ความ

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  <page>
    <title>ความ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>30633</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5771038</id>
      <parentid>5449098</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T05:05:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ai Ku Karng</username>
        <id>17824</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ภาษาไทย */</comment>
      <origin>5771038</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2161" sha1="3e8jpe6hmmvy0567f3d4ld7n9igg2vj" xml:space="preserve">== ภาษาไทย ==

=== รูปแบบอื่น ===
* {{alt|th|ฅวาม||เลิกใช้}}

=== รากศัพท์ ===
{{inh+|th|tai-pro|*ɣwaːmᴬ}}; ร่วมเชื้อสายกับ{{cog|sou|ขว่าม}}, {{cog|tts|ควม}}, {{cog|lo|ຄວາມ}}, {{cog|nod|ᨤ᩠ᩅᩣ᩠ᨾ}}, {{cog|kkh|ᨣ᩠ᩅᩣ᩠ᨾ}}, {{cog|khb|ᦩᦱᧄ}} หรือ {{m|khb|ᦨᦱᧄ}}, {{cog|blt|ꪁꪫꪱꪣ}}, {{cog|twh|ꪅꪱꪣ}}, {{cog|shn|ၵႂၢမ်း}}, {{cog|tdd|ᥑᥣᥛᥰ}}, {{cog|aho|𑜁𑜪}} หรือ {{m|aho|𑜁𑜨𑜪}}, {{cog|za|vamz}}; เป็นไปได้ว่าเกี่ยวข้องกับ {{m|th|คำ}}

=== การออกเสียง ===
{{th-pron|คฺวาม}}

=== คำนาม ===
{{th-noun}}

# [[เรื่อง]]
#: {{ux|th|เนื้อความ}}
#: {{ux|th|เกิดความ}}
# [[อาการ]]
#: {{ux|th|ความทุกข์}}
#: {{ux|th|ความสุข}}
# [[คดี]]ที่[[ฟ้องร้อง]]กันใน[[โรงศาล]]
# {{lb|th|โบราณ}} [[ภาษา]]

=== อุปสรรค ===
{{head|th|อุปสรรค}}

# คำนำหน้า[[กริยา]]หรือ[[วิเศษณ์]] ทำให้เป็น[[อาการนาม]] เพื่อ[[แสดง]][[สภาพ]]
#: {{ux|th|ความตาย}}
#: {{ux|th|ความดี}}
#: {{ux|th|ความชั่ว}}

==== คำแปลภาษาอื่น ====
{{trans-top|คำนำหน้ากริยาหรือวิเศษณ์ที่ทำให้เป็นอาการนาม}}
* คำเมือง: {{t+|nod|ᨣᩤᩴ}}, {{t+|nod|ᨤ᩠ᩅᩣ᩠ᨾ}}
* ไทดำ: {{t+|blt|ꪩꪺꪉ}}
* ไทใหญ่: {{t+|shn|တၢင်း}}
* ลาว: {{t+|lo|ຄວາມ}}
{{trans-bottom}}

== ภาษาคำเมือง ==

=== คำนาม ===
{{nod-noun}}

# {{alternative form of|nod|ᨤ᩠ᩅᩣ᩠ᨾ}}

=== อุปสรรค ===
{{head|nod|อุปสรรค}}
# {{alternative form of|nod|ᨤ᩠ᩅᩣ᩠ᨾ}}</text>
      <sha1>3e8jpe6hmmvy0567f3d4ld7n9igg2vj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>โฟ๊ม</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>170437</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5771032</id>
      <parentid>4614348</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T03:07:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ai Ku Karng</username>
        <id>17824</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ภาษาแสก */</comment>
      <origin>5771032</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="302" sha1="4ndvzwbor3yw9p39xrbyxk0v5njp4vx" xml:space="preserve">{{also/auto}}

== ภาษาแสก ==

=== รากศัพท์ ===
{{bor+|skb|th|โฟม}}, จาก{{der|skb|en|foam}}

=== การออกเสียง ===
* {{IPA|skb|/foːm⁴/|[foːm˦˥˦]|a=บ้านบะหว้า}}

=== คำนาม ===
{{skb-noun}}

# [[โฟม]]</text>
      <sha1>4ndvzwbor3yw9p39xrbyxk0v5njp4vx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>วี๊</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>170450</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5771036</id>
      <parentid>1883702</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T04:04:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ai Ku Karng</username>
        <id>17824</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ภาษาแสก */</comment>
      <origin>5771036</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="527" sha1="bxf8x5q6p80u1uyh4fleulu0i54lwgl" xml:space="preserve">{{also/auto}}

== ภาษาแสก ==

=== รากศัพท์ ===
{{inh+|skb|tai-pro|*wɤjᴬ}}; ร่วมเชื้อสายกับ{{cog|th|ไฟ}}, {{cog|nod|ᨼᩱ}}, {{cog|lo|ໄຟ}}, {{cog|khb|ᦺᦝ}}, {{cog|blt|ꪼꪡ}}, {{cog|shn|ၽႆး}} หรือ {{m|shn|ၾႆး}}, {{cog|tdd|ᥜᥭᥰ}}, {{cog|za|feiz}}, {{cog|pcc|fix}}

=== การออกเสียง ===
* {{IPA|skb|/viː⁴/|[viː˦˥˦]|a=บ้านบะหว้า}}

=== คำนาม ===
{{skb-noun}}

# [[ไฟ]]</text>
      <sha1>bxf8x5q6p80u1uyh4fleulu0i54lwgl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ตร̂าว</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>170831</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5771031</id>
      <parentid>5757879</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T02:58:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ai Ku Karng</username>
        <id>17824</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ภาษาแสก */</comment>
      <origin>5771031</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="231" sha1="cet9utf1togg6o4nlv3jyxwa4z0sewr" xml:space="preserve">== ภาษาแสก ==

=== การออกเสียง ===
* {{IPA|skb|/traːw³/|[traːw˧˩ˀ]|a=บ้านบะหว้า}}

=== คำกริยา ===
{{skb-verb}}

# [[พูด]]
#: {{syn|skb|น̂อย}}</text>
      <sha1>cet9utf1togg6o4nlv3jyxwa4z0sewr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>เหร้ก</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>245320</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5771037</id>
      <parentid>4757235</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T04:08:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ai Ku Karng</username>
        <id>17824</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ภาษาแสก */</comment>
      <origin>5771037</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="450" sha1="s8ko4sbpe2d70fh9q34ptqlzpqpnrqs" xml:space="preserve">== ภาษาแสก ==

=== รากศัพท์ ===
ร่วมเชื้อสายกับ{{cog|th|เรียก}}, {{cog|tts|เฮียก}}, {{cog|lo|ຮຽກ}}, {{cog|khb|ᦵᦣᧅ}}, {{cog|shn|ႁဵၵ်ႈ}}, {{cog|aho|𑜍𑜢𑜀𑜫}}

=== การออกเสียง ===
* {{IPA|skb|/reːk̚⁵/|[reːk̚˥˨]|a=บ้านบะหว้า}}

=== คำกริยา ===
{{skb-verb}}

# [[เรียก]]</text>
      <sha1>s8ko4sbpe2d70fh9q34ptqlzpqpnrqs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ไฟ๊ฟ̂า</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>284320</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5771035</id>
      <parentid>5726588</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T03:58:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ai Ku Karng</username>
        <id>17824</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ภาษาแสก */</comment>
      <origin>5771035</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="718" sha1="1sp170bqrqfugljk8dsk8owh680s1kn" xml:space="preserve">{{also/auto}}

== ภาษาแสก ==

=== รากศัพท์ ===
{{bor+|skb|th|ไฟฟ้า}}; ร่วมเชื้อสายกับ{{cog|lo|ໄຟຟ້າ}}, {{cog|nod|ᨼᩱᨼ᩶ᩣ}}, {{cog|khb|ᦺᦝᦝᦱᧉ}}, {{cog|shn|ၽႆးၽႃႉ}} หรือ {{m|shn|ၾႆးၾႃႉ}}, {{cog|blt|ꪼꪡꪡ꫁ꪱ}}, {{cog|cbn|ฟัยฟาʔ}}, {{cog|thm|พัยพา}} หรือ {{m|thm|ฟัยฟา}}, {{cog|km|ហ្វៃហ្វា}}, {{cog|kxm|ไฟฟา}}, {{cog|mfa|فايفا}}

=== การออกเสียง ===
* {{IPA|skb|/faj⁴.faː³/|[faj˦˥˦.faː˧˩ˀ]|a=บ้านบะหว้า}}

=== คำนาม ===
{{skb-noun}}

# [[ไฟฟ้า]]</text>
      <sha1>1sp170bqrqfugljk8dsk8owh680s1kn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>มอดูล:it-verb</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>314009</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5771024</id>
      <parentid>2187081</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T02:28:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Octahedron80</username>
        <id>267</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>5771024</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="147771" sha1="hig1d304tdf8k95am5b4ngnoaevze15" xml:space="preserve">local export = {}


--[=[

Authorship: Ben Wing &lt;benwing2&gt;

]=]

--[=[

TERMINOLOGY:

-- &quot;slot&quot; = A particular combination of tense/mood/person/number/etc.
	 Example slot names for verbs are &quot;pres1p&quot; (present indicative first-person plural), &quot;impsub12s&quot; (imperfect
	 subjunctive first/second-person singular form) and &quot;pp&quot; (past participle).
	 Each slot is filled with zero or more forms.

-- &quot;form&quot; = The conjugated Italian form representing the value of a given slot.

-- &quot;lemma&quot; = The dictionary form of a given Italian term. For Italian, always the infinitive.
]=]

--[=[

RULES FOR CONJUGATION:

1. Present indicative:
-- Individual form overrides always take precedence.
-- Otherwise, if presrow: if given, this specifies all six forms (1s, 2s, 3s, 1p, 2p, 3p).
-- Otherwise:
   1. The 1s form is generated from the explicitly specified pres1s principal part.
   2. The 3p form is generated from the explicitly specified pres1s principal part by replacing -o with -ano (for -are verbs)
      or with -ono (for -ere/-ire verbs).
   3. The 2s and 3s forms are generated as follows:
      a. If an explicit pres3s principal part is given using PRES1S^PRES3S, the 2s/3s stem is generated by removing final -a/-e.
	  b. Otherwise, if an explicit stem was given using stem:, this serves as the 2s/3s stem.
	  c. Otherwise, if the infinitive is root-stressed, the 2s/3s stem comes from the infinitive. This is used e.g.
		 with [[togliere]] (tòlgo, tògli, tòglie, togliàmo, togliéte, tòlgono), where the stem of the 1s and 3p forms
		 is different from the stem of the 2s and 3s forms.
	  d. Otherwise, the pres1s stem is used.
	  From this stem, the 2s form is generated by adding -i (possibly with some adjustments; two unstressed i's
	  together are compressed to one, and -h- is inserted after the stem if the verb is an -are verb and the stem ends
	  with -c or -g), and the 3s form is generated by adding -a (for -are verbs) or -e (for -ere/-ire verbs).
   4. The 1p and 2p forms are generated from the infinitive stem (or explicit stem given by stem:) by adding -iàmo
      (1p form) and -àte/-éte/-ìte (2p form, -are/-ere/-ire verbs). We don't use the pres1s form because it might have
	  a different stem (e.g. +isc verbs).

2. Present subjunctive:
-- Individual form overrides always take precedence.
-- Otherwise, if subrow: if given, this specifies all four forms (123s, 1p, 2p, 3p).
-- Otherwise:
   1. If sub: is given, this specifies the 123s form; otherwise the 123s form is generated from the pres1s form by
   changing -o to -a (for -ere/-ire verbs), or to -i (for -are verbs). E.g. for [[venire]], vèngo -&gt; vènga;
   for [[potere]], pòsso -&gt; pòssa. sub: needs to be given for e.g. [[essere]] (pres1s sóno, sub1s sìa),
   [[sapere]] (pres1s sò* but sub1s sàppia), [[fare]] (pres1s fàccio:fò*[archaic or dialectal] but sub1s just fàccia),
   [[andare]] (similar to [[fare]]), [[dovere]].
   2. The 3p form is generated from the 123s form by adding -no.
   3. The 1p form is copied from the pres1p form.
   4. The 2p form is generated from the 1p form by replacing -mo with -te.

3. Imperative:
-- Individual form overrides always take precedence.
-- Otherwise, if improw: if given, this specifies 2s, 2p.
-- Otherwise:
   1. If imp: given, this specifies the 2s form; otherwise the 2s form is generated by copying the pres2s form
      (for -ere/-ire verbs) or by copying the pres3s form (for -are verbs). We use the present indicative 2s/3s
	  forms to preserve vowel and other alternations in the root-stressed forms (for all -are verbs, for
	  [[venire]] and [[tenere]], for +isc verbs, etc.).
   2. The 2p form is generated by copying the pres2p form.
   3. The 3s, 1p, 3p forms are copied from the corresponding present subjunctive forms.
]=]

--[=[

EXAMPLES OF CONJUGATION:

; Including archaic and literary forms:
{{it-conj|essere&lt;e\è\-,-,stàto:essùto[archaic]:sùto[archaic].
  presrow:sóno,sèi,è,siàmo:sémo[archaic],siète:sète[archaic],sóno:èmmo[archaic].
  imperfrow:èro:èra[literary],èri,èra,eravàmo:èramo[archaic],eravàte,èrano.
  phisrow:fùi,fósti:fùsti[archaic],fù*,fùmmo,fóste:fùste[archaic],fùrono:fùro[archaic]:fóre[archaic]:fòro[archaic].
  futrow:sarò,sarài,sarà:fìa[archaic]:fìe[archaic],sarémo,saréte,sarànno:fìano[archaic]:fìeno[archaic].
  condrow:sarèi:sarìa[archaic]:fòra[archaic],sarésti,sarèbbe:sarìa[archaic]:fòra[archaic],sarémmo,saréste,sarèbbero:sarìano[archaic]:fòro[archaic].
  subrow:sìa,siàmo,siàte,sìano:sìeno[literary].
  impsub:fóssi:fùssi[archaic].
  improw:sìi:siàte.
  ger:essèndo:sèndo[archaic].
  presp:essènte[rare]:ènte[archaic]
&gt;}}

{{it-conj|fare&lt;a/-,féci,fàtto.
  stem:fàce.
  presrow:fàccio:fò*[archaic or dialectal],fài,fà*,facciàmo,fàte,fànno.
  sub:fàccia.
  imp:fà*:fài:fà'
&gt;}}

{{it-conj|potere&lt;a:e[as an auxiliary, with main verbs taking ''essere'']/-,potéi:potètti[less common].
  presrow:pòsso,puòi,può*,possiàmo,potéte,pòssono.
  fut:potrò.
  imp:-
&gt;}}

{{it-conj|dire&lt;a/+,dìssi,détto.
  stem:dìce.
  pres2p:dìte.
  imp:dì':dì*!
&gt;}}

{{it-conj|dare&lt;a/-,dièdi:diédi:détti.
  phisstem:dé.
  presrow:dò*:dò*![less common],dài,dà*!,diàmo,dàte,dànno.
  fut:darò.
  sub:dìa.
  impsub:déssi.
 imp:dài:dà':dà*!
&gt;}}

; Including archaic and poetic forms:
{{it-conj|dovere&lt;a:e[as an auxiliary, with main verbs taking ''essere'']/-.
  presrow:
    dèvo:dévo:dèbbo:débbo:dèggio[archaic or poetic]:déggio[archaic or poetic],
    dèvi:dévi:dèi[archaic, poetic or popular Tuscan]:déi[archaic, poetic or popular Tuscan],
    dève:déve:dèe[archaic, poetic or popular Tuscan]:dée[archaic, poetic or popular Tuscan]:dèbbe[archaic]:débbe[archaic],
    dobbiàmo,
    dovéte,
	dèvono:dévono:dèbbono:débbono:dènno[archaic or poetic]:dénno[archaic or poetic].
  fut:dovrò.
  sub:dèbba:débba:dèva[rare]:déva[rare]:dèggia[archaic or poetic]:déggia[archaic or poetic]:dèbbia[obsolete]:débbia[obsolete].
  imp:-
&gt;}}

{{it-conj|andare&lt;e/-.
  presrow:vàdo:vò*[less common],vài,và*,andiàmo,andàte,vànno.
  fut:andrò.
  sub:vàda.
  imp:vài:và':và*
&gt;}}

{{it-conj|valere&lt;e:a[transitive]/vàlgo^à,vàlsi,vàlso.fut:varrò&gt;}}

{{it-conj|vedere&lt;a/védo:véggo[literary]:véggio[poetic]^é,vìdi,vìsto:vedùto[less popular].
  fut:vedrò
&gt;}}

{{it-conj|venire&lt;e/vèngo:vègno[archaic or poetic]^viène,vénni,venùto.
  fut:verrò
&gt;}}

{{it-conj|sapere&lt;a:e[as an auxiliary, with main verbs taking ''essere'']/-,sèppi.
  presrow:sò*,sài,sà*,sappiàmo,sapéte,sànno.
  fut:saprò.
  sub:sàppia.
  improw:sàppi:sappiàte
&gt;}}

{{it-conj|piacere&lt;e/piàccio^piàce,piàcqui.pres1p:piacciàmo&gt;}}

{{it-conj|comparire&lt;e/compàio:+isc[less common]^à:+isc[less common],compàrvi:comparìi[less common]:compàrsi[in the legal sense],compàrso:comparìto[rare]&gt;}}

{{it-conj|togliere&lt;a\ò\tòlgo,tòlsi,tòlto.fut:+:torrò[literary]&gt;}}

{{it-conj|condurre&lt;a\+,condùssi,condótto.stem:condùce&gt;}}

{{it-conj|proporre&lt;a\ó+\propóngo,propósi,propósto:propòsto.stem:propóne&gt;}}

{{it-conj|trarre&lt;a\tràggo,tràssi,tràtto.stem:tràe&gt;}}


; Third-person only verbs:

{{it-conj|bufare&lt;e/ù.impers&gt;}}

{{it-verb|accadere&lt;e/à+,accàdde.fut:accadrà.thirdonly&gt;}}

{{it-verb|volerci&lt;e/vuòle,vòlle.fut:vorrà.sub:vòglia.impers&gt;}}

; Defective verbs:

{{it-verb|redire&lt;a/rièdo,-,redìto.imperf:-.fut:-.impsub:-&gt;}}

{{it-verb|serpere&lt;-\è,+,-&gt;}}

; Multiword expressions:

{{it-verb|tenere&lt;a/tèngo^tiène,ténni.fut:terrò&gt; [[d']][[occhio]]}}

{{it-conj|trascinare&lt;a/ì&gt; e rilasciare&lt;a/à&gt;}}

]=]

--[=[

FIXME:

1. Fix inf_linked and lemma_linked to work like in [[Module:es-verb]]. (DONE)
2. Finish support for reflexive and pronominal verbs. (DONE)
3. Finish support for reflexive and pronominal imperatives. (DONE)
4. Finish support for negative imperatives. (DONE)
5. Fix handling of third-only verbs; require that irregular forms be specified in the first person.
   Remove existing half-implemented support for specifying principal parts in the third person. (DONE)
6. Support defective verbs specified using e.g. redire&lt;a/rièdo,-,redìto.imperf:-.fut:-.impsub:-&gt;.
   Include categorization; but if row overrides or single overrides of all forms given, don't categorize
   as defective for that row. (DONE)
7. Fix handling of aux; snarf code from [[Module:de-verb]] to handle aux with multiword expressions. (DONE)
8. Add automatic support for common irregular verbs: [[essere]], [[avere]], [[andare]], [[fare]], [[dare]],
   [[dire]], [[venire]], [[vedere]], [[tenere]], [[bere]], etc. Should make combinations of these verbs
   with clitics, and multiword expressions with these verbs, easier to handle. (DONE)
9. Add support for calling from {{it-verb}} in [[Module:it-headword]]. (DONE)
10. Throw an error if forms missing accents are specified (perhaps except with some special signal, to make
    it easier to port the old [[Module:it-conj]]).
11. Consider adding combined clitic tables like in [[Module:es-verb]].
12. Consider adding automatic support for prefixed -fare verbs. (DONE)
13. Consider displaying irregular forms in a different color, as with the old [[Module:es-conj]], or adding
   a triangle next to them, as with [[Module:ru-verb]].
14. Consider supporting replace_reflexive_indicators().
15. Add late (post-clitic-addition) overrides. (DONE)
16. PRES/PAST/PP spec should be required to come first to avoid ambiguities. (DONE)
17. Add variant codes to avoid mismatching variants in the conditional -èbbe/-ébbe, -éttero vs. érono, etc.
18. If explicit fut: given, it should control the conditional as well. (DONE)
19. If present -, sub:- or imp:-, it should suppress the whole row in the absence of row or individual overrides.
20. 'ci ci vuole' should maybe -&gt; 'a noi ci vuole' instead of 'ci vuole'.
21. Instead of * before, use ! after so that * before can be used for reconstructed terms. (DONE)
22. When handling built-in verbs, automatically add + after vowel in cases like comporre. (DONE; HANDLED AUTOMATICALLY)
23. When handling built-in verbs, make sure we correctly handle root-stressed infinitives. (DONE)
24. When handling built-in verbs, make sure explicit ! afterwards is handled as if automatically there when a
    prefix is added, and make sure final accent is handled correct when a prefix is added. In both cases, verify
	both sfare and rifare, sdarsi and ridare. (DONE)
25. When handling built-in verbs, make sure we handle prefixes correctly w.r.t. negative imperatives. (DONE)
26. Support ref: in footnotes. (DONE)
27. Finish built-in -ire verbs.
28. Implement error(&quot;If past participle given as '-', auxiliary must be explicitly specified as '-'&quot;). (DONE)
29. Make present participles default to enabled. (DONE)
30. Instead of a qualifier for syntactic gemination, use a superscripted symbol with a tooltip, as for {{it-IPA}}.
    Do this automatically for multisyllabic terms ending in a stressed vowel, but don't do it if the verb ends up
	non-final, as in [[andare a letto]].
31. [[darsi]]: imp2s is wrong; it generates [[datti|dàtti]] and also [[dàtti]] (which is wrong) (DONE)
32. [[liquefare]]: forms like liquefà missing the indication of following syntactic gemination; it should be automatic
    in multisyllabic words.
33. [[ridare]] has ridò with a syntactic gemination footnote, but liquefà doesn't have it (see #32). It should be a
    tooltip.
34. Add 'addnote[SLOT_SPEC]' to make [[tangere]] with disused 1s/2s/1p/2p easier to handle. (DONE)
35. Throw an error if comma seen in single form specs like 'imp:'. (DONE)
36. Overrides like phis:+[rare] of [[affarsi]] using built-in @ (from [[fare]]) don't properly pick up the irregular
    built-in forms. (DONE)
37. Overrides like phis:afféci[rare] of [[affarsi]] using built-in @ (from [[fare]]) get the prefix duplicated. (DONE)
38. Support negated addnote like 'addnote[-pres3s][rare]'. (DONE)
39. Support comma-separated addnote spec for the equivalent of alternation. (DONE)
40. Issue an error if addnote spec has no effect. (DONE)
41. Support verbs in -gliela like [[fargliela]]. (DONE)
42. Support /\ notation for optional root-stressed infinitive with ending first, for [[suadere]] and derivatives. (DONE)
43. Support verbs in -gli like [[mancargli qualche rotella]]. (DONE)
44. Correctly incorporate links in multiword expressions from [[Module:it-headword]] so the autolinking algorithm there
    works (e.g. for [[portare il cervello all'ammasso]]) and head=~... specs are correctly propagated. (DONE)
45. Support head= with the verb as part of a larger bracketed expression, e.g. for [[stare a vedere]],
    {{it-verb|e/@|head=[[stare a]] [[vedere]]}}. (DONE)
46. Expand addnote[] notation to support references (maybe needs no work)?
47. Support verbs in -glire ([[boglire]], [[inorgoglire]], [[saglire]], etc.) correctly. (DONE)
--]=]

local lang = require(&quot;Module:languages&quot;).getByCode(&quot;it&quot;)
local m_string_utilities = require(&quot;Module:string utilities&quot;)
local m_links = require(&quot;Module:links&quot;)
local m_table = require(&quot;Module:table&quot;)
local iut = require(&quot;Module:inflection utilities&quot;)
local put = require(&quot;Module:parse utilities&quot;)
local com_module = &quot;Module:it-common&quot;
local m_builtin

local force_cat = false -- set to true for debugging
local check_for_red_links = false -- set to false for debugging

local u = require(&quot;Module:string/char&quot;)
local rfind = mw.ustring.find
local rsubn = mw.ustring.gsub
local rmatch = mw.ustring.match
local rsplit = mw.text.split
local ulower = mw.ustring.lower
local uupper = mw.ustring.upper
local usub = mw.ustring.sub
local ulen = mw.ustring.len
local unfd = mw.ustring.toNFD
local unfc = mw.ustring.toNFC
local unpack = unpack or table.unpack -- Lua 5.2 compatibility

-- version of rsubn() that discards all but the first return value
local function rsub(term, foo, bar)
	local retval = rsubn(term, foo, bar)
	return retval
end

local GR = u(0x0300)
local V = &quot;[aeiou]&quot;
local NV = &quot;[^aeiou]&quot;
local AV = &quot;[àèéìòóù]&quot;
local MAV = &quot;[aeiouàèéìòóù]&quot; -- maybe-accented vowel
local NMAV = &quot;[^aeiouàèéìòóù]&quot; -- not maybe-accented vowel

local PRESERVE_ACCENT = u(0xFFF0)

local full_person_number_list = {&quot;1s&quot;, &quot;2s&quot;, &quot;3s&quot;, &quot;1p&quot;, &quot;2p&quot;, &quot;3p&quot;}
local imp_person_number_list = {&quot;2s&quot;, &quot;3s&quot;, &quot;1p&quot;, &quot;2p&quot;, &quot;3p&quot;}

-- Used only in error messages concerning the principal part for a given row, to generate the English description
-- (by concatenating the following person/number description to the overall description for the row, taken from
-- the `.desc` element of the rowspec).
local principal_part_person_number_desc = {
	[&quot;1s&quot;] = &quot;first-singular &quot;,
	[&quot;12s&quot;] = &quot;first/second-singular &quot;,
	[&quot;123s&quot;] = &quot;first/second/third-singular &quot;,
	[&quot;2s&quot;] = &quot;second-singular &quot;,
	[&quot;&quot;] = &quot;&quot;,
}

local all_verb_slots = {
	{&quot;aux&quot;, &quot;-&quot;},
}

-- Used to create the accelerator entries in all_verb_slots.
local person_number_tag_prefix = {
	[&quot;1s&quot;] = &quot;1|s|&quot;,
	[&quot;2s&quot;] = &quot;2|s|&quot;,
	[&quot;3s&quot;] = &quot;3|s|&quot;,
	[&quot;1p&quot;] = &quot;1|p|&quot;,
	[&quot;2p&quot;] = &quot;2|p|&quot;,
	[&quot;3p&quot;] = &quot;3|p|&quot;,
	[&quot;&quot;] = &quot;&quot;, -- used for non-finite forms such as the past participle
}

substitutable_reflexive_pronoun = {
	[&quot;si&quot;] = {
		[&quot;1s&quot;] = &quot;[[mi]]&quot;,
		[&quot;2s&quot;] = &quot;[[ti]]&quot;,
		[&quot;3s&quot;] = &quot;[[si]]&quot;,
		[&quot;1p&quot;] = &quot;[[ci]]&quot;,
		[&quot;2p&quot;] = &quot;[[vi]]&quot;,
		[&quot;3p&quot;] = &quot;[[si]]&quot;,
		[&quot;nf&quot;] = &quot;[[si]]&quot;,
	},
	[&quot;se&quot;] = {
		[&quot;1s&quot;] = &quot;[[me]]&quot;,
		[&quot;2s&quot;] = &quot;[[te]]&quot;,
		[&quot;3s&quot;] = &quot;[[se]]&quot;,
		[&quot;1p&quot;] = &quot;[[ce]]&quot;,
		[&quot;2p&quot;] = &quot;[[ve]]&quot;,
		[&quot;3p&quot;] = &quot;[[se]]&quot;,
		[&quot;nf&quot;] = &quot;[[se]]&quot;,
	},
	[&quot;si_no_ci&quot;] = {
		[&quot;1s&quot;] = &quot;[[mi]]&quot;,
		[&quot;2s&quot;] = &quot;[[ti]]&quot;,
		[&quot;3s&quot;] = &quot;[[si]]&quot;,
		[&quot;1p&quot;] = &quot;&quot;,
		[&quot;2p&quot;] = &quot;[[vi]]&quot;,
		[&quot;3p&quot;] = &quot;[[si]]&quot;,
		[&quot;nf&quot;] = &quot;[[si]]&quot;,
	},
	[&quot;si_no_vi&quot;] = {
		[&quot;1s&quot;] = &quot;[[mi]]&quot;,
		[&quot;2s&quot;] = &quot;[[ti]]&quot;,
		[&quot;3s&quot;] = &quot;[[si]]&quot;,
		[&quot;1p&quot;] = &quot;[[ci]]&quot;,
		[&quot;2p&quot;] = &quot;&quot;,
		[&quot;3p&quot;] = &quot;[[si]]&quot;,
		[&quot;nf&quot;] = &quot;[[si]]&quot;,
	},
	[&quot;space_no_ci&quot;] = {
		[&quot;1s&quot;] = &quot; &quot;,
		[&quot;2s&quot;] = &quot; &quot;,
		[&quot;3s&quot;] = &quot; &quot;,
		[&quot;1p&quot;] = &quot;&quot;,
		[&quot;2p&quot;] = &quot; &quot;,
		[&quot;3p&quot;] = &quot; &quot;,
		[&quot;nf&quot;] = &quot; &quot;,
	},
	[&quot;space_no_vi&quot;] = {
		[&quot;1s&quot;] = &quot; &quot;,
		[&quot;2s&quot;] = &quot; &quot;,
		[&quot;3s&quot;] = &quot; &quot;,
		[&quot;1p&quot;] = &quot; &quot;,
		[&quot;2p&quot;] = &quot;&quot;,
		[&quot;3p&quot;] = &quot; &quot;,
		[&quot;nf&quot;] = &quot; &quot;,
	},
}

-- FIXME, the following broken and not yet used
local reflexive_forms = {
	[&quot;si&quot;] = {&quot;mi&quot;, &quot;ti&quot;, &quot;si&quot;, &quot;ci&quot;, &quot;vi&quot;, &quot;si&quot;},
	[&quot;suo&quot;] = {&quot;mìo&quot;, &quot;tùo&quot;, &quot;sùo&quot;, &quot;nòstro&quot;, &quot;vòstro&quot;, &quot;sùo&quot;},
	[&quot;sua&quot;] = {&quot;mìa&quot;, &quot;tùa&quot;, &quot;sùa&quot;, &quot;nòstra&quot;, &quot;vòstra&quot;, &quot;sùa&quot;},
	[&quot;suoi&quot;] = {&quot;mièi&quot;, &quot;tuòi&quot;, &quot;suòi&quot;, &quot;nòstri&quot;, &quot;vòstri&quot;, &quot;suòi&quot;},
	[&quot;sue&quot;] = {&quot;mìe&quot;, &quot;tùe&quot;, &quot;sùe&quot;, &quot;nòstre&quot;, &quot;vòstre&quot;, &quot;sùe&quot;},
}


local function remove_accents(form)
	return rsub(form, AV, function(v) return usub(unfd(v), 1, 1) end)
end


-- Map a function over `forms` (a list of form objects of the form {form=FORM, footnotes=FOOTNOTES}) and modify the
-- form objects in `forms` in-place. If `include_footnotes` is given, the function is called with two arguments
-- (the existing form and footnotes) and should return two arguments, the new form and footnotes; otherwise, the
-- function is called with one argument (the existing form) and should return the new form.
--
-- WARNING: This is dangerous and should only be done near the end.
local function map_side_effecting_forms(forms, fun, include_footnotes)
	for _, form in ipairs(forms) do
		if form.form ~= &quot;?&quot; then
			if include_footnotes then
				local new_form, new_footnotes = fun(form.form, form.footnotes)
				form.form = new_form
				form.footnotes = new_footnotes
			else
				local new_form = fun(form.form)
				form.form = new_form
			end
		end
	end
end


-- Add links around words. If multiword_only, do it only in multiword forms.
local function add_links(form, multiword_only)
	if form == &quot;&quot; or form == &quot; &quot; then
		return form
	end
	if not form:find(&quot;%[%[&quot;) then
		if rfind(form, &quot;[%s%p]&quot;) then --optimization to avoid loading [[Module:headword]] on single-word forms
			local m_headword = require(&quot;Module:headword&quot;)
			if m_headword.head_is_multiword(form) then
				form = m_headword.add_multiword_links(form)
			end
		end
		if not multiword_only and not form:find(&quot;%[%[&quot;) then
			form = &quot;[[&quot; .. form .. &quot;]]&quot;
		end
	end
	return form
end


-- Add suffix to form, removing the PRESERVE_ACCENT notation if present (as for [[datti]] of [[dare]]).
local function add_suffix_to_form(form, suffix)
	if suffix ~= &quot;&quot; then
		return rsub(form, PRESERVE_ACCENT, &quot;&quot;) .. suffix
	else
		return form
	end
end


local function convert_accented_links_in_text(text)
	local need_preserve_accent_note = false
	local retval = rsub(text, &quot;%[%[([^%[%]|]+)%]%]&quot;,
		function(linktext)
			if rfind(linktext, PRESERVE_ACCENT) then
				linktext = rsub(linktext, PRESERVE_ACCENT, &quot;&quot;)
				need_preserve_accent_note = true
			elseif rfind(linktext, &quot;^.*&quot; .. MAV .. &quot;.*&quot; .. AV .. &quot;$&quot;) then
				-- Final accented vowel with preceding vowel; keep accent.
			else
				local unaccented = remove_accents(linktext)
				if unaccented == linktext then
					-- keep linktext
				else
					linktext = unaccented .. &quot;|&quot; .. linktext
				end
			end
			return &quot;[[&quot; .. linktext .. &quot;]]&quot;
		end)
	return retval, need_preserve_accent_note
end


-- Convert links around accented words to two-part links without extra accents. Remove PRESERVE_ACCENT characters,
-- and if necessary, insert a footnote indicating that a written accent on a monosyllabic verb is preserved.
local function convert_accented_links(alternant_multiword_spec)
	for slot, forms in pairs(alternant_multiword_spec.forms) do
		-- Side-effect the forms to save memory.
		map_side_effecting_forms(forms, function(form, footnotes)
			local new_form, need_preserve_accent_note = convert_accented_links_in_text(form)
			if need_preserve_accent_note then
				footnotes = iut.combine_footnotes(footnotes, {&quot;[with written accent]&quot;})
			end
			return new_form, footnotes
		end, &quot;include footnotes&quot;)
	end
end


local function strip_spaces(text)
	return rsub(text, &quot;^%s*(.-)%s*$&quot;, &quot;%1&quot;)
end


-- Like put.split_alternating_runs() but strips spaces from both ends of the odd-numbered elements (only in
-- odd-numbered runs if preserve_splitchar is given). Effectively we leave alone the footnotes and splitchars
-- themselves, but otherwise strip extraneous spaces. Spaces in the middle of an element are also left alone.
local function split_alternating_runs_and_strip_spaces(segment_runs, splitchar, preserve_splitchar)
	local split_runs = put.split_alternating_runs(segment_runs, splitchar, preserve_splitchar)
	for i, run in ipairs(split_runs) do
		if not preserve_splitchar or i % 2 == 1 then
			for j, element in ipairs(run) do
				if j % 2 == 1 then
					run[j] = strip_spaces(element)
				end
			end
		end
	end
	return split_runs
end


local function check_not_null(base, form, spec, principal_part_desc)
	if not form then
		error((&quot;Spec '%s' cannot be used because default %s cannot be derived from '%s'&quot;):format(
			spec, principal_part_desc, base.lemma))
	end
end


-- Indicate whether to skip `slot` when conjugating. If `checking_defective` is given, we are checking for defective
-- rows and only want certain user-specified indicators respected.
local function skip_slot(base, slot, checking_defective)
	if not checking_defective then
		if base.props.nofinite and slot:find(&quot;[123]&quot;) then
			-- Skip all finite (1/2/3-person) slots.
			return true
		end
		if base.props.presonly and slot:find(&quot;[123]&quot;) and not slot:find(&quot;^pres&quot;) then
			-- Skip all finite (1/2/3-person) slots except the present indicative.
			return true
		end
		if base.props.no_root_stressed and (slot:find(&quot;[123]s&quot;) or slot:find(&quot;3p&quot;)) and (
			slot:find(&quot;^pres&quot;) or slot:find(&quot;^sub&quot;) or slot:find(&quot;^imp[123]&quot;) or slot:find(&quot;^negimp&quot;)
		) then
			-- Skip all 1s/2s/3s/3p slots in the present indicative and subjunctive and the imperative.
			-- Beware of impsub slots.
			return true
		end
	end
	if base.props.impers or base.props.thirdonly then
		-- Impersonal or third-person-only verb.
		if slot:find(&quot;[12]&quot;) and not slot:find(&quot;3&quot;) then
			-- Skip slots for 1/2 person that don't also reference 3rd person (hence we don't skip sub123s).
			return true
		end
		if slot:find(&quot;^imp[123]&quot;) or slot:find(&quot;^negimp&quot;) then
			-- Skip all imperative slots, including third-person ones. Beware of impsub slots.
			return true
		end
	end
	if base.props.impers and slot:find(&quot;3p&quot;) then
		-- Skip third plural slots for impersonal verbs.
		return true
	end
	return false
end


local function erase_suppressed_slots(base)
	for _, slot_spec in ipairs(all_verb_slots) do
		local slot, accel = unpack(slot_spec)
		if skip_slot(base, slot) then
			base.forms[slot] = nil
		end
	end
end


local function substitute_reflexive_pronoun(text, persnum)
	return rsub(text, &quot;&lt;(.-)&gt;&quot;, function(refl)
		return substitutable_reflexive_pronoun[refl][persnum]
	end)
end


local function escape_reflexive_indicators(arg1)
	-- FIXME, broken and not yet used
	if not arg1:find(&quot;pron&gt;&quot;) then
		return arg1
	end
	local segments = put.parse_balanced_segment_run(arg1, &quot;&lt;&quot;, &quot;&gt;&quot;)
	-- Loop over every other segment. The even-numbered segments are angle-bracket specs while
	-- the odd-numbered segments are the text between them.
	for i = 2, #segments - 1, 2 do
		if segments[i] == &quot;&lt;pron&gt;&quot; then
			segments[i] = &quot;⦃⦃pron⦄⦄&quot;
		end
	end
	return table.concat(segments)
end


local function undo_escape_form(form)
	-- FIXME, broken and not yet used
	return rsub(rsub(form, &quot;⦃⦃&quot;, &quot;&lt;&quot;), &quot;⦄⦄&quot;, &quot;&gt;&quot;)
end


local function remove_reflexive_indicators(form)
	-- FIXME, broken and not yet used
	return rsub(form, &quot;⦃⦃.-⦄⦄&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
end


local function replace_reflexive_indicators(slot, form)
	-- FIXME, broken and not yet used
	if not form:find(&quot;⦃&quot;) then
		return form
	end
	error(&quot;Internal error: replace_reflexive_indicators not implemented yet&quot;)
end


-- Add the `stem` to the `ending` for the given `slot` and apply any phonetic modifications.
local function combine_stem_ending(base, slot, stem, ending)
	-- Add h after c/g in -are forms to preserve the sound.
	if base.conj_vowel == &quot;à&quot; and stem:find(&quot;[cg]$&quot;) and rfind(ending, &quot;^[eèéiì]&quot;) then
		stem = stem .. &quot;h&quot;
	end

	-- Handle [[boglire]], [[inorgoglire]], [[saglire]], etc.
	if base.conj_vowel == &quot;ì&quot; and stem:find(&quot;gl$&quot;) and not rfind(ending, &quot;^[iì]&quot;) then
		stem = stem .. &quot;i&quot;
	end

	-- Two unstressed i's coming together compress to one.
	if ending:find(&quot;^i&quot;) then
		stem = rsub(stem, &quot;i$&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
	end

