (see above). ** REST API: Continuing coding on the basic version of the GET Item endpoint. We have the very initial version of the get item endpoint ready and are now adding more parameters to it. [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2022 03 21|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 15:15, 21 March 2022 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=23022162 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Tech News: 2022-12]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Translations]] are available. '''New code release schedule for this week''' * There will be four MediaWiki releases this week, instead of just one. This is an experiment which should lead to fewer problems and to faster feature updates. The releases will be on all wikis, at different times, on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Release Engineering Team/Trainsperiment week|read more about this project]]. '''Recent changes''' * You can now set how many search results to show by default in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-searchoptions|your Preferences]]. This was the 12th most popular wish in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Results|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T215716] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Jupyter notebooks tool [[wikitech:PAWS|PAWS]] has been updated to a new interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295043] '''Future changes''' * Interactive maps via [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] will soon work on wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevisions]] extension. [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/Kartographer-Workflows-EN/ Please tell us] which improvements you want to see in Kartographer. You can take this survey in simple English. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W12"/> 16:01, 21 March 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23034693 --> == Books & Bytes – Issue 49 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style = "color: #936c29; font-size: 4em; font-family: Copperplate, 'Copperplate Gothic Light', serif"> [[File:Wikipedia Library owl.svg|80px|link=The Wikipedia Library]] '''The Wikipedia Library''' </div> <div style = "font-size: 1.5em; margin: 0 100px"> [[File:Bookshelf.jpg|right|175px]]</div> <div style = "line-height: 1.2"> <span style="font-size: 2em; font-family: Copperplate, 'Copperplate Gothic Light', serif">'''''Books & Bytes'''''</span><br /> Issue 49, January – February 2022 </div> <div style = "margin-top: 1.5em; border: 3px solid #ae8c55; border-radius: .5em; padding: 1em 1.5em; font-size: 1.2em"> * New library collections * Blog post published detailing technical improvements <big>'''[[:m:The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter/January-February_2022|Read the full newsletter]]'''</big> </div> </div> <small>Sent by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --10:06, 25 March 2022 (UTC)</small> <!-- Message sent by User:Samwalton9@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wikipedia_Library/Newsletter/Recipients&oldid=22905451 --> == This Month in Education: March 2022 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 11 • Issue 3 • March 2022</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2022|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2022/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2022/Arte+Feminismo Pilipinas:Advocacy on Women Empowerment|Arte+Feminismo Pilipinas:Advocacy on Women Empowerment]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2022/The edit-a-thon on Serbian Wikipedia on the occasion of Edu Wiki Week|The edit-a-thon on Serbian Wikipedia on the occasion of Edu Wiki Week]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2022/Call for Participation: Higher Education Survey|Call for Participation: Higher Education Survey]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2022/Collection of Good Practices in Wikipedia Education|Collection of Good Practices in Wikipedia Education]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2022/Conversation: Open education in the Wikimedia Movement views from Latin America|Conversation: Open education in the Wikimedia Movement views from Latin America]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2022/EduWiki Week 2022, celebrations and learnings|EduWiki Week 2022, celebrations and learnings]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2022/EduWiki Week in Armenia|EduWiki Week in Armenia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2022/Open Education Week at the Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León|Open Education Week at the Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2022/Wikipedia + Education Talk With Leonard Hagan|Wikipedia + Education Talk With Leonard Hagan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2022/Wikimedia Israel cooperates with Yad Vashem in developing a training course for teachers|Wikimedia Israel cooperates with Yad Vashem in developing a training course for teachers]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 16:58, 25 March 2022 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=23020683 --> == ''The Signpost'': 27 March 2022 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's weekly journal about Wikipedia and Wikimedia''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> * From the team: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-03-27/From the team|We stand in solidarity with Ukraine]] * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-03-27/News and notes|Of safety and anonymity]] * Eyewitness Wikimedian – Kharkiv, Ukraine: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-03-27/Eyewitness Wikimedian – Kharkiv, Ukraine|Countering Russian aggression with a camera]] * Eyewitness Wikimedian – Vinnytsia, Ukraine: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-03-27/Eyewitness Wikimedian – Vinnytsia, Ukraine|War diary]] * Eyewitness Wikimedian – Western Ukraine: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-03-27/Eyewitness Wikimedian – Western Ukraine|Working with Wikipedia helps]] * Disinformation report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-03-27/Disinformation report|The oligarchs' socks]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-03-27/In the media|Ukraine, Russia, and even some other stuff]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-03-27/Recent research|Top scholarly citers, lack of open access references, predicting editor departures]] * Wikimedian perspective: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-03-27/Wikimedian perspective|My heroes from Russia, Ukraine & beyond]] * Discussion report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-03-27/Discussion report|Athletes are less notable now]] * Technology report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-03-27/Technology report|2022 Wikimedia Hackathon]] * Arbitration report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-03-27/Arbitration report|Skeptics given heavenly judgement, whirlwind of Discord drama begins to spin for tropical cyclone editors]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-03-27/Traffic report|War, what is it good for?]] * Deletion report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-03-27/Deletion report|Ukraine, werewolves, Ukraine, YouTube pundits, and Ukraine]] * Gallery: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-03-27/Gallery|"All we are saying is, give peace a chance..."]] * From the archives: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-03-27/From the archives|Burn, baby burn]] * Essay: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-03-27/Essay|Yes, the sky is blue]] * Tips and tricks: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-03-27/Tips and tricks|Become a keyboard ninja]] * On the bright side: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-03-27/On the bright side|The bright side of news]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 20:53, 27 March 2022 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:Evad37/SPS]]) --></div></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=23068306 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2022-13 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2022 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Dummy tank]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Inflatable dummy weapons - NARA - 292565.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Dummy tanks''' superficially resemble real tanks and are often deployed as a means of military deception in the absence of real tanks. Early designs included wooden shells and inflatable props that could fool enemy intelligence; they were fragile and only believable from a distance. Modern designs are more advanced and can imitate heat signatures, making them more effective illusions. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:51, 28 March 2022 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=23058505 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #513 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming *** The [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/WBUG_2022.03.31 next Wikibase live session] is 15:00 UTC on Thursday 31st March 2022 (17:00 Berlin time). What are you working on around Wikibase? You're welcome to come and share your project with the community. *** [https://www.twitch.tv/belett Live Wikidata editing on Twitch] and in French by Vigneron, March 29 at 19:00 CEST (UTC+2) *** ArtandFeminism 2022 editathon by [[d:User:Achiri Bitamsimli|Achiri Bitamsimli]]. Theme: Add Dagbani labels and descriptions of female lawyers in West Africa. Date: April 1st, 2022 - March 8th, 2022. Location: Tamale College of Education, Ghana. Time: 9:00am — 9:00pm UTC. [https://artandfeminism.org/edit_a_thon/artandfeminism-2022-in-ghana-notable-female-lawyers-in-west-africa/ Register]. *** LIVE Wikidata editing #77 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9CqmS9jzEo YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/3206229169662238/ Facebook], April 2nd at 18:00 UTC *** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish_online_editathon#Träff_#102|Online Wikidata meetup in Swedish #102]], April 3rd at 12.00 UTC *** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Cultural_venues/Datathon|Cultural Venues Datathon]]: April 25 - May 2, 2022. This online editing event is organized by the Canadian Association for the Performing Arts, LaCogency and many partners, with support from Wikimedia Foundation Alliances Fund. Guided editing sessions will be facilitated [https://linkeddigitalfuture.ca/cultural-venues-datathon/ in English] and [https://linkeddigitalfuture.ca/fr/datathon-des-lieux-culturels/ in French]. *** The [[m:Celtic Knot Conference 2022|Celtic Knot Conference]], dedicated to underrepresented languages on the Wikimedia projects, with a focus on Wikidata, will take place online and onsite on July 1-2, 2022. ** Ongoing: *** Wikimedia Indonesia's ''Datathon'' program under [[m:Wikimedia Indonesia/Bulan Wiki Perempuan 2022|2022 Wiki Women's Month]] started on March 18th 18:00 UTC+7 and will last until March 25th 23:59 UTC+7. 70+ users enrollled. [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Indonesia/Kegiatan/Datathon|Page]]. ***Weekly Lexemes Challenge #35, [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=35 Water] ** Past: *** Two Wikidata Training (''Kelas Wikidata'') on [[m:Wikimedia Indonesia/Bulan Wiki Perempuan 2022|2022 Wiki Women's Month]] were held online on March 12th and 13th. *** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Data Reuse Days 2022|Data Reuse Days]]. For a recap of the event: **** a selection of sessions are recorded, you can find the [https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLduaHBu_3ejNaZk15ybdHNWY8z-FyunRm videos here] or [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/2022_03_28#Press,_articles,_blog_posts,_videos|below]] **** speakers will progressively add their slides in this [[commons:Category:Data_Reuse_Days_2022_presentations|Commons category]] **** all notes and Q&A of sessions are archived here: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Data_Reuse_Days_2022/Outcomes/notes|Wikidata:Events/Data Reuse Days 2022/Outcomes/notes]] * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Blogs *** [https://tech-news.wikimedia.de/en/2022/03/18/lexicographical-data-for-language-learners-the-wikidata-based-app-scribe/ Lexicographical Data for Language Learners: The Wikidata-based App Scribe] *** [https://wikimedia.org.au/wiki/Inaugural_Wikidata_Fellows_announced Inaugural Wikidata Fellows announced, Wikimedia Australia] *** [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2022/03/22/wikidatas-lexemes-sparked-this-librarians-interest/ Wikidata’s lexemes sparked this librarian’s interest] *** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/actress-singers-and-actor-singers-do-actresses-become-sing Actress-singers and actor-singers: do actresses become singers and singers become actors?] fact checking an intuition using Wikidata *** [https://americanart.si.edu/blog/wikidata-artists Building a Web of Knowledge Through Wikidata] ** Presentations *** [https://www.bjonnh.net/share/20220320_acs/ LOTUS, Beyond drug discovery: Breaking the boundaries of natural products information], at the {{Q|247556}} Spring 2022 meeting ** Papers *** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2202.11361.pdf "Exploratory Methods for Relation Discovery in Archival Data"] - a holistic approach to discover relations in art historical communities and enrich historians’ biographies and archival descriptions, based on Wikidata ** Videos *** DataReuseDays 2022 concluded. (see [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/2022_03_28#Events|past events above]] for a [https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLduaHBu_3ejNaZk15ybdHNWY8z-FyunRm full list of the recorded sessions]) *** A simple demonstration of search using QAnswer software for the disability wikibase knowledge graph - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LgCgEje-kiM YouTube] *** FAIR and Open multilingual clinical trials in Wikidata - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5yRhCENeezQ YouTube] *** Using Mix'n'match (in Italian) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gZ53x5GcfmE YouTube] *** A Triangular Connection Libraries' Wikidata projects on names, collections and users - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wqDgZJaVj20 YouTube] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [https://apps.apple.com/app/scribe-language-keyboards/id1596613886 Scribe] is a keyboard extension based on lexicographical data that can help users remember grammar rules (see [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/2022_03_28#Press,_articles,_blog_posts,_videos|blogpost above]]). ** [https://worldleh.talaios.coop/ WorldlEH] is a wordle clone in Basque. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** Status update about what was achieved for each of the Wikibase related 2021 development goals has been published: [[d:Wikidata:Development plan/archive2021/status updates|Wikidata:Development plan/archive2021/status updates]] ** Call for Mentors: [[Wikidata:Wiki_Mentor_Africa| Wiki Mentor Africa]] is a mentorship project for tool creators/contributors. Interested to become a mentor (experienced tool creators/contributors), please visit this [[Wikidata:Wiki_Mentor_Africa/Mentor%27s_Room| page]]! ** Wikidata now has over 1,600,000,000 edits! The milestone edit was made by [[d:User:Ruky Wunpini|Ruky Wunpini]]. ** [https://www.kb.nl/over-ons/projecten/wikipedia-wikimedia The Dutch National Library has a new website with more info on their use of the Wikimedia Projects including their work with Wikidata]. ** 2 months paid internship vacancy is available for Wikimedia Indonesia technology division. Registration is open until March 27th. [https://twitter.com/wikidataid/status/1506113550460530691 Announcement]. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P10527|documentation files at]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P10516|SINGULART artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P10517|eBru ID]], [[:d:Property:P10518|ICCROM authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P10519|Legal entity registered by the Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic ID]], [[:d:Property:P10520|Rekhta book ID]], [[:d:Property:P10521|ILO code]], [[:d:Property:P10522|reddoorz hotel ID]], [[:d:Property:P10523|Naver VIBE video ID]], [[:d:Property:P10524|SberZvuk artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P10525|Italian Women Writers ID]], [[:d:Property:P10526|RBC company ID]], [[:d:Property:P10528|Madrean Discovery Expeditions Flora Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P10529|Madrean Discovery Expeditions Fauna Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P10530|Encyclopedia of Transbaikalia ID]], [[:d:Property:P10531|Encyclopedia of Transbaikalia person ID]], [[:d:Property:P10532|Booking.com numeric ID]], [[:d:Property:P10533|Agoda hotel numeric ID]], [[:d:Property:P10534|Australian Reptile Online Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P10535|RSPA modern authors ID]], [[:d:Property:P10536|RSPA ancient authors ID]], [[:d:Property:P10537|1905.com film ID]], [[:d:Property:P10538|Leafsnap ID]], [[:d:Property:P10539|ImagesDéfense ID]], [[:d:Property:P10540|TASS Encyclopedia person ID]], [[:d:Property:P10541|TASS Encyclopedia country ID]], [[:d:Property:P10542|TASS Encyclopedia tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P10543|WIPO Pearl term ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/maintains consistent linking to|maintains consistent linking to]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ocupante de / occupant of|ocupante de / occupant of]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/World of Waterfalls ID|World of Waterfalls ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/New IDU properties|New IDU properties]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/My World@Mail.Ru ID|My World@Mail.Ru ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BillionGraves grave ID|BillionGraves grave ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archivio Storico Intesa Sanpaolo|Archivio Storico Intesa Sanpaolo]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GEMET ID|GEMET ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Enciclopedia del Novecento ID|Enciclopedia del Novecento ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Trovo ID|Trovo ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Invasive.org species ID|Invasive.org species ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ihg Hotel ID|ihg Hotel ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Monoskop article ID|Monoskop article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Le Monde journalist ID|Le Monde journalist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Libération journalist ID|Libération journalist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Le Parisien journalist ID|Le Parisien journalist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Les Échos journalist ID|Les Échos journalist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/L'Humanité journalist ID|L'Humanité journalist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/L'Opinion journalist ID|L'Opinion journalist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Le Figaro journalist ID|Le Figaro journalist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Présent author ID|Présent author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Aldiwan poet ID|Aldiwan poet ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Aldiwan poem ID|Aldiwan poem ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/International Jewish Cemetery Project ID|International Jewish Cemetery Project ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/4JHa Wikidata knowledge graph of Elizabeth Keckley, dressmaker to U.S. First Lady Mary Todd Lincoln] ([https://twitter.com/fuzheado/status/1506380715985887241 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/4yJM Women who served as defense ministers in various countries] ([https://twitter.com/wikimediaid/status/1506212109381644292 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/4zVn UK MPs who had paired names (e.g. Owen Thomas / Thomas Owen)] ([https://twitter.com/generalising/status/1507443437200678918 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/4yr2 List of properties associated with items that are class/subclass of File Format] ([https://twitter.com/beet_keeper/status/1506625658490871819 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/4zGb Table frequency of properties used in instances of public libraries] * '''Development''' ** [Significant Change]: [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/3LA6FDOZGSK6HSQY73XCFNT4BTYWOY64/ wbsearchentities changed to explicitly return display terms and matched term] ** Lexicographical data: Working on the lookup for language and lexical category and displaying potential errors during Lexeme creation ** Improved the API response of the wbsearchentities endpoint by adding the language to the labels and descriptions in the API response ([[phab:T104344]]) ** Data Reuse Days: Second and final week - organized, attended and held a few sessions incl. bug triage hour and pink pony session ** REST API: Continuing work on getting the the data of an Item, we almost have filtering of the data returned by the API and basic error handling is in place. Next up: not returning the data if the client already has the most recent data, and authentication [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2022 03 28|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 13:00, 28 March 2022 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=23050404 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Tech News: 2022-13]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a simple new Wikimedia Commons upload tool available for macOS users, [[c:Commons:Sunflower|Sunflower]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-31|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of regular database maintenance. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-03-29|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-03-31|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301850][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303798] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W13"/> 19:55, 28 March 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23073711 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #514 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/APSbot 4|APSbot 4]]: Task/s: Regularly create organizations from the Research Organization Registry (ROR - https://ror.org/) that are missing in Wikidata. * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming: *** Next [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Linked_Data_for_Production#LD4-Wikidata_Affinity_Group|Linked Data for Libraries LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call: Adam Schiff (University of Washington), Tyler Rogers (San Diego State University), Julia Gilmore (University of Toronto) on documenting buildings on academic campuses. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1hSlr8GTlk_Q-bE5n1oCxXBncuCPHnqESWMR0oQcuGYA/edit Agenda with call link], April 5. *** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AWS4SV3TQUS4CZMOB6YH3ML5AIZ6WOEZ/ Wikimedia Research Office Hours April 5, 2022] *** [https://linkeddigitalfuture.ca/event/atelier-pratique-wikidata-produire-un-element-wikidata-relie-aux-productions-en-danse-ou-en-theatre/ Wikidata items about theatre and dance productions], April 6 (in French). The same workshop will be offered [https://linkeddigitalfuture.ca/wikidata-workshops-season-2/ in English] on May 4. *** Talk to the Search Platform / Query Service Team—April 6th, 2022. Date: Wednesday, April 6th, 2022 Time: 15:00-16:00 GMT / 08:00-09:00 PDT / 11:00-12:00 EDT / 16:00-17:00 WAT / 17:00-18:00 CEST [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/Search_Platform_Office_Hours Etherpad] *** Art+Feminism Community Hours. Theme: [https://artandfeminism.org/panel/community-hours-af-event-metrics/ Add your Event Data to Wikidata]. April 9 at 2pm UTC! ** Ongoing: Weekly Lexemes Challenge #36, [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=36 Family] ** Past: Wikibase live session (March 2022) [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/WBUG_2022.03.31 log] * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Blogs *** [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2022/03/30/property-exploration-how-do-i-learn-more-about-properties-on-wikidata/ Property exploration: How do I learn more about properties on Wikidata?] *** [https://news.ucsc.edu/2022/03/nlp-liveperson-fellowships.html UCSC Ph.D. students dive deep into engineering open-domain dialogue AI with the support of industry partners]. "...''aims to develop a better system for entity linking, the connection of entities like “Lebron James” or “the Earth” to their various meanings in an existing database of knowledge – in this case, Wikidata''..." *** [https://news.illinoisstate.edu/2022/03/highlighting-linked-data-projects/ Highlighting linked data projects]. "...''Cornell University Library, Stanford Libraries, and the School of Library and Information Science at the University of Iowa are engaging in the grant-funded Linked Data for Production project. Broadly, the project uses linked data to show patrons information from outside sources (such as Wikidata) and build longer, more nuanced links between resources''". ** Videos *** The Share-VDE project and its relationship with Wikidata (in Italian) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GVpHdphLvCU YouTube] *** Create a Wikidata page from scratch (in French) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vHed6VZBVFI YouTube] *** Clinical Trials, Wikidata and Systems Biology (in Portuguese) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dsYr0PGCW0M YouTube] *** New WikidataCon 2021 videos uploaded on YouTube **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qK5rwhvDj_8 Your favorite interface gadgets on Wikidata] **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1nZxY4r5KQs Wikidata Query Service scaling challenges] **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlUfGhPblGo Decolonizing Wikidata: Q&A session] **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gDZpdfbFVpk Wikidata et l’écosystème de données ouvertes liées pour les arts de la scène] (in French) **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SaPEb_LMHKk Respectfully representing Indigenous knowledge in Wikidata] ** Other *** FAIR cookbook's recipe "[https://faircookbook.elixir-europe.org/content/recipes/findability/registeringDatasets How to Register a Dataset with Wikidata]" *** OpenRefine will soon hold its two-yearly survey again. [https://groups.google.com/g/openrefine/c/cBO2EWsCkME Who wants to help translate the survey to their language]? It will take around 45 minutes. There are already translations underway in Spanish and Dutch. Contact [[User:SFauconnier]] if you want to help! * '''Tool of the week''' ** [http://Kyrksok.se Kyrksok.se] is an app about Swedish churches based on Wikidata. ** [https://wikimedia.qanswer.ai/ QAnswer] is a question answering system based on Wikidata and other projects. ''Who was the first to create liquid helium?'' [https://wikimedia.qanswer.ai/qa/full?question=who+was+the+first+to+create+liquid+helium&lang=en&kb=wikidata%2Cwikipedia&user=open Try it!] * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS-scaling-update-mar-2022#Wikidata_Query_Service_scaling_update%2C_March_2022|Wikidata Query Service scaling update, March 2022]] is now available. ** [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_backend_alternatives|WDQS backend alternatives paper]] with shortlist of options have been published. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P10544|cantilever sign]], [[:d:Property:P10551|supports qualifier]], [[:d:Property:P10564|APE code]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P10534|Australian Reptile Online Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P10535|RSPA modern authors ID]], [[:d:Property:P10536|RSPA ancient authors ID]], [[:d:Property:P10537|1905.com film ID]], [[:d:Property:P10538|Leafsnap ID]], [[:d:Property:P10539|ImagesDéfense ID]], [[:d:Property:P10540|TASS Encyclopedia person ID]], [[:d:Property:P10541|TASS Encyclopedia country ID]], [[:d:Property:P10542|TASS Encyclopedia tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P10543|WIPO Pearl term ID]], [[:d:Property:P10545|Arizona State Legislators: Then & Now ID]], [[:d:Property:P10546|db.narb.by ID]], [[:d:Property:P10547|Kayak hotel ID]], [[:d:Property:P10548|Melon music video ID]], [[:d:Property:P10549|Evil Angel movie ID]], [[:d:Property:P10550|ACE Repertory publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P10552|World of Waterfalls ID]], [[:d:Property:P10553|IxTheo authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P10554|BillionGraves grave ID]], [[:d:Property:P10555|eSbírky institution ID]], [[:d:Property:P10556|Enciclopedia del Novecento ID]], [[:d:Property:P10557|Zotero ID]], [[:d:Property:P10558|My World@Mail.Ru ID]], [[:d:Property:P10559|KSH code (historical)]], [[:d:Property:P10560|traveloka activities ID]], [[:d:Property:P10561|Virginia Tech Dendrology Factsheets ID]], [[:d:Property:P10562|SPLC group ID]], [[:d:Property:P10563|GuideStar India Organisations-ID]], [[:d:Property:P10565|Encyclopedia of China ID (Third Edition)]], [[:d:Property:P10566|tiket to-do ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/oeconym|oeconym]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ISCED Attainment|ISCED Attainment]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Per capita income|Per capita income]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Invasive.org species ID|Invasive.org species ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ihg Hotel ID|ihg Hotel ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Monoskop article ID|Monoskop article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Le Monde journalist ID|Le Monde journalist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Libération journalist ID|Libération journalist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Le Parisien journalist ID|Le Parisien journalist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Les Échos journalist ID|Les Échos journalist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/L'Humanité journalist ID|L'Humanité journalist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/L'Opinion journalist ID|L'Opinion journalist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Le Figaro journalist ID|Le Figaro journalist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Présent author ID|Présent author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Aldiwan poet ID|Aldiwan poet ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Aldiwan poem ID|Aldiwan poem ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/International Jewish Cemetery Project ID|International Jewish Cemetery Project ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AccessScience ID|AccessScience ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IPU Chamber ID|IPU Chamber ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/COL taxon ID|COL taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/deckenmalerei.eu ID|deckenmalerei.eu ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/C-SPAN Person Numeric ID|C-SPAN Person Numeric ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SRSLY person ID|SRSLY person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/100 Years of Alaska's Legislature Bio ID|100 Years of Alaska's Legislature Bio ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Indiana State Historical Marker Program numeric ID|Indiana State Historical Marker Program numeric ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Beatport track ID|Beatport track ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EIA plant ID|EIA plant ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EIA utility ID|EIA utility ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Speleologi del passato ID|Speleologi del passato ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/HuijiWiki article ID|HuijiWiki article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of Cacti species ID|Encyclopedia of Cacti species ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/4zhs Long swedish / german nouns in Wikidata] ([https://twitter.com/salgo60/status/1508444534216310786 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/4$Gg Texts which have Wikisource links in English and French] ([https://twitter.com/Tagishsimon/status/1509547358366883841 source]) * '''Development''' ** Lexicographical data: Continued work on the new Special:NewLexeme page and focused on displaying sensible error messages if an error occurs during Lexeme creation. We're also working on adding a dropdown for the language variant. ** REST API: Continued work on conditional requests and authorization ** Made use of the new fields added in the wbsearchentities API and added language information to the markup of entity searches that you see when editing a statement or searching with the little searchbox at the top of the page on Wikidata. Now these search results should make a bit more sense to people who use screen readers. [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2022 04 04|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 12:33, 4 April 2022 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=23050404 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Tech News: 2022-14]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * For a few days last week, edits that were suggested to newcomers were not tagged in the [[{{#special:recentchanges}}]] feed. This bug has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304747] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-07|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future changes''' * Starting next week, Tech News' title will be translatable. When the newsletter is distributed, its title may not be <code dir=ltr>Tech News: 2022-14</code> anymore. It may affect some filters that have been set up by some communities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302920] * Over the next few months, the "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" Growth feature [[phab:T304110|will become available to more Wikipedias]]. Each week, a few wikis will get the feature. You can test this tool at [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth#deploymentstable|a few wikis where "Link recommendation" is already available]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W14"/> 21:01, 4 April 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23097604 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2022-15 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2022 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Ankarana Reserve]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Tsingy Ankarana Madagascar 16-07-2004.JPG|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Ankarana Special Reserve''' in northern Madagascar was created in 1956. It is a small, partially vegetated plateau composed of 150-million-year-old middle Jurassic limestone <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:24, 11 April 2022 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=23120296 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #515 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Stang|Stang]] (RfP scheduled to end after 14 April 2022 12:18 UTC) ** New requests for permissions/Bot: *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/Botcrux 10|Botcrux 10]]. Task/s: Change [[d:Property:P577|publication date (P577) ]] of scientific articles from "1 January YYYY" to just "YYYY". *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/Pi bot 25|Pi bot 25]]. Task/s: [[d:Wikidata:Properties for deletion|Wikidata:Properties for deletion]] maintenance * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming: *** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish_online_editathon#Träff_#104|Online Wikidata meetup in Swedish #104]], April 17th at 12.00 UTC *** The next Wikidata+Wikibase office hours will take place on Wednesday, April 20th 2022 at 17:00 UTC (18:00 Berlin time) in the [https://t.me/joinchat/IeCRo0j5Uag1qR4Tk8Ftsg Wikidata Telegram group]. ''The Wikidata and Wikibase office hours are online events where the development team presents what they have been working on over the past quarter, and the community is welcome to ask questions and discuss important issues related to the development of Wikidata and Wikibase.'' *** April 26, Ghent, Belgium: [https://meemoo.be/nl/vormingen-en-events/openrefine-community-workshop-datacleaning-andere-functionaliteiten-en-meet-the-team public OpenRefine data cleaning workshop and meet&greet with the OpenRefine team], including preview of Structured Data on Commons functionalities. Physical event, free, [https://meemoo.be/nl/vormingen-en-events/openrefine-community-workshop-datacleaning-andere-functionaliteiten-en-meet-the-team sign up via this link]. *** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/MPQZ4EZW6FXZVZAX6QO7BAVJVDUGOT2N/ Wiki Workshop 2022 - Registration open!] The event is virtually held on April 25, 12:00-18:30 UTC *** April 22nd - 24th, from [[d:Wikidata:Wiki_Mentor_Africa|Wiki Mentor Africa]], A three days workshop on '''Linking biodiversity data through wikidata using Webaps and jupyter notebooks''' to attend, [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSddFNRkARWa12ICRBuel9zbYMQsL4fUsiNA7ndMwcJSVp8xJg/viewform?usp=sf_link| register here] *** May 5th: [[d:Wikidata:Events#Wikidata_bug_triage_hour|Wikidata Bug Triage Hour]], open discussion. Come with your favorite Phabricator task and we will improve its description together. *** DigAMus goes Wikidata workshop: make digital projects in museums visible and findable. April 29, 3-5 p.m. TIB Open Science Lab. [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1Zv_SEwAM0EV760fTRr7PYT5y5kscnhC_yQZ2mvABG5Q/edit Register here]. ** Ongoing: Weekly Lexemes Challenge #37, [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=37 Numbers] * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Blogs *** [https://blog.library.si.edu/blog/2022/03/30/smithsonian-libraries-and-archives-wikidata-chinese-ancestor-portrait-project/#.YksQHXVByV5 Smithsonian Libraries and Archives & Wikidata: Chinese Ancestor Portrait Project] *** [https://blog.factgrid.de/archives/2684 Browsing FactGrid with the FactGrid Viewer] ** Papers ***[https://content.iospress.com/articles/data-science/ds210040 A formalization of one of the main claims of “Cortex reorganization of Xenopus laevis eggs in strong static magnetic fields” by Mietchen et al. 2005] (uses Wikidata identifiers for statements) ***[[doi:10.3233/DS-210044|A formalization of one of the main claims of “Creative Commons licenses and the non-commercial condition: Implications for the re-use of biodiversity information” by Hagedorn et al. 2011]] (uses Wikidata identifiers for statements) ** Videos *** Wikidata Query Service Tutorial in Tunisian by [[d:User:Csisc|Houcemeddine Turki]] (WikiConference RU 2021 - [[Commons:File:WikiConference RU - Wikidata Query Service Tutorial in Tunisian - Part 1.webm|Part 1]], [[Commons:File:WikiConference RU - Wikidata Query Service Tutorial in Tunisian - Part 2.webm|Part 2]]) *** Live Coding - PyORCIDAtor, integrating ORCID with Wikidata - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tc6jQnp4gZg YouTube] *** How to add location coordinates to Wikidata Items (in Dagbani) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ohtVF4Et7-g YouTube] *** Bundestag + Wikidata = Open Parliament TV (in German) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkdyr6N5E2E YouTube] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [https://lvaudor.github.io/glitter/articles/glitter_for_Wikidata.html Glitter] another R package to write SPARQL queries and query Wikidata and other SPARQL endpoints. This package provides a domain specific language to write queries directly from R. ** [https://conze.pt/explore?l=en# Conzept] is a topic-exploration tool based on Wikidata and other information sources. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** The [[d:Wikidata:MOOC|Wikidata MOOC]] (online course) has been developed by Wikimedia France, involving several French-speaking Wikidata editors. The first version of the course will start on April 26 (in French only - [https://www.wikimedia.fr/les-inscriptions-au-mooc-wikidata-sont-ouvertes/ registration here]) ** OpenRefine is running [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScAfFLkcehxcbvWpjb5xPywOGsT1Djmp82k4wh81q14NDKVGA/viewform a short survey] to learn about user needs and expectations for the new [[c:Commons:OpenRefine|Structured Data on Commons extension for OpenRefine]], which is in the process of being developed. If you upload files to Wikimedia Commons and/or edit structured data there, please help by [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScAfFLkcehxcbvWpjb5xPywOGsT1Djmp82k4wh81q14NDKVGA/viewform filling in the survey]! ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikibase-cloud@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/3M2TXQYQTC5IODN6NO2G6UWE7DMGNCJT/ Wikibase cloud update (April)]: the closed beta of Wikibase.cloud is planned to start in mid-April. If you want to apply for closed beta access, please register with [https://lime.wikimedia.de/index.php/717538 this form]. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P10564|APE code]], [[:d:Property:P10568|maintains linking to]], [[:d:Property:P10588|academic calendar type]], [[:d:Property:P10594|taxonomic treatment]], [[:d:Property:P10601|co-applicant]], [[:d:Property:P10602|applicant]], [[:d:Property:P10604|P10604]], [[:d:Property:P10606|notable role]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P10560|traveloka activities ID]], [[:d:Property:P10561|Virginia Tech Dendrology Factsheets ID]], [[:d:Property:P10562|SPLC group ID]], [[:d:Property:P10563|GuideStar India Organisations ID]], [[:d:Property:P10565|Encyclopedia of China ID (Third Edition)]], [[:d:Property:P10566|tiket to-do ID]], [[:d:Property:P10567|Speleologi del passato ID]], [[:d:Property:P10569|L'Humanité journalist ID]], [[:d:Property:P10570|L'Opinion journalist ID]], [[:d:Property:P10571|Le Monde journalist ID]], [[:d:Property:P10572|Le Figaro journalist ID]], [[:d:Property:P10573|Le Parisien journalist ID]], [[:d:Property:P10574|Les Échos journalist ID]], [[:d:Property:P10575|Libération journalist ID]], [[:d:Property:P10576|Intesa Sanpaolo Historical Archive Map ID]], [[:d:Property:P10577|Monoskop article ID]], [[:d:Property:P10578|IDU foreign theatre ID]], [[:d:Property:P10579|IDU theatre building ID]], [[:d:Property:P10580|IDU theatrical ensemble ID]], [[:d:Property:P10581|Cameroun COG]], [[:d:Property:P10582|Author ID from the Modern Discussion website]], [[:d:Property:P10583|SRSLY person ID]], [[:d:Property:P10584|FAOTERM ID]], [[:d:Property:P10585|Catalogue of Life ID]], [[:d:Property:P10586|Trovo ID]], [[:d:Property:P10587|IFPI GTIN]], [[:d:Property:P10589|MangaDex title ID]], [[:d:Property:P10590|All.Rugby club ID]], [[:d:Property:P10591|traveloka restaurant ID]], [[:d:Property:P10592|maPZS trails/locations ID]], [[:d:Property:P10593|Kinowiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P10595|marriott hotel ID]], [[:d:Property:P10596|Chuvash Encyclopedia person ID]], [[:d:Property:P10597|Chuvash Encyclopedia place ID]], [[:d:Property:P10598|Chuvash Encyclopedia topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P10599|HarperCollins product ID]], [[:d:Property:P10600|Atlas of Cultural Heritage Calabria cultural place ID]], [[:d:Property:P10603|XJustiz registration court ID]], [[:d:Property:P10605|Atlante Beni Culturali Calabria item ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/является автором художественной выставки|является автором художественной выставки]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/shoe color|shoe color]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/government debt-to-GDP ratio|government debt-to-GDP ratio]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Historical Museums of Sweden object ID|National Historical Museums of Sweden object ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/class of property value|class of property value]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has group|has group]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/name of victim|name of victim]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Tracks featured in work|Tracks featured in work]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/smb.museum digital ID|smb.museum digital ID]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/HuijiWiki article ID|HuijiWiki article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of Cacti species ID|Encyclopedia of Cacti species ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/bebyggelseområdeskod i Sverige|bebyggelseområdeskod i Sverige]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Israeli Opera site person id|Israeli Opera site person id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FISH Archaeological Objects Thesaurus Identifier|FISH Archaeological Objects Thesaurus Identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Musik und Gender im Internet ID|Musik und Gender im Internet ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IRIS Piedmont IDs|IRIS Piedmont IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Slovak Olympic athlete ID|Slovak Olympic athlete ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MINEDEX|MINEDEX]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Library of the Haskala ID|Library of the Haskala ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/522E Most popular Chess openings (by number of sitelinks)] ([https://twitter.com/lubianat/status/1510726581362245632 source]) *** [https://query.wikidata.org/#SELECT%20%3Fitem%20%3FitemLabel%20%3FitemDescription%20%3Fsitelinks%0AWITH%0A%7B%0A%20%20SELECT%20%3Fitem%20%3Fsitelinks%0A%20%20WHERE%0A%20%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%23Minimum%20sitelinks%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fitem%20wikibase%3Asitelinks%20%3Fsitelinks.%0A%20%20%20%20hint%3APrior%20hint%3ArangeSafe%20true.%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28%3Fsitelinks%20%3E%2020%20%29%0A%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%23Random%20stuff%0A%20%20%20%20%23%20BIND%28RAND%28%29%20AS%20%3Frandom%29%20.%20%23%20Using%20this%20makes%20it%20not%20random%0A%20%20%20%20BIND%28SHA512%28CONCAT%28STR%28RAND%28%29%29%2C%20STR%28%3Fitem%29%29%29%20AS%20%3Frandom%29%20%0A%20%20%7D%0A%20%20ORDER%20BY%20%3Frandom%0A%20%20LIMIT%201000%0A%7D%20AS%20%25subquery1%0AWITH%0A%7B%0A%20%20SELECT%20%3Fitem%20%3Fsitelinks%0A%20%20WHERE%0A%20%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20INCLUDE%20%25subquery1%0A%0A%20%20%20%20%23Filters%20to%20remove%20undesired%20entries%20%28templates%2C%20categories%2C%20...%29%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20NOT%20EXISTS%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP31%20wd%3AQ11266439%7D%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20NOT%20EXISTS%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP31%20wd%3AQ97950663%7D%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20NOT%20EXISTS%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP31%20wd%3AQ4167836%7D%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20NOT%20EXISTS%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP31%20wd%3AQ59541917%7D%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20NOT%20EXISTS%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP31%20wd%3AQ14204246%7D%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20NOT%20EXISTS%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP31%20wd%3AQ19842659%7D%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20NOT%20EXISTS%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP373%20%3FcommonsCategory%7D%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20NOT%20EXISTS%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP301%20%3FcategoryMainTopic%7D%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20NOT%20EXISTS%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP31%20wd%3AQ15184295%7D%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20NOT%20EXISTS%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP1423%20%3FtemplateHasTopic%7D%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20NOT%20EXISTS%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP910%20%3FtopicMainCategory%7D%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20NOT%20EXISTS%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP31%20wd%3AQ20010800%7D%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20NOT%20EXISTS%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP360%20%3FisAListOf%7D%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20NOT%20EXISTS%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP31%20wd%3AQ108783631%7D%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20NOT%20EXISTS%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP31%20wd%3AQ11753321%7D%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20NOT%20EXISTS%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP4224%20%3FcategoryContains%7D%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20NOT%20EXISTS%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP971%20%3FcategoryCombinesTopics%7D%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20NOT%20EXISTS%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP31%20wd%3AQ97303168%7D%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20NOT%20EXISTS%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP31%20wd%3AQ59259626%7D%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20NOT%20EXISTS%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP31%20wd%3AQ110010043%7D%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20NOT%20EXISTS%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP31%20wd%3AQ1474116%7D%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20NOT%20EXISTS%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP31%20wd%3AQ15647814%7D%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20NOT%20EXISTS%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP31%20wd%3AQ19887878%7D%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20NOT%20EXISTS%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP31%20wd%3AQ107344376%7D%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20NOT%20EXISTS%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP31%20wd%3AQ36330215%7D%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20NOT%20EXISTS%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP31%20wd%3AQ14296%7D%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20NOT%20EXISTS%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP31%20wd%3AQ42032%7D%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20NOT%20EXISTS%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP2370%20%3FconversionToSIUnit%7D%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20NOT%20EXISTS%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP31%20wd%3AQ4167410%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%23FILTER%20NOT%20EXISTS%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP31%20wd%3Aaaa%7D%0A%20%20%7D%0A%20%20LIMIT%20100%0A%7D%20AS%20%25subquery2%0AWHERE%20%0A%7B%0A%20%20INCLUDE%20%25subquery2%0A%20%20SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22%5BAUTO_LANGUAGE%5D%2Cen%22%20.%20%7D%0A%7D Random set of popular ("having more than 20 site links") items] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#Query_a_random_set_of_popular_entries|source]]) *** [https://w.wiki/53Ac Wikimedia affiliates on social media] ([https://twitter.com/Jan_Ainali/status/1513117317982474243 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/534V Listed viaducts in the UK] ([https://twitter.com/heald_j/status/1512909616421777420 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/53LW Pages linked to the University of Clermont according to the number of articles on Wikimedia projects] ([https://twitter.com/belett/status/1513493874257313796 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/53M4 Which languages share a word for the same thing (visualized as a tree map). e.g. planet] ([https://twitter.com/vrandezo/status/1513194921183772672 source]) * '''Development''' ** Lexicographical data: Continued work on the new Special:NewLexeme page. We worked on displaying error messages and inferring the spelling variant from the language. We also looked into the non-JavaScript version of the page. ** REST API: Worked on conditional requests (do not return data the client already has) and authorization. [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2022 04 11|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 13:55, 11 April 2022 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=23123302 --> == Tech News: 2022-15 == <section begin="technews-2022-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new public status page at <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikimediastatus.net/ www.wikimediastatus.net]</span>. This site shows five automated high-level metrics where you can see the overall health and performance of our wikis' technical environment. It also contains manually-written updates for widespread incidents, which are written as quickly as the engineers are able to do so while also fixing the actual problem. The site is separated from our production infrastructure and hosted by an external service, so that it can be accessed even if the wikis are briefly unavailable. You can [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/03/31/announcing-www-wikimediastatus-net/ read more about this project]. * On Wiktionary wikis, the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W15"/> 19:44, 11 April 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23124108 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': March 2022 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XII, Issue III, March 2022</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: Visual culture, human rights and digitization * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Australia grows gender equity for International Women's Day * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Collaboration with GLAM institutes in Belgium * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Pills of GLAM * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/Croatia report|Croatia report]]: ...starting bottom-up in indie archive! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/Estonia report|Estonia report]]: Glass, Books and Paintings * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/France report|France report]]: Mooc Wikidata * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/India report|India report]]: Wikimedian-in-Residence program initiated at the Research Institute of World's Ancient Traditions, Cultures and Heritage in Arunachal Pradesh * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: The growth of sharing on Wikimedia projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Letters from Sierra Leone: the Sjoerd Hofstra photo collection in a new light * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Forming Wikimedia Aotearoa and the Aotearoa New Zealand Theses Project * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: News in Wikipedian in residence projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: WikiToro * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: The Unique Historical Kalmar County project continues ...; WikiGap x 3; Students writing articles * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Khalili Collections * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/Uruguay report|Uruguay report]]: GLAM Activities by Wikimedia Uruguay * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Women's History Month * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: UN Environment Programme sharing their knowledge on Wikipedia. Logo competition * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: OpenRefine: survey for Structured Data on Commons features * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Commons APP calls, Bophana documentaries, and Image Description Week * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: April's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2022/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 08:45, 13 April 2022 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=23092895 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2022-16 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2022 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Gwoździec Synagogue]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:pl:Synagoga w Gwoźdźcu]]) ''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Warszawa - synagoga z Gwoźdźca 2.JPG|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''synagogue''' was erected around 1650 in Gwoździec (Ukrainian: Гвіздець - Hvizdets), then in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, today in the Kolomyia Raion, Ukraine. The building was seriously damaged in a fire during World War I. It was rebuilt in the interwar period, but destroyed completely by the Germans in 1941 <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:24, 18 April 2022 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=23159940 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #516 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Pi admin bot|Pi admin bot]] (RfP scheduled to end after 20 April 2022 17:58 UTC) ** Closed request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Stang|Stang]] (successful) ** New requests for permissions/Bot: *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/Stangbot 2|Stangbot 2]]. Task/s: Insert [[:d:Property:P1831|electorate (P1831)]] and keep it updated on Brazilian municipalities and states items *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/AmeisenBot|AmeisenBot]]. Task/s: Label unsigned comments on talk pages * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' **Upcoming: *** Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call will be on Tuesday, [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1650380457 April 19 at 11 AM Eastern US time]: Martin Schibel will be speaking on [https://www.entitree.com/ Entitree]. '''Please note this is one hour earlier than the usual meeting time''' [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1goa4wnVoUizfFguyVAlLCZzJkb544ecHSLWQA9uYw5k/edit# Agenda] *** The next Wikidata+Wikibase office hours will take place on Wednesday, April 20th 2022 at 17:00 UTC (18:00 Berlin time) in the [https://t.me/joinchat/IeCRo0j5Uag1qR4Tk8Ftsg Wikidata Telegram group]. ''The Wikidata and Wikibase office hours are online events where the development team presents what they have been working on over the past quarter, and the community is welcome to ask questions and discuss important issues related to the development of Wikidata and Wikibase.'' *** LD4 Wikibase Working Hour: Learn about Wikibase system exploration, data model development, and the road ahead for Digital Scriptorium. When: Thurs. 21 April 2022, 3PM Eastern US ([https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/converter.html?iso=20220421T190000&p1=tz_et&p2=tz_ct&p3=tz_mt&p4=tz_pt&p5=tz_bst&p6=tz_cest&p7=tz_gmt time zone converter]). Where: [https://teams.microsoft.com/registration/nZRNbBy5RUyarmbXZEMRDQ,epCg_cl65k2w-KRqtDjQ6g,XaPSpNIe7kuPXqShLIu5Rw,2QcpRvBH60eIij192oVSZw,Cp8Hf52ENUW_wkyHubx_rw,8Mrm5Hwrqkuu0Ki34-GDFA?mode=read&tenantId=6c4d949d-b91c-4c45-9aae-66d76443110d Registration Link] *** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/YXJJYCMFEJWJAOR2A5IYDXTSQLKJ7X2F/ Register for Contribuling – Conference on minority languages and free participative software]. Conference date: April 22 *** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish_online_editathon#Träff_#105|Online Wikidata meetup in Swedish #105]], April 24th at 12.00 UTC * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Blogs *** [https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vQOi_12npwKgeDDUGllFyybNjvONfY5hdRJwnpvWBbVHWgBLIeFTbyv54KTqoAGC0UQ75-YLrA57tt3/pub WeDigBio Transcription workflow] "...blogpost...showing how I go from finding the name of a collector when transcribing labels to adding them to Wikidata & then linking them to their collections via Bionomia." *** [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2022/04/07/more-wikidata-metrics-on-the-dashboard/ More Wikidata metrics on the Dashboard] ** Videos *** Transfer bibliographic data from Zotero to Wikidata (in Italian) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=snc0ifX9V7I YouTube] *** Art+Feminism community Hours: Add your event data to Wikidata! - YouTube ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nMCpZtaEsWQ En], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-5BwnzP-C9I Fr]) ** other: *** [https://whoseknowledge.org/resource/dti-structured-data-report/ Decolonizing the Internet’s Structured Data – Summary Report] by Whose Knowledge? * '''Tool of the week''' ** [https://bird-oclock.glitch.me Bird O'Clock!] is a tool based on Wikidata and other data sources that shows pictures and numbers from actual people counting actual birds in the actual world! ** [https://coinherbarium.com Tiago's Coin Herbarium] is a coin collection depicting different plant information displayed via Wikidata SPARQL queries. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [[Wikidata:Development plan|Wikidata and Wikibase 2022 development plan]] has been updated to include activity estimates for the second quarter (Q2). ** There is a [[Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update|new hub page]] for the Wikidata Query Service scaling updates, to help you all stay updated. ** Wikidata metrics are now easily accessible on the Dashboard. Here's an [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/Yale_University/Dura-Europos_WD_edit-a-thon example Dashboard] including a [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/2022_04_18#Press,_articles,_blog_posts,_videos|blog post above]] detailing the process. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P10594|taxonomic treatment]], [[:d:Property:P10601|co-applicant]], [[:d:Property:P10602|applicant]], [[:d:Property:P10604|type of a register in Germany]], [[:d:Property:P10606|notable role]], [[:d:Property:P10607|athletics program]], [[:d:Property:P10610|number of teachers]], [[:d:Property:P10611|has certification]], [[:d:Property:P10612|choreography for]], [[:d:Property:P10613|surrounds the enclave]], [[:d:Property:P10614|has surface]], [[:d:Property:P10622|per capita income]], [[:d:Property:P10623|number of blood donors]], [[:d:Property:P10624|official observer status in organisation]], [[:d:Property:P10627|web interface software]], [[:d:Property:P10628|Martian coordinates]], [[:d:Property:P10629|suggested data fields]], [[:d:Property:P10630|medical indication]], [[:d:Property:P10636|number of conferences]], [[:d:Property:P10637|historic insurance number (building)]], [[:d:Property:P10640|pole positions]], [[:d:Property:P10642|place of disappearance]], [[:d:Property:P10643|code name]], [[:d:Property:P10645|reports to]], [[:d:Property:P10648|podium finishes]], [[:d:Property:P10649|number of likes]], [[:d:Property:P10650|number of dislikes]], [[:d:Property:P10651|number of comments]], [[:d:Property:P10654|rack system]], [[:d:Property:P10655|oeconym]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P10589|MangaDex title ID]], [[:d:Property:P10590|All.Rugby club ID]], [[:d:Property:P10591|traveloka restaurant ID]], [[:d:Property:P10592|maPZS trails/locations ID]], [[:d:Property:P10593|Kinowiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P10595|marriott hotel ID]], [[:d:Property:P10596|Chuvash Encyclopedia person ID]], [[:d:Property:P10597|Chuvash Encyclopedia place ID]], [[:d:Property:P10598|Chuvash Encyclopedia topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P10599|HarperCollins product ID]], [[:d:Property:P10600|Atlas of Cultural Heritage Calabria cultural place ID]], [[:d:Property:P10603|XJustiz registration court ID]], [[:d:Property:P10605|Atlante Beni Culturali Calabria item ID]], [[:d:Property:P10608|FID performing arts ID]], [[:d:Property:P10609|PLOS Thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Property:P10615|QQ Music album ID]], [[:d:Property:P10616|QQ Music song ID]], [[:d:Property:P10617|Beatport track ID]], [[:d:Property:P10618|Salzburger Literatur Netz ID]], [[:d:Property:P10619|Kramerius of Regional Library in Pardubice UUID]], [[:d:Property:P10620|Literatur Netz Oberösterreich ID]], [[:d:Property:P10621|1905.com star ID]], [[:d:Property:P10625|OpaqueNamespace ID]], [[:d:Property:P10626|deckenmalerei.eu ID]], [[:d:Property:P10631|ODOT county code]], [[:d:Property:P10632|OpenSanctions ID]], [[:d:Property:P10633|CNGAL entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P10634|USA Track & Field athlete ID (www.usatf.org)]], [[:d:Property:P10635|National Associations Register Number Spain]], [[:d:Property:P10638|AperTO author ID]], [[:d:Property:P10639|IRIS UNIUPO author ID]], [[:d:Property:P10641|AlloCiné TV season ID]], [[:d:Property:P10644|Library of Parliament of Canada riding ID]], [[:d:Property:P10646|ARTEINFORMADO person ID]], [[:d:Property:P10647|Slovak Olympic athlete ID]], [[:d:Property:P10652|International Jewish Cemetery Project ID]], [[:d:Property:P10653|Via Rail station code]], [[:d:Property:P10656|WikiApiary farm]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/name of victim|name of victim]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Tracks featured in work|Tracks featured in work]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/smb.museum digital ID|smb.museum digital ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Unique image of unicode char|Unique image of unicode char]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Historic Oregon Newspapers ID|Historic Oregon Newspapers ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Thai Romanization|Thai Romanization]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/construction start|construction start]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/construction end|construction end]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MINEDEX|MINEDEX]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Library of the Haskala ID|Library of the Haskala ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/fanvue creator ID|fanvue creator ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ACNP library ID|ACNP library ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/lieferando restaurant ID|lieferando restaurant ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Yarus feed ID|Yarus feed ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Enciclopedia Colchagüina ID|Enciclopedia Colchagüina ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Winterthur Glossar ID|Winterthur Glossar ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society ID|Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Personality Database work identifier|Personality Database work identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hmoegirlpedia|Hmoegirlpedia]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CNKI Institute ID|CNKI Institute ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Peacock ID|Peacock ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/techradar review ID|techradar review ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/549e Birthplace of rappers] ([https://twitter.com/giorgiouboldi/status/1515007330106159110 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/53iz Bubble chart of occupation of people linked to University of Clermont] ([https://twitter.com/belett/status/1514207848598847493 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/53gv List of corporate archives, location, and address where available] ([https://twitter.com/beet_keeper/status/1514171569593106434 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/53c9 French adventure video games] ([https://twitter.com/JeanFred/status/1513955436269125635 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/53UB Women with the citizenship of a country and the most articles in other languages (including English) but without an article in French Wikipedia] ([https://twitter.com/symac/status/1513771911330869249 source]) *** [https://ls.toolforge.org/p/106573325 Countries that are bigger (blue) or smaller (red) than all their neighbours] ([https://twitter.com/heald_j/status/1515774960966541325 source]) * '''Development''' ** Lexicographical data: Worked on inferring the spelling variant from the language's Item on the new Special:NewLexeme page and started building a little help box on the special page to explain what lex. data is. ** REST API: Getting closer to having a first version of the REST API that returns Item data. [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2022 04 18|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 13:42, 18 April 2022 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=23134152 --> == Tech News: 2022-16 == <section begin="technews-2022-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/16|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-19|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-21|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s8.dblist targeted wikis]). * Administrators will now have [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/(Un)delete associated talk page|the option to delete/undelete the associated "Talk" page]] when they are deleting a given page. An API endpoint with this option is also available. This concludes the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Admins and patrollers/(Un)delete associated talk page|11th wish of the 2021 Community Wishlist Survey]]. * On [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements#test-wikis|selected wikis]], 50% of logged-in users will see the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Table of contents|table of contents]]. When scrolling up and down the page, the table of contents will stay in the same place on the screen. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]] project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304169] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Message boxes produced by MediaWiki code will no longer have these CSS classes: <code dir=ltr>successbox</code>, <code dir=ltr>errorbox</code>, <code dir=ltr>warningbox</code>. The styles for those classes and <code dir=ltr>messagebox</code> will be removed from MediaWiki core. This only affects wikis that use these classes in wikitext, or change their appearance within site-wide CSS. Please review any local usage and definitions for these classes you may have. This was previously announced in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|28 February issue of Tech News]]. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] will become compatible with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevisions page stabilization]]. Kartographer maps will also work on pages with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Pending changes|pending changes]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation#Project_descriptions] The Kartographer documentation has been thoroughly updated. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer/Getting_started] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/Maps] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W16"/> 23:12, 18 April 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23167004 --> == This Month in Education: April 2022 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 11 • Issue 4 • April 2022</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2022|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2022/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2022/Audio-Educational Seminar of Wikimedia Mexico|Audio-Educational Seminar of Wikimedia Mexico]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2022/Dagbani Wikimedians using digital TV broadcast to train Wikipedia contributors in Ghana|Dagbani Wikimedians using digital TV broadcast to train Wikipedia contributors in Ghana]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2022/Digital Education & The Open Space With Herbert Acheampong|Digital Education & The Open Space With Herbert Acheampong]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2022/HerStory walks as a part of edit-a-thons|HerStory walks as a part of edit-a-thons]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2022/Join us for Wiki Workshop 2022|Join us for Wiki Workshop 2022]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2022/The youngest member of Tartu Wikiclub is 15-year-old student|The youngest member of Tartu Wikiclub is 15-year-old student]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 12:52, 24 April 2022 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=23177152 --> == ''The Signpost'': 24 April 2022 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's weekly journal about Wikipedia and Wikimedia''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-04-24/News and notes|Double trouble]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-04-24/In the media|The battlegrounds outside and inside Wikipedia]] * Special report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-04-24/Special report|Ukrainian Wikimedians during the war]] * Eyewitness Wikimedian – Vinnytsia, Ukraine: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-04-24/Eyewitness Wikimedian – Vinnytsia, Ukraine|War diary (Part 2)]] * Technology report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-04-24/Technology report|8-year-old attribution issues in Media Viewer]] * Featured content: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-04-24/Featured content|Wikipedia's best content from March]] * In focus: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-04-24/In focus|Editing difficulties on Russian Wikipedia]] * Gallery: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-04-24/Gallery|A voyage around the world with WLM winners]] * Interview: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-04-24/Interview|On a war and a map]] * Serendipity: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-04-24/Serendipity|Wikipedia loves photographs, but hates photographers]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-04-24/Traffic report|Justice Jackson, the Smiths, and an invasion]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-04-24/Recent research|Student edits as "civic engagement"; how Wikipedia readers interact with images]] * News from the WMF: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-04-24/News from the WMF|How Smart is the SMART Copyright Act?]] * Essay: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-04-24/Essay|The problem with elegant variation]] * Humour: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-04-24/Humour|Really huge message boxes]] * From the archives: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-04-24/From the archives|Wales resigned WMF board chair in 2006 reorganization]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 20:45, 24 April 2022 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:Evad37/SPS]]) --></div></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=23092862 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2022-17 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2022 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:School of the Air]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:SchooloftheAir.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''School of the Air''' is a generic term for correspondence schools catering for the primary and early secondary education of children in remote and outback Australia where some or all classes were historically conducted by radio, although this is now replaced by telephone and internet technology. In these areas, the school-age population is too small for a conventional school to be viable. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:37, 25 April 2022 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=23192890 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #517 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** Closed request for adminship: *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Pi admin bot|Pi admin bot]] (successful) ** New requests for permissions/Bot: *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/BgeeDB-bot|BgeeDB-bot]]. Task/s: inserting gene expression data from the [https://bgee.org/ Bgee database] into Wikidata. * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming: *** The [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/WBUG_2022.04.28 next Wikibase live session] is 15:00 UTC on Thursday 28th April 2022 (17:00 Berlin time). What are you working on around Wikibase? You're welcome to come and share your project with the community. *** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Cultural_venues/Datathon|Cultural Venues Datathon]]: April 25 - May 2, 2022. The aim of this online editing event is to increase the quantity and quality of performing arts building/venue items. **** Daily guided editing sessions will be facilitated [https://linkeddigitalfuture.ca/cultural-venues-datathon/ in English] and [https://linkeddigitalfuture.ca/fr/datathon-des-lieux-culturels/ in French] between April 25 and April 29. **** [https://glam.opendata.ch/coffee-break/ Wikidata Coffee Breaks] From April 25 - April 29, 2022 to fill in missing information on Swiss Performing Arts Institutions and venues. **** [https://us02web.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZwscumsrD0jHtf8C8X6osnoMywoziJMeEjw Faut-il un nouvel élément Wikidata pour décrire une « salle de spectacle » ?], supplementary Cultural Venues Datathon activity, April 26, 19:00-19:30 UTC. **** [https://us02web.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZcldumvpj0rH9SZpQdaE9xS7ofNoJKSaNWl How to disentangle a Wikidata item describing both a building and an organization], supplementary Cultural Venues Datathon activity, April 27, 13:00-13:45 UTC. **** The full schedule of official and supplementary activities of the Cultural Venues Datathon is availabe in the [https://calendar.google.com/calendar/u/2?cid=Y19rOHJiMzNoZGEwbTl0c2JwZG0zOHVrbG9xOEBncm91cC5jYWxlbmRhci5nb29nbGUuY29t Google Calendar]. *** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/DVHYCRRMJO4OUZW5BHXZ7RFHVZSAJD2B/ Third Pywikibot workshop on Friday, April 29th, 16:00 UTC]. ''"This workshop will introduce participants to writing basic scripts via the Pywikibot framework."'' *** From May 4 to 18 there will be the [[Wikidata:Events/International_Museum_Day_2022|International Museum Day - Wikidata competition]]. The aim is to improve data about museums in the countries and regions participating. Contributors from anywhere can take part. *** The Wikimedia Hackathon will take place online on May 20–22, 2022. If you’re interested in presenting something around Wikidata and Wikibase during the hackathon, don’t wait too long to book a slot: [[mw:Wikimedia_Hackathon_2022/Schedule#The_Wikibase_and_Wikidata_Room|Wikimedia Hackathon 2022/Schedule#The Wikidata and Wikibase Room]]. ** Ongoing: *** Weekly Lexemes Challenge #39, [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=39 Agriculture] ** Past: *** Wikidata/Wikibase office hour ([[d:Wikidata:Events/IRC office hour 2022-04-20|2022-04-20]]) * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Blogs *** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/04/20/wedigbio-a-wikidata-empowered-workflow/ WeDigBio: A Wikidata empowered workflow] (diff version) *** [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2022/04/19/wikidata-as-a-tool-for-biodiversity-informatics/ Wikidata as a tool for biodiversity informatics] ** Papers *** [https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3512982?casa_token=YOTCjk8m7hgAAAAA:_YII1fxdG0Oo2NF4WV00PSmrRNsgSFcBtruOHz_PQ6sjt5vNIEmDqWgfWQtFMMQhZ5zuavjaOQA Working for the Invisible Machines or Pumping Information into an Empty Void? An Exploration of Wikidata Contributors' Motivations] (closed access) *** [https://plus.pli.edu/Details/Details?fq=id:(352066-ATL2) Beyond Open Data: The Only Good License Is No License] *** [https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.01.22273328v1.full-text WikiProject Clinical Trials for Wikidata] ** Videos *** Synchronizing a matched Mix'n'Match set to Wikidata - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pm8LYUWKmdI YouTube] *** Editing Wikidata Items (in French) - YouTube [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YgD38xG9azA 1], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a8RDYu4dcJo 2], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q9AzVfxkzsE 3], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fIOg6moQOig 4]] *** Recently uploaded WikidataCon 2022 YouTube videos **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0XqwDHZ-O0 Creating subsets of Wikidata] **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZuLuXFXaoM Wikidata birthday presents lightning talks] **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vc0NsrCp1MQ Enriching the Joan Jonas Knowledge Base with linked open data via Wikidata] **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abyK_k7uXfE Reimagining Wikidata from the margins: listening session] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [https://docs.ropensci.org/wikitaxa/ Wikitaxa] is a software of taxonomy data written in R. ** [[d:User:So9q/fatcat-link.js|User:So9q/fatcat-link.jsscrip]] is a userscript for looking up fatcat! DOIs. It adds a link to the fatcat! database in the Tools' section on items. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** WDQS update lag SLO has been lowered from update lag <10 min 99% of the time, to update lag <10 min 95% of the time. ** [https://twitter.com/WikidataMeter/status/1516342210115125251 Wikidata now has over 9,900 Properties!] ([https://w.wiki/564U 71.16% Identifiers]) ** Job opening: [https://twitter.com/vrandezo/status/1516914803788328960 Product Manager (PM) for Wikifunctions] * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P10659|amount of medals]], [[:d:Property:P10661|exhibited creator]], [[:d:Property:P10663|applies to work]], [[:d:Property:P10664|featured track(s)]], [[:d:Property:P10672|raw material processed]], [[:d:Property:P10673|debut date]], [[:d:Property:P10675|OSM object]], [[:d:Property:P10676|number of references]], [[:d:Property:P10680|franchisor]], [[:d:Property:P10681|government debt-to-GDP ratio]], [[:d:Property:P10685|ionic radius]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P10657|DTB artistic gymnast ID]], [[:d:Property:P10658|Basketball Bundesliga UUID]], [[:d:Property:P10660|C-SPAN person numeric ID]], [[:d:Property:P10662|IndexCat ID]], [[:d:Property:P10665|lieferando restaurant ID]], [[:d:Property:P10666|IPU chamber ID]], [[:d:Property:P10667|ACNP library ID]], [[:d:Property:P10668|HuijiWiki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P10669|TV Maze season ID]], [[:d:Property:P10670|Musik und Gender im Internet ID]], [[:d:Property:P10671|MINEDEX project ID]], [[:d:Property:P10674|FISH Archaeological Objects Thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Property:P10677|Winterthur Glossar ID]], [[:d:Property:P10678|100 Years of Alaska's Legislature bio ID]], [[:d:Property:P10679|Aldiwan poet ID]], [[:d:Property:P10682|EIA plant ID]], [[:d:Property:P10683|Uber Eats store ID]], [[:d:Property:P10684|Aldiwan poem ID]], [[:d:Property:P10686|Library of the Haskala person ID]], [[:d:Property:P10687|Google Fonts ID]], [[:d:Property:P10688|Personality Database work ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CXSMILES|CXSMILES]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Databank Beschermheiligen anno 1959|Databank Beschermheiligen anno 1959]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Reflora ID|Reflora ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox ID| North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RBMS Controlled Vocabulary ID|RBMS Controlled Vocabulary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biografiskt lexikon för Finland URN.FI|Biografiskt lexikon för Finland URN.FI]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Galaxy Store app ID|Galaxy Store app ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Les Recteurs d'Académie en France|Identifiant Les Recteurs d'Académie en France]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Les inspecteurs généraux de l'Instruction publique (1802-1914)|Identifiant Les inspecteurs généraux de l'Instruction publique (1802-1914)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NSR quay ID|NSR quay ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NSR stopplace ID|NSR stopplace ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Heiligen.net ID|Heiligen.net ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PlantFiles taxon ID|PlantFiles taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Garden.org Plants Database ID|Garden.org Plants Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Woody Plants Database ID|Woody Plants Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gun Violence Archive incident ID|Gun Violence Archive incident ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WhoSampled television series ID|WhoSampled television series ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WhoSampled track ID|WhoSampled track ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** [[d:Wikidata:Properties for deletion|Deleted properties]]: *** [[Wikidata:Properties for deletion/P5420|GS1 Global Product Classification brick code]] ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/55p4 Most common classes for values of "depicts" (P180) on Commons] ([https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Wikidata:Request_a_query&oldid=1623274376#Federation_question source]) *** [https://w.wiki/55oy Scottish river drainage basins] ([https://twitter.com/Tagishsimon/status/1513885089284993035 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/562y The earliest road accident victims] ([https://twitter.com/spas_kolev/status/1517841680736653312 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/5646 Country of nationality of people linked to the Ghana's top 3 traditional universities] ([https://twitter.com/WikidataGhana/status/1517872485785653248 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/55EE Count of Wikidata property types] ([https://twitter.com/andrawaag/status/1516659933969797122 source]) * '''Development''' ** Lexicographical data: Worked on showing the name of language variants in the language variant selector and added the new information box to help people get a better understanding of lex. data. ** REST API: Finished the initial implementation of the endpoint for getting data for a full Item and discussed feedback, testing and roll-out plans. [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2022 04 25|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 14:05, 25 April 2022 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=23189636 --> == Tech News: 2022-17 == <section begin="technews-2022-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/dblists/group1.dblist many wikis] (group 1), the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-26|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]). * Some very old browsers and operating systems are no longer supported. Some things on the wikis might look weird or not work in very old browsers like Internet Explorer 9 or 10, Android 4, or Firefox 38 or older. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306486] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W17"/> 22:56, 25 April 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23187115 --> == New Wikipedia Library Collections Available Now - April 2022 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello Wikimedians! [[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|thumb|upright|The TWL owl says sign up today!]] [[m:The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] has free access to new paywalled reliable sources. You can these and dozens more collections at https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/: * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/128/ Wiley]''' – journals, books, and research resources, covering life, health, social, and physical sciences * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/125/ OECD]''' – OECD iLibrary, Data, and Multimedia​​ published by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/129/ SPIE Digital Library]''' – journals and eBooks on optics and photonics applied research Many other sources are freely available for experienced editors, including collections which recently became accessible to all eligible editors: Cambridge University Press, BMJ, AAAS, Érudit and more. Do better research and help expand the use of high quality references across Wikipedia projects: log in today! <br>--The Wikipedia Library Team 13:17, 26 April 2022 (UTC) :<small>This message was delivered via the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/MassMessage#Global_message_delivery Global Mass Message] tool to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library The Wikipedia Library Global Delivery List].</small> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Samwalton9@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library&oldid=23036656 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2022-18 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2022 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:K-ration]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:KRation Breakfast.JPG|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''K-ration''' was an individual daily combat food ration which was introduced by the United States Army during World War II. It was originally intended as an individually packaged daily ration for issue to airborne troops, tank crews, motorcycle couriers, and other mobile forces for short durations. The K-ration provided three separately boxed meal units: Breakfast, Dinner, and Supper. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:24, 04:04, 2 May 2022 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=23227238 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #518 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** New requests for permissions/Bot: *** [[Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/PangolinBot|PangolinBot]]. Task/s: Automatically replace one property value with another *** [[Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/TolBot 14|TolBot 14]]. Archives [[d:Wikidata:Requests for deletions|Wikidata:Requests for deletions]] * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming: *** [[d:Wikidata:Events#Wikidata_bug_triage_hour|Wikidata Bug Triage Hour]] on May 5th at 16:00 UTC, online. Open discussion - you can bring a Phabricator ticket that you care about or that needs to be improved. *** Conclusion du [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Cultural_venues/Datathon|Cultural Venues Datathon]] (in French), [https://us02web.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZ0lcu6uqTMuGtBi7O0Avn_sjoIlW1y5Ixnn May 2, 16:00-16:30 UTC]. *** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Cultural_venues/Datathon|Cultural Venues Datathon]] wrap-up, [https://us02web.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZMlcuCorjIoHN2-DWtO6_YNTfWtQol0Lo5W May 2, 19:00-19:30 UTC]. *** [https://www.twitch.tv/belett Live editing session on Twitch] about structured data on Wikimedia Commons, in French, by Vigneron, May 3 at 19:00 CEST (UTC+2) *** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/4Z36WIDMBEAV7X4X3OO32BXY4RZX4DRW/ Invitation to Wikimedia Research Office Hours May 3, 2022] *** May 3rd. Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call: The call will include presentations on two projects using Wikidata to enhance discoverability of archival and museum collections. Sharon Garewal (JSTOR) will present “Adding Wikidata QIDs to JSTOR Images,” and Daniela Rovida and Jennifer Brcka (University of Notre Dame) will present “‘Archives At’: An opportunity to leverage MARC to create Linked Open Data.” [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ji6eTubixBWrAPv7UUV0gxxW7y_lzyZTf4vvzo5Iwiw/edit?usp=sharing] *** [https://linkeddigitalfuture.ca/event/wikidata-workshop-production-items/ Wikidata Workshop: Wikidata items for dance and theatre productions], May 4, 19:30-21:00 UTC *** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/5ARWH7WLDUPNLTWPJCGOGVHW64GVIVOI/ Talk to the Search Platform / Query Service Team—May 4th, 2022] *** [https://www.twitch.tv/envlh Import of a Breton dictionary into Wikidata lexicographical data], on Twitch, in French, by Envlh, May 8 at 10:00 CEST (UTC+2) ** Ongoing: Weekly Lexemes Challenge #40, [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=40 International Workers' Day] * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Blogs *** [https://www.bobdc.com/blog/exploringadataset/ Queries to explore a dataset. Even a schemaless one] ** Papers *** [https://whoseknowledge.org/resource/dti-structured-data-report/ Decolonizing the Internet’s Structured Data – Summary Report] by WhoseKnowledge ** Videos *** Workshop "Wikidata, Zotero and Cita": tools to understand the construction of knowledge (in Spanish) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BYlqIkzu608 YouTube] *** Georeferencing cultural heritage on Wikidata - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=urhUMcQm7g8 YouTube] *** Theory of Machine Learning on Open Data: The Wikidata Case by Goran S. Milovanovic - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zg8cjXwg9SM YouTube] *** Introduction to SPARQL (Wikidata Query Service (in Czech) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k7LwaJwW1_A YouTube] *** Wikidata: A Knowledge Graph for the Earth Sciences - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qdZBB9Zz5fE YouTube] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [[d:User:Nikki/LowercaseLabels.js|User:Nikki/LowercaseLabels.js]] - is a userscript that adds a button when editing labels to change the text to lowercase. ** [https://equalstreetnames.org/ EqualStreetNames] - is a tool that maps the inequality of name attributions. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** OpenRefine is running its [https://openrefine.limesurvey.net/155968 two-yearly user survey]! Do you use OpenRefine? Then [https://openrefine.limesurvey.net/155968 fill in the survey] to tell us how and why you use OpenRefine. Results and outcomes will inform future decisions about the tool. ** The [[Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/April 2022 scaling update|April update]] for the Wikidata Query Service scaling project is now available. ** [https://twitter.com/nichtich/status/1519687758780014597 Wikidata now contains all major integrated library systems listed at Library Technology Guides]. ** [https://lexeme-forms.toolforge.org/template/bokm%C3%A5l-verb-passive/ Wikidata Lexeme Forms has a new template for Norwegian Bokmål passive verbs] ** Job opening: [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/17915169/PR-Manager-in-Digitale-Technologien?jobDbPVId=45768964&l=en PR Manager in Digital Technologies], software development department - Wikimedia Deutschland * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P10680|franchisor]], [[:d:Property:P10681|government debt-to-GDP ratio]], [[:d:Property:P10685|ionic radius]], [[:d:Property:P10694|Thai romanization]], [[:d:Property:P10695|introduced in]], [[:d:Property:P10696|image set]], [[:d:Property:P10703|Bill Number]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P10679|Aldiwan poet ID]], [[:d:Property:P10682|EIA plant ID]], [[:d:Property:P10683|Uber Eats store ID]], [[:d:Property:P10684|Aldiwan poem ID]], [[:d:Property:P10686|Library of the Haskala person ID]], [[:d:Property:P10687|Google Fonts ID]], [[:d:Property:P10688|Personality Database work ID]], [[:d:Property:P10689|OpenStreetMap object]], [[:d:Property:P10690|GEMET ID]], [[:d:Property:P10691|Enciclopedia Colchagüina ID]], [[:d:Property:P10692|DBLP event ID]], [[:d:Property:P10693|CNKI institute ID]], [[:d:Property:P10697|Woolworths product ID]], [[:d:Property:P10698|TEİS ID]], [[:d:Property:P10699|FamousFix topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P10700|Parcours de vies dans la Royale ID]], [[:d:Property:P10701|Reflora ID]], [[:d:Property:P10702|Hrono.ru article ID]], [[:d:Property:P10704|Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society ID]], [[:d:Property:P10705|Historic Oregon Newspapers ID]], [[:d:Property:P10706|DACS ID (2022)]], [[:d:Property:P10707|AccessScience ID]], [[:d:Property:P10708|settlement area code in Sweden]], [[:d:Property:P10709|North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox ID]], [[:d:Property:P10710|Galaxy Store app ID]], [[:d:Property:P10711|Invasive.org species ID]], [[:d:Property:P10712|EIA utility ID]], [[:d:Property:P10713|Biografiskt Lexikon för Finland (urn.fi) ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/probability distribution related properties|probability distribution related properties]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ladungszahl|Ladungszahl]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Koordinationszahl|Koordinationszahl]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/danse|danse]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Median household income|Median household income]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/background of death|background of death]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Number of housing units|Number of housing units]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of reblogs|number of reblogs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IBAN banking code|IBAN banking code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/contraindication|contraindication]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/incorporated|incorporated]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PlantFiles taxon ID|PlantFiles taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Garden.org Plants Database ID|Garden.org Plants Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Woody Plants Database ID|Woody Plants Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gun Violence Archive incident ID|Gun Violence Archive incident ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WhoSampled television series ID|WhoSampled television series ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WhoSampled track ID|WhoSampled track ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of ideas|Encyclopedia of ideas]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Personality Database person identifier|Personality Database person identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TheGuardian.com profile ID|TheGuardian.com profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TIME.com author ID|TIME.com author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Investopedia term ID|Investopedia term ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GeoSciML|GeoSciML]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GeolISS|GeolISS]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Archives of Sweden persistent identifier|National Archives of Sweden persistent identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Linz DB ID|Linz DB ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/belfercenter person ID|belfercenter person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Data Commons ID|Data Commons ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/sextpanther person ID|sextpanther person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Tüik number|Tüik number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ERR project|ERR project]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MCCP ID|MCCP ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/56ye Languages and dialects with number of first language speakers (preferred rank)] ([https://twitter.com/exmusica/status/1519451096531582982 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/57XU Graph of influences in the age of Enlightenment] ([https://twitter.com/kvistgaard/status/1520528095589150721 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/57dj Countries which are named after a person] ([https://twitter.com/kanedr/status/1520048548745822208 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/57XN Number of musical works (compositions) in Wikidata by language, in descending order] ([https://twitter.com/exmusica/status/1520521925906382853 source]) * '''Development''' ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IIEZFOF2F7JUKGM7HSAOC4KXQYMJWWOB/ The new "mul" term language code is now available on Test Wikidata] ** Lexicographical data: We are finishing up the information box that should help new users understand quickly what lexicographical data is. We also added the help text to encourage people to check if the Lexeme already exists before creating one. ** REST API: We started working on the REST routes to get all statements of an Item and retrieve a single statement from an Item. [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2022 05 02|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 13:10, 2 May 2022 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=23229954 --> == Editing news 2022 #1 == <section begin="message"/><i>[[metawiki:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2022/April|Read this in another language]] • [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]</i> [[File:Junior Contributor New Topic Tool Completion Rate.png|thumb|New editors were more successful with this new tool.]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#New discussion tool|New topic tool]] helps editors create new ==Sections== on discussion pages. New editors are more successful with this new tool. You can [[mw:Talk pages project/New topic#21 April 2022|read the report]]. Soon, the Editing team will offer this to all editors at the 20 Wikipedias that participated in the test. You will be able to turn it off at [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion]].<section end="message"/> [[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] 18:43, 2 May 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=VisualEditor/Newsletter&oldid=23092897 --> == Tech News: 2022-18 == <section begin="technews-2022-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/dblists/group2.dblist all remaining wikis] (group 2), the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The developers are working on talk pages in the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS|Wikipedia app for iOS]]. You can [https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_9GBcHczQGLbQWTY give feedback]. You can take the survey in English, German, Hebrew or Chinese. * [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/VisualEditor_template_dialog_improvements#Status_and_next_steps|Most wikis]] will receive an [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/VisualEditor_template_dialog_improvements|improved template dialog]] in VisualEditor and New Wikitext mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T296759] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306967] * If you use syntax highlighting while editing wikitext, you can soon activate a [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Improved_Color_Scheme_of_Syntax_Highlighting#Color-blind_mode|colorblind-friendly color scheme]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306867] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Several CSS IDs related to MediaWiki interface messages will be removed. Technical editors should please [[phab:T304363|review the list of IDs and links to their existing uses]]. These include <code dir=ltr>#mw-anon-edit-warning</code>, <code dir=ltr>#mw-undelete-revision</code> and 3 others. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W18"/> 19:34, 2 May 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23232924 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2022-19 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2022 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Cyrus the Great Day]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:7aban1394.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Cyrus the Great Day''' (Persian: روز کوروش بزرگ, romanized: ruz-e kuroš-e bozorg) is an unofficial Iranian holiday that takes place on the seventh day of Aban, the eighth month of the Solar Hijri calendar (October 29th on the Gregorian calendar), to commemorate Cyrus the Great, the founder of the ancient Achaemenid Persian Empire. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:01, 9 May 2022 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=23227238 --> == Tech News: 2022-19 == <section begin="technews-2022-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now see categories in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia app for Android]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73966] '''Problems''' * Last week, there was a problem with Wikidata's search autocomplete. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307586] * Last week, all wikis had slow access or no access for 20 minutes, for logged-in users and non-cached pages. This was caused by a problem with a database change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307647] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T305217#7894966] * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Geoinformation#Current issues|Incompatibility issues]] with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] and the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]] will be fixed: Deployment is planned for May 10 on all wikis. Kartographer will then be enabled on the [[phab:T307348|five wikis which have not yet enabled the extension]] on May 24. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector (2022)]] skin will be set as the default on several more wikis, including Arabic and Catalan Wikipedias. Logged-in users will be able to switch back to the old Vector (2010). See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2022-04 for the largest wikis|latest update]] about Vector (2022). '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place on 17 May. The following meetings are currently planned for: 7 June, 21 June, 5 July, 19 July. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W19"/> 15:23, 9 May 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23256717 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #519 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** Closed request for permissions/Bot: *** [[Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/PangolinBot|PangolinBot]]. Task/s: Automatically replace one property value with another (Approved) * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming: *** [https://www.twitch.tv/belett Live editing session on Twitch] about International Museum Day 2022, in French, by Vigneron, May 10 at 19:00 CEST (UTC+2) *** LIVE Wikidata editing #79 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VYjML2j2SJE YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/3239886972963124/ Facebook], May 14 at 18:00 UTC *** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish_online_editathon#Träff_#106|Online Wikidata meetup in Swedish #106]], May 15 at 12.00 UTC *** The Wikimedia Hackathon will take place online on May 20–22, 2022. If you’re interested in presenting something around Wikidata and Wikibase during the hackathon, don’t wait too long to book a slot: [[mw:Wikimedia_Hackathon_2022/Schedule|Wikimedia Hackathon 2022/Schedule]]. ** Ongoing: *** Weekly Lexemes Challenge #41, [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=41 Music] *** [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Events/International_Museum_Day_2022 International Museum Day Wikidata Competition], 4 May 2022 - 18 May 2022. ** Past: *** Import of a Breton dictionary into Wikidata lexicographical data, on Twitch, in French, by Envlh: [https://www.twitch.tv/videos/1478281197 video] (French), slides: [[:File:Import du Lexique étymologique du breton moderne de Victor Henry depuis Wikisource dans les données lexicographiques de Wikidata - ContribuLing 2022.pdf|French]], [[:File:Import of the Etymological lexicon of modern Breton by Victor Henry from Wikisource into Wikidata lexicographical data - ContribuLing 2022.pdf|English]] * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Blogs *** [https://wikibase.consulting/automating-values-in-wikibase/ Automating Values in Wikibase (new extension)] ** Papers *** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2022/papers/WikiWorkshop2022_paper_29.pdf Building a Knowledge Graph of Events and Consequences Using Wikipedia and Wikidata] ** Videos *** Working with the Automated Values extension in Wikibase - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BO58wulCFVU YouTube] *** Bringing IIIF Manifests to life in Wikidata - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c358_5IolXw YouTube] *** Fun with lexemes. By [[d:User:Mahir256|Mahir256]] - [https://www.twitch.tv/videos/1476729630 Twitch] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [https://mapcomplete.osm.be/artwork.html?z=17&lat=-39.8424&lon=-73.23&language=en#node/9702109212 MapComplete] is an OpenStreetMap viewer and editor that searches Wikidata for species - which means that it is super-easy to link the Wikidata item to a tree one sees! ** [[d:User:Nikki/flag-emoji.css|User:Nikki/flag-emoji.css]] is a userscript that adds emoji flags before items for flags supported by either [[d:Q75862490|Noto Color Emoji]] or [[d:Q76836692|BabelStone Flags]]. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** Job opening: [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/18061438?l=en Community Communications Manager - Wikibase] at Wikimedia Deutschland. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P10714|WikiProject importance scale rating]], [[:d:Property:P10718|CXSMILES]], [[:d:Property:P10726|class of property value]], [[:d:Property:P10729|finisher]], [[:d:Property:P10731|support of a function]], [[:d:Property:P10732|probability mass function]], [[:d:Property:P10733|probability generating function]], [[:d:Property:P10734|Fisher information]], [[:d:Property:P10735|characteristic function]], [[:d:Property:P10736|cumulative distribution function]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P10715|Investopedia term ID]], [[:d:Property:P10716|fanvue creator ID]], [[:d:Property:P10717|Encyclopedia of Ideas ID]], [[:d:Property:P10719|RBMS Controlled Vocabulary ID]], [[:d:Property:P10720|WhoSampled track ID]], [[:d:Property:P10721|Identifiant Les Recteurs d'Académie en France]], [[:d:Property:P10722|French Inspector General for Education (1802-1914) identifier]], [[:d:Property:P10723|TheGuardian.com profile ID]], [[:d:Property:P10724|Hmoegirl ID]], [[:d:Property:P10725|English Everipedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P10727|GeoSciML ID]], [[:d:Property:P10728|Présent author ID]], [[:d:Property:P10730|Data Commons ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/beteiligte Parteien|beteiligte Parteien]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ligament insertion|ligament insertion]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/proper motion components|proper motion components]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/distributed from|distributed from]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IBAN banking code|IBAN banking code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/contains statistical territorial entity|contains statistical territorial entity]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Israeli Directors Guild id|The Israeli Directors Guild id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Twitter moment ID|Twitter moment ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Muziekweb composition ID|Muziekweb composition ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TOBuilt ID|TOBuilt ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Afisha.ru movie ID|Afisha.ru movie ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rusakters.ru ID|Rusakters.ru ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Baidu Scholar paper ID|Baidu Scholar paper ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ISKO Encyclopedia of Knowledge Organization ID|ISKO Encyclopedia of Knowledge Organization ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Chocolatey Community Package|Chocolatey Community Package]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IRIS Emilia-Romagna IDs|IRIS Emilia-Romagna IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kubbealti Lugati term ID|Kubbealti Lugati term ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kinokolo.ua film ID|Kinokolo.ua film ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kinokolo.ua person ID|Kinokolo.ua person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Twitter list ID|Twitter list ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/58H4 List of French public administrations with an open data portal, a siren number (P1616) and a servicepublic id (P6671)] ([https://teamopendata.org/t/identifiant-unique-de-portails-de-donnees/3647/21 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/58zt Largest cities with a female mayor] ([https://twitter.com/kvistgaard/status/1523523388064604164 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/597c Reach of Twitter accounts on Wikidata] ([https://twitter.com/GereonKalkuhl/status/1523236263662612481 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/589z Which works published in the 1970s have been most cited from works on archaeology?] ([https://twitter.com/RichardNevell/status/1521862536932597761 source]) ** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: *** [[Wikidata:WikiProject Slovakia]] * '''Development''' ** REST API: We are continuing to implement the REST routes to get all statements of an Item and retrieve a single statement from an Item ([[phab:T305988]], [[phab:T307087]], [[phab:T307088]]) ** Lexicographical data: We are finishing the version of the page for browsers without JavaScript support ([[phab:T298160]]). We started working on the feature to pre-fill the input fields by URL parameter ([[phab:T298154]]). And we started working on better suggestions for lexical categories so commonly-used ones can more easily be added to avoid mistakes ([[phab:T298150]]). ** We fixed an issue with recently added new language codes not being usable for Lexemes and not being sorted correctly on Special:NewItem ([[phab:T277836]]). [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2022 05 09|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 16:12, 9 May 2022 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=23260297 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': April 2022 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XII, Issue IV, April 2022</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Growing the record of Australian Music * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: About African Pagnes and Belgian music * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Brazil wins the first place in WLM 2021 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/France report|France report]]: French GLAM meeting * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Work with GLAMs on Wikisourse and Wikimedia Commons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/Mexico report|Mexico report]]: GLAM professionals add an image and become Wikipedians; Edificio Carolino Edit-a-thon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: People in Paleontology, Digikult, and copyright term extension for New Zealand * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: Wikidata for Nigerian Novelist and Novel * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Wikiresidence in progress and workshop Evolution in GLAM in Poland * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Important activities within the GLAM * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Training at the National Archives of Sweden; Training at the Stockholm City Museum; Training at the Swedish National Museum of Science and Technology; Improved images from Swedish Performing Arts Agency * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Wikidata Coffee Breaks * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Khalili Collections * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/Uruguay report|Uruguay report]]: Wikimedistas de Uruguay report * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: WVU Libraries; Earth Day-2022-SWC; Wiki-Gap * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: Open Access vs NFT, GLAM School, Saami language, family trees * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: Enter our logo competition; IGO/INGO; Needs assessments research results; Wrapping up some ISA-things * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: 1Lib1Ref, Image Description Week, Commons calls, and the Add an image events * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: May's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2022/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 04:22, 10 May 2022 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=23247018 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2022-20 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2022 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Lift Every Voice and Sing]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Lift Every Voice and Sing - U.S. Navy Band Southwest, Jacksonville, Fla.opus|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> "'''''Lift Every Voice and Sing'''''" – often referred to as the Black national anthem in the United States – is a hymn with lyrics by James Weldon Johnson (1871–1938) and set to music by his brother, J. Rosamond Johnson (1873–1954), for the anniversary of President Abraham Lincoln's birthday in 1900 <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:57, 16 May 2022 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=23227238 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #520 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming: *** The Wikimedia Hackathon will take place online on May 20–22, 2022. Are you interested in presenting something around Wikidata and Wikibase during the hackathon? Book a slot in the Wikidata+Wikibase room: [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon 2022/Schedule|Wikimedia Hackathon 2022/Schedule]]. *** Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call May 17, 2022: Anson Parker and Lucy Carr-Jones (University of Virigina Claude Moore Health Sciences Library) will be talking about their Open Data Dashboard for analyzing University of Virginia Health publications using EuropePMC publication data as well as work to group publications based on institutional departments in Wikidata and how much of their content is "open." [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1c_6b0IEsCXqh6nMgct4VHsJQFyT_wrb3L1N5cea3J2s/edit?usp=sharing Agenda] *** LIVE Wikidata editing #80 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3LO_JwNUZNw YouTube], [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikidataCommunity/permalink/3244367102515111/ Facebook], May 21 at 18:00 UTC *** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish_online_editathon#Träff_#108|Online Wikidata meetup in Swedish #108]], May 22 at 12.00 UTC *** 1 July: Abstract submission deadline for the Biodiversity Data Standards Conference [[:d:Q111972123|TDWG 2022]], including for a [https://www.tdwg.org/conferences/2022/session-list/#int19%20the%20role%20of%20the%20wikimedia%20ecosystem%20in%20linking%20biodiversity%20data session on "The role of the Wikimedia ecosystem in linking biodiversity data"] ** Ongoing: *** Weekly Lexemes Challenge #42, [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=42 Constitution Day, Norway] *** [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Events/International_Museum_Day_2022 International Museum Day Wikidata Competition], 4 May 2022 - 18 May 2022. * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Blogs *** [https://datengraben.com/posts/2022-05-05-wikidata-datawrapper-regionalzeitungen/ Regional newspaper map with datawrapper and Wikidata] ** Papers *** [[d:Q111987319|CAS Common Chemistry in 2021: Expanding Access to Trusted Chemical Information for the Scientific Community (Q111987319)]] *** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2205.01833.pdf OpenAlex: A fully-open index of scholarly works, authors, venues, institutions, and concepts] ([https://openalex.org/ tool]) ** Videos *** How to create Wikidata item (in Assamese) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-8nh03wu4Cg YouTube] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [https://guessr.blinry.org/?Q117 Wikidata Guesser] allows you to guess the locations of random Wikidata items! * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** Job opening: [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/18061438?l=en Community Communications Manager - Wikibase] at Wikimedia Deutschland. ** The [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/training/wikidata/wikidata-community Wikidata community onboarding] documentation by [https://wikiedu.org/ Wiki Education]. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P10737|quantile function]], [[:d:Property:P10738|mean of a probability distribution]], [[:d:Property:P10739|median of a probability distribution]], [[:d:Property:P10740|mode of a probability distribution]], [[:d:Property:P10741|dance]], [[:d:Property:P10743|variance of a probability distribution]], [[:d:Property:P10744|skewness]], [[:d:Property:P10745|excess kurtosis]], [[:d:Property:P10746|information entropy]], [[:d:Property:P10747|moment-generating function]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P10742|OBD Memorial ID]], [[:d:Property:P10748|GeolISSTerm ID]], [[:d:Property:P10749|TIME.com author ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Similar web ranking|Similar web ranking]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Italian Chamber of Deputies Government ID|Italian Chamber of Deputies Government ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books term ID|Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books term ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TamTam chat ID|TamTam chat ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PM20 ware ID|PM20 ware ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ANR project ID|ANR project ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/HeHaCham HaYomi id|HeHaCham HaYomi id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Delaware Department of State file number|Delaware Department of State file number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JBIS horse ID|JBIS horse ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Camp Wild|Camp Wild]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/59dS List of oldest cryptocurrencies] *** [https://w.wiki/59tq Scottish rivers that merge to make a river with a new name] ([https://twitter.com/Tagishsimon/status/1524799946280652800 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/5ASw List of candidates in the French legislative elections] ([[:d:User:PAC2/Législatives|source]]) *** [https://w.wiki/5ATF List of people with Elisabeth, Élisabeth or Elizabeth as first name] ([[:d:User:PAC2/Elisabeth|source]]) *** [https://w.wiki/5AFE Wikimedians with a Twitch channel] ([https://twitter.com/envlh/status/1525382998006308873 source]) * '''Development''' ** REST API: We continued implementing the REST routes to get all statements of an Item and retrieve a single statement from an Item ([[phab:T305988]], [[phab:T307087]], [[phab:T307088]]) ** [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2022 05 16|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 14:39, 16 May 2022 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=23284373 --> == Tech News: 2022-20 == <section begin="technews-2022-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/20|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * Some wikis can soon use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|add a link]] feature. This will start on Wednesday. The wikis are {{int:project-localized-name-cawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-simplewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-svwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}. This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304542] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2022|Wikimedia Hackathon 2022]] will take place online on May 20–22. It will be in English. There are also local [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2022/Meetups|hackathon meetups]] in Germany, Ghana, Greece, India, Nigeria and the United States. Technically interested Wikimedians can work on software projects and learn new skills. You can also host a session or post a project you want to work on. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can soon edit translatable pages in the visual editor. Translatable pages exist on for examples Meta and Commons. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/05/12/mediawiki-1-38-brings-support-for-editing-translatable-pages-with-the-visual-editor/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W20"/> 18:58, 16 May 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23291515 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #521 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/Use of dates in the descriptions of items regarding humans|Use of dates in the descriptions of items regarding humans]] * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming: *** 6 and 8 June: [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject Scholia/June 2022 hackathon|Scholia hackathon]] with focus on software-related visualizations and curation workflows *** 29 July 2022: The submission deadline for [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1emcO2v29TmwCFQ_6h9MAwPiKDmq--GZR-ilfwJMEMKo/edit?usp=sharing the Wikidata Workshop 2022] that will be co-located with the 21st International Conference on Semantic Web (ISWC 2022). ** Ongoing: *** Weekly Lexemes Challenge #43, [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=43 Towel Day] * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Videos *** Interrogating linked open data and Wikidata with SPARQL Lorenzo Losa - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ESUoOpeUhRc YouTube] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [https://lod4culture.gsic.uva.es LOD4Culture] is a web application for exploring world-wide cultural heritage. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [https://www.wikimedia.de/unlock/application/ UNLOCK], a Wikimedia Deutschland program, is looking for your project ideas. These could be the development of tools building on top of Wikidata's data, of applications for social and public good or related to civic tech. Apply until May 29th, 2022! ** Job opening: [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/18061438?l=en Community Communications Manager - Wikibase] at Wikimedia Deutschland. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P10768|Similarweb ranking]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P10766|Chocolatey Community package ID]], [[:d:Property:P10767|Twitter moment ID]], [[:d:Property:P10769|Kino-kolo film ID]], [[:d:Property:P10770|netkeiba horse ID]], [[:d:Property:P10771|Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books term ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has vector|has vector]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ECLI court code|ECLI court code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mirror image|Mirror image]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Norges Nasjonalmuseum Creator ID|Norges Nasjonalmuseum Creator ID]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Radio France person ID|Radio France person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ORKG ID|ORKG ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Authority control/Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici id|Authority control/Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of Medieval Philosophy ID|Encyclopedia of Medieval Philosophy ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kino.mail.ru film ID|Kino.mail.ru film ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kino.mail.ru series ID|Kino.mail.ru series ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kino.mail.ru person ID|Kino.mail.ru person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TVG Programme Identifier|TVG Programme Identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CPRF person ID|CPRF person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/New Mexico Digital Collections identifier|New Mexico Digital Collections identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ukrainian Live Classic composer ID|Ukrainian Live Classic composer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Odnoklassniki artist ID|Odnoklassniki artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lithuania Minor encyclopedia ID|Lithuania Minor encyclopedia ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/5BLV Relationships of Roman deities] ([https://twitter.com/kvistgaard/status/1527046255326683136 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/5Asb Ingrediants of dishes on Wikidata] ([https://twitter.com/larswillighagen/status/1526290242092814340 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/5BmR Food names after a place in the UK] ([https://twitter.com/heald_j/status/1527781394650476544 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/5AsG French heads of government classified by tenure] ([https://twitter.com/daieuxdailleurs/status/1526283304479215621 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/5BhM Places in Antarctica over 3000km away from the South Pole] *** [https://w.wiki/5C6b Topics that members of the Swedish Parliament motioned about 2020/21] ([https://twitter.com/Jan_Ainali/status/1528426250737528835 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/5BvV Albums with more than one language statement where none has preferred rank] ([https://twitter.com/exmusica/status/1528121917802151936 source]) * '''Development''' ** Wikibase REST API: Initial implementation of a route providing all statements of an item ([[phab:T305988]]), an a route to retrieve a single statement ([[phab:T307087]]) completed. ** First batch of [http://WBstack.com WBstack.com] accounts successfully migrated to [http://Wikibase.cloud Wikibase.cloud]. You can keep track of our progress on this phabricator ticket [[phab:T303852]]. ** Lexicographical data: We updated the input placeholders on the new version of the NewLexeme special page ([[phabricator:T302877|T302877]], [[phabricator:T307443|T307443]]). We finished the feature to prefill the inputs from URL parameters if present ([[phabricator:T298154|T298154]]) and to suggest common lexical category items ([[phabricator:T298150|T298150]]). We are working on some accessibility improvements ([[phabricator:T303806|T303806]], [[phabricator:T290733|T290733]], [[phabricator:T305359|T305359]]) and improving validation / error messages ([[phabricator:T305854|T305854]]). [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2022 05 23|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 14:55, 23 May 2022 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=23284373 --> == Tech News: 2022-21 == <section begin="technews-2022-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Administrators using the mobile web interface can now access Special:Block directly from user pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307341] * The <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wiktionary.org/ www.wiktionary.org]</span> portal page now uses an automated update system. Other [[m:Project_portals|project portals]] will be updated over the next few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304629] '''Problems''' * The Growth team maintains a mentorship program for newcomers. Previously, newcomers weren't able to opt out from the program. Starting May 19, 2022, newcomers are able to fully opt out from Growth mentorship, in case they do not wish to have any mentor at all. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287915] * Some editors cannot access the content translation tool if they load it by clicking from the contributions menu. This problem is being worked on. It should still work properly if accessed directly via Special:ContentTranslation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308802] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget and user scripts developers are invited to give feedback on a [[mw:User:Jdlrobson/Extension:Gadget/Policy|proposed technical policy]] aiming to improve support from MediaWiki developers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308686] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W21"/> 00:21, 24 May 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23317250 --> == ''The Signpost'': 29 May 2022 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's weekly journal about Wikipedia and Wikimedia''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> * From the team: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-05-29/From the team|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-05-29/From the team]] * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-05-29/News and notes|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-05-29/News and notes]] * Community view: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-05-29/Community view|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-05-29/Community view]] * Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-05-29/Opinion|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-05-29/Opinion]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-05-29/In the media|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-05-29/In the media]] * Special report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-05-29/Special report|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-05-29/Special report]] * In focus: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-05-29/In focus|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-05-29/In focus]] * Discussion report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-05-29/Discussion report|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-05-29/Discussion report]] * WikiProject report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-05-29/WikiProject report|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-05-29/WikiProject report]] * Technology report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-05-29/Technology report|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-05-29/Technology report]] * Featured content: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-05-29/Featured content|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-05-29/Featured content]] * Interview: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-05-29/Interview|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-05-29/Interview]] * Serendipity: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-05-29/Serendipity|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-05-29/Serendipity]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-05-29/Recent research|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-05-29/Recent research]] * Tips and tricks: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-05-29/Tips and tricks|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-05-29/Tips and tricks]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-05-29/Traffic report|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-05-29/Traffic report]] * News from Diff: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-05-29/News from Diff|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-05-29/News from Diff]] * News from the WMF: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-05-29/News from the WMF|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-05-29/News from the WMF]] * Video: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-05-29/Video|How the entire country of Qatar was blocked from editing]] * Gallery: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-05-29/Gallery|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-05-29/Gallery]] * From the archives: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-05-29/From the archives|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-05-29/From the archives]] * Essay: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-05-29/Essay|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-05-29/Essay]] * Humour: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-05-29/Humour|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-05-29/Humour]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 20:48, 29 May 2022 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:Evad37/SPS]]) --></div></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=23323647 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2022-22 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2022 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Zangbeto]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Zangbeto.