	-- Remove accents from stem if ending is accented.
	if rfind(ending, AV) then
		stem = remove_accents(stem)
	end

	return stem .. ending
end


local function add_forms(base, slot, stems, endings, allow_overrides)
	local function do_combine_stem_ending(stem, ending)
		return combine_stem_ending(base, slot, stem, ending)
	end
	iut.add_forms(base.forms, slot, stems, endings, do_combine_stem_ending)
end


local function insert_forms(base, slot, forms)
	iut.insert_forms(base.forms, slot, forms)
end


local function copy_forms(base, slot, forms)
	-- When copying forms, clone the form objects because in various later places, we side-effect existing form objects
	-- and don't want any shared objects.
	insert_forms(base, slot, mw.clone(forms))
end


local function general_list_form_contains_form(list, form, process_form)
	if not list then
		-- general_list_form_contains_form() is used to determine whether the defaults in `list` contain a given form; if not, that
		-- row is irregular. If there are no defaults, any form is irregular.
		return false
	end
	for _, formobj in ipairs(list) do
		local formobj_form = formobj.form
		if process_form then
			formobj_form = process_form(formobj_form)
		end
		if formobj_form == form then
			return true
		end
	end
	return false
end


-- Parse a raw form that may be decorated with !, # or similar before it and * or ! after it. Return three values:
-- the prespec, bare form and postspec.
local function parse_decorated_form(form)
	return rmatch(form, &quot;^([!#]*)(.-)([*!]*)$&quot;)
end


-- Process the user-given specs in `specs` in order to generate verb forms, and insert the resulting forms into
-- `destforms`[`slot`]. If the destination slot has no forms yet (i.e. it is nil), it will be first set to {}.
-- Duplicate forms will not be inserted.
--
-- `specs` is a list of objects of the form {form = SPEC, footnotes = FOOTNOTES}, where FOOTNOTES is a list of
-- user-specified footnotes/qualifiers (given after the spec using brackets) or nil if no footnotes. `specs` can be
-- nil, which is equivalent to specifying &quot;+&quot; to request the default. A given SPEC may be &quot;-&quot; to indicate that the
-- corresponding forms are missing, or be decorated with preceding decorators like !! (= &quot;elevated style&quot;),
-- ! (= &quot;careful style&quot;) or # (= &quot;traditional&quot;), or with following decorators like ! (= preserve monosyllabic accent),
-- * (= verb form triggers syntactic gemination of following consonant), ** (= verb form triggers optional syntactic
-- gemination).
--
-- Processing is done by calling `generate_forms` on each spec after stripping decorators. If spec is &quot;+&quot;, that will be
-- passed directly to `generate_forms`, but if spec is &quot;-&quot;, `generate_forms` will not be called. The return value of
-- `generate_forms` can be anything that is convertible to a list of {form = SPEC, footnotes = FOOTNOTES} objects using
-- iut.convert_to_general_list_form(). In other words, it can be a single string (a form), a single object of the form
-- {form = FORM, footnotes = FOOTNOTES, ...}, or a list of either of these.
local function process_specs(base, destforms, slot, specs, generate_forms)
	specs = specs or {{form = &quot;+&quot;}}
	for _, spec in ipairs(specs) do
		local decorated_form = spec.form
		-- Skip &quot;-&quot;; effectively, no forms get inserted into destforms[slot].
		if decorated_form ~= &quot;-&quot; then
			local prespec, form, postspec =	parse_decorated_form(decorated_form)
			local forms = form == &quot;?&quot; and &quot;?&quot; or generate_forms(form)
			-- If `generate_forms` return nil, no forms get inserted into destforms[slot]. This happens e.g. when
			-- fut:- is given and no explicit conditional principal part is given. In that case,
			-- generate_default_conditional_principal_part() fetches the future principal parts, which don't exist,
			-- so it returns nil, and the surrounding generate_principal_part_forms() also returns nil. The effect is
			-- that the conditional principal part ends up nil and no conditional parts get inserted.
			if forms then
				forms = iut.convert_to_general_list_form(forms, spec.footnotes)
				if base.all_footnotes then
					forms = iut.convert_to_general_list_form(forms, base.all_footnotes)
				end
				for _, formobj in ipairs(forms) do
					local qualifiers = formobj.footnotes
					local form = formobj.form
					if prespec:find(&quot;!!&quot;) then
						qualifiers = iut.combine_footnotes({&quot;[elevated style]&quot;}, qualifiers)
						prespec = rsub(prespec, &quot;!!&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
					end
					if prespec:find(&quot;!&quot;) then
						qualifiers = iut.combine_footnotes({&quot;[careful style]&quot;}, qualifiers)
						prespec = rsub(prespec, &quot;!&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
					end
					if prespec:find(&quot;#&quot;) then
						qualifiers = iut.combine_footnotes({&quot;[traditional]&quot;}, qualifiers)
						prespec = rsub(prespec, &quot;#&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
					end
					if postspec:find(&quot;!&quot;) then
						form = PRESERVE_ACCENT .. form
						postspec = rsub(postspec, &quot;!&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
					end
					if postspec == &quot;*&quot; then
						qualifiers = iut.combine_footnotes(qualifiers, {&quot;[with syntactic gemination after the verb]&quot;})
					elseif postspec == &quot;**&quot; then
						qualifiers = iut.combine_footnotes(qualifiers, {&quot;[with optional syntactic gemination after the verb]&quot;})
					elseif postspec ~= &quot;&quot; then
						error(&quot;Decorated form '&quot; .. decorated_form .. &quot;' has too many asterisks after it, use '*' for syntactic gemination and '**' for optional syntactic gemination&quot;)
					end
					iut.insert_form(destforms, slot, {form = form, footnotes = qualifiers})
				end
			end
		end
	end
end


local function set_up_base_verb(base)
	local ret = base.verb
	local raw_verb = ret.raw_verb

	if rfind(raw_verb, &quot;r$&quot;) then
		if rfind(raw_verb, &quot;[ou]r$&quot;) or base.props.rre then
			ret.verb = raw_verb .. &quot;re&quot;
		else
			ret.verb = raw_verb .. &quot;e&quot;
		end
	else
		ret.verb = raw_verb
	end
end


local function add_default_verb_forms(base)
	local ret = base.verb

	-- Need to call combine_stem_ending() to combine stem and ending rather than just pasting them together to handle
	-- cases like [[boglire]], where 'bógl' + 'o' becomes 'bóglio'.
	local function comb(slot, stem, ending)
		return combine_stem_ending(base, slot, stem, ending)
	end

	-- Process 'phisstem:...' spec.
	if base.principal_part_specs.explicit_phis_stem_spec then
		-- Put the explicit past historic stem in ret.phisstem (i.e. base.verb.phisstem).
		process_specs(base, ret, &quot;phisstem&quot;, base.principal_part_specs.explicit_phis_stem_spec, iut.identity)
	end

	ret.default_stem, ret.default_ending_vowel = rmatch(base.verb.verb, &quot;^(.-)([aeir])re$&quot;)
	if not ret.default_stem then
		error(&quot;Unrecognized verb '&quot; .. base.verb.verb .. &quot;', doesn't end in -are, -ere, -ire or -rre&quot;)
	end
	base.props.syncopated = base.props.rre or ret.default_ending_vowel == &quot;r&quot;

	-- Process 'stem:...' spec.
	local ending_vowel
	if base.principal_part_specs.explicit_stem_spec then
		local function generate_explicit_stem_forms(form)
			local stem, this_ending_vowel
			if form == &quot;+&quot; then
				stem = ret.default_stem
				this_ending_vowel = ret.default_ending_vowel
				if base.props.syncopated then
					error(&quot;Can't use + with 'stem:' in syncopated verbs; specify an explicit stem&quot;)
				end
			else
				base.explicit_non_default_stem_spec = true
				stem, this_ending_vowel = rmatch(form, &quot;^(.*)([aeiàéì])$&quot;)
				if not stem then
					error(&quot;Unrecognized stem '&quot; .. form .. &quot;', should end in -a, -e, -i, -à, -é or -ì&quot;)
				end
			end
			if ending_vowel and ending_vowel ~= this_ending_vowel then
				error(&quot;Can't currently specify explicit stems with two different conjugation vowels (&quot; .. ending_vowel
					.. &quot; and &quot; .. this_ending_vowel .. &quot;)&quot;)
			end
			ending_vowel = this_ending_vowel
			return stem
		end
		-- Put the explicit stem in ret.stem (i.e. base.verb.stem).
		process_specs(base, ret, &quot;stem&quot;, base.principal_part_specs.explicit_stem_spec, generate_explicit_stem_forms)
	else
		if base.props.syncopated then
			error(&quot;With syncopated verb '&quot; .. ret.verb .. &quot;', must use 'stem:' to specify an explicit stem&quot;)
		end
		-- Convert to general list form so we can call iut.map_forms() over it.
		ret.stem = iut.convert_to_general_list_form(ret.default_stem)
		ending_vowel = ret.default_ending_vowel
	end

	base.conj_vowel =
		ending_vowel == &quot;a&quot; and &quot;à&quot; or
		ending_vowel == &quot;e&quot; and &quot;é&quot; or
		ending_vowel == &quot;i&quot; and &quot;ì&quot; or
		ending_vowel

	-- Process 'unstressed_stem:...' spec.
	if base.principal_part_specs.explicit_unstressed_stem_spec then
		local function generate_explicit_stem_forms(form)
			local stem
			if form == &quot;+&quot; then
				stem = ret.default_stem
				if base.props.syncopated then
					error(&quot;Can't use + with 'unstressed_stem:' in syncopated verbs; specify an explicit stem&quot;)
				end
			else
				base.explicit_non_default_unstressed_stem_spec = true
				stem = rmatch(form, &quot;^(.*)&quot; .. ret.default_ending_vowel .. &quot;$&quot;)
				if not stem then
					error(&quot;Stem vowel of stem '&quot; .. form ..&quot;' specified with 'unstressed_stem:' must end in conjugation vowel -&quot; .. default_ending_vowel)
				end
			end
			return stem
		end
		-- Put the explicit stem in ret.unstressed_stem (i.e. base.verb.unstressed_stem).
		process_specs(base, ret, &quot;unstressed_stem&quot;, base.principal_part_specs.explicit_unstressed_stem_spec,
			generate_explicit_stem_forms)
	else
		ret.unstressed_stem = iut.map_forms(ret.stem, function(stem) return remove_accents(stem) end)
	end

	ret.pres = iut.map_forms(ret.stem, function(stem) return comb(&quot;pres1s&quot;, stem, &quot;o&quot;) end)
	ret.pres3s = iut.map_forms(ret.stem, function(stem) return comb(&quot;pres3s&quot;, stem, ending_vowel == &quot;a&quot; and &quot;a&quot; or &quot;e&quot;) end)
	if ending_vowel == &quot;i&quot; then
		ret.isc_pres = iut.map_forms(ret.unstressed_stem, function(stem) return comb(&quot;pres1s&quot;, stem, &quot;ìsco&quot;) end)
		ret.isc_pres3s = iut.map_forms(ret.unstressed_stem, function(stem) return comb(&quot;pres3s&quot;, stem, &quot;ìsce&quot;) end)
	end
	ret.phis = iut.flatmap_forms(ret.unstressed_stem, function(stem)
		if ending_vowel == &quot;a&quot; then
			return {comb(&quot;phis1s&quot;, stem, &quot;ài&quot;)}
		elseif ending_vowel == &quot;e&quot; then
			-- Per Anna M. Thornton, &quot;Overabundance: Multiple Forms Realizing the Same Cell&quot; in ''Morphological Autonomy'', p. 366
			-- [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Morphological_Autonomy/oh3UlV6xSQEC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=%22fottette%22&amp;pg=PA366&amp;printsec=frontcover],
			-- -éi tends to occur only with stems ending in -t, while -étti/-ètti occurs with stems not ending in -t.
			-- The opposite combinations are almost vanishingly rare, and should not be included.
			--
			-- In reality, it's a bit more complicated. Verbs in -tere rarely have -etti/-ette, which sounds wrong to native
			-- speakers, except for verbs in -sistere, where the -ette forms are more common. For other verbs, both -ette and
			-- -é occur but -ette is more common.
			if stem:find(&quot;t$&quot;) and not stem:find(&quot;sist$&quot;) then
				return {comb(&quot;phis1s&quot;, stem, &quot;éi&quot;)}
			else
				return {comb(&quot;phis1s&quot;, stem, &quot;étti&quot;), comb(&quot;phis1s&quot;, stem, &quot;éi&quot;)}
			end
		else
			return {comb(&quot;phis1s&quot;, stem, &quot;ìi&quot;)}
		end
	end)
	ret.pp = iut.map_forms(ret.unstressed_stem, function(stem)
		if ending_vowel == &quot;a&quot; then
			return comb(&quot;pp&quot;, stem, &quot;àto&quot;)
		elseif ending_vowel == &quot;e&quot; then
			return comb(&quot;pp&quot;, stem, rfind(stem, &quot;[cg]$&quot;) and &quot;iùto&quot; or &quot;ùto&quot;)
		else
			return comb(&quot;pp&quot;, stem, &quot;ìto&quot;)
		end
	end)
end


local function is_single_vowel_spec(spec)
	return rfind(spec, &quot;^&quot; .. AV .. &quot;[+-]?$&quot;) or rfind(spec, &quot;^&quot; .. AV .. &quot;%-%-$&quot;) or rfind(spec, &quot;^&quot; .. AV .. &quot;%+%+$&quot;)
end


-- Given an unaccented stem, pull out the last two vowels as well as the in-between stuff, and return
-- before, v1, between, v2, after as 5 return values. `unaccented` is the full verb and `unaccented_desc`
-- a description of where the verb came from; used only in error messages.
local function analyze_stem_for_last_two_vowels(unaccented_stem, unaccented, unaccented_desc)
	local before, v1, between, v2, after = rmatch(unaccented_stem, &quot;^(.*)(&quot; .. V .. &quot;)(&quot; .. NV .. &quot;*)(&quot; .. V .. &quot;)(&quot; .. NV .. &quot;*)$&quot;)
	if not before then
		before, v1 = &quot;&quot;, &quot;&quot;
		between, v2, after = rmatch(unaccented_stem, &quot;^(.*)(&quot; .. V .. &quot;)(&quot; .. NV .. &quot;*)$&quot;)
	end
	if not between then
		error(&quot;No vowel in &quot; .. unaccented_desc .. &quot; '&quot; .. unaccented .. &quot;' to match&quot;)
	end
	return before, v1, between, v2, after
end


-- Apply a single-vowel spec in `form`, e.g. é+, to `unaccented_stem`. `unaccented` is the full verb and
-- `unaccented_desc` a description of where the verb came from; used only in error messages.
local function apply_vowel_spec(unaccented_stem, unaccented, unaccented_desc, vowel_spec)
	local function vowel_spec_doesnt_match()
		error(&quot;Vowel spec '&quot; .. vowel_spec .. &quot;' doesn't match vowel of &quot; .. unaccented_desc .. &quot; '&quot; .. unaccented .. &quot;'&quot;)
	end
	local raw_spec_vowel = usub(unfd(vowel_spec), 1, 1)
	local form
	local spec_vowel = rmatch(vowel_spec, &quot;^(.)%-%-$&quot;)
	if spec_vowel then -- a spec like ò--
		local before, v1, between1, v2, between2, v3, after = rmatch(unaccented_stem,
			&quot;^(.*)(&quot; .. V .. &quot;)(&quot; .. NV .. &quot;*)(&quot; .. V .. &quot;)(&quot; .. NV .. &quot;*)(&quot; .. V .. &quot;)(&quot; .. NV .. &quot;*)$&quot;)
		if not before then
			error(mw.getContentLanguage():ucfirst(unaccented_desc) .. &quot; '&quot; .. unaccented ..
				&quot;' must have at least three vowels to use the vowel spec '&quot; ..  vowel_spec .. &quot;'&quot;)
		end
		if raw_spec_vowel ~= v1 then
			vowel_spec_doesnt_match()
		end
		form = before .. spec_vowel .. between1 .. v2 .. between2 .. v3 .. after
	else
		local before, v1, between, v2, after = analyze_stem_for_last_two_vowels(unaccented_stem, unaccented, unaccented_desc)
		if v1 == v2 then
			local first_second
			spec_vowel, first_second = rmatch(vowel_spec, &quot;^(.)([+-]+)$&quot;) -- include ++
			if not spec_vowel then
				error(&quot;Last two stem vowels of &quot; .. unaccented_desc .. &quot; '&quot; .. unaccented ..
					&quot;' are the same; you must specify + (second vowel) or - (first vowel) after the vowel spec '&quot; ..
					vowel_spec .. &quot;'&quot;)
			end
			if raw_spec_vowel ~= v1 then
				vowel_spec_doesnt_match()
			end
			if first_second == &quot;-&quot; then
				form = before .. spec_vowel .. between .. v2 .. after
			else
				form = before .. v1 .. between .. spec_vowel .. after
			end
		else
			if rfind(vowel_spec, &quot;%+%+$&quot;) then
				vowel_spec = rsub(vowel_spec, &quot;%+%+$&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
			elseif rfind(vowel_spec, &quot;[+-]$&quot;) then
				error(&quot;Last two stem vowels of &quot; .. unaccented_desc .. &quot; '&quot; .. unaccented ..
					&quot;' are different; specify just an accented vowel, without a following + or -: '&quot; .. vowel_spec .. &quot;'&quot;)
			end
			if raw_spec_vowel == v1 then
				form = before .. vowel_spec .. between .. v2 .. after
			elseif raw_spec_vowel == v2 then
				form = before .. v1 .. between .. vowel_spec .. after
			elseif before == &quot;&quot; then
				vowel_spec_doesnt_match()
			else
				error(&quot;Vowel spec '&quot; .. vowel_spec .. &quot;' doesn't match either of the last two vowels of &quot; .. unaccented_desc ..
					&quot; '&quot; .. unaccented .. &quot;'&quot;)
			end
		end
	end
	return form
end


local function add_finite_reflexive_clitics(base, rowslot)
	for _, persnum in ipairs(full_person_number_list) do
		base.forms[rowslot .. persnum] = iut.map_forms(base.forms[rowslot .. persnum], function(form)
			return substitute_reflexive_pronoun(base.verb.finite_pref, persnum) .. &quot;[[&quot; .. form .. &quot;]]&quot;
		end)
	end
end


local function do_ending_stressed_inf(base)
	if rfind(base.verb.verb, &quot;rre$&quot;) then
		error(&quot;Use a backslash (\\) with -rre verbs&quot;)
	end
	-- Add acute accent to -ere, grave accent to -are/-ire.
	local accented = rsub(base.verb.verb, &quot;ere$&quot;, &quot;ére&quot;)
	accented = unfc(rsub(accented, &quot;([ai])re$&quot;, &quot;%1&quot; .. GR .. &quot;re&quot;))
	iut.insert_form(base.forms, &quot;inf&quot;, {form = accented})
end


local function do_root_stressed_inf(base, specs)
	local function generate_root_stressed_inf_forms(base, spec, form_to_do, from_defaulted_pres)
		if spec == &quot;-&quot; then
			error(&quot;Spec '-' not allowed as root-stressed infinitive spec&quot;)
		end
		if spec == &quot;+&quot; then
			if from_defaulted_pres then
				error(&quot;Can't use + for present tense with root-stressed infinitive, would trigger infinite loop&quot;)
			end
			local rre_vowel = rmatch(base.verb.verb, &quot;([aiu])rre$&quot;)
			if rre_vowel then
				-- do_root_stressed_inf is used for verbs in -ere and -rre. If the root-stressed vowel isn't explicitly
				-- given and the verb ends in -arre, -irre or -urre, derive it from the infinitive since there's only
				-- one possibility. If the verb ends in -erre or -orre, this won't work because we have both scérre
				-- (= [[scegliere]]) and disvèrre (= [[disvellere]]), as well as pórre and tòrre (= [[togliere]]).
				local before, v1, between, v2, after = analyze_stem_for_last_two_vowels(
					rsub(base.verb.verb, &quot;re$&quot;, &quot;&quot;), base.verb.verb, &quot;root-stressed infinitive&quot;)
				local vowel_spec = unfc(rre_vowel .. GR)
				if v1 == v2 then
					vowel_spec = vowel_spec .. &quot;+&quot;
				end
				spec = vowel_spec
			else
				-- Use the single-vowel spec(s) in the present tense principal part.
				local temp = {}
				process_specs(base, temp, &quot;temp&quot;, base.principal_part_specs.pres, function(form)
					return generate_root_stressed_inf_forms(base, form, form_to_do, &quot;from defaulted pres&quot;) end)
				if not temp.temp then
					error(&quot;Unable to generate infinitive from present tense&quot;)
				end
				return temp.temp
			end
		end
		local verb_stem, verb_suffix = rmatch(base.verb.verb, &quot;^(.-)([er]re)$&quot;)
		if not verb_stem then
			error(&quot;Verb '&quot; .. base.verb.verb .. &quot;' must end in -ere or -rre to use backslash (\\) notation&quot;)
		end
		if not is_single_vowel_spec(spec) then
			if from_defaulted_pres then
				error(&quot;When defaulting root-stressed infinitive vowel to present, present spec must be a single-vowel spec, but saw '&quot;
					.. spec .. &quot;'&quot;)
			else
				error(&quot;Explicit root-stressed infinitive spec '&quot; .. spec .. &quot;' should be a single-vowel spec&quot;)
			end
		end

		local expanded = apply_vowel_spec(verb_stem, base.verb.verb, &quot;root-stressed infinitive&quot;, spec)
		if form_to_do == &quot;stem&quot; then
			return expanded
		else
			return expanded .. verb_suffix
		end
	end

	process_specs(base, base.principal_part_forms, &quot;root_stressed_stem&quot;, specs, function(form)
		return generate_root_stressed_inf_forms(base, form, &quot;stem&quot;) end)
	process_specs(base, base.forms, &quot;inf&quot;, specs, function(form)
		return generate_root_stressed_inf_forms(base, form, &quot;inf&quot;) end)
end


local function add_infinitive(base, rowslot)
	-- When do_root_stressed_inf is called, this also sets base.principal_part_forms.root_stressed_stem, which is needed
	-- by add_present_indic(), so we have to do this before conjugating the present indicative.
	local function root()
		do_root_stressed_inf(base, base.principal_part_specs.root_stressed_inf)
	end
	local function ending()
		do_ending_stressed_inf(base)
	end
	if not base.principal_part_specs.root_stressed_inf then
		ending()
	elseif base.props.opt_root_stressed_inf == &quot;root-first&quot; then
		root()
		ending()
	elseif base.props.opt_root_stressed_inf == &quot;ending-first&quot; then
		ending()
		root()
	else
		root()
	end
end


local function add_infinitive_reflexive_clitics(base, rowslot)
	base.forms[rowslot] = iut.map_forms(base.forms[rowslot], function(form)
		local unaccented_form = remove_accents(form)
		form = rsub(form, &quot;r?re$&quot;, &quot;r&quot;)
		return &quot;[[&quot; .. unaccented_form .. &quot;|&quot; .. form .. &quot;]]&quot; .. substitute_reflexive_pronoun(base.verb.linked_suf, &quot;nf&quot;)
	end)
end


local function generate_pres_forms(base, form)
	local principal_part_desc = &quot;first-singular present indicative&quot;
	if form == &quot;+&quot; then
		check_not_null(base, base.verb.pres, form, principal_part_desc)
		return base.verb.pres
	elseif form == &quot;+isc&quot; then
		check_not_null(base, base.verb.isc_pres, form, principal_part_desc)
		return base.verb.isc_pres
	elseif is_single_vowel_spec(form) then
		check_not_null(base, base.verb.pres, form, principal_part_desc)
		return iut.map_forms(base.verb.pres, function(defform)
			defform = remove_accents(defform) -- in case we specified 'stem:...' with an accent
			local pres = rmatch(defform, &quot;^(.*)o$&quot;)
			if not pres then
				error(&quot;Internal error: Default present '&quot; .. defform .. &quot;' doesn't end in -o&quot;)
			end
			return apply_vowel_spec(pres, defform, &quot;default present&quot;, form) .. &quot;o&quot;
		end)
	elseif not rfind(form, &quot;[oò]$&quot;) then
		error(&quot;Present first-person singular form '&quot; .. form .. &quot;' should end in -o&quot;)
	else
		local unaccented_form = remove_accents(form)
		if not general_list_form_contains_form(base.verb.pres, unaccented_form, remove_accents)
			and (base.verb.isc_pres and not general_list_form_contains_form(base.verb.isc_pres, unaccented_form, remove_accents)) then
			base.rowprops.irreg.pres = true
			-- FIXME! Here we are encoding knowledge of the algorithm in add_present_indic() to determine how to
			-- propagate irregular present 1s to other forms. This duplicates the logic of that algorithm, and if that
			-- code ever changes, this code needs to change too. In practice, it doesn't currently matter so much
			-- because the values in `is_irreg` are currently used only by the code in [[Module:it-headword]] to
			-- determine whether to show irregular principal parts, and the present tense is always shown in any case.
			-- But in the future, the values in `is_irreg` could be used for other purposes.
			base.is_irreg.pres1s = true
			base.is_irreg.pres3p = true
			if not base.principal_part_forms.pres3s and not base.explicit_non_default_stem_spec
				and not base.principal_part_forms.root_stressed_stem then
				base.is_irreg.pres2s = true
				base.is_irreg.pres3s = true
			end
		end
		return form
	end
end


local function generate_pres3s_forms(base, form)
	local principal_part_desc = &quot;third-singular present indicative&quot;
	if form == &quot;+&quot; then
		check_not_null(base, base.verb.pres3s, form, principal_part_desc)
		return base.verb.pres3s
	elseif form == &quot;+isc&quot; then
		check_not_null(base, base.verb.isc_pres3s, form, principal_part_desc)
		return base.verb.isc_pres3s
	elseif is_single_vowel_spec(form) then
		check_not_null(base, base.verb.pres3s, form, principal_part_desc)
		return iut.map_forms(base.verb.pres3s, function(defform)
			defform = remove_accents(defform) -- in case we specified 'stem:...' with an accent
			local pres3s, final_vowel = rmatch(defform, &quot;^(.*)([ae])$&quot;)
			if not pres3s then
				error(&quot;Internal error: Default third-person singular present '&quot; .. defform .. &quot;' doesn't end in -a or -e&quot;)
			end
			return apply_vowel_spec(pres3s, defform, &quot;default third-person singular present&quot;, form) .. final_vowel
		end)
	elseif not rfind(form, &quot;[aàeè]&quot;) then
		error(&quot;Present third-person singular form '&quot; .. form .. &quot;' should end in -a or -e&quot;)
	else
		local unaccented_form = remove_accents(form)
		if not general_list_form_contains_form(base.verb.pres3s, unaccented_form, remove_accents)
			and (base.verb.isc_pres3s and not general_list_form_contains_form(base.verb.isc_pres3s, unaccented_form, remove_accents)) then
			base.rowprops.irreg.pres = true
			base.is_irreg.pres3s = true
			-- pres3s is copied to pres2s.
			base.is_irreg.pres2s = true
		end
		return form
	end
end


-- Generate the present indicative. See &quot;RULES FOR CONJUGATION&quot; near the top of the file for the detailed rules.
local function add_present_indic(base, rowslot)
	process_specs(base, base.principal_part_forms, &quot;pres&quot;, base.principal_part_specs.pres, function(form)
		return generate_pres_forms(base, form) end)
	if base.principal_part_specs.pres3s then
		process_specs(base, base.principal_part_forms, &quot;pres3s&quot;, base.principal_part_specs.pres3s, function(form)
			return generate_pres3s_forms(base, form) end)
	end

	-- If no present indicative principal parts (user specified 'pres:-'), don't generate any present indicative forms.
	-- Otherwise we will end up generating pres23s and pres12p forms based on the overall verb stem(s).
	if not base.principal_part_forms.pres and not base.principal_part_forms.pres3s then
		return
	end

	local function add(pers, stems, endings)
		add_forms(base, rowslot .. pers, stems, endings)
	end

	add(&quot;1s&quot;, base.principal_part_forms.pres, &quot;&quot;)
	local pres1s_stem = iut.map_forms(base.principal_part_forms.pres, function(form)
		if not form:find(&quot;o$&quot;) then
			error(&quot;presrow: must be given in order to generate the present indicative because explicit first-person &quot;
				.. &quot;singular present indicative '&quot; .. form .. &quot;' does not end in -o&quot;)
		end
		return rsub(form, &quot;o$&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
	end)
	add(&quot;3p&quot;, pres1s_stem, base.conj_vowel == &quot;à&quot; and &quot;ano&quot; or &quot;ono&quot;)
	local pres23s_stem
	if base.principal_part_forms.pres3s then
		pres23s_stem = iut.map_forms(base.principal_part_forms.pres3s, function(form)
			if not form:find(&quot;[ae]$&quot;) then
				error(&quot;presrow: must be given in order to generate the present indicative because explicit third-person &quot;
					.. &quot;singular present indicative '&quot; .. form .. &quot;' does not end in -a or -e&quot;)
			end
			return rsub(form, &quot;[ae]$&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
		end)
	else
		pres23s_stem = base.explicit_non_default_stem_spec and base.verb.stem
			or base.principal_part_forms.root_stressed_stem or pres1s_stem
	end
	add(&quot;2s&quot;, pres23s_stem, &quot;i&quot;)
	add(&quot;3s&quot;, pres23s_stem, base.conj_vowel == &quot;à&quot; and &quot;a&quot; or &quot;e&quot;)
	add(&quot;1p&quot;, base.verb.unstressed_stem, &quot;iàmo&quot;)
	add(&quot;2p&quot;, base.verb.unstressed_stem, base.conj_vowel .. &quot;te&quot;)
end


local function generate_default_present_subj_principal_part(base, do_err)
	return iut.flatmap_forms(base.forms.pres1s, function(form)
		if not form:find(&quot;o$&quot;) then
			if do_err then
				error(&quot;sub: or subrow: must be given in order to generate the singular present subjunctive &quot;
					.. &quot;because first-person singular present indicative '&quot; .. form .. &quot;' does not end in -o&quot;)
			else
				return {}
			end
		else
			-- Need to call combine_stem_ending() here to handle verbs in -care/-gare and -ciare/-giare.
			return {combine_stem_ending(base, &quot;sub123s&quot;, rsub(form, &quot;o$&quot;, &quot;&quot;), base.conj_vowel == &quot;à&quot; and &quot;i&quot; or &quot;a&quot;)}
		end
	end)
end


-- Generate the present subjunctive. See &quot;RULES FOR CONJUGATION&quot; near the top of the file for the detailed rules.
local function add_present_subj(base, rowslot)
	-- If no present subjunctive principal parts (user specified 'sub:-'), don't generate any present subjunctive forms.
	-- Otherwise we will end up generating sub12p forms based on the present indicative.
	if not base.principal_part_forms.sub then
		return
	end

	local function add(pers, stems, endings)
		add_forms(base, rowslot .. pers, stems, endings)
	end
	local function ins(pers, forms)
		insert_forms(base, rowslot .. pers, forms)
	end

	-- Generate the 123s and 3p forms.
	add(&quot;123s&quot;, base.principal_part_forms.sub, &quot;&quot;)
	add(&quot;3p&quot;, base.principal_part_forms.sub, &quot;no&quot;)
	-- Copy present indicative 1p to present subjunctive.
	copy_forms(base, rowslot .. &quot;1p&quot;, base.forms.pres1p)
	-- Generate present subjunctive 2p from present indicative 1p by replacing -mo with -te.
	ins(&quot;2p&quot;, iut.map_forms(base.forms.pres1p, function(form)
		if not form:find(&quot;mo$&quot;) then
			error(&quot;subrow: must be given in order to generate the second-person plural present subjunctive &quot;
				.. &quot;because first-person plural present indicative '&quot; .. form .. &quot;' does not end in -mo&quot;)
		end
		return rsub(form, &quot;mo$&quot;, &quot;te&quot;)
	end))
end


local function generate_default_imperative_principal_part(base, do_err)
	if base.conj_vowel == &quot;à&quot; then
		-- Copy present indicative 3s to imperative 2s.
		return base.forms.pres3s
	else
		-- Copy present indicative 2s to imperative 2s.
		return base.forms.pres2s
	end
end


-- Generate the imperative. See &quot;RULES FOR CONJUGATION&quot; near the top of the file for the detailed rules.
local function add_imperative(base, rowslot)
	if not base.principal_part_forms.imp then
		-- If imp:- given, suppress the whole imperative.
		return
	end

	local function copy(pers, forms)
		copy_forms(base, rowslot .. pers, forms)
	end

	-- Copy first imperative form (user specified or taken from present indicative 3s for conj vowel à, or from
	-- present indicative 2s for other conj vowels) to imperative 2s.
	copy(&quot;2s&quot;, base.principal_part_forms.imp)
	-- Copy present indicative 2p to imperative 2p.
	copy(&quot;2p&quot;, base.forms.pres2p)
	-- Copy present subjunctive 3s, 1p, 3p to imperative.
	copy(&quot;3s&quot;, base.forms.sub3s)
	copy(&quot;1p&quot;, base.forms.sub1p)
	copy(&quot;3p&quot;, base.forms.sub3p)
end


local function get_unlinked_clitic_suffix(base, persnum)
	return m_links.remove_links(substitute_reflexive_pronoun(base.verb.linked_suf, persnum))
end


local function add_imperative_reflexive_clitics(base, rowslot)
	local s2suf = get_unlinked_clitic_suffix(base, &quot;2s&quot;)
	local saw_form_with_apostrophe = false

	-- Check if there is a 2s imperative ending in an apostrophe, e.g. dà', fà'. If so, there is probably also an
	-- imperative in -ài, but we don't want to generate a reflexive imperative from it (#dàiti). Otherwise, we want to
	-- generative a reflexive imperative as normal (e.g. ''distràiti'' from [[distrarsi]]).
	local imp2s_forms = base.forms[rowslot .. &quot;2s&quot;]
	if imp2s_forms then
		for _, form in ipairs(imp2s_forms) do
			if rfind(form.form, &quot;'$&quot;) then
				saw_form_with_apostrophe = true
				break
			end
		end
	end

	base.forms[rowslot .. &quot;2s&quot;] = iut.flatmap_forms(imp2s_forms, function(form)
		form = rsub(form, &quot;'$&quot;, &quot;&quot;) -- dà', fà', etc.
		if rfind(form, AV .. &quot;$&quot;) then -- final stressed vowel; implement syntactic gemination
			if rfind(s2suf, &quot;^gli&quot;) then
				return {add_suffix_to_form(form, s2suf)}
			else
				return {add_suffix_to_form(form, usub(s2suf, 1, 1) .. s2suf)}
			end
		elseif rfind(form, &quot;ài$&quot;) and saw_form_with_apostrophe then
			-- Skip this imperative; see above.
			return {}
		else
			return {add_suffix_to_form(form, s2suf)}
		end
	end)
	-- For the following, we shouldn't need to use add_suffix_to_form(), which handles PRESERVE_ACCENT, because
	-- PRESERVE_ACCENT occurs only with monosyllabic forms, and the 1p/2p forms are never monosyllabic.
	for _, persnum in ipairs({&quot;1p&quot;, &quot;2p&quot;}) do
		local suf = get_unlinked_clitic_suffix(base, persnum)
		base.forms[rowslot .. persnum] = iut.map_forms(base.forms[rowslot .. persnum], function(form)
			return form .. suf
		end)
	end
	for _, persnum in ipairs({&quot;3s&quot;, &quot;3p&quot;}) do
		base.forms[rowslot .. persnum] = iut.map_forms(base.forms[rowslot .. persnum], function(form)
			return substitute_reflexive_pronoun(base.verb.finite_pref, persnum) .. &quot;[[&quot; .. form .. &quot;]]&quot;
		end)
	end
end


local function add_negative_imperative(base)
	if not base.principal_part_forms.imp then
		-- If imp:- given, suppress the whole imperative.
		return
	end
	for _, persnum in ipairs({&quot;2s&quot;, &quot;3s&quot;, &quot;1p&quot;, &quot;2p&quot;, &quot;3p&quot;}) do
		local from = persnum == &quot;2s&quot; and &quot;inf&quot; or &quot;imp&quot; .. persnum
		insert_forms(base, &quot;negimp&quot; .. persnum, iut.map_forms(base.forms[from], function(form)
			return &quot;[[non]] [[&quot; .. form .. &quot;]]&quot;
		end))
	end
end


local function add_negative_imperative_reflexive_clitics(base, rowslot)
	for _, persnum in ipairs({&quot;2s&quot;, &quot;1p&quot;, &quot;2p&quot;}) do
		local suf = get_unlinked_clitic_suffix(base, persnum)
		local pref = substitute_reflexive_pronoun(base.verb.finite_pref, persnum)
		base.forms[rowslot .. persnum] = iut.flatmap_forms(base.forms[rowslot .. persnum], function(form)
			local truncated = persnum == &quot;2s&quot; and rsub(form, &quot;r?re%]%]$&quot;, &quot;r&quot;) or rsub(form, &quot;%]%]$&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
			local sufform = truncated .. suf .. &quot;]]&quot;
			local prefform = rsub(form, &quot;^(%[%[non%]%]) (.*)$&quot;, &quot;%1 &quot; .. pref .. &quot; %2&quot;)
			return {sufform, prefform}
		end)
	end
	for _, persnum in ipairs({&quot;3s&quot;, &quot;3p&quot;}) do
		local pref = substitute_reflexive_pronoun(base.verb.finite_pref, persnum)
		base.forms[rowslot .. persnum] = iut.map_forms(base.forms[rowslot .. persnum], function(form)
			return rsub(form, &quot;^(%[%[non%]%]) (.*)$&quot;, &quot;%1 &quot; .. pref .. &quot; %2&quot;)
		end)
	end
end


local function generate_default_past_historic_principal_part(base, do_err)
	if do_err then
		check_not_null(base, base.verb.phis, &quot;+&quot;, &quot;first-singular past historic&quot;)
	end
	return base.verb.phis
end


local function add_past_historic(base, rowslot)
	if not base.principal_part_forms.phis then
		-- specified as &quot;-&quot;
		return
	end
	for _, form in ipairs(base.principal_part_forms.phis) do
		local function add_phis(pref, s1, s2, s3, p1, p2, p3)
			local newform = form.footnotes and iut.convert_to_general_list_form(pref, form.footnotes) or pref
			local function add(pers, endings)
				add_forms(base, rowslot .. pers, newform, endings)
			end
			add(&quot;1s&quot;, s1)
			add(&quot;2s&quot;, s2)
			add(&quot;3s&quot;, s3)
			add(&quot;1p&quot;, p1)
			add(&quot;2p&quot;, p2)
			add(&quot;3p&quot;, p3)
		end
		while true do
			if form.form == &quot;?&quot; then
				add_phis(&quot;?&quot;, &quot;?&quot;, &quot;?&quot;, &quot;?&quot;, &quot;?&quot;, &quot;?&quot;, &quot;?&quot;)
				break
			end
			local pref = rmatch(form.form, &quot;^(.*)ài$&quot;)
			if pref then
				add_phis(pref, &quot;ài&quot;, &quot;àsti&quot;, &quot;ò&quot;, &quot;àmmo&quot;, &quot;àste&quot;, &quot;àrono&quot;)
				break
			end
			pref = rmatch(form.form, &quot;^(.*)éi$&quot;)
			if pref then
				add_phis(pref, &quot;éi&quot;, &quot;ésti&quot;, &quot;é&quot;, &quot;émmo&quot;, &quot;éste&quot;, &quot;érono&quot;)
				break
			end
			pref = rmatch(form.form, &quot;^(.*)[èé]tti$&quot;)
			if pref then
				add_phis(pref, {{form = &quot;étti&quot;}, {form = &quot;ètti&quot;, footnotes = {&quot;[traditional]&quot;}}},
					&quot;ésti&quot;, {{form = &quot;étte&quot;}, {form = &quot;ètte&quot;, footnotes = {&quot;[traditional]&quot;}}},
					&quot;émmo&quot;, &quot;éste&quot;, {{form = &quot;éttero&quot;}, {form = &quot;èttero&quot;, footnotes = {&quot;[traditional]&quot;}}})
				break
			end
			pref = rmatch(form.form, &quot;^(.*)ìi$&quot;)
			if pref then
				add_phis(pref, &quot;ìi&quot;, &quot;ìsti&quot;, &quot;ì&quot;, &quot;ìmmo&quot;, &quot;ìste&quot;, &quot;ìrono&quot;)
				break
			end
			pref = rmatch(form.form, &quot;^(.*)i$&quot;)
			if pref then
				add_phis(pref, &quot;i&quot;, {}, &quot;e&quot;, {}, {}, &quot;ero&quot;)
				if base.verb.phisstem then
					add_phis(base.verb.phisstem, {}, &quot;sti&quot;, {}, &quot;mmo&quot;, &quot;ste&quot;, {})
				else
					add_phis(base.verb.unstressed_stem, {}, base.conj_vowel .. &quot;sti&quot;, {}, base.conj_vowel .. &quot;mmo&quot;,
						base.conj_vowel .. &quot;ste&quot;, {})
				end
				break
			end
			error(&quot;phisrow: must be given in order to generate the past historic because explicit first-person &quot;
				.. &quot;singular past historic '&quot; .. form.form .. &quot;' does not end in -i&quot;)
		end
	end
end


local function generate_default_future_principal_part(base, do_err)
	-- For -are verbs, we may need to make some adjustments to form the future principal part.
	local function are_stem_to_future_principal_part(stem)
		local function comb(ending)
			return combine_stem_ending(base, &quot;fut1s&quot;, stem, ending)
		end
		if stem:find(&quot;[cg]$&quot;) then
			return {comb(&quot;herò&quot;)}
		elseif stem:find(&quot;[cg]i$&quot;) then
			if not base.forms.pres1s or base.forms.pres1s[1].form == &quot;?&quot; then -- missing or unknown pres1s; future still can be generated
				return {rsub(stem, &quot;i$&quot;, &quot;erò&quot;)}
			else
				-- Verbs in -ciare/-giare with the accent on the final -ì in the present singular take future in
				-- -cier-/-gier- not -cer-/-ger-. Compare [[sciare]] &quot;to ski&quot;, pres1s ''scìo'', fut1s ''scierò'' vs.
				-- [[lasciare]] &quot;to let&quot;, pres1s ''làscio'', fut1s ''lascerò''. The only way to make this distinction
				-- is to check the present singular, e.g. pres1s.
				return iut.map_forms(base.forms.pres1s, function(form)
					if rfind(form, &quot;ìo$&quot;) then
						return comb(&quot;erò&quot;)
					else
						return rsub(stem, &quot;i$&quot;, &quot;erò&quot;)
					end
				end)
			end
		else
			return {comb(&quot;erò&quot;)}
		end
	end

	if base.explicit_non_default_unstressed_stem_spec then
		-- If user gave 'unstressed_stem:', use it here.
		if base.conj_vowel == &quot;à&quot; then
			return iut.flatmap_forms(base.verb.unstressed_stem, are_stem_to_future_principal_part)
		else
			return iut.map_forms(base.verb.unstressed_stem, function(form)
				return form .. base.verb.default_ending_vowel .. &quot;rò&quot;
			end)
		end
	elseif base.conj_vowel == &quot;à&quot; then
		return are_stem_to_future_principal_part(rsub(base.verb.verb, &quot;are$&quot;, &quot;&quot;))
	else
		return rsub(base.verb.verb, &quot;e$&quot;, &quot;ò&quot;)
	end
end


local function generate_default_conditional_principal_part(base, do_err)
	-- If fut:- is given, base.principal_part_forms.fut will be nil, and the following will correctly return nil,
	-- so that there's no conditional.
	return iut.map_forms(base.principal_part_forms.fut, function(form)
		local pref = rmatch(form, &quot;^(.*)ò$&quot;)
		if not pref then
			-- This should have been caught earlier (when processing the future) and generated an error.
			error((&quot;Internal error: When generating conditional, saw principal part for future '%s' that does not end in -ò&quot;)
				:format(form))
		end
		return combine_stem_ending(base, &quot;cond1s&quot;, pref, &quot;èi&quot;)
	end)
end


local function generate_default_past_participle_principal_part(base, do_err)
	if do_err then
		check_not_null(base, base.verb.pp, &quot;+&quot;, &quot;first-singular past historic&quot;)
	end
	return base.verb.pp
end


local function generate_default_gerund_principal_part(base, do_err)
	return iut.map_forms(base.verb.unstressed_stem, function(stem)
		-- Need to call combine_stem_ending() to handle cases like [[boglire]], where 'bógl' + 'èndo' becomes 'boglièndo'.
		return combine_stem_ending(base, &quot;ger&quot;, stem, (base.conj_vowel == &quot;à&quot; and &quot;àndo&quot; or &quot;èndo&quot;))
	end)
end


local function add_gerund_participle_reflexive_clitics(base, rowslot)
	base.forms[rowslot] = iut.map_forms(base.forms[rowslot], function(form)
		return form .. get_unlinked_clitic_suffix(base, &quot;nf&quot;)
	end)
end


local function generate_default_present_participle_principal_part(base, do_err)
	return iut.map_forms(base.verb.unstressed_stem, function(stem)
		-- Need to call combine_stem_ending() to handle cases like [[boglire]], where 'bógl' + 'ènte' becomes 'bogliènte'.
		return combine_stem_ending(base, &quot;presp&quot;, stem, (base.conj_vowel == &quot;à&quot; and &quot;ànte&quot; or &quot;ènte&quot;))
	end)
end


--[=[
Data on how to conjugate individual rows (i.e. tense/aspect combinations, such as present indicative or
conditional).

The order listed here matters. It determines the order of generating row forms. The order must have
'inf' &lt; 'pres' &lt; 'sub' &lt; 'imp' &lt; 'negimp' because the present indicative uses the root_stressed_stem generated
by add_infinitive; the present subjunctive uses generated forms from the present indicative; the imperative uses
forms from the present subjunctive and present indicative; and the negative imperative uses forms from the infinitive
and the imperative. Similarly we must have 'fut' &lt; 'cond' because the conditional uses the future principal part.

The following specs are allowed:

-- `desc` must be present and is an all-lowercase English description of the row. It is used in error messages and in
   generating categories of the form 'Italian verbs with irregular ROW' and 'Italian verbs with missing ROW'.
-- `tag_suffix` must be present is a string containing the {{inflection of}} tags that are appended onto the
   person/number tags to form the accelerator spec. For example, the spec &quot;pres|sub&quot; means that the accelerator spec
   for the third singular present subjunctive will be &quot;3|s|pres|sub&quot;. This accelerator spec is passed to
   [[Module:inflection utilities]], which in turn passes it to [[Module:links]] when generating the link(s) for the
   corresponding verb form(s). The spec ultimately gets processed by [[Module:accel]] to generate the definition line
   for nonexistent verb forms. (FIXME: Accelerator support is currently disabled for forms with non-final accents.
   We need to change the code in [[Module:inflection utilities]] so it sets the correct target not containing the
   non-final accent.)
-- `persnums` must be present and specifies the possible person/number suffixes to add onto the row-level slot
   (e.g. &quot;phis&quot; for the past historic) to form the individual person/number-specific slot (e.g. &quot;phis2s&quot; for the
   second-person singular past historic).
-- `row_override_persnums`, if present, specifies the person/number suffixes that are specified by a row override.
   If omitted, `persnums` is used.
-- `row_override_persnums_to_full_persnums`, if present, specifies a mapping from the person/number suffixes
   specified by a row override to the person/number/suffixes used for conjugating the row. This is used, for example,
   with the subjunctive and imperfect subjunctive, where the first element of the row override specifies
   (respectively) the 123s and 12s forms, which need to be copied (respectively) to the 1s/2s/3s and 1s/3s forms.
   If omitted, no such copying happens. It's still possible for the row override persnums to disagree with the
   overall persnums. This happens, for example, with the imperative, where the 'improw:' row override spec specifies
   only the 2s and 2p forms; the remaining forms (3s, 1p, 3p) are generated during conjugation by copying from other
   forms, and can't be overridden using a row override. (They can still be overridden using a single override such
   as 'imp3s:...' or a late single override such as 'imp3s!:...'.
-- `generate_default_principal_part`, if present, should be a function of two arguments, `base` and `do_err`, and
   should return the principal part(s) for the row. The return value can be anything that is convertible to the
   &quot;general list form&quot; of a slot's forms, i.e. it can return a string, an object
   {form = FORM, footnotes = {FOOTNOTE, FOOTNOTE, ...}}, or a list of either. It must be present if `conjugate` is
   a table, but may be missing if `conjugate` is a function, in which case the function needs to generate the
   principal part itself or otherwise handle things differently. For example, the present indicative does not
   specify a value for `generate_default_principal_part` because there are actually two principal parts for the
   present tense (first and third singular), which are processed at the beginning of the present indicative
   `conjugate` function. Similarly, the infinitive does not specify a value for `generate_default_principal_part`
   because there is no principal part to speak of; the infinitive is generated directly from the lemma in combination
   with the slash or backslash that follows the auxiliary and (in the case of a root-stressed infinitive) the
   single-vowel spec following the backslash. If `do_err` is given to this function, the function may throw an error
   if it can't generate the principal part; otherwise it should return nil.
-- `conjugate` is either a function to conjugate the row (of two arguments, `base` and `rowslot`), or a table
   containing the endings to add onto the principal part to conjugate the row. In the latter case, there should be
   the same number of elements in the table as there are elements in `row_override_persnums` (if given) or
   `persnums` (otherwise).
-- `no_explicit_principal_part` (DOCUMENT ME)
-- `no_row_overrides` (DOCUMENT ME)
-- `no_single_overrides` (DOCUMENT ME)
-- `add_reflexive_clitics` (DOCUMENT ME)
-- `dont_check_defective_status` (DOCUMENT ME)
]=]
local row_conjugations = {
	{&quot;inf&quot;, {
		desc = &quot;infinitive&quot;,
		tag_suffix = &quot;inf&quot;,
		persnums = {&quot;&quot;},
		-- No generate_default_principal_part; handled specially in add_infinitive.
		conjugate = add_infinitive,
		no_explicit_principal_part = true, -- because handled specially using / or \ notation
		no_row_overrides = true, -- useless because there's only one form; use / or \ notation
		no_single_overrides = true, --useless because there's only one form; use / or \ notation
		add_reflexive_clitics = add_infinitive_reflexive_clitics,
	}},
	{&quot;pres&quot;, {
		desc = &quot;present indicative&quot;,
		tag_suffix = &quot;pres|ind&quot;,
		persnums = full_person_number_list,
		-- No generate_default_principal_part; handled specially in add_present_indic because we actually have
		-- two principal parts for the present indicative (&quot;pres&quot; and &quot;pres3s&quot;).
		conjugate = add_present_indic,
		-- No setting for no_explicit_principal_part here because it would never be checked; we special-case 'pres:'
		-- overrides before checking no_explicit_principal_part. The reason for special-casing is because there are two
		-- principal parts involved, &quot;pres&quot; and &quot;pres3s&quot;, and we allow both to be specified using the syntax
		-- 'pres:PRES^PRES3S'.
		add_reflexive_clitics = add_finite_reflexive_clitics,
	}},
	{&quot;sub&quot;, {
		desc = &quot;present subjunctive&quot;,
		tag_suffix = &quot;pres|sub&quot;,
		persnums = full_person_number_list,
		row_override_persnums = {&quot;123s&quot;, &quot;1p&quot;, &quot;2p&quot;, &quot;3p&quot;},
		row_override_persnums_to_full_persnums = {[&quot;123s&quot;] = {&quot;1s&quot;, &quot;2s&quot;, &quot;3s&quot;}},
		generate_default_principal_part = generate_default_present_subj_principal_part,
		conjugate = add_present_subj,
		add_reflexive_clitics = add_finite_reflexive_clitics,
	}},
	{&quot;imp&quot;, {
		desc = &quot;imperative&quot;,
		tag_suffix = &quot;imp&quot;,
		persnums = imp_person_number_list,
		row_override_persnums = {&quot;2s&quot;, &quot;2p&quot;},
		generate_default_principal_part = generate_default_imperative_principal_part,
		conjugate = add_imperative,
		add_reflexive_clitics = add_imperative_reflexive_clitics,
	}},
	{&quot;negimp&quot;, {
		desc = &quot;negative imperative&quot;,
		tag_suffix = &quot;-&quot;,
		persnums = imp_person_number_list,
		-- No generate_default_principal_part because all parts are copied from other parts.
		conjugate = add_negative_imperative,
		add_reflexive_clitics = add_negative_imperative_reflexive_clitics,
		no_explicit_principal_part = true, -- because all parts are copied from other parts
		no_row_overrides = true, -- not useful; use single overrides if really needed
		-- We don't want a category [[:Category:Italian verbs with missing negative imperative]]; doesn't make
		-- sense as all parts are copied from elsewhere.
		dont_check_defective_status = true,
	}},
	{&quot;phis&quot;, {
		desc = &quot;past historic&quot;,
		tag_suffix = &quot;phis&quot;,
		persnums = full_person_number_list,
		generate_default_principal_part = generate_default_past_historic_principal_part,
		conjugate = add_past_historic,
		add_reflexive_clitics = add_finite_reflexive_clitics,
		-- Set to &quot;builtin&quot; because normally handled specially in PRES^PRES3S,PHIS,PP spec, but when a built-in verb
		-- is involved, we want a way of overriding the past historic (using 'phis:').
		no_explicit_principal_part = &quot;builtin&quot;,
	}},
	{&quot;imperf&quot;, {
		desc = &quot;imperfect indicative&quot;,
		tag_suffix = &quot;impf|ind&quot;,
		persnums = full_person_number_list,
		generate_default_principal_part = function(base) return iut.map_forms(base.verb.unstressed_stem,
			function(stem) return combine_stem_ending(base, &quot;imperf1s&quot;, stem, base.conj_vowel .. &quot;vo&quot;) end) end,
		conjugate = {&quot;o&quot;, &quot;i&quot;, &quot;a&quot;, &quot;àmo&quot;, &quot;àte&quot;, &quot;ano&quot;},
		add_reflexive_clitics = add_finite_reflexive_clitics,
	}},
	{&quot;impsub&quot;, {
		desc = &quot;imperfect subjunctive&quot;,
		tag_suffix = &quot;impf|sub&quot;,
		persnums = full_person_number_list,
		row_override_persnums = {&quot;12s&quot;, &quot;3s&quot;, &quot;1p&quot;, &quot;2p&quot;, &quot;3p&quot;},
		row_override_persnums_to_full_persnums = {[&quot;12s&quot;] = {&quot;1s&quot;, &quot;2s&quot;}},
		generate_default_principal_part = function(base) return iut.map_forms(base.verb.unstressed_stem,
			function(stem) return combine_stem_ending(base, &quot;impsub12s&quot;, stem, base.conj_vowel .. &quot;ssi&quot;) end) end,
		conjugate = {&quot;ssi&quot;, &quot;sse&quot;, &quot;ssimo&quot;, &quot;ste&quot;, &quot;ssero&quot;},
		add_reflexive_clitics = add_finite_reflexive_clitics,
	}},
	{&quot;fut&quot;, {
		desc = &quot;future&quot;,
		tag_suffix = &quot;fut&quot;,
		persnums = full_person_number_list,
		generate_default_principal_part = generate_default_future_principal_part,
		conjugate = {&quot;ò&quot;, &quot;ài&quot;, &quot;à&quot;, &quot;émo&quot;, &quot;éte&quot;, &quot;ànno&quot;},
		add_reflexive_clitics = add_finite_reflexive_clitics,
	}},
	{&quot;cond&quot;, {
		desc = &quot;conditional&quot;,
		tag_suffix = &quot;cond&quot;,
		persnums = full_person_number_list,
		generate_default_principal_part = generate_default_conditional_principal_part,
		conjugate = {&quot;èi&quot;, &quot;ésti&quot;, {&quot;èbbe&quot;, &quot;ébbe&quot;}, &quot;émmo&quot;, &quot;éste&quot;, {&quot;èbbero&quot;, &quot;ébbero&quot;}},
		add_reflexive_clitics = add_finite_reflexive_clitics,
	}},
	{&quot;pp&quot;, {
		desc = &quot;past participle&quot;,
		tag_suffix = &quot;past|part&quot;,
		persnums = {&quot;&quot;},
		generate_default_principal_part = generate_default_past_participle_principal_part,
		conjugate = {&quot;&quot;},
		add_reflexive_clitics = add_gerund_participle_reflexive_clitics,
		-- Set to &quot;builtin&quot; because normally handled specially in PRES^PRES3S,PHIS,PP spec, but when a built-in verb
		-- is involved, we want a way of overriding the past participle (using 'pp:').
		no_explicit_principal_part = &quot;builtin&quot;,
		no_row_overrides = true, -- useless because there's only one form; use the PRES^PRES3S,PHIS,PP or pp: spec
		no_single_overrides = true, --useless because there's only one form; use the PRES^PRES3S,PHIS,PP or pp: spec
	}},
	{&quot;ger&quot;, {
		desc = &quot;gerund&quot;,
		tag_suffix = &quot;ger&quot;,
		persnums = {&quot;&quot;},
		generate_default_principal_part = generate_default_gerund_principal_part,
		conjugate = {&quot;&quot;},
		add_reflexive_clitics = add_gerund_participle_reflexive_clitics,
		no_row_overrides = true, -- useless because there's only one form; use explicit principal part
		no_single_overrides = true, -- useless because there's only one form; use explicit principal part
	}},
	{&quot;presp&quot;, {
		desc = &quot;present participle&quot;,
		tag_suffix = &quot;pres|part&quot;,
		persnums = {&quot;&quot;},
		generate_default_principal_part = generate_default_present_participle_principal_part,
		conjugate = {&quot;&quot;},
		add_reflexive_clitics = add_gerund_participle_reflexive_clitics,
		no_row_overrides = true, -- useless because there's only one form; use explicit principal part
		no_single_overrides = true, -- useless because there's only one form; use explicit principal part
		-- Disable this; seems most verbs do have present participles
		-- not_defaulted = true, -- not defaulted, user has to request it explicitly
		dont_check_defective_status = true, -- this is frequently missing and doesn't indicate a defective verb
	}},
}

local row_conjugation_map = {}

for _, rowconj in ipairs(row_conjugations) do
	local rowslot, rowspec = unpack(rowconj)
	row_conjugation_map[rowslot] = rowspec
end


local overridable_slot_set = {}
local late_overridable_slot_set = {}

-- Populate all_verb_slots and overridable_slot_set.
for _, rowconj in ipairs(row_conjugations) do
	local rowslot, rowspec = unpack(rowconj)
	for _, persnum in ipairs(rowspec.persnums) do
		local persnum_tag = person_number_tag_prefix[persnum]
		local slot = rowslot .. persnum
		if rowspec.tag_suffix == &quot;-&quot; then
			table.insert(all_verb_slots, {slot, &quot;-&quot;})
		else
			table.insert(all_verb_slots, {slot, persnum_tag .. rowspec.tag_suffix})
		end
		if not rowspec.no_single_overrides then
			overridable_slot_set[slot] = true
		end
		-- For now, we allow all slots to be late-overridable. Maybe we will rethink this later.
		late_overridable_slot_set[slot] = true
	end
end

local function handle_row_overrides_for_row(base, rowslot)
	if base.row_override_specs[rowslot] then
		for persnum, specs in pairs(base.row_override_specs[rowslot]) do
			local slot = rowslot .. persnum
			local existing_generated_form = base.forms[slot]
			local function generate_row_override_forms(form)
				if form == &quot;+&quot; then
					if not existing_generated_form then
						error((&quot;Default form '+' requested in row override '%srow:' for slot %s but no default-generated form available; &quot;
							.. &quot;typically this means the principal part was given as '-'&quot;)
							:format(rowslot, slot))
					end
					return existing_generated_form
				end
				-- Check whether the row override form is the same as the default; if not, it's an irregularity.
				if not general_list_form_contains_form(existing_generated_form, form) then
					-- Note that the row has an irregularity in it.
					base.rowprops.irreg[rowslot] = true
					-- Now note that the individual form is irregular. If the row override is for a combined form like
					-- 123s, we have to map that to the individual forms (1s, 2s, 3s).
					local rowspec = row_conjugation_map[rowslot]
					if not rowspec then
						error(&quot;Internal error: No row conjugation spec for &quot; .. rowslot)
					end
					local row_override_persnums_map = rowspec.row_override_persnums_to_full_persnums
					if row_override_persnums_map and row_override_persnums_map[persnum] then
						-- Propagate individual irregularities to actual person/number forms, as for the present and
						-- imperfect subjunctive.
						for _, full_persnum in ipairs(row_override_persnums_map[persnum]) do
							base.is_irreg[rowslot .. full_persnum] = true
						end
					else
						base.is_irreg[rowslot .. persnum] = true
					end
				end
				return form
			end
			base.forms[slot] = nil -- erase existing form before generating override
			process_specs(base, base.forms, slot, specs, generate_row_override_forms)
		end
	end
end


local function handle_single_overrides_for_row(base, override_spec, rowslot)
	local rowspec = row_conjugation_map[rowslot]
	if not rowspec then
		error(&quot;Internal error: No row conjugation spec for &quot; .. rowslot)
	end

	-- FIXME: We may need to rethink the handling of irregularity markers. If the user e.g. sets an irregular
	-- override using 'pres1p:' and then sets it back to regular using 'pres1p!:', it ends up irregular.
	for _, persnum in ipairs(rowspec.persnums) do
		local slot = rowslot .. persnum
		if base[override_spec][slot] then
			local existing_generated_form = base.forms[slot]
			local function generate_override_forms(form)
				if form == &quot;+&quot; then
					if not existing_generated_form then
						error((&quot;Default form '+' requested in override for slot %s but no default-generated form available; &quot;
							.. &quot;typically this means the principal part was given as '-'&quot;)
							:format(rowslot, slot))
					end
					return existing_generated_form
				end
				-- Check whether the single override form is the same as the default; if not, it's an irregularity.
				if not general_list_form_contains_form(existing_generated_form, form) then
					base.rowprops.irreg[rowslot] = true
					base.is_irreg[slot] = true
				end
				return form
			end
			base.forms[slot] = nil -- erase existing form before generating override
			process_specs(base, base.forms, slot, base[override_spec][slot], generate_override_forms)
		end
	end
end


local function conjugate_row(base, rowslot)
	local rowspec = row_conjugation_map[rowslot]
	if not rowspec then
		error(&quot;Internal error: Unrecognized row slot '&quot; .. rowslot .. &quot;'&quot;)
	end

	-- Generate the principal part for this row now if it has an entry for `generate_default_principal_part`.
	if rowspec.generate_default_principal_part then
		local function generate_principal_part_forms(form)
			-- If form == &quot;+&quot;, either the user did not specify a principal part override (like 'sub:') or gave the value as '+'.
			-- In this circumstance, and provided the user did not specify a row override (like 'subrow:'), we need the default
			-- principal part in order to conjugate the row, so throw an error if we can't generate it. (If the user gave a row
			-- override, we may still need the default principal part if the row override contains '+', so we could check for
			-- this and set 'do_err', but it seems simpler to rely on the check in `handle_row_overrides_for_row` that makes
			-- sure that a default form is available when the user specifies '+' in a row override.)
			local do_err = form == &quot;+&quot; and not base.row_override_specs[rowslot]
			local default_principal_part = rowspec.generate_default_principal_part(base, do_err)
			if default_principal_part then
				-- There may be no default; e.g. if fut:- is given, the default conditional principal part is nil.
				-- process_specs() calls convert_to_general_list_form() on the output in any case and we need it in this form
				-- in order to call general_list_form_contains_form(), so we may as well convert it now.
				default_principal_part = iut.convert_to_general_list_form(default_principal_part)
			end
			if form == &quot;+&quot; then
				return default_principal_part
			end
			-- Check whether the principal part is the same as the default; if not, the entire row is irregular.
			if not general_list_form_contains_form(default_principal_part, form) then
				base.rowprops.irreg[rowslot] = true
				for _, persnum in ipairs(rowspec.persnums) do
					base.is_irreg[rowslot .. persnum] = true
				end
			end
			return form
		end

		local principal_part_specs = base.principal_part_specs[rowslot] or rowspec.not_defaulted and {{form = &quot;-&quot;}}
			or {{form = &quot;+&quot;}}
		process_specs(base, base.principal_part_forms, rowslot, principal_part_specs, generate_principal_part_forms)
	end

	if type(rowspec.conjugate) == &quot;table&quot; then
		local persnums = rowspec.row_override_persnums or rowspec.persnums
		if #rowspec.conjugate ~= #persnums then
			error(&quot;Internal error: Expected &quot; .. #persnums .. &quot; elements for row slot '&quot; .. rowslot
				.. &quot;, but saw &quot; .. #rowspec.conjugate)
		end
		local stem = iut.map_forms(base.principal_part_forms[rowslot], function(form)
			local principal_part_ending = rowspec.conjugate[1]
			if type(principal_part_ending) ~= &quot;string&quot; then
				error((&quot;Internal error: First element of the `.conjugate` table of the rowspec for row '%s' is not &quot;
					.. &quot;a single string; if this is needed, either use a conjugate function instead of a table, &quot;
					.. &quot;generalize the code following this error message, or introduce an additional rowspec element &quot;
					.. &quot;`principal_part_ending` containing a single string&quot;):format(rowslot))
			end
			if not rfind(form, principal_part_ending .. &quot;$&quot;) then
				-- Generate the principal part description from the first person/number of the row (which should
				-- always be the principal part) + the overall row description.
				local principal_part_desc = principal_part_person_number_desc[persnums[1]] .. rowspec.desc
				error(rowslot .. &quot;row: must be given in order to generate the &quot; .. rowspec.desc .. &quot; because&quot;
					.. &quot;explicit &quot; .. principal_part_desc .. &quot; '&quot; .. form .. &quot;' does not end in -&quot;
					.. principal_part_ending)
			end
			return rsub(form, principal_part_ending .. &quot;$&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
		end)
		for i, persnum in ipairs(persnums) do
			add_forms(base, rowslot .. persnum, stem, rowspec.conjugate[i])
		end
	else
		rowspec.conjugate(base, rowslot)
	end

	-- Now add any footnotes derived from principal part overrides of the form '+[footnote]' used in conjunction with
	-- built-in verbs.
	if base.principal_part_footnotes[rowslot] then
		for _, persnum in ipairs(rowspec.persnums) do
			local full_slot = rowslot .. persnum
			if base.forms[full_slot] then
				-- To save on memory, side-effect the existing forms.
				for _, formobj in ipairs(base.forms[full_slot]) do
					formobj.footnotes = iut.combine_footnotes(formobj.footnotes, base.principal_part_footnotes[rowslot])
				end
			end
		end
	end

	handle_row_overrides_for_row(base, rowslot)

	-- If there's a mapping from row override persnums to full persnums, copy the slots accordingly.
	if rowspec.row_override_persnums_to_full_persnums then
		for row_override_persnum, full_persnums in pairs(rowspec.row_override_persnums_to_full_persnums) do
			for _, full_persnum in ipairs(full_persnums) do
				copy_forms(base, rowslot .. full_persnum, base.forms[rowslot .. row_override_persnum])
			end
		end
	end

	handle_single_overrides_for_row(base, &quot;single_override_specs&quot;, rowslot)
end


-- Process specs given by the user using 'addnote[SLOTSPEC][FOOTNOTE][FOOTNOTE][...]'. SLOTSPEC can be a Lua pattern,
-- a comma-separated list of Lua patterns (any of which need to match), or a hyphen followed by one or more
-- comma-separated patterns (which negates the sense of the matching).
local function process_addnote_specs(base)
	for _, spec in ipairs(base.addnote_specs) do
		for _, slot_spec in ipairs(spec.slot_specs) do
			local negated = false
			local any_changed = false
			local orig_slot_spec = slot_spec
			if slot_spec:find(&quot;^%-&quot;) then
				negated = true
				slot_spec = usub(slot_spec, 2)
			end
			local single_specs = rsplit(slot_spec, &quot;,&quot;)
			for slot, forms in pairs(base.forms) do
				local matches
				for _, single_spec in ipairs(single_specs) do
					if rfind(slot, &quot;^&quot; .. slot_spec .. &quot;$&quot;) then
						matches = true
						break
					end
				end
				if not negated and matches or negated and not matches and slot ~= &quot;inf&quot; and slot ~= &quot;aux&quot; then
					-- To save on memory, side-effect the existing forms.
					for _, form in ipairs(forms) do
						form.footnotes = iut.combine_footnotes(form.footnotes, spec.footnotes)
						any_changed = true
					end
				end
			end
			if not any_changed then
				error((&quot;addnote spec '%s' had no effect; correct it or remove it&quot;):format(orig_slot_spec))
			end
		end
	end
end


local function check_for_defective_and_unknown_rows(base)
	for _, rowconj in ipairs(row_conjugations) do
		local rowslot, rowspec = unpack(rowconj)
		if not rowspec.dont_check_defective_status then
			local row_not_entirely_unknown = false
			local row_not_entirely_missing = false
			for i, persnum in ipairs(rowspec.persnums) do
				local slot = rowslot .. persnum
				if base.forms[slot] then
					row_not_entirely_missing = true
					for _, form in ipairs(base.forms[slot]) do
						if form.form == &quot;?&quot; then
							base.rowprops.unknown[rowslot] = true
						else
							row_not_entirely_unknown = true
						end
					end
				elseif not skip_slot(base, slot, &quot;checking defective&quot;) then
					base.rowprops.defective[rowslot] = true
				end
			end
			base.rowprops.all_unknown[rowslot] = not row_not_entirely_unknown
			base.rowprops.all_defective[rowslot] = not row_not_entirely_missing
		end
	end
	if not base.principal_part_specs.aux and not base.verb.is_reflexive then
		base.rowprops.defective.aux = true
		base.rowprops.all_defective.aux = true
	end
	if base.principal_part_specs.aux then
		local row_not_entirely_unknown = false
		for _, form in ipairs(base.principal_part_specs.aux) do
			if form.form == &quot;?&quot; then
				base.rowprops.unknown.aux = true
			else
				row_not_entirely_unknown = true
			end
		end
		base.rowprops.all_unknown.aux = not row_not_entirely_unknown
	end
end


-- Any forms without links should get them now. Redundant ones will be stripped later.
local function add_missing_links_to_forms(base)
	for slot, forms in pairs(base.forms) do
		map_side_effecting_forms(forms, add_links)
	end
end


local function remove_links_from_forms(base)
	-- Remove links from forms in case of noautolinkverb.
	for slot, forms in pairs(base.forms) do
		map_side_effecting_forms(forms, m_links.remove_links)
	end
end


local function conjugate_verb(base)
	add_default_verb_forms(base)
	for _, rowconj in ipairs(row_conjugations) do
		local rowslot, rowspec = unpack(rowconj)
		conjugate_row(base, rowslot)
	end
	if base.verb.linked_suf ~= &quot;&quot; then
		for _, rowconj in ipairs(row_conjugations) do
			local rowslot, rowspec = unpack(rowconj)
			rowspec.add_reflexive_clitics(base, rowslot)
		end
	end
	erase_suppressed_slots(base)
	for _, rowconj in ipairs(row_conjugations) do
		local rowslot, rowspec = unpack(rowconj)
		handle_single_overrides_for_row(base, &quot;late_single_override_specs&quot;, rowslot)
	end
	process_addnote_specs(base)
	check_for_defective_and_unknown_rows(base)
	if base.args.noautolinkverb then
		remove_links_from_forms(base)
	else
		add_missing_links_to_forms(base)
	end
end


local function analyze_verb(lemma)
	local is_pronominal = false
	local is_reflexive = false
	-- The particles that can go after a verb are:
	-- * la, le
	-- * ne
	-- * ci, vi (sometimes in the form ce, ve)
	-- * si (sometimes in the form se)
	-- * gli
	-- Observed combinations:
	--   * ce + la: [[avercela]] &quot;to be angry (at someone)&quot;, [[farcela]] &quot;to make it, to succeed&quot;,
	--              [[mettercela tutta]] &quot;to put everything (into something)&quot;
	--   * se + la: [[sbrigarsela]] &quot;to deal with&quot;, [[bersela]] &quot;to naively believe in&quot;,
	--              [[sentirsela]] &quot;to have the courage to face (a difficult situation)&quot;,
	--              [[spassarsela]] &quot;to live it up&quot;, [[svignarsela]] &quot;to scurry away&quot;,
	--              [[squagliarsela]] &quot;to vamoose, to clear off&quot;, [[cercarsela]] &quot;to be looking for (trouble etc.)&quot;,
	--              [[contarsela]] &quot;to have a distortedly positive self-image; to chat at length&quot;,
	--              [[dormirsela]] &quot;to be fast asleep&quot;, [[filarsela]] &quot;to slip away, to scram&quot;,
	--              [[giostrarsela]] &quot;to get away with; to turn a situation to one's advantage&quot;,
	--              [[cavarsela]] &quot;to get away with; to get out of (trouble); to make the best of; to manage (to do); to be good at&quot;,
	--              [[meritarsela]] &quot;to get one's comeuppance&quot;, [[passarsela]] &quot;to fare (well, badly)&quot;,
	--              [[rifarsela]] &quot;to take revenge&quot;, [[sbirbarsela]] &quot;to slide by (in life)&quot;,
	--              [[farsela]]/[[intendersela]] &quot;to have a secret affair or relationship with&quot;,
	--              [[farsela addosso]] &quot;to shit oneself&quot;, [[prendersela]] &quot;to take offense at; to blame&quot;,
	--              [[prendersela comoda]] &quot;to take one's time&quot;, [[sbrigarsela]] &quot;to finish up; to get out of (a difficult situation)&quot;,
	--              [[tirarsela]] &quot;to lord it over&quot;, [[godersela]] &quot;to enjoy&quot;, [[vedersela]] &quot;to see (something) through&quot;,
	--              [[vedersela brutta]] &quot;to have a hard time with; to be in a bad situation&quot;,
	--              [[aversela]] &quot;to pick on (someone)&quot;, [[battersela]] &quot;to run away, to sneak away&quot;,
	--              [[darsela a gambe]] &quot;to run away&quot;, [[fumarsela]] &quot;to sneak away&quot;,
	--              [[giocarsela]] &quot;to behave (a certain way); to strategize; to play&quot;
	--   * se + ne: [[andarsene]] &quot;to take leave&quot;, [[approfittarsene]] &quot;to take advantage of&quot;,
	--              [[fottersene]]/[[strafottersene]] &quot;to not give a fuck&quot;,
	--              [[fregarsene]]/[[strafregarsene]] &quot;to not give a damn&quot;,
	--              [[guardarsene]] &quot;to beware; to think twice&quot;, [[impiparsene]] &quot;to not give a damn&quot;,
	--              [[morirsene]] &quot;to fade away; to die a lingering death&quot;, [[ridersene]] &quot;to laugh at; to not give a damn&quot;,
	--              [[ritornarsene]] &quot;to return to&quot;, [[sbattersene]]/[[strabattersene]] &quot;to not give a damn&quot;,
	--              [[infischiarsene]] &quot;to not give a damn&quot;, [[stropicciarsene]] &quot;to not give a damn&quot;,
	--              [[sbarazzarsene]] &quot;to get rid of, to bump off&quot;, [[andarsene in acqua]] &quot;to be diluted; to decay&quot;,
	--              [[nutrirsene]] &quot;to feed oneself&quot;, [[curarsene]] &quot;to take care of&quot;,
	--              [[intendersene]] &quot;to be an expert (in)&quot;, [[tornarsene]] &quot;to return, to go back&quot;,
	--              [[starsene]] &quot;to stay&quot;, [[farsene]] &quot;to matter; to (not) consider; to use&quot;,
	--              [[farsene una ragione]] &quot;to resign; to give up; to come to terms with; to settle (a dispute)&quot;,
	--              [[riuscirsene]] &quot;to repeat (something annoying)&quot;, [[venirsene]] &quot;to arrive slowly; to leave&quot;
	--   * ci + si: [[trovarcisi]] &quot;to find oneself in a happy situation&quot;,
	--              [[vedercisi]] &quot;to imagine oneself (in a situation)&quot;, [[sentircisi]] &quot;to feel at ease&quot;
	--   * vi + si: [[recarvisi]] &quot;to go there&quot;
	--   * glie + la: [[fargliela]] &quot;to succeed&quot;
	--
	local ret = {}
	local linked_suf, finite_pref, finite_pref_elided_e, finite_pref_elided_ho
	local clitic_to_substitutable = {ce = &quot;[[ce]]&quot;, ve = &quot;[[ve]]&quot;, se = &quot;&lt;se&gt;&quot;}
	local clitic_to_elided = {
		ci = &quot;[[c']]&quot;, vi = &quot;[[vi]] &quot;, si = &quot;[[si]] &quot;,
		lo = &quot;[[l']]&quot;, la = &quot;[[l']]&quot;, li = &quot;[[li]] &quot;, le = &quot;[[le]] &quot;,
		gli = &quot;[[gli]] &quot;,
	}
	local verb, clitic, clitic2 = rmatch(lemma, &quot;^(.-)([cvs]e)(l[oaie])$&quot;)
	if verb then
		is_pronominal = true
		is_reflexive = clitic == &quot;se&quot;
		clitic = clitic_to_substitutable[clitic]
		linked_suf = clitic .. &quot;[[&quot; .. clitic2 .. &quot;]]&quot;
		finite_pref = clitic .. &quot; [[&quot; .. clitic2 .. &quot;]] &quot;
		finite_pref_elided_e = clitic .. &quot; &quot; .. clitic_to_elided[clitic2]
		finite_pref_elided_ho = clitic .. &quot; &quot; .. clitic_to_elided[clitic2]
	end
	if not verb then
		verb, clitic = rmatch(lemma, &quot;^(.-)glie(l[oaie])$&quot;)
		if verb then
			is_pronominal = true
			linked_suf = &quot;[[glie&quot; .. clitic .. &quot;]]&quot;
			finite_pref = linked_suf .. &quot; &quot;
			finite_pref_elided_e = clitic_to_elided[clitic]:gsub(&quot;^%[%[&quot;, &quot;[[glie&quot;)
			finite_pref_elided_ho = finite_pref_elided_e
		end
	end
	if not verb then
		verb, clitic = rmatch(lemma, &quot;^(.-)([cvs]e)ne$&quot;)
		if verb then
			is_pronominal = true
			is_reflexive = clitic == &quot;se&quot;
			clitic = clitic_to_substitutable[clitic]
			linked_suf = clitic .. &quot;[[ne]]&quot;
			finite_pref = clitic .. &quot; [[ne]] &quot;
			finite_pref_elided_e = clitic .. &quot; [[n']]&quot;
			finite_pref_elided_ho = clitic .. &quot; [[ne]] &quot;
		end
	end
	if not verb then
		verb, clitic = rmatch(lemma, &quot;^(.-)([cv]i)si$&quot;)
		if verb then
			is_pronominal = true
			is_reflexive = true
			local si_no_clitic, space_no_clitic
			if clitic == &quot;ci&quot; then
				si_no_clitic = &quot;&lt;si_no_ci&gt;&quot;
				space_no_clitic = &quot;&lt;space_no_ci&gt;&quot;
			else
				si_no_clitic = &quot;&lt;si_no_vi&gt;&quot;
				space_no_clitic = &quot;&lt;space_no_vi&gt;&quot;
			end
			linked_suf = &quot;[[&quot; .. clitic .. &quot;]]&quot; .. si_no_clitic
			finite_pref = si_no_clitic .. space_no_clitic .. &quot;[[&quot; .. clitic .. &quot;]] &quot;
			finite_pref_elided_e = si_no_clitic .. space_no_clitic .. clitic_to_elided[clitic]
			finite_pref_elided_ho = finite_pref
		end
	end
	if not verb then
		verb, clitic = rmatch(lemma, &quot;^(.-)([cv]i)$&quot;)
		if verb then
			is_pronominal = true
			linked_suf = &quot;[[&quot; .. clitic .. &quot;]]&quot;
			finite_pref = &quot;[[&quot; .. clitic .. &quot;]] &quot;
			finite_pref_elided_e = clitic_to_elided[clitic]
			finite_pref_elided_ho = finite_pref
		end
	end
	if not verb then
		verb = rmatch(lemma, &quot;^(.-)si$&quot;)
		if verb then
			-- not pronominal
			is_reflexive = true
			linked_suf = &quot;&lt;si&gt;&quot;
			finite_pref = &quot;&lt;si&gt; &quot;
			finite_pref_elided_e = finite_pref
			finite_pref_elided_ho = finite_pref
		end
	end
	if not verb then
		verb = rmatch(lemma, &quot;^(.-)ne$&quot;)
		if verb then
			is_pronominal = true
			linked_suf = &quot;[[ne]]&quot;
			finite_pref = &quot;[[ne]] &quot;
			finite_pref_elided_e = &quot;[[n']]&quot;
			finite_pref_elided_ho = &quot;[[ne]] &quot;
		end
	end
	if not verb then
		verb, clitic = rmatch(lemma, &quot;^(.-)(gli)$&quot;)
		if not verb then
			verb, clitic = rmatch(lemma, &quot;^(.-)(l[oaie])$&quot;)
		end
		if verb then
			is_pronominal = true
			linked_suf = &quot;[[&quot; .. clitic .. &quot;]]&quot;
			finite_pref = &quot;[[&quot; .. clitic .. &quot;]] &quot;
			finite_pref_elided_e = clitic_to_elided[clitic]
			finite_pref_elided_ho = clitic_to_elided[clitic]
		end
	end
	if not verb then
		-- not pronominal
		verb = lemma
		linked_suf = &quot;&quot;
		finite_pref = &quot;&quot;
		finite_pref_elided_e = &quot;&quot;
		finite_pref_elided_ho = &quot;&quot;
	end

	ret.raw_verb = verb
	ret.linked_suf = linked_suf
	ret.finite_pref = finite_pref
	ret.finite_pref_elided_e = finite_pref_elided_e
	ret.finite_pref_elided_ho = finite_pref_elided_ho
	ret.is_pronominal = is_pronominal
	ret.is_reflexive = is_reflexive
	return ret
end