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Zangbeto''' are the traditional voodoo guardians of the night among the Ogu or Egun people of Benin, Togo and Nigeria. A traditional police and security institution, the Zangbeto cult is charged with the maintenance of law and order, and ensures safety and security within Ogu communities <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:05, 30 May 2022 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=23338388 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #522 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming: *** Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call May 31, 2022: Felicia Smith, Nicole Coleman, and Akosua Kissi on the Know Systemic Racism Project [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1pjuabqUARaxr2kaRodikVx0zBznyZ0kicvcajDPpy98/edit?usp=sharing Agenda] *** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish_online_editathon#Träff_#110|Online Wikidata meetup in Swedish #110]], June 5 at 12.00 UTC * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Blogs *** [https://pointstodots.wordpress.com/2022/05/25/the-evolution-of-a-wikidata-sparql-query-for-taxon-names/ The evolution of a Wikidata SPARQL query for taxon names], by Tiago Lubiana ** Papers *** [[d:Q112143478|The LOTUS initiative for open knowledge management in natural products research (Q112143478)]] *** [[:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-05-29/In focus|Measuring gender diversity in Wikipedia articles]] in [[:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|The Signpost]]. The article using Wikidata's SPARQL queries to measure gender diversity in Wikipedia articles. *** [[:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-02-27/By the numbers|Does birthplace affect the frequency of Wikipedia biography articles?]] in [[:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|The Signpost]] (February 2022) ** Videos *** [https://www.twitch.tv/videos/1310601000 Replay of the livestream "Even more fun with Lexemes" by Mahir256] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [[d:Template:Item documentation|Template Item documentation]] is now automatically displayed in the header of each item's talk page via [[d:MediaWiki:Talkpageheader|MediaWiki:Talkpageheader]]. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** Want to know more about Abstract Wikipedia & Wikifunctions? You can now [[:m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia|subscribe to the weekly newsletter]] and get a friendly reminder every time a new issue is published! ** [https://inforapid.org/webapp/webapp.php?shareddb=PulDm8q7r4LSkXKeE0zXR47udr6DrhGY4lHDP22rKccZoupt6mBESe9ZU9qWg6GTtilsS1CS8ri6IT2dTLGYlnSROrukLvuK Radioactivity map]: Mind map about radioactive radiation built by importing from Wikidata with InfoRapid KnowledgeBase Builder * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P10777|candidate position]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P10772|Lithuanian company code]], [[:d:Property:P10773|Afisha.ru movie ID]], [[:d:Property:P10774|art is next artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P10775|Gun Violence Archive ID]], [[:d:Property:P10776|HeHaCham HaYomi ID]], [[:d:Property:P10778|CPNI ID]], [[:d:Property:P10779|Collection Hermann Göring DB ID]], [[:d:Property:P10780|Radio France person ID]], [[:d:Property:P10781|ANR project ID]], [[:d:Property:P10782|Encyclopedia of Medieval Philosophy ID]], [[:d:Property:P10783|Umanity horse ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of versions|number of versions]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/voting age (reproposed)|voting age (reproposed)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/code dans la Classification centrale des produits|code dans la Classification centrale des produits]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identificador WikiBurgos|identificador WikiBurgos]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/orchestrator|orchestrator]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/HaBama person id|HaBama person id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Odnoklassniki album ID|Odnoklassniki album ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WorldCat Entities ID|WorldCat Entities ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BRUZZ topic ID|BRUZZ topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BRUZZ place ID|BRUZZ place ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CBC Gem ID|CBC Gem ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MAYA site company id|MAYA site company id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Anime Characters Database tag ID|Anime Characters Database tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Plex GUID|Plex GUID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Esports Earnings game ID|Esports Earnings game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Esports Earnings player ID|Esports Earnings player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Liquipedia ID|Liquipedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Scottish Highland Bridges ID|Scottish Highland Bridges ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Museum of Gothenburg object ID|Museum of Gothenburg object ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ozon person identifier|Ozon person identifier]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/5DLD List of candidates for the next French legislative elections] ([https://twitter.com/WikidataThreads/status/1530563510840741888?t=l0De456aqy2DLnYnd6c7QA&s=19 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/5DYV Occupation of people named Elizabeth, Élisabeth or Elisabeth in Wikidata] ([https://twitter.com/WikidataThreads/status/1531140106366623745?t=EnqYfU_9NfSq4zkve5_5tg&s=19 source]) *** [https://query.wikidata.org/#%23defaultView%3ABarChart%0A%23Percentage%20of%20films%20passing%20the%20Bechdel%20test%20by%20genre.%20Including%20films%20that%20pass%20dubiously%2C%20rarely%20or%20contentiously%0A%23Some%20items%20have%20more%20than%20one%20test%20result%20%28e.g.%20in%20contentious%20cases%29%0A%23To%20pass%20the%20Bechdel%20test%20a%20film%20must%20fulfill%20all%20of%20three%20criteria%3A%201%29%20feature%20two%20women%202%29%20who%20talk%20to%20each%20other%203%29%20about%20something%20else%20than%20a%20man%0ASELECT%20%3FgenreLabel%20%28COUNT%28DISTINCT%20%3Fitem%29%2F%20%3Fitem_count%20AS%20%3Fshare%29%20%28xsd%3Astring%28%3Fitem_count%29%20AS%20%3Fnumber_of_films_with_test_data%29%20%0AWITH%20%7B%0ASELECT%20%3Fgenre%20%3Fitem%20%3Fbechdel_result%20WHERE%7B%0A%20%20%20%20VALUES%20%3Fgenre%20%7Bwd%3AQ1762165%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wd%3AQ21802675%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wd%3AQ40831%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wd%3AQ5937792%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wd%3AQ21010853%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wd%3AQ132311%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wd%3AQ1196408%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wd%3AQ16575965%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wd%3AQ842256%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wd%3AQ6585139%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wd%3AQ19765983%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wd%3AQ24925%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wd%3AQ182015%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wd%3AQ111956902%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wd%3AQ21590660%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fst%20ps%3AP5021%20wd%3AQ4165246%3B%20pq%3AP9259%20%3Fbechdel_result.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fitem%20p%3AP5021%20%3Fst%3B%20wdt%3AP136%2Fwdt%3AP279%2a%20%3Fgenre%3B%20wdt%3AP31%2Fwdt%3AP279%2a%20wd%3AQ11424%0A%20%20%20%20%20%7D%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%0A%7D%20AS%20%25bechdel_by_genre%0AWITH%20%7B%0ASELECT%20%3Fgenre%20%28COUNT%28DISTINCT%20%3Fitem%29%20AS%20%3Fitem_count%29%20WHERE%7B%0A%20%20%20%20INCLUDE%20%25bechdel_by_genre%0A%20%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20GROUP%20BY%20%3Fgenre%0A%7D%20AS%20%25item_count_by_genre%0AWHERE%20%7B%0AINCLUDE%20%25bechdel_by_genre%0AINCLUDE%20%25item_count_by_genre%0AFILTER%28%3Fbechdel_result%20IN%20%28wd%3AQ105773168%29%29%0ASERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22%5BAUTO_LANGUAGE%5D%2Cen%22.%20%7D%0A%7D%0AGROUP%20BY%20%3FgenreLabel%20%3Fitem_count%0A Percentage of films passing the Bechdel test by genre] / [https://query.wikidata.org/#%23defaultView%3ABarChart%0A%23Percentage%20of%20films%20passing%20the%20%22reverse%20Bechdel%20Test%22%20by%20genre.%20Including%20films%20that%20pass%20dubiously%2C%20rarely%20or%20contentiously%0A%23Some%20items%20have%20more%20than%20one%20test%20result%20%28e.g.%20in%20contentious%20cases%29%0A%23To%20pass%20the%20reverse%20Bechdel%20test%20a%20film%20must%20fulfill%20all%20of%20three%20criteria%3A%201%29%20feature%20two%20men%202%29%20who%20talk%20to%20each%20other%203%29%20about%20something%20else%20than%20a%20woman%0ASELECT%20%3FgenreLabel%20%28COUNT%28DISTINCT%20%3Fitem%29%2F%20%3Fitem_count%20AS%20%3Fshare%29%20%28xsd%3Astring%28%3Fitem_count%29%20AS%20%3Fnumber_of_films_with_test_data%29%20%0AWITH%20%7B%0ASELECT%20%3Fgenre%20%3Fitem%20%3Fr_bechdel_result%20WHERE%7B%0A%20%20%20%20VALUES%20%3Fgenre%20%7Bwd%3AQ1762165%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wd%3AQ21802675%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wd%3AQ40831%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wd%3AQ5937792%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wd%3AQ21010853%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wd%3AQ132311%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wd%3AQ1196408%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wd%3AQ16575965%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wd%3AQ842256%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wd%3AQ6585139%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wd%3AQ19765983%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wd%3AQ24925%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wd%3AQ182015%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wd%3AQ111956902%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wd%3AQ21590660%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fst%20ps%3AP5021%20wd%3AQ105776216%3B%20pq%3AP9259%20%3Fr_bechdel_result.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fitem%20p%3AP5021%20%3Fst%3B%20wdt%3AP136%2Fwdt%3AP279%2a%20%3Fgenre%3B%20wdt%3AP31%2Fwdt%3AP279%2a%20wd%3AQ11424.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%0A%7D%20AS%20%25bechdel_by_genre%0AWITH%20%7B%0ASELECT%20%3Fgenre%20%28COUNT%28DISTINCT%20%3Fitem%29%20AS%20%3Fitem_count%29%20WHERE%7B%0A%20%20%20%20INCLUDE%20%25bechdel_by_genre%0A%20%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20GROUP%20BY%20%3Fgenre%0A%7D%20AS%20%25item_count_by_genre%0AWHERE%20%7B%0AINCLUDE%20%25bechdel_by_genre%0AINCLUDE%20%25item_count_by_genre%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20FILTER%28%3Fr_bechdel_result%20IN%20%28wd%3AQ105773168%29%29%0ASERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22%5BAUTO_LANGUAGE%5D%2Cen%22.%20%7D%0A%7D%0AGROUP%20BY%20%3FgenreLabel%20%3Fitem_count%0A percentage of films passing the reverse Bechdel test by genre] *** [https://w.wiki/5Ddo Timeline of the start of pride parades from 1970] ([https://twitter.com/jsamwrites/status/1530480013648199683 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/5CyT Top 100 genes with most genetic associations on Wikidata] ([https://twitter.com/lubianat/status/1529825153214914564 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/5Ddr Biennales that aren’t biennial] ([https://twitter.com/WikidataFacts/status/1528878945923473409 source]) * '''Development''' ** Wikibase REST API: Expanding statement reading routes (a single statement specified by ID ([[phab:T307087]]), all statements of an item ([[phab:T305988]]), a single statement for a specific item ([[phab:T307088]])) ** Fetch revision metadata and entity data separately in all use cases ([[phab:T307915]], [https://doc.wikimedia.org/Wikibase/master/php/rest_adr_0003.html decision]) ** Update installation instructions in WikibaseLexeme.git readme file ([[phab:T306008]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** [[d:Wikidata:Contribute/Suggested and open tasks|Suggested and open tasks]]! ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2022 05 30|Read the full report]]''' &middot; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] &middot; [[:d:User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)|Lea Lacroix (WMDE)]] 15:22, 30 May 2022 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=23340168 --> == Tech News: 2022-22 == <section begin="technews-2022-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] extension, an <code dir=ltr>ip_in_ranges()</code> function has been introduced to check if an IP is in any of the ranges. Wikis are advised to combine multiple <code dir=ltr>ip_in_range()</code> expressions joined by <code>|</code> into a single expression for better performance. You can use the search function on [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]] to locate its usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T305017] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature|IP Info feature]] which helps abuse fighters access information about IPs, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#May 24, 2022|has been deployed]] to all wikis as a beta feature. This comes after weeks of beta testing on test.wikipedia.org. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-05-31|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#New topic tool|New Topic Tool]] will be deployed for all editors at most wikis soon. You will be able to opt out from within the tool and in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287804] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:mw:Special:ApiHelp/query+usercontribs|list=usercontribs API]] will support fetching contributions from an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Range blocks#Non-technical explanation|IP range]] soon. API users can set the <code>uciprange</code> parameter to get contributions from any IP range within [[:mw:Manual:$wgRangeContributionsCIDRLimit|the limit]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T177150] * A new parser function will be introduced: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{=}}</nowiki></code></bdi>. It will replace existing templates named "=". It will insert an [[w:en:Equals sign|equal sign]]. This can be used to escape the equal sign in the parameter values of templates. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T91154] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W22"/> 20:29, 30 May 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23340178 --> == This Month in Education: May 2022 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 11 • Issue 5 • May 2022</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2022|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2022/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[Education/News/May 2022/Wiki Hackathon in Kwara State|Wiki Hackathon in Kwara State]] * [[Education/News/May 2022/Introduction of the Wikimedia Fan Club to Kwara State University Malete|Introduction of the Wikimedia Fan Club to Kwara State University Malete]] * [[Education/News/May 2022/Education in Kosovo|Education in Kosovo]] * [[Education/News/May 2022/Bringing the Wikiprojects to the Island of Catanduanes|Bringing the Wikiprojects to the Island of Catanduanes]] * [[Education/News/May 2022/Tyap Wikipedia Goes Live|Tyap Wikipedia Goes Live]] * [[Education/News/May 2022/Spring 1Lib1Ref edition in Poland|Spring 1Lib1Ref edition in Poland]] * [[Education/News/May 2022/Tyap Editors Host Maiden Wiktionary In-person Training Workshop|Tyap Editors Host Maiden Wiktionary In-person Training Workshop]] * [[Education/News/May 2022/Wikibooks project in teaching|Wikibooks project in teaching]] * [[Education/News/May 2022/Africa Eduwiki Network Hosted Conversation about Wikimedian in Education with Nebojša Ratković|Africa Eduwiki Network Hosted Conversation about Wikimedian in Education with Nebojša Ratković]] * [[Education/News/May 2022/My Journey In The Wiki-Space By Thomas Baah|My Journey In The Wiki-Space By Thomas Baah]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education| Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 02:43, 1 June 2022 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=23282386 --> == This Month in Education: May 2022 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:40px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:20px; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width:900px;"> Volume 11 • Issue 5 • May 2022</span> ---- <span style="font-size:larger;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2022|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2022/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</span> ---- <span style="color:white; font-size:26px; font-family:Montserrat; display:block; background:#92BFB1; width:100%;">In This Issue</span></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em; -moz-column-count: 2; -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Education/News/May 2022/Wiki Hackathon in Kwara State|Wiki Hackathon in Kwara State]] * [[m:Education/News/May 2022/Introduction of the Wikimedia Fan Club to Kwara State University Malete|Introduction of the Wikimedia Fan Club to Kwara State University Malete]] * [[m:Education/News/May 2022/Education in Kosovo|Education in Kosovo]] * [[m:Education/News/May 2022/Bringing the Wikiprojects to the Island of Catanduanes|Bringing the Wikiprojects to the Island of Catanduanes]] * [[m:Education/News/May 2022/Tyap Wikipedia Goes Live|Tyap Wikipedia Goes Live]] * [[m:Education/News/May 2022/Spring 1Lib1Ref edition in Poland|Spring 1Lib1Ref edition in Poland]] * [[m:Education/News/May 2022/Tyap Editors Host Maiden Wiktionary In-person Training Workshop|Tyap Editors Host Maiden Wiktionary In-person Training Workshop]] * [[m:Education/News/May 2022/Wikibooks project in teaching|Wikibooks project in teaching]] * [[m:Education/News/May 2022/Africa Eduwiki Network Hosted Conversation about Wikimedian in Education with Nebojša Ratković|Africa Eduwiki Network Hosted Conversation about Wikimedian in Education with Nebojša Ratković]] * [[m:Education/News/May 2022/My Journey In The Wiki-Space By Thomas Baah|My Journey In The Wiki-Space By Thomas Baah]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education| Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 02:54, 1 June 2022 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=23351176 --> == Books & Bytes – Issue 50 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style = "color: #936c29; font-size: 4em; font-family: Copperplate, 'Copperplate Gothic Light', serif"> [[File:Wikipedia Library owl.svg|80px|link=The Wikipedia Library]] '''The Wikipedia Library''' </div> <div style = "font-size: 1.5em; margin: 0 100px"> [[File:Bookshelf.jpg|right|175px]]</div> <div style = "line-height: 1.2"> <span style="font-size: 2em; font-family: Copperplate, 'Copperplate Gothic Light', serif">'''''Books & Bytes'''''</span><br /> Issue 50, March – April 2022 </div> <div style = "margin-top: 1.5em; border: 3px solid #ae8c55; border-radius: .5em; padding: 1em 1.5em; font-size: 1.2em"> * New library partner - SPIE * 1Lib1Ref May 2022 underway <big>'''[[:m:The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter/March-April_2022|Read the full newsletter]]'''</big> </div> </div> <small>Sent by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --12:53, 1 June 2022 (UTC) (UTC)</small> <!-- Message sent by User:Samwalton9@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wikipedia_Library/Newsletter/Recipients&oldid=23303825 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2022-23 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2022 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Trabala vishnou]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Trabala vishnou (Walker, 1855) Rose Myrtle Lappet Moth female Lasiocampidae (16076304697).jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Trabala vishnou''', the rose-myrtle lappet moth, is a moth of the family Lasiocampidae. It is found in south-east Asia, including Pakistan, India, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Java, China, Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Vietnam and Indonesia. Four subspecies are recognized. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:24, 6 June 2022 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=23366994 --> == Tech News: 2022-23 == <section begin="technews-2022-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/23|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>str_replace_regexp()</code></bdi> function can be used in [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to replace parts of text using a [[w:en:Regular expression|regular expression]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285468] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W23"/> 02:46, 7 June 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23366979 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #523 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** June 6th and 8th: [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject Scholia/June 2022 hackathon|Scholia hackathon]] with focus on software-related visualizations and curation workflows ** June 9th (Thursday) at 17:00 (UTC): [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kv8bDtO4cq8 Wikidata Lab XXXIV: OpenRefine e Structured Data on Commons] ** July 8-10: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Data Quality Days 2022|Data Quality Days]], online event focusing on data quality processes on Wikidata. You can [[d:Wikidata talk:Events/Data Quality Days 2022|submit sessions or discussion topics]] until June 19th. * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Blogs *** [https://jdr.hypotheses.org/1661 Travailler avec les épigraphes littéraires dans Wikidata] *** [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1yoKhbNM_9yYqni0JAh-3NEKsDjLm5xMn/view Were more plant genera really named for nymphs than women who actually lived?] ** Papers *** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2205.08184.pdf "SKILL: Structured Knowledge Infusion for Large Language Models"]: Infusing structured knowledge from Wikidata into language models improves performance (Moiseev et al, 2022) ** Videos *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UsyPI3ZVwRs Live Wikidata editing #82] by [[d:User:Ainali|Ainali]] and [[d:User:Abbe98|Abbe98]] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/articles-wikilinks-inspector?collection=@pac02/wikipedia-tools Article's wikilinks inspector] takes all entities linked in a Wikipedia article and compute insights about those entities using Wikidata. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** The [[Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/May 2022 scaling update|May 2022 summary]] for the Wikidata Query Service backend update is out! ** There will be a new online community meeting for the [[Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update|Wikidata Query Service backend update]] on Monday June 20, 2022 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1655751623 19:00 UTC] ([https://meet.jit.si/WDQS-alternative-backends-jun2022 link to the meeting]). ** Several students are working on Wikidata-related tasks as part of the Outreachy program and the Google Summer of Code. Welcome to [[d:user:Feliciss|Feliciss]] and [[d:userPangolinMexico|PangolinMexico]], working on [[phab:T300207|Automatically identifying first and last author names for Wikicite and Wikidata]], and [[d:User:LennardHofmann|LennardHofmann]], [[phab:T305869|working on rewriting the Wikidata Infobox on Commons in Lua]]. Feel free to greet them and follow their work on Phabricator! ** [https://mix-n-match.toolforge.org/#/entries A new Mix'n'match page to query entries] across catalogs, by various properties (born/died, gender, location, external IDs, etc.) * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P10786|date of incorporation]], [[:d:Property:P10788|in operation on service]], [[:d:Property:P10795|coordination number]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P10784|ISKO Encyclopedia of Knowledge Organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P10785|JBIS horse ID]], [[:d:Property:P10787|FactGrid property ID]], [[:d:Property:P10789|Lithuania Minor Encyclopedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P10791|PlantFiles taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P10792|Garden.org Plants Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P10793|Woody Plants Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P10794|Macaulay Library taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P10796|Italian Chamber of Deputies government ID]], [[:d:Property:P10797|Italian Chamber of Deputies parliamentary group ID]], [[:d:Property:P10798|Midi libre journalist ID]], [[:d:Property:P10799|Heiligen.net ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/COR lemma-id, niveau 1|COR lemma-id, niveau 1]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/embargoed until|embargoed until]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/electric charge capacity|electric charge capacity]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/COR form ID, level 1|COR form ID, level 1]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/феноритмотип|феноритмотип]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/type of artefact(s)|type of artefact(s)]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Russia.travel object ID|Russia.travel object ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AdoroCinema series ID|AdoroCinema series ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FirstCycling (riderID)|FirstCycling (riderID)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/snookerscores.net player ID|snookerscores.net player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OVO-code|OVO-code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CEU author ID|CEU author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Chaoxing Journal ID|Chaoxing Journal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Springer Nature Person ID|Springer Nature Person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Springer Nature Article ID|Springer Nature Article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Springer Nature Journal ID|Springer Nature Journal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MUI Icon|MUI Icon]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/UK Beetles ID|UK Beetles ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** [[d:Wikidata:Properties for deletion|Deleted properties]]: ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/5E6u Which are the most popular natural products based on the number of statements on their corresponding QID?] (from the Telegram Wikidata group) *** [https://w.wiki/5DYV Occupation of people named Elizabeth, Elisabeth or Élisabeth] ([https://twitter.com/WikidataThreads/status/1531140106366623745 source]) * '''Development''' ** Lexicographical data: We finished work on input validation and displaying errors for faulty input ([[phab:T305854]]) and are continuing work on accessibility improvements such as screen reader support and keyboard navigation ([[phab:T290733]], [[phab:T30535]]). ** REST API: We finished implementation of conditional statement requests ([[phab:T307031]], [[phab:T307032]]) and published the [https://doc.wikimedia.org/Wikibase/master/js/rest-api/ OpenAPI specification document] (still subject to change as the API develops). We started working on the write part of the API with adding statements to an Item ([[phab:T306667]]). [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** [[d:Wikidata:Contribute/Suggested and open tasks|Suggested and open tasks]]! ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2022 06 06|Read the full report]]''' &middot; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] &middot; [[:d:User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)|Lea Lacroix (WMDE)]] 08:25, 7 June 2022 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=23366971 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2022-24 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2022 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Tirumala septentrionis]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Dark blue tiger (Tirumala septentrionis dravidarum).jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Tirumala septentrionis''', the dark blue tiger, is a danaid butterfly found in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:35, 13 June 2022 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=23389957 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': May 2022 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XII, Issue V, May 2022</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Summer of Wikivoyage 2022 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: Face-to-face and virtual events on May * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Over 1000 references added in Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand for #1Lib1Ref * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: New Wikidata Property * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Wiki Loves Espírito Santo is a sucess * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Estonia report|Estonia report]]: From university to library * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: Photowalks in Southern Finland, spring 2022 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/France report|France report]]: International Museum Day 2022 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/India report|India report]]: Digitization of Tibetan Buddhist canons, The International Museum Day 2022 Wikidata Competition * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: May in and for museums * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: Cooperation with the National Gallery of Kosova and Summer of Wikivoyage 2022 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Malaysia report|Malaysia report]]: WikiGap Malaysia 2022 @ Kuala Lumpur Library * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Pacific Arts Aotearoa Wikiproject, Auckland Museum's Exploratory Study and Report back on #1Lib1Ref * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Wikipedian in residence in the National Museum in Cracow; Training at the Wawel Royal Castle National Art Collection; How can we make GLAM’s digital resources more reusable in education?; The International Museum Day 2022 Wikidata Competition * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: New GLAM brochure and Wikilive 2022 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Rembrandt and others – drawings from the Nationalmuseum in Stockholm; Stockholm Museum of Women’s History; The map book of Heinrich Thome; Sörmland Museum; Wikidata competition – International Museum Day 2022 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Diversity in GLAM Program * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Khalili Collections * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Uruguay report|Uruguay report]]: Wikimedistas de Uruguay report: 1bib1ref, Museum of Natural History, and more! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Hackathons and Edit-a-thons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: International Energy Agency share their knowledge and graphics on Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: Uploading files to Wikimedia Commons with OpenRefine: looking for test uploads! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Results from 1Lib1Ref May 2022 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: June's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2022/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 14:14, 13 June 2022 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=23345409 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #524 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** New requests for permissions/Bot: *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/William Avery Bot 6|William Avery Bot 6]]. Task/s: Increment Shakeosphere person ID by 24638, as discussed at [[d:Wikidata:Bot_requests#Shakeosphere_person_ID|WD:RBOT § Shakeosphere person ID]] *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/Crystal-bot|Crystal-bot]]. Task/s: Add [[:d:Property:P9675|MediaWiki page ID (P9675)]] and language of work or name (P407) qualifiers to items using Moegirlpedia ID (P5737) identifier. *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/William Avery Bot 5|William Avery Bot 5]]. References to facts stated in [[d:Q104074149|The Database of Victims of the Nazi Persecution (Q104074149)]] that use [[:d:Property:P854|reference URL (P854)]] will be changed to to use [[:d:Property:P9109|Holocaust.cz person ID (P9109)]], as requested at [[d:Wikidata:Bot requests#reference URL (P854) %E2%86%92 Holocaust.cz person ID (P9109) (2021-02-05)]] *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/OJSOptimetaCitationsBot|OJSOptimetaCitationsBot]]. Add citation and author data for publications in journals hosted in [https://pkp.sfu.ca/ojs/ Open Journal Systems]. * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming *** Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call June 14, 2022: Will Kent (Wikidata Program Manager at Wiki Education) and Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight (Wikimedia Foundation Trustee; Visiting Scholar at Northeastern University; co-founder of Wiki Women in Red) will present on Leveraging Wikidata for Wikipedia – running a multi-language wiki project and the role of Wikidata in improving Wikipedia's content gender gap. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1lM5fWZcQpvn4rA_olx4aNIp6DQjX2DV-LLgSY1Qm98A/edit# Agenda] *** [https://www.twitch.tv/belett Live editing session on Twitch], in French, by Vigneron, June 14 at 19:00 CEST (UTC+2) ** Ongoing *** Weekly Lexemes Challenge #46, [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=46 Cartography] ** Past *** [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/mind-your-manors-medieval-hack-weekend-tickets-293300027277 'Mind Your Manors'] Medieval Hack Weekend (UK National Archives / York Centre for Medieval Studies), June 11-12. [https://twitter.com/heald_j/status/1536121787263725568 Included some useful Wikidata linkage]. * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Blogs *** [https://tech-news.wikimedia.de/en/2022/06/03/wikibase-cloud-a-new-project-at-wikimedia-deutschland/ Wikibase.cloud: a new project at Wikimedia Deutschland] *** [https://commonists.wordpress.com/2022/06/07/50000-video-games-on-wikidata/ 50,000 video games on Wikidata] by [[User:Jean-Frédéric|Jean-Frédéric]] *** [https://www.ctrl.blog/entry/latest-browser-versions-api.html The Current Version of Popular Browsers API (powered by Wikidata)] *** [https://aldizkaria.elhuyar.eus/mundu-digitala/wikidata-ezagutzarako-datu-base-libre-kolaboratibo/ Wikidata, a free collaborative knowledge database] (in Basque) ** Papers *** [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-022-01369-4 A cross-verified database of notable people, 3500BC-2018AD] *** [https://2022.eswc-conferences.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/pd_Guo_et_al_paper_206.pdf WikidataComplete – An easy-to-use method for rapid validation of text-extracted new facts applied to the Wikidata knowledge graph] ** Videos *** Dagbani Wikipedia Saha Episode 5: Introduction to Wikidata (in Dagbanli) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CWs69F8QWVA YouTube] *** LIVE Wikidata editing #83 - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z1MD8scGSS8 YouTube] *** Wikiba.se ... an Free and Open Source Software, originally developed to run on Wikipedia - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wplqB_DIoL0 YouTube] *** Wikidata Lab XXXIV: OpenRefine and Structured Data on Commons - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kv8bDtO4cq8 YouTube] *** Generating Gene Sets for Transcriptomics Analysis Using Wikidata - Part 2 (in Portuguese) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4EOCMj7-PxI YouTube] *** A walk through Wikidata (in Portuguese) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YmGpfuShLrI YouTube] *** Demographic profiling in Wikipedia Wikidata WikiCite & Scholia - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IF9tb-RWmaM YouTube] *** DSI Webinar - Basic training on Wikidata as a complementary tool to enrich metadata - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aLLGci9II30 YouTube] *** How does Wikidata store data? How to contribute Data to Wikidata? - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TBbZoYMi3pM YouTube] *** Generate MindMap from Wikidata using SPARQL query - YouTube ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yKA4pVZMOEo En], [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mc8C77lgrtw De]) *** FAIR and Open multilingual clinical trials in Wikidata - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sGhH3ysuzeQ YouTube] *** The Italian libraries magazines on Wikidata - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3v5jgwXlqOM YouTube] *** Wikidata Testimonials **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pp1kRiRlBgg Giovanna Fontenelle (Wikimedia Foundation)] **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3PqG9Ul4Zr0&t=3s Frédéric Julien (Director of Research and Development CAPACOA))] (in French) **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pp1kRiRlBgg Nathalie Thibault (Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec (MNBAQ))] (in French) **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E6mOeAAUBA8 Michael Gasser (ETH Bibliothek Zürich)] (in German) * '''Tool of the week''' ** [[d:Wikidata:Tools/Enhance_user_interface#ExtraInterwiki|ExtraInterwiki]]. Some language links will never show up in your favorite Wikipedia, those who don’t have a corresponding article in this Wikipedia. This new tool aims to give them more visibility by searching topics closed to the one on an article with no article on your wiki. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikibase-cloud@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/GMCJQLEBKEURMODIJ7AWD2FJJRLJ3WEO/ New Wikibase.cloud project status update page has been created!] ** [https://qichwa.wikibase.cloud Qichwabase] is a Wikibase instance curating Quechua lexicographical data, for later integration into Wikidata ** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/wikidata-search-api Using Wikidata search API in Observable] by [[:d:User:PAC2|PAC2]] ** [https://observablehq.com/collection/@pac02/wikidata Explore Wikidata using Observable], a collection of notebooks in Observable to explore Wikidata, by [[:d:User:PAC2|PAC2]]. ** [https://observablehq.com/@johnsamuelwrites/programming-languages-on-wikidata Programming languages on Wikidata] in Observable by [[User:Jsamwrites|Jsamwrites]], based on examples by [[User:PAC2|PAC2]] (see above) ** [https://twitter.com/MagnusManske/status/1534102853572341760 New Mix'n'match function: Unmatched biographical entries grouped by exact birth and death date. Currently ~33k "groups" available] * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P10806|orchestrator]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P10800|Championat ID]], [[:d:Property:P10801|Ukrainian Live Classic composer ID]], [[:d:Property:P10802|Esports Earnings game ID]], [[:d:Property:P10803|Esports Earnings player ID]], [[:d:Property:P10804|Twitter list ID]], [[:d:Property:P10805|Museum of Gothenburg object ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/inker|inker]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/penciller|penciller]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/KFCB classification (Kenya)|KFCB classification (Kenya)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Miljørapporter File ID|Miljørapporter File ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/plural forms|plural forms]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ifwizz ID|ifwizz ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IRIS Abruzzo IDs|IRIS Abruzzo IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Great Plant Picks ID|Great Plant Picks ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Survey of Scottish Witchcraft - Case ID|Survey of Scottish Witchcraft - Case ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Encyclopedia of Fantasy ID|The Encyclopedia of Fantasy ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kultboy|Kultboy]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Atom Package Manager name|Atom Package Manager name]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ZineWiki ID|ZineWiki ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Broadway World person ID|Broadway World person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Yamaha Artists ID|Yamaha Artists ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/5FrF Thomas Telford's different alleged associations with buildings, according to wikidata statements] ([https://twitter.com/Tagishsimon/status/1534643745437765636 source]) *** [[d:User:Jheald/Scotland/bridges/average Commons coordinates|Averages of coordinates of depicted place (P9149) positions for Commons categories]] (useful as help in matching them to wikidata items) ([https://twitter.com/heald_j/status/1533939286999019521 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/5GMW items with senses in the most languages on Wikidata], with a sample language and lexeme in that language. *** [https://w.wiki/5F$m Graph of the characters present in Mario franchise games] ([https://twitter.com/JeanFred/status/1535256175943589889 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/5Fjy A & B roads carried on Scottish bridges] ([https://twitter.com/Tagishsimon/status/1534704886306197507 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/5Fio Timeline of Rafael Nadal awards and nominations] ([https://twitter.com/jmcollado/status/1534654806056488960 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/5FhN Articles studying chemicals from the oceans] ([https://twitter.com/TheLOTUSInitia1/status/1534579229685436416 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/5GrL Municipalities of France, by their population and their altitude] ([https://twitter.com/slaettaratindur/status/1536330112009895937 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/5GpK In cousin marriages (born 1800 and later)] ([https://twitter.com/perstar/status/1536299902480826368 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/5GvW Actors who played the same real politician the most times] ([https://twitter.com/WikidataFacts/status/1536042914287075328 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/5GDV Most famous heritage locations (measured by sitelinks)] ([https://twitter.com/lubianat/status/1535360235258380288 source]) * '''Development''' ** Fixed a bug where Item IDs where shown instead of the label after selecting an Item in an Item selector ([[phab:T306214]]) ** Lexicographical data: finished accessibility improvement for the new Special:New Lexeme page ([[phab:T290733]]), improving error messages for the new page ([[phab:T310134]]) and worked on a new search profile to make selecting languages easier ([[phab:T307869]]) ** REST API: continued work on creating statements ([[phab:T306667]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2022 06 13|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 15:28, 13 June 2022 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=23366971 --> == Tech News: 2022-24 == <section begin="technews-2022-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * All wikis can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps. Kartographer maps now also work on pages with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Pending changes|pending changes]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation#Project_descriptions][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307348] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-14|en}} at 06:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300471] * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-abwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-acewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-adywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-afwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-akwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-alswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-amwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-anwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-angwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-arcwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-arzwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-astwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-atjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-avwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-aywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-azbwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304548] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#New topic tool|New Topic Tool]] will be deployed for all editors at Commons, Wikidata, and some other wikis soon. You will be able to opt out from within the tool and in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287804] '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place today (13 June). The following meetings will take place on: 28 June, 12 July, 26 July. '''Future changes''' * By the end of July, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022]] skin should be ready to become the default across all wikis. Discussions on how to adjust it to the communities' needs will begin in the next weeks. It will always be possible to revert to the previous version on an individual basis. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2022-04 for the largest wikis|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W24"/> 16:59, 13 June 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23389956 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2022-25 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2022 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Statehood Day (Slovenia)]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:sl:Dan državnosti]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Statehood Day''' (Slovene: Dan državnosti) is a holiday that occurs on every 25 June in Slovenia to commemorate the country's declaration of independence from Yugoslavia in 1991. Although the formal declaration of independence did not come until 26 June 1991, Statehood Day is considered to be 25 June since that was the date on which the initial acts regarding independence were passed and Slovenia became independent <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 03:32, 20 June 2022 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=23396992 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #425 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** Closed request for comments: *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/Potd|Integration of POTD template]] ** Closed request for comments: *** [[:d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/How to avoid to use male form as a generic form in property labels in French ?|How to avoid to use male form as a generic form in property labels in French ?]] has been closed. Property labels in French should now includes both male and female or a verbal form if relevant (see [[:d:Property:P50|P50]]). * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming: *** Next installment of the LD4 Wikibase Working Hour: Featuring speaker Barbara Fischer, Liaison Counsel at the German National Library’s Agency for Standardization (DNB). On behalf of the DNB, Fischer initiated the WikiLibrary Manifesto. Fischer works to increase the quality of metadata through Authority Control to foster retrieval and linked data. Where: Zoom ([https://columbiauniversity.zoom.us/meeting/register/tJMqcuChrz0pHNGU6VOdDk6MsnxuWtGL0cRN Registration link]). When: 30 June 2022, 11AM-12PM Eastern US ([https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/converter.html?iso=20220630T150000&p1=179&p2=64&p3=75&p4=224&p5=136&p6=tz_cest Time zone converter]) *** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Data Quality Days 2022|Data Quality Days (July 8-10)]]: you can [[d:Wikidata talk:Events/Data Quality Days 2022|propose discussion topics or sessions]] until June 19th. *** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/4EE27P2OF7FPXWV4ZWSFZZV2VTH4ALCM/ Small wiki toolkits: Upcoming bots & scripts workshop on Thursday, June 30th, 16:00 UTC] "This workshop will introduce participants to Toolforge, how to create a developer account, access to Toolforge via ssh, and run bots and scripts on Toolforge and in background mode." *** (Tutorial) [https://www.aib.it/struttura/sezioni/lazio/laz-attiv/2022/99658-openrefine/ OpenRefine - A fundamental tool for every librarian's toolbox]. Thursday 23 June - 17: 00-19: 30. Write to laz-corsi{{@}}aib.it to book and receive the link of the event. *** [[Wikidata:Wiki_Mentor_Africa|Wikidata:Wiki Mentor Africa 3rd edition ]] - Creating tools on Wikimedia Toolforge using Python and Flask. Friday 24th June and Sunday 26th June 2022 - 16:00 - 17:00 (UTC) *** [https://www.dla-marbach.de/kalender/detail/517/ Collect, archive and provide games - a "panel about video game metadata"]. Fri. 24.6.2022 – Sat. June 25, 2022 ** Ongoing: *** Weekly Lexemes Challenge #47, [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=47 Numbers (3/n)] * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Blogs *** [https://blogs.bl.uk/digital-scholarship/2022/06/working-with-wikidata-and-wikimedia-commons-poetry-pamphlets-and-lotus-sutra-manuscripts.html Working With Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons: Poetry Pamphlets and Lotus Sutra Manuscripts] *** [https://blog.rockarch.org/dimes-agent-pages-enhanced Using Wikidata Identifiers to Enhance Agent Discovery] ** Videos *** Wikidata editing tools (in Spanish) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tCXgQrLFFac YouTube] *** Dagbani Wikipedia Saha Episode 6: Creating Wikidata items from scratch (in Dagbani) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7tXp1cYMkQc&t=1022s YouTube] *** Fun with lexemes in some language! by [[d:User:Mahir256|Mahir256]] - [https://www.twitch.tv/videos/1506441428 Twitch] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [https://cardgame.blinry.org/?Q2223649 Wikidata Card Game Generator]: generate card games from Wikidata! * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** Job opening: [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/19290694?l=en UX Researcher - Wikidata] at Wikimedia Deutschland ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikibaseug@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/7HPE53X6PQXTJ2TEVGT6RBB5HLDOT2VF/ Wikimedia Deutschland welcomes new Wikibase.cloud Product Manager, Evelien Zandbergen] ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/OJNMNBMCMDZKSPBRUJLZZUFF6BNPYWAH/ Developer Portal is launched! Discover Wikimedia’s technical areas and how to contribute] ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/WILSSO5DZCISCQEYURBREJOJVTHT6XZC/ Starting on June 21, all Wikimedia wikis can use Wikidata Lexemes in Lua] (discussions welcome [[d:Wikidata_talk:Lexicographical_data#You_can_now_reuse_Wikidata_Lexemes_on_all_wikis|on the project talk page]]) ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/K3FBNXIRHADOVE2YUQ4G6HZ3TH4RGEJP/Wikimedia Deutschland looking for a partner affiliate to organize the WikidataCon 2023] * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P10808|preceding halt on service]], [[:d:Property:P10809|following station on service]], [[:d:Property:P10814|number of housing units]], [[:d:Property:P10818|last entry]], [[:d:Property:P10822|homophone form]], [[:d:Property:P10823|fastest laps]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P10807|HaBama person ID]], [[:d:Property:P10810|Shopee shop ID]], [[:d:Property:P10811|Scottish Highland Bridges ID]], [[:d:Property:P10812|Rusakters.ru ID]], [[:d:Property:P10813|Proza.ru author ID]], [[:d:Property:P10815|neftegaz.ru person ID]], [[:d:Property:P10816|National Union Catalog ID]], [[:d:Property:P10817|MAYA site company ID]], [[:d:Property:P10819|Kino.mail.ru series ID]], [[:d:Property:P10820|Kino.mail.ru person ID]], [[:d:Property:P10821|Kino.mail.ru film ID]], [[:d:Property:P10824|Ethereum token address]], [[:d:Property:P10825|BelTA dossier ID]], [[:d:Property:P10826|Talent Data Bank ID]], [[:d:Property:P10827|IRIS UNIVAQ author ID]], [[:d:Property:P10828|ARUd'A author ID]], [[:d:Property:P10829|IRIS UNITE author ID]], [[:d:Property:P10830|COR form ID, level 1]], [[:d:Property:P10831|COR lemma ID, niveau 1]], [[:d:Property:P10832|WorldCat Entities ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/opus number|opus number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Palmares Cultural Foundation process number|Palmares Cultural Foundation process number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/U.S. vaccine status|U.S. vaccine status]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/theme|theme]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has narrative theme|has narrative theme]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Grammatical Person|Grammatical Person]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/title match pattern|title match pattern]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bartsch Nummer|Bartsch Nummer]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Theatrical Index person ID|Theatrical Index person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Archives of Australia Entity ID|National Archives of Australia Entity ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mozilla Hacks author ID|Mozilla Hacks author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CVX vaccine code|CVX vaccine code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BVMC Corporate Body|BVMC Corporate Body]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ClimateCultures Directory ID|ClimateCultures Directory ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Korean Academy of Science and Technology member ID|Korean Academy of Science and Technology member ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Teresianum authority ID|Teresianum authority ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GSAFD ID|GSAFD ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bioconductor project|Bioconductor project]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MUSE book ID|MUSE book ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Truth Social username|Truth Social username]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Telmore Musik|Telmore Musik]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Beamish peerages database ID|Beamish peerages database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Beamish peerages database person ID|Beamish peerages database person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/gov.uk person ID|gov.uk person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Komoot ID|Komoot ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kieler Gelehrtenverzeichnis ID|Kieler Gelehrtenverzeichnis ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Internet Sacred Text Archive ID|Internet Sacred Text Archive ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/5HDE Islands with at least 1 spring or freshwater body] ([https://twitter.com/ash_crow/status/1536633197538197504 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/5Hkc Notable people who you share a birthday with (find the string "1966-08-25" and replace it with your date of birth)] ([https://twitter.com/wikiprojectnz/status/1536584209581879296 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/5JYc List of filmmakers with whom Jean-Louis Trintignant has played] ([https://twitter.com/WikidataThreads/status/1537873890072043522 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/5KLN Cemeteries in France near churches] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#Cemeteries_near_churches|source]]) * '''Development''' ** Lexicographical data: *** Enabled Lua access to Lexemes for all Wikimedia projects *** Continued work on improving the language search for Lexeme languages on the new Special:NewLexeme page ([[phab:T307869]]) *** Improving the accessibility of a design system component and the new Special:NewLexeme page ([[phab:T290733]]) *** Making it easier to understand what to do when the spelling variant isn't available on the new Special:NewLexeme page ([[phab:T298146]]) ** REST API: Continuing work on making it possible to add a statement to an Item [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2022 06 20|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 14:58, 20 June 2022 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=23425673 --> == Tech News: 2022-25 == <section begin="technews-2022-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia App for Android]] now has an option for editing the whole page at once, located in the overflow menu (three-dots menu [[File:Ic more vert 36px.svg|15px|link=|alt=]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T103622] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Some recent database changes may affect queries using the [[m:Research:Quarry|Quarry tool]]. Queries for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>site_stats</code></bdi> at English Wikipedia, Commons, and Wikidata will need to be updated. [[phab:T306589|Read more]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>user_global_editcount</code></bdi> variable can be used in [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to avoid affecting globally active users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T130439] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Users of non-responsive skins (e.g. MonoBook or Vector) on mobile devices may notice a slight change in the default zoom level. This is intended to optimize zooming and ensure all interface elements are present on the page (for example the table of contents on Vector 2022). In the unlikely event this causes any problems with how you use the site, we'd love to understand better, please ping <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Jon (WMF)|Jon (WMF)]]</span> to any on-wiki conversations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306910] '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Parsoid's HTML output will soon stop annotating file links with different <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>typeof</code></bdi> attribute values, and instead use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:File</code></bdi> for all types. Tool authors should adjust any code that expects: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:Image</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:Audio</code></bdi>, or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:Video</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273505] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W25"/> 20:18, 20 June 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23425855 --> == ''The Signpost'': 26 June 2022 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's weekly journal about Wikipedia and Wikimedia''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-06-26/News and notes|WMF inks new rules on government-ordered takedowns, blasts Russian feds' censor demands, spends big bucks]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-06-26/In the media|Editor given three-year sentence, big RfA makes news, Guy Standing takes it sitting down]] * Special report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-06-26/Special report|"Wikipedia's independence" or "Wikimedia's pile of dosh"?]] * Discussion report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-06-26/Discussion report|MoS rules on CCP name mulled, XRV axe plea nulled, BLPPROD drafting bid pulled]] * Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-06-26/Opinion|Picture of the Day – how Adam plans to ru(i)n it]] * Featured content: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-06-26/Featured content|Articles on Scots' clash, Yank's tux, Austrian's action flick deemed brilliant prose]] * Essay: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-06-26/Essay|RfA trend line haruspicy: fact or fancy?]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-06-26/Recent research|Wikipedia versus academia (again), tables' "immortality" probed]] * Serendipity: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-06-26/Serendipity|Was she really a Swiss lesbian automobile racer?]] * News from the WMF: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-06-26/News from the WMF|Wikimedia Enterprise signs first deals]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-06-26/Traffic report|Top view counts for shows, movies, and celeb lawsuit that keeps on giving]] * Gallery: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-06-26/Gallery|Celebration of summer, winter]] * Humour: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-06-26/Humour|Shortcuts, screwballers, Simon & Garfunkel]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 22:34, 26 June 2022 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:Evad37/SPS]]) --></div></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=23439210 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2022-26 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2022 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Roll Out Solar Array]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:View of the ISS taken during Crew-2 flyaround (ISS066-E-080651).jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Roll Out Solar Array''' (ROSA) and its larger version ISS Roll Out Solar Array (iROSA) are lightweight, flexible power sources designed by NASA to be deployed and used in space. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:24, 27 June 2022 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=23436479 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #426 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** New requests for permissions/Bot: *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/William Avery Bot 7|William Avery Bot 7]]. Task/s: Merge multiple references on the same claim citing Accademia delle Scienze di Torino. * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming: *** The [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/WBUG_2022.06.30 next Wikibase live session] is 15:00 UTC on Thursday 30th June 2022 (17:00 Berlin time). What are you working on around Wikibase? You're welcome to come and share your project with the community. *** Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call June 28, 2022: Andrew McAllister will introduce us to Scribe, an app that provides keyboards for second-language learners, and its use of Wikidata. This presentation should appeal to anyone who has worked on or is interested in learning more about the applications of lexicographical data in Wikidata as well as anyone who has an interest in language, open information, data and programming. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/13eADptzIpWfiqt_JHWM_staNtKoNaMVILLuNprn-29E/edit?usp=sharing Agenda] *** [https://www.twitch.tv/belett Live editing session on Twitch], in French, by Vigneron, June 28 at 19:00 CEST (UTC+2) *** 1 July: Abstract submission deadline for the Biodiversity Data Standards Conference [[:d:Q111972123|TDWG 2022]], including for a [https://www.tdwg.org/conferences/2022/session-list/#int19%20the%20role%20of%20the%20wikimedia%20ecosystem%20in%20linking%20biodiversity%20data session on "The role of the Wikimedia ecosystem in linking biodiversity data"] *** July 8-10: Data Quality Days (see the [[d:Wikidata:Events/Data_Quality_Days_2022#Sessions|first version of the program]] and the [[d:Wikidata:Events/Data Quality Days 2022/Participants|list of participants]]) *** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IEB3LHQEPHZJX4BTFQNHXR2JR5N2MVHF/ The Third Wikidata Workshop: Second Call for Papers]. Papers due: Friday, 29 July 2022 *** Celtic Knot Conference 2022: presentations from 12 projects communities working on minoritized languages on the Wikimedia projects - [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL66MRMNlLyR7p9wsYVfuqJOjKZpbuwp8U YouTube] ** Past: *** 21 June: Presentation [[:doi:10.5281/zenodo.6670026|Wikidata as a data collaboration across multiple boundaries]] at SciDataCon * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Papers *** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2206.11022.pdf Connecting a French Dictionary from the Beginning of the 20th Century to Wikidata] *** [https://www.mdpi.com/2673-6470/2/3/19 Practices of Linked Open Data in Archaeology and Their Realisation in Wikidata] *** [http://www.semantic-web-journal.net/system/files/swj3124.pdf What Can Tweets and Knowledge Graphs Tell Us About Eating Disorders?] ** Videos *** Dagbani Wikipedia Saha Episode 7: Adding references and qualifiers to Wikidata items (in Dagbanli) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gCUxrDjD44I&t=227s YouTube] *** The Joys of Connecting Your Collections to Wikidata - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8zjwkiarfug&t=24s YouTube] *** Using Wikidata to Enhance Discovery & Faculty Interest in Rapid Publishing - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cWpalbgB5Es YouTube] ** Podcasts *** [https://anchor.fm/wiki-update/episodes/Data-Quality-Days-Discussion-With-Lydia-Pintscher--La-Lacroix-e1k4l5a Data Quality Days Discussion With Lydia Pintscher & Lèa Lacroix] ** Other *** [[:d:User:PAC2/Documented queries|Documented queries: a proposal]], feedback is welcome [[:d:User_talk:PAC2/Documented_queries|here]] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [https://data.isiscb.org/ IsisCB Explore] - is a research tool for the history of science whose books and subjects use imagery from Wikidata. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** Template [[:d:Template:Item documentation|Item documentation]] now includes a query to the corresponding lexemes. This is an attempt to make navigation between lexemes and items easier. For the record, [[:d:Template:Item documentation|Item documentation]] is available in the header of the talk page for each item. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P10836|inker]], [[:d:Property:P10837|penciller]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P10826|Talent Data Bank ID]], [[:d:Property:P10827|IRIS UNIVAQ author ID]], [[:d:Property:P10828|ARUd'A author ID]], [[:d:Property:P10829|IRIS UNITE author ID]], [[:d:Property:P10830|COR form ID, level 1]], [[:d:Property:P10831|COR lemma ID, niveau 1]], [[:d:Property:P10832|WorldCat Entities ID]], [[:d:Property:P10833|Great Plant Picks ID]], [[:d:Property:P10834|BVMC organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P10835|UK Beetles ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/theme|theme]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has narrative theme|has narrative theme]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Grammatical Person|Grammatical Person]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/title match pattern|title match pattern]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bartsch Nummer|Bartsch Nummer]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/foliage type|foliage type]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GSAFD ID|GSAFD ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bioconductor project|Bioconductor project]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MUSE book ID|MUSE book ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Truth Social username|Truth Social username]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Telmore Musik|Telmore Musik]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Beamish peerages database ID|Beamish peerages database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Beamish peerages database person ID|Beamish peerages database person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/gov.uk person ID|gov.uk person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Komoot ID|Komoot ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kieler Gelehrtenverzeichnis ID|Kieler Gelehrtenverzeichnis ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Internet Sacred Text Archive ID|Internet Sacred Text Archive ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Copains d'avant ID|Copains d'avant ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/P. League+ ID|P. League+ ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WO2 Thesaurus ID|WO2 Thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Super Basketball League ID|Super Basketball League ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DeSmog ID|DeSmog ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Met Constituent ID|Met Constituent ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IRFA ID|IRFA ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Adequat agency person ID|Adequat agency person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Israeli Company Registration Number|Israeli Company Registration Number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/UKAT term ID|UKAT term ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TGbus game ID|TGbus game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TGbus franchise ID|TGbus franchise ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Austria-Forum person ID|Austria-Forum person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Catalogus Professorum (TU Berlin) person ID|Catalogus Professorum (TU Berlin) person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Odnoklassniki group numeric ID|Odnoklassniki group numeric ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VocaDB Artist ID|VocaDB Artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VocaDB Album ID|VocaDB Album ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VocaDB Song ID|VocaDB Song ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Moepedia ID|Moepedia ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [[Wikidata:SPARQL query service/qotw|"Queries of the week" archive]] [https://twitter.com/heald_j/status/1541375896791273474 (sources)] *** [https://w.wiki/5Khr Graph of fictional wars and their participants] [https://twitter.com/mlpoulter/status/1539639249678499840 (source)] *** [https://w.wiki/5M7x The 100 most common species as subjects of publications known to Wikidata] ([https://twitter.com/EvoMRI/status/1540927184520503296 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/5MZE Map of birthplaces of ASM Clermont Auvergne players] ([https://twitter.com/belett/status/1541347785219493889 source]) * '''Development''' ** Lexicographical data: We are wrapping up the coding on the new Special:NewLexeme page. Testing and rolll-out will follow soon. We are still working on making it easier to find languages in the language selector on the Special:NewLexeme page. ([[phab:T307869]]) ** REST API: We are continuing to code on the ability to create statements on an Item ([[phab:T306667]]) ** Investigating an issue with labels not being shown after merges ([[phab:T309445]]) ** Preparation for upcoming work: We are planning the next work on the Mismatch Finder to address feedback we have received so far as well as EntitySchemas to make them more integrated with other areas of Wikidata. [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2022 06 27|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 15:08, 27 June 2022 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=23439209 --> == Tech News: 2022-26 == <section begin="technews-2022-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] API service now has self-service accounts with free on-demand requests and monthly snapshots ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/ API documentation]). Community access [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/FAQ#community-access|via database dumps & Wikimedia Cloud Services]] continues. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wiktionary#lua|All Wikimedia wikis can now use Wikidata Lexemes in Lua]] after creating local modules and templates. Discussions are welcome [[d:Wikidata_talk:Lexicographical_data#You_can_now_reuse_Wikidata_Lexemes_on_all_wikis|on the project talk page]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-28|en}} at 06:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311033] * Some global and cross-wiki services will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-30|en}} at 06:00 UTC. This will impact ContentTranslation, Echo, StructuredDiscussions, Growth experiments and a few more services. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300472] * Users will be able to sort columns within sortable tables in the mobile skin. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233340] '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place tomorrow (28 June). The following meetings will take place on 12 July and 26 July. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W26"/> 20:03, 27 June 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23453785 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2022-27 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2022 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:The Road Goes Ever On (song)]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Hobbiton, New Zealand.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> "'''The Road Goes Ever On'''" is a title that encompasses several walking songs that J. R. R. Tolkien wrote for his Middle-earth legendarium. Within the stories, the original song was composed by Bilbo Baggins and recorded in The Hobbit. Different versions of it also appear in The Lord of the Rings, along with some similar walking songs. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 00:51, 4 July 2022 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=23473250 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #522 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** New requests for permissions/Bot: *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/ListedBuildingsUKBot|ListedBuildingsUKBot]]. Task/s: Add wikidata site links to appropriate wiki commons category pages for listed buildings with matching ID numbers. I've identified about 1000 entities that can be updated. e.g. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26317428] should have a wiki commons link to [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Outhouse_to_Northeast_of_Red_House,_Bexleyheath] since they both refer to [https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1064204]. * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming *** [https://www.twitch.tv/belett Live editing session on Twitch], in French, by Vigneron, July 5 at 19:00 CEST (UTC+2) *** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Data Quality Days 2022|Wikidata Data Quality Days]], online, on July 8-10 *** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/HN45PNQICAMLUR3XDWOSKSPS7RIPR5G3/ Invitation to Wikimedia Research Office Hours July 5, 2022] ** Ongoing *** Weekly Lexemes Challenge #48, [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=48 Human rights] ** Past *** [[m:Celtic Knot Conference 2022|Celtic Knot Wikimedia Language Conference, 1-2 July 2022]]. See [[m:Celtic Knot Conference 2022/Videos pool|Videos pool]] (replay). * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Videos *** Making Wiki work for Wales - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b_BxfkX1fCI YouTube] *** Session on Wikibase - Wikimedia Deutschland and Wikipedians of Goa User Group (WGUG) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rE-ZXnTOG7M YouTube] *** Scribe: Wikidata-powered keyboard app for second language learners - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4GpFN0gGmy4 YouTube] *** Linking OpenStreetMap and Wikidata A semi automated, user assisted editing tool - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4fXeAlvbNgE YouTube] *** Wikidata MOOC (in French) by Wikimedia France - [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCoCicXrwO5jBxxXXvSpDANw/videos 19 videos on YouTube] *** Wikidata Tutorials (in German) by OpenGLAM Switzerland - [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-p5ybeTV84QYvX1B3xxZynfFWboOPDGy 7 videos on YouTube] ** Report *** [[c:User:LennardHofmann/GSoC 2022/Report 2|User:LennardHofmann/GSoC 2022/Report 2]] - rewriting the WikiCommons and Wikidata Infobox in Lua * '''Tool of the week''' ** [[d:User:Lectrician1/AddStatement.js|User:Lectrician1/AddStatement.js]] is a userscript that can add values to properties that already exist on an item and new statements. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IPRW3TAAZK3DPVGN5JKGVJRVPBUJDQNE/ Wikimedia Deutschland will be joining forces with the Igbo Wikimedians User Group and Wikimedia Indonesia to advance the technical capacities of the movement around Wikidata]. The goal of this collaboration is "to make our software more usable by cultures underrepresented in technology, people of the Global South and speakers of minority languages". ** Job openings in the software development team at Wikimedia Deutschland *** [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/19886514?utm_campaign=google_jobs_apply&utm_source=google_jobs_apply&utm_medium=organic&l=en Junior Product Manager Wikidata] - ''"In this role you will be part of a cross-functional team, and be the product manager of product initiatives for Wikidata, the largest knowledge base of free and open data in the world."'' *** [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/19887130/Product-Manager-Wikibase-Suite-m-f-d-?jobDbPVId=50403840&l=de Product Manager Wikibase Suite] - In this role ''"you will be part of an interdisciplinary team and the product team, and work closely with a broad variety of stakeholders in the Wikibase Ecosystem."'' * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: none *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P10838|Survey of Scottish Witchcraft - Case ID]], [[:d:Property:P10839|Russia.travel object ID]], [[:d:Property:P10840|Yamaha Artists ID]], [[:d:Property:P10841|ifwizz ID]], [[:d:Property:P10842|IRFA ID]], [[:d:Property:P10843|DeSmog ID]], [[:d:Property:P10844|Teresianum authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P10845|AdoroCinema series ID]], [[:d:Property:P10846|CEU author ID]], [[:d:Property:P10847|Anime Characters Database tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P10848|Beamish peerage database peerage ID]], [[:d:Property:P10849|Beamish peerage database person ID]], [[:d:Property:P10850|Kultboy video game ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gitee username|Gitee username]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Punjabi tone|Punjabi tone]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/spoken by|spoken by]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/recordist|recordist]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/part of molecular family|part of molecular family]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/official definition|official definition]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Anghami artist ID|Anghami artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Boomplay artist ID|Boomplay artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hamburger Professorinnen- und Professorenkatalog ID|Hamburger Professorinnen- und Professorenkatalog ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MUSE publisher ID|MUSE publisher ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EU Knowledge Graph ID|EU Knowledge Graph ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kazakhstan.travel tourist spot ID|Kazakhstan.travel tourist spot ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant organisation Haute Autorité pour la transparence de la vie publique|identifiant organisation Haute Autorité pour la transparence de la vie publique]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bibale ID|Bibale ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SZ topic ID|SZ topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IRIS UNIMOL author ID|IRIS UNIMOL author ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/5Pbw Number of albums in Wikidata by language, in descending order] ([https://twitter.com/exmusica/status/1543663049491578881 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/5LNG Occupation about musicians in Wales] ([https://twitter.com/MusicNLW/status/1543846567387578369 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/5NH8 Map of tram depots in France] *** [https://w.wiki/5P8C Mountains higher than 2,500 meters in France] ([https://twitter.com/WikidataThreads/status/1543124319349477376 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/5P7u List of all Tour de France's stage winners by nationality from 1903 to 2022] ([https://twitter.com/WikidataThreads/status/1543119052951912449 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/5NvF French rugby teams according to the year of creation] ([https://twitter.com/belett/status/1542849367660548097 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/5NKA French members of parliament that were on the same legislature and are or have been married] ([https://twitter.com/ash_crow/status/1542173666162647040 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/5PH4 Number of countries on Wikidata where at least one pride parade has been held] ([https://twitter.com/jsamwrites/status/1543275391028236288 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/5Ne9 Football players whose birthday is today (different every day)] ([https://twitter.com/lubianat/status/1542556581753126913 source]) * '''Development''' ** Lexicographical data: *** We have finished most of the development on the new Special:NewLexeme page. You can try it at https://wikidata.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Special:NewLexemeAlpha. We will make this available on Wikidata for testing with real-world data on July 14th. *** We are continuing to work on the new search profile for languages to make setting the language of a new Lexeme easier ([[phab:T307869]]) ** REST API: We are putting finishing touches on the first version of the API route to add statements to an Item. It is still lacking support for automated edit summaries. ** We are working on word-level diffs to make it easier to see what changed in an edit ([[phab:T303317]]) ** We are investigating the issue of labels not being shown after some merges ([[phab:T309445]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2022 07 04|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 14:23, 4 July 2022 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=23439209 --> == This Month in Education: June 2022 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 11 • Issue 6 • June 2022</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2022|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2022/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/Black Lunch Table: Black History Month with Igbo Wikimedians User Group|Black Lunch Table: Black History Month with Igbo Wikimedians User Group]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/Bolivian Teachers Welcomed Wikipedia in their Classroom|Bolivian Teachers Welcomed Wikipedia in their Classroom]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/Educational program & Wikivoyage in Ukrainian University|Educational program & Wikivoyage in Ukrainian University]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/The Great Learning and Connection: Experience from AFLIA|The Great Learning and Connection: Experience from AFLIA]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/New Mexico Students Join Wikimedia Movement Through WikiForHumanRights Campaign|New Mexico Students Join Wikimedia Movement Through WikiForHumanRights Campaign]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/The school wiki-project run by a 15 year old student came to an end|The school wiki-project run by a 15 year old student came to an end]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/The students of Kadir Has University, Istanbul contribute Wikimedia projects in "Civic Responsibility Project" course|The students of Kadir Has University, Istanbul contribute Wikimedia projects in "Civic Responsibility Project" course]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/Wiki Trip with Vasil Kamami Wikiclub to Berat, the town of one thousand windows|Wiki Trip with Vasil Kamami Wikiclub to Berat, the town of one thousand windows]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/Wikiclubs in Albania|Wikiclubs in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/Wikidata in the classroom FGGC Bwari Experience|Wikidata in the classroom FGGC Bwari Experience]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/Wikipedia and Secondary Schools in Aotearoa New Zealand|Wikipedia and Secondary Schools in Aotearoa New Zealand]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2022/А large-scale online course for teaching beginners to work in Wikipedia has been developed in Russia|А large-scale online course for teaching beginners to work in Wikipedia has been developed in Russia]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 18:50, 4 July 2022 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=23406065 --> == Tech News: 2022-27 == <section begin="technews-2022-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/27|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-05|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-07|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=| Advanced item]] This change only affects pages in the main namespace in Wikisource. The Javascript config variable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>proofreadpage_source_href</code></bdi> will be removed from <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/JavaScript#mw.config|mw.config]]</code></bdi> and be replaced with the variable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>prpSourceIndexPage</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309490] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W27"/> 19:32, 4 July 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23466250 --> == Growth team newsletter #21 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Growth team logo - Icon only.svg|right|frameless]] Welcome to the twenty-first newsletter from the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|Growth team]]! === New project: Positive reinforcement === [[File:Growth's Positive reinforcement – Impact Module version A.png|thumb|Mockup of the Impact module, redesigned to add Positive reinforcement.|alt=Design mockup of the Positive reinforcement module for mobile users. The new module is first a summary of the number of views and can be expanded to show stats, graphs, and other contribution information.]] * The Growth team started a new project: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement|'''Positive reinforcement''']]. We want newcomers to understand there is an interest in regularly editing Wikipedia, and we want to improve new editor retention. * We asked users from Arabic, Bangla, Czech and French Wikipedia about their feedback. Some people participated at mediawiki.org as well. * We [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Community%20discussion|summarized the initial feedback]] gathered from these community discussions, along with how we plan to iterate based on that feedback. * The first Positive Reinforcement idea is a redesign of the impact module: incorporating stats, graphs, and other contribution information. This idea received the widest support, and we plan to start our work based on the design illustrated on the side. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Growth/Positive reinforcement|Please let us know what you think of this project]], in any language. === For mentors === *We have worked on two new features, to inform them about the mentorship: ** [[phab:T287915|In the Mentor module, we now provide more information about the public nature of the mentors/newcomer relationship and the fact that talk pages are public.]] ** [[phab:T287915|We now allow newcomers to opt-in and opt-out of mentorship.]] === Scaling === * '''"Add a link" available at more wikis''' ― [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]] feature has been deployed to more wikis: {{int:project-localized-name-cawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-simplewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-svwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-abwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-acewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-adywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-afwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-akwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-alswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-amwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-anwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-angwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-arcwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-arzwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-astwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-atjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-avwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-aywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-azbwiki/en}}. This is part of the progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure locally how this feature works]]. * '''"Add an image" available at more wikis''' ― [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add an image|Add an image]] feature will be deployed to more wikis: {{int:project-localized-name-elwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-plwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}. These communities will be able to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure locally how this feature works]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301601] === Suggested edits === * '''Selecting topics''' ― We have created an "AND" filter to the list of topics at Special:Homepage. This way, newcomers can decide to select very specific topics ("Transportation" AND "Asia") or to have a broader selection ("Transportation" OR "Asia"). At the moment this feature is tested at [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ#pilot|pilot wikis]]. * '''Changes for Add a link''' ― [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add a link/Iteration 2|We have built several improvements]] that came from community discussion and from data analysis. They will be available soon at the wikis. ** ''Algorithm improvements'' ― The algorithm now avoids recommending links in sections that usually don't have links and for first names. Also, it now limits each article to only having three link suggestions by default (limited to the highest accuracy suggestions of all the available ones in the article). ** ''User experience improvements'' ― We added a confirmation dialog when a user exits out of suggestion mode prior to making changes. We also improved post-edit dialog experience and allow newcomers to browse through task suggestions from the post-edit dialog. ** ''Community configuration'' ― We allow communities to set a maximum number of links per article via [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|Special:EditGrowthConfig]]. ** ''Future change for Add a link feature'' ― We will suggest underlinked articles in priority. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301096] * '''Patrolling suggested edits''' ― Some users at Arabic Wikipedia, Spanish Wikipedia, and Russian Wikipedia told us that "Add a link" and "Add an image" edits can be challenging to patrol. We are now brainstorming improvements to help address this challenge. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Community feedback|We have already some ideas and we started some work to address this challenge.]] If you have any thoughts to add about the challenges of reviewing these tasks or how we should improve these tasks further, [[mw:Topic:Wxeg55pwt4gamva8|please let us know]], in any language. === Community configuration === Communities can configure how the features work, using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|Special:EditGrowthConfig]]. * Communities can set the maximum number of "add an image" suggested tasks a newcomer can complete daily. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308543] * Future change: allow communities to customize the "add a link" quality gate threshold easily, using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|Special:EditGrowthConfig]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308543] ''<small>'''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth team's newsletter]]''' prepared by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|the Growth team]] and posted by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[mw:Talk:Growth|Give feedback]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Growth team updates|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].</small>'' </div> 13:03, 5 July 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Growth_team_updates&oldid=23396204 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2022-28 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2022 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Everard Calthrop]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Everard Richard Calthrop''' (3 March 1857 – 30 March 1927) was a British railway engineer and inventor. Calthrop was a notable promoter and builder of narrow-gauge railways, especially of 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) narrow gauge, and was especially prominent in India. His most notable achievement was the Barsi Light Railway, but he is best known in his home country for the Leek and Manifold Valley Light Railway. Calthrop has been described as a "railway genius. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 02:04, 11 July 2022 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=23502841 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': June 2022 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XII, Issue VI, June 2022</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: CEE Spring 2022 in Albania and Kosovo * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: In the middle of new projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: A celebration, a commitment, an edit-a-thon: Know My Name returns for 2022 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Heritage and Wikimedian in Residence * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: FIRST WikiCon Brazil & Three States of GLAM * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/Croatia report|Croatia report]]: Network(ing) effect(s) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/France report|France report]]: French open content report promotion * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Opening and closing projects in June * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: Edit-a-thon with Kino Lumbardhi; DokuTech; CEE Spring 2022 in Albania and Kosovo * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: West Coast Wikipedian at Large and Auckland Museum updates * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Wikipedian in residence in the National Museum in Cracow; The next online meeting within the cycle of monthly editing GLAM meetings; Steps to communicate GLAM partnerships better and involve the Wikimedian community * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: 100 000 memories from the Nordic Museum; Report from the Swedish National Archives * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Diversity in GLAM Program * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Featured images and cultural diversity * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Fifty Women Sculptors; Juneteenth Edit-a-thon; Juneteenth Photobooths 2022; Wiknic June 2022; New York Botanical Garden June 2022; LGBT Pride Month * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: Structured data on Commons editing now possible with OpenRefine 3.6; file uploading with 3.7 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: July's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2022/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 03:46, 11 July 2022 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=23471794 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #528 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming: *** The next Wikidata+Wikibase office hours will take place on Wednesday, July 27th 2022 at 17:00 UTC (18:00 Berlin time) in the [https://t.me/joinchat/IeCRo0j5Uag1qR4Tk8Ftsg Wikidata Telegram group]. ''The Wikidata and Wikibase office hours are online events where the development team presents what they have been working on over the past quarter, and the community is welcome to ask questions and discuss important issues related to the development of Wikidata and Wikibase.'' *** Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call July 12, 2022: Houcemeddine Turki will speak on "Enriching and Validating Wikidata from Large Bibliographic Databases." This call will be part of the 2022 LD4 Conference on Linked Data, “Linking Global Knowledge.” While you can attend the call directly via the links below without registering for the conference, we encourage everyone to check out the full conference program and all the excellent sessions on [https://2022ld4conferenceonlinkedda.sched.com/ Sched] at [https://2022ld4conferenceonlinkedda.sched.com/https://docs.google.com/document/d/19fWaod_qy2J5y6Mqjbnccen7nyb4nj6EnudCDouefQU/edit Agenda] *** 7/30 [[m:Wikimedia Taiwan/Wikidata Taiwan/COSCUP 2022|OpenStreetMap x Wikidata @ COSCUP 2022]] *** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/libraries@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/Z2UL7F4Y76VESAQY6JAXDPXXN7XWHXOP/ 2022 LD4 Conference on Linked data]. July 11th through July 15th, 2022 ** Ongoing *** Weekly Lexemes Challenge #49, [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=49 Bastille day] ** Past: *** Presentation [https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6807104 Integrating Wikibase into research workflows] at the monthly Wikibase Stakeholders Group meeting on July 7 *** Data Quality Days 2022 [[d:Wikidata:Events/Data Quality Days 2022/Outcomes|see outcomes]]. The recorded sessions will be published soon! *** [[m:Celtic Knot Conference 2022|Celtic Knot Wikimedia Language Conference, 1-2 July 2022]]. See [[m:Celtic Knot Conference 2022/Videos pool|Videos pool]] (replay). * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Blogs *** [https://www.openstreetmap.org/user/Geonick/diary/399523 New quality checks in the Osmose QA tool for links from OpenStreetMap to Wikidata] *** [https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/mind-your-manors-hacking-like-its-1399/ Wikidata used extensively in medieval hack weekend at the University of York] (UK National Archives) *** [https://blogs.bl.uk/digital-scholarship/2022/06/working-with-wikidata-and-wikimedia-commons-poetry-pamphlets-and-lotus-sutra-manuscripts.html Working With Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons: Poetry Pamphlets and Lotus Sutra Manuscripts] (British Library) *** [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2022/07/07/wikidata-at-the-detroit-institute-of-arts/ Wikidata at the Detroit Institute of Arts] ** Papers *** [https://peerj.com/articles/13712.pdf Wikidata and the bibliography of life] ([[d:Q112959127|Q112959127]]) ** Videos *** Live editing: create a Lua template using Lexemes on Wiktionary, with Mahir256 ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y9ULQX9b5WI on Youtube]) *** Adding wikidata to plaques on OpenStreetMap - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yL1_47roRcw YouTube] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [[d:User:Lectrician1/discographies.js|User:Lectrician1/discographies.js]]: Shows chronological data about artist's discographies on music albums and provides functions to add new items. ** [[m:User:Xiplus/TwinkleGlobal|User:Xiplus/TwinkleGlobal]] is a userscript that is used to combat cross-wiki spam or vandalism. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** Wikidata now has more than 10 million items about humans. ** [[d:Q113000000|Q113000000]] was created. ** [[:d:Template:Item documentation |Template:Item documentation]] now includes [[:d:Template:Generic queries for architects|Template:Generic queries for architects]] and [[:d:Template:Generic queries for transport network|Template:Generic queries for transport network]] ** Due to summer vacations and our current workloads the response times from the Wikidata communications team (Léa and Mohammed) to requests and queries may be delayed. We will resume full capacity by October. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P10855|opus number]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P10843|DeSmog ID]], [[:d:Property:P10844|Teresianum authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P10845|AdoroCinema series ID]], [[:d:Property:P10846|CEU author ID]], [[:d:Property:P10847|Anime Characters Database tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P10848|Beamish peerage database peerage ID]], [[:d:Property:P10849|Beamish peerage database person ID]], [[:d:Property:P10850|Kultboy video game ID]], [[:d:Property:P10851|Kultboy platform ID]], [[:d:Property:P10852|Kultboy controller ID]], [[:d:Property:P10853|Kultboy magazine ID]], [[:d:Property:P10854|Kultboy company ID]], [[:d:Property:P10856|National Archives of Australia entity ID]], [[:d:Property:P10857|snookerscores.net player ID]], [[:d:Property:P10858|Truth Social username]], [[:d:Property:P10859|Material UI icon]], [[:d:Property:P10860|Yarkipedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P10861|Springer Nature person ID]], [[:d:Property:P10862|Komoot ID]], [[:d:Property:P10863|Springer Nature article ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/official definition|official definition]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ce module ou cette infobox utilise la propriété|ce module ou cette infobox utilise la propriété]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/release artist|release artist]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Grammatical number|Grammatical number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Error-report URL or e-mail|Error-report URL or e-mail]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bibale ID|Bibale ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SZ topic ID|SZ topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IRIS UNIMOL author ID|IRIS UNIMOL author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Match TV people ID|Match TV people ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Accademia dei Georgofili author ID|Accademia dei Georgofili author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/64 Parishes encyclopedia ID|64 Parishes encyclopedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Applied Ecology Resources Document ID|Applied Ecology Resources Document ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Prophy author ID|Prophy author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/International Baccalaureate school ID|International Baccalaureate school ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Liquipedia ID|Liquipedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Instagram post ID|Instagram post ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mapping Museums ID|Mapping Museums ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/5RNR Current list of French departments] ([[:d:User:PAC2/Query/List of current French departments|documentation]]) *** [https://w.wiki/5RAN Prime ministers of Japan whose manner of death is homicide] ([https://twitter.com/slaettaratindur/status/1545351731495706626 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/5PyH 1st level administrative subdivisions with more than 10 million inhabitants] ([https://twitter.com/slaettaratindur/status/1543991969931722756 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/5RTB List of globes and how many times they've been used] * '''Development''' ** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Data Quality Days 2022|Data Quality Days]]! ** Making plans for improving EntitySchemas and integrate them more into editing and maintenance workflows ** Implemented word-level diffs of labels, descriptions, aliases and sitelinks ([[phab:T303317]]) ** Continuing the investigation about labels not being shown after some merges ([[phab:T309445]]) ** Lexicographical data: *** Continuing work on making it easier to pick the right language for a new Lexeme ([[phab:T298140]]) *** Fixing a bug where `[object Object]` was shown in the gramatical feature field ([[phab:T239208]]) *** Fixing a number of places where labels for redirected Items were not shown even though the redirect target had labels ([[phab:T305032]]) ** REST API: *** Finished the first version of the API route for creating statements on an Item (excluding autosummaries so far) *** Started work on the API route for removing a statement from an Item [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** [[Wikidata:Project chat#Translator notice: Please update description of "of (P642)"|Update the description]] of the [[:d:Property:P642|"of" property]] in your language. ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2022 07 11|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 13:30, 11 July 2022 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=23439209 --> == Tech News: 2022-28 == <section begin="technews-2022-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022 skin]], the page title is now displayed above the tabs such as Discussion, Read, Edit, View history, or More. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates#Page title/tabs switch|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303549] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] It is now possible to easily view most of the configuration settings that apply to just one wiki, and to compare settings between two wikis if those settings are different. For example: [https://noc.wikimedia.org/wiki.php?wiki=jawiktionary Japanese Wiktionary settings], or [https://noc.wikimedia.org/wiki.php?wiki=eswiki&compare=eowiki settings that are different between the Spanish and Esperanto Wikipedias]. Local communities may want to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting_wiki_configuration_changes|discuss and propose changes]] to their local settings. Details about each of the named settings can be found by [[mw:Special:Search|searching MediaWiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308932] *The Anti-Harassment Tools team [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#May|recently deployed]] the IP Info Feature as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature at all wikis]]. This feature allows abuse fighters to access information about IP addresses. Please check our update on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#April|how to find and use the tool]]. Please share your feedback using a link you will be given within the tool itself. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-12|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W28"/> 19:25, 11 July 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23502519 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2022-29 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2022 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Church of St. Clare, Horodkivka]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Horodkivka Catholic Church RB.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Church of St. Clare, Horodkivka''' is a Roman Catholic religious building and an architectural monument of local importance in the village of Horodkivka (alternative spelling Gorodkivka), Andrushivka Raion, Zhytomyr region, Ukraine. Horodkivka was called Khalaimgorodok before 1946 <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:45, 18 July 2022 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=23502841 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #529 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** New request for comments: *** [[:d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/Gender neutral labels for occupations and positions in French|Gender neutral labels for occupations and positions in French]] * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming *** The next Wikidata+Wikibase office hours will take place on Wednesday, July 27th 2022 at 17:00 UTC (18:00 Berlin time) in the [https://t.me/joinchat/IeCRo0j5Uag1qR4Tk8Ftsg Wikidata Telegram group]. ''The Wikidata and Wikibase office hours are online events where the development team presents what they have been working on over the past quarter, and the community is welcome to ask questions and discuss important issues related to the development of Wikidata and Wikibase.'' *** Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Wikidata_Working_Hours/Wikidata_Working_Hour_Summer-Fall_Project_2022/2022-July-18_Wikidata_Working_Hour|Wikidata Working Hour July 18, 2022]]: Working with diverse children's book metadata. The second Wikidata Working Hour in the series will cover reconciliation in OpenRefine, so we can identify which authors from our spreadsheet of children's book metadata already exist and/or need to be created in Wikidata. You are, as always, welcome to bring your own data to work on. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Wikidata_Working_Hours/Wikidata_Working_Hour_Summer-Fall_Project_2022/2022-July-18_Wikidata_Working_Hour Event page] *** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wiki-research-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/2UVESG4FRYOP5QENHFPA556H2UC5E5VG/ Assessing the Quality of Sources in Wikidata Across Languages] - Wikimedia Research Showcase, Wednesday, July 20, at 9:30 AM PST/16:30 UTC *** [https://twitter.com/wikimediatech/status/1547256861237268482 Mark your calendars for the Wikimania Hackathon!] The free, online, public event will take place from 16- 22 UTC August 12 and 12-17 UTC August 13, and include a final showcase on August 14. ** Ongoing *** Weekly Lexemes Challenge #50, [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=50 Lexical categories] ** Past *** 2022 LD4 Conference on Linked data. ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=phyyNRsnU3k&list=PLx2ZluWEZtIAu6Plb-rY2lILjUj6zRa9l replay on YouTube]) * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Blogs *** [https://theconversation.com/the-barassi-line-a-globally-unique-divider-splitting-australias-footy-fans-185132 The Barassi Line: a globally unique divider splitting Australia’s footy fans] *** [https://medium.com/metadata-learning-unlearning/words-matter-reconciling-museum-metadata-with-wikidata-61a75898bffb Words Matter: Reconciling museum metadata with Wikidata] *** [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2022/07/14/leveraging-wikidata-for-wikipedia/ Leveraging Wikidata for Wikipedia] *** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/06/30/my-glamorous-introduction-into-the-wikiverse/ My GLAMorous introduction into the Wikiverse] ** Papers *** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2207.00143.pdf Enriching Wikidata with Linked Open Data] ** Videos *** Lexemes in Wikidata structured lexicographical data for everyone (by [[d:User:LydiaPintscher|Lydia Pintscher]]) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pgXqRXqaZs YouTube] *** Want a not-scary and low-key introduction to some of the more advanced behind-the-scenes topics around Wikidata? Check out the videos from the [[m:Wikipedia Weekly Network/Live Wikidata Editing|Wikidata Live Editing sessions]] by [[d:User:Ainali|Jan Ainali]], [[d:User:Abbe98|Albin Larsson]]. *** The videos of the [[d:Wikidata:Events/Data_Quality_Days_2022|Data Quality Days 2022]] have been published and you can find them [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLduaHBu_3ejOLDumECxmDIKg_rDSe2uy3 in this playlist] or linked from the schedule. *** Placing a scientific article on Wikidata (in Portuguese) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3WFADJTKJk YouTube] *** Teaching Wikidata Editing Practices (in Chinese) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=91q6aMPqZz4 YouTube] ** Threads *** OpenSexism has created the [https://twitter.com/OpenSexism/status/1458841564818513926 Wednesday Index]: each wednesday, it show gender diversity in Wikipedia articles. Gender diversity is computed using a SPARQL query. * '''Tool of the week''' ** [https://tools-static.wmflabs.org/entityschema-generator/ EntitySchema Generator] - is a GUI to help create simple EntitySchemas for Wikidata. ** [[d:User:Jean-Frédéric/ExLudo.js|User:Jean-Frédéric/ExLudo.js]] - is a userscript that adds links expansions and mods on item pages for video games. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** Job openings: *** AFLIA: [https://web.aflia.net/job-opening-wikidata-course-manager-facilitator/ Wikidata Course Manager/Facilitator] *** WMF: [https://boards.greenhouse.io/wikimedia/jobs/4388769?gh_src=dcc251241us Senior Program Officer, Libraries at Wikimedia Foundation] ** There is a [https://t.me/+Qc23Jlay6f4wOGQ0 new Telegram group for OpenRefine users]. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: none *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P10863|Springer Nature article ID]], [[:d:Property:P10864|Bibale ID]], [[:d:Property:P10865|WW2 Thesaurus Camp List ID]], [[:d:Property:P10866|IRIS UNIMOL author ID]], [[:d:Property:P10867|MUSE publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P10868|France bleu journalist ID]], [[:d:Property:P10869|HATVP organisation ID]], [[:d:Property:P10870|Accademia dei Georgofili author ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Grammatical number|Grammatical number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Error-report URL or e-mail|Error-report URL or e-mail]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/grade separated roadways at junction|grade separated roadways at junction]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gauss notation|Gauss notation]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Crossing number|Crossing number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/URL for presentation/slide|URL for presentation/slide]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dictionnaire Favereau|Dictionnaire Favereau]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Depicts lexeme form|Depicts lexeme form]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mapping Museums ID|Mapping Museums ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GIE gas storage id|GIE gas storage id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Microsoft KLID|Microsoft KLID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PTS+ season ID|PTS+ season ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RailScot company ID|RailScot company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RailScot location ID|RailScot location ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SABRE wiki ID|SABRE wiki ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Scottish Buildings at Risk ID|Scottish Buildings at Risk ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PBDB ID|PBDB ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pad.ma video ID|Pad.ma video ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pad.ma person ID|Pad.ma person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Naturbasen species ID|Naturbasen species ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/kód dílu části obce|kód dílu části obce]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Base Budé person ID|Base Budé person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bilbaopedia ID|Bilbaopedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Disney+ Hotstar ID|Disney+ Hotstar ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/5Sws List of recent heatwaves] ([https://twitter.com/WikidataThreads/status/1547688117489938435 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/5S66 Most recent information leaks according to Wikidata] ([https://twitter.com/WikidataThreads/status/1546734310761308160 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/5RwC Cause] and [https://w.wiki/5RwD mode of death] of ex-prime ministers ([https://twitter.com/theklaneh/status/1546513798814654464 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/5TVL Brazilian writers born in a city with less than 20000 inhabitants] ([https://twitter.com/lubianat/status/1548309266544570369 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/5U5B Lexical categories sorted by number of languages using them in Wikidata lexemes] ([https://twitter.com/envlh/status/1549003817383075842 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/5U5J People playing rugby union by number of Wikipages] ([https://twitter.com/belett/status/1548979202061471746 source]) ** Newest database reports: *** [[Wikidata:WikiProject Music/Albums ranked by number of sitelinks|Albums ranked by number of sitelinks]] * '''Development''' ** Lexicographical data: *** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/TQTZXSMFRV47GDBKEYPN2PQF45JRJL6W/ The new Lexeme creation page is available for testing] *** Fixed an issue where the grammatical form of a Lexeme was rendered as `[object Object]` ([[phab:T239208]]) This also solves similar issues in other places. ** REST API: Continued working on the API route to replace or remove a statement of an Item ** We are making Wikibase resolve redirects when showing Item labels and descriptions in a lot more places; notably, this includes the wbsearchentities API. ([[phab:T312223]]) ** Mismatch Finder: We are discussing options for how to improve its handling of dates, specifically calendar model and precision. ** EntitySchemas: We are trying to figure out how to best technically go about implementing some of the most-needed features for version 2. [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2022 07 18|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 14:42, 18 July 2022 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=23529446 --> == Tech News: 2022-29 == <section begin="technews-2022-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/29|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * The feature on mobile web for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:NearbyPages|Nearby Pages]] was missing last week. It will be fixed this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312864] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Technical_decision_making/Forum|Technical Decision Forum]] is seeking [[mw:Technical_decision_making/Community_representation|community representatives]]. You can apply on wiki or by emailing <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">TDFSupport@wikimedia.org</span> before 12 August. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W29"/> 23:00, 18 July 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23517957 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2022-30 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2022 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Sack of Shamakhi]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:fa:تاراج شماخی]]) ''</small></div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Sack of Shamakhi''' took place on 18 August 1721, when rebellious Sunni Lezgins, within the declining Safavid Empire, attacked the capital of Shirvan province, Shamakhi (in present-day Azerbaijan Republic). The initially successful counter-campaign was abandoned by the central government at a critical moment and with the threat then left unchecked, Shamakhi was taken by 15,000 Lezgin tribesmen, its Shia population massacred, and the city ransacked. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:46, 25 July 2022 (UTC) </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=23502841 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #530 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** New requests for permissions/Bot: *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/PangolinBot 1|PangolinBot 1]]. Task/s: Automatically adds author information to Wikidata scholarly articles (items where [[:d:Property:P31|instance of (P31)]] = [[d:Q13442814|scholarly article (Q13442814)]]) that have missing author information. Currently works for articles with the following references: [[:d:Property:P698|PubMed ID (P698)]], [[:d:Property:P932|PMCID (P932)]], [[:d:Property:P6179|Dimensions Publication ID (P6179)]], [[:d:Property:P819|ADS bibcode (P819)]]. Part of Outreachy Round 24. *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/BboberBot|BboberBot]]. Task/s: The "robot" will browse the latest VIAF Dump, select the lines with a Idref (P269) and a Qitem, and add a P269 when it doesn't already exist in Wikidata. *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/ADSBot English Paper|ADSBot English Paper]]. Task/s: Importing scholarly articles from ADS database to Wikidata, by creating Wikidata Item of a scholarly article (optionally author items) and adding statements and statements-related properties to the item. Part of Outreachy Round 24. *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/ADSBot English Statement|ADSBot English Statement]]. Task/s: Adding missing statements and statement-related properties to existing scholarly articles on Wikidata from the ADS database. Part of Outreachy Round 24. ** New request for comments: *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/Documented and featured SPARQL queries|Documented and featured SPARQL queries]] * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming: *** The next Wikidata+Wikibase office hours will take place on Wednesday, July 27th 2022 at 17:00 UTC (18:00 Berlin time) in the [https://t.me/joinchat/IeCRo0j5Uag1qR4Tk8Ftsg Wikidata Telegram group]. ''The Wikidata and Wikibase office hours are online events where the development team presents what they have been working on over the past quarter, and the community is welcome to ask questions and discuss important issues related to the development of Wikidata and Wikibase.'' *** [Small wiki toolkits] [Upcoming bots & scripts workshop. "How to maintain bots" is coming up on [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/BEENRNTJPGHLJ2MXQI6XTQDVEJR7KYHM/ Friday, July 29th, 16:00 UTC] *** Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call July 26, 2022: Clair Kronk, Crystal Clements, and Alex Jung will be providing an update to Wikidata/gender discussions from the February 8 call with a focus on pronouns. Clair will introduce us to LGBTdb, a Wikibase instance created for and by LGBTQIA+ people from which we draw insight in Wikidata-related discussions. We also hope to discuss current pain points and share action items for future collaboration. Input from community members who are familiar with lexicographical data would be greatly appreciated. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1fHqlQ9l0nriMkrZRFW7Wd1k53DZsvgxstzyxlhgbDq0/edit?usp=sharing Agenda] *** [https://twitter.com/wikidataid/status/1550011035112710144 Wikimedia Indonesia Wikidata meetup. 1300 WIB, July 30, 2022]. ** Ongoing: *** Weekly Lexemes Challenge #51, [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=51 Plants] * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Papers *** [[d:Q113181609|The Lay of the Land: Data Visualizations of the Language Data and Domains of Wikidata (Q113181609)]] ** Videos *** Wikibase Ecosystem taking Wikidata further, by [[d:User:LydiaPintscher|Lydia Pintscher]] - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gl83YPGva7s YouTube] *** Teaching Wikidata Editing Practices II (in Chinese) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fh6xXXdq5Uw YouTube] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [[d:User:Magnus Manske/referee.js|User:Magnus Manske/referee.js]] - is a userscript that automatically checks external IDs and URLs of a Wikidata item as potential references, and adds them with a single click. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [[Wikidata:Development plan|Wikidata and Wikibase 2022 development plan]] has been updated to include activity estimates for the third quarter (Q3). ** Fellowship: [https://medium.com/wanadata-africa/wikipedian-in-residence-wir-fellowships-to-help-fight-climate-denialism-in-africa-1380dd849ad7 Wikipedian-in-Residence (WiR) fellowships to improve climate info in African languages on Wikipedia and Wikidata.] ** [[d:phab:T66503|T66503]]: It is now possible to import dates from templates to Wikidata using Pywikibot's <code>[[mw:Manual:Pywikibot/harvest template.py|harvest_template.py]]</code> script. ** Number of wikidata-powered infoboxes on Commons now [[:c:Category:Uses of Wikidata Infobox|exceeds 4 million]] ** [https://openrefine.org/ OpenRefine 3.6.0] was released. It adds support for [[commons:Commons:OpenRefine|editing structured data on Wikimedia Commons]], features more configurable statement deduplication during upload, as well as the ability to delete statements. Head to the [https://github.com/OpenRefine/OpenRefine/releases/tag/3.6.0 release page] for a changelog and download links. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: none *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P10870|Accademia dei Georgofili author ID]], [[:d:Property:P10871|Delaware Division of Corporations file number]], [[:d:Property:P10872|Palmares Cultural Foundation process number]], [[:d:Property:P10873|Mapping Museums ID]], [[:d:Property:P10874|gov.uk person ID]], [[:d:Property:P10875|Kazakhstan.travel tourist spot ID]], [[:d:Property:P10876|CVX vaccine code]], [[:d:Property:P10877|Applied Ecology Resources document ID]], [[:d:Property:P10878|ClimateCultures Directory ID]], [[:d:Property:P10879|Hamburger Professorinnen- und Professorenkatalog ID]], [[:d:Property:P10880|Catalogus Professorum (TU Berlin) person ID]], [[:d:Property:P10881|Kieler Gelehrtenverzeichnis ID]], [[:d:Property:P10882|Met constituent ID]], [[:d:Property:P10883|The Encyclopedia of Fantasy ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/chirality|chirality]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/UAE Street Code|UAE Street Code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/field of this award|field of this award]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Anghami album ID|Anghami album ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Model image|Model image]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/fishery for|fishery for]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bilbaopedia ID|Bilbaopedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Disney+ Hotstar ID|Disney+ Hotstar ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IndExs Exsiccata ID|IndExs Exsiccata ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Objekt-ID für Kulturgut in Liechtenstein|Objekt-ID für Kulturgut in Liechtenstein]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AIPD member ID|AIPD member ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SecondHandSongs release ID|SecondHandSongs release ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Walther, Initia carminum ID|Walther, Initia carminum ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Initia carminum Latinorum ID|Initia carminum Latinorum ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Repertorium hymnologicum ID|Repertorium hymnologicum ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/national-football-teams.com coach ID|national-football-teams.com coach ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/playmakerstats.com stadium ID|playmakerstats.com stadium ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/sambafoot team ID|sambafoot team ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/lila linked latin uri|lila linked latin uri]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archivio della ceramica person ID|Archivio della ceramica person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TUBITAK Sosyal Bilimler Ansiklopedisi ID|TUBITAK Sosyal Bilimler Ansiklopedisi ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/elibrary.ru journal ID|elibrary.ru journal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IRIS private universities (1) IDs|IRIS private universities (1) IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Arabic Ontology Lemma ID|Arabic Ontology Lemma ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Merchbar electronic dance music artist ID|Merchbar electronic dance music artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JioSaavn album ID|JioSaavn album ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JioSaavn Artist ID|JioSaavn Artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Revised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary ID|Revised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AEDA subject keyword ID|AEDA subject keyword ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AEDA geographic keyword ID|AEDA geographic keyword ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AEDA taxonomic keyword ID|AEDA taxonomic keyword ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rare Plant Fact Sheets ID|Rare Plant Fact Sheets ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/100.histrf.ru ID|100.histrf.ru ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/elibrary.ru publisher ID|elibrary.ru publisher ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Livelib.ru publisher ID|Livelib.ru publisher ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/YAPPY profile ID|YAPPY profile ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/5UxU Map of driverless rapid transit railway lines worldwide] *** [https://w.wiki/5V7o An example of finding problematic references] *** [https://w.wiki/5Vvw Papers by University of Leeds researchers that might have figures suitable for Wikimedia Commons (with a CC-BY or CC-BY-SA licence, with full text online)] *** [https://w.wiki/5Udf People born on rivers] ([https://twitter.com/MagnusManske/status/1549684778579935235 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/5VLM Humans with "native language" "German"] * '''Development''' ** Lexicographical data: We went over all the feedback we received for teh testing of the new Special:NewLexeme page and started addressing it and fixing the uncovered issues. One issue already fixed is a bug that prevented it from working on mobile view. ([[phab:T313116]]) ** Mismatch Finder: investigated how we can make it work for mismatches in qualifiers instead of the main statement ([[phab:T313467]]) ** REST API: Continued working on making it possible to replace and remove a statement of an Item ** We enabled the profile parameter to the wbsearchentities API on Test Wikidata ([[phab:T307869]]) ** We continued making Wikibase resolve redirects when showing Item labels and descriptions in more places ([[phab:T312223]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2022 07 25|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 17:24, 25 July 2022 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=23558880 --> == Tech News: 2022-30 == <section begin="technews-2022-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikibooks.org/ www.wikibooks.org]</span> and <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikiquote.org/ www.wikiquote.org]</span> portal pages now use an automated update system. Other [[m:Project_portals|project portals]] will be updated over the next few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273179] '''Problems''' * Last week, some wikis were in read-only mode for a few minutes because of an emergency switch of their main database ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313383] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The external link icon will change slightly in the skins Vector legacy and Vector 2022. The new icon uses simpler shapes to be more recognizable on low-fidelity screens. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T261391] * Administrators will now see buttons on user pages for "{{int:changeblockip}}" and "{{int:unblockip}}" instead of just "{{int:blockip}}" if the user is already blocked. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308570] '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place tomorrow (26 July). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W30"/> 19:27, 25 July 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23545370 --> == ''The Signpost'': 1 August 2022 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's weekly journal about Wikipedia and Wikimedia''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> * From the editors: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-08-01/From the editors|Rise of the machines, or something]] * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-08-01/News and notes|Information considered harmful]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-08-01/In the media|Censorship, medieval hoaxes, "pathetic supervillains", FB-WMF AI TL bid, dirty duchess deeds done dirt cheap]] * Op-Ed: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-08-01/Op-Ed|The "recession" affair]] * Eyewitness Wikimedian – Vinnytsia, Ukraine: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-08-01/Eyewitness Wikimedian – Vinnytsia, Ukraine|War diary (part 3)]] * Election guide: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-08-01/Election guide|The chosen six: 2022 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees elections]] * Community view: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-08-01/Community view|Youth culture and notability]] * Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-08-01/Opinion|Criminals among us]] * Arbitration report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-08-01/Arbitration report|Winds of change blow for cyclone editors, deletion dustup draws toward denouement]] * Deletion report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-08-01/Deletion report|This is Gonzo Country]] * Discussion report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-08-01/Discussion report|Notability for train stations, notices for mobile editors, noticeboards for the rest of us]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-08-01/Traffic report|US TV, JP ex-PM, outer space, and politics of IN, US, UK top charts for July]] * Featured content: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-08-01/Featured content|A little list with surprisingly few lists]] * Tips and tricks: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-08-01/Tips and tricks|Cleaning up awful citations with Citation bot]] * In focus: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-08-01/In focus|Wikidata insights from a handy little tool]] * On the bright side: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-08-01/On the bright side|Ukrainian Wikimedians during the war — three (more) stories]] * Essay: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-08-01/Essay|How to research an image]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-08-01/Recent research|A century of rulemaking on Wikipedia analyzed]] * Serendipity: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-08-01/Serendipity|Don't cite Wikipedia]] * Gallery: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-08-01/Gallery|A backstage pass]] * From the archives: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-08-01/From the archives|2012 Russian Wikipedia shutdown as it happened]] * Humour: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-08-01/Humour|Why did the chicken cross the road?]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 00:42, 1 August 2022 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:Evad37/SPS]]) --></div></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=23554609 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2022-31 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2022 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Lau Pa Sat]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Telok Ayer Market Above, June 2015.JPG|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Lau Pa Sat''', also known as Telok Ayer Market, is a historic building located within the Downtown Core in the Central Area of Singapore. It was first built in 1824 as a fish market on the waterfront serving the people of early colonial Singapore and rebuilt in 1838. It was then relocated and rebuilt at the present location in 1894. It is currently a food court with stalls selling a variety of local cuisine. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:48, 1 August 2022 (UTC) </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=23601901 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #531 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** New requests for permissions/Bot: *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/William Avery Bot 8|William Avery Bot 8]]. '''Task/s:''' Set qualifiers on [[:d:Property:P734|family name (P734)]] to standardised values, as discussed at [[d:Wikidata_talk:WikiProject_Names#Qualifiers_for_given_names_and_surnames_-_establish_a_guideline|Wikidata talk:WikiProject Names|Qualifiers for given names and surnames - establish a guideline]], and requested at [[d:Wikidata:Bot_requests#Request_to_replace_qualifiers_(2022-07-17)|Request to replace qualifiers (2022-07-17)]]. *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/EnvlhBot 4|EnvlhBot 4]]. '''Task/s:''' import forms for French verbs on [[d:Wikidata:Lexicographical data|lexemes]]. * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming: *** [https://twitter.com/wikimediatech/status/1547256861237268482 Mark your calendars for the Wikimania Hackathon!] The free, online, public event will take place from 16- 22 UTC August 12 and 12-17 UTC August 13, and include a final showcase on August 14. *** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/4Q3W3SH23QKWMLLATPEIKYLOGEYZE2KU/ Talk to the Search Platform / Query Service Team. Date: Wednesday, August 3rd, 2022 Time: 15:00-16:00 UTC / 08:00-09:00 PDT / 11:00-12:00 EDT / 16:00-17:00 WAT / 17:00-18:00 CEST] *** Wikidata Birthday is taking place in October 2022, and together we are celebrating 10 amazing years of Wikidata with decentralized community events! Discover more [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Tenth_Birthday|Wikidata:Tenth Birthday]] -- organize an event and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Tenth_Birthday/Run_an_event|get funding]] ** Ongoing *** Weekly Lexemes Challenge #52, [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=52 Software] ** Past: *** Wikidata/Wikibase office hours logs ([[d:Wikidata:Events/IRC office hour 2022-07-27|2022-07-27]]) * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Blogs *** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/good-articles-in-wikipedia-in-french Insights about good articles in Wikipedia in French] This Observable's notebook uses SPARQL queries to get insights about good articles. *** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/tour-de-france-femmes Tour de France Femmes] : Notebook exploring data from Tour de France Femmes using Wikidata. *** [https://blog.library.si.edu/blog/2022/07/28/smithsonian-libraries-and-archives-wikidata-smithsonian-research-online/#.YuacmXVByV5 Smithsonian Libraries and Archives & Wikidata: Smithsonian Research Online] *** [https://wikimedia.org.au/wiki/Populating_Wikipedia:_New_tool_integrating_Australian_Census_data Populating Wikipedia: New tool integrating Australian Census data] *** [http://magnusmanske.de/wordpress/?p=668 Quickstatements User Evaluation of Statements and Terms, or QUEST] *** [https://w.wiki/5WmF Place of birth and death of people with Peruvian citizenship] ([https://twitter.com/WikidataPeru/status/1552925098067329025 source]) *** [https://www.theverge.com/2022/7/29/23283701/wikipediate-notable-people-ranking-map-search-scroll-zoom This interactive map highlights the most notable person from your hometown] *** [https://tjukanovt.github.io/notable-people Map of notable people] based on [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-022-01369-4 A cross-verified database of notable people, 3500BC-2018AD] which is based on Wikidata. Made by [https://mobile.twitter.com/tjukanov Topi Tjukanov] *** [[:w:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-08-01/In focus|Wikidata insights from a handy little tool]] in [[:d:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|The Signpost]] ** Videos *** The process of standardizing OpenStreetMap and Wikidata data - an example in the village of Xiliu (in Chinese) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LhVqRIp3gDY YouTube] *** Wikidata – An attempt to analyse Wikidata Query - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fDBoHoKgsEE YouTube] *** Wikimedia Commons and Wikidata: why and how? - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dw1QEXUa370 YouTube] *** WikiProject Scholia - Brazilian Bioinformatics (in Portuguese) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dsboib8fmaA YouTube] *** Connecting an academic organization to Wikidata (Python script) (in Portuguese) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yvEs0IsKSKg YouTube] *** SPARQL queries on trains (stations and lines), cartography (in French) by [[User:VIGNERON|VIGNERON]] and [[User:Auregann|Auregann]] - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ezr2aJtKC-w YouTube] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/gender-diversity-inspector?collection=@pac02/wikipedia-tools Gender diversity inspector] is a new tool to inspect gender diversity in Wikipedia articles based on SPARQL and Wikidata. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [[:d:Template:Generic queries for authors|Template:Generic queries for authors]] has now generic queries about narrative locations (P840) of works written by an author. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P10888|contains the statistical territorial entity]], [[:d:Property:P10893|recordist]], [[:d:Property:P10894|spoken by]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P10872|Palmares Cultural Foundation process number]], [[:d:Property:P10873|Mapping Museums ID]], [[:d:Property:P10874|gov.uk person ID]], [[:d:Property:P10875|Kazakhstan.travel tourist spot ID]], [[:d:Property:P10876|CVX vaccine code]], [[:d:Property:P10877|Applied Ecology Resources document ID]], [[:d:Property:P10878|ClimateCultures Directory ID]], [[:d:Property:P10879|Hamburger Professorinnen- und Professorenkatalog ID]], [[:d:Property:P10880|Catalogus Professorum (TU Berlin) person ID]], [[:d:Property:P10881|Kieler Gelehrtenverzeichnis ID]], [[:d:Property:P10882|Met Constituent ID]], [[:d:Property:P10883|The Encyclopedia of Fantasy ID]], [[:d:Property:P10884|Gitee username]], [[:d:Property:P10885|Anghami artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P10886|Austria-Forum person ID]], [[:d:Property:P10887|Base Budé person ID]], [[:d:Property:P10889|Israeli Company Number]], [[:d:Property:P10890|PM20 ware ID]], [[:d:Property:P10891|pad.ma person ID]], [[:d:Property:P10892|Bioconductor project]], [[:d:Property:P10895|Broadway World person ID]], [[:d:Property:P10896|pad.ma video ID]], [[:d:Property:P10897|ORKG ID]], [[:d:Property:P10898|International Baccalaureate school ID]], [[:d:Property:P10899|Prophy author ID]], [[:d:Property:P10900|Telmore Musik artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P10902|FirstCycling rider ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/chirality|chirality]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/UAE Street Code|UAE Street Code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/field of this award|field of this award]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Anghami album ID|Anghami album ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Model image|Model image]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/fishery for|fishery for]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Matrix space|Matrix space]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Tribe|Tribe]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Prisoner's camp number|Prisoner's camp number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/field of this item|field of this item]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Linkinfo ID|Linkinfo ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Zhihu question ID|Zhihu question ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Baidu Tieba name|Baidu Tieba name]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IndExs Exsiccata ID|IndExs Exsiccata ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Objekt-ID für Kulturgut in Liechtenstein|Objekt-ID für Kulturgut in Liechtenstein]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AIPD member ID|AIPD member ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SecondHandSongs release ID|SecondHandSongs release ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Walther, Initia carminum ID|Walther, Initia carminum ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Initia carminum Latinorum ID|Initia carminum Latinorum ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Repertorium hymnologicum ID|Repertorium hymnologicum ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/national-football-teams.com coach ID|national-football-teams.com coach ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/playmakerstats.com stadium ID|playmakerstats.com stadium ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/sambafoot team ID|sambafoot team ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/lila linked latin uri|lila linked latin uri]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archivio della ceramica person ID|Archivio della ceramica person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TUBITAK Sosyal Bilimler Ansiklopedisi ID|TUBITAK Sosyal Bilimler Ansiklopedisi ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/elibrary.ru journal ID|elibrary.ru journal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IRIS private universities (1) IDs|IRIS private universities (1) IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Arabic Ontology Lemma ID|Arabic Ontology Lemma ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Merchbar electronic dance music artist ID|Merchbar electronic dance music artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JioSaavn album ID|JioSaavn album ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JioSaavn artist ID|JioSaavn artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Revised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary ID|Revised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AEDA subject keyword ID|AEDA subject keyword ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AEDA geographic keyword ID|AEDA geographic keyword ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AEDA taxonomic keyword ID|AEDA taxonomic keyword ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rare Plant Fact Sheets ID|Rare Plant Fact Sheets ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/100.histrf.ru ID|100.histrf.ru ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/elibrary.ru publisher ID|elibrary.ru publisher ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Livelib.ru publisher ID|Livelib.ru publisher ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/YAPPY profile ID|YAPPY profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Galleria Recta author ID|Galleria Recta author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Business Online ID|Business Online ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Real Time IDs|Real Time IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Devil's Porridge Museum Worker Database|The Devil's Porridge Museum Worker Database]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Artistic Gymnastics Federation of Russia ID|Artistic Gymnastics Federation of Russia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bobsleigh Federation of Russia ID|Bobsleigh Federation of Russia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Russian Luge Federation ID|Russian Luge Federation ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Handball Federation of Russia ID|Handball Federation of Russia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Russian Volleyball Federation ID|Russian Volleyball Federation ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/All-Russian Swimming Federation ID|All-Russian Swimming Federation ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Scinapse Author ID|Scinapse Author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Russian Paralympic Committee athlete ID|Russian Paralympic Committee athlete ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Olympic Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan ID|National Olympic Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Olympic Committee of Azerbaijan ID|National Olympic Committee of Azerbaijan ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Belgian Olympic Committee ID|Belgian Olympic Committee ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Olympic Federation of Ireland ID|Olympic Federation of Ireland ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Russian Football Union player ID|Russian Football Union player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/All-Russian Sambo Federation ID|All-Russian Sambo Federation ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dictionnaire Favereau (fr)|Dictionnaire Favereau (fr)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Serbian Olympic Committee athlete ID (New)|Serbian Olympic Committee athlete ID (New)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Singapore National Olympic Council athlete ID|Singapore National Olympic Council athlete ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NOCNSF athlete ID|NOCNSF athlete ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/numéro d'inscription au Registre national des marques|numéro d'inscription au Registre national des marques]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Modstand person ID|Modstand person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Danacode|Danacode]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/British Paralympic Association athlete ID|British Paralympic Association athlete ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Canadian Paralympic Committee athlete ID|Canadian Paralympic Committee athlete ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Paralympics Australia athlete ID|Paralympics Australia athlete ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Paralympics New Zealand athlete ID|Paralympics New Zealand athlete ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ILAMDIR ID|ILAMDIR ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/5XCk Grammatical features used on forms of French lexemes] ([https://twitter.com/envlh/status/1553668952399675392 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/5WpF Most notable people] (by sitelinks) ([https://twitter.com/MagnusManske/status/1553020452469104640 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/5WWp List of draughts] ([https://twitter.com/WikidataThreads/status/1552542642684190720 source)] *** [https://w.wiki/5Gfa Map of NZ graduates based on coordinates of employer] ([https://twitter.com/SiobhanLeachman/status/1552477015852617728 source]) * '''Development''' ** [Significant change] [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IN7FPRLU2QA2MVXUEEQ2WTILR4GIOPM3/ New search profile parameter in Wikidata’s wbsearchentities API module] ** REST API: *** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/26Q4RUTPFN2SWZWOEA3TXBH5MCPHLEBU/ You can now check out the current development state of the upcoming REST API] *** We are continuing work on the API route to remove and replace statements, focusing on error handling and corner cases. ** Lexicographical data: We are addressing the feedback from the first release of the new Special:NewLexeme page. ** Continuing work on allowing redirects and the target article as independent sitelinks if a redirect badge is used ([[phab:T313896]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Remove the {{Q|Q1062083}} value for property {{P|31}}. See the [https://w.wiki/5WWb list] and the discussion in the project chat [[:d:Wikidata:Project_chat#Should_milliardaire_(Q1062083)_be_used_as_a_value_of_nature_de_l'%C3%A9l%C3%A9ment_(P31)?|Should billionaire (Q1062083) be used as a value of instance of (P31)?]] ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2022 08 01|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 16:44, 1 August 2022 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=23614914 --> == Books & Bytes – Issue 51 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style = "color: #936c29; font-size: 4em; font-family: Copperplate, 'Copperplate Gothic Light', serif"> [[File:Wikipedia Library owl.svg|80px|link=The Wikipedia Library]] '''The Wikipedia Library''' </div> <div style = "font-size: 1.5em; margin: 0 100px"> [[File:Bookshelf.jpg|right|175px]]</div> <div style = "line-height: 1.2"> <span style="font-size: 2em; font-family: Copperplate, 'Copperplate Gothic Light', serif">'''''Books & Bytes'''''</span><br /> Issue 51, May – June 2022 </div> <div style = "margin-top: 1.5em; border: 3px solid #ae8c55; border-radius: .5em; padding: 1em 1.5em; font-size: 1.2em"> * New library partners ** SAGE Journals ** Elsevier ScienceDirect ** University of Chicago Press ** Information Processing Society of Japan * Feedback requested on this newsletter * 1Lib1Ref May 2022 <big>'''[[:m:The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter/May-June_2022|Read the full newsletter]]'''</big> </div> </div> <small>Sent by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --16:46, 1 August 2022 (UTC)</small> <!-- Message sent by User:Samwalton9@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wikipedia_Library/Newsletter/Recipients&oldid=23611998 --> == Tech News: 2022-31 == <section begin="technews-2022-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Improved [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Displaying_a_formula#Phantom|LaTeX capabilities for math rendering]] are now available in the wikis thanks to supporting <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Phantom</code></bdi> tags. This completes part of [[m:Community_Wishlist_Survey_2022/Editing/Missing_LaTeX_capabilities_for_math_rendering|the #59 wish]] of the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor/Realtime_Preview|Realtime Preview]] will be available as a Beta Feature on wikis in [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists%2Fgroup0.dblist Group 0]. This feature was built in order to fulfill [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/Real_Time_Preview_for_Wikitext|one of the Community Wishlist Survey proposals]]. '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout August. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. '''Future meetings''' * This week, three meetings about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector (2022)]] with live interpretation will take place. On Tuesday, interpretation in Russian will be provided. On Thursday, meetings for Arabic and Spanish speakers will take place. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|See how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W31"/> 21:22, 1 August 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23615613 --> == This Month in Education: July 2022 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 11 • Issue 7 • July 2022</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/July 2022|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/July 2022/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2022/Wikimedia Chile launched a teacher guidebook with Wiki tools for Heritage Education|Wikimedia Chile launched a teacher guidebook with Wiki tools for Heritage Education]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2022/Wikimedia Serbia received a new accreditation for the professional development program|Wikimedia Serbia received a new accreditation for the professional development program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2022/Wikimedia for Illiterate Persons|Wikimedia for Illiterate Persons]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2022/EtnoWiki edit-a-thon in Poland|Polish Wikipedia is enriched with new EtnoWiki content]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2022/Career Education through Wikipedia|Career Education through Wikipedia]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 17:39, 3 August 2022 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=23607963 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2022-32 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2022 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:The Raggle Taggle Gypsy]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> "'''The Raggle Taggle Gypsy'''" (Roud 1, Child 200), is a traditional folk song that originated as a Scottish border ballad, and has been popular throughout Britain, Ireland and North America. It concerns a rich lady who runs off to join the gypsies (or one gypsy). <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:51, 8 August 2022 (UTC) </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=23635059 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #532 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** New requests for permissions/Bot: *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/Pi bot 26|Pi bot 26]] '''Task/s:''' Auto-correct coordinates set to the wrong globe *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/Pi bot 27|Pi bot 27]] '''Task/s:''' Auto-copy coordinate globe to [[d:Property:P376|located on astronomical body (P376)]] (except for [[d:Q2|Q2]]) *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/William Avery Bot 9|William Avery Bot 9]] '''Task/s:''' Remove tracking parameters from reference URLs, as suggested at [[d:Wikidata:Bot_requests#Tracking_parameters_in_reference_URLs|Wikidata:Bot requests § Tracking parameters in reference URLs]]. I would like to run this as a recurring task, after clearing the c. 2800 current instances. ** Closed request for permissions/Bot: *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/William Avery Bot 8|William Avery Bot 8]] (approved) '''Task/s:''' Set qualifiers on [[d:property:P734|family name (P734)]] to standardised values, as discussed at [[d:Wikidata talk:WikiProject Names#Qualifiers for given names and surnames - establish a guideline|Wikidata talk:WikiProject Names § Qualifiers for given names and surnames - establish a guideline]], and requested at [[d:WD:RBOT#Request to replace qualifiers (2022-07-17)|WD:RBOT § Request to replace qualifiers (2022-07-17)]] * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming *** [[wmania:Wikimania|Wikimania 2022]], August 11 to 14, online event. The [[wmania:Hackathon|Hackathon]] will take place August [[wmania:Hackathon/Schedule|12-14]]. On [[d:Wikidata:Wikimania 2022|this page]] you can find a summary of sessions and community gatherings related to Wikidata and Wikibase. *** Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call August 9, 2022: Pieter Vander Vennet on MapComplete, a thematic OpenStreetMap viewer and editor which uses species, language, and image data from Wikidata. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LK33z_L6ARux-jzRXIVPlF4yApsFxx7INpKaaZ2MUIg/edit?usp=sharing Agenda]. *** The Wikimania Hackathon starts next Friday, August 16-22! There are still [[:wikimania:Hackathon/Schedule|lots of spots in the schedule]] to add your Wikidata related sessions or project ideas (anyone can present a session) ** Ongoing *** Wikimedia Indonesia's [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Indonesia/Kegiatan/Datathon|Wikidata edit-a-thon (''datathon'')]] for the 77th anniversary of the Indnesian Independence Day started on 5th August and will be held until 12th August. Participants are instructed to edit items containing the statement [[d:Property:P495|country of origin (P495)]]: [[d:Q252|Indonesia (Q252)]]. *** Toolhub is a catalog of 1500+ tools used every day in a wide variety of workflows across many Wiki projects. We are currently improving the search functionality and need your input – whether you are already familiar with Toolhub or not. Please take 5-10 minutes to leave [[m:en:Toolhub/Data_model/Feedback|feedback]]. ** Ongoing *** Weekly Lexemes Challenge #53, [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=53 Sheep] ** Past *** First online meet-up fully organized by volunteers of the Indonesian Wikidata Community has been held on 30th July where we edited items on Indonesian ethnic groups. * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Books *** [https://iu.pressbooks.pub/wikidatascholcomm/ Wikidata for Scholarly Communication Librarianship] ** Blogs *** [https://flowingdata.com/2022/08/02/most-notable-person-everywhere-in-the-world/ Most notable person, everywhere in the world] *** [https://chem-bla-ics.blogspot.com/2022/08/wikidata-now-escapes-smiles-and-cxsmiles.html Wikidata now escapes SMILES and CXSMILES!] *** [https://wikimedia.org.au/wiki/Bringing_the_whole_zoo_to_Wikidata Bringing the whole zoo to Wikidata] - [[d:User:MargaretRDonald|User:MargaretRDonald]] *** [https://www.lehir.net/using-tfsl-to-clean-grammatical-features-on-wikidata-lexemes/ Using tfsl to clean grammatical features on Wikidata lexemes] *** [https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/using-machine-learning-iiif-wikidata-find-female-scientists-jones/ Using Machine Learning, IIIF and Wikidata to find female scientists in historical Newspaper and Journals] ** Papers ***[https://digitalartsnation.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Embracing-Wikidata-Guide-2022.pdf Embracing Wikidata: How to Increase Discoverability for Musicians Online] - [https://twitter.com/ipetri/status/1554631438187827201 Tweet] *** ** Videos ***[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ii2esyEaPjI New Zealand Thesis Project July 2022] - [[User:DrThneed|User:DrThneed]] *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vj_lxwFS98I Wikidata academic bibliographic data and Scholia] (in French) by [[User:VIGNERON|VIGNERON]] and [[User:Jsamwrites|Jsamwrites]] *** Wikidata: Just Three Steps to Turn Books into Data Collections (in Chinese) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zatu9UjI0VQ YouTube] ** Presentations: *** [[:Commons:File:KB Wikibase.cloud Unboxing Experience, Netherlands Wikibase Knowlegde Group, 22-07-2022.pdf|KB Wikibase.cloud Unboxing Experience, Netherlands Wikibase Knowlegde Group]] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [https://workspace.google.com/marketplace/app/wikipedia_and_wikidata_tools/595109124715?pann=cwsdp&hl=en Wiki tools] - adds dozens of Wikipedia and Wikidata functions to your Google sheets. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Tenth Birthday|Wikidata's 10th birthday]]: you can contribute to the collaborative celebration video by sending a "happy birthday video" before September 18th, [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Tenth Birthday/Celebration video|more information here]] * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P10893|recordist]], [[:d:Property:P10894|spoken by]], [[:d:Property:P10906|foliage type]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P10889|Israeli Company Number]], [[:d:Property:P10890|PM20 ware ID]], [[:d:Property:P10891|pad.ma person ID]], [[:d:Property:P10892|Bioconductor project]], [[:d:Property:P10895|Broadway World person ID]], [[:d:Property:P10896|pad.ma video ID]], [[:d:Property:P10897|ORKG ID]], [[:d:Property:P10898|International Baccalaureate school ID]], [[:d:Property:P10899|Prophy author ID]], [[:d:Property:P10900|Telmore Musik artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P10902|FirstCycling rider ID]], [[:d:Property:P10903|Super Basketball League ID]], [[:d:Property:P10904|Sport24.ru team ID]], [[:d:Property:P10905|P. League+ ID]], [[:d:Property:P10907|Paleobiology Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P10908|Kinokolo.ua person ID]], [[:d:Property:P10909|Theatrical Index person ID]], [[:d:Property:P10910|Korean Academy of Science and Technology member ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Zhihu question ID|Zhihu question ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/counts instances of|counts instances of]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/holds diplomatic passport of|holds diplomatic passport of]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifier of Czechoslovak books|Identifier of Czechoslovak books]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Belgian Olympic Committee ID|Belgian Olympic Committee ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Olympic Federation of Ireland ID|Olympic Federation of Ireland ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Russian Football Union player ID|Russian Football Union player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/All-Russian Sambo Federation ID|All-Russian Sambo Federation ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Baidu Tieba name|Baidu Tieba name]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dictionnaire Favereau (fr)|Dictionnaire Favereau (fr)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Serbian Olympic Committee athlete ID (New)|Serbian Olympic Committee athlete ID (New)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Singapore National Olympic Council athlete ID|Singapore National Olympic Council athlete ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NOCNSF athlete ID|NOCNSF athlete ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/numéro d'inscription au Registre national des marques|numéro d'inscription au Registre national des marques]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Modstand person ID|Modstand person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Danacode|Danacode]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/British Paralympic Association athlete ID|British Paralympic Association athlete ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Canadian Paralympic Committee athlete ID|Canadian Paralympic Committee athlete ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Paralympics Australia athlete ID|Paralympics Australia athlete ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Paralympics New Zealand athlete ID|Paralympics New Zealand athlete ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ILAMDIR ID|ILAMDIR ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant BD oubliées d'un auteur|identifiant BD oubliées d'un auteur]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bolshoi Theatre person ID|Bolshoi Theatre person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/kulturstiftung.org person ID|kulturstiftung.org person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mariinsky Theatre person ID|Mariinsky Theatre person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Onestop ID|Onestop ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Federation Council reference ID|Federation Council reference ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/athletics.by person ID|athletics.by person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AFC player ID|AFC player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/izsambo.ru person ID|izsambo.ru person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rugby Union of Russia athlete ID|Rugby Union of Russia athlete ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Online Torwali Dictionary ID|Online Torwali Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/wrestdag.ru person ID|wrestdag.ru person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Climbing Federation of Russia athlete ID|Climbing Federation of Russia athlete ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Shooting Union of Russia person ID|Shooting Union of Russia person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Russian Trampoline Federation ID|Russian Trampoline Federation ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Freestyle Federation of Russia ID|Freestyle Federation of Russia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Federation of Ski-Jumping and Nordic Combined of Russia ID|Federation of Ski-Jumping and Nordic Combined of Russia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/USK ID|USK ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BiatlonMag profile ID|BiatlonMag profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/motocross.ru profile ID|motocross.ru profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Football 24 article ID|Football 24 article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/abART book series ID|abART book series ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Turkish Paralympic Committee athlete ID|Turkish Paralympic Committee athlete ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Jewish Pediatricians 1933–1945 ID|Jewish Pediatricians 1933–1945 ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/5XZ4 Most recent date not used as a date of birth (P569) or date of death (P570)] *** [https://w.wiki/5YAx Map of war memorials, showing EN Wikipedia article if it exists] ([https://twitter.com/Tagishsimon/status/1555288388235821058 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/5XY7 Most frequent occupations of people born in Épinal] ([https://twitter.com/WikidataThreads/status/1554207788687138820 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/5XY2 Species named after places in the state of Espírito Santo] ([https://twitter.com/lubianat/status/1554202922132860928 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/5YKw Places named after Lenin] ([https://twitter.com/theklaneh/status/1555613271679537153 source]) * '''Development''' ** Lexicographical data: *** Continuing to address feedback from the testing (e.g. [[phab:T312292]], [[phab:T313113]], [[phab:T313466]]) *** We have pushed back replacing Special:NewLexeme with the new Special:NewLexemeAlpha a bit to address more of the testing feedback. ** Continuing to tackle allowing sitelinks to redirects under some circumstances ([[phab:T278962]]) ** REST API: *** Finishing up the endpoints for removing and replacing statements and adding authentication and authorization to them *** Looking into feedback from first testing [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help out, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2022 08 08|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 14:37, 8 August 2022 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=23614914 --> == Tech News: 2022-32 == <section begin="technews-2022-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/32|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:GUS2Wiki/Script|GUS2Wiki]] copies the information from [[{{#special:GadgetUsage}}]] to an on-wiki page so you can review its history. If your project isn't already listed on the [[d:Q113143828|Wikidata entry for Project:GUS2Wiki]] you can either run GUS2Wiki yourself or [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:GUS2Wiki/Script#Opting|make a request to receive updates]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T121049] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-09|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-11|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future meetings''' * The [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon|Wikimania Hackathon]] will take place online from August 12–14. Don't miss [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Schedule|the pre-hacking showcase]] to learn about projects and find collaborators. Anyone can [[phab:/project/board/6030/|propose a project]] or [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Schedule|host a session]]. [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Newcomers|Newcomers are welcome]]! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W32"/> 19:50, 8 August 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23627807 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': July 2022 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XII, Issue VII, July 2022</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-width:28em; -webkit-column-count:2; -webkit-column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: Provinces: our main characters * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Brazil holds its National Wiki Conference, and many GLAM partners join * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: A very busy July for Colombian libraries / Un Julio bastante movido para las bibliotecas colombianas * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022/Contents/France report|France report]]: Wikimedian in residence in Clermont-Ferrand * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: News from Auckland Museum, the West Coast, and New Zealand's thesis repositories * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Edit-a-thon in the National Museum in Cracow, GLAM editing contest on the collection of artworks * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: Portugal’s first GLAM-Wiki open access museum project is launched!! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Presentation of GLAM activities at Edu Wiki Camp * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Khalili Collections * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: GLAM for the Masses * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: Wikimania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: Wikimania activities * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: What next for 1Lib1Ref? * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: August's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2022/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 01:24, 9 August 2022 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=23554599 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2022-33 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2022 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Peroz I Kushanshah]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Extremely rare coin of Peroz I Kushanshah.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Peroz I Kushanshah''' was ruler of the Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom from 245 to 275. He was the successor of Ardashir I Kushanshah. He was an energetic ruler, who minted coins in Balkh, Herat, and Gandhara. Under him, the Kushano-Sasanians further expanded their domains into the west, pushing the weakened Kushan Empire to Mathura in North India. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:47, 15 August 2022 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=23661098 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #533 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** Open request for adminship: *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Estopedist1|Estopedist1]] (RfP scheduled to end after 21 August 2022 12:36 UTC) * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming: *** Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] Wikidata Working Hour August 15, 2022: Fourth session of our summer/fall project working with diverse children's book metadata. We'll be covering manually creating publisher items: showing how to create items, add statements to items, add references, and use gadgets. You are, as always, welcome to bring your own data to work on. All sessions in our project series will be recorded for those who cannot attend. Links will be added to the event page when available. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Wikidata_Working_Hours/Wikidata_Working_Hour_Summer-Fall_Project_2022/2022-August-15_Wikidata_Working_Hour Event page] ** Ongoing: *** Toolhub is a catalog of 1500+ tools used every day in a wide variety of workflows across many Wiki projects. We are currently improving the search functionality and need your input – whether you are already familiar with Toolhub or not. Please take 5-10 minutes to leave [[m:Toolhub/Data_model/Feedback|feedback]]. ***[[m:Small_wiki_toolkits/Workshops#How_to_maintain_bots|Upcoming bots & scripts workshop on Thursday, August 18th at 15:00 UTC]] *** Weekly Lexemes Challenge #54, [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=54 Fire] * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Blogs *** [https://bigthink.com/strange-maps/globe-of-notability/ Turns out most famous people aren’t that famous at all] *** [https://whatson.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/events/an-introduction-to-wikidata-how-worlds-of-wikimedia-link An introduction to Wikidata: How worlds of Wikimedia link] ** Papers *** [https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/files/177669024/An_Analysis_of_Content_Gaps_versus_User_Needs_in_the_Wikidata_Knowledge_Graph_1_.pdf An Analysis of Content Gaps versus User Needs in the Wikidata Knowledge Graph] *** [https://ezrakarger.com/karger_highschool_draft_mostrecent.pdf The Democratization of Opportunity: The Effects of the U.S. High School Movement] ** Videos *** Wikimania 2022 happened. Highlights around Wikidata and Wikibase: **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=grqN2GZNvX4 Wikimania 2022 - 10 Years of Wikidata] **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hewPZFCDSZM&t=1528s Wikimania 2022 - 10 Years of Wikidata - Overtime Discussion] **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tZCBV0R3ZEE Wikimania Hackathon: Let us play with PubMed to enrich Wikidata with medical information] **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ntdOuh5-ZAY When Quechua meets Wikibase - QICHWABASE] *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3xgwzH9Q7Eg Wikidata as a knowledge graph for the life sciences] *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aGCBcK3YFV8 Power BI project - Create image grids - Images from Wikidata brought in using a simple R script] *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IB7ZxpaWnzI Some reflections on wikidata and color biology] *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FtpyPruId7I Uploading bibliographical items using Quickstatements] *** Wikidata tutorials: **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zXSWgQrhD4c Add the official street address of an institution] **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFV4ly-T54I Add visitor numbers to an institution] *** Wikidata tutorials (in French): **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3lZeQxFcyUo Adding an institution's official website] **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3_uaBZlb0I Create a Wikimedia Account] **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tI4Q6cyk4cs Adding a webpage] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [https://ringgaard.com/c/ KnolCase] is a case-based knowledge management tool for gathering information about subjects of interest and organizing these into case files. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Wikidata:Project_chat&oldid=1704549920#Wikidata_integration_in_OpenRefine:_could_this_be_your_project? Wikidata integration in OpenRefine: could this be your project?] OpenRefine calls for (more) technical contributors to work on Wikimedia / Wikidata / Wikibase support. ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EEIKHJZW7AMSIYGW7RURB5FG7ISZSW52/ Wikimedia integration in OpenRefine: looking for developers] * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P7725|litter size]], [[:d:Property:P7727|legislative committee]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P7720|Fossilworks ID for journal article]], [[:d:Property:P7721|Wikispore ID]], [[:d:Property:P7722|TLFi ID]], [[:d:Property:P7723|The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture ID]], [[:d:Property:P7724|Littré ID]], [[:d:Property:P7726|PlanetMath ID]], [[:d:Property:P7729|GUI number]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/filename in archive|filename in archive]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Microworld ID|Microworld ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Position with respect to the noun|Position with respect to the noun]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/network bands|network bands]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Viewpoint heading|Viewpoint heading]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/egg incubation period|egg incubation period]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/author's wikimedia username|author's wikimedia username]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/unit of measurement|unit of measurement]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/type of age limit|type of age limit]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/attested as|attested as]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/provides data|provides data]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/recipient|recipient]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/external type|external type]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Amino community ID|Amino community ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/used in phrase|used in phrase]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/type of external page|type of external page]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Australian National Maritime Museum ID|Australian National Maritime Museum ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Australian National Maritime Museum person ID|Australian National Maritime Museum person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Video Games Museum system ID|The Video Games Museum system ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Vikidia article|Vikidia article]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Aviation Hall of Fame person ID|National Aviation Hall of Fame person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RationalWiki ID|RationalWiki ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Video Games Museum game ID|The Video Games Museum game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CEEB K-12 school code|CEEB K-12 school code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/D-MSX ID|D-MSX ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nomenclature for Museum Cataloging|Nomenclature for Museum Cataloging]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VGMPF ID|VGMPF ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Games Database system ID|Games Database system ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ICD-11 ID (foundation)|ICD-11 ID (foundation)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AdoroCinema|AdoroCinema]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Games Database game ID|Games Database game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Games Database developer ID|Games Database developer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LFE player ID|LFE player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PersonalData.IO ID|PersonalData.IO ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Games Database publisher ID|Games Database publisher ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Digital Local Culture Encyclopedia of Korea ID|The Digital Local Culture Encyclopedia of Korea ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/textove.com|textove.com]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/textove.com Song ID|textove.com Song ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/kino-teatr.ru person ID|kino-teatr.ru person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/dovidka.com.ua person ID|dovidka.com.ua person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Russian PFL player ID|Russian PFL player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ten-Bruggencatenummer|Ten-Bruggencatenummer]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/J-GLOBAL ID|J-GLOBAL ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Good Old Days ID|The Good Old Days ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AuthenticusID|AuthenticusID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ciência ID|Ciência ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ExoticA ID|ExoticA ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Decine21 person ID|Decine21 person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifier for a resource held by the Smithsonian Institution|Identifier for a resource held by the Smithsonian Institution]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Macintosh Garden game ID|Macintosh Garden game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/UCUM code|UCUM code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PragerU presenter ID|PragerU presenter ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ukrainica ID|Ukrainica ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Macintosh Repository ID|Macintosh Repository ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LaunchBox Games Database platform ID|LaunchBox Games Database platform ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/5Zj9 Most common numbers of statements per item] ([https://twitter.com/Tagishsimon/status/1557908289958170624 source]) *** [https://commons-query.wikimedia.org/#%23%20defaultView%3AMap%0ASELECT%20%3Ffile%20%3Ftitle%20%3Fimage%20%28GROUP_CONCAT%28DISTINCT%28%3Fd%29%3B%20separator%20%3D%20%27%20%2F%20%27%29%20AS%20%3Fdepicts_list%29%20%3Fcoords%20%3Flayer%0AWITH%0A%7B%0A%20%20SELECT%20%3Ffile%20%3Ftitle%0A%20%20WHERE%0A%20%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20SERVICE%20wikibase%3Amwapi%0A%20%20%20%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Aapi%20%22Generator%22%20.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Aendpoint%20%22commons.wikimedia.org%22%20.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20bd%3AserviceParam%20mwapi%3Agcmtitle%20%22Category%3AMosques%20in%20Dubai%22%20.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20bd%3AserviceParam%20mwapi%3Agenerator%20%22categorymembers%22%20.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20bd%3AserviceParam%20mwapi%3Agcmtype%20%22file%22%20.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20bd%3AserviceParam%20mwapi%3Agcmlimit%20%22max%22%20.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Ftitle%20wikibase%3AapiOutput%20mwapi%3Atitle%20.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Fpageid%20wikibase%3AapiOutput%20%22%40pageid%22%20.%0A%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20BIND%20%28URI%28CONCAT%28%27https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fentity%2FM%27%2C%20%3Fpageid%29%29%20AS%20%3Ffile%29%0A%20%20%7D%0A%7D%20AS%20%25get_files%0A%0AWITH%20%7B%0A%20%20SELECT%20DISTINCT%20%3Ffile%20%3Flayer%20WHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20INCLUDE%20%25get_files%0A%20%20%20%20%3Ffile%20wdt%3AP180%20%3Fdepicts%20.%0A%20%20%20%20SERVICE%20%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fquery.wikidata.org%2Fsparql%3E%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Fdepicts%20wdt%3AP31%2Fwdt%3AP279%2a%20wd%3AQ32815%20.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20BIND%28%27M%27%20AS%20%3Flayer%29%20.%0A%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%7D%0A%7D%20AS%20%25layer%0A%20%20%20%0AWHERE%0A%7B%0A%20%20INCLUDE%20%25get_files%0A%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%3Ffile%20wdt%3AP180%20%3Fdepicts%20.%0A%20%20%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20SERVICE%20%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fquery.wikidata.org%2Fsparql%3E%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Fdepicts%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3Fdepicts_label%20.%20FILTER%20%28lang%28%3Fdepicts_label%29%20%3D%20%27en%27%29%20.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%7D%0A%20%20BIND%28COALESCE%28%3Fdepicts_label%2C%20%3Fdepicts%29%20AS%20%3Fd%29%20.%0A%0A%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20INCLUDE%20%25layer%20.%0A%20%20%7D%0A%0A%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%3Ffile%20wdt%3AP1259%20%3Fcoords%7D%20.%20%20%23%20coords%20of%20POV%20%20%20%20%20%20%0A%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%3Ffile%20wdt%3AP9149%20%3Fcoords%7D%20.%20%20%23%20fallback%3A%20coords%20of%20depicted%20place%0A%20%20%3Ffile%20schema%3Aurl%20%3Fimage.%0A%0A%20%20%23%20%20FILTER%28bound%28%3Fcoords%29%29%20.%0A%20%20%0A%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7BBIND%28%27-%27%20AS%20%3Flayer%29%7D%20.%0A%0A%7D%20GROUP%20BY%20%3Ffile%20%3Ftitle%20%3Fimage%20%3Fcoords%20%3Flayer%0AORDER%20BY%20%3Ftitle Locations and depicts statements for images in Commons category] [[:c:Category:Mosques in Dubai|Mosques in Dubai]] ([[:c:Commons_talk:SPARQL_query_service/queries/examples#Images_without_Wikidata_Items|source]]) *** [https://w.wiki/4mVT Art people who died in Nazi camps] ([https://twitter.com/OpenLinkArtData/status/1558637943304110080 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/5ZZp Count of items in Wikidata by number of statements in the item] ([https://twitter.com/Tagishsimon/status/1557908289958170624 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/5Z2J Fungi with image, ordered by number of languages it has an article] ([https://twitter.com/theklaneh/status/1556951821377310721 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/5YyK Longest natural watercourses in France] ([https://twitter.com/WikidataThreads/status/1556879308311986176 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/5Zjv Multiple forms of a Lexeme with the same grammatical features and where no of these forms have any other statement] *** [https://w.wiki/5Y2h Bengali Lexemes all of whose parts are derived from Sanskrit words, but which themselves aren't derived from Sanskrit words yet] * '''Development''' ** Took part in Wikimania and the Wikimania hackathon ** Continuing work on making it possible to add sitelinks to redirects under some special conditions ([[phab:T278962]]) ** Lexicographical data: continuing to address the feedback from testing ** REST API: *** Finished off validation in the endpoint for replacing a statement on an Item ([[phab:T314790]]) *** Doing research around [https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5789 PATCH] and [https://jsonpatch.com JSON Patch] [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2022 08 15|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 15:45, 15 August 2022 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=23614914 --> == Tech News: 2022-33 == <section begin="technews-2022-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Persian (Farsi) Wikipedia community decided to block IP editing from October 2021 to April 2022. The Wikimedia Foundation's Product Analytics team tracked the impact of this change. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Editing Restriction Study/Farsi Wikipedia|An impact report]] is now available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-16|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s1.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-18|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s8.dblist targeted wikis]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor/Realtime_Preview|Realtime Preview]] will be available as a Beta Feature on wikis in [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists%2Fgroup1.dblist Group 1]. This feature was built in order to fulfill [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/Real_Time_Preview_for_Wikitext|one of the Community Wishlist Survey proposals]]. '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout August. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Usability#4_August_2022][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Phase_1:_Topic_containers][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312672] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W33"/> 21:09, 15 August 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23658001 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2022-34 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2022 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:In the Arbour]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Gierymski In the arbour.png|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''''In the Arbour''''' (Polish: W altanie) is an oil painting created by Polish Realist painter Aleksander Gierymski in 1882. It is displayed at the National Museum in Warsaw, Poland. In the painting is shown a social gathering of a group of aristocrats portrayed in 18th-century clothes, which takes place on a summer day in a garden. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 11:47, 22 August 2022 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=23685356 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #534 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** Closed request for adminship: *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Estopedist1|Estopedist1]] (successful) ** Closed request for comments: *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Gender_neutral_labels_for_occupations_and_positions_in_French|Gender neutral labels for occupations and positions in French]] *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/Alternate disclosure policy|Alternate disclosure policy]] * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Past events: *** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Sweden/Swedish Riksdag documents/Kopplingssprint augusti 2022|Clutch sprint August 2022]] * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Press coverage|Press, articles, blog posts, videos]]''' ** Blogs *** [https://towardsdatascience.com/automatic-word-relatedness-evaluation-wordnet-spacy-wikidata-api-9fd1c72ac73c Automatic word relatedness evaluation] ** Videos *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=umj5ceTfJhs Datavisualisation in Wikidata] (in French) *** Highlights from Wikimania 2022 **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nCaLrTlEk0M Ninai-Udiron: Using Wikidata Items and Lexemes for Abstract Wikipedia-Like Text Generation] By Mahir Morshed **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7BFBmy86TF0 Partner Up for Wikidata!] **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7BFBmy86TF0 Wikidata for everyone: a methodology to teach different communities] **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tQPSoYpjrNc Wikifunctions: A new Wikimedia project] ** Tutorial *** Wikimania 2022 UK Festival: [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1XtPn2G8zDIDGReCDm0csbOgSrCmcacco/edit#slide=id.p1 SPARQL tutorial (Wikidata for Wizards)] & [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1GaA0Lw3J_3F_N14KP7p5m8kTAaUs7QwAavIbZqBfmQI/edit#slide=id.g18e33c9ee6_2_0 Wikidata SPARQL Tips and Tricks] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/wikidatas-list-of-created-items List of created Wikidata items] - a tool which combines Xtools pages created API with Wikidata API to get the list of items created by a user with their label. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AKMHGVJGK6R2ASUSKK6B64A2SPTXTIBQ/ Outreachy Round 25–call for projects and mentors now open!] ** [[:d:Template:Documented queries skeleton|Template:Documented queries skeleton]] ** [[d:Wikidata:Tenth Birthday|Wikidata's tenth birthday]]: you can [[d:Wikidata:Tenth_Birthday/Run_an_event|organize a distributed event]] and [[d:Wikidata:Tenth Birthday/Run an event/Funding|get funding]], [[d:Wikidata:Tenth Birthday/Run an event/Communication kit|create your own swag]], attend the next [[d:Wikidata:Tenth_Birthday/Run_an_event#Connect_with_organizers|organizers call]] on August 23, and participate in the [[d:Wikidata:Tenth_Birthday/Celebration_video|collaborative video until September 18th]]. ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EEIKHJZW7AMSIYGW7RURB5FG7ISZSW52/ OpenRefine calls for (more) technical contributors to work on Wikimedia / Wikidata / Wikibase support]. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Property:P10946|contraindication]], [[:d:Property:P10955|Amarkosh ID]], [[:d:Property:P10960|harvested organism(s)]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P10931|ZOBODAT publication ID]], [[:d:Property:P10932|abART book series ID]], [[:d:Property:P10933|Stan Radar dossier ID]], [[:d:Property:P10934|Initia carminum Latinorum ID]], [[:d:Property:P10935|IRIS UNISOB author ID]], [[:d:Property:P10936|Apeiron author ID]], [[:d:Property:P10937|IRIS UNIBOCCONI author ID]], [[:d:Property:P10938|IRIS LUISS author ID]], [[:d:Property:P10939|All-Russian Swimming Federation ID]], [[:d:Property:P10940|Artistic Gymnastics Federation of Russia ID]], [[:d:Property:P10941|Bobsleigh Federation of Russia ID]], [[:d:Property:P10942|Russian Luge Federation ID]], [[:d:Property:P10943|Rare Plant Fact Sheets ID]], [[:d:Property:P10944|Handball Federation of Russia ID]], [[:d:Property:P10945|Russian Volleyball Federation ID]], [[:d:Property:P10947|UNORA author ID]], [[:d:Property:P10948|IRIS UNIPARTHENOPE author ID]], [[:d:Property:P10949|IRIS UNICAMPANIA author ID]], [[:d:Property:P10950|IRIS UNISANNIO author ID]], [[:d:Property:P10951|Modstand person ID]], [[:d:Property:P10952|elibrary.ru journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P10953|elibrary.ru publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P10954|Livelib.ru publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P10956|Odnoklassniki group numeric ID]], [[:d:Property:P10957|NOC*NSF athlete ID]], [[:d:Property:P10958|Jewish Pediatricians 1933-1945 ID]], [[:d:Property:P10959|All-Russian Sambo Federation ID]], [[:d:Property:P10961|Bolshoi Theatre person ID]], [[:d:Property:P10962|Czechoslovak book ID]], [[:d:Property:P10963|Belgian Olympic Committee ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/fog signal characteristic|fog signal characteristic]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sister channel|Sister channel]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/award declined|award declined]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/full inscription available at URL|full inscription available at URL]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Planeta Belarus sigh ID|Planeta Belarus sigh ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Flemish Heritage designation object ID|Flemish Heritage designation object ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WikiProjectMed ID|WikiProjectMed ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Belgian Paralympic Committee ID|Belgian Paralympic Committee ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Polish Paralympic Committee ID|Polish Paralympic Committee ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Scientists of Belarus ID|Scientists of Belarus ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Spiel des Jahres ID|Spiel des Jahres ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/iNaturalist project ID|iNaturalist project ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Tas Parliament member ID|Tas Parliament member ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SA Parliament member ID|SA Parliament member ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Czech electoral party ID|Czech electoral party ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Colorado Plant Database ID|Colorado Plant Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PyPI trove classifier|PyPI trove classifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/UConn Plant Database ID|UConn Plant Database ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://query.wikidata.org/#%23title%3A%20Map%20of%20Coast%20Tram%0A%23defaultView%3AMap%7B%22hide%22%3A%5B%22%3Fcoords%22%2C%20%22%3Fline%22%2C%22%3Frgb%22%5D%7D%0ASELECT%20%3Fstation%20%3FstationLabel%20%3FsubwayLine%20%3Fcoords%20%3Fline%20%3Fline_number%20%3Flayer%20%3Frgb%20WHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20VALUES%20%3Fsearch%20%7B%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wd%3AQ1510414%20%20%20%20%20%20%23light%20rail%20system%20search%0A%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%3Fsearch%20wdt%3AP527%7Cwdt%3AP121%20%3Flignes.%23what%20are%20the%20lines%20of%20that%20light%20rail%3F%0A%20%20%3Flignes%20wdt%3AP559%20%3Ftermini.%23what%20are%20the%20termini%20of%20the%20lines%20of%20that%20light%20rail%0A%20%20%3Fstation%20wdt%3AP31%2Fwdt%3AP279%2a%20wd%3AQ548662%3B%20%20%23any%20type%20of%20service%20station%20%0A%20%20%20wdt%3AP5817%20wd%3AQ55654238%3B%23That%20are%20running%0A%20%20%20wdt%3AP16%20%3Fsearch%3B%23That%20are%20part%20of%20the%20searched%20light%20rail%20network%0A%20%20%20wdt%3AP625%20%3Fcoords%3B%0A%20%20%20wdt%3AP81%7Cwdt%3AP1192%20%3FsubwayLine%3B%0A%20%20%20wdt%3AP197%20%3Fpred.%0A%20%20%3Fpred%20wdt%3AP625%20%3Fcoords_pred%3Bwdt%3AP5817%20wd%3AQ55654238%3B%23Neighbours%20that%20are%20running%0A%20%20%20wdt%3AP81%7Cwdt%3AP1192%20%3FsubwayLine_pred.%0A%20%20%3Fstation%20p%3AP197%20_%3Ab1.%0A%20%20_%3Ab1%20ps%3AP197%20%3Fpred%20%3B%0A%20%20%20%20pq%3AP5051%20%3Ftowards%3B%0A%20%20%20%20pq%3AP81%7Cpq%3AP1192%20%3Fline_pq.