-- Subfunction of find_builtin_verb(). Match a single spec (which may begin with ^ to anchor against the beginning,
-- otherwise anchored only at the end) against `verb`. Return the prefix and main verb.
local function match_spec_against_verb(spec, verb)
	if spec:find(&quot;^%^&quot;) then
		-- must match exactly
		if rfind(verb, spec .. &quot;$&quot;) then
			return &quot;&quot;, verb
		end
	else
		local prefix, main_verb = rmatch(verb, &quot;^(.*)(&quot; .. spec .. &quot;)$&quot;)
		if prefix then
			return prefix, main_verb
		end
	end
end


-- Subfunction of find_builtin_verb(). Match a single prefix + spec (where the prefix may begin with ^ to anchor
-- against the beginning, otherwise anchored only at the end) against `verb`. Return the prefix and main verb.
local function match_prefixed_spec_against_verb(specprefix, spec, verb)
	if specprefix:find(&quot;^%^&quot;) then
		-- must match exactly
		specprefix = specprefix:gsub(&quot;^%^&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
		if specprefix == &quot;&quot; then
			-- We can't use the second branch of the if-else statement because an empty () returns the current position
			-- in rmatch().
			local main_verb = rmatch(verb, &quot;^(&quot; .. spec .. &quot;)$&quot;)
			if main_verb then
				return &quot;&quot;, main_verb
			end
		else
			local prefix, main_verb = rmatch(verb, &quot;^(&quot; .. specprefix .. &quot;)(&quot; .. spec .. &quot;)$&quot;)
			if prefix then
				return prefix, main_verb
			end
		end
	else
		local prefix, main_verb = rmatch(verb, &quot;^(.*&quot; .. specprefix .. &quot;)(&quot; .. spec .. &quot;)$&quot;)
		if prefix then
			return prefix, main_verb
		end
	end
end


-- Find and return the prefix, main verb and conj spec for the built-in verb matching user-specified verb `verb`.
local function find_builtin_verb(verb)
	if not m_builtin then
		m_builtin = require(&quot;Module:it-verb/builtin&quot;)
	end
	for _, builtin_verb in ipairs(m_builtin.builtin_verbs) do
		local spec, conj, desc = unpack(builtin_verb)

		if type(spec) == &quot;string&quot; then
			local prefix, main_verb = match_spec_against_verb(spec, verb)
			if prefix then
				return prefix, main_verb, conj
			end
		else
			-- Of the form {term = &quot;ergere&quot;, prefixes = {&quot;^&quot;, &quot;ad&quot;, &quot;ri&quot;}}. Note that the prefixes not preceded by ^
			-- can have further prefixes before them.
			for _, spec_prefix in ipairs(spec.prefixes) do
				local prefix, main_verb = match_prefixed_spec_against_verb(spec_prefix, spec.term, verb)
				if prefix then
					return prefix, main_verb, conj
				end
			end
		end
	end
end


-- Parse the &quot;inside&quot; of an angle bracket spec (e.g. &quot;a/é&quot;), storing the results into `base`. This is the actual
-- function that parses indicator specs. It is separated from, and called from, parse_indicator_spec() in order to
-- deal with built-in verbs, which have their own indicator specs that must be combined with the indicator spec given
-- by the user. `is_builtin_verb` is true if we're processing a built-in verb spec, as opposed to a user-specified one.
local function parse_inside(base, inside, is_builtin_verb)
	local function parse_err(msg)
		error((is_builtin_verb and &quot;Internal error processing built-in verb spec: &quot; or &quot;&quot;) .. msg
			.. &quot;: &lt;&quot; .. inside .. &quot;&gt;&quot;)
	end

	local function parse_qualifiers(separated_group)
		local qualifiers
		for j = 2, #separated_group - 1, 2 do
			if separated_group[j + 1] ~= &quot;&quot; then
				parse_err(&quot;Extraneous text after bracketed qualifiers: '&quot; .. table.concat(separated_group) .. &quot;'&quot;)
			end
			if not qualifiers then
				qualifiers = {}
			end
			local r_spec = separated_group[j]:match(&quot;^%[r:(.*)%]$&quot;)
			if r_spec then
				local expanded_ref = require(com_module).parse_abbreviated_references_spec(r_spec)
				table.insert(qualifiers, &quot;[ref:&quot; .. expanded_ref .. &quot;]&quot;)
			else
				table.insert(qualifiers, separated_group[j])
			end
		end
		return qualifiers
	end

	local function fetch_specs(comma_separated_group, allow_blank)
		local colon_separated_groups = split_alternating_runs_and_strip_spaces(comma_separated_group, &quot;:&quot;)
		if allow_blank and #colon_separated_groups == 1 and #colon_separated_groups[1] == 1 and
			colon_separated_groups[1][1] == &quot;&quot; then
			return nil
		end
		local specs = {}
		for _, colon_separated_group in ipairs(colon_separated_groups) do
			local form = colon_separated_group[1]
			if form == &quot;&quot; then
				parse_err(&quot;Blank form not allowed here, but saw '&quot; ..
					table.concat(comma_separated_group) .. &quot;'&quot;)
			end
			if form:find(&quot;,&quot;) then
				parse_err(&quot;Comma in form '&quot; .. form .. &quot;', did you mean to use a colon?&quot;)
			end
			local new_spec = {form = form, footnotes = parse_qualifiers(colon_separated_group)}
			for _, existing_spec in ipairs(specs) do
				if m_table.deepEquals(existing_spec, new_spec) then
					parse_err(&quot;Duplicate spec '&quot; .. table.concat(colon_separated_group) .. &quot;'&quot;)
				end
			end
			table.insert(specs, new_spec)
		end
		return specs
	end

	-- Parse present-tense spec of the form PRES^PRES3S or just PRES, and set the appropriate properties in `base`.
	-- Used in the PRES^PRES3S,PHIS,PP spec as well as with pres:PRES^PRES3S in conjunction with built-in verbs.
	local function parse_present_spec(run)
		local cflex_separated_groups = split_alternating_runs_and_strip_spaces(run, &quot;%^&quot;)
		if #cflex_separated_groups &gt; 2 then
			parse_err(&quot;At most one circumflex sign (^) can appear in present tense specs&quot;)
		end
		base.principal_part_specs.pres = fetch_specs(cflex_separated_groups[1])
		if #cflex_separated_groups == 2 then
			base.principal_part_specs.pres3s = fetch_specs(cflex_separated_groups[2])
		end
	end

	local function is_root_stressed(separator)
		return separator == &quot;\\&quot; or separator == &quot;\\/&quot; or separator == &quot;/\\&quot;
	end
	local function get_opt_root_stressed_value(separator)
		return separator == &quot;\\/&quot; and &quot;root-first&quot; or separator == &quot;/\\&quot; and &quot;ending-first&quot; or nil
	end

	local segments = put.parse_balanced_segment_run(inside, &quot;[&quot;, &quot;]&quot;)
	local dot_separated_groups = split_alternating_runs_and_strip_spaces(segments, &quot;%.&quot;)
	for i, dot_separated_group in ipairs(dot_separated_groups) do
		local first_element = dot_separated_group[1]

		if i == 1 then -- first dot-separated group is PRES,PHIS,PP or PRES^PRES3S,PHIS,PP or similar.
			local comma_separated_groups = split_alternating_runs_and_strip_spaces(dot_separated_group, &quot;[,\\/]+&quot;,
				&quot;preserve splitchar&quot;)
			local presind = 1
			local first_separator = #comma_separated_groups &gt; 1 and comma_separated_groups[2][1]
			if base.verb.is_reflexive or is_builtin_verb then
				if #comma_separated_groups &gt; 1 and first_separator ~= &quot;,&quot; then
					presind = 3
					-- Fetch root-stressed infinitive, if given.
					local specs = fetch_specs(comma_separated_groups[1], &quot;allow blank&quot;)
					if is_root_stressed(first_separator) then
						-- For verbs like [[scegliersi]] and [[proporsi]], allow either 'é\scélgo' or '\é\scélgo'
						-- and similarly either 'ó+\propóngo' or '\ó+\propóngo'.
						if specs == nil then
							if #comma_separated_groups &gt; 3 and is_root_stressed(comma_separated_groups[4][1]) then
								base.principal_part_specs.root_stressed_inf = fetch_specs(comma_separated_groups[3])
								presind = 5
							else
								base.principal_part_specs.root_stressed_inf = {{form = &quot;+&quot;}}
							end
						else
							base.principal_part_specs.root_stressed_inf = specs
						end
						base.props.opt_root_stressed_inf = get_opt_root_stressed_value(first_separator)
					elseif specs ~= nil then
						local errpref = is_builtin_verb and &quot;With built-in verb&quot; or &quot;With reflexive verb&quot;
						parse_err(errpref .. &quot;, can't specify anything before initial slash, but saw '&quot;
							.. table.concat(comma_separated_groups[1]))
					end
				elseif not is_builtin_verb and rfind(base.verb.raw_verb, &quot;er$&quot;) then
					parse_err(&quot;With reflexive -ere verb, must precede present spec with / or \\ to indicate whether infinitive is root-stressed&quot;)
				end
				if not is_builtin_verb then
					base.principal_part_specs.aux = {{form = &quot;èssere&quot;}}
				end
			else -- non-reflexive
				if #comma_separated_groups == 1 or first_separator == &quot;,&quot; then
					parse_err(&quot;With non-reflexive verb, use a spec like AUX/PRES, AUX\\PRES, AUX/PRES,PAST,PP or similar&quot;)
				end
				presind = 3
				-- Fetch auxiliary or auxiliaries.
				local colon_separated_groups = split_alternating_runs_and_strip_spaces(comma_separated_groups[1], &quot;:&quot;)
				for _, colon_separated_group in ipairs(colon_separated_groups) do
					local aux = colon_separated_group[1]
					if aux == &quot;a&quot; then
						aux = &quot;avére&quot;
					elseif aux == &quot;e&quot; then
						aux = &quot;èssere&quot;
					elseif aux == &quot;-&quot; then
						if #colon_separated_group &gt; 1 then
							parse_err(&quot;No footnotes allowed with '-' spec for auxiliary&quot;)
						end
						aux = nil
					elseif aux == &quot;?&quot; then
						-- remains as-is
					else
						parse_err(&quot;Unrecognized auxiliary '&quot; .. aux ..
							&quot;', should be 'a' (for [[avere]]), 'e' (for [[essere]]), or '-' if no past participle&quot;)
					end
					if aux then
						if base.principal_part_specs.aux then
							for _, existing_aux in ipairs(base.principal_part_specs.aux) do
								if existing_aux.form == aux then
									parse_err(&quot;Auxiliary '&quot; .. aux .. &quot;' specified twice&quot;)
								end
							end
						else
							base.principal_part_specs.aux = {}
						end
						table.insert(base.principal_part_specs.aux, {form = aux, footnotes = parse_qualifiers(colon_separated_group)})
					end
				end

				-- Fetch root-stressed infinitive, if given.
				if is_root_stressed(first_separator) then
					if #comma_separated_groups &gt; 3 and is_root_stressed(comma_separated_groups[4][1]) then
						base.principal_part_specs.root_stressed_inf = fetch_specs(comma_separated_groups[3])
						presind = 5
					else
						base.principal_part_specs.root_stressed_inf = {{form = &quot;+&quot;}}
					end
					base.props.opt_root_stressed_inf = get_opt_root_stressed_value(first_separator)
				end
			end

			if #comma_separated_groups == presind and comma_separated_groups[presind][1] == &quot;@&quot; then
				-- We will find the conjugation for the built-in verb later, after we've seen whether there is an
				-- '.rre' property.
				base.props.builtin = true
			else
				-- Parse present
				parse_present_spec(comma_separated_groups[presind])

				-- Parse past historic
				if #comma_separated_groups &gt; presind then if comma_separated_groups[presind + 1][1] ~= &quot;,&quot; then
						parse_err(&quot;Use a comma not slash to separate present from past historic&quot;)
					end
					base.principal_part_specs.phis = fetch_specs(comma_separated_groups[presind + 2])
				end

				-- Parse past participle
				if #comma_separated_groups &gt; presind + 2 then
					if comma_separated_groups[presind + 3][1] ~= &quot;,&quot; then
						parse_err(&quot;Use a comma not slash to separate past historic from past participle&quot;)
					end
					base.principal_part_specs.pp = fetch_specs(comma_separated_groups[presind + 4])
				end

				if #comma_separated_groups &gt; presind + 4 then
					parse_err(&quot;Extraneous text after past participle&quot;)
				end
			end
		elseif first_element == &quot;impers&quot; or first_element == &quot;thirdonly&quot; or first_element == &quot;rre&quot; or
			first_element == &quot;nofinite&quot; or first_element == &quot;no_root_stressed&quot; or first_element == &quot;presonly&quot; then
			if #dot_separated_group &gt; 1 then
				parse_err(&quot;No footnotes allowed with '&quot; .. first_element .. &quot;' spec&quot;)
			end
			base.props[first_element] = true
		elseif first_element == &quot;addnote&quot; then
			local spec_and_footnotes = parse_qualifiers(dot_separated_group)
			if #spec_and_footnotes &lt; 2 then
				parse_err(&quot;Spec with 'addnote' should be of the form 'addnote[SLOTSPEC][FOOTNOTE][FOOTNOTE][...]'&quot;)
			end
			local slot_spec = table.remove(spec_and_footnotes, 1)
			local slot_spec_inside = rmatch(slot_spec, &quot;^%[(.*)%]$&quot;)
			if not slot_spec_inside then
				parse_err(&quot;Internal error: slot_spec &quot; .. slot_spec .. &quot; should be surrounded with brackets&quot;)
			end
			local slot_specs = rsplit(slot_spec_inside, &quot;,&quot;)
			for j, spec in ipairs(slot_specs) do
				slot_specs[j] = strip_spaces(spec)
			end
			table.insert(base.addnote_specs, {slot_specs = slot_specs, footnotes = spec_and_footnotes})
		else
			local first_element_prefix, first_element_minus_prefix = rmatch(first_element,
				&quot;^%s*([a-z0-9_!]+)%s*:%s*(.-)%s*$&quot;)
			if not first_element_prefix then
				parse_err(&quot;Dot-separated element should be either 'impers', 'thirdonly', 'nofinite', 'no_root_stressed', 'presonly', 'rre' or be of the form &quot;
					.. &quot;'PREFIX:SPEC', but saw '&quot; .. table.concat(dot_separated_group) .. &quot;'&quot;)
			end
			dot_separated_group[1] = first_element_minus_prefix
			if first_element_prefix == &quot;stem&quot; then
				base.principal_part_specs.explicit_stem_spec = fetch_specs(dot_separated_group)
			elseif first_element_prefix == &quot;phisstem&quot; then
				base.principal_part_specs.explicit_phis_stem_spec = fetch_specs(dot_separated_group)
			elseif first_element_prefix == &quot;unstressed_stem&quot; then
				base.principal_part_specs.explicit_unstressed_stem_spec = fetch_specs(dot_separated_group)
			elseif first_element_prefix == &quot;pres&quot; then
				if first_element_minus_prefix == &quot;-&quot; and #dot_separated_group == 1 then
					-- Allow 'pres:-' to be given to suppress the present. We implement this using the
					-- equivalent of a row override for each of the present forms; this also cancels out the
					-- present subjunctive and the imperative.
					local hyphen_form = {{form = &quot;-&quot;}}
					base.row_override_specs.pres = {
						[&quot;1s&quot;] = hyphen_form, [&quot;2s&quot;] = hyphen_form, [&quot;3s&quot;] = hyphen_form,
						[&quot;1p&quot;] = hyphen_form, [&quot;2p&quot;] = hyphen_form, [&quot;3p&quot;] = hyphen_form,
					}
				else
					if not base.props.builtin then
						parse_err(&quot;Can't specify 'pres:' override except when '@' is given to request a built-in verb&quot;)
					end
					parse_present_spec(dot_separated_group)
				end
			elseif row_conjugation_map[first_element_prefix] then
				local no_explicit_pp = row_conjugation_map[first_element_prefix].no_explicit_principal_part
				if no_explicit_pp == true or not base.props.builtin and no_explicit_pp == &quot;builtin&quot; then
					parse_err(&quot;Can't specify principal part for &quot; .. row_conjugation_map[first_element_prefix].desc
						.. &quot; using '&quot; .. first_element_prefix .. &quot;:'; use the specification PRES^PRES3S.PHIS.PP&quot;)
				else
					base.principal_part_specs[first_element_prefix] = fetch_specs(dot_separated_group)
				end
			elseif overridable_slot_set[first_element_prefix] then
				base.single_override_specs[first_element_prefix] = fetch_specs(dot_separated_group)
			elseif first_element_prefix:find(&quot;!$&quot;) then
				local late_override_slot = rmatch(first_element_prefix, &quot;^(.*)!$&quot;)
				if late_overridable_slot_set[late_override_slot] then
					base.late_single_override_specs[late_override_slot] = fetch_specs(dot_separated_group)
				else
					parse_err(&quot;Late override &quot; .. first_element_prefix .. &quot; refers to an unrecognized slot in '&quot; ..
						table.concat(dot_separated_group) .. &quot;'&quot;)
				end
			elseif first_element_prefix:find(&quot;row$&quot;) then
				local row_override_slot = rmatch(first_element_prefix, &quot;^(.*)row$&quot;)
				if row_conjugation_map[row_override_slot] then
					local rowspec = row_conjugation_map[row_override_slot]
					if rowspec.no_row_overrides then
						-- This happens with e.g. pp and negimp. Doesn't make sense with pp because it's a single form
						-- that can be specified completely using the explicit principal part. Rarely if ever useful
						-- for negimp; use single overrides if absolutely necessary.
						parse_err(&quot;Can't specify row override for &quot; .. rowspec.desc .. &quot; using &quot; .. row_override_slot
							.. &quot;row:; use an explicit principal part or single overrides (if allowed)&quot;)
					end
					local comma_separated_groups = split_alternating_runs_and_strip_spaces(dot_separated_group, &quot;,&quot;)
					local persnums = rowspec.row_override_persnums or rowspec.persnums
					if #comma_separated_groups ~= #persnums then
						parse_err(&quot;For &quot; .. row_override_slot .. &quot;row:, expected &quot; .. #persnums
							.. &quot; comma-separated forms but saw &quot; .. #comma_separated_groups .. &quot; in '&quot;
							.. table.concat(dot_separated_group) .. &quot;'&quot;)
					end
					base.row_override_specs[row_override_slot] = {}
					for i, persnum in ipairs(persnums) do
						base.row_override_specs[row_override_slot][persnum] = fetch_specs(comma_separated_groups[i])
					end
				else
					local row_override_slots = {}
					for row_override_slot, _ in pairs(row_conjugation_map) do
						table.insert(row_override_slots, row_override_slot .. &quot;row:&quot;)
					end
					table.sort(row_override_slots)
					parse_err(&quot;Row override spec should begin with one of &quot; .. m_table.serialCommaJoin(row_override_slots)
						.. &quot;, but saw '&quot; .. table.concat(dot_separated_group) .. &quot;'&quot;)
				end
			else
				parse_err(&quot;Unrecognized prefix '&quot; .. first_element_prefix .. &quot;' in '&quot;
					.. table.concat(dot_separated_group) .. &quot;'&quot;)
			end
		end
	end
end


local function create_base()
	-- `lemma` is the verb lemma, as specified by the user.
	-- `verb` contains various properties of the verb derived from the lemma by analyze_verb().
	-- `forms` contains the final per-slot forms. This is processed further in [[Module:inflection-utilities]].
	--    This is a table indexed by slot (e.g. &quot;pres1s&quot;). Each value in the table is a list of items of the form
	--    {form = FORM, footnotes = FOOTNOTES} where FORM is the actual generated form and FOOTNOTES is either nil
	--    or a list of footnotes (which must be surrounded by brackets, e.g. &quot;[archaic]&quot;).
	-- `principal_part_specs` contains forms specified by the user in various fashions. The value is in the same form
	--    as for `forms``, but the FORM contained in it is the actual user-specified form, which may be e.g. &quot;#è&quot;
	--    rather than a verb form, and needs to be processed to generate the actual form. A spec may be &quot;+&quot; to insert
	--    the default-generated form or forms, or &quot;-&quot; to indicate that this form doesn't exist. The source of these
	--    forms is either
	--    (a) prefixes 'imperf:', 'fut:', 'sub:', 'impsub:', 'imp:', etc. (the key is &quot;imperf&quot;, &quot;fut&quot;, etc.);
	--    (b) specs in the format e.g. &quot;vèngo:vègno[archaic or poetic]^viène,vénni,venùto&quot; or &quot;é:#è&quot; (the key is one of
	--        &quot;pres&quot;, &quot;pres3s&quot;, &quot;phis&quot; or &quot;pp&quot; as appropriate);
	--    (c) an explicit stem specified using 'stem:' (the key is &quot;explicit_stem_spec&quot;);
	--    (d) a root-stressed infinitive spec such as &quot;ó+&quot; in &quot;a\ó+\compóngo,compósi,compósto&quot; (the key is
	--        &quot;root_stressed_inf&quot;); this will have the value &quot;+&quot; (meaning to take the vowel spec from the present tense)
	--        if a spec like &quot;a\è&quot; is given with only one backslash, and will be missing entirely if a spec like &quot;a/è&quot;
	--        is given with a slash instead of a backslash;
	--    (e) an auxiliary specified using e.g. &quot;a[transitive]:e[intransitive]/è&quot; (the key is &quot;aux&quot; and the value will
	--        contain the actual auxiliary in the form in place of &quot;a&quot; or &quot;e&quot;).
	-- `principal_part_footnotes` contains per-row footnotes derived from overriding principal part specs of the form
	--    '+[footnote]' used in conjunction with a built-in verb.
	-- `principal_part_forms` contains the processed versions of the specs contained in `principal_part_specs`. The
	--    keys are as in `principal_part_specs` and the values are the same as for `forms`.
	-- `row_override_specs` contains user-specified forms for a full tense/aspect row using 'presrow:', 'subrow:', etc.
	--    The key is &quot;pres&quot;, &quot;sub&quot;, etc. (i.e. minus the &quot;row&quot; suffix). The value is another table indexed by the
	--    person/number suffix (e.g. &quot;1s&quot;, &quot;2s&quot;, etc. for &quot;pres&quot;; &quot;123s&quot;, &quot;1p&quot;, &quot;2p&quot;, etc. for &quot;sub&quot;), whose values
	--    are in the same format as `principal_part_specs`.
	-- `single_override_specs` contains user-specified forms using 'pres1s:', 'sub3p:', etc. The key is the slot
	--    (&quot;pres1s&quot;, &quot;sub3p&quot;, etc.) and the value is of the same format as `principal_part_specs`.
	-- `late_single_override_specs` contains user-specified forms using 'pres1s!:', 'sub3p!:', etc., specifying late
	--    overrides that take place after copying forms from one place to another and after adding reflexive clitics.
	--    The key is the slot (&quot;pres1s&quot;, &quot;sub3p&quot;, etc.) and the value is of the same format as `principal_part_specs`.
	-- `addnote_specs` contains specs specifying footnotes to add to individual slots or collections of slots using
	--    'addnote[SLOTSPEC,SLOTSPEC][FOOTNOTE][FOOTNOTE][...]'. Each element is an object of the form
	--    {slotspec = {SLOTSPEC, ...}, footnotes = {FOOTNOTE, ...}}.
	-- `is_irreg` is a table indexed by an individual form slot (&quot;pres1s&quot;, &quot;sub2s&quot;, &quot;pp&quot;, etc.) whose value is true or
	--    false indicating whether a given form is irregular. Currently, the values in `is_irreg` are used only by the
	--    code in [[Module:it-headword]] to determine whether to show irregular principal parts.
	-- `props` is a table of miscellaneous Boolean properties. Current properties:
	--    - `impers` (impersonal verb, with only third-singular forms)
	--    - `thirdonly` (third-person only verb)
	--    - `nofinite` (verb is missing all finite forms)
	--    - `no_root_stressed` (verb is missing all root-stressed forms)
	--    - `presonly` (verb is missing all finite forms except the present indicative)
	--    - `rre` (user specified the 'rre' indicator in conjunction with a syncopated reflexive verb like
	--             [[contrarsi]] reflexive of [[contrarre]], which otherwise would get interpreted as the reflexive of
	--             [[contrare]])
	--    - `syncopated` (verb is syncopated, i.e. the infinitive ends in '-rre'; includes verbs with '-rre' infinitive
	--                    as well as reflexive verbs ending in '-orsi' or '-ursi' and verbs where the 'rre' indicator
	--                    was given by the user)
	--    - `builtin` (verb uses a built-in conjugation in [[Module:it-verb/builtin]])
	--    - `opt_root_stressed_inf` (verb used the \/ or /\ notation to indicate an optionally root-stressed infinitive;
	--                               to determine if a verb used the \ notation, look for a value in
	--                               base.principal_part_specs.root_stressed_inf)
	-- `rowprops` is a table of tables of row-specific Boolean properties. Each subtable specifies a property of a
	--    given row, such as whether the row is irregular. Specifically:
	--    - `rowprops.irreg`: The row is irregular, i.e. at least one slot has an irregular form. Currently used to
	--       determine whether to add categories like [[:Category:Italian verbs with irregular imperfect subjunctive]],
	--       and whether to display the row's principal part in the headword line.
	--    - `rowprops.defective`: The row is defective (missing one or more forms). Forms expected to be missing due to
	--       'impers' or 'thirdonly' don't count.
	--    - `rowprops.all_defective`: The row is missing all forms. A row should be considered completely defective if
	--       `rowprops.defective[row]` and `rowprops.all_defective[row]` (we need both checks in case of expected
	--       missing rows, such as imperative with 'impers' or 'thirdonly').
	--    - `rowprops.unknown`: The row has at least one unknown form.
	--    - `rowprops.all_unknown`: All forms of the row are unknown.
	--
	-- There should be no other properties set directly at the `base` level.
	return {forms = {}, principal_part_specs = {}, principal_part_footnotes = {}, principal_part_forms = {},
		row_override_specs = {}, single_override_specs = {}, late_single_override_specs = {}, addnote_specs = {},
		is_irreg = {}, props = {},
		rowprops = {irreg = {}, defective = {}, all_defective = {}, unknown = {}, all_unknown = {}},
	}
end


-- Parse the indicator spec of an Italian verb, e.g. '&lt;a/é&gt;'. `angle_bracket_spec` is the indicator spec itself,
-- surrounded by angle brackets. `lemma` is the verb lemma specified before the indicator spec, possibly with brackets
-- if so specified by the user, and an empty string if no lemma was given. `pagename` is the pagename, either the
-- actual name of the page or the value of pagename= if given.
--
-- For example:
-- * If the user said {{it-conj|a/é}} or {{it-conj|&lt;a/é&gt;}} then angle_bracket_spec == &quot;&lt;a/é&gt;&quot; and lemma == &quot;&quot;.
-- * If the user said {{it-conj|partecipare&lt;a/é&gt;}} then angle_bracket_spec == &quot;&lt;a/é&gt;&quot; and lemma == &quot;partecipare&quot;.
-- * If the user said {{it-conj|[[annunciare|annunciarsi|]]&lt;ù&gt;}} then angle_bracket_spec == &quot;&lt;ù&gt;&quot; and
--   lemma == &quot;[[annunciare|annunciarsi]]&quot;.
--
-- This function returns a `base` object (see create_base()) describing the parsed spec.
local function parse_indicator_spec(angle_bracket_spec, lemma, pagename)
	local base = create_base()
	if lemma == &quot;&quot; then
		lemma = pagename
	end
	base.lemma = m_links.remove_links(lemma)
	base.verb = analyze_verb(lemma)

	local inside = angle_bracket_spec:match(&quot;^&lt;(.*)&gt;$&quot;)
	assert(inside)
	parse_inside(base, inside, false)

	local function parse_err(msg)
		error(msg .. &quot;: &quot; .. angle_bracket_spec)
	end

	-- Set up base.verb.verb. This must be done after parse_inside() because it depends on the '.rre' indicator.
	set_up_base_verb(base)

	if base.props.builtin then
		local prefix, main_verb, conj = find_builtin_verb(base.verb.verb)
		if not prefix then
			parse_err(&quot;Unable to find built-in verb corresponding to '&quot; .. base.verb.verb .. &quot;'&quot;)
		end
		-- Create a new `base`, fill it with properties from the built-in verb, and copy over the user-specified
		-- properties on top of it.
		local nbase = create_base()
		nbase.lemma = base.lemma
		nbase.verb = base.verb
		nbase.verb.prefix = prefix
		nbase.verb.verb = prefix .. main_verb
		nbase.verb.raw_verb = prefix .. nbase.verb.raw_verb
		parse_inside(nbase, conj, &quot;is builtin&quot;)
		if nbase.principal_part_specs.root_stressed_inf then
			local base_rsi = base.principal_part_specs.root_stressed_inf
			-- We are dealing with a built-in verb whose spec has a backslash in it, such as [[scegliere]] with spec
			-- &quot;é\scélgo,scélsi,scélto&quot;, or [[porre]] with spec &quot;ó\póngo,pósi,pósto&quot;. The user should have specified
			-- &quot;a\@&quot; or similar. We need to merge the specs appropriately.
			if not base_rsi then
				parse_err((&quot;Built-in verb [[%s]] has a root-stressed infinitive, and so the user specification &quot;
					.. &quot;should have a backslash (\\) preceding the @ sign&quot;):format(main_verb))
			end
			if #base_rsi ~= 1 or base_rsi[1].form ~= &quot;+&quot; or base_rsi[1].footnotes then
				local auxspec = base.verb.is_reflexive and &quot;&quot; or &quot;a&quot;
				parse_err((&quot;Built-in verb [[%s]] has a root-stressed infinitive, and so the user specification &quot;
					.. &quot;should use a single-backslash spec like '%s\\@', not a double-backslash one like '%s\\ó\\@'&quot;):
					format(main_verb, aux_spec, aux_spec))
			end
			-- Cancel out the user's spec so it doesn't override the built-in spec.
			base.principal_part_specs.root_stressed_inf = nil
		end

		-- If there's a prefix, add it now to all the specs derived from the built-in verb.
		if prefix ~= &quot;&quot; then
			local function form_should_be_preserved(form)
				local prespec, bare_form, postspec = parse_decorated_form(form)
				return bare_form == &quot;+&quot; or bare_form == &quot;+isc&quot; or bare_form == &quot;-&quot; or bare_form == &quot;?&quot; or is_single_vowel_spec(bare_form)
			end

			local function add_prefix_to_forms(tbl, slot)
				local saw_preserve_accent = false
				for _, formobj in ipairs(tbl[slot]) do
					local prespec, bare_form, postspec = parse_decorated_form(formobj.form)
					if rfind(postspec, &quot;!&quot;) then
						saw_preserve_accent = true
						break
					end
				end
				if saw_preserve_accent then
					-- We have to do it the &quot;hard&quot; way, re-inserting the forms, in case of redundancy.
					local existing_forms = tbl[slot]
					tbl[slot] = {}
					iut.insert_forms(tbl, slot, iut.map_forms(existing_forms, function(form)
						if form_should_be_preserved(form) then
							return form
						else
							-- If there is a ! after the form (indicating that monosyllabic accents should be
							-- preserved), remove it.
							local prespec, bare_form, postspec = parse_decorated_form(form)
							return prespec .. prefix .. bare_form .. rsub(postspec, &quot;!&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
						end
					end))
				else
					-- To save on memory, side-effect the existing forms.
					map_side_effecting_forms(tbl[slot], function(form)
						if form_should_be_preserved(form) then
							return form
						else
							local prespec, bare_form, postspec = parse_decorated_form(form)
							return prespec .. prefix .. bare_form .. postspec
						end
					end)
				end
			end

			for _, prop_table in ipairs { &quot;principal_part_specs&quot;, &quot;single_override_specs&quot;, &quot;late_single_override_specs&quot; } do
				for slot, _ in pairs(nbase[prop_table]) do
					add_prefix_to_forms(nbase[prop_table], slot)
				end
			end

			-- nbase.row_override_specs is in a different format.
			for slot, prop in pairs(nbase.row_override_specs) do
				for persnum, _ in pairs(prop) do
					add_prefix_to_forms(prop, persnum)
				end
			end

			-- We also need to hack any single-vowel specs that don't already specify +, - or -- to use ++, which is
			-- like + (take the right vowel of two) but won't throw an error if there aren't two matching vowels.
			-- Thisis needed for e.g. [[porre]] with prefix com-, where [[comporre]] ends up with two of the same vowel.
			local function hack_single_vowel_spec(specs)
				if specs then
					for _, spec in ipairs(specs) do
						local prespec, bare_form, postspec = parse_decorated_form(spec.form)
						if rfind(bare_form, &quot;^&quot; .. AV .. &quot;$&quot;) then
							spec.form = prespec .. bare_form .. &quot;++&quot; .. postspec
						end
					end
				end
			end
			hack_single_vowel_spec(nbase.principal_part_specs.root_stressed_inf)
			hack_single_vowel_spec(nbase.principal_part_specs.pres)
			hack_single_vowel_spec(nbase.principal_part_specs.pres3s)
		end

		-- Copy user-specified principal part specs unless '+' is used, which we handle specially. The reason for this
		-- is that + is normally used in conjunction with footnotes such as 'phis:+[rare]' where the intention is to add
		-- a footnote to all the forms of that row; but if we don't do the following, the + instead requests the default
		-- principal part generated from the infinitive.
		for slot, specs in pairs(base.principal_part_specs) do
			local saw_plus, saw_non_plus
			for _, spec in ipairs(specs) do
				local prespec, bare_form, postspec = parse_decorated_form(spec.form)
				if bare_form == &quot;+&quot; then
					saw_plus = true
				else
					saw_non_plus = true
				end
			end
			if saw_plus and saw_non_plus then
				parse_err((&quot;For principal part '%s:', can't specify both + and something else when overriding a built-in verb&quot;):
					format(slot))
			elseif saw_plus and slot ~= &quot;root_stressed_inf&quot; then
				-- Need a special case for root_stressed_inf. We do want to copy a + from the user-specified specs for
				-- root_stressed_inf to `nbase`, e.g. for [[condurre]]. The built-in spec doesn't indicate that this is
				-- root-stressed; this comes from the user-specified 'a\@' or similar, and if we don't copy it, the code in
				-- add_infinitive() triggers do_ending_stressed_infinitive(), which throws an error on -rre verbs.
				for _, spec in ipairs(specs) do
					local prespec, bare_form, postspec = parse_decorated_form(spec.form)
					if bare_form ~= &quot;+&quot; then
						parse_err((&quot;Internal error: Saw '%s' for principal part form for slot '%s' but expected '+'&quot;):
							format(slot, spec.form))
					end
					if spec.footnotes then
						nbase.principal_part_footnotes[slot] = iut.combine_footnotes(
							nbase.principal_part_footnotes[full_slot], spec.footnotes)
					end
				end
			else
				nbase.principal_part_specs[slot] = specs
			end
		end

		-- Now copy remaining user-specified specs into the built-in verb `base`.
		for _, prop_table in ipairs { &quot;row_override_specs&quot;, &quot;single_override_specs&quot;, &quot;late_single_override_specs&quot;,
			&quot;props&quot; } do
			for slot, prop in pairs(base[prop_table]) do
				nbase[prop_table][slot] = prop
			end
		end

		for _, prop_list in ipairs { &quot;addnote_specs&quot; } do
			for _, prop in ipairs(base[prop_list]) do
				m_table.insertIfNot(nbase[prop_list], prop)
			end
		end
		return nbase
	end

	return base
end


-- Normalize all lemmas, substituting the pagename for blank lemmas and adding links to multiword lemmas.
local function normalize_all_lemmas(alternant_multiword_spec)

	-- (1) Add links to all before and after text.
	if not alternant_multiword_spec.args.noautolinktext then
		alternant_multiword_spec.post_text = add_links(alternant_multiword_spec.post_text)
		for _, alternant_or_word_spec in ipairs(alternant_multiword_spec.alternant_or_word_specs) do
			alternant_or_word_spec.before_text = add_links(alternant_or_word_spec.before_text)
			if alternant_or_word_spec.alternants then
				for _, multiword_spec in ipairs(alternant_or_word_spec.alternants) do
					multiword_spec.post_text = add_links(multiword_spec.post_text)
					for _, word_spec in ipairs(multiword_spec.word_specs) do
						word_spec.before_text = add_links(word_spec.before_text)
					end
				end
			end
		end
	end

	-- (2) Remove any links from the lemma.
	iut.map_word_specs(alternant_multiword_spec, function(base)
		base.lemma = m_links.remove_links(base.lemma)
	end)
end


-- Detect inconsistencies in indicator specs. This checks that the properties 'impers' and 'thirdonly' are consistent
-- across all verbs; checks that if the past participle is given as -, the auxiliary is also given as -; and propagates
-- certain properties (the `from_headword` property and the template args) down to each `base`.
local function detect_all_indicator_specs(alternant_multiword_spec, from_headword)
	alternant_multiword_spec.props = {}

	local props_that_must_be_consistent = {&quot;impers&quot;, &quot;thirdonly&quot;}
	-- Propagate some settings up or down.
	iut.map_word_specs(alternant_multiword_spec, function(base)
		for _, prop in ipairs(props_that_must_be_consistent) do
			if base.props[prop] then
				alternant_multiword_spec.props[prop] = true
			end
		end
		base.from_headword = from_headword
		base.args = alternant_multiword_spec.args
	end)

	for _, prop in ipairs(props_that_must_be_consistent) do
		if alternant_multiword_spec.props[prop] then
			iut.map_word_specs(alternant_multiword_spec, function(base)
				if not base.props[prop] then
					error(&quot;If some alternants specify '&quot; .. prop .. &quot;', all must&quot;)
				end
			end)
		end
	end

	iut.map_word_specs(alternant_multiword_spec, function(base)
		if base.props.impers and base.props.thirdonly then
			error(&quot;'impers' and 'thirdonly' cannot both be specified&quot;)
		end

		-- Check for missing past participle -&gt; missing auxiliary.
		if not base.verb.is_reflexive then
			local pp_is_missing = base.principal_part_specs.pp and #base.principal_part_specs.pp == 0
				and base.principal_part_specs.pp[1].form == &quot;-&quot;
			local aux_is_missing = not base.principal_part_specs.aux
			if pp_is_missing and not aux_is_missing then
				error(&quot;If past participle given as '-', auxiliary must be explicitly specified as '-'&quot;)
			end
		end
	end)
end


-- Propagate indications of irregularity, defectiveness and other properties upward from individual `base` forms to the
-- overall `alternant_multiword_spec`. The overall indications of irregularity/defectiveness are used in
-- [[Module:it-headword]] to show irregular/defective principal parts, and other properties are used similarly in
-- [[Module:it-headword]]. This needs to be done later than detect_all_indicator_specs() because it depends on the
-- result of parsing and conjugating the angle bracket spec.
local function propagate_properties_upward(alternant_multiword_spec)
	iut.map_word_specs(alternant_multiword_spec, function(base)
		local function copy_property_table(dest_table, source_table, slotprop)
			if not dest_table[slotprop] then
				dest_table[slotprop] = {}
			end
			for slot, propval in pairs(source_table[slotprop]) do
				dest_table[slotprop][slot] = dest_table[slotprop][slot] or propval
			end
		end
		copy_property_table(alternant_multiword_spec, base, &quot;is_irreg&quot;)
		if not alternant_multiword_spec.rowprops then
			alternant_multiword_spec.rowprops = {}
		end
		for subtable_key, subtable in pairs(base.rowprops) do
			copy_property_table(alternant_multiword_spec.rowprops, base.rowprops, subtable_key)
		end
		-- If there is an explicit stem spec, we display the imperfect principal part explicitly even if not marked
		-- as irregular.
		if base.principal_part_specs.explicit_stem_spec then
			alternant_multiword_spec.props.has_explicit_stem_spec = true
		end
		-- If any verb is pronominal, we display the overall lemma as 'pronominal'.
		if base.verb.is_pronominal then
			alternant_multiword_spec.props.is_pronominal = true
		end
		-- If any verb is non-reflexive, we show the auxiliary.
		if not base.verb.is_reflexive then
			alternant_multiword_spec.props.is_non_reflexive = true
		end
	end)
end


-- Set the overall auxiliary or auxiliaries. We can't do this using the normal inflection
-- code as it will produce e.g. '[[avere|avére]] [[e]] [[avere|avére]]' for conjoined verbs.
local function compute_auxiliary(alternant_multiword_spec)
	iut.map_word_specs(alternant_multiword_spec, function(base)
		iut.insert_forms(alternant_multiword_spec.forms, &quot;aux&quot;,
			iut.map_forms(base.principal_part_specs.aux, function(form)
				return add_links(form)
			end)
		)
	end)
end


-- Add the categories and annotation for `base` into the appropriate structures in `alternant_multiword_spec`.
local function add_categories_and_annotation(alternant_multiword_spec, base, multiword_lemma, from_headword)
	local function insert_ann(anntype, value)
		m_table.insertIfNot(alternant_multiword_spec.annotation[anntype], value)
	end

	local function insert_cat(cat, also_when_multiword)
		-- Don't place multiword terms in categories like 'Italian verbs ending in -are' to avoid spamming the
		-- categories with such terms.
		if also_when_multiword or not multiword_lemma then
			m_table.insertIfNot(alternant_multiword_spec.categories, &quot;Italian &quot; .. cat)
		end
	end

	if check_for_red_links and not from_headword and not multiword_lemma then
		for _, slot_and_accel in ipairs(all_verb_slots) do
			local slot = slot_and_accel[1]
			local forms = base.forms[slot]
			local must_break = false
			if forms then
				for _, form in ipairs(forms) do
					if not form.form:find(&quot;%[%[&quot;) then
						local title = mw.title.new(form.form)
						if title and not title.exists then
							insert_cat(&quot;verbs with red links in their inflection tables&quot;)
							must_break = true
						break
						end
					end
				end
			end
			if must_break then
				break
			end
		end
	end

	if base.props.syncopated then
		insert_ann(&quot;conj&quot;, &quot;syncopated&quot;)
		insert_cat(&quot;syncopated verbs&quot;)
	elseif base.principal_part_specs.root_stressed_inf then
		insert_ann(&quot;conj&quot;, &quot;root-stressed -ere&quot;)
		insert_cat(&quot;verbs with root-stressed infinitive&quot;)
		insert_cat(&quot;verbs ending in -ere&quot;)
	else
		local ending = base.conj_vowel == &quot;à&quot; and &quot;are&quot; or base.conj_vowel == &quot;é&quot; and &quot;ere&quot; or &quot;ire&quot;
		insert_ann(&quot;conj&quot;, &quot;-&quot; .. ending)
		insert_cat(&quot;verbs ending in -&quot; .. ending)
	end

	if base.props.impers then
		insert_ann(&quot;third_only&quot;, &quot;impersonal&quot;)
		insert_cat(&quot;impersonal verbs&quot;)
	elseif base.props.thirdonly then
		insert_ann(&quot;third_only&quot;, &quot;third-person only&quot;)
		insert_cat(&quot;third-person-only verbs&quot;)
	else
		insert_ann(&quot;third_only&quot;, &quot;regular&quot;)
	end

	local is_irreg = false
	local is_defective = false
	for _, rowconj in ipairs(row_conjugations) do
		local rowslot, rowspec = unpack(rowconj)
		if base.rowprops.irreg[rowslot] then
			if not is_irreg then
				is_irreg = true
				insert_cat(&quot;irregular verbs&quot;)
			end
			insert_cat(&quot;verbs with irregular &quot; .. rowspec.desc)
		end 
		if base.rowprops.defective[rowslot] then
			if not is_defective then
				is_defective = true
				insert_cat(&quot;defective verbs&quot;)
			end
			insert_cat(&quot;verbs with missing &quot; .. rowspec.desc)
		end 
	end
	if not base.verb.is_reflexive and not base.principal_part_specs.aux then
		if not is_defective then
			is_defective = true
			insert_cat(&quot;defective verbs&quot;)
		end
		insert_cat(&quot;verbs lacking composed tenses&quot;)
	end

	if is_irreg then
		insert_ann(&quot;irreg&quot;, &quot;irregular&quot;)
	else
		insert_ann(&quot;irreg&quot;, &quot;regular&quot;)
	end

	if is_defective then
		insert_ann(&quot;defective&quot;, &quot;defective&quot;)
	else
		insert_ann(&quot;defective&quot;, &quot;regular&quot;)
	end

	if not base.verb.is_reflexive and base.principal_part_specs.aux then
		for _, auxform in ipairs(base.principal_part_specs.aux) do
			if auxform.form ~= &quot;?&quot; then
				-- No auxiliaries end in a stressed vowel so this is safe.
				local aux_no_accents = remove_accents(auxform.form)
				insert_ann(&quot;aux&quot;, aux_no_accents)
				insert_cat(&quot;verbs taking &quot; .. aux_no_accents .. &quot; as auxiliary&quot;)
			end
		end
	end

	if base.verb.is_pronominal then
		insert_cat(&quot;pronominal verbs&quot;)
		-- FIXME: Should we use this instead? This is what Spanish does.
		-- insert_cat(&quot;verbs with lexical clitics&quot;)
	end

	if base.verb.is_reflexive then
		insert_cat(&quot;reflexive verbs&quot;)
	end
end


-- Compute the categories to add the verb to, as well as the annotation to display in the conjugation title bar. We
-- combine the code to do these functions as both categories and title bar contain similar information.
local function compute_categories_and_annotation(alternant_multiword_spec, from_headword)
	alternant_multiword_spec.categories = {}
	local ann = {}
	alternant_multiword_spec.annotation = ann
	ann.conj = {}
	ann.third_only = {}
	ann.irreg = {}
	ann.defective = {}
	ann.aux = {}

	local multiword_lemma = false
	for _, form in ipairs(alternant_multiword_spec.forms.inf) do
		if form.form:find(&quot; &quot;) then
			multiword_lemma = true
			break
		end
	end

	iut.map_word_specs(alternant_multiword_spec, function(base)
		add_categories_and_annotation(alternant_multiword_spec, base, multiword_lemma, from_headword)
	end)
	local ann_parts = {}
	local conj = table.concat(ann.conj, &quot; or &quot;)
	table.insert(ann_parts, conj)
	local third_only = table.concat(ann.third_only, &quot; or &quot;)
	if third_only ~= &quot;&quot; and third_only ~= &quot;regular&quot; then
		table.insert(ann_parts, third_only)
	end
	local irreg = table.concat(ann.irreg, &quot; or &quot;)
	if irreg ~= &quot;&quot; and irreg ~= &quot;regular&quot; then
		table.insert(ann_parts, irreg)
	end
	local defective = table.concat(ann.defective, &quot; or &quot;)
	if defective ~= &quot;&quot; and defective ~= &quot;regular&quot; then
		table.insert(ann_parts, defective)
	end
	alternant_multiword_spec.annotation = table.concat(ann_parts, &quot;; &quot;)
end


-- Convert the forms associated with each slot into their display form (a string).
local function show_forms(alternant_multiword_spec)
	local lemmas = iut.map_forms(alternant_multiword_spec.forms.inf, remove_reflexive_indicators)
	alternant_multiword_spec.lemmas = lemmas -- save for later use in make_table()

	local props = {
		lang = lang,
		lemmas = lemmas,
		slot_list = all_verb_slots,
	}
	iut.show_forms(alternant_multiword_spec.forms, props)
end


local notes_template = [=[
&lt;div class=&quot;roa-footnote-outer-div&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;roa-footnote-inner-div&quot;&gt;
{footnote}
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
]=]

local basic_table = [=[
{description}&lt;div class=&quot;NavFrame&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;NavHead&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; Conjugation of {title} (See [[Appendix:Italian verbs]])&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;NavContent&quot;&gt;
{\op}| class=&quot;roa-inflection-table&quot; data-toggle-category=&quot;inflection&quot;
|-
! class=&quot;roa-nonfinite-header&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;infinito&quot;&gt;รูปกริยากลาง&lt;/span&gt;
| {inf}
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;roa-nonfinite-header&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;verbo ausiliare&quot;&gt;คำกริยาช่วย&lt;/span&gt;
| {aux}
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;roa-nonfinite-header&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;gerundio&quot;&gt;รูปกริยาเป็นนาม&lt;/span&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | {ger}
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;roa-nonfinite-header&quot; |  &lt;span title=&quot;participio presente&quot;&gt;รูปกริยาขยายปัจจุบันกาล&lt;/span&gt;
| {presp}
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;roa-nonfinite-header&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;participio passato&quot;&gt;รูปกริยาขยายอดีตกาล&lt;/span&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | {pp}
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;roa-person-number-header&quot; | บุรุษ
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; class=&quot;roa-person-number-header&quot; | เอกพจน์
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; class=&quot;roa-person-number-header&quot; | พหูพจน์
|-
! class=&quot;roa-person-number-header&quot; style=&quot;width:12.5%;&quot; | ที่หนึ่ง
! class=&quot;roa-person-number-header&quot; style=&quot;width:12.5%;&quot; | ที่สอง
! class=&quot;roa-person-number-header&quot; style=&quot;width:12.5%;&quot; | ที่สาม
! class=&quot;roa-person-number-header&quot; style=&quot;width:12.5%;&quot; | ที่หนึ่ง
! class=&quot;roa-person-number-header&quot; style=&quot;width:12.5%;&quot; | ที่สอง
! class=&quot;roa-person-number-header&quot; style=&quot;width:12.5%;&quot; | ที่สาม
|-
! class=&quot;roa-indicative-left-rail&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;indicativo&quot;&gt;มาลาบอกเล่า&lt;/span&gt;
! class=&quot;roa-indicative-left-rail&quot; | io
! class=&quot;roa-indicative-left-rail&quot; | tu
! class=&quot;roa-indicative-left-rail&quot; | lui/lei, esso/essa
! class=&quot;roa-indicative-left-rail&quot; | noi
! class=&quot;roa-indicative-left-rail&quot; | voi
! class=&quot;roa-indicative-left-rail&quot; | loro, essi/esse
|-
! class=&quot;roa-indicative-left-rail&quot; style=&quot;height:3em;&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;presente&quot;&gt;ปัจจุบันกาล&lt;/span&gt;
| {pres1s}
| {pres2s}
| {pres3s}
| {pres1p}
| {pres2p}
| {pres3p}
|-
! class=&quot;roa-indicative-left-rail&quot; style=&quot;height:3em;&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;imperfetto&quot;&gt;ไม่สมบูรณ์&lt;/span&gt;
| {imperf1s}
| {imperf2s}
| {imperf3s}
| {imperf1p}
| {imperf2p}
| {imperf3p}
|-
! class=&quot;roa-indicative-left-rail&quot; style=&quot;height:3em;&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;passato remoto&quot;&gt;past historic&lt;/span&gt;
| {phis1s}
| {phis2s}
| {phis3s}
| {phis1p}
| {phis2p}
| {phis3p}
|-
! class=&quot;roa-indicative-left-rail&quot; style=&quot;height:3em;&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;futuro semplice&quot;&gt;อนาคตกาล&lt;/span&gt;
| {fut1s}
| {fut2s}
| {fut3s}
| {fut1p}
| {fut2p}
| {fut3p}
|-
! class=&quot;roa-indicative-left-rail&quot; style=&quot;height:3em;&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;condizionale presente&quot;&gt;มาลาเงื่อนไข&lt;/span&gt;
| {cond1s}
| {cond2s}
| {cond3s}
| {cond1p}
| {cond2p}
| {cond3p}
|-
! class=&quot;roa-subjunctive-left-rail&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;congiuntivo&quot;&gt;มาลาสมมุติ&lt;/span&gt;
! class=&quot;roa-subjunctive-left-rail&quot; | che io
! class=&quot;roa-subjunctive-left-rail&quot; | che tu
! class=&quot;roa-subjunctive-left-rail&quot; | che lui/che lei, che esso/che essa
! class=&quot;roa-subjunctive-left-rail&quot; | che noi
! class=&quot;roa-subjunctive-left-rail&quot; | che voi
! class=&quot;roa-subjunctive-left-rail&quot; | che loro, che essi/che esse
|-
! class=&quot;roa-subjunctive-left-rail&quot; style=&quot;height:3em;&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;congiuntivo presente&quot;&gt;ปัจจุบันกาล&lt;/span&gt;
| {sub1s}
| {sub2s}
| {sub3s}
| {sub1p}
| {sub2p}
| {sub3p}
|-
! class=&quot;roa-subjunctive-left-rail&quot; style=&quot;height:3em;&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;congiuntivo imperfetto&quot;&gt;ไม่สมบูรณ์&lt;/span&gt;
| {impsub1s}
| {impsub2s}
| {impsub3s}
| {impsub1p}
| {impsub2p}
| {impsub3p}
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;roa-imperative-left-rail&quot; style=&quot;height:3em;&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;imperativo&quot;&gt;มาลาสั่ง&lt;/span&gt;
! class=&quot;roa-imperative-left-rail&quot; | &amp;mdash;
! class=&quot;roa-imperative-left-rail&quot; | tu
! class=&quot;roa-imperative-left-rail&quot; | Lei
! class=&quot;roa-imperative-left-rail&quot; | noi
! class=&quot;roa-imperative-left-rail&quot; | voi
! class=&quot;roa-imperative-left-rail&quot; | Loro
|-
|
| {imp2s}
| {imp3s}
| {imp1p}
| {imp2p}
| {imp3p}
|-
! class=&quot;roa-imperative-left-rail&quot; style=&quot;height:3em;&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;imperativo negativo&quot;&gt;มาลาสั่งเชิงปฏิเสธ&lt;/span&gt;
|
| {negimp2s}
| {negimp3s}
| {negimp1p}
| {negimp2p}
| {negimp3p}
|{\cl}{notes_clause}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;]=]


local function make_table(alternant_multiword_spec)
	local forms = alternant_multiword_spec.forms

	local lemma_links = {}
	for _, lemma in ipairs(alternant_multiword_spec.lemmas) do
		table.insert(lemma_links, m_links.full_link({ lang = lang, term = lemma.form }, &quot;term&quot;))
	end
	forms.title = table.concat(lemma_links, &quot; or &quot;)

	if alternant_multiword_spec.annotation ~= &quot;&quot; then
		forms.title = forms.title .. &quot; (&quot; .. alternant_multiword_spec.annotation .. &quot;)&quot;
	end
	forms.description = &quot;&quot;

	-- Format the table.
	forms.footnote = alternant_multiword_spec.forms.footnote
	forms.notes_clause = forms.footnote ~= &quot;&quot; and m_string_utilities.format(notes_template, forms) or &quot;&quot;
	return require(&quot;Module:TemplateStyles&quot;)(&quot;Module:roa-verb/style.css&quot;) .. m_string_utilities.format(basic_table, forms)
end


-- Externally callable function to conjugate a verb. Return value is ALTERNANT_MULTIWORD_SPEC, an object where the
-- conjugated forms are in `ALTERNANT_MULTIWORD_SPEC.forms` for each slot. If there are no values for a slot, the slot
-- key will be missing. The value for a given slot is a list of objects {form=FORM, footnotes=FOOTNOTES}.
function export.do_generate_forms(args, from_headword, headword_head)
	local pagename = args.pagename or mw.loadData(&quot;Module:headword/data&quot;).pagename
	local head = headword_head or pagename
	local arg1 = args[1]
	local need_surrounding_angle_brackets = true
	local incorporated_headword_head_into_lemma = false
	-- Check whether we need to add &lt;...&gt; around the argument. If the
	-- argument has no &lt; in it, we definitely do. Otherwise, we need to
	-- parse the balanced [...] and &lt;...&gt; and add &lt;...&gt; only if there isn't
	-- a top-level &lt;...&gt;. We check for [...] because there might be angle
	-- brackets inside of them (HTML tags in qualifiers or &lt;&lt;name:...&gt;&gt; and
	-- such in references).
	if arg1:find(&quot;&lt;&quot;) then
		local segments = put.parse_multi_delimiter_balanced_segment_run(arg1, {{&quot;&lt;&quot;, &quot;&gt;&quot;}, {&quot;[&quot;, &quot;]&quot;}})
		for i = 2, #segments, 2 do
			if segments[i]:find(&quot;^&lt;.*&gt;$&quot;) then
				need_surrounding_angle_brackets = false
				break
			end
		end
	end
	if need_surrounding_angle_brackets then
		if head:find(&quot; &quot;) then
			-- If multiword lemma without &lt;...&gt; already, try to add it after the first word.
			local need_explicit_angle_brackets = false
			if arg1:find(&quot;%(%(&quot;) then
				need_explicit_angle_brackets = true
			else
				-- Try to preserve the brackets in the part after the verb, but don't do it
				-- if there aren't the same number of left and right brackets in the verb
				-- (which means the verb was linked as part of a larger expression).
				local refl_clitic_verb, post = rmatch(head, &quot;^(.-)( .*)$&quot;)
				local left_brackets = rsub(refl_clitic_verb, &quot;[^%[]&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
				local right_brackets = rsub(refl_clitic_verb, &quot;[^%]]&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
				if #left_brackets == #right_brackets then
					arg1 = iut.remove_redundant_links(refl_clitic_verb) .. &quot;&lt;&quot; .. arg1 .. &quot;&gt;&quot; .. post
					incorporated_headword_head_into_lemma = true
				else
					-- Try again using the form without links.
					local linkless_head = m_links.remove_links(head)
					if linkless_head:find(&quot; &quot;) then
						refl_clitic_verb, post = rmatch(linkless_head, &quot;^(.-)( .*)$&quot;)
						arg1 = refl_clitic_verb .. &quot;&lt;&quot; .. arg1 .. &quot;&gt;&quot; .. post
					else
						need_explicit_angle_brackets = true
					end
				end
			end

			if need_explicit_angle_brackets then
				error(&quot;Multiword argument without &lt;&gt; and with alternants, a multiword linked verb or &quot; ..
					&quot;unbalanced brackets; please include &lt;&gt; explicitly: &quot; .. arg1)
			end
		else
			arg1 = &quot;&lt;&quot; .. arg1 .. &quot;&gt;&quot;
			-- Will be incorporated through `head` below in the call to parse_indicator_spec().
			incorporated_headword_head_into_lemma = true
		end
	end

	local function do_parse_indicator_spec(angle_bracket_spec, lemma)
		return parse_indicator_spec(angle_bracket_spec, lemma, head)
	end

	local parse_props = {
		parse_indicator_spec = do_parse_indicator_spec,
		allow_default_indicator = true,
		allow_blank_lemma = true,
	}
	local escaped_arg1 = escape_reflexive_indicators(arg1)
	local alternant_multiword_spec = iut.parse_inflected_text(escaped_arg1, parse_props)
	alternant_multiword_spec.pos = pos or &quot;verbs&quot;
	alternant_multiword_spec.args = args
	alternant_multiword_spec.incorporated_headword_head_into_lemma = incorporated_headword_head_into_lemma
	normalize_all_lemmas(alternant_multiword_spec)
	detect_all_indicator_specs(alternant_multiword_spec, from_headword)
	local inflect_props = {
		slot_list = all_verb_slots,
		inflect_word_spec = conjugate_verb,
		-- We add links around the generated verbal forms rather than allow the entire multiword
		-- expression to be a link, so ensure that user-specified links get included as well.
		include_user_specified_links = true,
	}
	iut.inflect_multiword_or_alternant_multiword_spec(alternant_multiword_spec, inflect_props)
	propagate_properties_upward(alternant_multiword_spec)
	compute_auxiliary(alternant_multiword_spec)
	convert_accented_links(alternant_multiword_spec)
	compute_categories_and_annotation(alternant_multiword_spec, from_headword)
	if args.json then
		return require(&quot;Module:JSON&quot;).toJSON(alternant_multiword_spec)
	end
	return alternant_multiword_spec
end


-- Externally callable function to parse user-specified arguments and conjugate a verb.
-- Return value is ALTERNANT_MULTIWORD_SPEC, an object where the conjugated forms are in `ALTERNANT_MULTIWORD_SPEC.forms`
-- for each slot. If there are no values for a slot, the slot key will be missing. The value
-- for a given slot is a list of objects {form=FORM, footnotes=FOOTNOTES}.
function export.parse_args_and_generate_forms(parent_args)
	local params = {
		[1] = {required = true, default = def or &quot;mettere&lt;a\\é,mìsi,mésso&gt;&quot;},
		[&quot;noautolinktext&quot;] = {type = &quot;boolean&quot;},
		[&quot;noautolinkverb&quot;] = {type = &quot;boolean&quot;},
		[&quot;pagename&quot;] = {}, -- for testing
		[&quot;json&quot;] = {type = &quot;boolean&quot;}, -- for bot use
	}

	local args = require(&quot;Module:parameters&quot;).process(parent_args, params)
	return export.do_generate_forms(args)
end

	
-- Entry point for {{it-conj}}. Template-callable function to parse and conjugate a verb given
-- user-specified arguments and generate a displayable table of the conjugated forms.
function export.show(frame)
	local parent_args = frame:getParent().args
	local alternant_multiword_spec = export.parse_args_and_generate_forms(parent_args)
	if type(alternant_multiword_spec) == &quot;string&quot; then
		return alternant_multiword_spec
	end
	show_forms(alternant_multiword_spec)
	return make_table(alternant_multiword_spec) ..
		require(&quot;Module:utilities&quot;).format_categories(alternant_multiword_spec.categories, lang, nil, nil, force_cat)
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>hig1d304tdf8k95am5b4ngnoaevze15</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>5771025</id>
      <parentid>5771024</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T02:36:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Octahedron80</username>
        <id>267</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>5771025</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="147856" sha1="t677tikiw5kwc3w0vvai6qbgsnp9bfy" xml:space="preserve">local export = {}


--[=[

Authorship: Ben Wing &lt;benwing2&gt;

]=]

--[=[

TERMINOLOGY:

-- &quot;slot&quot; = A particular combination of tense/mood/person/number/etc.
	 Example slot names for verbs are &quot;pres1p&quot; (present indicative first-person plural), &quot;impsub12s&quot; (imperfect
	 subjunctive first/second-person singular form) and &quot;pp&quot; (past participle).
	 Each slot is filled with zero or more forms.

-- &quot;form&quot; = The conjugated Italian form representing the value of a given slot.

-- &quot;lemma&quot; = The dictionary form of a given Italian term. For Italian, always the infinitive.
]=]

--[=[

RULES FOR CONJUGATION:

1. Present indicative:
-- Individual form overrides always take precedence.
-- Otherwise, if presrow: if given, this specifies all six forms (1s, 2s, 3s, 1p, 2p, 3p).
-- Otherwise:
   1. The 1s form is generated from the explicitly specified pres1s principal part.
   2. The 3p form is generated from the explicitly specified pres1s principal part by replacing -o with -ano (for -are verbs)
      or with -ono (for -ere/-ire verbs).
   3. The 2s and 3s forms are generated as follows:
      a. If an explicit pres3s principal part is given using PRES1S^PRES3S, the 2s/3s stem is generated by removing final -a/-e.
	  b. Otherwise, if an explicit stem was given using stem:, this serves as the 2s/3s stem.
	  c. Otherwise, if the infinitive is root-stressed, the 2s/3s stem comes from the infinitive. This is used e.g.
		 with [[togliere]] (tòlgo, tògli, tòglie, togliàmo, togliéte, tòlgono), where the stem of the 1s and 3p forms
		 is different from the stem of the 2s and 3s forms.
	  d. Otherwise, the pres1s stem is used.
	  From this stem, the 2s form is generated by adding -i (possibly with some adjustments; two unstressed i's
	  together are compressed to one, and -h- is inserted after the stem if the verb is an -are verb and the stem ends
	  with -c or -g), and the 3s form is generated by adding -a (for -are verbs) or -e (for -ere/-ire verbs).
   4. The 1p and 2p forms are generated from the infinitive stem (or explicit stem given by stem:) by adding -iàmo
      (1p form) and -àte/-éte/-ìte (2p form, -are/-ere/-ire verbs). We don't use the pres1s form because it might have
	  a different stem (e.g. +isc verbs).

2. Present subjunctive:
-- Individual form overrides always take precedence.
-- Otherwise, if subrow: if given, this specifies all four forms (123s, 1p, 2p, 3p).
-- Otherwise:
   1. If sub: is given, this specifies the 123s form; otherwise the 123s form is generated from the pres1s form by
   changing -o to -a (for -ere/-ire verbs), or to -i (for -are verbs). E.g. for [[venire]], vèngo -&gt; vènga;
   for [[potere]], pòsso -&gt; pòssa. sub: needs to be given for e.g. [[essere]] (pres1s sóno, sub1s sìa),
   [[sapere]] (pres1s sò* but sub1s sàppia), [[fare]] (pres1s fàccio:fò*[archaic or dialectal] but sub1s just fàccia),
   [[andare]] (similar to [[fare]]), [[dovere]].
   2. The 3p form is generated from the 123s form by adding -no.
   3. The 1p form is copied from the pres1p form.
   4. The 2p form is generated from the 1p form by replacing -mo with -te.

3. Imperative:
-- Individual form overrides always take precedence.
-- Otherwise, if improw: if given, this specifies 2s, 2p.
-- Otherwise:
   1. If imp: given, this specifies the 2s form; otherwise the 2s form is generated by copying the pres2s form
      (for -ere/-ire verbs) or by copying the pres3s form (for -are verbs). We use the present indicative 2s/3s
	  forms to preserve vowel and other alternations in the root-stressed forms (for all -are verbs, for
	  [[venire]] and [[tenere]], for +isc verbs, etc.).
   2. The 2p form is generated by copying the pres2p form.
   3. The 3s, 1p, 3p forms are copied from the corresponding present subjunctive forms.
]=]

--[=[

EXAMPLES OF CONJUGATION:

; Including archaic and literary forms:
{{it-conj|essere&lt;e\è\-,-,stàto:essùto[archaic]:sùto[archaic].
  presrow:sóno,sèi,è,siàmo:sémo[archaic],siète:sète[archaic],sóno:èmmo[archaic].
  imperfrow:èro:èra[literary],èri,èra,eravàmo:èramo[archaic],eravàte,èrano.
  phisrow:fùi,fósti:fùsti[archaic],fù*,fùmmo,fóste:fùste[archaic],fùrono:fùro[archaic]:fóre[archaic]:fòro[archaic].
  futrow:sarò,sarài,sarà:fìa[archaic]:fìe[archaic],sarémo,saréte,sarànno:fìano[archaic]:fìeno[archaic].
  condrow:sarèi:sarìa[archaic]:fòra[archaic],sarésti,sarèbbe:sarìa[archaic]:fòra[archaic],sarémmo,saréste,sarèbbero:sarìano[archaic]:fòro[archaic].
  subrow:sìa,siàmo,siàte,sìano:sìeno[literary].
  impsub:fóssi:fùssi[archaic].
  improw:sìi:siàte.
  ger:essèndo:sèndo[archaic].
  presp:essènte[rare]:ènte[archaic]
&gt;}}

{{it-conj|fare&lt;a/-,féci,fàtto.
  stem:fàce.
  presrow:fàccio:fò*[archaic or dialectal],fài,fà*,facciàmo,fàte,fànno.
  sub:fàccia.
  imp:fà*:fài:fà'
&gt;}}

{{it-conj|potere&lt;a:e[as an auxiliary, with main verbs taking ''essere'']/-,potéi:potètti[less common].
  presrow:pòsso,puòi,può*,possiàmo,potéte,pòssono.
  fut:potrò.
  imp:-
&gt;}}

{{it-conj|dire&lt;a/+,dìssi,détto.
  stem:dìce.
  pres2p:dìte.
  imp:dì':dì*!
&gt;}}

{{it-conj|dare&lt;a/-,dièdi:diédi:détti.
  phisstem:dé.
  presrow:dò*:dò*![less common],dài,dà*!,diàmo,dàte,dànno.
  fut:darò.
  sub:dìa.
  impsub:déssi.
 imp:dài:dà':dà*!
&gt;}}

; Including archaic and poetic forms:
{{it-conj|dovere&lt;a:e[as an auxiliary, with main verbs taking ''essere'']/-.
  presrow:
    dèvo:dévo:dèbbo:débbo:dèggio[archaic or poetic]:déggio[archaic or poetic],
    dèvi:dévi:dèi[archaic, poetic or popular Tuscan]:déi[archaic, poetic or popular Tuscan],
    dève:déve:dèe[archaic, poetic or popular Tuscan]:dée[archaic, poetic or popular Tuscan]:dèbbe[archaic]:débbe[archaic],
    dobbiàmo,
    dovéte,
	dèvono:dévono:dèbbono:débbono:dènno[archaic or poetic]:dénno[archaic or poetic].
  fut:dovrò.
  sub:dèbba:débba:dèva[rare]:déva[rare]:dèggia[archaic or poetic]:déggia[archaic or poetic]:dèbbia[obsolete]:débbia[obsolete].
  imp:-
&gt;}}

{{it-conj|andare&lt;e/-.
  presrow:vàdo:vò*[less common],vài,và*,andiàmo,andàte,vànno.
  fut:andrò.
  sub:vàda.
  imp:vài:và':và*
&gt;}}

{{it-conj|valere&lt;e:a[transitive]/vàlgo^à,vàlsi,vàlso.fut:varrò&gt;}}

{{it-conj|vedere&lt;a/védo:véggo[literary]:véggio[poetic]^é,vìdi,vìsto:vedùto[less popular].
  fut:vedrò
&gt;}}

{{it-conj|venire&lt;e/vèngo:vègno[archaic or poetic]^viène,vénni,venùto.
  fut:verrò
&gt;}}

{{it-conj|sapere&lt;a:e[as an auxiliary, with main verbs taking ''essere'']/-,sèppi.
  presrow:sò*,sài,sà*,sappiàmo,sapéte,sànno.
  fut:saprò.
  sub:sàppia.
  improw:sàppi:sappiàte
&gt;}}

{{it-conj|piacere&lt;e/piàccio^piàce,piàcqui.pres1p:piacciàmo&gt;}}

{{it-conj|comparire&lt;e/compàio:+isc[less common]^à:+isc[less common],compàrvi:comparìi[less common]:compàrsi[in the legal sense],compàrso:comparìto[rare]&gt;}}

{{it-conj|togliere&lt;a\ò\tòlgo,tòlsi,tòlto.fut:+:torrò[literary]&gt;}}

{{it-conj|condurre&lt;a\+,condùssi,condótto.stem:condùce&gt;}}

{{it-conj|proporre&lt;a\ó+\propóngo,propósi,propósto:propòsto.stem:propóne&gt;}}

{{it-conj|trarre&lt;a\tràggo,tràssi,tràtto.stem:tràe&gt;}}


; Third-person only verbs:

{{it-conj|bufare&lt;e/ù.impers&gt;}}

{{it-verb|accadere&lt;e/à+,accàdde.fut:accadrà.thirdonly&gt;}}

{{it-verb|volerci&lt;e/vuòle,vòlle.fut:vorrà.sub:vòglia.impers&gt;}}

; Defective verbs:

{{it-verb|redire&lt;a/rièdo,-,redìto.imperf:-.fut:-.impsub:-&gt;}}

{{it-verb|serpere&lt;-\è,+,-&gt;}}

; Multiword expressions:

{{it-verb|tenere&lt;a/tèngo^tiène,ténni.fut:terrò&gt; [[d']][[occhio]]}}

{{it-conj|trascinare&lt;a/ì&gt; e rilasciare&lt;a/à&gt;}}

]=]

--[=[

FIXME:

1. Fix inf_linked and lemma_linked to work like in [[Module:es-verb]]. (DONE)
2. Finish support for reflexive and pronominal verbs. (DONE)
3. Finish support for reflexive and pronominal imperatives. (DONE)
4. Finish support for negative imperatives. (DONE)
5. Fix handling of third-only verbs; require that irregular forms be specified in the first person.
   Remove existing half-implemented support for specifying principal parts in the third person. (DONE)
6. Support defective verbs specified using e.g. redire&lt;a/rièdo,-,redìto.imperf:-.fut:-.impsub:-&gt;.
   Include categorization; but if row overrides or single overrides of all forms given, don't categorize
   as defective for that row. (DONE)
7. Fix handling of aux; snarf code from [[Module:de-verb]] to handle aux with multiword expressions. (DONE)
8. Add automatic support for common irregular verbs: [[essere]], [[avere]], [[andare]], [[fare]], [[dare]],
   [[dire]], [[venire]], [[vedere]], [[tenere]], [[bere]], etc. Should make combinations of these verbs
   with clitics, and multiword expressions with these verbs, easier to handle. (DONE)
9. Add support for calling from {{it-verb}} in [[Module:it-headword]]. (DONE)
10. Throw an error if forms missing accents are specified (perhaps except with some special signal, to make
    it easier to port the old [[Module:it-conj]]).
11. Consider adding combined clitic tables like in [[Module:es-verb]].
12. Consider adding automatic support for prefixed -fare verbs. (DONE)
13. Consider displaying irregular forms in a different color, as with the old [[Module:es-conj]], or adding
   a triangle next to them, as with [[Module:ru-verb]].
14. Consider supporting replace_reflexive_indicators().
15. Add late (post-clitic-addition) overrides. (DONE)
16. PRES/PAST/PP spec should be required to come first to avoid ambiguities. (DONE)
17. Add variant codes to avoid mismatching variants in the conditional -èbbe/-ébbe, -éttero vs. érono, etc.
18. If explicit fut: given, it should control the conditional as well. (DONE)
19. If present -, sub:- or imp:-, it should suppress the whole row in the absence of row or individual overrides.
20. 'ci ci vuole' should maybe -&gt; 'a noi ci vuole' instead of 'ci vuole'.
21. Instead of * before, use ! after so that * before can be used for reconstructed terms. (DONE)
22. When handling built-in verbs, automatically add + after vowel in cases like comporre. (DONE; HANDLED AUTOMATICALLY)
23. When handling built-in verbs, make sure we correctly handle root-stressed infinitives. (DONE)
24. When handling built-in verbs, make sure explicit ! afterwards is handled as if automatically there when a
    prefix is added, and make sure final accent is handled correct when a prefix is added. In both cases, verify
	both sfare and rifare, sdarsi and ridare. (DONE)
25. When handling built-in verbs, make sure we handle prefixes correctly w.r.t. negative imperatives. (DONE)
26. Support ref: in footnotes. (DONE)
27. Finish built-in -ire verbs.
28. Implement error(&quot;If past participle given as '-', auxiliary must be explicitly specified as '-'&quot;). (DONE)
29. Make present participles default to enabled. (DONE)
30. Instead of a qualifier for syntactic gemination, use a superscripted symbol with a tooltip, as for {{it-IPA}}.
    Do this automatically for multisyllabic terms ending in a stressed vowel, but don't do it if the verb ends up
	non-final, as in [[andare a letto]].
31. [[darsi]]: imp2s is wrong; it generates [[datti|dàtti]] and also [[dàtti]] (which is wrong) (DONE)
32. [[liquefare]]: forms like liquefà missing the indication of following syntactic gemination; it should be automatic
    in multisyllabic words.
33. [[ridare]] has ridò with a syntactic gemination footnote, but liquefà doesn't have it (see #32). It should be a
    tooltip.
34. Add 'addnote[SLOT_SPEC]' to make [[tangere]] with disused 1s/2s/1p/2p easier to handle. (DONE)
35. Throw an error if comma seen in single form specs like 'imp:'. (DONE)
36. Overrides like phis:+[rare] of [[affarsi]] using built-in @ (from [[fare]]) don't properly pick up the irregular
    built-in forms. (DONE)
37. Overrides like phis:afféci[rare] of [[affarsi]] using built-in @ (from [[fare]]) get the prefix duplicated. (DONE)
38. Support negated addnote like 'addnote[-pres3s][rare]'. (DONE)
39. Support comma-separated addnote spec for the equivalent of alternation. (DONE)
40. Issue an error if addnote spec has no effect. (DONE)
41. Support verbs in -gliela like [[fargliela]]. (DONE)
42. Support /\ notation for optional root-stressed infinitive with ending first, for [[suadere]] and derivatives. (DONE)
43. Support verbs in -gli like [[mancargli qualche rotella]]. (DONE)
44. Correctly incorporate links in multiword expressions from [[Module:it-headword]] so the autolinking algorithm there
    works (e.g. for [[portare il cervello all'ammasso]]) and head=~... specs are correctly propagated. (DONE)
45. Support head= with the verb as part of a larger bracketed expression, e.g. for [[stare a vedere]],
    {{it-verb|e/@|head=[[stare a]] [[vedere]]}}. (DONE)
46. Expand addnote[] notation to support references (maybe needs no work)?
47. Support verbs in -glire ([[boglire]], [[inorgoglire]], [[saglire]], etc.) correctly. (DONE)
--]=]

local lang = require(&quot;Module:languages&quot;).getByCode(&quot;it&quot;)
local m_string_utilities = require(&quot;Module:string utilities&quot;)
local m_links = require(&quot;Module:links&quot;)
local m_table = require(&quot;Module:table&quot;)
local iut = require(&quot;Module:inflection utilities&quot;)
local put = require(&quot;Module:parse utilities&quot;)
local com_module = &quot;Module:it-common&quot;
local m_builtin

local force_cat = false -- set to true for debugging
local check_for_red_links = false -- set to false for debugging

local u = require(&quot;Module:string/char&quot;)
local rfind = mw.ustring.find
local rsubn = mw.ustring.gsub
local rmatch = mw.ustring.match
local rsplit = mw.text.split
local ulower = mw.ustring.lower
local uupper = mw.ustring.upper
local usub = mw.ustring.sub
local ulen = mw.ustring.len
local unfd = mw.ustring.toNFD
local unfc = mw.ustring.toNFC
local unpack = unpack or table.unpack -- Lua 5.2 compatibility

-- version of rsubn() that discards all but the first return value
local function rsub(term, foo, bar)
	local retval = rsubn(term, foo, bar)
	return retval
end

local GR = u(0x0300)
local V = &quot;[aeiou]&quot;
local NV = &quot;[^aeiou]&quot;
local AV = &quot;[àèéìòóù]&quot;
local MAV = &quot;[aeiouàèéìòóù]&quot; -- maybe-accented vowel
local NMAV = &quot;[^aeiouàèéìòóù]&quot; -- not maybe-accented vowel

local PRESERVE_ACCENT = u(0xFFF0)

local full_person_number_list = {&quot;1s&quot;, &quot;2s&quot;, &quot;3s&quot;, &quot;1p&quot;, &quot;2p&quot;, &quot;3p&quot;}
local imp_person_number_list = {&quot;2s&quot;, &quot;3s&quot;, &quot;1p&quot;, &quot;2p&quot;, &quot;3p&quot;}