%0A%3FsubwayLine%20wdt%3AP5817%20wd%3AQ55654238.%23Lines%20that%20are%20running%0Aoptional%7B%3FsubwayLine%20wdt%3AP1671%20%3Fline_number.%7D%0AFILTER%28%3FsubwayLine_pred%20%3D%20%3Flignes%29%23take%20only%20the%20lines%20if%20correspondance%20on%20the%20same%20line%0AFILTER%28%3FsubwayLine%20%3D%20%3Flignes%29%20%0AFILTER%28%3FsubwayLine%20%3D%20%3Fline_pq%29%23Take%20only%20the%20lines%20if%20next%20station%20on%20the%20same%20line%0AFILTER%28%3Ftowards%20%3D%20%3Ftermini%29%20%0A%20%3Fpred%20%20p%3AP625%20%3Fnode_pred%20.%0A%20%20%3Fnode_pred%20psv%3AP625%2Fwikibase%3AgeoLatitude%20%3Flat1%20%3Bpsv%3AP625%2Fwikibase%3AgeoLongitude%20%3Flon1%20.%0A%20%20%3Fnode_pred%20a%20wikibase%3ABestRank.%0A%20%20%3Fstation%20p%3AP625%20%3Fnode_station.%0A%20%3Fnode_station%20psv%3AP625%2Fwikibase%3AgeoLatitude%20%3Flat2%20%3Bpsv%3AP625%2Fwikibase%3AgeoLongitude%20%3Flon2.%0A%20%3Fnode_station%20a%20wikibase%3ABestRank.%0A%20%20BIND%28CONCAT%28%22LINESTRING%28%22%2C%20STR%28%3Flon1%29%2C%20%22%20%22%2C%20STR%28%3Flat1%29%2C%20%20%22%2C%22%2C%20STR%28%3Flon2%29%2C%20%22%20%22%2C%20STR%28%3Flat2%29%2C%20%22%29%22%29%20AS%20%3Fstr%29%0A%20%20BIND%28STRDT%28%3Fstr%2C%20geo%3AwktLiteral%29%20AS%20%3Fline%29%0A%20%20%3FsubwayLine%20wdt%3AP465%20%3Frgb.%0A%20%20SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22%5BAUTO_LANGUAGE%5D%2Cen%22%20.%0A%20%20%20%20%3FsubwayLine%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3Flayer.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fpred%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3FpredLabel.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fstation%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3FstationLabel%20.%0A%20%20%7D%20%7D%20GROUP%20BY%20%3Fstation%20%3FstationLabel%20%3FsubwayLine%20%3Frgb%20%3FpredLabel%20%3Flayer%20%3Fcoords%20%3Fline%20%3Fline_number%0AORDER%20BY%20xsd%3Ainteger%28%3Fline_number%29%20%3Fline_number%20%3FsubwayLine Longest tram line in the world with 68 stops] [https://query.wikidata.org/embed.html#%23title%3A%20Map%20of%20Coast%20Tram%0A%23defaultView%3AMap%7B%22hide%22%3A%5B%22%3Fcoords%22%2C%20%22%3Fline%22%2C%22%3Frgb%22%5D%7D%0ASELECT%20%3Fstation%20%3FstationLabel%20%3FsubwayLine%20%3Fcoords%20%3Fline%20%3Fline_number%20%3Flayer%20%3Frgb%20WHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20VALUES%20%3Fsearch%20%7B%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wd%3AQ1510414%20%20%20%20%20%20%23light%20rail%20system%20search%0A%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%3Fsearch%20wdt%3AP527%7Cwdt%3AP121%20%3Flignes.%23what%20are%20the%20lines%20of%20that%20light%20rail%3F%0A%20%20%3Flignes%20wdt%3AP559%20%3Ftermini.%23what%20are%20the%20termini%20of%20the%20lines%20of%20that%20light%20rail%0A%20%20%3Fstation%20wdt%3AP31%2Fwdt%3AP279%2A%20wd%3AQ548662%3B%20%20%23any%20type%20of%20service%20station%20%0A%20%20%20wdt%3AP5817%20wd%3AQ55654238%3B%23That%20are%20running%0A%20%20%20wdt%3AP16%20%3Fsearch%3B%23That%20are%20part%20of%20the%20searched%20light%20rail%20network%0A%20%20%20wdt%3AP625%20%3Fcoords%3B%0A%20%20%20wdt%3AP81%7Cwdt%3AP1192%20%3FsubwayLine%3B%0A%20%20%20wdt%3AP197%20%3Fpred.%0A%20%20%3Fpred%20wdt%3AP625%20%3Fcoords_pred%3Bwdt%3AP5817%20wd%3AQ55654238%3B%23Neighbours%20that%20are%20running%0A%20%20%20wdt%3AP81%7Cwdt%3AP1192%20%3FsubwayLine_pred.%0A%20%20%3Fstation%20p%3AP197%20_%3Ab1.%0A%20%20_%3Ab1%20ps%3AP197%20%3Fpred%20%3B%0A%20%20%20%20pq%3AP5051%20%3Ftowards%3B%0A%20%20%20%20pq%3AP81%7Cpq%3AP1192%20%3Fline_pq.%0A%3FsubwayLine%20wdt%3AP5817%20wd%3AQ55654238.%23Lines%20that%20are%20running%0Aoptional%7B%3FsubwayLine%20wdt%3AP1671%20%3Fline_number.%7D%0AFILTER%28%3FsubwayLine_pred%20%3D%20%3Flignes%29%23take%20only%20the%20lines%20if%20correspondance%20on%20the%20same%20line%0AFILTER%28%3FsubwayLine%20%3D%20%3Flignes%29%20%0AFILTER%28%3FsubwayLine%20%3D%20%3Fline_pq%29%23Take%20only%20the%20lines%20if%20next%20station%20on%20the%20same%20line%0AFILTER%28%3Ftowards%20%3D%20%3Ftermini%29%20%0A%20%3Fpred%20%20p%3AP625%20%3Fnode_pred%20.%0A%20%20%3Fnode_pred%20psv%3AP625%2Fwikibase%3AgeoLatitude%20%3Flat1%20%3Bpsv%3AP625%2Fwikibase%3AgeoLongitude%20%3Flon1%20.%0A%20%20%3Fnode_pred%20a%20wikibase%3ABestRank.%0A%20%20%3Fstation%20p%3AP625%20%3Fnode_station.%0A%20%3Fnode_station%20psv%3AP625%2Fwikibase%3AgeoLatitude%20%3Flat2%20%3Bpsv%3AP625%2Fwikibase%3AgeoLongitude%20%3Flon2.%0A%20%3Fnode_station%20a%20wikibase%3ABestRank.%0A%20%20BIND%28CONCAT%28%22LINESTRING%28%22%2C%20STR%28%3Flon1%29%2C%20%22%20%22%2C%20STR%28%3Flat1%29%2C%20%20%22%2C%22%2C%20STR%28%3Flon2%29%2C%20%22%20%22%2C%20STR%28%3Flat2%29%2C%20%22%29%22%29%20AS%20%3Fstr%29%0A%20%20BIND%28STRDT%28%3Fstr%2C%20geo%3AwktLiteral%29%20AS%20%3Fline%29%0A%20%20%3FsubwayLine%20wdt%3AP465%20%3Frgb.%0A%20%20SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22%5BAUTO_LANGUAGE%5D%2Cen%22%20.%0A%20%20%20%20%3FsubwayLine%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3Flayer.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fpred%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3FpredLabel.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fstation%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3FstationLabel%20.%0A%20%20%7D%20%7D%20GROUP%20BY%20%3Fstation%20%3FstationLabel%20%3FsubwayLine%20%3Frgb%20%3FpredLabel%20%3Flayer%20%3Fcoords%20%3Fline%20%3Fline_number%0AORDER%20BY%20xsd%3Ainteger%28%3Fline_number%29%20%3Fline_number%20%3FsubwayLine Map of Coast Tram (Q1510414)][https://www.dekusttram.be/nl/ ¹] *** [https://w.wiki/5aZR Most frequent .uk domains for P973 "described at URL"] ([https://twitter.com/heald_j/status/1559500586684497926 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/5aoe Online accounts used by people that were born in People's Republic of China] ([[d:User:Rdrg109/3/4#Content|Source]]) *** [https://w.wiki/5aVe Journals with the most retractions] ([https://twitter.com/egonwillighagen/status/1559462776128544770 source]) * '''Development''' ** Lexicographical data: continuing to address feedback from testing. We are almost done now. ** REST API: continued investigating the use of PATCH and JSON Patch and worked on a proof-of-concept ** Birthday planning and prepping is in full swing [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2022 08 22|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 15:40, 22 August 2022 (UTC) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=23614914 --> == Tech News: 2022-34 == <section begin="technews-2022-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Two problems with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps have been fixed. Maps are no longer shown as empty when a geoline was created via VisualEditor. Geolines consisting of points with QIDs (e.g., subway lines) are no longer shown with pushpins. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292613][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308560] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-25|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). * The colours of links and visited links will change. This is to make the difference between links and other text more clear. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213778] '''Future changes''' * The new [{{int:discussiontools-topicsubscription-button-subscribe}}] button [[mw:Talk pages project/Notifications#12 August 2022|helps newcomers get answers]]. The Editing team is enabling this tool everywhere. You can turn it off in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284489] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W34"/> 00:13, 23 August 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23675501 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2022-35 == {| class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background:#DDDDDD; border:1px solid #BBBBBB; color:#000000; padding .4em;" |- |style="text-align:center;"| The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2022 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:simple:Imphal Peace Museum]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:mni:ꯏꯝꯐꯥꯜ ꯑꯌꯤꯡ ꯑꯆꯤꯛ ꯄꯨꯀꯩ ꯂꯟꯀꯩ ꯁꯪꯂꯦꯟ]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! ---- [[File:Imphal Peace Museum.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Imphal Peace Museum''' (IPM) (Meitei: Imphal Aying-Achik Pukei Lankei Shanglen, Japanese: インパール平和資料館, romanized: Inpāru heiwa shiryōkan) is a WWII museum at the foothills of the Red Hills (Maibam Lokpa Ching) in Manipur. It is a living memory of the Battle of Imphal and other WWII battles (March-July 1944) fought in Manipur. It is supported by the Nippon Foundation (TNF), a non profit grant making organization, collaborating with the Manipur Tourism Forum and the Government of Manipur. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] 01:33, 29 August 2022 (UTC)'' </div> |} <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=23722272 --> fukr8iksr7zyjvb6o1148goqei6lj9b 3 126250 540844 511695 2022-08-28T18:03:25Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{welcome}} [[User:Neriah|Neriah]] ([[User talk:Neriah|talk]]) 19:36, 2 May 2022 (UTC) == Hi. == {{Talkback}} lcotvszc5wynfyrvwwjlw5k5pzz8irl 540845 540844 2022-08-28T18:03:38Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{welcome}} [[User:Neriah|Neriah]] ([[User talk:Neriah|talk]]) 19:36, 2 May 2022 (UTC) == Hi. == {{Talkback|Vegrar81uyiA80}} 0auv043j4dtftgh1ywkx2pw2y2aiuas 540846 540845 2022-08-28T18:04:00Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{welcome}} [[User:Neriah|Neriah]] ([[User talk:Neriah|talk]]) 19:36, 2 May 2022 (UTC) == Hi. == {{Talkback|Vegrar81uyiA80}} [[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 18:04, 28 August 2022 (UTC) s6ekzhnft279qi1vgrizfnv8dttfqp0 540848 540846 2022-08-28T18:04:51Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{welcome}} [[User:Neriah|Neriah]] ([[User talk:Neriah|talk]]) 19:36, 2 May 2022 (UTC) == Note == Hi, thank you for thanking my sandboxes. [[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 18:02, 28 August 2022 (UTC) kuh56kyo68zlcsh77y8r5uph8wg6ctd 540926 540848 2022-08-28T21:40:09Z PhantomTech 27808 /* Note */ Reply wikitext text/x-wiki {{welcome}} [[User:Neriah|Neriah]] ([[User talk:Neriah|talk]]) 19:36, 2 May 2022 (UTC) == Note == Hi, thank you for thanking my sandboxes. [[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 18:02, 28 August 2022 (UTC) :@[[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] this is a bot that occasionally thanks random edits for testing purposes. [[User:PhantomTech|PhantomTech]] ([[User talk:PhantomTech|talk]]) 21:40, 28 August 2022 (UTC) b2vgjm3wrms3j7evoii9wkoymdmyg5w 0 126941 541024 514882 2022-08-29T07:26:57Z InternetArchiveBot 34092 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Erakunde infotaula}}'''Indiako Teknologia Institutuak''' ('''IIT''') ([[Ingeles|ingelesez]], Indian Institutes of Technology) hezkuntza aurreratuko institutu [[Unibertsitate publiko|publiko]] autonomoak dira, Indian kokatuak. Institutes of Technology Act, 1961 legearen arabera kudeatzen dira, institutuak "garrantzi nazionaleko erakundeak" izendatu zituen.<ref>[http://mhrd.gov.in/institutions-national-importance Institutions of National Importance]</ref><ref name="IIT act">{{Cite web|izenburua=The Institutes of Technology Act, 1961|argitaletxea=Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay|data=24 de mayo de 2005|url=http://www.iitb.ac.in/legal/IITsAct.pdf|accessdate=14 de mayo de 2006|format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="IIT Act As amended till 2012">{{Cite web|izenburua=IIT Act (As amended till 2012|url=http://www.iitg.ac.in/rti/links/acts_statutes_iitguwahati.pdf|accessdate=10 de septiembre de 2012}}</ref> Aktak hamasei institutu zerrendatzen ditu, bakoitza bere aldetik autonomo da,eta Kontseilu komun baten bidez elkarri lotuta daude. Kontseiluak haien administrazioa gainbegiratzen du.<ref>[https://www.iitsystem.ac.in/ IIT Council]</ref> == Institutuak == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Institutuen kokapena, alfabetoaren arabera ordenatuta<ref name="IIT Act As amended till 2012"/><ref name="Gazette Notification of the Bill">{{Cite web|izenburua=Gazette Notification of the Bill|data=29 de junio de 2012|url=http://www.itbhuglobal.org/IIT-Amendment-Act-2012.pdf|accessdate=2 de julio de 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|izenburua=Institute History&nbsp;– Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur|argitaletxea=IIT Kharagpur|url=http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/institute/history.php|accessdate=22 de octubre de 2008}}</ref> !zk. !Izena !Irudia !Siglak !Fundazioa !Hiria !Egoera !Webgunea |- || 1 || [[Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar|IIT Bhubaneswar]]|| [[File:IITBBS.jpg|100x100px]]|| IITBBS || 2008||[[Bhubaneswar]]||[[Odisha]] || {{URL|http://www.iitbbs.ac.in}} |- || 2 || [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay|IIT Bombay]]|||| IITB || 1958||[[Mumbai]]||[[Maharashtra]]|| {{URL|http://www.iitb.ac.in}} |- || 3 || [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi|IIT Delhi]] || [[File:Multi Storey Building, IITD.JPG|100x100px]]|| IITD || 1963‡(Sortua: 1961)|| [[New Delhi]]|| [[Delhi]]|| {{URL|http://www.iitd.ac.in}} |- || 4 || [[Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar|IIT Gandhinagar]] || [[File:IIT GN.jpg|100x100px]] || IITGN || 2008||[[Gandhinagar]]||[[Gujarat]]|| {{URL|http://www.iitgn.ac.in}} |- || 5 || [[Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati|IIT Guwahati]]|| [[File:IITG acad complex.jpg|100x100px]]|| IITG || 1994||[[Guwahati]]||[[Assam]]|| {{URL|http://www.iitg.ac.in}} |- || 6 || [[Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad|IIT Hyderabad]] || [[File:Iith temp campus.jpg|100x100px]] || IITH || 2008||[[Hyderabad]]||[[Telangana]]|| {{URL|http://www.iith.ac.in}} |- || 7 || [[Indian Institute of Technology Indore|IIT Indore]] || [[File:PACL Campus, IIT Indore.jpg|100x100px]] || IITI || 2009||[[Indore]]||[[Madhya Pradesh]]|| {{URL|http://www.iiti.ac.in}} |- || 8 || [[Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur|IIT Jodhpur]]|| [[File:Iitjhostels.JPG|100x100px]] || IITJ || 2008||[[Jodhpur]]||[[Rajastan]]|| {{URL|http://www.iitj.ac.in}} |- || 9 || [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur|IIT Kanpur]]|| [[File:IITKLibrary.jpg|100x100px]] || IITK || 1959||[[Kanpur]]||[[Uttar Pradesh]]|| {{URL|http://www.iitk.ac.in}} |- || 10 || [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur|IIT Kharagpur]]|| [[File:IIT Kharagpur Main Building.JPG|100x100px]] || IITKGP || 1951||[[Kharagpur]]||[[Mendebaldeko Bengala]]|| {{URL|http://www.iitkgp.ac.in}} |- || 11 || [[IIT Madras]]|||| IITM || 1959||[[Chennai]]||[[Tamil Nadu]]|| {{URL|http://www.iitm.ac.in}} |- || 12 || [[Indian Institute of Technology Mandi|IIT Mandi]]|| || IIT Mandi || 2009||[[Mandi]]||[[Himachal Pradesh]]|| {{URL|http://www.iitmandi.ac.in}} |- || 13 || [[Indian Institute of Technology Patna|IIT Patna]]|| [[File:Software Technology Park of India, Patna..jpg|100x100px]]|| IITP || 2008||[[Patna]]||[[Bihar]]|| {{URL|http://www.iitp.ac.in}} |- || 14 || [[Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee|IIT Roorkee]]|| [[File:Main(Administrative)Building IIT-Roorkee.JPG|100x100px]]|| IITR || 2001‡(Sortua: 1847)||[[Roorkee]]||[[Uttarakhand]]|| {{URL|http://www.iitr.ac.in}} |- || 15 || [[Indian Institute of Technology Ropar|IIT Ropar]]|| [[File:IIT Ropar - Main Building of the Transit Campus.JPG|100x100px]] || IITRPR || 2008||[[Rupnagar]]||[[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] || {{URL|http://www.iitrpr.ac.in}} |- || 16 || [[Indian Institute of Technology Varanasi|IIT (BHU) Varanasi]]|| [[File:Electrical Engg Deptt IT-BHU.JPG|100x100px]] || IIT(BHU) || 2012‡(Sortua: 1919)||[[Varanasi]]||[[Uttar Pradesh]]|| {{URL|http://www.iitbhu.ac.in}} |- |} {{Small|‡ – zein urtetan bihurtu zen IIT}} == Ikasle nabarmenak == * {{location map+|India|AlternativeMap=India location map 3.png|width=330|caption=23 institutuen kokapena|places={{Location map~|India|label='''[[Chennai]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=bottom|lat=13.06|long=80.25}} {{location map~|India|label='''[[New Delhi]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=left|lat=28.64|long=77.22}} {{location map~|India|label='''[[Guwahati]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=bottom|lat=26.18|long=91.75}} {{Location map~|India|label='''[[Kanpur]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=26.46|long=80.32}} {{Location map~|India|label='''[[Kharagpur]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=22.33|long=87.32}} {{Location map~|India|label='''[[Mumbai]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=19.02|long=72.86}} {{Location map~|India|label='''[[Roorkee]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|lat=29.85|long=77.89}} {{Location map~|India|label='''[[Varanasi]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=left|lat=25.28|long=82.95}} {{Location map~|India|label='''[[Bhubaneswar]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=bottom|lat=20.26|long=85.83}} {{Location map~|India|label='''[[Gandhinagar]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=top|lat=23.22|long=72.65}} {{Location map~|India|label='''[[Hyderabad]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=17.39|long=78.49}} {{Location map~|India|label='''[[Indore]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=22.73|long=75.87}} {{Location map~|India|label='''[[Jodhpur]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=top|lat=26.18|long=73.04}} {{Location map~|India|label='''[[Mandi]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=31.71|long=76.94}} {{Location map~|India|label='''[[Patna]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=25.61|long=85.14}} {{Location map~|India|label='''[[Ropar]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=left|lat=30.96|long=76.52}} {{Location map~|India|label='''[[Palakkad]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=left|lat=10.7700|long=76.6500}} {{Location map~|India|label='''[[Goa]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=left|lat=15.4989|long=73.8278}} {{Location map~|India|label='''[[Bhilai]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=left|lat=21.21|long=81.38}} {{Location map~|India|label='''[[Tirupati]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=left|lat=13.72|long=79.34}} {{Location map~|India|label='''[[Jammu]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=left|lat=32.73|long=74.87}} {{Location map~|India|label='''[[Dharwad]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=15.35|long=75.083}} {{location map~|India|label='''[[Dhanbad]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=left|lat=23.79|long=86.43}}}}N. R. Narayana Murthy ([[Infosys|Infosysen]] sortzaile eta presidente ohia), * Rajendra S. Pawar (NIITeko fundatzaile-kidea eta lehendakaria), * Vinod Khosla (fundatzaile-kidea, [[Sun Microsystems]]), * Ajit Gupta (Aryakako sortzailea, lehendakaria eta zuzendari nagusia),<ref>{{Cite news|izenburua=How Ajit Gupta's Aryaka is Disrupting the Wide Area Network Business|argitaletxea=Forbes|abizena1=Rogers|izena1=Bruce|data=19 de noviembre de 2012|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/brucerogers/2012/11/19/how-ajit-guptas-aryaka-is-disrupting-the-wide-area-network-business/}}</ref> * Anurag Dikshit (PartyGaming-en sortzaileetako bat) * Suhas S. Patil (Emérito [[Cirrus]] Logic Inc. fundatzailea eta presidentea) * Gunjan Sinha, (eGain eta MetricStreamen sortzaileetako bat) * Sachin Bansal eta Binny Bansal (Flipkart-en fundatzaileak, Indiako merkataritza elektronikoko enpresa handienetako bat) * Sumant Sinha, enpresaburua * Deepinder Goyal eta Pankaj Chaddah, (Zomatoren sortzaileak, jatetxeak online bilatzeko webgunea) * Bhavish Aggarwal (zuzendari nagusia) eta Ankit Bhati (OlaCabsen sortzailea) * Rishi Sidhu, (Jeevomics-en sortzaileetako bat, datu biologikoak aztertzeko konpainia) * Rajat Gupta (zuzendaria, McKinsey), * Nikesh Arora (SoftBank Corp-eko lehendakariordea eta SoftBank Internet and Media, Inc. enpresako CEO.<ref>{{Cite web|izenburua=Copia archivada|url=http://www.itbhuglobal.org/archives/2009/04/nikesh_arora_electrical_1989_g.html|accessdate=22 de mayo de 2015|title=Archived copy|archive-date=2013-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113114649/http://www.itbhuglobal.org/archives/2009/04/nikesh_arora_electrical_1989_g.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> (SIMI), * Sundar Pichai ([[Google|Googleko]] presidenteorde seniorra, [[Android|Androiden]], Chrome OSen, Google Chromen eta Google Appsen ikuskatzailea) * Vic Gundotra ([[Google|Googleko]] Senior presidenteordea) * Arun Sarin (zuzendari ohia, [[Vodafone]]), * Victor Menezes (Citigroup), * Kanwal Rekhi (CTO, [[Novell]]), * Padmasree Guerrero (CTO, [[Cisco Systems|Cisco Sistemas]]). * Ashishkumar Chauhan (MD eta zuzendari nagusia, Bombayko Balore Burtsa) * Chandra Kintala (lehendakariordea, Laboratorios Bell) == Historia == [[File:IIT_Kharagpur_Old_Building_1951.jpg|thumb|Hijliren atxiloketa-kanpamentuko eraikina izan zen IIT Kharagpurren lehen eraikin akademikoa.]] [[File:Library_reading_hall.jpg|thumb|Liburutegia IIT BHU institutuan]] [[File:IITG.jpg|right|thumb|IIT Guwahati, 1994an ezarria]] [[File:IIT_Madras_Research_Park.jpg|thumb|IIT Madras Ikergunea, [[Chennai|Chennain]]]] IIT sistemaren historia [[1946|1946an]] hasi zen, Kontseilu Exekutiboko Sir Jogendra Singh-ek batzorde bat sortu zuenean. Batzorde horren zeregina Indiako gerraosteko industria-garapenerako ''goi-mailako erakunde teknikoak'' sortzea izan zen. 22 kideko batzordeak, Nalini Ranjan Sarkar buru zuela, erakunde horiek Indiako hainbat lekutan sortzea gomendatu zuen, [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|Massachusettseko Teknologia]] Institutuaren (MIT) ildoei jarraituz, bigarren mailako erakunde afiliatuekin. Indiako lehen Teknologia Institutua 1950eko maiatzean sortu zen, [[Hijli|Hijlko atxiloketa-kanpamentuan]], [[Kharagpur|Kharagpurren]] ([[Mendebaldeko Bengala]]). "Indian Institute of Technology" izena Maulana Abul Kalam Azadek asmatu zuen 1951ko abuztuaren 18an institutua formalki inauguratu aurretik. 1956ko irailaren 15ean, Indiako Parlamentuak ''Indiako Teknologia Institutuaren'' (Kharagpur) Legea onartu zuen, eta Garrantzi Nazionaleko Institutua izendatu zuen. [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], Indiako lehen ministroak, 1956an Kharagpur IITaren lehen diskurtsoan hau esan zuen: Sarkar Batzordearen gomendioei jarraituz, lau campus ezarri ziren [[Mumbai|Mumbain]] (1958), [[Chennai|Chennai-n]] (1959), Kanpurren (1959) eta [[Delhi|Delhin]] (1961). Campus horiek India osoan zehar banatuta egoteko aukeratu ziren, eskualdeen arteko desoreka saihesteko. ''Indiako teknologia-institutuen Legea'' aldatu egin zen, IIT berriak gehituko zirela adierazteko.<ref name="IIT act"/> [[Assam]] estatuan ikasle-manifestatzioak izan zirela eta, [[Rajiv Gandhi]] lehen ministroak IIT berri bat sortuko zuela agindu zuen [[Assam|Assamen]]. Horren ondorioz, seigarren erakunde bat sortu zen Guwahatin, [[Assam|Assamen]] 1994an hartutako akordioaren arabera. 2001ean, Roorkeeko Unibertsitatea IIT Roorkee bihurtu zen.<ref name=":1" /> Azken urteotan, zenbait aurrerapen egin dira IIT berriak ezartzeko bidean. 2003ko urriaren 1ean, [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] Lehen Ministroak IIT gehiago sortzeko planak iragarri zituen, "promesa eta potentziala duten erakunde akademikoak hobetuz". Ondorengo gertaerek S K Joshi Batzordea eratzea ekarri zuten, 2003ko azaroan, IIT bihurtuko ziren bost erakundeen hautaketa gidatzeko. Sarkar Batzordearen hasierako gomendioetan oinarrituta, erabaki zen IIT berriak herrialde osora zabaldu behar zirela. Gobernuak desoreka hori zuzentzeko borondatea adierazi zuenean, 16 estatuk IIT eskatu zuten. S K Joshi Batzordeak jarraibide zorrotzak agindu zituenez IIT izan nahi duten erakundeentzat, zazpi ikastetxe bakarrik hautatu ziren azken azterketarako. Era berean, IITak Indiatik kanpo irekiko zirela jakinarazi zen, baina horren inguruan ez da asko aurreratu. Azkenik, bosturtetarako 11. plangintzan, zortzi estatu identifikatu ziren IIT berriak ezartzeko. 2008 eta 2009 artean zortzi IIT berri sortu ziren Gandhinagar, [[Jodhpur]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Indore]], [[Patna]], [[Bhubaneswar]], Ropar eta Mandin. 1972tik eta hautatze-prozesu berari jarraituz, 2012an Varanasiko Hindu Unibertsitateko Teknologia Institutua IITetako kide bihurtu zen, eta IIT (BHU) [[Varanasi]] izena hartu zuen.<ref name=":2" /> 2015 eta 2016 bitartean, sei IIT berri sortu ziren Tirupati, Palakkad, Dharwad, Bhilai, [[Goa]] eta Jammu-n, 2016ko lege-zuzenketa baten bidez onartuak, eta Dhanbad Meategien Indiako Eskola IIT (Meatzeen Indiako Eskola) bihurtu zen, Dhanbad.<ref name=":3" /> Gobernu zentralak Indiako Teknologia Institutu (IIT) guztien 2017-18ko aurrekonturako egindako guztizko esleipena {{INRConvert|70|b}} <span>milioi</span>tik gorakoa izan zen (US$920 milioi). Hala ere, Estatu Batuetan ikasle indiarrek Hirugarren mailako Hezkuntzan gastatutako dirua Indiako Gobernuak IIT guztietan gastatutakoa baino sei aldiz handiagoa izan zen. == Erreferentziak == {{Erreferentzia zerrenda}} == Kanpo estekak == {{Autoritate kontrola}} [[Kategoria:Indiako unibertsitateak]] [[Kategoria:Ingeniaritza fakultate eta eskolak]] 9ema1cbit0vo8s1tcpcuvnzc5s5ok9y 2 127635 541030 540085 2022-08-29T08:42:19Z JohanahoJ 37147 css text/css /* Mörkare blå länkar, för bättre läsbarhet, vilket visade sig kräva ett par begränsande selektorer för att inte påverka rödlänkar */ a:link:not(.new):not([href$='redlink=1']) { color: #0645ad !important; } a:visited:not(.new):not([href$='redlink=1']) { color: #0b0080 !important; } #ca-view { display: none; } 3ipq8wuosrhtio1x8ammk5bi7wx8j1z 2 145767 540626 540434 2022-08-28T15:29:17Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki Vegrar81uyiA80 from Wikipedia {{User contrib|220}} rpps8plw99cgbtil82udg9ufghhjkgo 540714 540626 2022-08-28T16:18:05Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki Vegrar81uyiA80 from Wikipedia {{User contrib|220}} {{User af|80}} oya9j8ro5fqsziiqvfh5k51wowa2j2e 540733 540714 2022-08-28T16:22:51Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki Vegrar81uyiA80 from Wikipedia {{User contrib|300}} {{User af|80}} a1p5m1zmjfy3c5oro3pikbncgchk1r8 540736 540733 2022-08-28T16:26:22Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki Vegrar81uyiA80 from Wikipedia {{User contrib|300}} {{User af|80}} {{User wikipedian for|day=26|month=08|year=2022}} 9688ifz720yxra1bh1tk6ee25n3z7lk 540737 540736 2022-08-28T16:26:41Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 cap wikitext text/x-wiki Vegrar81uyiA80 from Wikipedia {{User contrib|300}} {{User af|80}} {{User Wikipedian for|day=26|month=08|year=2022}} lo9mrtffy0zpro0bztgqydbcajg83hg 540738 540737 2022-08-28T16:27:26Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki Vegrar81uyiA80 from Wikipedia {{User contrib|300}} {{User af|80}} {{User Wikipedian for|year=2022|month=08|day=26}} 30r3quo3qh1b7ah99q857xw1chjl1dr 540745 540738 2022-08-28T16:33:59Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki Vegrar81uyiA80 from Wikipedia {{User contrib|300}} {{User af|100}} {{User Wikipedian for|year=2022|month=08|day=26}} npx5e0fhvv7l2usndmcx3y5j9w1dfck 540780 540745 2022-08-28T16:53:36Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki Vegrar81uyiA80 from Wikipedia {{User contrib|300}} {{User af|100}} {{User cp|140}} {{User Wikipedian for|year=2022|month=08|day=26}} rypnn6urwt9nmsh6esmoi018bsp2vcu 540781 540780 2022-08-28T16:53:51Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki Vegrar81uyiA80 from Wikipedia {{User contrib|300}} {{User cp|140}} {{User af|100}} {{User Wikipedian for|year=2022|month=08|day=26}} fn2pz7e5gfngvo1ycgj2mwnvtuzovoo 540849 540781 2022-08-28T18:05:48Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki Vegrar81uyiA80 from Wikipedia {{User contrib|300}} {{User cp|140}} {{User af|150}} {{User Wikipedian for|year=2022|month=08|day=26}} lee4fyyg7fr856ih1mr0yc8z01s8bmb 540850 540849 2022-08-28T18:06:23Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki Vegrar81uyiA80 from Wikipedia {{User contrib|400}} {{User cp|140}} {{User af|150}} {{User Wikipedian for|year=2022|month=08|day=26}} nzwmgihtn61dbbplrt6uyc1xt3zvas0 540908 540850 2022-08-28T20:22:57Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki Vegrar81uyiA80 from Wikipedia {{User contrib|400}} {{User cp|150}} {{User af|181}} {{User Wikipedian for|year=2022|month=08|day=26}} omqnt4d221jutif5y1qclifxv37p42w 540909 540908 2022-08-28T20:23:09Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki Vegrar81uyiA80 from Wikipedia {{User contrib|400}} {{User cp|150}} {{User af|180}} {{User Wikipedian for|year=2022|month=08|day=26}} qvflel8tziebyggevaolvay44l4fni7 540911 540909 2022-08-28T20:23:33Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki Vegrar81uyiA80 from Wikipedia {{User contrib|450}} {{User cp|150}} {{User af|180}} {{User Wikipedian for|year=2022|month=08|day=26}} i5u9gvimgljldrp806qmboxkbvurwbk 540927 540911 2022-08-28T21:48:40Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki Vegrar81uyiA80 from Wikipedia lnxlzcv2pitxc3jxb2orauvwzb323ge 2 145768 540590 540234 2022-08-28T15:01:38Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{sandbox}} [[:Category:Sandboxes made by Vegrar81uyiA80|See the sandboxes made by Vegrar81uyiA80.]] j5rce811uegmobldsrbp3b0776k0k0a 3 145807 540627 540486 2022-08-28T15:30:45Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Talk header}} == Apple pages == Hello, why are you making pages like [[List of Apple devices]] and [[Power Macintosh 7100]]? [[User:PhantomTech|PhantomTech]] ([[User talk:PhantomTech|talk]]) 09:59, 28 August 2022 (UTC) 434l5pb44n7bf4fa602v1l3ralrq7c9 540684 540627 2022-08-28T16:06:56Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Talk header}} == Apple pages == Hello, why are you making pages like [[List of Apple devices]] and [[Power Macintosh 7100]]? [[User:PhantomTech|PhantomTech]] ([[User talk:PhantomTech|talk]]) 09:59, 28 August 2022 (UTC) :There are barely any pages like those and not popular before. [[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 16:06, 28 August 2022 (UTC) gjfc9iwbaas72ao2cu3jxvehqdegy34 540798 540684 2022-08-28T17:02:41Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Talk header}} {{Busy|image=File:Sandbox.png}} == Apple pages == Hello, why are you making pages like [[List of Apple devices]] and [[Power Macintosh 7100]]? [[User:PhantomTech|PhantomTech]] ([[User talk:PhantomTech|talk]]) 09:59, 28 August 2022 (UTC) :There are barely any pages like those and not popular before. [[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 16:06, 28 August 2022 (UTC) tsvwedvtuxdqvlbwxiwgk3l2ulmu4yj 540799 540798 2022-08-28T17:02:56Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Talk header}} {{Busy|image=Sandbox.png}} == Apple pages == Hello, why are you making pages like [[List of Apple devices]] and [[Power Macintosh 7100]]? [[User:PhantomTech|PhantomTech]] ([[User talk:PhantomTech|talk]]) 09:59, 28 August 2022 (UTC) :There are barely any pages like those and not popular before. [[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 16:06, 28 August 2022 (UTC) 5y2lp2g6f7r482jxfu0fdgk46a87box 540843 540799 2022-08-28T18:02:52Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Talk header}} {{Busy|image=Sandbox.png}} == Apple pages == Hello, why are you making pages like [[List of Apple devices]] and [[Power Macintosh 7100]]? [[User:PhantomTech|PhantomTech]] ([[User talk:PhantomTech|talk]]) 09:59, 28 August 2022 (UTC) :There are barely any pages like those and not popular before. [[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 16:06, 28 August 2022 (UTC) == Note == Hi, thank you for thanking my sandboxes. [[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 18:02, 28 August 2022 (UTC) ccouevaho7vpbp7yfp5kcoi9nggvcnr 540847 540843 2022-08-28T18:04:23Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Talk header}} {{Busy|image=Sandbox.png}} == Apple pages == Hello, why are you making pages like [[List of Apple devices]] and [[Power Macintosh 7100]]? [[User:PhantomTech|PhantomTech]] ([[User talk:PhantomTech|talk]]) 09:59, 28 August 2022 (UTC) :There are barely any pages like those and not popular before. [[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 16:06, 28 August 2022 (UTC) 5y2lp2g6f7r482jxfu0fdgk46a87box 540922 540847 2022-08-28T21:31:34Z PhantomTech 27808 /* Apple pages */ Reply wikitext text/x-wiki {{Talk header}} {{Busy|image=Sandbox.png}} == Apple pages == Hello, why are you making pages like [[List of Apple devices]] and [[Power Macintosh 7100]]? [[User:PhantomTech|PhantomTech]] ([[User talk:PhantomTech|talk]]) 09:59, 28 August 2022 (UTC) :There are barely any pages like those and not popular before. [[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 16:06, 28 August 2022 (UTC) ::I've deleted the pages. Please see [[Wikipedia:What Test Wiki is not]]. Also be aware that copying from another wiki like [[en:|enwiki]] requires attribution to content creators, see [[en:Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia]]. You may only copy from other sites if you do not violate any licenses while doing so and if you are doing so as part of a valid use of Test Wiki. [[User:PhantomTech|PhantomTech]] ([[User talk:PhantomTech|talk]]) 21:31, 28 August 2022 (UTC) ajr55i1uo56hok8v22iejqjbsic56ho 540928 540922 2022-08-28T21:48:53Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Talk header}} == Apple pages == Hello, why are you making pages like [[List of Apple devices]] and [[Power Macintosh 7100]]? [[User:PhantomTech|PhantomTech]] ([[User talk:PhantomTech|talk]]) 09:59, 28 August 2022 (UTC) :There are barely any pages like those and not popular before. [[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 16:06, 28 August 2022 (UTC) ::I've deleted the pages. Please see [[Wikipedia:What Test Wiki is not]]. Also be aware that copying from another wiki like [[en:|enwiki]] requires attribution to content creators, see [[en:Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia]]. You may only copy from other sites if you do not violate any licenses while doing so and if you are doing so as part of a valid use of Test Wiki. [[User:PhantomTech|PhantomTech]] ([[User talk:PhantomTech|talk]]) 21:31, 28 August 2022 (UTC) 5hjbzs1x76v2c2d8l577rwvzcyuvnm2 540929 540928 2022-08-28T21:52:48Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Talk header}} == Apple pages == Hello, why are you making pages like [[List of Apple devices]] and [[Power Macintosh 7100]]? [[User:PhantomTech|PhantomTech]] ([[User talk:PhantomTech|talk]]) 09:59, 28 August 2022 (UTC) :There are barely any pages like those and not popular before. [[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 16:06, 28 August 2022 (UTC) ::I've deleted the pages. Please see [[Wikipedia:What Test Wiki is not]]. Also be aware that copying from another wiki like [[en:|enwiki]] requires attribution to content creators, see [[en:Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia]]. You may only copy from other sites if you do not violate any licenses while doing so and if you are doing so as part of a valid use of Test Wiki. [[User:PhantomTech|PhantomTech]] ([[User talk:PhantomTech|talk]]) 21:31, 28 August 2022 (UTC) :::I understand. No fair use, right? [[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 21:52, 28 August 2022 (UTC) l0hw02e0sfna089v5q1g1zps3onxyo6 540967 540929 2022-08-29T00:19:05Z PhantomTech 27808 /* Apple pages */ Reply wikitext text/x-wiki {{Talk header}} == Apple pages == Hello, why are you making pages like [[List of Apple devices]] and [[Power Macintosh 7100]]? [[User:PhantomTech|PhantomTech]] ([[User talk:PhantomTech|talk]]) 09:59, 28 August 2022 (UTC) :There are barely any pages like those and not popular before. [[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 16:06, 28 August 2022 (UTC) ::I've deleted the pages. Please see [[Wikipedia:What Test Wiki is not]]. Also be aware that copying from another wiki like [[en:|enwiki]] requires attribution to content creators, see [[en:Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia]]. You may only copy from other sites if you do not violate any licenses while doing so and if you are doing so as part of a valid use of Test Wiki. [[User:PhantomTech|PhantomTech]] ([[User talk:PhantomTech|talk]]) 21:31, 28 August 2022 (UTC) :::I understand. No fair use, right? [[User:Vegrar81uyiA80|Vegrar81uyiA80]] ([[User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80|talk]]) 21:52, 28 August 2022 (UTC) ::::The issue is the license '''and''' that this is [[WP:NOT|not what Test Wiki is for]]. Please read [[Wikipedia:What Test Wiki is not]] and only use this wiki for what it is intended. Test Wiki is not for any kind of content. I'm not sure what you're doing at [[User:Vegrar81uyiA80/sandbox/pd2]] either. While a block on another wiki doesn't mean you can't use Test Wiki, Test Wiki is not a place to edit just because you have been blocked somewhere else. [[User:PhantomTech|PhantomTech]] ([[User talk:PhantomTech|talk]]) 00:19, 29 August 2022 (UTC) a9cr361gafri53k3scujhsk9wut0o5o 2 145815 540563 2022-08-28T14:30:31Z Pywikibot-test 23124 Pywikibot 7.7.0.dev0 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 2600 145816 540564 2022-08-28T14:30:41Z Flow talk page manager 26836 /* This page has been converted into a Structured Discussions board */ flow-board application/json {"flow-workflow":"x22xg0ogm9txqal8"} ctfjntnbqi2lmrnrbiuotprohle8yha 2 145818 540570 2022-08-28T14:31:18Z Pywikibot-test 23124 Pywikibot 7.7.0.dev0 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 2600 145819 540572 2022-08-28T14:31:29Z Flow talk page manager 26836 /* This page has been converted into a Structured Discussions board */ flow-board application/json {"flow-workflow":"x22xhmf2utq0dbg2"} lhp1merir9wrxko2tg5ph5dooolfpgx 2 145837 540638 2022-08-28T15:36:50Z Pywikibot-test 23124 Pywikibot 7.7.0.dev0 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 2600 145838 540639 2022-08-28T15:37:00Z Flow talk page manager 26836 /* This page has been converted into a Structured Discussions board */ flow-board application/json {"flow-workflow":"x2314xvgfhbyan5h"} s44nlt2zkhsqtlox8dgbdtskcuwulmv 2 145842 540649 2022-08-28T15:39:28Z Pywikibot-test 23124 Pywikibot 7.7.0.dev0 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 2600 145844 540651 2022-08-28T15:39:40Z Flow talk page manager 26836 /* This page has been converted into a Structured Discussions board */ flow-board application/json {"flow-workflow":"x231abjj5evjq1ek"} 49sy4tf35fcyvibb3uuhxnxfrz1s35t 2 145960 540818 2022-08-28T17:25:39Z Pywikibot-test 23124 Pywikibot 7.7.0.dev0 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 2600 145961 540819 2022-08-28T17:25:49Z Flow talk page manager 26836 /* This page has been converted into a Structured Discussions board */ flow-board application/json {"flow-workflow":"x23773pbifyozvql"} ry9nwuazvmqygo64ykdowcswdowbvrj 2 145980 540863 2022-08-28T19:30:30Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 Created page with "{{Sandbox}} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Table guide |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="2" style="text-align:left" | Example | colspan="12" style="background:white;" | G (suitable for all ages) | colspan="5" style="background:purple; color:white" | PG-13 (advised for ages 13 and over) | colspan="4"..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Table guide |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="2" style="text-align:left" | Example | colspan="12" style="background:white;" | G (suitable for all ages) | colspan="5" style="background:purple; color:white" | PG-13 (advised for ages 13 and over) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | NC-17 (prohibited for under 18s) | style="background:white;"| Exempt |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | PG (parental guidance) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | 12A (adult supervision mandated for under 12s) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18A (prohibited for under 14s) | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | 18A (adult supervision mandated for under 18s) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Banned |- | colspan="23" style="background:lightgrey; height:1em;" | |- | colspan="23"| Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} 3nwfani6ed7pm19s8d4mq0vb1vzm3q1 540864 540863 2022-08-28T19:31:17Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} * <span style="background:white; border:solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;'''White'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Suitable for all ages / Aimed at young audiences / Exempt / Not rated / No applicable rating''. * <span style="background:yellow; border:solid black 1px; color:black;">&nbsp;'''Yellow'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Parental guidance is suggested for designated age range''. * <span style="background:purple; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Purple'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Not recommended for a younger audience but not restricted''. * <span style="background:red; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Red'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Restricted: Parental accompaniment required for younger audiences''. * <span style="background:black; border:solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;'''Black'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Prohibitive: Exclusively for older audience / Restricted to licensed premises / Purchase age-restricted / Banned''. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Table guide |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="2" style="text-align:left" | Example | colspan="12" style="background:white;" | G (suitable for all ages) | colspan="5" style="background:purple; color:white" | PG-13 (advised for ages 13 and over) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | NC-17 (prohibited for under 18s) | style="background:white;"| Exempt |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | PG (parental guidance) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | 12A (adult supervision mandated for under 12s) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18A (prohibited for under 14s) | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | 18A (adult supervision mandated for under 18s) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Banned |- | colspan="23" style="background:lightgrey; height:1em;" | |- | colspan="23"| Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} gi7bnep1umelr4n3vl5nqcgsalp3ygg 540866 540864 2022-08-28T19:39:38Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} * <span style="background:white; border:solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;'''White'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Suitable for all ages / Aimed at young audiences / Exempt / Not rated / No applicable rating''. * <span style="background:yellow; border:solid black 1px; color:black;">&nbsp;'''Yellow'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Parental guidance is suggested for designated age range''. * <span style="background:purple; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Purple'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Not recommended for a younger audience but not restricted''. * <span style="background:red; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Red'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Restricted: Parental accompaniment required for younger audiences''. * <span style="background:black; border:solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;'''Black'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Prohibitive: Exclusively for older audience / Restricted to licensed premises / Purchase age-restricted / Banned''. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Table guide |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- ! rowspan="2" style="text-align:left" | 1968 | colspan="12" style="background:white; color:black " | G | colspan="12" style="background:yellow;" | PG (parental guidance) | rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="background:purple; color:white;" | M | rowspan="2" style="background:red; color:white;"| R | rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white;" | NC-17 | style="background:black;"| Banned Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} jv13goyr0ih72k4sxqjxdvbvueecyp9 540867 540866 2022-08-28T19:43:21Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} * <span style="background:white; border:solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;'''White'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Suitable for all ages / Aimed at young audiences / Exempt / Not rated / No applicable rating''. * <span style="background:yellow; border:solid black 1px; color:black;">&nbsp;'''Yellow'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Parental guidance is suggested for designated age range''. * <span style="background:purple; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Purple'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Not recommended for a younger audience but not restricted''. * <span style="background:red; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Red'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Restricted: Parental accompaniment required for younger audiences''. * <span style="background:black; border:solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;'''Black'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Prohibitive: Exclusively for older audience / Restricted to licensed premises / Purchase age-restricted / Banned''. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Table guide |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="1" style="text-align:left" | HMRD | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | G (suitable for all ages) | colspan="5" style="background:purple; color:white" | PG-12 (recommended for ages 12 and over) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18 (prohibited for under 18s) | style="background:white;"| Exempt |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | GP (parental guidance) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A12 (under 12 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A14 (under 14 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A16 (under 16 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | A18 (under 18 must be accompanied by an adult) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Banned |- | colspan="23" style="background:lightgrey; height:1em;" | |- | colspan="23"| Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} gl8c0io6emolb021204ynb0hezlooti 540868 540867 2022-08-28T19:43:58Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} * <span style="background:white; border:solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;'''White'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Suitable for all ages / Aimed at young audiences / Exempt / Not rated / No applicable rating''. * <span style="background:yellow; border:solid black 1px; color:black;">&nbsp;'''Yellow'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Parental guidance is suggested for designated age range''. * <span style="background:purple; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Purple'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Not recommended for a younger audience but not restricted''. * <span style="background:red; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Red'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Restricted: Parental accompaniment required for younger audiences''. * <span style="background:black; border:solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;'''Black'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Prohibitive: Exclusively for older audience / Restricted to licensed premises / Purchase age-restricted / Banned''. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Table guide |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="1" style="text-align:left" | HMRD | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | G (suitable for all ages) | colspan="5" style="background:purple; color:white" | PG-12 (recommended for ages 12 and over) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18 (prohibited for under 18s) | style="background:white;"| Exempt |- | colspan="10" style="background:yellow;" | GP (parental guidance) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A12 (under 12 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A14 (under 14 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A16 (under 16 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | A18 (under 18 must be accompanied by an adult) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Banned |- | colspan="23" style="background:lightgrey; height:1em;" | |- | colspan="23"| Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} le5b12mium8mihm6ad0c1mtn2bs0buw 540869 540868 2022-08-28T19:44:16Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} * <span style="background:white; border:solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;'''White'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Suitable for all ages / Aimed at young audiences / Exempt / Not rated / No applicable rating''. * <span style="background:yellow; border:solid black 1px; color:black;">&nbsp;'''Yellow'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Parental guidance is suggested for designated age range''. * <span style="background:purple; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Purple'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Not recommended for a younger audience but not restricted''. * <span style="background:red; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Red'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Restricted: Parental accompaniment required for younger audiences''. * <span style="background:black; border:solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;'''Black'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Prohibitive: Exclusively for older audience / Restricted to licensed premises / Purchase age-restricted / Banned''. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Table guide |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="3" style="text-align:left" | HMRD | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | G (suitable for all ages) | colspan="5" style="background:purple; color:white" | PG-12 (recommended for ages 12 and over) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18 (prohibited for under 18s) | style="background:white;"| Exempt |- | colspan="10" style="background:yellow;" | GP (parental guidance) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A12 (under 12 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A14 (under 14 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A16 (under 16 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | A18 (under 18 must be accompanied by an adult) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Banned |- | colspan="23" style="background:lightgrey; height:1em;" | |- | colspan="23"| Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} hxk26xbdaipvhx2qaoey81hiu0mgmlt 540870 540869 2022-08-28T19:44:37Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} * <span style="background:white; border:solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;'''White'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Suitable for all ages / Aimed at young audiences / Exempt / Not rated / No applicable rating''. * <span style="background:yellow; border:solid black 1px; color:black;">&nbsp;'''Yellow'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Parental guidance is suggested for designated age range''. * <span style="background:purple; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Purple'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Not recommended for a younger audience but not restricted''. * <span style="background:red; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Red'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Restricted: Parental accompaniment required for younger audiences''. * <span style="background:black; border:solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;'''Black'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Prohibitive: Exclusively for older audience / Restricted to licensed premises / Purchase age-restricted / Banned''. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Table guide |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="3" style="text-align:left" | HMRD | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | G (suitable for all ages) | colspan="5" style="background:purple; color:white" | PG-12 (recommended for ages 12 and over) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18 (prohibited for under 18s) | style="background:white;"| Exempt |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | GP (parental guidance) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A12 (under 12 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A14 (under 14 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A16 (under 16 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | A18 (under 18 must be accompanied by an adult) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Banned |- | colspan="23" style="background:lightgrey; height:1em;" | |- | colspan="23"| Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} i36dy04dhnvhvipzo8xmkkf98dwg97w 540871 540870 2022-08-28T19:45:28Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} * <span style="background:white; border:solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;'''White'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Suitable for all ages / Aimed at young audiences / Exempt / Not rated / No applicable rating''. * <span style="background:yellow; border:solid black 1px; color:black;">&nbsp;'''Yellow'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Parental guidance is suggested for designated age range''. * <span style="background:purple; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Purple'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Not recommended for a younger audience but not restricted''. * <span style="background:red; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Red'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Restricted: Parental accompaniment required for younger audiences''. * <span style="background:black; border:solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;'''Black'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Prohibitive: Exclusively for older audience / Restricted to licensed premises / Purchase age-restricted / Banned''. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Table guide |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="3" style="text-align:left" | HMRD | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | G (suitable for all ages) | colspan="3" style="background:purple; color:white" | PG-12 (recommended for ages 12 and over) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 15 (prohibited for under 15s) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18 (prohibited for under 18s) | style="background:white;"| Exempt |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | GP (parental guidance) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A12 (under 12 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A14 (under 14 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A16 (under 16 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | A18 (under 18 must be accompanied by an adult) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Banned |- | colspan="23" style="background:lightgrey; height:1em;" | |- | colspan="23"| Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} 8nysycp8mbacjdbgi16wlvluhjg8q4l 540872 540871 2022-08-28T19:45:47Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} * <span style="background:white; border:solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;'''White'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Suitable for all ages / Aimed at young audiences / Exempt / Not rated / No applicable rating''. * <span style="background:yellow; border:solid black 1px; color:black;">&nbsp;'''Yellow'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Parental guidance is suggested for designated age range''. * <span style="background:purple; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Purple'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Not recommended for a younger audience but not restricted''. * <span style="background:red; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Red'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Restricted: Parental accompaniment required for younger audiences''. * <span style="background:black; border:solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;'''Black'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Prohibitive: Exclusively for older audience / Restricted to licensed premises / Purchase age-restricted / Banned''. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Table guide |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="3" style="text-align:left" | HMRD | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | G (suitable for all ages) | colspan="3" style="background:purple; color:white" | PG-12 (recommended for ages 12 and over) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 15 (prohibited for under 15s) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18 (prohibited for under 18s) | style="background:white;"| Not Yet Rated |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | GP (parental guidance) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A12 (under 12 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A14 (under 14 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A16 (under 16 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | A18 (under 18 must be accompanied by an adult) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Banned |- | colspan="23" style="background:lightgrey; height:1em;" | |- | colspan="23"| Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} 406ddw7qxkljx078peua9qkjv6f7dje 540873 540872 2022-08-28T19:49:18Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} * <span style="background:white; border:solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;'''White'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Suitable for all ages / Aimed at young audiences / Exempt / Not rated / No applicable rating''. * <span style="background:yellow; border:solid black 1px; color:black;">&nbsp;'''Yellow'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Parental guidance is suggested for designated age range''. * <span style="background:purple; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Purple'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Not recommended for a younger audience but not restricted''. * <span style="background:red; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Red'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Restricted: Parental accompaniment required for younger audiences''. * <span style="background:black; border:solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;'''Black'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Prohibitive: Exclusively for older audience / Restricted to licensed premises / Purchase age-restricted / Banned''. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Table guide |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="3" style="text-align:left" | HMRD | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | G (suitable for all ages) | colspan="3" style="background:purple; color:white" | PG-12 (recommended for ages 12 and over) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 15 (prohibited for under 15s) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18 (prohibited for under 18s) | style="background:white;"| Not Yet Rated |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | PG (parental guidance) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A12 (under 12 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A14 (under 14 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A16 (under 16 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | A18 (under 18 must be accompanied by an adult) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Banned |- | colspan="23" style="background:lightgrey; height:1em;" | |- | colspan="10" style="background:yellow;" | PG+ (parental guidance under 10s) | colspan="2" style="background:white;" | N/A | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R12 (no one under 12 not admitted) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R14 (no one under 14 not admitted) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R16 (no one under 16 not admitted) | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | A18 (no one under 18 not admitted) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Banned | colspan="23"| Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} ahli1cctzop9e5bh3gcfvxtflp6uw35 540874 540873 2022-08-28T19:49:35Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} * <span style="background:white; border:solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;'''White'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Suitable for all ages / Aimed at young audiences / Exempt / Not rated / No applicable rating''. * <span style="background:yellow; border:solid black 1px; color:black;">&nbsp;'''Yellow'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Parental guidance is suggested for designated age range''. * <span style="background:purple; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Purple'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Not recommended for a younger audience but not restricted''. * <span style="background:red; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Red'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Restricted: Parental accompaniment required for younger audiences''. * <span style="background:black; border:solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;'''Black'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Prohibitive: Exclusively for older audience / Restricted to licensed premises / Purchase age-restricted / Banned''. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Table guide |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="3" style="text-align:left" | HMRD | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | G (suitable for all ages) | colspan="3" style="background:purple; color:white" | PG-12 (recommended for ages 12 and over) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 15 (prohibited for under 15s) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18 (prohibited for under 18s) | style="background:white;"| Not Yet Rated |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | PG (parental guidance) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A12 (under 12 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A14 (under 14 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A16 (under 16 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | A18 (under 18 must be accompanied by an adult) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Banned |- | colspan="23" style="background:lightgrey; height:1em;" | |- | colspan="10" style="background:yellow;" | PG+ (parental guidance under 10s) | colspan="2" style="background:white;" | N/A | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R12 (no one under 12 not admitted) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R14 (no one under 14 not admitted) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R16 (no one under 16 not admitted) | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | A18 (no one under 18 not admitted) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Banned |- | colspan="23"| Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} dnsc8457k9utjzj3f30fk6nbqadr19g 540875 540874 2022-08-28T19:50:00Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} * <span style="background:white; border:solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;'''White'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Suitable for all ages / Aimed at young audiences / Exempt / Not rated / No applicable rating''. * <span style="background:yellow; border:solid black 1px; color:black;">&nbsp;'''Yellow'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Parental guidance is suggested for designated age range''. * <span style="background:purple; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Purple'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Not recommended for a younger audience but not restricted''. * <span style="background:red; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Red'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Restricted: Parental accompaniment required for younger audiences''. * <span style="background:black; border:solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;'''Black'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Prohibitive: Exclusively for older audience / Restricted to licensed premises / Purchase age-restricted / Banned''. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Table guide |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="3" style="text-align:left" | HMRD | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | G (suitable for all ages) | colspan="3" style="background:purple; color:white" | PG-12 (recommended for ages 12 and over) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 15 (prohibited for under 15s) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18 (prohibited for under 18s) | style="background:white;"| Not Yet Rated |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | PG (parental guidance) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A12 (under 12 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A14 (under 14 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A16 (under 16 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | A18 (under 18 must be accompanied by an adult) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Banned |- | colspan="10" style="background:yellow;" | PG+ (parental guidance under 10s) | colspan="2" style="background:white;" | N/A | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R12 (no one under 12 not admitted) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R14 (no one under 14 not admitted) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R16 (no one under 16 not admitted) | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | A18 (no one under 18 not admitted) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Banned |- | colspan="23"| Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} hjw4wi2l3jcfczbagf4tzz8z3lgazvm 540876 540875 2022-08-28T19:51:06Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} * <span style="background:white; border:solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;'''White'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Suitable for all ages / Aimed at young audiences / Exempt / Not rated / No applicable rating''. * <span style="background:yellow; border:solid black 1px; color:black;">&nbsp;'''Yellow'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Parental guidance is suggested for designated age range''. * <span style="background:purple; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Purple'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Not recommended for a younger audience but not restricted''. * <span style="background:red; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Red'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Restricted: Parental accompaniment required for younger audiences''. * <span style="background:black; border:solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;'''Black'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Prohibitive: Exclusively for older audience / Restricted to licensed premises / Purchase age-restricted / Banned''. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Table guide |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="3" style="text-align:left" | HMRD | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | G (suitable for all ages) | colspan="3" style="background:purple; color:white" | PG-12 (recommended for ages 12 and over) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 15 (prohibited for under 15s) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18 (prohibited for under 18s) | style="background:white;"| Not Yet Rated |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | PG (parental guidance) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A12 (under 12 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A14 (under 14 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A16 (under 16 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | A18 (under 18 must be accompanied by an adult) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Banned |- | colspan="9" style="background:yellow;" | PG+ (parental guidance under 10s) | colspan="2" style="background:white;" | N/A | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R12 (no one under 12 not admitted) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R14 (no one under 14 not admitted) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R16 (no one under 16 not admitted) | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | A18 (no one under 18 not admitted) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Banned |- | colspan="23"| Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} 2y825b7ttam089buihdicry1stjarad 540877 540876 2022-08-28T19:51:48Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} * <span style="background:white; border:solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;'''White'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Suitable for all ages / Aimed at young audiences / Exempt / Not rated / No applicable rating''. * <span style="background:yellow; border:solid black 1px; color:black;">&nbsp;'''Yellow'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Parental guidance is suggested for designated age range''. * <span style="background:purple; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Purple'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Not recommended for a younger audience but not restricted''. * <span style="background:red; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Red'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Restricted: Parental accompaniment required for younger audiences''. * <span style="background:black; border:solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;'''Black'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Prohibitive: Exclusively for older audience / Restricted to licensed premises / Purchase age-restricted / Banned''. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Table guide |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="3" style="text-align:left" | HMRD | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | G (suitable for all ages) | colspan="3" style="background:purple; color:white" | PG-12 (recommended for ages 12 and over) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 15 (prohibited for under 15s) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18 (prohibited for under 18s) | style="background:white;"| Not Yet Rated |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | PG (parental guidance) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A12 (under 12 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A14 (under 14 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A16 (under 16 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | A18 (under 18 must be accompanied by an adult) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Banned |- | colspan="9" style="background:yellow;" | PG+ (parental guidance under 10s) | colspan="2" style="background:white;" | N/A | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R12 (no one under 12 not admitted) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R14 (no one under 14 not admitted) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R16 (no one under 16 not admitted) | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | 18X (no one under 18 not admitted, licensed premises only) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Banned |- | colspan="23"| Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} auirpv66e2m3wsphl6dsv4ze0f3w1b8 540878 540877 2022-08-28T19:52:09Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} * <span style="background:white; border:solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;'''White'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Suitable for all ages / Aimed at young audiences / Exempt / Not rated / No applicable rating''. * <span style="background:yellow; border:solid black 1px; color:black;">&nbsp;'''Yellow'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Parental guidance is suggested for designated age range''. * <span style="background:purple; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Purple'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Not recommended for a younger audience but not restricted''. * <span style="background:red; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Red'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Restricted: Parental accompaniment required for younger audiences''. * <span style="background:black; border:solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;'''Black'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Prohibitive: Exclusively for older audience / Restricted to licensed premises / Purchase age-restricted / Banned''. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Table guide |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="3" style="text-align:left" | HMRD | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | G (suitable for all ages) | colspan="3" style="background:purple; color:white" | PG-12 (recommended for ages 12 and over) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 15 (prohibited for under 15s) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18 (prohibited for under 18s) | style="background:white;"| Not Yet Rated |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | PG (parental guidance) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A12 (under 12 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A14 (under 14 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A16 (under 16 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | A18 (under 18 must be accompanied by an adult) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Banned |- | colspan="9" style="background:yellow;" | PG+ (parental guidance under 10s) | colspan="2" style="background:white;" | N/A | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R12 (no one under 12 not admitted) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R14 (no one under 14 not admitted) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R16 (no one under 16 not admitted) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18X (no one under 18 not admitted, licensed premises only) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Banned |- | colspan="23"| Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} c1mot7gpxl4giaui9mc7wwnzzrl8zdc 540880 540878 2022-08-28T19:53:49Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} * <span style="background:white; border:solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;'''White'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Suitable for all ages / Aimed at young audiences / Exempt / Not rated / No applicable rating''. * <span style="background:yellow; border:solid black 1px; color:black;">&nbsp;'''Yellow'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Parental guidance is suggested for designated age range''. * <span style="background:purple; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Purple'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Not recommended for a younger audience but not restricted''. * <span style="background:red; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Red'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Restricted: Parental accompaniment required for younger audiences''. * <span style="background:black; border:solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;'''Black'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Prohibitive: Exclusively for older audience / Restricted to licensed premises / Purchase age-restricted / Banned''. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Table guide |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="3" style="text-align:left" | HMRD | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | G (suitable for all ages) | colspan="3" style="background:purple; color:white" | PG-12 (recommended for ages 12 and over) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 15 (prohibited for under 15s) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18 (prohibited for under 18s) | style="background:white;"| Not Yet Rated |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | PG (parental guidance) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A12 (under 12 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A14 (under 14 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A16 (under 16 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | A18 (under 18 must be accompanied by an adult) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Objectionable |- | colspan="9" style="background:yellow;" | PG+ (parental guidance under 10s) | colspan="2" style="background:white;" | N/A | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R12 (no one under 12 not admitted) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R14 (no one under 14 not admitted) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R16 (no one under 16 not admitted) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18X (no one under 18 not admitted, licensed premises only) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Objectionable |- | colspan="23"| Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} tpxf4spb2wiugmwqh2r0lxlf202tpgn 540881 540880 2022-08-28T19:54:16Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} * <span style="background:white; border:solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;'''White'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Suitable for all ages / Aimed at young audiences / Exempt / Not rated / No applicable rating''. * <span style="background:yellow; border:solid black 1px; color:black;">&nbsp;'''Yellow'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Parental guidance is suggested for designated age range''. * <span style="background:purple; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Purple'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Not recommended for a younger audience but not restricted''. * <span style="background:red; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Red'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Restricted: Parental accompaniment required for younger audiences''. * <span style="background:black; border:solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;'''Black'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Prohibitive: Exclusively for older audience / Restricted to licensed premises / Purchase age-restricted / Banned''. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Table guide |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="3" style="text-align:left" | HMRD | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | G (suitable for all ages) | colspan="3" style="background:purple; color:white" | PG-12 (recommended for ages 12 and over) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 15 (prohibited for under 15s) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18 (prohibited for under 18s) | style="background:white;"| Not Yet Rated |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | PG (parental guidance) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A12 (under 12 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A14 (under 14 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A16 (under 16 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | A18 (under 18 must be accompanied by an adult) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Refused Classification |- | colspan="9" style="background:yellow;" | PG+ (parental guidance under 10s) | colspan="2" style="background:white;" | N/A | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R12 (no one under 12 not admitted) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R14 (no one under 14 not admitted) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R16 (no one under 16 not admitted) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18X (no one under 18 not admitted, licensed premises only) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Objectionable |- | colspan="23"| Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} 2lanhe1sxduwu4q4zf301nr2gyqpynf 540883 540881 2022-08-28T19:56:59Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} * <span style="background:white; border:solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;'''White'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Suitable for all ages / Aimed at young audiences / Exempt / Not rated / No applicable rating''. * <span style="background:yellow; border:solid black 1px; color:black;">&nbsp;'''Yellow'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Parental guidance is suggested for designated age range''. * <span style="background:purple; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Purple'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Not recommended for a younger audience but not restricted''. * <span style="background:red; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Red'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Restricted: Parental accompaniment required for younger audiences''. * <span style="background:black; border:solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;'''Black'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Prohibitive: Exclusively for older audience / Restricted to licensed premises / Purchase age-restricted / Banned''. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Table guide |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="3" style="text-align:left" | HMRD | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | G (suitable for all ages) | colspan="3" style="background:purple; color:white" | PG-12 (recommended for ages 12 and over) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 15 (prohibited for under 15s) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18 (prohibited for under 18s) | style="background:white;"| Not Yet Rated |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | PG (parental guidance) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A12 (under 12 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A14 (under 14 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A16 (under 16 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | A18 (under 18 must be accompanied by an adult) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Refused Classification |- | colspan="9" style="background:yellow;" | PG+ (parental guidance under 10s) | colspan="2" style="background:white;" | N/A | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R12 (no one under 12 not admitted) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R14 (no one under 14 not admitted) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R16 (no one under 16 not admitted) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18X (no one under 18 not admitted, licensed premises only) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Objectionable |- ! rowspan="3" style="text-align:left" | HMRA | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | G (suitable for all ages) | colspan="3" style="background:red; color:white" | 12A (under 12s must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="3" style="background:red; color:white" | 15A (under 15s must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18 (no one 17 and under admitted) | style="background:white;"| Not Yet Rated | colspan="23"| Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} dh60jqgg5xszmoeikl6h6ohmk6hcut6 540884 540883 2022-08-28T19:57:30Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} * <span style="background:white; border:solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;'''White'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Suitable for all ages / Aimed at young audiences / Exempt / Not rated / No applicable rating''. * <span style="background:yellow; border:solid black 1px; color:black;">&nbsp;'''Yellow'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Parental guidance is suggested for designated age range''. * <span style="background:purple; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Purple'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Not recommended for a younger audience but not restricted''. * <span style="background:red; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Red'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Restricted: Parental accompaniment required for younger audiences''. * <span style="background:black; border:solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;'''Black'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Prohibitive: Exclusively for older audience / Restricted to licensed premises / Purchase age-restricted / Banned''. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Table guide |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="3" style="text-align:left" | HMRD | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | G (suitable for all ages) | colspan="3" style="background:purple; color:white" | PG-12 (recommended for ages 12 and over) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 15 (prohibited for under 15s) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18 (prohibited for under 18s) | style="background:white;"| Not Yet Rated |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | PG (parental guidance) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A12 (under 12 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A14 (under 14 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A16 (under 16 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | A18 (under 18 must be accompanied by an adult) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Refused Classification |- | colspan="9" style="background:yellow;" | PG+ (parental guidance under 10s) | colspan="2" style="background:white;" | N/A | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R12 (no one under 12 not admitted) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R14 (no one under 14 not admitted) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R16 (no one under 16 not admitted) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18X (no one under 18 not admitted, licensed premises only) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Objectionable |- ! rowspan="3" style="text-align:left" | HMRA | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | G (suitable for all ages) | colspan="3" style="background:red; color:white" | 12A (under 12s must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="3" style="background:red; color:white" | 15A (under 15s must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18 (no one 17 and under admitted) | style="background:white;"| Not Yet Rated |- | colspan="23"| Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} biu5dedgnmu0ehogsmw0xitfx5bda0k 540885 540884 2022-08-28T20:00:07Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} * <span style="background:white; border:solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;'''White'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Suitable for all ages / Aimed at young audiences / Exempt / Not rated / No applicable rating''. * <span style="background:yellow; border:solid black 1px; color:black;">&nbsp;'''Yellow'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Parental guidance is suggested for designated age range''. * <span style="background:purple; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Purple'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Not recommended for a younger audience but not restricted''. * <span style="background:red; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Red'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Restricted: Parental accompaniment required for younger audiences''. * <span style="background:black; border:solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;'''Black'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Prohibitive: Exclusively for older audience / Restricted to licensed premises / Purchase age-restricted / Banned''. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Table guide |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="3" style="text-align:left" | HMRD | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | G (suitable for all ages) | colspan="3" style="background:purple; color:white" | PG-12 (recommended for ages 12 and over) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 15 (prohibited for under 15s) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18 (prohibited for under 18s) | style="background:white;"| Not Yet Rated |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | PG (parental guidance) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A12 (under 12 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A14 (under 14 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A16 (under 16 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | A18 (under 18 must be accompanied by an adult) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Refused Classification |- | colspan="9" style="background:yellow;" | PG+ (parental guidance under 10s) | colspan="2" style="background:white;" | N/A | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R12 (no one under 12 not admitted) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R14 (no one under 14 not admitted) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R16 (no one under 16 not admitted) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18X (no one under 18 not admitted, licensed premises only) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Objectionable |- ! rowspan="2" style="text-align:left" | HMRA | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | G (suitable for all ages) | colspan="3" style="background:red; color:white" | 12A (under 12s must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="3" style="background:red; color:white" | 15A (under 15s must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18A (under 18s must be accompanied by an adult) | style="background:white;"| Not Yet Rated |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | PG (Parental guidance) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 15A (no one under 12 admitted) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 18A (no one under 18 admitted) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | R18 (no one 17 and under admitted) | colspan="23"| Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} bzdf4cgiytjvuk1avv3xh2ntr723j52 540886 540885 2022-08-28T20:01:10Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} * <span style="background:white; border:solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;'''White'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Suitable for all ages / Aimed at young audiences / Exempt / Not rated / No applicable rating''. * <span style="background:yellow; border:solid black 1px; color:black;">&nbsp;'''Yellow'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Parental guidance is suggested for designated age range''. * <span style="background:purple; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Purple'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Not recommended for a younger audience but not restricted''. * <span style="background:red; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Red'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Restricted: Parental accompaniment required for younger audiences''. * <span style="background:black; border:solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;'''Black'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Prohibitive: Exclusively for older audience / Restricted to licensed premises / Purchase age-restricted / Banned''. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Table guide |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="3" style="text-align:left" | HMRD | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | G (suitable for all ages) | colspan="3" style="background:purple; color:white" | PG-12 (recommended for ages 12 and over) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 15 (prohibited for under 15s) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18 (prohibited for under 18s) | style="background:white;"| Not Yet Rated |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | PG (parental guidance) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A12 (under 12 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A14 (under 14 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A16 (under 16 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | A18 (under 18 must be accompanied by an adult) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Refused Classification |- | colspan="9" style="background:yellow;" | PG+ (parental guidance under 10s) | colspan="2" style="background:white;" | N/A | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R12 (no one under 12 not admitted) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R14 (no one under 14 not admitted) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R16 (no one under 16 not admitted) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18X (no one under 18 not admitted, licensed premises only) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Objectionable |- ! rowspan="2" style="text-align:left" | HMRA | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | G (suitable for all ages) | colspan="3" style="background:red; color:white" | 12A (under 12s must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="3" style="background:red; color:white" | 15A (under 15s must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18A (under 18s must be accompanied by an adult) | style="background:white;"| Not Yet Rated |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | PG (Parental guidance) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 15A (no one under 12 admitted) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 18A (no one under 15 admitted) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | R18 (no one under 18 admitted) |- | colspan="23"| Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} skyor2gxezkhn29wuv5pz50tx2xa711 540888 540886 2022-08-28T20:01:58Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} * <span style="background:white; border:solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;'''White'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Suitable for all ages / Aimed at young audiences / Exempt / Not rated / No applicable rating''. * <span style="background:yellow; border:solid black 1px; color:black;">&nbsp;'''Yellow'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Parental guidance is suggested for designated age range''. * <span style="background:purple; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Purple'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Not recommended for a younger audience but not restricted''. * <span style="background:red; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Red'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Restricted: Parental accompaniment required for younger audiences''. * <span style="background:black; border:solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;'''Black'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Prohibitive: Exclusively for older audience / Restricted to licensed premises / Purchase age-restricted / Banned''. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Table guide |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="3" style="text-align:left" | HMRD | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | G (suitable for all ages) | colspan="3" style="background:purple; color:white" | PG-12 (recommended for ages 12 and over) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 15 (prohibited for under 15s) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18 (prohibited for under 18s) | style="background:white;"| Not Yet Rated |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | PG (parental guidance) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A12 (under 12 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A14 (under 14 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A16 (under 16 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | A18 (under 18 must be accompanied by an adult) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Refused Classification |- | colspan="9" style="background:yellow;" | PG+ (parental guidance under 10s) | colspan="2" style="background:white;" | N/A | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R12 (no one under 12 not admitted) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R14 (no one under 14 not admitted) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R16 (no one under 16 not admitted) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18X (no one under 18 not admitted, licensed premises only) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Objectionable |- ! rowspan="2" style="text-align:left" | HMRA | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | G (suitable for all ages) | colspan="3" style="background:red; color:white" | 12A (under 12s must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="3" style="background:red; color:white" | 15A (under 15s must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18A (under 18s must be accompanied by an adult) | style="background:white;"| Not Yet Rated |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | PG (Parental guidance) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 15A (no one under 12 admitted) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 18A (no one under 15 admitted) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | R18 (no one under 18 admitted) | style="background:black; color: white;"| RC (banned) |- | colspan="23"| Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} bzhk8tqv63onajz3vdkysh0blp5wzfc 540889 540888 2022-08-28T20:02:48Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} * <span style="background:white; border:solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;'''White'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Suitable for all ages / Aimed at young audiences / Exempt / Not rated / No applicable rating''. * <span style="background:yellow; border:solid black 1px; color:black;">&nbsp;'''Yellow'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Parental guidance is suggested for designated age range''. * <span style="background:purple; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Purple'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Not recommended for a younger audience but not restricted''. * <span style="background:red; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Red'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Restricted: Parental accompaniment required for younger audiences''. * <span style="background:black; border:solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;'''Black'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Prohibitive: Exclusively for older audience / Restricted to licensed premises / Purchase age-restricted / Banned''. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Table guide |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="3" style="text-align:left" | HMRD | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | G (suitable for all ages) | colspan="3" style="background:purple; color:white" | PG-12 (recommended for ages 12 and over) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 15 (prohibited for under 15s) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18 (prohibited for under 18s) | style="background:white;"| Not Yet Rated |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | PG (parental guidance) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A12 (under 12 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A14 (under 14 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A16 (under 16 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | A18 (under 18 must be accompanied by an adult) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Refused Classification |- | colspan="9" style="background:yellow;" | PG+ (parental guidance under 10s) | colspan="2" style="background:white;" | N/A | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R12 (no one under 12 not admitted) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R14 (no one under 14 not admitted) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R16 (no one under 16 not admitted) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18X (no one under 18 not admitted, licensed premises only) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Objectionable |- ! rowspan="2" style="text-align:left" | HMRA | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | G (suitable for all ages) | colspan="3" style="background:red; color:white" | 12A (under 12s must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="3" style="background:red; color:white" | 15A (people between 12 and 15 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18A (people between 15 and 18 must be accompanied by an adult) | style="background:white;"| Not Yet Rated |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | PG (Parental guidance) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 15A (no one under 12 admitted) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 18A (no one under 15 admitted) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | R18 (no one under 18 admitted) | style="background:black; color: white;"| RC (banned) |- | colspan="23"| Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} gtbve13azr3xh5qlfmlmsqdooevnyy5 540890 540889 2022-08-28T20:04:17Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} * <span style="background:white; border:solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;'''White'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Suitable for all ages / Aimed at young audiences / Exempt / Not rated / No applicable rating''. * <span style="background:yellow; border:solid black 1px; color:black;">&nbsp;'''Yellow'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Parental guidance is suggested for designated age range''. * <span style="background:purple; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Purple'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Not recommended for a younger audience but not restricted''. * <span style="background:red; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Red'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Restricted: Parental accompaniment required for younger audiences''. * <span style="background:black; border:solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;'''Black'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Prohibitive: Exclusively for older audience / Restricted to licensed premises / Purchase age-restricted / Banned''. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Table guide |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="3" style="text-align:left" | HMRD | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | G (suitable for all ages) | colspan="3" style="background:purple; color:white" | PG-12 (recommended for ages 12 and over) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 15 (prohibited for under 15s) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18 (prohibited for under 18s) | style="background:white;"| Not Yet Rated |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | PG (parental guidance) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A12 (under 12 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A14 (under 14 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A16 (under 16 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | A18 (under 18 must be accompanied by an adult) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Refused Classification |- | colspan="9" style="background:yellow;" | PG+ (parental guidance under 10s) | colspan="2" style="background:white;" | N/A | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R12 (no one under 12 not admitted) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R14 (no one under 14 not admitted) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R16 (no one under 16 not admitted) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18X (no one under 18 not admitted, licensed premises only) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Objectionable |- ! rowspan="2" style="text-align:left" | HMRA | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | G (suitable for all ages) | colspan="3" style="background:red; color:white" | 12A (under 12s must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="3" style="background:red; color:white" | 15A (people between 12 and 15 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | 18A (people between 15 and 18 must be accompanied by an adult) | style="background:white;"| Not Yet Rated |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | PG (Parental guidance) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 15A (no one under 12 admitted) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 18A (no one under 15 admitted) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | R18 (no one under 18 admitted) | style="background:black; color: white;"| RC (banned) |- | colspan="23"| Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} myri0hb4t5dxpie72vv6mf3x23zpui3 540892 540890 2022-08-28T20:06:35Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} * <span style="background:white; border:solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;'''White'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Suitable for all ages / Aimed at young audiences / Exempt / Not rated / No applicable rating''. * <span style="background:yellow; border:solid black 1px; color:black;">&nbsp;'''Yellow'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Parental guidance is suggested for designated age range''. * <span style="background:purple; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Purple'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Not recommended for a younger audience but not restricted''. * <span style="background:red; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Red'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Restricted: Parental accompaniment required for younger audiences''. * <span style="background:black; border:solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;'''Black'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Prohibitive: Exclusively for older audience / Restricted to licensed premises / Purchase age-restricted / Banned''. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Table guide |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="3" style="text-align:left" | HMRD | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | G (suitable for all ages) | colspan="3" style="background:purple; color:white" | PG-12 (recommended for ages 12 and over) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 15 (prohibited for under 15s) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18 (prohibited for under 18s) | style="background:white;"| Not Yet Rated |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | PG (parental guidance) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A12 (under 12 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A14 (under 14 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A16 (under 16 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | A18 (under 18 must be accompanied by an adult) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Refused Classification |- | colspan="11" style="background:red;" | SPG (strong parental guidance, under 12 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R12 (no one under 12 not admitted) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R14 (no one under 14 not admitted) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R16 (no one under 16 not admitted) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18X (no one under 18 not admitted, licensed premises only) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Objectionable |- ! rowspan="2" style="text-align:left" | HMRA | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | G (suitable for all ages) | colspan="3" style="background:red; color:white" | 12A (under 12s must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="3" style="background:red; color:white" | 15A (people between 12 and 15 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | 18A (people between 15 and 18 must be accompanied by an adult) | style="background:white;"| Not Yet Rated |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | PG (Parental guidance) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 15A (no one under 12 admitted) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 18A (no one under 15 admitted) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | R18 (no one under 18 admitted) | style="background:black; color: white;"| RC (banned) |- | colspan="23"| Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} o1bc0uyrrrxeds7tk4c1ofwrwno3izr 540894 540892 2022-08-28T20:07:21Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} * <span style="background:white; border:solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;'''White'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Suitable for all ages / Aimed at young audiences / Exempt / Not rated / No applicable rating''. * <span style="background:yellow; border:solid black 1px; color:black;">&nbsp;'''Yellow'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Parental guidance is suggested for designated age range''. * <span style="background:purple; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Purple'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Not recommended for a younger audience but not restricted''. * <span style="background:red; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Red'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Restricted: Parental accompaniment required for younger audiences''. * <span style="background:black; border:solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;'''Black'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Prohibitive: Exclusively for older audience / Restricted to licensed premises / Purchase age-restricted / Banned''. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Table guide |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="3" style="text-align:left" | HMRD | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | G (suitable for all ages) | colspan="3" style="background:purple; color:white" | PG-12 (recommended for ages 12 and over) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 15 (prohibited for under 15s) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18 (prohibited for under 18s) | style="background:white;"| Not Yet Rated |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | PG (parental guidance) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A12 (under 12 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A14 (under 14 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A16 (under 16 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | A18 (under 18 must be accompanied by an adult) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Refused Classification |- | colspan="11" style="background:red; color:white" | SPG (strong parental guidance, under 12 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R12 (no one under 12 not admitted) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R14 (no one under 14 not admitted) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R16 (no one under 16 not admitted) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18X (no one under 18 not admitted, licensed premises only) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Objectionable |- ! rowspan="2" style="text-align:left" | HMRA | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | G (suitable for all ages) | colspan="3" style="background:red; color:white" | 12A (under 12s must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="3" style="background:red; color:white" | 15A (people between 12 and 15 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | 18A (people between 15 and 18 must be accompanied by an adult) | style="background:white;"| Not Yet Rated |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | PG (Parental guidance) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 15A (no one under 12 admitted) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 18A (no one under 15 admitted) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | R18 (no one under 18 admitted) | style="background:black; color: white;"| RC (banned) |- | colspan="23"| Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} 5b2hmz9svuyf9ols2fk3yepflqrrgic 540896 540894 2022-08-28T20:08:45Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} * <span style="background:white; border:solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;'''White'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Suitable for all ages / Aimed at young audiences / Exempt / Not rated / No applicable rating''. * <span style="background:yellow; border:solid black 1px; color:black;">&nbsp;'''Yellow'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Parental guidance is suggested for designated age range''. * <span style="background:purple; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Purple'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Not recommended for a younger audience but not restricted''. * <span style="background:red; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Red'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Restricted: Parental accompaniment required for younger audiences''. * <span style="background:black; border:solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;'''Black'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Prohibitive: Exclusively for older audience / Restricted to licensed premises / Purchase age-restricted / Banned''. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Table guide |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="3" style="text-align:left" | HMRD | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | G (suitable for all ages) | colspan="3" style="background:purple; color:white" | PG-12 (recommended for ages 12 and over) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 15 (prohibited for under 15s) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18 (prohibited for under 18s) | style="background:white;"| Not Yet Rated |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | PG (parental guidance) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A12 (under 12 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A14 (under 14 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A16 (under 16 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | A18 (under 18 must be accompanied by an adult) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Refused Classification |- | colspan="7" style="background:white;" | N/A | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | SPG (strong parental guidance, under 8 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R12 (no one under 12 not admitted) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R14 (no one under 14 not admitted) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R16 (no one under 16 not admitted) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18X (no one under 18 not admitted, licensed premises only) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Objectionable |- ! rowspan="2" style="text-align:left" | HMRA | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | G (suitable for all ages) | colspan="3" style="background:red; color:white" | 12A (under 12s must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="3" style="background:red; color:white" | 15A (people between 12 and 15 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | 18A (people between 15 and 18 must be accompanied by an adult) | style="background:white;"| Not Yet Rated |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | PG (Parental guidance) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 15A (no one under 12 admitted) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 18A (no one under 15 admitted) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | R18 (no one under 18 admitted) | style="background:black; color: white;"| RC (banned) |- | colspan="23"| Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} 0gqq11fgboixxlpau65n66u7cfp2z0t 540897 540896 2022-08-28T20:10:24Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} * <span style="background:white; border:solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;'''White'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Suitable for all ages / Aimed at young audiences / Exempt / Not rated / No applicable rating''. * <span style="background:yellow; border:solid black 1px; color:black;">&nbsp;'''Yellow'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Parental guidance is suggested for designated age range''. * <span style="background:purple; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Purple'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Not recommended for a younger audience but not restricted''. * <span style="background:red; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Red'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Restricted: Parental accompaniment required for younger audiences''. * <span style="background:black; border:solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;'''Black'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Prohibitive: Exclusively for older audience / Restricted to licensed premises / Purchase age-restricted / Banned''. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Table guide |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="3" style="text-align:left" | HMRD | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | G (suitable for all ages) | colspan="3" style="background:purple; color:white" | PG-12 (recommended for ages 12 and over) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 15 (prohibited for under 15s) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18 (prohibited for under 18s) | style="background:white;"| Not Yet Rated |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | PG (parental guidance) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A12 (under 12 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A14 (under 14 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A16 (under 16 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | A18 (under 18 must be accompanied by an adult) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Refused Classification |- | colspan="7" style="background:white;" | N/A | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | SPG (strong parental guidance, under 8 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R12 (no one under 12 not admitted) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R14 (no one under 14 not admitted) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R16 (no one under 16 not admitted) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18X (no one under 18 not admitted, licensed premises only) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Objectionable |- ! rowspan="2" style="text-align:left" | HMRA | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | G (suitable for all ages) | colspan="3" style="background:red; color:white" | 12A (under 12s must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="3" style="background:red; color:white" | 15A (people between 12 and 15 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | 18A (people between 15 and 18 must be accompanied by an adult) | style="background:white;"| Not Yet Rated |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | PG (Parental guidance) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 15A (no one under 12 admitted) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 18A (no one under 15 admitted) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | R18 (no one under 18 admitted) | style="background:black; color: white;"| RC (banned) |- | colspan="23"| Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} ==External links== https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_content_rating_system&action=edit 38vdnkwa2zt2yfx10p8q4qf5etmhff4 540898 540897 2022-08-28T20:10:42Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} * <span style="background:white; border:solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;'''White'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Suitable for all ages / Aimed at young audiences / Exempt / Not rated / No applicable rating''. * <span style="background:yellow; border:solid black 1px; color:black;">&nbsp;'''Yellow'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Parental guidance is suggested for designated age range''. * <span style="background:purple; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Purple'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Not recommended for a younger audience but not restricted''. * <span style="background:red; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Red'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Restricted: Parental accompaniment required for younger audiences''. * <span style="background:black; border:solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;'''Black'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Prohibitive: Exclusively for older audience / Restricted to licensed premises / Purchase age-restricted / Banned''. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Table guide |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="3" style="text-align:left" | HMRD | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | G (suitable for all ages) | colspan="3" style="background:purple; color:white" | PG-12 (recommended for ages 12 and over) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 15 (prohibited for under 15s) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18 (prohibited for under 18s) | style="background:white;"| Not Yet Rated |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | PG (parental guidance) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A12 (under 12 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A14 (under 14 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A16 (under 16 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | A18 (under 18 must be accompanied by an adult) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Refused Classification |- | colspan="7" style="background:white;" | N/A | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | SPG (strong parental guidance, under 8 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R12 (no one under 12 not admitted) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R14 (no one under 14 not admitted) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R16 (no one under 16 not admitted) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18X (no one under 18 not admitted, licensed premises only) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Objectionable |- ! rowspan="2" style="text-align:left" | HMRA | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | G (suitable for all ages) | colspan="3" style="background:red; color:white" | 12A (under 12s must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="3" style="background:red; color:white" | 15A (people between 12 and 15 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | 18A (people between 15 and 18 must be accompanied by an adult) | style="background:white;"| Not Yet Rated |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | PG (Parental guidance) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 15A (no one under 12 admitted) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 18A (no one under 15 admitted) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | R18 (no one under 18 admitted) | style="background:black; color: white;"| RC (banned) |- | colspan="23"| Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} ==External links== *[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_content_rating_system&action=edit] 88hwsu678j5f6zykpf91d2n3bl03y27 540899 540898 2022-08-28T20:10:56Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} * <span style="background:white; border:solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;'''White'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Suitable for all ages / Aimed at young audiences / Exempt / Not rated / No applicable rating''. * <span style="background:yellow; border:solid black 1px; color:black;">&nbsp;'''Yellow'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Parental guidance is suggested for designated age range''. * <span style="background:purple; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Purple'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Not recommended for a younger audience but not restricted''. * <span style="background:red; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Red'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Restricted: Parental accompaniment required for younger audiences''. * <span style="background:black; border:solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;'''Black'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Prohibitive: Exclusively for older audience / Restricted to licensed premises / Purchase age-restricted / Banned''. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Table guide |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="3" style="text-align:left" | HMRD | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | G (suitable for all ages) | colspan="3" style="background:purple; color:white" | PG-12 (recommended for ages 12 and over) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 15 (prohibited for under 15s) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18 (prohibited for under 18s) | style="background:white;"| Not Yet Rated |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | PG (parental guidance) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A12 (under 12 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A14 (under 14 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A16 (under 16 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | A18 (under 18 must be accompanied by an adult) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Refused Classification |- | colspan="7" style="background:white;" | N/A | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | SPG (strong parental guidance, under 8 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R12 (no one under 12 not admitted) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R14 (no one under 14 not admitted) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R16 (no one under 16 not admitted) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18X (no one under 18 not admitted, licensed premises only) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Objectionable |- ! rowspan="2" style="text-align:left" | HMRA | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | G (suitable for all ages) | colspan="3" style="background:red; color:white" | 12A (under 12s must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="3" style="background:red; color:white" | 15A (people between 12 and 15 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | 18A (people between 15 and 18 must be accompanied by an adult) | style="background:white;"| Not Yet Rated |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | PG (Parental guidance) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 15A (no one under 12 admitted) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 18A (no one under 15 admitted) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | R18 (no one under 18 admitted) | style="background:black; color: white;"| RC (banned) |- | colspan="23"| Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} ==External links== *[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_content_rating_system&action=edit] *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system] 0k0ui3odmaf942a0ij1ttbu26sj0xn8 540900 540899 2022-08-28T20:11:14Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} * <span style="background:white; border:solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;'''White'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Suitable for all ages / Aimed at young audiences / Exempt / Not rated / No applicable rating''. * <span style="background:yellow; border:solid black 1px; color:black;">&nbsp;'''Yellow'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Parental guidance is suggested for designated age range''. * <span style="background:purple; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Purple'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Not recommended for a younger audience but not restricted''. * <span style="background:red; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Red'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Restricted: Parental accompaniment required for younger audiences''. * <span style="background:black; border:solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;'''Black'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Prohibitive: Exclusively for older audience / Restricted to licensed premises / Purchase age-restricted / Banned''. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Table guide |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="3" style="text-align:left" | HMRD | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | G (suitable for all ages) | colspan="3" style="background:purple; color:white" | PG-12 (recommended for ages 12 and over) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 15 (prohibited for under 15s) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18 (prohibited for under 18s) | style="background:white;"| Not Yet Rated |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | PG (parental guidance) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A12 (under 12 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A14 (under 14 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A16 (under 16 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | A18 (under 18 must be accompanied by an adult) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Refused Classification |- | colspan="7" style="background:white;" | N/A | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | SPG (strong parental guidance, under 8 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R12 (no one under 12 not admitted) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R14 (no one under 14 not admitted) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R16 (no one under 16 not admitted) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18X (no one under 18 not admitted, licensed premises only) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Objectionable |- ! rowspan="2" style="text-align:left" | HMRA | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | G (suitable for all ages) | colspan="3" style="background:red; color:white" | 12A (under 12s must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="3" style="background:red; color:white" | 15A (people between 12 and 15 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | 18A (people between 15 and 18 must be accompanied by an adult) | style="background:white;"| Not Yet Rated |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | PG (Parental guidance) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 15A (no one under 12 admitted) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 18A (no one under 15 admitted) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | R18 (no one under 18 admitted) | style="background:black; color: white;"| RC (banned) |- | colspan="23"| Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} ==External links== *[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_content_rating_system&action=edit Code] *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system Visual] m572cm5dyju2sypgdk6j9bdxegor886 540906 540900 2022-08-28T20:19:02Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} * <span style="background:white; border:solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;'''White'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Suitable for all ages / Aimed at young audiences / Exempt / Not rated / No applicable rating''. * <span style="background:yellow; border:solid black 1px; color:black;">&nbsp;'''Yellow'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Parental guidance is suggested for designated age range''. * <span style="background:purple; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Purple'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Not recommended for a younger audience but not restricted''. * <span style="background:red; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Red'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Restricted: Parental accompaniment required for younger audiences''. * <span style="background:black; border:solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;'''Black'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Prohibitive: Exclusively for older audience / Restricted to licensed premises / Purchase age-restricted / Banned''. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Table guide |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="3" style="text-align:left" | HMRD | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | G (suitable for all ages) | colspan="3" style="background:purple; color:white" | PG-12 (recommended for ages 12 and over) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 15 (prohibited for under 15s) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18 (prohibited for under 18s) | style="background:white;"| Not Yet Rated |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | PG (parental guidance) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A12 (under 12 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A14 (under 14 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:red; color:white" | A16 (under 16 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | A18 (under 18 must be accompanied by an adult) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Refused Classification |- | colspan="7" style="background:white;" | N/A | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | SPG (strong parental guidance, under 8 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R12 (no one under 12 not admitted) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R14 (no one under 14 not admitted) | colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" | R16 (no one under 16 not admitted) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | 18X (no one under 18 not admitted, licensed premises only) | style="background:black; color: white;"| Objectionable |- ! rowspan="2" style="text-align:left" | HMRA | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | G (suitable for all ages) | colspan="3" style="background:red; color:white" | 12A (under 12s must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="3" style="background:red; color:white" | 15A (people between 12 and 15 must be accompanied by an adult) | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | 18A (people between 15 and 18 must be accompanied by an adult) | style="background:white;"| Not Yet Rated |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | PG (Parental guidance) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 15A (no one under 12 admitted) | colspan="3" style="background:black; color:white" | 18A (no one under 15 admitted) | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | R18 (no one under 18 admitted) | style="background:black; color: white;"| RC (banned) |- | colspan="23"| Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} ==External links== *[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_picture_content_rating_system&action=edit Code] *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system Visual] [[Category:Sandboxes made by Vegrar81uyiA80]] c1hl0qb1f63aj1k8b9wxh7tdo2sxfsr 2 145984 540930 2022-08-28T21:55:59Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 Redirected page to [[Module:Message box]] wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Module:Message box]] qme7x7vxjq5usxakwmk8bnbarlkxbe6 540931 540930 2022-08-28T21:56:20Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 Changed redirect target from [[Module:Message box]] to [[Module:Message box/Doc]] wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Module:Message box/Doc]] 0cajtopc5is27usuwsl0fi0fspnyl5u 540932 540931 2022-08-28T21:56:30Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 Changed redirect target from [[Module:Message box/Doc]] to [[Module:Message box]] wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Module:Message box]] qme7x7vxjq5usxakwmk8bnbarlkxbe6 540933 540932 2022-08-28T21:56:51Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 Changed redirect target from [[Module:Message box]] to [[Module:Message box/doc]] wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Module:Message box/doc]] 1oim7rb9klwj2iekgld487ubzikzm8d 2 145985 540939 2022-08-28T22:01:17Z Pywikibot-test 23124 Pywikibot 7.7.0.dev0 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 2600 145986 540940 2022-08-28T22:01:28Z Flow talk page manager 26836 /* This page has been converted into a Structured Discussions board */ flow-board application/json {"flow-workflow":"x23mjrwtcwioflk2"} sg3u0n73ev0uvzvoa2a6v86ltf2mqc9 2 145987 540942 2022-08-28T22:02:10Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 Created page with "{{tl|asbox}}" wikitext text/x-wiki {{tl|asbox}} 4iojq7bionxn7px9v2t2n061w56brah 540943 540942 2022-08-28T22:02:23Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} {{tl|asbox}} e0otyl217zbzkffxqzsdw7v4wuxie69 2 145988 540948 2022-08-28T22:57:06Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 Created page with "{{Sandbox}} The ratings are: *A = All ages admitted. *AP = Some material may be inappropriate for children. *AP-13 = Some material may be inappropriate for pre-teenagers. Parents strongly advised. *M = Under 16 needs accompanying parent or adult guardian. *MO = Clearly adult. Children are not admitted." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} The ratings are: *A = All ages admitted. *AP = Some material may be inappropriate for children. *AP-13 = Some material may be inappropriate for pre-teenagers. Parents strongly advised. *M = Under 16 needs accompanying parent or adult guardian. *MO = Clearly adult. Children are not admitted. in6rgnipnjiawn541s94hn9ky5dfvey 540949 540948 2022-08-28T23:23:38Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} The ratings are: *A = All ages admitted. *AP = Some material may be inappropriate for children. *AP-13 = Some material may be inappropriate for pre-teenagers. Parents strongly advised. Known as APS prior to March 17, 2002. **Other related ratings include: ***AP-12 (created March 2003) ***AP-15 (created March 2003) ***AP-16 (created June 2005) *MA-16 = Under 16 needs accompanying parent or adult guardian. Known as M prior to August 16, 2004 (due to trademark issues). **Other related ratings include: ***MA-12 (created August 2004) ***MA-13 (created November 2005) ***MA-14 (created May 2011) ***MA-15 (created June 2005) (Trademark issues with the Australian Classification Board using it too.) ***MA-17 (created November 2005) ***MA-18 (created February 2007) *MO = Clearly adult. Children are not admitted. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Table guide <ref> Motion picture content rating system - Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system. Retrieved 08.27.2022. </ref> |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="2" style="text-align:left" | Example | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | A | colspan="1" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-12 | colspan="2" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-13 | colspan="1" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-15 | colspan="2" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-16 | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | MO | style="background:white;"| CTC |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | AP | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-12 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-13 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-14 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-15 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-16 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-17 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-18 | style="background:black; color: white;"| Banned |- | colspan="23" style="background:lightgrey; height:1em;" | |- | colspan="23"| Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} ==References== 0c2w2vd5s8t4ssioxlfdrknf4pdvgrq 540950 540949 2022-08-28T23:25:16Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} The Film and Publication Manager and Organization ratings are: *A = All ages admitted. *AP = Some material may be inappropriate for children. *AP-13 = Some material may be inappropriate for pre-teenagers. Parents strongly advised. Known as APS prior to March 17, 2002. **Other related ratings include: ***AP-12 (created March 2003) ***AP-15 (created March 2003) ***AP-16 (created June 2005) *MA-16 = Under 16 needs accompanying parent or adult guardian. Known as M prior to August 16, 2004 (due to trademark issues). **Other related ratings include: ***MA-12 (created August 2004) ***MA-13 (created November 2005) ***MA-14 (created May 2011) ***MA-15 (created June 2005) (Trademark issues with the Australian Classification Board using it too.) ***MA-17 (created November 2005) ***MA-18 (created February 2007) *MO = Clearly adult. Children are not admitted. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Rating table <ref> Motion picture content rating system - Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system. Retrieved 08.27.2022. </ref> |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="2" style="text-align:left" | TFPMO | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | A | colspan="1" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-12 | colspan="2" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-13 | colspan="1" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-15 | colspan="2" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-16 | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | MO | style="background:white;"| CTC |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | AP | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-12 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-13 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-14 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-15 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-16 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-17 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-18 | style="background:black; color: white;"| Banned |- | colspan="23" style="background:lightgrey; height:1em;" | |- | colspan="23"| Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} ==References== pst4bqswksf0vy75tyt49b74k19dcfv 540951 540950 2022-08-28T23:25:39Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} The Film and Publication Manager and Organization ratings are: *A = All ages admitted. *AP = Some material may be inappropriate for children. *AP-13 = Some material may be inappropriate for pre-teenagers. Parents strongly advised. Known as APS prior to March 17, 2002. **Other related ratings include: ***AP-12 (created March 2003) ***AP-15 (created March 2003) ***AP-16 (created June 2005) *MA-16 = Under 16 needs accompanying parent or adult guardian. Known as M prior to August 16, 2004 (due to trademark issues). **Other related ratings include: ***MA-12 (created August 2004) ***MA-13 (created November 2005) ***MA-14 (created May 2011) ***MA-15 (created June 2005) (Trademark issues with the Australian Classification Board using it too.) ***MA-17 (created November 2005) ***MA-18 (created February 2007) *MO = Clearly adult. Children are not admitted. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Rating table <ref> Motion picture content rating system - Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system. Retrieved 08.27.2022. </ref> |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="2" style="text-align:left" | TFPMO | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | A | colspan="1" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-12 | colspan="2" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-13 | colspan="1" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-15 | colspan="2" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-16 | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | MO | style="background:white;"| CTC |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | AP | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-12 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-13 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-14 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-15 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-16 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-17 | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-18 | style="background:black; color: white;"| Banned |- | colspan="23" style="background:lightgrey; height:1em;" | |- | colspan="23"| Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} ==References== 5q66ofn94o4xh0z10pbit5v4p7ascmi 540952 540951 2022-08-28T23:27:00Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} The Film and Publication Manager and Organization ratings are: *A = All ages admitted. *AP = Some material may be inappropriate for children. *AP-13 = Some material may be inappropriate for pre-teenagers. Parents strongly advised. Known as APS prior to March 17, 2002. **Other related ratings include: ***AP-12 (created March 2003) ***AP-15 (created March 2003) ***AP-16 (created June 2005) *MA-16 = Under 16 needs accompanying parent or adult guardian. Known as M prior to August 16, 2004 (due to trademark issues). **Other related ratings include: ***MA-12 (created August 2004) ***MA-13 (created November 2005) ***MA-14 (created May 2011) ***MA-15 (created June 2005) (Trademark issues with the Australian Classification Board using it too.) ***MA-17 (created November 2005) ***MA-18 (created February 2007) *MO = Clearly adult. Children are not admitted. * <span style="background:white; border:solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;'''White'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Suitable for all ages / Aimed at young audiences / Exempt / Not rated / No applicable rating''. * <span style="background:yellow; border:solid black 1px; color:black;">&nbsp;'''Yellow'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Parental guidance is suggested for designated age range''. * <span style="background:purple; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Purple'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Not recommended for a younger audience but not restricted''. * <span style="background:red; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Red'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Restricted: Parental accompaniment required for younger audiences''. * <span style="background:black; border:solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;'''Black'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Prohibitive: Exclusively for older audience / Restricted to licensed premises / Purchase age-restricted / Banned''. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Rating table <ref> Motion picture content rating system - Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system. Retrieved 08.27.2022. </ref> |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="2" style="text-align:left" | TFPMO | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | A | colspan="1" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-12 | colspan="2" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-13 | colspan="1" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-15 | colspan="2" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-16 | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | MO | style="background:white;"| CTC |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | AP | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-12 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-13 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-14 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-15 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-16 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-17 | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-18 | style="background:black; color: white;"| Banned |- | colspan="23" style="background:lightgrey; height:1em;" | |- | colspan="23"| Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} ==References== aki9qqiy9iuvw1ryynfoa0svasc4s3h 540953 540952 2022-08-28T23:29:49Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} The Film and Publication Manager and Organization ratings are: *A = All ages admitted. *AP = Some material may be inappropriate for children. *AP-13 = Some material may be inappropriate for pre-teenagers. Parents strongly advised. Known as APS prior to March 17, 2002. **Other related ratings include: ***AP-12 (created March 2003) ***AP-15 (created March 2003) ***AP-16 (created June 2005) *MA-16 = Under 16 needs accompanying parent or adult guardian. Known as M prior to August 16, 2004 (due to trademark issues). **Other related ratings include: ***MA-12 (created August 2004) ***MA-13 (created November 2005) ***MA-14 (created May 2011) ***MA-15 (created June 2005) (Trademark issues with the Australian Classification Board using it too.) ***MA-17 (created November 2005) ***MA-18 (created February 2007) *MO = Clearly adult. Children are not admitted. *MOL = Clearly adult, only licensed. Children are not admitted. * <span style="background:white; border:solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;'''White'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Suitable for all ages / Aimed at young audiences / Exempt / Not rated / No applicable rating''. * <span style="background:yellow; border:solid black 1px; color:black;">&nbsp;'''Yellow'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Parental guidance is suggested for designated age range''. * <span style="background:purple; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Purple'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Not recommended for a younger audience but not restricted''. * <span style="background:red; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Red'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Restricted: Parental accompaniment required for younger audiences''. * <span style="background:black; border:solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;'''Black'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Prohibitive: Exclusively for older audience / Restricted to licensed premises / Purchase age-restricted / Banned''. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Rating table <ref> Motion picture content rating system - Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system. Retrieved 08.27.2022. </ref> |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="3" style="text-align:left" | TFPMO | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | A | colspan="1" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-12 | colspan="2" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-13 | colspan="1" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-15 | colspan="2" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-16 | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | MO | style="background:white;"| CTC |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | AP | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-12 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-13 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-14 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-15 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-16 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-17 | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-18 | style="background:black; color: white;"| Banned |- | colspan="17" style="background:white;" | N/A | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | MOL | style="background:white;"| Exempt | colspan="23" style="background:lightgrey; height:1em;" | |- | colspan="23"| Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} ==References== orhoqja59valyd1bwx925pol3x4bpel 540954 540953 2022-08-28T23:31:23Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} The Film and Publication Manager and Organization ratings are: *A = All ages admitted. *AP = Some material may be inappropriate for children. *AP-13 = Some material may be inappropriate for pre-teenagers. Parents strongly advised. Known as APS prior to March 17, 2002. **Other related ratings include: ***AP-12 (created March 2003) ***AP-15 (created March 2003) ***AP-16 (created June 2005) *MA-16 = Under 16 needs accompanying parent or adult guardian. Known as M prior to August 16, 2004 (due to trademark issues). **Other related ratings include: ***MA-12 (created August 2004) ***MA-13 (created November 2005) ***MA-14 (created May 2011) ***MA-15 (created June 2005) (Trademark issues with the Australian Classification Board using it too.) ***MA-17 (created November 2005) ***MA-18 (created February 2007) *MO = Clearly adult. Children are not admitted. *MOL = Clearly adult, only licensed. Children are not admitted. * <span style="background:white; border:solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;'''White'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Suitable for all ages / Aimed at young audiences / Exempt / Not rated / No applicable rating''. * <span style="background:yellow; border:solid black 1px; color:black;">&nbsp;'''Yellow'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Parental guidance is suggested for designated age range''. * <span style="background:purple; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Purple'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Not recommended for a younger audience but not restricted''. * <span style="background:red; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Red'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Restricted: Parental accompaniment required for younger audiences''. * <span style="background:black; border:solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;'''Black'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Prohibitive: Exclusively for older audience / Restricted to licensed premises / Purchase age-restricted / Banned''. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Rating table <ref> Motion picture content rating system - Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system. Retrieved 08.27.2022. </ref> |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="3" style="text-align:left" | TFPMO | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | A | colspan="1" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-12 | colspan="2" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-13 | colspan="1" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-15 | colspan="2" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-16 | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | MO | style="background:white;"| CTC |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | AP | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-12 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-13 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-14 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-15 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-16 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-17 | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-18 | style="background:black; color: white;"| Banned |- | colspan="17" style="background:white;" | N/A | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | MOL | style="background:white;"| Exempt |- | colspan="23" style="background:lightgrey; height:1em;" | |- | colspan="23"| Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} ==References== i5ly05ycyekz2udbo4s2e6cpbbyehy7 540956 540954 2022-08-28T23:33:31Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} The Film and Publication Manager and Organization ratings are: *A = All ages admitted. *AP = Some material may be inappropriate for children. *AP-13 = Some material may be inappropriate for pre-teenagers. Parents strongly advised. Known as APS prior to March 17, 2002. **Other related ratings include: ***AP-12 (created March 2003) ***AP-15 (created March 2003) ***AP-16 (created June 2005) *MA-16 = Under 16 needs accompanying parent or adult guardian. Known as M prior to August 16, 2004 (due to trademark issues). **Other related ratings include: ***MA-12 (created August 2004) ***MA-13 (created November 2005) ***MA-14 (created May 2011) ***MA-15 (created June 2005) (Trademark issues with the Australian Classification Board using it too.) ***MA-17 (created November 2005) ***MA-18 (created February 2007) *MO = Clearly adult. Children are not admitted. *MOL = Clearly adult, only licensed. Children are not admitted. * <span style="background:white; border:solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;'''White'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Suitable for all ages / Aimed at young audiences / Exempt / Not rated / No applicable rating''. * <span style="background:yellow; border:solid black 1px; color:black;">&nbsp;'''Yellow'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Parental guidance is suggested for designated age range''. * <span style="background:purple; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Purple'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Not recommended for a younger audience but not restricted''. * <span style="background:red; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Red'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Restricted: Parental accompaniment required for younger audiences''. * <span style="background:black; border:solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;'''Black'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Prohibitive: Exclusively for older audience / Restricted to licensed premises / Purchase age-restricted / Banned''. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Rating table <ref> Motion picture content rating system - Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system. Retrieved 08.27.2022. </ref> |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="3" style="text-align:left" | TFPMO | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | A | colspan="1" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-12 | colspan="2" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-13 | colspan="1" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-15 | colspan="2" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-16 | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | MO | style="background:white;"| CTC |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | AP | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-12 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-13 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-14 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-15 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-16 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-17 | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-18 | style="background:black; color: white;"| Banned |- | colspan="17" style="background:white;" | N/A | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | MOL | style="background:white;"| Exempt |- | colspan="23" style="background:lightgrey; height:1em;" | Banned means it should not be sold or distributed anywhere, but it is legal to possess banned ones to those over 18 in most cases unless it violates the law. |- | colspan="23"| Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} ==References== 0pw4v7wbk974v618yhswuacx7nw2e5j 540957 540956 2022-08-28T23:41:12Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} The Film and Publication Manager and Organization ratings are: *A = All ages admitted. *AP = Some material may be inappropriate for children. *AP-13 = Some material may be inappropriate for pre-teenagers. Parents strongly advised. Known as APS prior to March 17, 2002. **Other related ratings include: ***AP-12 (created March 2003) ***AP-15 (created March 2003) ***AP-16 (created June 2005) *MA-16 = Under 16 needs accompanying parent or adult guardian. Known as M prior to August 16, 2004 (due to trademark issues). **Other related ratings include: ***MA-12 (created August 2004) ***MA-13 (created November 2005) ***MA-14 (created May 2011) ***MA-15 (created June 2005) (Trademark issues with the Australian Classification Board using it too.) ***MA-17 (created November 2005) ***MA-18 (created February 2007) *MO = Clearly adult. Children are not admitted. *MOL = Clearly adult, only licensed. Children are not admitted. * <span style="background:white; border:solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;'''White'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Suitable for all ages / Aimed at young audiences / Exempt / Not rated / No applicable rating''. * <span style="background:yellow; border:solid black 1px; color:black;">&nbsp;'''Yellow'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Parental guidance is suggested for designated age range''. * <span style="background:purple; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Purple'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Not recommended for a younger audience but not restricted''. * <span style="background:red; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Red'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Restricted: Parental accompaniment required for younger audiences''. * <span style="background:black; border:solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;'''Black'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Prohibitive: Exclusively for older audience / Restricted to licensed premises / Purchase age-restricted / Banned''. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Rating table <ref> Motion picture content rating system - Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system. Retrieved 08.27.2022. </ref> |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="3" style="text-align:left" | TFPMO | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | A | colspan="1" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-12 | colspan="2" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-13 | colspan="1" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-15 | colspan="2" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-16 | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | MO | style="background:white;"| CTC |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | AP | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-12 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-13 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-14 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-15 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-16 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-17 | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-18 | style="background:black; color: white;"| Banned |- | colspan="4" style="background:white;" | {{H:Title|Recommended for preschoolers under 5|P|dotted=yes}} | colspan="11" style="background:purple; color:white" | {{H:Title|Recommended for children between 5 and 15|C|dotted=yes}} | colspan="2" style="background:white;" | N/A | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | MOL | style="background:white;"| Exempt |- | colspan="23" style="background:lightgrey; height:1em;" | Banned means it should not be sold or distributed anywhere, but it is legal to possess banned ones to those over 18 in most cases unless it violates the law. |- | colspan="23"| Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} ==References== 2ztp5inizxaiponlyralcrnmr416ch2 540958 540957 2022-08-28T23:44:26Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} The Film and Publication Manager and Organization ratings are: *P = Recommended for preschoolers under 5. *C = Recommended for children between 5 and 15. *A = All ages admitted. *AP = Some material may be inappropriate for children. *AP-13 = Some material may be inappropriate for pre-teenagers. Parents strongly advised. Known as APS prior to March 17, 2002. **Other related ratings include: ***AP-12 (created March 2003) ***AP-15 (created March 2003) ***AP-16 (created June 2005) *MA-16 = Under 16 needs accompanying parent or adult guardian. Known as M prior to August 16, 2004 (due to trademark issues). **Other related ratings include: ***MA-12 (created August 2004) ***MA-13 (created November 2005) ***MA-14 (created May 2011) ***MA-15 (created June 2005) (Trademark issues with the Australian Classification Board using it too.) ***MA-17 (created November 2005) ***MA-18 (created February 2007) *MO = Clearly adult. Children are not admitted. *MOL = Clearly adult, only licensed. Children are not admitted. * <span style="background:white; border:solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;'''White'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Suitable for all ages / Aimed at young audiences / Exempt / Not rated / No applicable rating''. * <span style="background:yellow; border:solid black 1px; color:black;">&nbsp;'''Yellow'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Parental guidance is suggested for designated age range''. * <span style="background:purple; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Purple'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Not recommended for a younger audience but not restricted''. * <span style="background:red; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Red'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Restricted: Parental accompaniment required for younger audiences''. * <span style="background:black; border:solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;'''Black'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Prohibitive: Exclusively for older audience / Restricted to licensed premises / Purchase age-restricted / Banned''. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Rating table <ref> Motion picture content rating system - Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system. Retrieved 08.27.2022. </ref> |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="3" style="text-align:left" | TFPMO | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | A | colspan="1" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-12 | colspan="2" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-13 | colspan="1" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-15 | colspan="2" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-16 | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | MO | style="background:white;"| CTC |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | AP | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-12 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-13 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-14 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-15 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-16 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-17 | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-18 | style="background:black; color: white;"| Banned |- | colspan="4" style="background:white;" | P | colspan="11" style="background:purple; color:white" | C | colspan="2" style="background:white;" | N/A | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | MOL | style="background:white;"| Exempt |- | colspan="23" style="background:lightgrey; height:1em;" | Banned means it should not be sold or distributed anywhere, but it is legal to possess banned ones to those over 18 in most cases unless it violates the law. |- | colspan="23"| Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} ==References== eqjaxykkqauwwgp9mps58g2zxiwu591 540959 540958 2022-08-28T23:45:12Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} The Film and Publication Manager and Organization ratings are: *P = Recommended for preschoolers under 5. *C = Recommended for children between 5 and 15. *A = All ages admitted. *AP = Some material may be inappropriate for children. *AP-13 = Some material may be inappropriate for pre-teenagers. Parents strongly advised. Known as APS prior to March 17, 2002. **Other related ratings include: ***AP-12 (created March 2003) ***AP-15 (created March 2003) ***AP-16 (created June 2005) *MA-16 = Under 16 needs accompanying parent or adult guardian. Known as M prior to August 16, 2004 (due to trademark issues). **Other related ratings include: ***MA-12 (created August 2004) ***MA-13 (created November 2005) ***MA-14 (created May 2011) ***MA-15 (created June 2005) (Trademark issues with the Australian Classification Board using it too.) ***MA-17 (created November 2005) ***MA-18 (created February 2007) *MO = Clearly adult. Children are not admitted. *MOL = Clearly adult, only licensed. Children are not admitted. * <span style="background:white; border:solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;'''White'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Suitable for all ages / Aimed at young audiences / Exempt / Not rated / No applicable rating''. * <span style="background:yellow; border:solid black 1px; color:black;">&nbsp;'''Yellow'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Parental guidance is suggested for designated age range''. * <span style="background:purple; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Purple'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Not recommended for a younger audience but not restricted''. * <span style="background:red; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Red'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Restricted: Parental accompaniment required for younger audiences''. * <span style="background:black; border:solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;'''Black'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Prohibitive: Exclusively for older audience / Restricted to licensed premises / Purchase age-restricted / Banned''. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Rating table <ref> Motion picture content rating system - Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system. Retrieved 08.27.2022. </ref> |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="3" style="text-align:left" | TFPMO | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | A | colspan="1" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-12 | colspan="2" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-13 | colspan="1" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-15 | colspan="2" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-16 | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | MO | style="background:white;"| CTC |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | AP | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-12 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-13 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-14 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-15 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-16 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-17 | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-18 | style="background:black; color: white;"| Banned |- | colspan="4" style="background:white;" | P | colspan="11" style="background:purple; color:white" | C | colspan="2" style="background:white;" | N/A | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | MOL | style="background:white;"| Exempt |- | colspan="23" | Banned means it should not be sold or distributed anywhere, but it is legal to possess banned ones to those over 18 in most cases unless it violates the law. |- | colspan="23"| Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} ==References== dt7dcgjeq3jaw75bk7xwtjcj4z5woht 540960 540959 2022-08-28T23:47:15Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} The Film and Publication Manager and Organization ratings are: *P = Recommended for preschoolers under 5. *C = Recommended for children between 5 and 15. *A = All ages admitted. *AP = Some material may be inappropriate for children. *AP-13/T = Some material may be inappropriate for pre-teenagers. Parents strongly advised. Known as APS prior to March 17, 2002. **Other related ratings include: ***AP-12 (created March 2003) ***AP-15 (created March 2003) ***AP-16 (created June 2005) *MA-16 = Under 16 needs accompanying parent or adult guardian. Known as M prior to August 16, 2004 (due to trademark issues). **Other related ratings include: ***MA-12 (created August 2004) ***MA-13 (created November 2005) ***MA-14 (created May 2011) ***MA-15 (created June 2005) (Trademark issues with the Australian Classification Board using it too.) ***MA-17 (created November 2005) ***MA-18 (created February 2007) *MO = Clearly adult. Children are not admitted. *MOL = Clearly adult, only licensed. Children are not admitted. * <span style="background:white; border:solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;'''White'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Suitable for all ages / Aimed at young audiences / Exempt / Not rated / No applicable rating''. * <span style="background:yellow; border:solid black 1px; color:black;">&nbsp;'''Yellow'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Parental guidance is suggested for designated age range''. * <span style="background:purple; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Purple'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Not recommended for a younger audience but not restricted''. * <span style="background:red; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Red'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Restricted: Parental accompaniment required for younger audiences''. * <span style="background:black; border:solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;'''Black'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Prohibitive: Exclusively for older audience / Restricted to licensed premises / Purchase age-restricted / Banned''. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Rating table <ref> Motion picture content rating system - Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system. Retrieved 08.27.2022. </ref> |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="3" style="text-align:left" | TFPMO | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | A | colspan="1" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-12 | colspan="2" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-13/T | colspan="1" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-15 | colspan="2" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-16 | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | MO | style="background:white;"| CTC |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | AP | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-12 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-13 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-14 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-15 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-16 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-17 | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-18 | style="background:black; color: white;"| Banned |- | colspan="4" style="background:white;" | P | colspan="11" style="background:purple; color:white" | C | colspan="2" style="background:white;" | N/A | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | MOL | style="background:white;"| Exempt |- | colspan="23" | Banned means it should not be sold or distributed anywhere, but it is legal to possess banned ones to those over 18 in most cases unless it violates the law. |- | colspan="23"| Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} ==References== 5y6a45w8bkh0hbp1ug886twlk6sy0fh 540961 540960 2022-08-28T23:56:43Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} The Film and Publication Manager and Organization ratings are: *P = Recommended for preschoolers under 5. *C = Recommended for children between 5 and 15. *A = All ages admitted. *AP = Some material may be inappropriate for children. *AP-13/T = Some material may be inappropriate for pre-teenagers. Parents strongly advised. Known as APS prior to March 17, 2002. **Other related ratings include: ***AP-12 (created March 2003) ***AP-15 (created March 2003) ***AP-16 (created June 2005) *MA-16 = Under 16 needs accompanying parent or adult guardian. Known as M prior to August 16, 2004 (due to trademark issues). **Other related ratings include: ***MA-12 (created August 2004) ***MA-13 (created November 2005) ***MA-14 (created May 2011) ***MA-15 (created June 2005) (Trademark issues with the Australian Classification Board using it too.) ***MA-17 (created November 2005) ***MA-18 (created February 2007) *MO = Clearly adult. Children are not admitted. *MOL = Clearly adult, only licensed. Children are not admitted. *Banned = This should not be sold or distributed anywhere, but can be possessed in most cases unless it violates the law. *Exempt = Content that is exempt must not exceed the AP rating guidelines (or be advertised over that rating) and must be in the exempt forms. This includes such material as certain documentaries, scientific videos, artistic videos, educational videos, news, current affairs, sports, lifestyle shows, knowledge-based game shows, and other material that the organization recognizes as exempt. *CTC = Not yet rated. Check the rating and the classification later. ==Table== * <span style="background:white; border:solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;'''White'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Suitable for all ages / Aimed at young audiences / Exempt / Not rated / No applicable rating''. * <span style="background:yellow; border:solid black 1px; color:black;">&nbsp;'''Yellow'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Parental guidance is suggested for designated age range''. * <span style="background:purple; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Purple'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Not recommended for a younger audience but not restricted''. * <span style="background:red; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Red'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Restricted: Parental accompaniment required for younger audiences''. * <span style="background:black; border:solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;'''Black'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Prohibitive: Exclusively for older audience / Restricted to licensed premises / Purchase age-restricted / Banned''. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Rating table <ref> Motion picture content rating system - Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system. Retrieved 08.27.2022. </ref> |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="3" style="text-align:left" | TFPMO | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | A | colspan="1" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-12 | colspan="2" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-13/T | colspan="1" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-15 | colspan="2" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-16 | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | MO | style="background:white;"| CTC |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | AP | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-12 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-13 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-14 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-15 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-16 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-17 | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-18 | style="background:black; color: white;"| Banned |- | colspan="4" style="background:white;" | P | colspan="11" style="background:purple; color:white" | C | colspan="2" style="background:white;" | N/A | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | MOL | style="background:white;"| Exempt |- | colspan="23" | Banned means it should not be sold or distributed anywhere, but it is legal to possess banned ones to those over 18 in most cases unless it violates the law. |- | colspan="23"| Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} ==References== e6xp2w0pnag1ea69cumy2bievyg6vuk 540962 540961 2022-08-28T23:58:05Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} The Film and Publication Manager and Organization ratings are: *P = Recommended for preschoolers under 5. *C = Recommended for children between 5 and 15. *A = All ages admitted. *AP = Some material may be inappropriate for children. *AP-13/T = Some material may be inappropriate for pre-teenagers. Parents strongly advised. Known as APS prior to March 17, 2002. **Other related ratings include: ***AP-12 (created March 2003) ***AP-15 (created March 2003) ***AP-16 (created June 2005) *MA-16 = Under 16 needs accompanying parent or adult guardian. Known as M prior to August 16, 2004 (due to trademark issues). **Other related ratings include: ***MA-12 (created August 2004) ***MA-13/TA (created November 2005) ***MA-14 (created May 2011) ***MA-15 (created June 2005) (Trademark issues with the Australian Classification Board using it too.) ***MA-17 (created November 2005) ***MA-18 (created February 2007) *MO = Clearly adult. Children are not admitted. *MOL = Clearly adult, only licensed. Children are not admitted. *Banned = This should not be sold or distributed anywhere, but can be possessed in most cases unless it violates the law. *Exempt = Content that is exempt must not exceed the AP rating guidelines (or be advertised over that rating) and must be in the exempt forms. This includes such material as certain documentaries, scientific videos, artistic videos, educational videos, news, current affairs, sports, lifestyle shows, knowledge-based game shows, and other material that the organization recognizes as exempt. *CTC = Not yet rated. Check the rating and the classification later. ==Table== * <span style="background:white; border:solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;'''White'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Suitable for all ages / Aimed at young audiences / Exempt / Not rated / No applicable rating''. * <span style="background:yellow; border:solid black 1px; color:black;">&nbsp;'''Yellow'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Parental guidance is suggested for designated age range''. * <span style="background:purple; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Purple'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Not recommended for a younger audience but not restricted''. * <span style="background:red; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Red'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Restricted: Parental accompaniment required for younger audiences''. * <span style="background:black; border:solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;'''Black'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Prohibitive: Exclusively for older audience / Restricted to licensed premises / Purchase age-restricted / Banned''. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Rating table <ref> Motion picture content rating system - Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system. Retrieved 08.27.2022. </ref> |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="3" style="text-align:left" | TFPMO | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | A | colspan="1" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-12 | colspan="2" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-13/T | colspan="1" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-15 | colspan="2" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-16 | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | MO | style="background:white;"| CTC |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | AP | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-12 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-13/TA | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-14 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-15 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-16 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-17 | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-18 | style="background:black; color: white;"| Banned |- | colspan="4" style="background:white;" | P | colspan="11" style="background:purple; color:white" | C | colspan="2" style="background:white;" | N/A | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | MOL | style="background:white;"| Exempt |- | colspan="23" | Banned means it should not be sold or distributed anywhere, but it is legal to possess banned ones to those over 18 in most cases unless it violates the law. |- | colspan="23"| Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} ==References== 4f6tgpmw8xqbhyah921xu9zag95641t 540964 540962 2022-08-29T00:12:11Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} The Film and Publication Manager and Organization (or TFPMO) was founded in 1909. ==Ratings== The Film and Publication Manager and Organization ratings are: *P = Recommended for preschoolers under 5. *C = Recommended for children between 5 and 15. *A = All ages admitted. *AP = Some material may be inappropriate for children. *AP-13/T = Some material may be inappropriate for pre-teenagers. Parents strongly advised. Known as APS prior to March 17, 2002. **Other related ratings include: ***AP-12 (created March 2003) ***AP-15 (created March 2003) ***AP-16 (created June 2005) *MA-16 = Under 16 needs accompanying parent or adult guardian. Known as M prior to August 16, 2004 (due to trademark issues). **Other related ratings include: ***MA-12 (created August 2004) ***MA-13/TA (created November 2005) ***MA-14 (created May 2011) ***MA-15 (created June 2005) (Trademark issues with the Australian Classification Board using it too.) ***MA-17 (created November 2005) ***MA-18 (created February 2007) *MO = Clearly adult. Children are not admitted. *MOL = Clearly adult, only licensed. Children are not admitted. *Banned = This should not be sold or distributed anywhere, but can be possessed in most cases unless it violates the law. *Exempt = Content that is exempt must not exceed the AP rating guidelines (or be advertised over that rating) and must be in the exempt forms. This includes such material as certain documentaries, scientific videos, artistic videos, educational videos, news, current affairs, sports, lifestyle shows, knowledge-based game shows, and other material that the organization recognizes as exempt. *CTC = Not yet rated. Check the rating and the classification later. ===Table=== * <span style="background:white; border:solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;'''White'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Suitable for all ages / Aimed at young audiences / Exempt / Not rated / No applicable rating''. * <span style="background:yellow; border:solid black 1px; color:black;">&nbsp;'''Yellow'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Parental guidance is suggested for designated age range''. * <span style="background:purple; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Purple'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Not recommended for a younger audience but not restricted''. * <span style="background:red; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Red'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Restricted: Parental accompaniment required for younger audiences''. * <span style="background:black; border:solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;'''Black'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Prohibitive: Exclusively for older audience / Restricted to licensed premises / Purchase age-restricted / Banned''. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Rating table <ref> Motion picture content rating system - Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system. Retrieved 08.27.2022. </ref> |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="3" style="text-align:left" | TFPMO | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | A | colspan="1" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-12 | colspan="2" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-13/T | colspan="1" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-15 | colspan="2" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-16 | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | MO | style="background:white;"| CTC |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | AP | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-12 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-13/TA | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-14 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-15 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-16 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-17 | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-18 | style="background:black; color: white;"| Banned |- | colspan="4" style="background:white;" | P | colspan="11" style="background:purple; color:white" | C | colspan="2" style="background:white;" | N/A | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | MOL | style="background:white;"| Exempt |- | colspan="23" | Banned means it should not be sold or distributed anywhere, but it is legal to possess banned ones to those over 18 in most cases unless it violates the law. |- | colspan="23"| Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} ==History== ===Before 1963=== Before 1963, The organization could just either approve the material or not. The labels "Organization Approved" and "Organization Disapproved" may also be present. ===1963-1966=== At that time, the organization introduced the label "Organization Approved for Mature Audiences", showing that it contains material that is "not generally suitable for children and young teens". ===1966-present=== Instead of using just the 3 labels, it becomes a full rating system, and the organization has the power to rate films in an actual rating just like MPA starting in 1968. <ref> Multiple links: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_film_rating_system , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association . Retrieved 08.29.2022. ==References== blbkrevq4ofnmbonpii32lyi6rgms20 540965 540964 2022-08-29T00:12:28Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} The Film and Publication Manager and Organization (or TFPMO) was founded in 1909. ==Ratings== The Film and Publication Manager and Organization ratings are: *P = Recommended for preschoolers under 5. *C = Recommended for children between 5 and 15. *A = All ages admitted. *AP = Some material may be inappropriate for children. *AP-13/T = Some material may be inappropriate for pre-teenagers. Parents strongly advised. Known as APS prior to March 17, 2002. **Other related ratings include: ***AP-12 (created March 2003) ***AP-15 (created March 2003) ***AP-16 (created June 2005) *MA-16 = Under 16 needs accompanying parent or adult guardian. Known as M prior to August 16, 2004 (due to trademark issues). **Other related ratings include: ***MA-12 (created August 2004) ***MA-13/TA (created November 2005) ***MA-14 (created May 2011) ***MA-15 (created June 2005) (Trademark issues with the Australian Classification Board using it too.) ***MA-17 (created November 2005) ***MA-18 (created February 2007) *MO = Clearly adult. Children are not admitted. *MOL = Clearly adult, only licensed. Children are not admitted. *Banned = This should not be sold or distributed anywhere, but can be possessed in most cases unless it violates the law. *Exempt = Content that is exempt must not exceed the AP rating guidelines (or be advertised over that rating) and must be in the exempt forms. This includes such material as certain documentaries, scientific videos, artistic videos, educational videos, news, current affairs, sports, lifestyle shows, knowledge-based game shows, and other material that the organization recognizes as exempt. *CTC = Not yet rated. Check the rating and the classification later. ===Table=== * <span style="background:white; border:solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;'''White'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Suitable for all ages / Aimed at young audiences / Exempt / Not rated / No applicable rating''. * <span style="background:yellow; border:solid black 1px; color:black;">&nbsp;'''Yellow'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Parental guidance is suggested for designated age range''. * <span style="background:purple; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Purple'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Not recommended for a younger audience but not restricted''. * <span style="background:red; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Red'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Restricted: Parental accompaniment required for younger audiences''. * <span style="background:black; border:solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;'''Black'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Prohibitive: Exclusively for older audience / Restricted to licensed premises / Purchase age-restricted / Banned''. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Rating table <ref> Motion picture content rating system - Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system. Retrieved 08.27.2022. </ref> |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="3" style="text-align:left" | TFPMO | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | A | colspan="1" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-12 | colspan="2" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-13/T | colspan="1" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-15 | colspan="2" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-16 | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | MO | style="background:white;"| CTC |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | AP | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-12 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-13/TA | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-14 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-15 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-16 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-17 | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-18 | style="background:black; color: white;"| Banned |- | colspan="4" style="background:white;" | P | colspan="11" style="background:purple; color:white" | C | colspan="2" style="background:white;" | N/A | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | MOL | style="background:white;"| Exempt |- | colspan="23" | Banned means it should not be sold or distributed anywhere, but it is legal to possess banned ones to those over 18 in most cases unless it violates the law. |- | colspan="23"| Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} ==History== ===Before 1963=== Before 1963, The organization could just either approve the material or not. The labels "Organization Approved" and "Organization Disapproved" may also be present. ===1963-1966=== At that time, the organization introduced the label "Organization Approved for Mature Audiences", showing that it contains material that is "not generally suitable for children and young teens". ===1966-present=== Instead of using just the 3 labels, it becomes a full rating system, and the organization has the power to rate films in an actual rating just like MPA starting in 1968. <ref> Multiple links: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_film_rating_system , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association . Retrieved 08.29.2022. </ref> ==References== 2qgh671vyggshwljx70jpy0bbqz8qil 540966 540965 2022-08-29T00:14:27Z Vegrar81uyiA80 54966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox}} The Film and Publication Manager and Organization (or TFPMO) was founded in 1909. ==Ratings== The Film and Publication Manager and Organization ratings are: *P = Recommended for preschoolers under 5. *C = Recommended for children between 5 and 15. *A = All ages admitted. *AP = Some material may be inappropriate for children. *AP-13/T = Some material may be inappropriate for pre-teenagers. Parents strongly advised. Known as APS prior to March 17, 2002. **Other related ratings include: ***AP-12 (created March 2003) ***AP-15 (created March 2003) ***AP-16 (created June 2005) *MA-16 = Under 16 needs accompanying parent or adult guardian. Known as M prior to August 16, 2004 (due to trademark issues). **Other related ratings include: ***MA-12 (created August 2004) ***MA-13/TA (created November 2005) ***MA-14 (created May 2011) ***MA-15 (created June 2005) (Trademark issues with the Australian Classification Board using it too.) ***MA-17 (created November 2005) ***MA-18 (created February 2007) *MO = Clearly adult. Children are not admitted. *MOL = Clearly adult, only licensed. Children are not admitted. *Banned = This should not be sold or distributed anywhere, but can be possessed in most cases unless it violates the law. *Exempt = Content that is exempt must not exceed the AP rating guidelines (or be advertised over that rating) and must be in the exempt forms. This includes such material as certain documentaries, scientific videos, artistic videos, educational videos, news, current affairs, sports, lifestyle shows, knowledge-based game shows, and other material that the organization recognizes as exempt. *CTC = Not yet rated. Check the rating and the classification later. ===Table=== * <span style="background:white; border:solid black 1px; color: black;">&nbsp;'''White'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Suitable for all ages / Aimed at young audiences / Exempt / Not rated / No applicable rating''. * <span style="background:yellow; border:solid black 1px; color:black;">&nbsp;'''Yellow'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Parental guidance is suggested for designated age range''. * <span style="background:purple; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Purple'''&nbsp;</span> – ''No restrictions: Not recommended for a younger audience but not restricted''. * <span style="background:red; border:solid black 1px; color:white;">&nbsp;'''Red'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Restricted: Parental accompaniment required for younger audiences''. * <span style="background:black; border:solid black 1px; color: white;">&nbsp;'''Black'''&nbsp;</span> – ''Prohibitive: Exclusively for older audience / Restricted to licensed premises / Purchase age-restricted / Banned''. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ class="nowrap" | Rating table <ref> Motion picture content rating system - Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system. Retrieved 08.27.2022. </ref> |- ! Country !! 0/1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Other |- <!--EXAMPLE--> ! rowspan="3" style="text-align:left" | TFPMO | colspan="11" style="background:white;" | A | colspan="1" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-12 | colspan="2" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-13/T | colspan="1" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-15 | colspan="2" style="background:purple; color:white" | AP-16 | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | MO | style="background:white;"| CTC |- | colspan="11" style="background:yellow;" | AP | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-12 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-13/TA | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-14 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-15 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-16 | colspan="1" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-17 | colspan="4" style="background:red; color:white" | MA-18 | style="background:black; color: white;"| Banned |- | colspan="4" style="background:white;" | P | colspan="11" style="background:purple; color:white" | C | colspan="2" style="background:white;" | N/A | colspan="4" style="background:black; color:white" | MOL | style="background:white;"| Exempt |- | colspan="23" | Banned means it should not be sold or distributed anywhere, but it is legal to possess banned ones to those over 18 in most cases unless it violates the law. |- | colspan="23"| Where the highlighting starts for a particular rating indicates the lower age threshold for which the film is suitable, and any associated restrictions.<br /> Some ratings have two components: for example, Canada's 18A rating requires audiences aged between 14 and 18 to be accompanied by an adult in some provinces.<br /> In such instances the rating is represented by two highlights to indicate the two restrictions. |} ==History== ===Before 1963=== Before 1963, The organization could just either approve the material or not. The labels "Organization Approved" and "Organization Disapproved" may also be present. ===1963-1966=== At that time, the organization introduced the label "Organization Approved for Mature Audiences", showing that it contains material that is "not generally suitable for children and young teens". ===1966-present=== Instead of using just the 3 labels, it becomes a full rating system, and the organization has the power to rate films in an actual rating just like MPA starting in 1968. <ref> Motion Picture Association film rating system - Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_film_rating_system. Retrieved 08.29.2022. </ref> <ref> Motion Picture Association - Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association. Retrieved 08.29.2022. </ref> ==References== a6pxkgjtkg4jxdsyhf06779v8husx7c 2 145989 540993 2022-08-29T04:54:15Z Pywikibot-test 23124 Pywikibot 7.7.0.dev0 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 2600 145990 540994 2022-08-29T04:54:28Z Flow talk page manager 26836 /* This page has been converted into a Structured Discussions board */ flow-board application/json {"flow-workflow":"x249js4vshhuu3u8"} gxh807oc8x8x0g3cot0vtglm7w92oqg 0 145991 541015 2022-08-29T06:51:51Z JohanahoJ 37147 Redirected page to [[London]] wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[London]] t1vvkc3pobw51mqp2tqkbta1z8mzugm 2 145992 541044 2022-08-29T11:42:06Z Pywikibot-test 23124 Pywikibot 7.7.0.dev0 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 2 145993 541045 2022-08-29T11:42:09Z Pywikibot-test 23124 Pywikibot 7.6.0 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 2600 145994 541046 2022-08-29T11:42:16Z Flow talk page manager 26836 /* This page has been converted into a Structured Discussions board */ flow-board application/json {"flow-workflow":"x24w9d1v2y4t3rtp"} mf10fbd1snscrxw2wqtfbckqzbw4mjd 2600 145995 541047 2022-08-29T11:42:22Z Flow talk page manager 26836 /* This page has been converted into a Structured Discussions board */ flow-board application/json {"flow-workflow":"x24w9j2d7ldgf65k"} gqatvzrhgwzmpqni4q71qppfx6siey6