-- Used only in error messages concerning the principal part for a given row, to generate the English description
-- (by concatenating the following person/number description to the overall description for the row, taken from
-- the `.desc` element of the rowspec).
local principal_part_person_number_desc = {
	[&quot;1s&quot;] = &quot;first-singular &quot;,
	[&quot;12s&quot;] = &quot;first/second-singular &quot;,
	[&quot;123s&quot;] = &quot;first/second/third-singular &quot;,
	[&quot;2s&quot;] = &quot;second-singular &quot;,
	[&quot;&quot;] = &quot;&quot;,
}

local all_verb_slots = {
	{&quot;aux&quot;, &quot;-&quot;},
}

-- Used to create the accelerator entries in all_verb_slots.
local person_number_tag_prefix = {
	[&quot;1s&quot;] = &quot;1|s|&quot;,
	[&quot;2s&quot;] = &quot;2|s|&quot;,
	[&quot;3s&quot;] = &quot;3|s|&quot;,
	[&quot;1p&quot;] = &quot;1|p|&quot;,
	[&quot;2p&quot;] = &quot;2|p|&quot;,
	[&quot;3p&quot;] = &quot;3|p|&quot;,
	[&quot;&quot;] = &quot;&quot;, -- used for non-finite forms such as the past participle
}

substitutable_reflexive_pronoun = {
	[&quot;si&quot;] = {
		[&quot;1s&quot;] = &quot;[[mi]]&quot;,
		[&quot;2s&quot;] = &quot;[[ti]]&quot;,
		[&quot;3s&quot;] = &quot;[[si]]&quot;,
		[&quot;1p&quot;] = &quot;[[ci]]&quot;,
		[&quot;2p&quot;] = &quot;[[vi]]&quot;,
		[&quot;3p&quot;] = &quot;[[si]]&quot;,
		[&quot;nf&quot;] = &quot;[[si]]&quot;,
	},
	[&quot;se&quot;] = {
		[&quot;1s&quot;] = &quot;[[me]]&quot;,
		[&quot;2s&quot;] = &quot;[[te]]&quot;,
		[&quot;3s&quot;] = &quot;[[se]]&quot;,
		[&quot;1p&quot;] = &quot;[[ce]]&quot;,
		[&quot;2p&quot;] = &quot;[[ve]]&quot;,
		[&quot;3p&quot;] = &quot;[[se]]&quot;,
		[&quot;nf&quot;] = &quot;[[se]]&quot;,
	},
	[&quot;si_no_ci&quot;] = {
		[&quot;1s&quot;] = &quot;[[mi]]&quot;,
		[&quot;2s&quot;] = &quot;[[ti]]&quot;,
		[&quot;3s&quot;] = &quot;[[si]]&quot;,
		[&quot;1p&quot;] = &quot;&quot;,
		[&quot;2p&quot;] = &quot;[[vi]]&quot;,
		[&quot;3p&quot;] = &quot;[[si]]&quot;,
		[&quot;nf&quot;] = &quot;[[si]]&quot;,
	},
	[&quot;si_no_vi&quot;] = {
		[&quot;1s&quot;] = &quot;[[mi]]&quot;,
		[&quot;2s&quot;] = &quot;[[ti]]&quot;,
		[&quot;3s&quot;] = &quot;[[si]]&quot;,
		[&quot;1p&quot;] = &quot;[[ci]]&quot;,
		[&quot;2p&quot;] = &quot;&quot;,
		[&quot;3p&quot;] = &quot;[[si]]&quot;,
		[&quot;nf&quot;] = &quot;[[si]]&quot;,
	},
	[&quot;space_no_ci&quot;] = {
		[&quot;1s&quot;] = &quot; &quot;,
		[&quot;2s&quot;] = &quot; &quot;,
		[&quot;3s&quot;] = &quot; &quot;,
		[&quot;1p&quot;] = &quot;&quot;,
		[&quot;2p&quot;] = &quot; &quot;,
		[&quot;3p&quot;] = &quot; &quot;,
		[&quot;nf&quot;] = &quot; &quot;,
	},
	[&quot;space_no_vi&quot;] = {
		[&quot;1s&quot;] = &quot; &quot;,
		[&quot;2s&quot;] = &quot; &quot;,
		[&quot;3s&quot;] = &quot; &quot;,
		[&quot;1p&quot;] = &quot; &quot;,
		[&quot;2p&quot;] = &quot;&quot;,
		[&quot;3p&quot;] = &quot; &quot;,
		[&quot;nf&quot;] = &quot; &quot;,
	},
}

-- FIXME, the following broken and not yet used
local reflexive_forms = {
	[&quot;si&quot;] = {&quot;mi&quot;, &quot;ti&quot;, &quot;si&quot;, &quot;ci&quot;, &quot;vi&quot;, &quot;si&quot;},
	[&quot;suo&quot;] = {&quot;mìo&quot;, &quot;tùo&quot;, &quot;sùo&quot;, &quot;nòstro&quot;, &quot;vòstro&quot;, &quot;sùo&quot;},
	[&quot;sua&quot;] = {&quot;mìa&quot;, &quot;tùa&quot;, &quot;sùa&quot;, &quot;nòstra&quot;, &quot;vòstra&quot;, &quot;sùa&quot;},
	[&quot;suoi&quot;] = {&quot;mièi&quot;, &quot;tuòi&quot;, &quot;suòi&quot;, &quot;nòstri&quot;, &quot;vòstri&quot;, &quot;suòi&quot;},
	[&quot;sue&quot;] = {&quot;mìe&quot;, &quot;tùe&quot;, &quot;sùe&quot;, &quot;nòstre&quot;, &quot;vòstre&quot;, &quot;sùe&quot;},
}


local function remove_accents(form)
	return rsub(form, AV, function(v) return usub(unfd(v), 1, 1) end)
end


-- Map a function over `forms` (a list of form objects of the form {form=FORM, footnotes=FOOTNOTES}) and modify the
-- form objects in `forms` in-place. If `include_footnotes` is given, the function is called with two arguments
-- (the existing form and footnotes) and should return two arguments, the new form and footnotes; otherwise, the
-- function is called with one argument (the existing form) and should return the new form.
--
-- WARNING: This is dangerous and should only be done near the end.
local function map_side_effecting_forms(forms, fun, include_footnotes)
	for _, form in ipairs(forms) do
		if form.form ~= &quot;?&quot; then
			if include_footnotes then
				local new_form, new_footnotes = fun(form.form, form.footnotes)
				form.form = new_form
				form.footnotes = new_footnotes
			else
				local new_form = fun(form.form)
				form.form = new_form
			end
		end
	end
end


-- Add links around words. If multiword_only, do it only in multiword forms.
local function add_links(form, multiword_only)
	if form == &quot;&quot; or form == &quot; &quot; then
		return form
	end
	if not form:find(&quot;%[%[&quot;) then
		if rfind(form, &quot;[%s%p]&quot;) then --optimization to avoid loading [[Module:headword]] on single-word forms
			local m_headword = require(&quot;Module:headword&quot;)
			if m_headword.head_is_multiword(form) then
				form = m_headword.add_multiword_links(form)
			end
		end
		if not multiword_only and not form:find(&quot;%[%[&quot;) then
			form = &quot;[[&quot; .. form .. &quot;]]&quot;
		end
	end
	return form
end


-- Add suffix to form, removing the PRESERVE_ACCENT notation if present (as for [[datti]] of [[dare]]).
local function add_suffix_to_form(form, suffix)
	if suffix ~= &quot;&quot; then
		return rsub(form, PRESERVE_ACCENT, &quot;&quot;) .. suffix
	else
		return form
	end
end


local function convert_accented_links_in_text(text)
	local need_preserve_accent_note = false
	local retval = rsub(text, &quot;%[%[([^%[%]|]+)%]%]&quot;,
		function(linktext)
			if rfind(linktext, PRESERVE_ACCENT) then
				linktext = rsub(linktext, PRESERVE_ACCENT, &quot;&quot;)
				need_preserve_accent_note = true
			elseif rfind(linktext, &quot;^.*&quot; .. MAV .. &quot;.*&quot; .. AV .. &quot;$&quot;) then
				-- Final accented vowel with preceding vowel; keep accent.
			else
				local unaccented = remove_accents(linktext)
				if unaccented == linktext then
					-- keep linktext
				else
					linktext = unaccented .. &quot;|&quot; .. linktext
				end
			end
			return &quot;[[&quot; .. linktext .. &quot;]]&quot;
		end)
	return retval, need_preserve_accent_note
end


-- Convert links around accented words to two-part links without extra accents. Remove PRESERVE_ACCENT characters,
-- and if necessary, insert a footnote indicating that a written accent on a monosyllabic verb is preserved.
local function convert_accented_links(alternant_multiword_spec)
	for slot, forms in pairs(alternant_multiword_spec.forms) do
		-- Side-effect the forms to save memory.
		map_side_effecting_forms(forms, function(form, footnotes)
			local new_form, need_preserve_accent_note = convert_accented_links_in_text(form)
			if need_preserve_accent_note then
				footnotes = iut.combine_footnotes(footnotes, {&quot;[with written accent]&quot;})
			end
			return new_form, footnotes
		end, &quot;include footnotes&quot;)
	end
end


local function strip_spaces(text)
	return rsub(text, &quot;^%s*(.-)%s*$&quot;, &quot;%1&quot;)
end


-- Like put.split_alternating_runs() but strips spaces from both ends of the odd-numbered elements (only in
-- odd-numbered runs if preserve_splitchar is given). Effectively we leave alone the footnotes and splitchars
-- themselves, but otherwise strip extraneous spaces. Spaces in the middle of an element are also left alone.
local function split_alternating_runs_and_strip_spaces(segment_runs, splitchar, preserve_splitchar)
	local split_runs = put.split_alternating_runs(segment_runs, splitchar, preserve_splitchar)
	for i, run in ipairs(split_runs) do
		if not preserve_splitchar or i % 2 == 1 then
			for j, element in ipairs(run) do
				if j % 2 == 1 then
					run[j] = strip_spaces(element)
				end
			end
		end
	end
	return split_runs
end


local function check_not_null(base, form, spec, principal_part_desc)
	if not form then
		error((&quot;Spec '%s' cannot be used because default %s cannot be derived from '%s'&quot;):format(
			spec, principal_part_desc, base.lemma))
	end
end


-- Indicate whether to skip `slot` when conjugating. If `checking_defective` is given, we are checking for defective
-- rows and only want certain user-specified indicators respected.
local function skip_slot(base, slot, checking_defective)
	if not checking_defective then
		if base.props.nofinite and slot:find(&quot;[123]&quot;) then
			-- Skip all finite (1/2/3-person) slots.
			return true
		end
		if base.props.presonly and slot:find(&quot;[123]&quot;) and not slot:find(&quot;^pres&quot;) then
			-- Skip all finite (1/2/3-person) slots except the present indicative.
			return true
		end
		if base.props.no_root_stressed and (slot:find(&quot;[123]s&quot;) or slot:find(&quot;3p&quot;)) and (
			slot:find(&quot;^pres&quot;) or slot:find(&quot;^sub&quot;) or slot:find(&quot;^imp[123]&quot;) or slot:find(&quot;^negimp&quot;)
		) then
			-- Skip all 1s/2s/3s/3p slots in the present indicative and subjunctive and the imperative.
			-- Beware of impsub slots.
			return true
		end
	end
	if base.props.impers or base.props.thirdonly then
		-- Impersonal or third-person-only verb.
		if slot:find(&quot;[12]&quot;) and not slot:find(&quot;3&quot;) then
			-- Skip slots for 1/2 person that don't also reference 3rd person (hence we don't skip sub123s).
			return true
		end
		if slot:find(&quot;^imp[123]&quot;) or slot:find(&quot;^negimp&quot;) then
			-- Skip all imperative slots, including third-person ones. Beware of impsub slots.
			return true
		end
	end
	if base.props.impers and slot:find(&quot;3p&quot;) then
		-- Skip third plural slots for impersonal verbs.
		return true
	end
	return false
end


local function erase_suppressed_slots(base)
	for _, slot_spec in ipairs(all_verb_slots) do
		local slot, accel = unpack(slot_spec)
		if skip_slot(base, slot) then
			base.forms[slot] = nil
		end
	end
end


local function substitute_reflexive_pronoun(text, persnum)
	return rsub(text, &quot;&lt;(.-)&gt;&quot;, function(refl)
		return substitutable_reflexive_pronoun[refl][persnum]
	end)
end


local function escape_reflexive_indicators(arg1)
	-- FIXME, broken and not yet used
	if not arg1:find(&quot;pron&gt;&quot;) then
		return arg1
	end
	local segments = put.parse_balanced_segment_run(arg1, &quot;&lt;&quot;, &quot;&gt;&quot;)
	-- Loop over every other segment. The even-numbered segments are angle-bracket specs while
	-- the odd-numbered segments are the text between them.
	for i = 2, #segments - 1, 2 do
		if segments[i] == &quot;&lt;pron&gt;&quot; then
			segments[i] = &quot;⦃⦃pron⦄⦄&quot;
		end
	end
	return table.concat(segments)
end


local function undo_escape_form(form)
	-- FIXME, broken and not yet used
	return rsub(rsub(form, &quot;⦃⦃&quot;, &quot;&lt;&quot;), &quot;⦄⦄&quot;, &quot;&gt;&quot;)
end


local function remove_reflexive_indicators(form)
	-- FIXME, broken and not yet used
	return rsub(form, &quot;⦃⦃.-⦄⦄&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
end


local function replace_reflexive_indicators(slot, form)
	-- FIXME, broken and not yet used
	if not form:find(&quot;⦃&quot;) then
		return form
	end
	error(&quot;Internal error: replace_reflexive_indicators not implemented yet&quot;)
end


-- Add the `stem` to the `ending` for the given `slot` and apply any phonetic modifications.
local function combine_stem_ending(base, slot, stem, ending)
	-- Add h after c/g in -are forms to preserve the sound.
	if base.conj_vowel == &quot;à&quot; and stem:find(&quot;[cg]$&quot;) and rfind(ending, &quot;^[eèéiì]&quot;) then
		stem = stem .. &quot;h&quot;
	end

	-- Handle [[boglire]], [[inorgoglire]], [[saglire]], etc.
	if base.conj_vowel == &quot;ì&quot; and stem:find(&quot;gl$&quot;) and not rfind(ending, &quot;^[iì]&quot;) then
		stem = stem .. &quot;i&quot;
	end

	-- Two unstressed i's coming together compress to one.
	if ending:find(&quot;^i&quot;) then
		stem = rsub(stem, &quot;i$&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
	end

	-- Remove accents from stem if ending is accented.
	if rfind(ending, AV) then
		stem = remove_accents(stem)
	end

	return stem .. ending
end


local function add_forms(base, slot, stems, endings, allow_overrides)
	local function do_combine_stem_ending(stem, ending)
		return combine_stem_ending(base, slot, stem, ending)
	end
	iut.add_forms(base.forms, slot, stems, endings, do_combine_stem_ending)
end


local function insert_forms(base, slot, forms)
	iut.insert_forms(base.forms, slot, forms)
end


local function copy_forms(base, slot, forms)
	-- When copying forms, clone the form objects because in various later places, we side-effect existing form objects
	-- and don't want any shared objects.
	insert_forms(base, slot, mw.clone(forms))
end


local function general_list_form_contains_form(list, form, process_form)
	if not list then
		-- general_list_form_contains_form() is used to determine whether the defaults in `list` contain a given form; if not, that
		-- row is irregular. If there are no defaults, any form is irregular.
		return false
	end
	for _, formobj in ipairs(list) do
		local formobj_form = formobj.form
		if process_form then
			formobj_form = process_form(formobj_form)
		end
		if formobj_form == form then
			return true
		end
	end
	return false
end


-- Parse a raw form that may be decorated with !, # or similar before it and * or ! after it. Return three values:
-- the prespec, bare form and postspec.
local function parse_decorated_form(form)
	return rmatch(form, &quot;^([!#]*)(.-)([*!]*)$&quot;)
end


-- Process the user-given specs in `specs` in order to generate verb forms, and insert the resulting forms into
-- `destforms`[`slot`]. If the destination slot has no forms yet (i.e. it is nil), it will be first set to {}.
-- Duplicate forms will not be inserted.
--
-- `specs` is a list of objects of the form {form = SPEC, footnotes = FOOTNOTES}, where FOOTNOTES is a list of
-- user-specified footnotes/qualifiers (given after the spec using brackets) or nil if no footnotes. `specs` can be
-- nil, which is equivalent to specifying &quot;+&quot; to request the default. A given SPEC may be &quot;-&quot; to indicate that the
-- corresponding forms are missing, or be decorated with preceding decorators like !! (= &quot;elevated style&quot;),
-- ! (= &quot;careful style&quot;) or # (= &quot;traditional&quot;), or with following decorators like ! (= preserve monosyllabic accent),
-- * (= verb form triggers syntactic gemination of following consonant), ** (= verb form triggers optional syntactic
-- gemination).
--
-- Processing is done by calling `generate_forms` on each spec after stripping decorators. If spec is &quot;+&quot;, that will be
-- passed directly to `generate_forms`, but if spec is &quot;-&quot;, `generate_forms` will not be called. The return value of
-- `generate_forms` can be anything that is convertible to a list of {form = SPEC, footnotes = FOOTNOTES} objects using
-- iut.convert_to_general_list_form(). In other words, it can be a single string (a form), a single object of the form
-- {form = FORM, footnotes = FOOTNOTES, ...}, or a list of either of these.
local function process_specs(base, destforms, slot, specs, generate_forms)
	specs = specs or {{form = &quot;+&quot;}}
	for _, spec in ipairs(specs) do
		local decorated_form = spec.form
		-- Skip &quot;-&quot;; effectively, no forms get inserted into destforms[slot].
		if decorated_form ~= &quot;-&quot; then
			local prespec, form, postspec =	parse_decorated_form(decorated_form)
			local forms = form == &quot;?&quot; and &quot;?&quot; or generate_forms(form)
			-- If `generate_forms` return nil, no forms get inserted into destforms[slot]. This happens e.g. when
			-- fut:- is given and no explicit conditional principal part is given. In that case,
			-- generate_default_conditional_principal_part() fetches the future principal parts, which don't exist,
			-- so it returns nil, and the surrounding generate_principal_part_forms() also returns nil. The effect is
			-- that the conditional principal part ends up nil and no conditional parts get inserted.
			if forms then
				forms = iut.convert_to_general_list_form(forms, spec.footnotes)
				if base.all_footnotes then
					forms = iut.convert_to_general_list_form(forms, base.all_footnotes)
				end
				for _, formobj in ipairs(forms) do
					local qualifiers = formobj.footnotes
					local form = formobj.form
					if prespec:find(&quot;!!&quot;) then
						qualifiers = iut.combine_footnotes({&quot;[elevated style]&quot;}, qualifiers)
						prespec = rsub(prespec, &quot;!!&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
					end
					if prespec:find(&quot;!&quot;) then
						qualifiers = iut.combine_footnotes({&quot;[careful style]&quot;}, qualifiers)
						prespec = rsub(prespec, &quot;!&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
					end
					if prespec:find(&quot;#&quot;) then
						qualifiers = iut.combine_footnotes({&quot;[traditional]&quot;}, qualifiers)
						prespec = rsub(prespec, &quot;#&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
					end
					if postspec:find(&quot;!&quot;) then
						form = PRESERVE_ACCENT .. form
						postspec = rsub(postspec, &quot;!&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
					end
					if postspec == &quot;*&quot; then
						qualifiers = iut.combine_footnotes(qualifiers, {&quot;[with syntactic gemination after the verb]&quot;})
					elseif postspec == &quot;**&quot; then
						qualifiers = iut.combine_footnotes(qualifiers, {&quot;[with optional syntactic gemination after the verb]&quot;})
					elseif postspec ~= &quot;&quot; then
						error(&quot;Decorated form '&quot; .. decorated_form .. &quot;' has too many asterisks after it, use '*' for syntactic gemination and '**' for optional syntactic gemination&quot;)
					end
					iut.insert_form(destforms, slot, {form = form, footnotes = qualifiers})
				end
			end
		end
	end
end


local function set_up_base_verb(base)
	local ret = base.verb
	local raw_verb = ret.raw_verb

	if rfind(raw_verb, &quot;r$&quot;) then
		if rfind(raw_verb, &quot;[ou]r$&quot;) or base.props.rre then
			ret.verb = raw_verb .. &quot;re&quot;
		else
			ret.verb = raw_verb .. &quot;e&quot;
		end
	else
		ret.verb = raw_verb
	end
end


local function add_default_verb_forms(base)
	local ret = base.verb

	-- Need to call combine_stem_ending() to combine stem and ending rather than just pasting them together to handle
	-- cases like [[boglire]], where 'bógl' + 'o' becomes 'bóglio'.
	local function comb(slot, stem, ending)
		return combine_stem_ending(base, slot, stem, ending)
	end

	-- Process 'phisstem:...' spec.
	if base.principal_part_specs.explicit_phis_stem_spec then
		-- Put the explicit past historic stem in ret.phisstem (i.e. base.verb.phisstem).
		process_specs(base, ret, &quot;phisstem&quot;, base.principal_part_specs.explicit_phis_stem_spec, iut.identity)
	end

	ret.default_stem, ret.default_ending_vowel = rmatch(base.verb.verb, &quot;^(.-)([aeir])re$&quot;)
	if not ret.default_stem then
		error(&quot;Unrecognized verb '&quot; .. base.verb.verb .. &quot;', doesn't end in -are, -ere, -ire or -rre&quot;)
	end
	base.props.syncopated = base.props.rre or ret.default_ending_vowel == &quot;r&quot;

	-- Process 'stem:...' spec.
	local ending_vowel
	if base.principal_part_specs.explicit_stem_spec then
		local function generate_explicit_stem_forms(form)
			local stem, this_ending_vowel
			if form == &quot;+&quot; then
				stem = ret.default_stem
				this_ending_vowel = ret.default_ending_vowel
				if base.props.syncopated then
					error(&quot;Can't use + with 'stem:' in syncopated verbs; specify an explicit stem&quot;)
				end
			else
				base.explicit_non_default_stem_spec = true
				stem, this_ending_vowel = rmatch(form, &quot;^(.*)([aeiàéì])$&quot;)
				if not stem then
					error(&quot;Unrecognized stem '&quot; .. form .. &quot;', should end in -a, -e, -i, -à, -é or -ì&quot;)
				end
			end
			if ending_vowel and ending_vowel ~= this_ending_vowel then
				error(&quot;Can't currently specify explicit stems with two different conjugation vowels (&quot; .. ending_vowel
					.. &quot; and &quot; .. this_ending_vowel .. &quot;)&quot;)
			end
			ending_vowel = this_ending_vowel
			return stem
		end
		-- Put the explicit stem in ret.stem (i.e. base.verb.stem).
		process_specs(base, ret, &quot;stem&quot;, base.principal_part_specs.explicit_stem_spec, generate_explicit_stem_forms)
	else
		if base.props.syncopated then
			error(&quot;With syncopated verb '&quot; .. ret.verb .. &quot;', must use 'stem:' to specify an explicit stem&quot;)
		end
		-- Convert to general list form so we can call iut.map_forms() over it.
		ret.stem = iut.convert_to_general_list_form(ret.default_stem)
		ending_vowel = ret.default_ending_vowel
	end

	base.conj_vowel =
		ending_vowel == &quot;a&quot; and &quot;à&quot; or
		ending_vowel == &quot;e&quot; and &quot;é&quot; or
		ending_vowel == &quot;i&quot; and &quot;ì&quot; or
		ending_vowel

	-- Process 'unstressed_stem:...' spec.
	if base.principal_part_specs.explicit_unstressed_stem_spec then
		local function generate_explicit_stem_forms(form)
			local stem
			if form == &quot;+&quot; then
				stem = ret.default_stem
				if base.props.syncopated then
					error(&quot;Can't use + with 'unstressed_stem:' in syncopated verbs; specify an explicit stem&quot;)
				end
			else
				base.explicit_non_default_unstressed_stem_spec = true
				stem = rmatch(form, &quot;^(.*)&quot; .. ret.default_ending_vowel .. &quot;$&quot;)
				if not stem then
					error(&quot;Stem vowel of stem '&quot; .. form ..&quot;' specified with 'unstressed_stem:' must end in conjugation vowel -&quot; .. default_ending_vowel)
				end
			end
			return stem
		end
		-- Put the explicit stem in ret.unstressed_stem (i.e. base.verb.unstressed_stem).
		process_specs(base, ret, &quot;unstressed_stem&quot;, base.principal_part_specs.explicit_unstressed_stem_spec,
			generate_explicit_stem_forms)
	else
		ret.unstressed_stem = iut.map_forms(ret.stem, function(stem) return remove_accents(stem) end)
	end

	ret.pres = iut.map_forms(ret.stem, function(stem) return comb(&quot;pres1s&quot;, stem, &quot;o&quot;) end)
	ret.pres3s = iut.map_forms(ret.stem, function(stem) return comb(&quot;pres3s&quot;, stem, ending_vowel == &quot;a&quot; and &quot;a&quot; or &quot;e&quot;) end)
	if ending_vowel == &quot;i&quot; then
		ret.isc_pres = iut.map_forms(ret.unstressed_stem, function(stem) return comb(&quot;pres1s&quot;, stem, &quot;ìsco&quot;) end)
		ret.isc_pres3s = iut.map_forms(ret.unstressed_stem, function(stem) return comb(&quot;pres3s&quot;, stem, &quot;ìsce&quot;) end)
	end
	ret.phis = iut.flatmap_forms(ret.unstressed_stem, function(stem)
		if ending_vowel == &quot;a&quot; then
			return {comb(&quot;phis1s&quot;, stem, &quot;ài&quot;)}
		elseif ending_vowel == &quot;e&quot; then
			-- Per Anna M. Thornton, &quot;Overabundance: Multiple Forms Realizing the Same Cell&quot; in ''Morphological Autonomy'', p. 366
			-- [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Morphological_Autonomy/oh3UlV6xSQEC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=%22fottette%22&amp;pg=PA366&amp;printsec=frontcover],
			-- -éi tends to occur only with stems ending in -t, while -étti/-ètti occurs with stems not ending in -t.
			-- The opposite combinations are almost vanishingly rare, and should not be included.
			--
			-- In reality, it's a bit more complicated. Verbs in -tere rarely have -etti/-ette, which sounds wrong to native
			-- speakers, except for verbs in -sistere, where the -ette forms are more common. For other verbs, both -ette and
			-- -é occur but -ette is more common.
			if stem:find(&quot;t$&quot;) and not stem:find(&quot;sist$&quot;) then
				return {comb(&quot;phis1s&quot;, stem, &quot;éi&quot;)}
			else
				return {comb(&quot;phis1s&quot;, stem, &quot;étti&quot;), comb(&quot;phis1s&quot;, stem, &quot;éi&quot;)}
			end
		else
			return {comb(&quot;phis1s&quot;, stem, &quot;ìi&quot;)}
		end
	end)
	ret.pp = iut.map_forms(ret.unstressed_stem, function(stem)
		if ending_vowel == &quot;a&quot; then
			return comb(&quot;pp&quot;, stem, &quot;àto&quot;)
		elseif ending_vowel == &quot;e&quot; then
			return comb(&quot;pp&quot;, stem, rfind(stem, &quot;[cg]$&quot;) and &quot;iùto&quot; or &quot;ùto&quot;)
		else
			return comb(&quot;pp&quot;, stem, &quot;ìto&quot;)
		end
	end)
end


local function is_single_vowel_spec(spec)
	return rfind(spec, &quot;^&quot; .. AV .. &quot;[+-]?$&quot;) or rfind(spec, &quot;^&quot; .. AV .. &quot;%-%-$&quot;) or rfind(spec, &quot;^&quot; .. AV .. &quot;%+%+$&quot;)
end


-- Given an unaccented stem, pull out the last two vowels as well as the in-between stuff, and return
-- before, v1, between, v2, after as 5 return values. `unaccented` is the full verb and `unaccented_desc`
-- a description of where the verb came from; used only in error messages.
local function analyze_stem_for_last_two_vowels(unaccented_stem, unaccented, unaccented_desc)
	local before, v1, between, v2, after = rmatch(unaccented_stem, &quot;^(.*)(&quot; .. V .. &quot;)(&quot; .. NV .. &quot;*)(&quot; .. V .. &quot;)(&quot; .. NV .. &quot;*)$&quot;)
	if not before then
		before, v1 = &quot;&quot;, &quot;&quot;
		between, v2, after = rmatch(unaccented_stem, &quot;^(.*)(&quot; .. V .. &quot;)(&quot; .. NV .. &quot;*)$&quot;)
	end
	if not between then
		error(&quot;No vowel in &quot; .. unaccented_desc .. &quot; '&quot; .. unaccented .. &quot;' to match&quot;)
	end
	return before, v1, between, v2, after
end


-- Apply a single-vowel spec in `form`, e.g. é+, to `unaccented_stem`. `unaccented` is the full verb and
-- `unaccented_desc` a description of where the verb came from; used only in error messages.
local function apply_vowel_spec(unaccented_stem, unaccented, unaccented_desc, vowel_spec)
	local function vowel_spec_doesnt_match()
		error(&quot;Vowel spec '&quot; .. vowel_spec .. &quot;' doesn't match vowel of &quot; .. unaccented_desc .. &quot; '&quot; .. unaccented .. &quot;'&quot;)
	end
	local raw_spec_vowel = usub(unfd(vowel_spec), 1, 1)
	local form
	local spec_vowel = rmatch(vowel_spec, &quot;^(.)%-%-$&quot;)
	if spec_vowel then -- a spec like ò--
		local before, v1, between1, v2, between2, v3, after = rmatch(unaccented_stem,
			&quot;^(.*)(&quot; .. V .. &quot;)(&quot; .. NV .. &quot;*)(&quot; .. V .. &quot;)(&quot; .. NV .. &quot;*)(&quot; .. V .. &quot;)(&quot; .. NV .. &quot;*)$&quot;)
		if not before then
			error(mw.getContentLanguage():ucfirst(unaccented_desc) .. &quot; '&quot; .. unaccented ..
				&quot;' must have at least three vowels to use the vowel spec '&quot; ..  vowel_spec .. &quot;'&quot;)
		end
		if raw_spec_vowel ~= v1 then
			vowel_spec_doesnt_match()
		end
		form = before .. spec_vowel .. between1 .. v2 .. between2 .. v3 .. after
	else
		local before, v1, between, v2, after = analyze_stem_for_last_two_vowels(unaccented_stem, unaccented, unaccented_desc)
		if v1 == v2 then
			local first_second
			spec_vowel, first_second = rmatch(vowel_spec, &quot;^(.)([+-]+)$&quot;) -- include ++
			if not spec_vowel then
				error(&quot;Last two stem vowels of &quot; .. unaccented_desc .. &quot; '&quot; .. unaccented ..
					&quot;' are the same; you must specify + (second vowel) or - (first vowel) after the vowel spec '&quot; ..
					vowel_spec .. &quot;'&quot;)
			end
			if raw_spec_vowel ~= v1 then
				vowel_spec_doesnt_match()
			end
			if first_second == &quot;-&quot; then
				form = before .. spec_vowel .. between .. v2 .. after
			else
				form = before .. v1 .. between .. spec_vowel .. after
			end
		else
			if rfind(vowel_spec, &quot;%+%+$&quot;) then
				vowel_spec = rsub(vowel_spec, &quot;%+%+$&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
			elseif rfind(vowel_spec, &quot;[+-]$&quot;) then
				error(&quot;Last two stem vowels of &quot; .. unaccented_desc .. &quot; '&quot; .. unaccented ..
					&quot;' are different; specify just an accented vowel, without a following + or -: '&quot; .. vowel_spec .. &quot;'&quot;)
			end
			if raw_spec_vowel == v1 then
				form = before .. vowel_spec .. between .. v2 .. after
			elseif raw_spec_vowel == v2 then
				form = before .. v1 .. between .. vowel_spec .. after
			elseif before == &quot;&quot; then
				vowel_spec_doesnt_match()
			else
				error(&quot;Vowel spec '&quot; .. vowel_spec .. &quot;' doesn't match either of the last two vowels of &quot; .. unaccented_desc ..
					&quot; '&quot; .. unaccented .. &quot;'&quot;)
			end
		end
	end
	return form
end


local function add_finite_reflexive_clitics(base, rowslot)
	for _, persnum in ipairs(full_person_number_list) do
		base.forms[rowslot .. persnum] = iut.map_forms(base.forms[rowslot .. persnum], function(form)
			return substitute_reflexive_pronoun(base.verb.finite_pref, persnum) .. &quot;[[&quot; .. form .. &quot;]]&quot;
		end)
	end
end


local function do_ending_stressed_inf(base)
	if rfind(base.verb.verb, &quot;rre$&quot;) then
		error(&quot;Use a backslash (\\) with -rre verbs&quot;)
	end
	-- Add acute accent to -ere, grave accent to -are/-ire.
	local accented = rsub(base.verb.verb, &quot;ere$&quot;, &quot;ére&quot;)
	accented = unfc(rsub(accented, &quot;([ai])re$&quot;, &quot;%1&quot; .. GR .. &quot;re&quot;))
	iut.insert_form(base.forms, &quot;inf&quot;, {form = accented})
end


local function do_root_stressed_inf(base, specs)
	local function generate_root_stressed_inf_forms(base, spec, form_to_do, from_defaulted_pres)
		if spec == &quot;-&quot; then
			error(&quot;Spec '-' not allowed as root-stressed infinitive spec&quot;)
		end
		if spec == &quot;+&quot; then
			if from_defaulted_pres then
				error(&quot;Can't use + for present tense with root-stressed infinitive, would trigger infinite loop&quot;)
			end
			local rre_vowel = rmatch(base.verb.verb, &quot;([aiu])rre$&quot;)
			if rre_vowel then
				-- do_root_stressed_inf is used for verbs in -ere and -rre. If the root-stressed vowel isn't explicitly
				-- given and the verb ends in -arre, -irre or -urre, derive it from the infinitive since there's only
				-- one possibility. If the verb ends in -erre or -orre, this won't work because we have both scérre
				-- (= [[scegliere]]) and disvèrre (= [[disvellere]]), as well as pórre and tòrre (= [[togliere]]).
				local before, v1, between, v2, after = analyze_stem_for_last_two_vowels(
					rsub(base.verb.verb, &quot;re$&quot;, &quot;&quot;), base.verb.verb, &quot;root-stressed infinitive&quot;)
				local vowel_spec = unfc(rre_vowel .. GR)
				if v1 == v2 then
					vowel_spec = vowel_spec .. &quot;+&quot;
				end
				spec = vowel_spec
			else
				-- Use the single-vowel spec(s) in the present tense principal part.
				local temp = {}
				process_specs(base, temp, &quot;temp&quot;, base.principal_part_specs.pres, function(form)
					return generate_root_stressed_inf_forms(base, form, form_to_do, &quot;from defaulted pres&quot;) end)
				if not temp.temp then
					error(&quot;Unable to generate infinitive from present tense&quot;)
				end
				return temp.temp
			end
		end
		local verb_stem, verb_suffix = rmatch(base.verb.verb, &quot;^(.-)([er]re)$&quot;)
		if not verb_stem then
			error(&quot;Verb '&quot; .. base.verb.verb .. &quot;' must end in -ere or -rre to use backslash (\\) notation&quot;)
		end
		if not is_single_vowel_spec(spec) then
			if from_defaulted_pres then
				error(&quot;When defaulting root-stressed infinitive vowel to present, present spec must be a single-vowel spec, but saw '&quot;
					.. spec .. &quot;'&quot;)
			else
				error(&quot;Explicit root-stressed infinitive spec '&quot; .. spec .. &quot;' should be a single-vowel spec&quot;)
			end
		end

		local expanded = apply_vowel_spec(verb_stem, base.verb.verb, &quot;root-stressed infinitive&quot;, spec)
		if form_to_do == &quot;stem&quot; then
			return expanded
		else
			return expanded .. verb_suffix
		end
	end

	process_specs(base, base.principal_part_forms, &quot;root_stressed_stem&quot;, specs, function(form)
		return generate_root_stressed_inf_forms(base, form, &quot;stem&quot;) end)
	process_specs(base, base.forms, &quot;inf&quot;, specs, function(form)
		return generate_root_stressed_inf_forms(base, form, &quot;inf&quot;) end)
end


local function add_infinitive(base, rowslot)
	-- When do_root_stressed_inf is called, this also sets base.principal_part_forms.root_stressed_stem, which is needed
	-- by add_present_indic(), so we have to do this before conjugating the present indicative.
	local function root()
		do_root_stressed_inf(base, base.principal_part_specs.root_stressed_inf)
	end
	local function ending()
		do_ending_stressed_inf(base)
	end
	if not base.principal_part_specs.root_stressed_inf then
		ending()
	elseif base.props.opt_root_stressed_inf == &quot;root-first&quot; then
		root()
		ending()
	elseif base.props.opt_root_stressed_inf == &quot;ending-first&quot; then
		ending()
		root()
	else
		root()
	end
end


local function add_infinitive_reflexive_clitics(base, rowslot)
	base.forms[rowslot] = iut.map_forms(base.forms[rowslot], function(form)
		local unaccented_form = remove_accents(form)
		form = rsub(form, &quot;r?re$&quot;, &quot;r&quot;)
		return &quot;[[&quot; .. unaccented_form .. &quot;|&quot; .. form .. &quot;]]&quot; .. substitute_reflexive_pronoun(base.verb.linked_suf, &quot;nf&quot;)
	end)
end


local function generate_pres_forms(base, form)
	local principal_part_desc = &quot;first-singular present indicative&quot;
	if form == &quot;+&quot; then
		check_not_null(base, base.verb.pres, form, principal_part_desc)
		return base.verb.pres
	elseif form == &quot;+isc&quot; then
		check_not_null(base, base.verb.isc_pres, form, principal_part_desc)
		return base.verb.isc_pres
	elseif is_single_vowel_spec(form) then
		check_not_null(base, base.verb.pres, form, principal_part_desc)
		return iut.map_forms(base.verb.pres, function(defform)
			defform = remove_accents(defform) -- in case we specified 'stem:...' with an accent
			local pres = rmatch(defform, &quot;^(.*)o$&quot;)
			if not pres then
				error(&quot;Internal error: Default present '&quot; .. defform .. &quot;' doesn't end in -o&quot;)
			end
			return apply_vowel_spec(pres, defform, &quot;default present&quot;, form) .. &quot;o&quot;
		end)
	elseif not rfind(form, &quot;[oò]$&quot;) then
		error(&quot;Present first-person singular form '&quot; .. form .. &quot;' should end in -o&quot;)
	else
		local unaccented_form = remove_accents(form)
		if not general_list_form_contains_form(base.verb.pres, unaccented_form, remove_accents)
			and (base.verb.isc_pres and not general_list_form_contains_form(base.verb.isc_pres, unaccented_form, remove_accents)) then
			base.rowprops.irreg.pres = true
			-- FIXME! Here we are encoding knowledge of the algorithm in add_present_indic() to determine how to
			-- propagate irregular present 1s to other forms. This duplicates the logic of that algorithm, and if that
			-- code ever changes, this code needs to change too. In practice, it doesn't currently matter so much
			-- because the values in `is_irreg` are currently used only by the code in [[Module:it-headword]] to
			-- determine whether to show irregular principal parts, and the present tense is always shown in any case.
			-- But in the future, the values in `is_irreg` could be used for other purposes.
			base.is_irreg.pres1s = true
			base.is_irreg.pres3p = true
			if not base.principal_part_forms.pres3s and not base.explicit_non_default_stem_spec
				and not base.principal_part_forms.root_stressed_stem then
				base.is_irreg.pres2s = true
				base.is_irreg.pres3s = true
			end
		end
		return form
	end
end


local function generate_pres3s_forms(base, form)
	local principal_part_desc = &quot;third-singular present indicative&quot;
	if form == &quot;+&quot; then
		check_not_null(base, base.verb.pres3s, form, principal_part_desc)
		return base.verb.pres3s
	elseif form == &quot;+isc&quot; then
		check_not_null(base, base.verb.isc_pres3s, form, principal_part_desc)
		return base.verb.isc_pres3s
	elseif is_single_vowel_spec(form) then
		check_not_null(base, base.verb.pres3s, form, principal_part_desc)
		return iut.map_forms(base.verb.pres3s, function(defform)
			defform = remove_accents(defform) -- in case we specified 'stem:...' with an accent
			local pres3s, final_vowel = rmatch(defform, &quot;^(.*)([ae])$&quot;)
			if not pres3s then
				error(&quot;Internal error: Default third-person singular present '&quot; .. defform .. &quot;' doesn't end in -a or -e&quot;)
			end
			return apply_vowel_spec(pres3s, defform, &quot;default third-person singular present&quot;, form) .. final_vowel
		end)
	elseif not rfind(form, &quot;[aàeè]&quot;) then
		error(&quot;Present third-person singular form '&quot; .. form .. &quot;' should end in -a or -e&quot;)
	else
		local unaccented_form = remove_accents(form)
		if not general_list_form_contains_form(base.verb.pres3s, unaccented_form, remove_accents)
			and (base.verb.isc_pres3s and not general_list_form_contains_form(base.verb.isc_pres3s, unaccented_form, remove_accents)) then
			base.rowprops.irreg.pres = true
			base.is_irreg.pres3s = true
			-- pres3s is copied to pres2s.
			base.is_irreg.pres2s = true
		end
		return form
	end
end


-- Generate the present indicative. See &quot;RULES FOR CONJUGATION&quot; near the top of the file for the detailed rules.
local function add_present_indic(base, rowslot)
	process_specs(base, base.principal_part_forms, &quot;pres&quot;, base.principal_part_specs.pres, function(form)
		return generate_pres_forms(base, form) end)
	if base.principal_part_specs.pres3s then
		process_specs(base, base.principal_part_forms, &quot;pres3s&quot;, base.principal_part_specs.pres3s, function(form)
			return generate_pres3s_forms(base, form) end)
	end

	-- If no present indicative principal parts (user specified 'pres:-'), don't generate any present indicative forms.
	-- Otherwise we will end up generating pres23s and pres12p forms based on the overall verb stem(s).
	if not base.principal_part_forms.pres and not base.principal_part_forms.pres3s then
		return
	end

	local function add(pers, stems, endings)
		add_forms(base, rowslot .. pers, stems, endings)
	end

	add(&quot;1s&quot;, base.principal_part_forms.pres, &quot;&quot;)
	local pres1s_stem = iut.map_forms(base.principal_part_forms.pres, function(form)
		if not form:find(&quot;o$&quot;) then
			error(&quot;presrow: must be given in order to generate the present indicative because explicit first-person &quot;
				.. &quot;singular present indicative '&quot; .. form .. &quot;' does not end in -o&quot;)
		end
		return rsub(form, &quot;o$&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
	end)
	add(&quot;3p&quot;, pres1s_stem, base.conj_vowel == &quot;à&quot; and &quot;ano&quot; or &quot;ono&quot;)
	local pres23s_stem
	if base.principal_part_forms.pres3s then
		pres23s_stem = iut.map_forms(base.principal_part_forms.pres3s, function(form)
			if not form:find(&quot;[ae]$&quot;) then
				error(&quot;presrow: must be given in order to generate the present indicative because explicit third-person &quot;
					.. &quot;singular present indicative '&quot; .. form .. &quot;' does not end in -a or -e&quot;)
			end
			return rsub(form, &quot;[ae]$&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
		end)
	else
		pres23s_stem = base.explicit_non_default_stem_spec and base.verb.stem
			or base.principal_part_forms.root_stressed_stem or pres1s_stem
	end
	add(&quot;2s&quot;, pres23s_stem, &quot;i&quot;)
	add(&quot;3s&quot;, pres23s_stem, base.conj_vowel == &quot;à&quot; and &quot;a&quot; or &quot;e&quot;)
	add(&quot;1p&quot;, base.verb.unstressed_stem, &quot;iàmo&quot;)
	add(&quot;2p&quot;, base.verb.unstressed_stem, base.conj_vowel .. &quot;te&quot;)
end


local function generate_default_present_subj_principal_part(base, do_err)
	return iut.flatmap_forms(base.forms.pres1s, function(form)
		if not form:find(&quot;o$&quot;) then
			if do_err then
				error(&quot;sub: or subrow: must be given in order to generate the singular present subjunctive &quot;
					.. &quot;because first-person singular present indicative '&quot; .. form .. &quot;' does not end in -o&quot;)
			else
				return {}
			end
		else
			-- Need to call combine_stem_ending() here to handle verbs in -care/-gare and -ciare/-giare.
			return {combine_stem_ending(base, &quot;sub123s&quot;, rsub(form, &quot;o$&quot;, &quot;&quot;), base.conj_vowel == &quot;à&quot; and &quot;i&quot; or &quot;a&quot;)}
		end
	end)
end


-- Generate the present subjunctive. See &quot;RULES FOR CONJUGATION&quot; near the top of the file for the detailed rules.
local function add_present_subj(base, rowslot)
	-- If no present subjunctive principal parts (user specified 'sub:-'), don't generate any present subjunctive forms.
	-- Otherwise we will end up generating sub12p forms based on the present indicative.
	if not base.principal_part_forms.sub then
		return
	end

	local function add(pers, stems, endings)
		add_forms(base, rowslot .. pers, stems, endings)
	end
	local function ins(pers, forms)
		insert_forms(base, rowslot .. pers, forms)
	end

	-- Generate the 123s and 3p forms.
	add(&quot;123s&quot;, base.principal_part_forms.sub, &quot;&quot;)
	add(&quot;3p&quot;, base.principal_part_forms.sub, &quot;no&quot;)
	-- Copy present indicative 1p to present subjunctive.
	copy_forms(base, rowslot .. &quot;1p&quot;, base.forms.pres1p)
	-- Generate present subjunctive 2p from present indicative 1p by replacing -mo with -te.
	ins(&quot;2p&quot;, iut.map_forms(base.forms.pres1p, function(form)
		if not form:find(&quot;mo$&quot;) then
			error(&quot;subrow: must be given in order to generate the second-person plural present subjunctive &quot;
				.. &quot;because first-person plural present indicative '&quot; .. form .. &quot;' does not end in -mo&quot;)
		end
		return rsub(form, &quot;mo$&quot;, &quot;te&quot;)
	end))
end


local function generate_default_imperative_principal_part(base, do_err)
	if base.conj_vowel == &quot;à&quot; then
		-- Copy present indicative 3s to imperative 2s.
		return base.forms.pres3s
	else
		-- Copy present indicative 2s to imperative 2s.
		return base.forms.pres2s
	end
end


-- Generate the imperative. See &quot;RULES FOR CONJUGATION&quot; near the top of the file for the detailed rules.
local function add_imperative(base, rowslot)
	if not base.principal_part_forms.imp then
		-- If imp:- given, suppress the whole imperative.
		return
	end

	local function copy(pers, forms)
		copy_forms(base, rowslot .. pers, forms)
	end

	-- Copy first imperative form (user specified or taken from present indicative 3s for conj vowel à, or from
	-- present indicative 2s for other conj vowels) to imperative 2s.
	copy(&quot;2s&quot;, base.principal_part_forms.imp)
	-- Copy present indicative 2p to imperative 2p.
	copy(&quot;2p&quot;, base.forms.pres2p)
	-- Copy present subjunctive 3s, 1p, 3p to imperative.
	copy(&quot;3s&quot;, base.forms.sub3s)
	copy(&quot;1p&quot;, base.forms.sub1p)
	copy(&quot;3p&quot;, base.forms.sub3p)
end


local function get_unlinked_clitic_suffix(base, persnum)
	return m_links.remove_links(substitute_reflexive_pronoun(base.verb.linked_suf, persnum))
end


local function add_imperative_reflexive_clitics(base, rowslot)
	local s2suf = get_unlinked_clitic_suffix(base, &quot;2s&quot;)
	local saw_form_with_apostrophe = false

	-- Check if there is a 2s imperative ending in an apostrophe, e.g. dà', fà'. If so, there is probably also an
	-- imperative in -ài, but we don't want to generate a reflexive imperative from it (#dàiti). Otherwise, we want to
	-- generative a reflexive imperative as normal (e.g. ''distràiti'' from [[distrarsi]]).
	local imp2s_forms = base.forms[rowslot .. &quot;2s&quot;]
	if imp2s_forms then
		for _, form in ipairs(imp2s_forms) do
			if rfind(form.form, &quot;'$&quot;) then
				saw_form_with_apostrophe = true
				break
			end
		end
	end

	base.forms[rowslot .. &quot;2s&quot;] = iut.flatmap_forms(imp2s_forms, function(form)
		form = rsub(form, &quot;'$&quot;, &quot;&quot;) -- dà', fà', etc.
		if rfind(form, AV .. &quot;$&quot;) then -- final stressed vowel; implement syntactic gemination
			if rfind(s2suf, &quot;^gli&quot;) then
				return {add_suffix_to_form(form, s2suf)}
			else
				return {add_suffix_to_form(form, usub(s2suf, 1, 1) .. s2suf)}
			end
		elseif rfind(form, &quot;ài$&quot;) and saw_form_with_apostrophe then
			-- Skip this imperative; see above.
			return {}
		else
			return {add_suffix_to_form(form, s2suf)}
		end
	end)
	-- For the following, we shouldn't need to use add_suffix_to_form(), which handles PRESERVE_ACCENT, because
	-- PRESERVE_ACCENT occurs only with monosyllabic forms, and the 1p/2p forms are never monosyllabic.
	for _, persnum in ipairs({&quot;1p&quot;, &quot;2p&quot;}) do
		local suf = get_unlinked_clitic_suffix(base, persnum)
		base.forms[rowslot .. persnum] = iut.map_forms(base.forms[rowslot .. persnum], function(form)
			return form .. suf
		end)
	end
	for _, persnum in ipairs({&quot;3s&quot;, &quot;3p&quot;}) do
		base.forms[rowslot .. persnum] = iut.map_forms(base.forms[rowslot .. persnum], function(form)
			return substitute_reflexive_pronoun(base.verb.finite_pref, persnum) .. &quot;[[&quot; .. form .. &quot;]]&quot;
		end)
	end
end


local function add_negative_imperative(base)
	if not base.principal_part_forms.imp then
		-- If imp:- given, suppress the whole imperative.
		return
	end
	for _, persnum in ipairs({&quot;2s&quot;, &quot;3s&quot;, &quot;1p&quot;, &quot;2p&quot;, &quot;3p&quot;}) do
		local from = persnum == &quot;2s&quot; and &quot;inf&quot; or &quot;imp&quot; .. persnum
		insert_forms(base, &quot;negimp&quot; .. persnum, iut.map_forms(base.forms[from], function(form)
			return &quot;[[non]] [[&quot; .. form .. &quot;]]&quot;
		end))
	end
end


local function add_negative_imperative_reflexive_clitics(base, rowslot)
	for _, persnum in ipairs({&quot;2s&quot;, &quot;1p&quot;, &quot;2p&quot;}) do
		local suf = get_unlinked_clitic_suffix(base, persnum)
		local pref = substitute_reflexive_pronoun(base.verb.finite_pref, persnum)
		base.forms[rowslot .. persnum] = iut.flatmap_forms(base.forms[rowslot .. persnum], function(form)
			local truncated = persnum == &quot;2s&quot; and rsub(form, &quot;r?re%]%]$&quot;, &quot;r&quot;) or rsub(form, &quot;%]%]$&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
			local sufform = truncated .. suf .. &quot;]]&quot;
			local prefform = rsub(form, &quot;^(%[%[non%]%]) (.*)$&quot;, &quot;%1 &quot; .. pref .. &quot; %2&quot;)
			return {sufform, prefform}
		end)
	end
	for _, persnum in ipairs({&quot;3s&quot;, &quot;3p&quot;}) do
		local pref = substitute_reflexive_pronoun(base.verb.finite_pref, persnum)
		base.forms[rowslot .. persnum] = iut.map_forms(base.forms[rowslot .. persnum], function(form)
			return rsub(form, &quot;^(%[%[non%]%]) (.*)$&quot;, &quot;%1 &quot; .. pref .. &quot; %2&quot;)
		end)
	end
end


local function generate_default_past_historic_principal_part(base, do_err)
	if do_err then
		check_not_null(base, base.verb.phis, &quot;+&quot;, &quot;first-singular past historic&quot;)
	end
	return base.verb.phis
end


local function add_past_historic(base, rowslot)
	if not base.principal_part_forms.phis then
		-- specified as &quot;-&quot;
		return
	end
	for _, form in ipairs(base.principal_part_forms.phis) do
		local function add_phis(pref, s1, s2, s3, p1, p2, p3)
			local newform = form.footnotes and iut.convert_to_general_list_form(pref, form.footnotes) or pref
			local function add(pers, endings)
				add_forms(base, rowslot .. pers, newform, endings)
			end
			add(&quot;1s&quot;, s1)
			add(&quot;2s&quot;, s2)
			add(&quot;3s&quot;, s3)
			add(&quot;1p&quot;, p1)
			add(&quot;2p&quot;, p2)
			add(&quot;3p&quot;, p3)
		end
		while true do
			if form.form == &quot;?&quot; then
				add_phis(&quot;?&quot;, &quot;?&quot;, &quot;?&quot;, &quot;?&quot;, &quot;?&quot;, &quot;?&quot;, &quot;?&quot;)
				break
			end
			local pref = rmatch(form.form, &quot;^(.*)ài$&quot;)
			if pref then
				add_phis(pref, &quot;ài&quot;, &quot;àsti&quot;, &quot;ò&quot;, &quot;àmmo&quot;, &quot;àste&quot;, &quot;àrono&quot;)
				break
			end
			pref = rmatch(form.form, &quot;^(.*)éi$&quot;)
			if pref then
				add_phis(pref, &quot;éi&quot;, &quot;ésti&quot;, &quot;é&quot;, &quot;émmo&quot;, &quot;éste&quot;, &quot;érono&quot;)
				break
			end
			pref = rmatch(form.form, &quot;^(.*)[èé]tti$&quot;)
			if pref then
				add_phis(pref, {{form = &quot;étti&quot;}, {form = &quot;ètti&quot;, footnotes = {&quot;[traditional]&quot;}}},
					&quot;ésti&quot;, {{form = &quot;étte&quot;}, {form = &quot;ètte&quot;, footnotes = {&quot;[traditional]&quot;}}},
					&quot;émmo&quot;, &quot;éste&quot;, {{form = &quot;éttero&quot;}, {form = &quot;èttero&quot;, footnotes = {&quot;[traditional]&quot;}}})
				break
			end
			pref = rmatch(form.form, &quot;^(.*)ìi$&quot;)
			if pref then
				add_phis(pref, &quot;ìi&quot;, &quot;ìsti&quot;, &quot;ì&quot;, &quot;ìmmo&quot;, &quot;ìste&quot;, &quot;ìrono&quot;)
				break
			end
			pref = rmatch(form.form, &quot;^(.*)i$&quot;)
			if pref then
				add_phis(pref, &quot;i&quot;, {}, &quot;e&quot;, {}, {}, &quot;ero&quot;)
				if base.verb.phisstem then
					add_phis(base.verb.phisstem, {}, &quot;sti&quot;, {}, &quot;mmo&quot;, &quot;ste&quot;, {})
				else
					add_phis(base.verb.unstressed_stem, {}, base.conj_vowel .. &quot;sti&quot;, {}, base.conj_vowel .. &quot;mmo&quot;,
						base.conj_vowel .. &quot;ste&quot;, {})
				end
				break
			end
			error(&quot;phisrow: must be given in order to generate the past historic because explicit first-person &quot;
				.. &quot;singular past historic '&quot; .. form.form .. &quot;' does not end in -i&quot;)
		end
	end
end


local function generate_default_future_principal_part(base, do_err)
	-- For -are verbs, we may need to make some adjustments to form the future principal part.
	local function are_stem_to_future_principal_part(stem)
		local function comb(ending)
			return combine_stem_ending(base, &quot;fut1s&quot;, stem, ending)
		end
		if stem:find(&quot;[cg]$&quot;) then
			return {comb(&quot;herò&quot;)}
		elseif stem:find(&quot;[cg]i$&quot;) then
			if not base.forms.pres1s or base.forms.pres1s[1].form == &quot;?&quot; then -- missing or unknown pres1s; future still can be generated
				return {rsub(stem, &quot;i$&quot;, &quot;erò&quot;)}
			else
				-- Verbs in -ciare/-giare with the accent on the final -ì in the present singular take future in
				-- -cier-/-gier- not -cer-/-ger-. Compare [[sciare]] &quot;to ski&quot;, pres1s ''scìo'', fut1s ''scierò'' vs.
				-- [[lasciare]] &quot;to let&quot;, pres1s ''làscio'', fut1s ''lascerò''. The only way to make this distinction
				-- is to check the present singular, e.g. pres1s.
				return iut.map_forms(base.forms.pres1s, function(form)
					if rfind(form, &quot;ìo$&quot;) then
						return comb(&quot;erò&quot;)
					else
						return rsub(stem, &quot;i$&quot;, &quot;erò&quot;)
					end
				end)
			end
		else
			return {comb(&quot;erò&quot;)}
		end
	end

	if base.explicit_non_default_unstressed_stem_spec then
		-- If user gave 'unstressed_stem:', use it here.
		if base.conj_vowel == &quot;à&quot; then
			return iut.flatmap_forms(base.verb.unstressed_stem, are_stem_to_future_principal_part)
		else
			return iut.map_forms(base.verb.unstressed_stem, function(form)
				return form .. base.verb.default_ending_vowel .. &quot;rò&quot;
			end)
		end
	elseif base.conj_vowel == &quot;à&quot; then
		return are_stem_to_future_principal_part(rsub(base.verb.verb, &quot;are$&quot;, &quot;&quot;))
	else
		return rsub(base.verb.verb, &quot;e$&quot;, &quot;ò&quot;)
	end
end


local function generate_default_conditional_principal_part(base, do_err)
	-- If fut:- is given, base.principal_part_forms.fut will be nil, and the following will correctly return nil,
	-- so that there's no conditional.
	return iut.map_forms(base.principal_part_forms.fut, function(form)
		local pref = rmatch(form, &quot;^(.*)ò$&quot;)
		if not pref then
			-- This should have been caught earlier (when processing the future) and generated an error.
			error((&quot;Internal error: When generating conditional, saw principal part for future '%s' that does not end in -ò&quot;)
				:format(form))
		end
		return combine_stem_ending(base, &quot;cond1s&quot;, pref, &quot;èi&quot;)
	end)
end


local function generate_default_past_participle_principal_part(base, do_err)
	if do_err then
		check_not_null(base, base.verb.pp, &quot;+&quot;, &quot;first-singular past historic&quot;)
	end
	return base.verb.pp
end


local function generate_default_gerund_principal_part(base, do_err)
	return iut.map_forms(base.verb.unstressed_stem, function(stem)
		-- Need to call combine_stem_ending() to handle cases like [[boglire]], where 'bógl' + 'èndo' becomes 'boglièndo'.
		return combine_stem_ending(base, &quot;ger&quot;, stem, (base.conj_vowel == &quot;à&quot; and &quot;àndo&quot; or &quot;èndo&quot;))
	end)
end


local function add_gerund_participle_reflexive_clitics(base, rowslot)
	base.forms[rowslot] = iut.map_forms(base.forms[rowslot], function(form)
		return form .. get_unlinked_clitic_suffix(base, &quot;nf&quot;)
	end)
end


local function generate_default_present_participle_principal_part(base, do_err)
	return iut.map_forms(base.verb.unstressed_stem, function(stem)
		-- Need to call combine_stem_ending() to handle cases like [[boglire]], where 'bógl' + 'ènte' becomes 'bogliènte'.
		return combine_stem_ending(base, &quot;presp&quot;, stem, (base.conj_vowel == &quot;à&quot; and &quot;ànte&quot; or &quot;ènte&quot;))
	end)
end


--[=[
Data on how to conjugate individual rows (i.e. tense/aspect combinations, such as present indicative or
conditional).

The order listed here matters. It determines the order of generating row forms. The order must have
'inf' &lt; 'pres' &lt; 'sub' &lt; 'imp' &lt; 'negimp' because the present indicative uses the root_stressed_stem generated
by add_infinitive; the present subjunctive uses generated forms from the present indicative; the imperative uses
forms from the present subjunctive and present indicative; and the negative imperative uses forms from the infinitive
and the imperative. Similarly we must have 'fut' &lt; 'cond' because the conditional uses the future principal part.

The following specs are allowed:

-- `desc` must be present and is an all-lowercase English description of the row. It is used in error messages and in
   generating categories of the form 'Italian verbs with irregular ROW' and 'Italian verbs with missing ROW'.
-- `tag_suffix` must be present is a string containing the {{inflection of}} tags that are appended onto the
   person/number tags to form the accelerator spec. For example, the spec &quot;pres|sub&quot; means that the accelerator spec
   for the third singular present subjunctive will be &quot;3|s|pres|sub&quot;. This accelerator spec is passed to
   [[Module:inflection utilities]], which in turn passes it to [[Module:links]] when generating the link(s) for the
   corresponding verb form(s). The spec ultimately gets processed by [[Module:accel]] to generate the definition line
   for nonexistent verb forms. (FIXME: Accelerator support is currently disabled for forms with non-final accents.
   We need to change the code in [[Module:inflection utilities]] so it sets the correct target not containing the
   non-final accent.)
-- `persnums` must be present and specifies the possible person/number suffixes to add onto the row-level slot
   (e.g. &quot;phis&quot; for the past historic) to form the individual person/number-specific slot (e.g. &quot;phis2s&quot; for the
   second-person singular past historic).
-- `row_override_persnums`, if present, specifies the person/number suffixes that are specified by a row override.
   If omitted, `persnums` is used.
-- `row_override_persnums_to_full_persnums`, if present, specifies a mapping from the person/number suffixes
   specified by a row override to the person/number/suffixes used for conjugating the row. This is used, for example,
   with the subjunctive and imperfect subjunctive, where the first element of the row override specifies
   (respectively) the 123s and 12s forms, which need to be copied (respectively) to the 1s/2s/3s and 1s/3s forms.
   If omitted, no such copying happens. It's still possible for the row override persnums to disagree with the
   overall persnums. This happens, for example, with the imperative, where the 'improw:' row override spec specifies
   only the 2s and 2p forms; the remaining forms (3s, 1p, 3p) are generated during conjugation by copying from other
   forms, and can't be overridden using a row override. (They can still be overridden using a single override such
   as 'imp3s:...' or a late single override such as 'imp3s!:...'.
-- `generate_default_principal_part`, if present, should be a function of two arguments, `base` and `do_err`, and
   should return the principal part(s) for the row. The return value can be anything that is convertible to the
   &quot;general list form&quot; of a slot's forms, i.e. it can return a string, an object
   {form = FORM, footnotes = {FOOTNOTE, FOOTNOTE, ...}}, or a list of either. It must be present if `conjugate` is
   a table, but may be missing if `conjugate` is a function, in which case the function needs to generate the
   principal part itself or otherwise handle things differently. For example, the present indicative does not
   specify a value for `generate_default_principal_part` because there are actually two principal parts for the
   present tense (first and third singular), which are processed at the beginning of the present indicative
   `conjugate` function. Similarly, the infinitive does not specify a value for `generate_default_principal_part`
   because there is no principal part to speak of; the infinitive is generated directly from the lemma in combination
   with the slash or backslash that follows the auxiliary and (in the case of a root-stressed infinitive) the
   single-vowel spec following the backslash. If `do_err` is given to this function, the function may throw an error
   if it can't generate the principal part; otherwise it should return nil.
-- `conjugate` is either a function to conjugate the row (of two arguments, `base` and `rowslot`), or a table
   containing the endings to add onto the principal part to conjugate the row. In the latter case, there should be
   the same number of elements in the table as there are elements in `row_override_persnums` (if given) or
   `persnums` (otherwise).
-- `no_explicit_principal_part` (DOCUMENT ME)
-- `no_row_overrides` (DOCUMENT ME)
-- `no_single_overrides` (DOCUMENT ME)
-- `add_reflexive_clitics` (DOCUMENT ME)
-- `dont_check_defective_status` (DOCUMENT ME)
]=]
local row_conjugations = {
	{&quot;inf&quot;, {
		desc = &quot;infinitive&quot;,
		tag_suffix = &quot;inf&quot;,
		persnums = {&quot;&quot;},
		-- No generate_default_principal_part; handled specially in add_infinitive.
		conjugate = add_infinitive,
		no_explicit_principal_part = true, -- because handled specially using / or \ notation
		no_row_overrides = true, -- useless because there's only one form; use / or \ notation
		no_single_overrides = true, --useless because there's only one form; use / or \ notation
		add_reflexive_clitics = add_infinitive_reflexive_clitics,
	}},
	{&quot;pres&quot;, {
		desc = &quot;present indicative&quot;,
		tag_suffix = &quot;pres|ind&quot;,
		persnums = full_person_number_list,
		-- No generate_default_principal_part; handled specially in add_present_indic because we actually have
		-- two principal parts for the present indicative (&quot;pres&quot; and &quot;pres3s&quot;).
		conjugate = add_present_indic,
		-- No setting for no_explicit_principal_part here because it would never be checked; we special-case 'pres:'
		-- overrides before checking no_explicit_principal_part. The reason for special-casing is because there are two
		-- principal parts involved, &quot;pres&quot; and &quot;pres3s&quot;, and we allow both to be specified using the syntax
		-- 'pres:PRES^PRES3S'.
		add_reflexive_clitics = add_finite_reflexive_clitics,
	}},
	{&quot;sub&quot;, {
		desc = &quot;present subjunctive&quot;,
		tag_suffix = &quot;pres|sub&quot;,
		persnums = full_person_number_list,
		row_override_persnums = {&quot;123s&quot;, &quot;1p&quot;, &quot;2p&quot;, &quot;3p&quot;},
		row_override_persnums_to_full_persnums = {[&quot;123s&quot;] = {&quot;1s&quot;, &quot;2s&quot;, &quot;3s&quot;}},
		generate_default_principal_part = generate_default_present_subj_principal_part,
		conjugate = add_present_subj,
		add_reflexive_clitics = add_finite_reflexive_clitics,
	}},
	{&quot;imp&quot;, {
		desc = &quot;imperative&quot;,
		tag_suffix = &quot;imp&quot;,
		persnums = imp_person_number_list,
		row_override_persnums = {&quot;2s&quot;, &quot;2p&quot;},
		generate_default_principal_part = generate_default_imperative_principal_part,
		conjugate = add_imperative,
		add_reflexive_clitics = add_imperative_reflexive_clitics,
	}},
	{&quot;negimp&quot;, {
		desc = &quot;negative imperative&quot;,
		tag_suffix = &quot;-&quot;,
		persnums = imp_person_number_list,
		-- No generate_default_principal_part because all parts are copied from other parts.
		conjugate = add_negative_imperative,
		add_reflexive_clitics = add_negative_imperative_reflexive_clitics,
		no_explicit_principal_part = true, -- because all parts are copied from other parts
		no_row_overrides = true, -- not useful; use single overrides if really needed
		-- We don't want a category [[:Category:Italian verbs with missing negative imperative]]; doesn't make
		-- sense as all parts are copied from elsewhere.
		dont_check_defective_status = true,
	}},
	{&quot;phis&quot;, {
		desc = &quot;past historic&quot;,
		tag_suffix = &quot;phis&quot;,
		persnums = full_person_number_list,
		generate_default_principal_part = generate_default_past_historic_principal_part,
		conjugate = add_past_historic,
		add_reflexive_clitics = add_finite_reflexive_clitics,
		-- Set to &quot;builtin&quot; because normally handled specially in PRES^PRES3S,PHIS,PP spec, but when a built-in verb
		-- is involved, we want a way of overriding the past historic (using 'phis:').
		no_explicit_principal_part = &quot;builtin&quot;,
	}},
	{&quot;imperf&quot;, {
		desc = &quot;imperfect indicative&quot;,
		tag_suffix = &quot;impf|ind&quot;,
		persnums = full_person_number_list,
		generate_default_principal_part = function(base) return iut.map_forms(base.verb.unstressed_stem,
			function(stem) return combine_stem_ending(base, &quot;imperf1s&quot;, stem, base.conj_vowel .. &quot;vo&quot;) end) end,
		conjugate = {&quot;o&quot;, &quot;i&quot;, &quot;a&quot;, &quot;àmo&quot;, &quot;àte&quot;, &quot;ano&quot;},
		add_reflexive_clitics = add_finite_reflexive_clitics,
	}},
	{&quot;impsub&quot;, {
		desc = &quot;imperfect subjunctive&quot;,
		tag_suffix = &quot;impf|sub&quot;,
		persnums = full_person_number_list,
		row_override_persnums = {&quot;12s&quot;, &quot;3s&quot;, &quot;1p&quot;, &quot;2p&quot;, &quot;3p&quot;},
		row_override_persnums_to_full_persnums = {[&quot;12s&quot;] = {&quot;1s&quot;, &quot;2s&quot;}},
		generate_default_principal_part = function(base) return iut.map_forms(base.verb.unstressed_stem,
			function(stem) return combine_stem_ending(base, &quot;impsub12s&quot;, stem, base.conj_vowel .. &quot;ssi&quot;) end) end,
		conjugate = {&quot;ssi&quot;, &quot;sse&quot;, &quot;ssimo&quot;, &quot;ste&quot;, &quot;ssero&quot;},
		add_reflexive_clitics = add_finite_reflexive_clitics,
	}},
	{&quot;fut&quot;, {
		desc = &quot;future&quot;,
		tag_suffix = &quot;fut&quot;,
		persnums = full_person_number_list,
		generate_default_principal_part = generate_default_future_principal_part,
		conjugate = {&quot;ò&quot;, &quot;ài&quot;, &quot;à&quot;, &quot;émo&quot;, &quot;éte&quot;, &quot;ànno&quot;},
		add_reflexive_clitics = add_finite_reflexive_clitics,
	}},
	{&quot;cond&quot;, {
		desc = &quot;conditional&quot;,
		tag_suffix = &quot;cond&quot;,
		persnums = full_person_number_list,
		generate_default_principal_part = generate_default_conditional_principal_part,
		conjugate = {&quot;èi&quot;, &quot;ésti&quot;, {&quot;èbbe&quot;, &quot;ébbe&quot;}, &quot;émmo&quot;, &quot;éste&quot;, {&quot;èbbero&quot;, &quot;ébbero&quot;}},
		add_reflexive_clitics = add_finite_reflexive_clitics,
	}},
	{&quot;pp&quot;, {
		desc = &quot;past participle&quot;,
		tag_suffix = &quot;past|part&quot;,
		persnums = {&quot;&quot;},
		generate_default_principal_part = generate_default_past_participle_principal_part,
		conjugate = {&quot;&quot;},
		add_reflexive_clitics = add_gerund_participle_reflexive_clitics,
		-- Set to &quot;builtin&quot; because normally handled specially in PRES^PRES3S,PHIS,PP spec, but when a built-in verb
		-- is involved, we want a way of overriding the past participle (using 'pp:').
		no_explicit_principal_part = &quot;builtin&quot;,
		no_row_overrides = true, -- useless because there's only one form; use the PRES^PRES3S,PHIS,PP or pp: spec
		no_single_overrides = true, --useless because there's only one form; use the PRES^PRES3S,PHIS,PP or pp: spec
	}},
	{&quot;ger&quot;, {
		desc = &quot;gerund&quot;,
		tag_suffix = &quot;ger&quot;,
		persnums = {&quot;&quot;},
		generate_default_principal_part = generate_default_gerund_principal_part,
		conjugate = {&quot;&quot;},
		add_reflexive_clitics = add_gerund_participle_reflexive_clitics,
		no_row_overrides = true, -- useless because there's only one form; use explicit principal part
		no_single_overrides = true, -- useless because there's only one form; use explicit principal part
	}},
	{&quot;presp&quot;, {
		desc = &quot;present participle&quot;,
		tag_suffix = &quot;pres|part&quot;,
		persnums = {&quot;&quot;},
		generate_default_principal_part = generate_default_present_participle_principal_part,
		conjugate = {&quot;&quot;},
		add_reflexive_clitics = add_gerund_participle_reflexive_clitics,
		no_row_overrides = true, -- useless because there's only one form; use explicit principal part
		no_single_overrides = true, -- useless because there's only one form; use explicit principal part
		-- Disable this; seems most verbs do have present participles
		-- not_defaulted = true, -- not defaulted, user has to request it explicitly
		dont_check_defective_status = true, -- this is frequently missing and doesn't indicate a defective verb
	}},
}

local row_conjugation_map = {}

for _, rowconj in ipairs(row_conjugations) do
	local rowslot, rowspec = unpack(rowconj)
	row_conjugation_map[rowslot] = rowspec
end


local overridable_slot_set = {}
local late_overridable_slot_set = {}

-- Populate all_verb_slots and overridable_slot_set.
for _, rowconj in ipairs(row_conjugations) do
	local rowslot, rowspec = unpack(rowconj)
	for _, persnum in ipairs(rowspec.persnums) do
		local persnum_tag = person_number_tag_prefix[persnum]
		local slot = rowslot .. persnum
		if rowspec.tag_suffix == &quot;-&quot; then
			table.insert(all_verb_slots, {slot, &quot;-&quot;})
		else
			table.insert(all_verb_slots, {slot, persnum_tag .. rowspec.tag_suffix})
		end
		if not rowspec.no_single_overrides then
			overridable_slot_set[slot] = true
		end
		-- For now, we allow all slots to be late-overridable. Maybe we will rethink this later.
		late_overridable_slot_set[slot] = true
	end
end

local function handle_row_overrides_for_row(base, rowslot)
	if base.row_override_specs[rowslot] then
		for persnum, specs in pairs(base.row_override_specs[rowslot]) do
			local slot = rowslot .. persnum
			local existing_generated_form = base.forms[slot]
			local function generate_row_override_forms(form)
				if form == &quot;+&quot; then
					if not existing_generated_form then
						error((&quot;Default form '+' requested in row override '%srow:' for slot %s but no default-generated form available; &quot;
							.. &quot;typically this means the principal part was given as '-'&quot;)
							:format(rowslot, slot))
					end
					return existing_generated_form
				end
				-- Check whether the row override form is the same as the default; if not, it's an irregularity.
				if not general_list_form_contains_form(existing_generated_form, form) then
					-- Note that the row has an irregularity in it.
					base.rowprops.irreg[rowslot] = true
					-- Now note that the individual form is irregular. If the row override is for a combined form like
					-- 123s, we have to map that to the individual forms (1s, 2s, 3s).
					local rowspec = row_conjugation_map[rowslot]
					if not rowspec then
						error(&quot;Internal error: No row conjugation spec for &quot; .. rowslot)
					end
					local row_override_persnums_map = rowspec.row_override_persnums_to_full_persnums
					if row_override_persnums_map and row_override_persnums_map[persnum] then
						-- Propagate individual irregularities to actual person/number forms, as for the present and
						-- imperfect subjunctive.
						for _, full_persnum in ipairs(row_override_persnums_map[persnum]) do
							base.is_irreg[rowslot .. full_persnum] = true
						end
					else
						base.is_irreg[rowslot .. persnum] = true
					end
				end
				return form
			end
			base.forms[slot] = nil -- erase existing form before generating override
			process_specs(base, base.forms, slot, specs, generate_row_override_forms)
		end
	end
end


local function handle_single_overrides_for_row(base, override_spec, rowslot)
	local rowspec = row_conjugation_map[rowslot]
	if not rowspec then
		error(&quot;Internal error: No row conjugation spec for &quot; .. rowslot)
	end

	-- FIXME: We may need to rethink the handling of irregularity markers. If the user e.g. sets an irregular
	-- override using 'pres1p:' and then sets it back to regular using 'pres1p!:', it ends up irregular.
	for _, persnum in ipairs(rowspec.persnums) do
		local slot = rowslot .. persnum
		if base[override_spec][slot] then
			local existing_generated_form = base.forms[slot]
			local function generate_override_forms(form)
				if form == &quot;+&quot; then
					if not existing_generated_form then
						error((&quot;Default form '+' requested in override for slot %s but no default-generated form available; &quot;
							.. &quot;typically this means the principal part was given as '-'&quot;)
							:format(rowslot, slot))
					end
					return existing_generated_form
				end
				-- Check whether the single override form is the same as the default; if not, it's an irregularity.
				if not general_list_form_contains_form(existing_generated_form, form) then
					base.rowprops.irreg[rowslot] = true
					base.is_irreg[slot] = true
				end
				return form
			end
			base.forms[slot] = nil -- erase existing form before generating override
			process_specs(base, base.forms, slot, base[override_spec][slot], generate_override_forms)
		end
	end
end


local function conjugate_row(base, rowslot)
	local rowspec = row_conjugation_map[rowslot]
	if not rowspec then
		error(&quot;Internal error: Unrecognized row slot '&quot; .. rowslot .. &quot;'&quot;)
	end

	-- Generate the principal part for this row now if it has an entry for `generate_default_principal_part`.
	if rowspec.generate_default_principal_part then
		local function generate_principal_part_forms(form)
			-- If form == &quot;+&quot;, either the user did not specify a principal part override (like 'sub:') or gave the value as '+'.
			-- In this circumstance, and provided the user did not specify a row override (like 'subrow:'), we need the default
			-- principal part in order to conjugate the row, so throw an error if we can't generate it. (If the user gave a row
			-- override, we may still need the default principal part if the row override contains '+', so we could check for
			-- this and set 'do_err', but it seems simpler to rely on the check in `handle_row_overrides_for_row` that makes
			-- sure that a default form is available when the user specifies '+' in a row override.)
			local do_err = form == &quot;+&quot; and not base.row_override_specs[rowslot]
			local default_principal_part = rowspec.generate_default_principal_part(base, do_err)
			if default_principal_part then
				-- There may be no default; e.g. if fut:- is given, the default conditional principal part is nil.
				-- process_specs() calls convert_to_general_list_form() on the output in any case and we need it in this form
				-- in order to call general_list_form_contains_form(), so we may as well convert it now.
				default_principal_part = iut.convert_to_general_list_form(default_principal_part)
			end
			if form == &quot;+&quot; then
				return default_principal_part
			end
			-- Check whether the principal part is the same as the default; if not, the entire row is irregular.
			if not general_list_form_contains_form(default_principal_part, form) then
				base.rowprops.irreg[rowslot] = true
				for _, persnum in ipairs(rowspec.persnums) do
					base.is_irreg[rowslot .. persnum] = true
				end
			end
			return form
		end

		local principal_part_specs = base.principal_part_specs[rowslot] or rowspec.not_defaulted and {{form = &quot;-&quot;}}
			or {{form = &quot;+&quot;}}
		process_specs(base, base.principal_part_forms, rowslot, principal_part_specs, generate_principal_part_forms)
	end

	if type(rowspec.conjugate) == &quot;table&quot; then
		local persnums = rowspec.row_override_persnums or rowspec.persnums
		if #rowspec.conjugate ~= #persnums then
			error(&quot;Internal error: Expected &quot; .. #persnums .. &quot; elements for row slot '&quot; .. rowslot
				.. &quot;, but saw &quot; .. #rowspec.conjugate)
		end
		local stem = iut.map_forms(base.principal_part_forms[rowslot], function(form)
			local principal_part_ending = rowspec.conjugate[1]
			if type(principal_part_ending) ~= &quot;string&quot; then
				error((&quot;Internal error: First element of the `.conjugate` table of the rowspec for row '%s' is not &quot;
					.. &quot;a single string; if this is needed, either use a conjugate function instead of a table, &quot;
					.. &quot;generalize the code following this error message, or introduce an additional rowspec element &quot;
					.. &quot;`principal_part_ending` containing a single string&quot;):format(rowslot))
			end
			if not rfind(form, principal_part_ending .. &quot;$&quot;) then
				-- Generate the principal part description from the first person/number of the row (which should
				-- always be the principal part) + the overall row description.
				local principal_part_desc = principal_part_person_number_desc[persnums[1]] .. rowspec.desc
				error(rowslot .. &quot;row: must be given in order to generate the &quot; .. rowspec.desc .. &quot; because&quot;
					.. &quot;explicit &quot; .. principal_part_desc .. &quot; '&quot; .. form .. &quot;' does not end in -&quot;
					.. principal_part_ending)
			end
			return rsub(form, principal_part_ending .. &quot;$&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
		end)
		for i, persnum in ipairs(persnums) do
			add_forms(base, rowslot .. persnum, stem, rowspec.conjugate[i])
		end
	else
		rowspec.conjugate(base, rowslot)
	end

	-- Now add any footnotes derived from principal part overrides of the form '+[footnote]' used in conjunction with
	-- built-in verbs.
	if base.principal_part_footnotes[rowslot] then
		for _, persnum in ipairs(rowspec.persnums) do
			local full_slot = rowslot .. persnum
			if base.forms[full_slot] then
				-- To save on memory, side-effect the existing forms.
				for _, formobj in ipairs(base.forms[full_slot]) do
					formobj.footnotes = iut.combine_footnotes(formobj.footnotes, base.principal_part_footnotes[rowslot])
				end
			end
		end
	end

	handle_row_overrides_for_row(base, rowslot)

	-- If there's a mapping from row override persnums to full persnums, copy the slots accordingly.
	if rowspec.row_override_persnums_to_full_persnums then
		for row_override_persnum, full_persnums in pairs(rowspec.row_override_persnums_to_full_persnums) do
			for _, full_persnum in ipairs(full_persnums) do
				copy_forms(base, rowslot .. full_persnum, base.forms[rowslot .. row_override_persnum])
			end
		end
	end

	handle_single_overrides_for_row(base, &quot;single_override_specs&quot;, rowslot)
end


-- Process specs given by the user using 'addnote[SLOTSPEC][FOOTNOTE][FOOTNOTE][...]'. SLOTSPEC can be a Lua pattern,
-- a comma-separated list of Lua patterns (any of which need to match), or a hyphen followed by one or more
-- comma-separated patterns (which negates the sense of the matching).
local function process_addnote_specs(base)
	for _, spec in ipairs(base.addnote_specs) do
		for _, slot_spec in ipairs(spec.slot_specs) do
			local negated = false
			local any_changed = false
			local orig_slot_spec = slot_spec
			if slot_spec:find(&quot;^%-&quot;) then
				negated = true
				slot_spec = usub(slot_spec, 2)
			end
			local single_specs = rsplit(slot_spec, &quot;,&quot;)
			for slot, forms in pairs(base.forms) do
				local matches
				for _, single_spec in ipairs(single_specs) do
					if rfind(slot, &quot;^&quot; .. slot_spec .. &quot;$&quot;) then
						matches = true
						break
					end
				end
				if not negated and matches or negated and not matches and slot ~= &quot;inf&quot; and slot ~= &quot;aux&quot; then
					-- To save on memory, side-effect the existing forms.
					for _, form in ipairs(forms) do
						form.footnotes = iut.combine_footnotes(form.footnotes, spec.footnotes)
						any_changed = true
					end
				end
			end
			if not any_changed then
				error((&quot;addnote spec '%s' had no effect; correct it or remove it&quot;):format(orig_slot_spec))
			end
		end
	end
end


local function check_for_defective_and_unknown_rows(base)
	for _, rowconj in ipairs(row_conjugations) do
		local rowslot, rowspec = unpack(rowconj)
		if not rowspec.dont_check_defective_status then
			local row_not_entirely_unknown = false
			local row_not_entirely_missing = false
			for i, persnum in ipairs(rowspec.persnums) do
				local slot = rowslot .. persnum
				if base.forms[slot] then
					row_not_entirely_missing = true
					for _, form in ipairs(base.forms[slot]) do
						if form.form == &quot;?&quot; then
							base.rowprops.unknown[rowslot] = true
						else
							row_not_entirely_unknown = true
						end
					end
				elseif not skip_slot(base, slot, &quot;checking defective&quot;) then
					base.rowprops.defective[rowslot] = true
				end
			end
			base.rowprops.all_unknown[rowslot] = not row_not_entirely_unknown
			base.rowprops.all_defective[rowslot] = not row_not_entirely_missing
		end
	end
	if not base.principal_part_specs.aux and not base.verb.is_reflexive then
		base.rowprops.defective.aux = true
		base.rowprops.all_defective.aux = true
	end
	if base.principal_part_specs.aux then
		local row_not_entirely_unknown = false
		for _, form in ipairs(base.principal_part_specs.aux) do
			if form.form == &quot;?&quot; then
				base.rowprops.unknown.aux = true
			else
				row_not_entirely_unknown = true
			end
		end
		base.rowprops.all_unknown.aux = not row_not_entirely_unknown
	end
end


-- Any forms without links should get them now. Redundant ones will be stripped later.
local function add_missing_links_to_forms(base)
	for slot, forms in pairs(base.forms) do
		map_side_effecting_forms(forms, add_links)
	end
end


local function remove_links_from_forms(base)
	-- Remove links from forms in case of noautolinkverb.
	for slot, forms in pairs(base.forms) do
		map_side_effecting_forms(forms, m_links.remove_links)
	end
end


local function conjugate_verb(base)
	add_default_verb_forms(base)
	for _, rowconj in ipairs(row_conjugations) do
		local rowslot, rowspec = unpack(rowconj)
		conjugate_row(base, rowslot)
	end
	if base.verb.linked_suf ~= &quot;&quot; then
		for _, rowconj in ipairs(row_conjugations) do
			local rowslot, rowspec = unpack(rowconj)
			rowspec.add_reflexive_clitics(base, rowslot)
		end
	end
	erase_suppressed_slots(base)
	for _, rowconj in ipairs(row_conjugations) do
		local rowslot, rowspec = unpack(rowconj)
		handle_single_overrides_for_row(base, &quot;late_single_override_specs&quot;, rowslot)
	end
	process_addnote_specs(base)
	check_for_defective_and_unknown_rows(base)
	if base.args.noautolinkverb then
		remove_links_from_forms(base)
	else
		add_missing_links_to_forms(base)
	end
end


local function analyze_verb(lemma)
	local is_pronominal = false
	local is_reflexive = false
	-- The particles that can go after a verb are:
	-- * la, le
	-- * ne
	-- * ci, vi (sometimes in the form ce, ve)
	-- * si (sometimes in the form se)
	-- * gli
	-- Observed combinations:
	--   * ce + la: [[avercela]] &quot;to be angry (at someone)&quot;, [[farcela]] &quot;to make it, to succeed&quot;,
	--              [[mettercela tutta]] &quot;to put everything (into something)&quot;
	--   * se + la: [[sbrigarsela]] &quot;to deal with&quot;, [[bersela]] &quot;to naively believe in&quot;,
	--              [[sentirsela]] &quot;to have the courage to face (a difficult situation)&quot;,
	--              [[spassarsela]] &quot;to live it up&quot;, [[svignarsela]] &quot;to scurry away&quot;,
	--              [[squagliarsela]] &quot;to vamoose, to clear off&quot;, [[cercarsela]] &quot;to be looking for (trouble etc.)&quot;,
	--              [[contarsela]] &quot;to have a distortedly positive self-image; to chat at length&quot;,
	--              [[dormirsela]] &quot;to be fast asleep&quot;, [[filarsela]] &quot;to slip away, to scram&quot;,
	--              [[giostrarsela]] &quot;to get away with; to turn a situation to one's advantage&quot;,
	--              [[cavarsela]] &quot;to get away with; to get out of (trouble); to make the best of; to manage (to do); to be good at&quot;,
	--              [[meritarsela]] &quot;to get one's comeuppance&quot;, [[passarsela]] &quot;to fare (well, badly)&quot;,
	--              [[rifarsela]] &quot;to take revenge&quot;, [[sbirbarsela]] &quot;to slide by (in life)&quot;,
	--              [[farsela]]/[[intendersela]] &quot;to have a secret affair or relationship with&quot;,
	--              [[farsela addosso]] &quot;to shit oneself&quot;, [[prendersela]] &quot;to take offense at; to blame&quot;,
	--              [[prendersela comoda]] &quot;to take one's time&quot;, [[sbrigarsela]] &quot;to finish up; to get out of (a difficult situation)&quot;,
	--              [[tirarsela]] &quot;to lord it over&quot;, [[godersela]] &quot;to enjoy&quot;, [[vedersela]] &quot;to see (something) through&quot;,
	--              [[vedersela brutta]] &quot;to have a hard time with; to be in a bad situation&quot;,
	--              [[aversela]] &quot;to pick on (someone)&quot;, [[battersela]] &quot;to run away, to sneak away&quot;,
	--              [[darsela a gambe]] &quot;to run away&quot;, [[fumarsela]] &quot;to sneak away&quot;,
	--              [[giocarsela]] &quot;to behave (a certain way); to strategize; to play&quot;
	--   * se + ne: [[andarsene]] &quot;to take leave&quot;, [[approfittarsene]] &quot;to take advantage of&quot;,
	--              [[fottersene]]/[[strafottersene]] &quot;to not give a fuck&quot;,
	--              [[fregarsene]]/[[strafregarsene]] &quot;to not give a damn&quot;,
	--              [[guardarsene]] &quot;to beware; to think twice&quot;, [[impiparsene]] &quot;to not give a damn&quot;,
	--              [[morirsene]] &quot;to fade away; to die a lingering death&quot;, [[ridersene]] &quot;to laugh at; to not give a damn&quot;,
	--              [[ritornarsene]] &quot;to return to&quot;, [[sbattersene]]/[[strabattersene]] &quot;to not give a damn&quot;,
	--              [[infischiarsene]] &quot;to not give a damn&quot;, [[stropicciarsene]] &quot;to not give a damn&quot;,
	--              [[sbarazzarsene]] &quot;to get rid of, to bump off&quot;, [[andarsene in acqua]] &quot;to be diluted; to decay&quot;,
	--              [[nutrirsene]] &quot;to feed oneself&quot;, [[curarsene]] &quot;to take care of&quot;,
	--              [[intendersene]] &quot;to be an expert (in)&quot;, [[tornarsene]] &quot;to return, to go back&quot;,
	--              [[starsene]] &quot;to stay&quot;, [[farsene]] &quot;to matter; to (not) consider; to use&quot;,
	--              [[farsene una ragione]] &quot;to resign; to give up; to come to terms with; to settle (a dispute)&quot;,
	--              [[riuscirsene]] &quot;to repeat (something annoying)&quot;, [[venirsene]] &quot;to arrive slowly; to leave&quot;
	--   * ci + si: [[trovarcisi]] &quot;to find oneself in a happy situation&quot;,
	--              [[vedercisi]] &quot;to imagine oneself (in a situation)&quot;, [[sentircisi]] &quot;to feel at ease&quot;
	--   * vi + si: [[recarvisi]] &quot;to go there&quot;
	--   * glie + la: [[fargliela]] &quot;to succeed&quot;
	--
	local ret = {}
	local linked_suf, finite_pref, finite_pref_elided_e, finite_pref_elided_ho
	local clitic_to_substitutable = {ce = &quot;[[ce]]&quot;, ve = &quot;[[ve]]&quot;, se = &quot;&lt;se&gt;&quot;}
	local clitic_to_elided = {
		ci = &quot;[[c']]&quot;, vi = &quot;[[vi]] &quot;, si = &quot;[[si]] &quot;,
		lo = &quot;[[l']]&quot;, la = &quot;[[l']]&quot;, li = &quot;[[li]] &quot;, le = &quot;[[le]] &quot;,
		gli = &quot;[[gli]] &quot;,
	}
	local verb, clitic, clitic2 = rmatch(lemma, &quot;^(.-)([cvs]e)(l[oaie])$&quot;)
	if verb then
		is_pronominal = true
		is_reflexive = clitic == &quot;se&quot;
		clitic = clitic_to_substitutable[clitic]
		linked_suf = clitic .. &quot;[[&quot; .. clitic2 .. &quot;]]&quot;
		finite_pref = clitic .. &quot; [[&quot; .. clitic2 .. &quot;]] &quot;
		finite_pref_elided_e = clitic .. &quot; &quot; .. clitic_to_elided[clitic2]
		finite_pref_elided_ho = clitic .. &quot; &quot; .. clitic_to_elided[clitic2]
	end
	if not verb then
		verb, clitic = rmatch(lemma, &quot;^(.-)glie(l[oaie])$&quot;)
		if verb then
			is_pronominal = true
			linked_suf = &quot;[[glie&quot; .. clitic .. &quot;]]&quot;
			finite_pref = linked_suf .. &quot; &quot;
			finite_pref_elided_e = clitic_to_elided[clitic]:gsub(&quot;^%[%[&quot;, &quot;[[glie&quot;)
			finite_pref_elided_ho = finite_pref_elided_e
		end
	end
	if not verb then
		verb, clitic = rmatch(lemma, &quot;^(.-)([cvs]e)ne$&quot;)
		if verb then
			is_pronominal = true
			is_reflexive = clitic == &quot;se&quot;
			clitic = clitic_to_substitutable[clitic]
			linked_suf = clitic .. &quot;[[ne]]&quot;
			finite_pref = clitic .. &quot; [[ne]] &quot;
			finite_pref_elided_e = clitic .. &quot; [[n']]&quot;
			finite_pref_elided_ho = clitic .. &quot; [[ne]] &quot;
		end
	end
	if not verb then
		verb, clitic = rmatch(lemma, &quot;^(.-)([cv]i)si$&quot;)
		if verb then
			is_pronominal = true
			is_reflexive = true
			local si_no_clitic, space_no_clitic
			if clitic == &quot;ci&quot; then
				si_no_clitic = &quot;&lt;si_no_ci&gt;&quot;
				space_no_clitic = &quot;&lt;space_no_ci&gt;&quot;
			else
				si_no_clitic = &quot;&lt;si_no_vi&gt;&quot;
				space_no_clitic = &quot;&lt;space_no_vi&gt;&quot;
			end
			linked_suf = &quot;[[&quot; .. clitic .. &quot;]]&quot; .. si_no_clitic
			finite_pref = si_no_clitic .. space_no_clitic .. &quot;[[&quot; .. clitic .. &quot;]] &quot;
			finite_pref_elided_e = si_no_clitic .. space_no_clitic .. clitic_to_elided[clitic]
			finite_pref_elided_ho = finite_pref
		end
	end
	if not verb then
		verb, clitic = rmatch(lemma, &quot;^(.-)([cv]i)$&quot;)
		if verb then
			is_pronominal = true
			linked_suf = &quot;[[&quot; .. clitic .. &quot;]]&quot;
			finite_pref = &quot;[[&quot; .. clitic .. &quot;]] &quot;
			finite_pref_elided_e = clitic_to_elided[clitic]
			finite_pref_elided_ho = finite_pref
		end
	end
	if not verb then
		verb = rmatch(lemma, &quot;^(.-)si$&quot;)
		if verb then
			-- not pronominal
			is_reflexive = true
			linked_suf = &quot;&lt;si&gt;&quot;
			finite_pref = &quot;&lt;si&gt; &quot;
			finite_pref_elided_e = finite_pref
			finite_pref_elided_ho = finite_pref
		end
	end
	if not verb then
		verb = rmatch(lemma, &quot;^(.-)ne$&quot;)
		if verb then
			is_pronominal = true
			linked_suf = &quot;[[ne]]&quot;
			finite_pref = &quot;[[ne]] &quot;
			finite_pref_elided_e = &quot;[[n']]&quot;
			finite_pref_elided_ho = &quot;[[ne]] &quot;
		end
	end
	if not verb then
		verb, clitic = rmatch(lemma, &quot;^(.-)(gli)$&quot;)
		if not verb then
			verb, clitic = rmatch(lemma, &quot;^(.-)(l[oaie])$&quot;)
		end
		if verb then
			is_pronominal = true
			linked_suf = &quot;[[&quot; .. clitic .. &quot;]]&quot;
			finite_pref = &quot;[[&quot; .. clitic .. &quot;]] &quot;
			finite_pref_elided_e = clitic_to_elided[clitic]
			finite_pref_elided_ho = clitic_to_elided[clitic]
		end
	end
	if not verb then
		-- not pronominal
		verb = lemma
		linked_suf = &quot;&quot;
		finite_pref = &quot;&quot;
		finite_pref_elided_e = &quot;&quot;
		finite_pref_elided_ho = &quot;&quot;
	end

	ret.raw_verb = verb
	ret.linked_suf = linked_suf
	ret.finite_pref = finite_pref
	ret.finite_pref_elided_e = finite_pref_elided_e
	ret.finite_pref_elided_ho = finite_pref_elided_ho
	ret.is_pronominal = is_pronominal
	ret.is_reflexive = is_reflexive
	return ret
end


-- Subfunction of find_builtin_verb(). Match a single spec (which may begin with ^ to anchor against the beginning,
-- otherwise anchored only at the end) against `verb`. Return the prefix and main verb.
local function match_spec_against_verb(spec, verb)
	if spec:find(&quot;^%^&quot;) then
		-- must match exactly
		if rfind(verb, spec .. &quot;$&quot;) then
			return &quot;&quot;, verb
		end
	else
		local prefix, main_verb = rmatch(verb, &quot;^(.*)(&quot; .. spec .. &quot;)$&quot;)
		if prefix then
			return prefix, main_verb
		end
	end
end


-- Subfunction of find_builtin_verb(). Match a single prefix + spec (where the prefix may begin with ^ to anchor
-- against the beginning, otherwise anchored only at the end) against `verb`. Return the prefix and main verb.
local function match_prefixed_spec_against_verb(specprefix, spec, verb)
	if specprefix:find(&quot;^%^&quot;) then
		-- must match exactly
		specprefix = specprefix:gsub(&quot;^%^&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
		if specprefix == &quot;&quot; then
			-- We can't use the second branch of the if-else statement because an empty () returns the current position
			-- in rmatch().
			local main_verb = rmatch(verb, &quot;^(&quot; .. spec .. &quot;)$&quot;)
			if main_verb then
				return &quot;&quot;, main_verb
			end
		else
			local prefix, main_verb = rmatch(verb, &quot;^(&quot; .. specprefix .. &quot;)(&quot; .. spec .. &quot;)$&quot;)
			if prefix then
				return prefix, main_verb
			end
		end
	else
		local prefix, main_verb = rmatch(verb, &quot;^(.*&quot; .. specprefix .. &quot;)(&quot; .. spec .. &quot;)$&quot;)
		if prefix then
			return prefix, main_verb
		end
	end
end


-- Find and return the prefix, main verb and conj spec for the built-in verb matching user-specified verb `verb`.
local function find_builtin_verb(verb)
	if not m_builtin then
		m_builtin = require(&quot;Module:it-verb/builtin&quot;)
	end
	for _, builtin_verb in ipairs(m_builtin.builtin_verbs) do
		local spec, conj, desc = unpack(builtin_verb)

		if type(spec) == &quot;string&quot; then
			local prefix, main_verb = match_spec_against_verb(spec, verb)
			if prefix then
				return prefix, main_verb, conj
			end
		else
			-- Of the form {term = &quot;ergere&quot;, prefixes = {&quot;^&quot;, &quot;ad&quot;, &quot;ri&quot;}}. Note that the prefixes not preceded by ^
			-- can have further prefixes before them.
			for _, spec_prefix in ipairs(spec.prefixes) do
				local prefix, main_verb = match_prefixed_spec_against_verb(spec_prefix, spec.term, verb)
				if prefix then
					return prefix, main_verb, conj
				end
			end
		end
	end
end


-- Parse the &quot;inside&quot; of an angle bracket spec (e.g. &quot;a/é&quot;), storing the results into `base`. This is the actual
-- function that parses indicator specs. It is separated from, and called from, parse_indicator_spec() in order to
-- deal with built-in verbs, which have their own indicator specs that must be combined with the indicator spec given
-- by the user. `is_builtin_verb` is true if we're processing a built-in verb spec, as opposed to a user-specified one.
local function parse_inside(base, inside, is_builtin_verb)
	local function parse_err(msg)
		error((is_builtin_verb and &quot;Internal error processing built-in verb spec: &quot; or &quot;&quot;) .. msg
			.. &quot;: &lt;&quot; .. inside .. &quot;&gt;&quot;)
	end

	local function parse_qualifiers(separated_group)
		local qualifiers
		for j = 2, #separated_group - 1, 2 do
			if separated_group[j + 1] ~= &quot;&quot; then
				parse_err(&quot;Extraneous text after bracketed qualifiers: '&quot; .. table.concat(separated_group) .. &quot;'&quot;)
			end
			if not qualifiers then
				qualifiers = {}
			end
			local r_spec = separated_group[j]:match(&quot;^%[r:(.*)%]$&quot;)
			if r_spec then
				local expanded_ref = require(com_module).parse_abbreviated_references_spec(r_spec)
				table.insert(qualifiers, &quot;[ref:&quot; .. expanded_ref .. &quot;]&quot;)
			else
				table.insert(qualifiers, separated_group[j])
			end
		end
		return qualifiers
	end

	local function fetch_specs(comma_separated_group, allow_blank)
		local colon_separated_groups = split_alternating_runs_and_strip_spaces(comma_separated_group, &quot;:&quot;)
		if allow_blank and #colon_separated_groups == 1 and #colon_separated_groups[1] == 1 and
			colon_separated_groups[1][1] == &quot;&quot; then
			return nil
		end
		local specs = {}
		for _, colon_separated_group in ipairs(colon_separated_groups) do
			local form = colon_separated_group[1]
			if form == &quot;&quot; then
				parse_err(&quot;Blank form not allowed here, but saw '&quot; ..
					table.concat(comma_separated_group) .. &quot;'&quot;)
			end
			if form:find(&quot;,&quot;) then
				parse_err(&quot;Comma in form '&quot; .. form .. &quot;', did you mean to use a colon?&quot;)
			end
			local new_spec = {form = form, footnotes = parse_qualifiers(colon_separated_group)}
			for _, existing_spec in ipairs(specs) do
				if m_table.deepEquals(existing_spec, new_spec) then
					parse_err(&quot;Duplicate spec '&quot; .. table.concat(colon_separated_group) .. &quot;'&quot;)
				end
			end
			table.insert(specs, new_spec)
		end
		return specs
	end

	-- Parse present-tense spec of the form PRES^PRES3S or just PRES, and set the appropriate properties in `base`.
	-- Used in the PRES^PRES3S,PHIS,PP spec as well as with pres:PRES^PRES3S in conjunction with built-in verbs.
	local function parse_present_spec(run)
		local cflex_separated_groups = split_alternating_runs_and_strip_spaces(run, &quot;%^&quot;)
		if #cflex_separated_groups &gt; 2 then
			parse_err(&quot;At most one circumflex sign (^) can appear in present tense specs&quot;)
		end
		base.principal_part_specs.pres = fetch_specs(cflex_separated_groups[1])
		if #cflex_separated_groups == 2 then
			base.principal_part_specs.pres3s = fetch_specs(cflex_separated_groups[2])
		end
	end

	local function is_root_stressed(separator)
		return separator == &quot;\\&quot; or separator == &quot;\\/&quot; or separator == &quot;/\\&quot;
	end
	local function get_opt_root_stressed_value(separator)
		return separator == &quot;\\/&quot; and &quot;root-first&quot; or separator == &quot;/\\&quot; and &quot;ending-first&quot; or nil
	end

	local segments = put.parse_balanced_segment_run(inside, &quot;[&quot;, &quot;]&quot;)
	local dot_separated_groups = split_alternating_runs_and_strip_spaces(segments, &quot;%.&quot;)
	for i, dot_separated_group in ipairs(dot_separated_groups) do
		local first_element = dot_separated_group[1]

		if i == 1 then -- first dot-separated group is PRES,PHIS,PP or PRES^PRES3S,PHIS,PP or similar.
			local comma_separated_groups = split_alternating_runs_and_strip_spaces(dot_separated_group, &quot;[,\\/]+&quot;,
				&quot;preserve splitchar&quot;)
			local presind = 1
			local first_separator = #comma_separated_groups &gt; 1 and comma_separated_groups[2][1]
			if base.verb.is_reflexive or is_builtin_verb then
				if #comma_separated_groups &gt; 1 and first_separator ~= &quot;,&quot; then
					presind = 3
					-- Fetch root-stressed infinitive, if given.
					local specs = fetch_specs(comma_separated_groups[1], &quot;allow blank&quot;)
					if is_root_stressed(first_separator) then
						-- For verbs like [[scegliersi]] and [[proporsi]], allow either 'é\scélgo' or '\é\scélgo'
						-- and similarly either 'ó+\propóngo' or '\ó+\propóngo'.
						if specs == nil then
							if #comma_separated_groups &gt; 3 and is_root_stressed(comma_separated_groups[4][1]) then
								base.principal_part_specs.root_stressed_inf = fetch_specs(comma_separated_groups[3])
								presind = 5
							else
								base.principal_part_specs.root_stressed_inf = {{form = &quot;+&quot;}}
							end
						else
							base.principal_part_specs.root_stressed_inf = specs
						end
						base.props.opt_root_stressed_inf = get_opt_root_stressed_value(first_separator)
					elseif specs ~= nil then
						local errpref = is_builtin_verb and &quot;With built-in verb&quot; or &quot;With reflexive verb&quot;
						parse_err(errpref .. &quot;, can't specify anything before initial slash, but saw '&quot;
							.. table.concat(comma_separated_groups[1]))
					end
				elseif not is_builtin_verb and rfind(base.verb.raw_verb, &quot;er$&quot;) then
					parse_err(&quot;With reflexive -ere verb, must precede present spec with / or \\ to indicate whether infinitive is root-stressed&quot;)
				end
				if not is_builtin_verb then
					base.principal_part_specs.aux = {{form = &quot;èssere&quot;}}
				end
			else -- non-reflexive
				if #comma_separated_groups == 1 or first_separator == &quot;,&quot; then
					parse_err(&quot;With non-reflexive verb, use a spec like AUX/PRES, AUX\\PRES, AUX/PRES,PAST,PP or similar&quot;)
				end
				presind = 3
				-- Fetch auxiliary or auxiliaries.
				local colon_separated_groups = split_alternating_runs_and_strip_spaces(comma_separated_groups[1], &quot;:&quot;)
				for _, colon_separated_group in ipairs(colon_separated_groups) do
					local aux = colon_separated_group[1]
					if aux == &quot;a&quot; then
						aux = &quot;avére&quot;
					elseif aux == &quot;e&quot; then
						aux = &quot;èssere&quot;
					elseif aux == &quot;-&quot; then
						if #colon_separated_group &gt; 1 then
							parse_err(&quot;No footnotes allowed with '-' spec for auxiliary&quot;)
						end
						aux = nil
					elseif aux == &quot;?&quot; then
						-- remains as-is
					else
						parse_err(&quot;Unrecognized auxiliary '&quot; .. aux ..
							&quot;', should be 'a' (for [[avere]]), 'e' (for [[essere]]), or '-' if no past participle&quot;)
					end
					if aux then
						if base.principal_part_specs.aux then
							for _, existing_aux in ipairs(base.principal_part_specs.aux) do
								if existing_aux.form == aux then
									parse_err(&quot;Auxiliary '&quot; .. aux .. &quot;' specified twice&quot;)
								end
							end
						else
							base.principal_part_specs.aux = {}
						end
						table.insert(base.principal_part_specs.aux, {form = aux, footnotes = parse_qualifiers(colon_separated_group)})
					end
				end

				-- Fetch root-stressed infinitive, if given.
				if is_root_stressed(first_separator) then
					if #comma_separated_groups &gt; 3 and is_root_stressed(comma_separated_groups[4][1]) then
						base.principal_part_specs.root_stressed_inf = fetch_specs(comma_separated_groups[3])
						presind = 5
					else
						base.principal_part_specs.root_stressed_inf = {{form = &quot;+&quot;}}
					end
					base.props.opt_root_stressed_inf = get_opt_root_stressed_value(first_separator)
				end
			end

			if #comma_separated_groups == presind and comma_separated_groups[presind][1] == &quot;@&quot; then
				-- We will find the conjugation for the built-in verb later, after we've seen whether there is an
				-- '.rre' property.
				base.props.builtin = true
			else
				-- Parse present
				parse_present_spec(comma_separated_groups[presind])

				-- Parse past historic
				if #comma_separated_groups &gt; presind then if comma_separated_groups[presind + 1][1] ~= &quot;,&quot; then
						parse_err(&quot;Use a comma not slash to separate present from past historic&quot;)
					end
					base.principal_part_specs.phis = fetch_specs(comma_separated_groups[presind + 2])
				end

				-- Parse past participle
				if #comma_separated_groups &gt; presind + 2 then
					if comma_separated_groups[presind + 3][1] ~= &quot;,&quot; then
						parse_err(&quot;Use a comma not slash to separate past historic from past participle&quot;)
					end
					base.principal_part_specs.pp = fetch_specs(comma_separated_groups[presind + 4])
				end

				if #comma_separated_groups &gt; presind + 4 then
					parse_err(&quot;Extraneous text after past participle&quot;)
				end
			end
		elseif first_element == &quot;impers&quot; or first_element == &quot;thirdonly&quot; or first_element == &quot;rre&quot; or
			first_element == &quot;nofinite&quot; or first_element == &quot;no_root_stressed&quot; or first_element == &quot;presonly&quot; then
			if #dot_separated_group &gt; 1 then
				parse_err(&quot;No footnotes allowed with '&quot; .. first_element .. &quot;' spec&quot;)
			end
			base.props[first_element] = true
		elseif first_element == &quot;addnote&quot; then
			local spec_and_footnotes = parse_qualifiers(dot_separated_group)
			if #spec_and_footnotes &lt; 2 then
				parse_err(&quot;Spec with 'addnote' should be of the form 'addnote[SLOTSPEC][FOOTNOTE][FOOTNOTE][...]'&quot;)
			end
			local slot_spec = table.remove(spec_and_footnotes, 1)
			local slot_spec_inside = rmatch(slot_spec, &quot;^%[(.*)%]$&quot;)
			if not slot_spec_inside then
				parse_err(&quot;Internal error: slot_spec &quot; .. slot_spec .. &quot; should be surrounded with brackets&quot;)
			end
			local slot_specs = rsplit(slot_spec_inside, &quot;,&quot;)
			for j, spec in ipairs(slot_specs) do
				slot_specs[j] = strip_spaces(spec)
			end
			table.insert(base.addnote_specs, {slot_specs = slot_specs, footnotes = spec_and_footnotes})
		else
			local first_element_prefix, first_element_minus_prefix = rmatch(first_element,
				&quot;^%s*([a-z0-9_!]+)%s*:%s*(.-)%s*$&quot;)
			if not first_element_prefix then
				parse_err(&quot;Dot-separated element should be either 'impers', 'thirdonly', 'nofinite', 'no_root_stressed', 'presonly', 'rre' or be of the form &quot;
					.. &quot;'PREFIX:SPEC', but saw '&quot; .. table.concat(dot_separated_group) .. &quot;'&quot;)
			end
			dot_separated_group[1] = first_element_minus_prefix
			if first_element_prefix == &quot;stem&quot; then
				base.principal_part_specs.explicit_stem_spec = fetch_specs(dot_separated_group)
			elseif first_element_prefix == &quot;phisstem&quot; then
				base.principal_part_specs.explicit_phis_stem_spec = fetch_specs(dot_separated_group)
			elseif first_element_prefix == &quot;unstressed_stem&quot; then
				base.principal_part_specs.explicit_unstressed_stem_spec = fetch_specs(dot_separated_group)
			elseif first_element_prefix == &quot;pres&quot; then
				if first_element_minus_prefix == &quot;-&quot; and #dot_separated_group == 1 then
					-- Allow 'pres:-' to be given to suppress the present. We implement this using the
					-- equivalent of a row override for each of the present forms; this also cancels out the
					-- present subjunctive and the imperative.
					local hyphen_form = {{form = &quot;-&quot;}}
					base.row_override_specs.pres = {
						[&quot;1s&quot;] = hyphen_form, [&quot;2s&quot;] = hyphen_form, [&quot;3s&quot;] = hyphen_form,
						[&quot;1p&quot;] = hyphen_form, [&quot;2p&quot;] = hyphen_form, [&quot;3p&quot;] = hyphen_form,
					}
				else
					if not base.props.builtin then
						parse_err(&quot;Can't specify 'pres:' override except when '@' is given to request a built-in verb&quot;)
					end
					parse_present_spec(dot_separated_group)
				end
			elseif row_conjugation_map[first_element_prefix] then
				local no_explicit_pp = row_conjugation_map[first_element_prefix].no_explicit_principal_part
				if no_explicit_pp == true or not base.props.builtin and no_explicit_pp == &quot;builtin&quot; then
					parse_err(&quot;Can't specify principal part for &quot; .. row_conjugation_map[first_element_prefix].desc
						.. &quot; using '&quot; .. first_element_prefix .. &quot;:'; use the specification PRES^PRES3S.PHIS.PP&quot;)
				else
					base.principal_part_specs[first_element_prefix] = fetch_specs(dot_separated_group)
				end
			elseif overridable_slot_set[first_element_prefix] then
				base.single_override_specs[first_element_prefix] = fetch_specs(dot_separated_group)
			elseif first_element_prefix:find(&quot;!$&quot;) then
				local late_override_slot = rmatch(first_element_prefix, &quot;^(.*)!$&quot;)
				if late_overridable_slot_set[late_override_slot] then
					base.late_single_override_specs[late_override_slot] = fetch_specs(dot_separated_group)
				else
					parse_err(&quot;Late override &quot; .. first_element_prefix .. &quot; refers to an unrecognized slot in '&quot; ..
						table.concat(dot_separated_group) .. &quot;'&quot;)
				end
			elseif first_element_prefix:find(&quot;row$&quot;) then
				local row_override_slot = rmatch(first_element_prefix, &quot;^(.*)row$&quot;)
				if row_conjugation_map[row_override_slot] then
					local rowspec = row_conjugation_map[row_override_slot]
					if rowspec.no_row_overrides then
						-- This happens with e.g. pp and negimp. Doesn't make sense with pp because it's a single form
						-- that can be specified completely using the explicit principal part. Rarely if ever useful
						-- for negimp; use single overrides if absolutely necessary.
						parse_err(&quot;Can't specify row override for &quot; .. rowspec.desc .. &quot; using &quot; .. row_override_slot
							.. &quot;row:; use an explicit principal part or single overrides (if allowed)&quot;)
					end
					local comma_separated_groups = split_alternating_runs_and_strip_spaces(dot_separated_group, &quot;,&quot;)
					local persnums = rowspec.row_override_persnums or rowspec.persnums
					if #comma_separated_groups ~= #persnums then
						parse_err(&quot;For &quot; .. row_override_slot .. &quot;row:, expected &quot; .. #persnums
							.. &quot; comma-separated forms but saw &quot; .. #comma_separated_groups .. &quot; in '&quot;
							.. table.concat(dot_separated_group) .. &quot;'&quot;)
					end
					base.row_override_specs[row_override_slot] = {}
					for i, persnum in ipairs(persnums) do
						base.row_override_specs[row_override_slot][persnum] = fetch_specs(comma_separated_groups[i])
					end
				else
					local row_override_slots = {}
					for row_override_slot, _ in pairs(row_conjugation_map) do
						table.insert(row_override_slots, row_override_slot .. &quot;row:&quot;)
					end
					table.sort(row_override_slots)
					parse_err(&quot;Row override spec should begin with one of &quot; .. m_table.serialCommaJoin(row_override_slots)
						.. &quot;, but saw '&quot; .. table.concat(dot_separated_group) .. &quot;'&quot;)
				end
			else
				parse_err(&quot;Unrecognized prefix '&quot; .. first_element_prefix .. &quot;' in '&quot;
					.. table.concat(dot_separated_group) .. &quot;'&quot;)
			end
		end
	end
end


local function create_base()
	-- `lemma` is the verb lemma, as specified by the user.
	-- `verb` contains various properties of the verb derived from the lemma by analyze_verb().
	-- `forms` contains the final per-slot forms. This is processed further in [[Module:inflection-utilities]].
	--    This is a table indexed by slot (e.g. &quot;pres1s&quot;). Each value in the table is a list of items of the form
	--    {form = FORM, footnotes = FOOTNOTES} where FORM is the actual generated form and FOOTNOTES is either nil
	--    or a list of footnotes (which must be surrounded by brackets, e.g. &quot;[archaic]&quot;).
	-- `principal_part_specs` contains forms specified by the user in various fashions. The value is in the same form
	--    as for `forms``, but the FORM contained in it is the actual user-specified form, which may be e.g. &quot;#è&quot;
	--    rather than a verb form, and needs to be processed to generate the actual form. A spec may be &quot;+&quot; to insert
	--    the default-generated form or forms, or &quot;-&quot; to indicate that this form doesn't exist. The source of these
	--    forms is either
	--    (a) prefixes 'imperf:', 'fut:', 'sub:', 'impsub:', 'imp:', etc. (the key is &quot;imperf&quot;, &quot;fut&quot;, etc.);
	--    (b) specs in the format e.g. &quot;vèngo:vègno[archaic or poetic]^viène,vénni,venùto&quot; or &quot;é:#è&quot; (the key is one of
	--        &quot;pres&quot;, &quot;pres3s&quot;, &quot;phis&quot; or &quot;pp&quot; as appropriate);
	--    (c) an explicit stem specified using 'stem:' (the key is &quot;explicit_stem_spec&quot;);
	--    (d) a root-stressed infinitive spec such as &quot;ó+&quot; in &quot;a\ó+\compóngo,compósi,compósto&quot; (the key is
	--        &quot;root_stressed_inf&quot;); this will have the value &quot;+&quot; (meaning to take the vowel spec from the present tense)
	--        if a spec like &quot;a\è&quot; is given with only one backslash, and will be missing entirely if a spec like &quot;a/è&quot;
	--        is given with a slash instead of a backslash;
	--    (e) an auxiliary specified using e.g. &quot;a[transitive]:e[intransitive]/è&quot; (the key is &quot;aux&quot; and the value will
	--        contain the actual auxiliary in the form in place of &quot;a&quot; or &quot;e&quot;).
	-- `principal_part_footnotes` contains per-row footnotes derived from overriding principal part specs of the form
	--    '+[footnote]' used in conjunction with a built-in verb.
	-- `principal_part_forms` contains the processed versions of the specs contained in `principal_part_specs`. The
	--    keys are as in `principal_part_specs` and the values are the same as for `forms`.
	-- `row_override_specs` contains user-specified forms for a full tense/aspect row using 'presrow:', 'subrow:', etc.
	--    The key is &quot;pres&quot;, &quot;sub&quot;, etc. (i.e. minus the &quot;row&quot; suffix). The value is another table indexed by the
	--    person/number suffix (e.g. &quot;1s&quot;, &quot;2s&quot;, etc. for &quot;pres&quot;; &quot;123s&quot;, &quot;1p&quot;, &quot;2p&quot;, etc. for &quot;sub&quot;), whose values
	--    are in the same format as `principal_part_specs`.
	-- `single_override_specs` contains user-specified forms using 'pres1s:', 'sub3p:', etc. The key is the slot
	--    (&quot;pres1s&quot;, &quot;sub3p&quot;, etc.) and the value is of the same format as `principal_part_specs`.
	-- `late_single_override_specs` contains user-specified forms using 'pres1s!:', 'sub3p!:', etc., specifying late
	--    overrides that take place after copying forms from one place to another and after adding reflexive clitics.
	--    The key is the slot (&quot;pres1s&quot;, &quot;sub3p&quot;, etc.) and the value is of the same format as `principal_part_specs`.
	-- `addnote_specs` contains specs specifying footnotes to add to individual slots or collections of slots using
	--    'addnote[SLOTSPEC,SLOTSPEC][FOOTNOTE][FOOTNOTE][...]'. Each element is an object of the form
	--    {slotspec = {SLOTSPEC, ...}, footnotes = {FOOTNOTE, ...}}.
	-- `is_irreg` is a table indexed by an individual form slot (&quot;pres1s&quot;, &quot;sub2s&quot;, &quot;pp&quot;, etc.) whose value is true or
	--    false indicating whether a given form is irregular. Currently, the values in `is_irreg` are used only by the
	--    code in [[Module:it-headword]] to determine whether to show irregular principal parts.
	-- `props` is a table of miscellaneous Boolean properties. Current properties:
	--    - `impers` (impersonal verb, with only third-singular forms)
	--    - `thirdonly` (third-person only verb)
	--    - `nofinite` (verb is missing all finite forms)
	--    - `no_root_stressed` (verb is missing all root-stressed forms)
	--    - `presonly` (verb is missing all finite forms except the present indicative)
	--    - `rre` (user specified the 'rre' indicator in conjunction with a syncopated reflexive verb like
	--             [[contrarsi]] reflexive of [[contrarre]], which otherwise would get interpreted as the reflexive of
	--             [[contrare]])
	--    - `syncopated` (verb is syncopated, i.e. the infinitive ends in '-rre'; includes verbs with '-rre' infinitive
	--                    as well as reflexive verbs ending in '-orsi' or '-ursi' and verbs where the 'rre' indicator
	--                    was given by the user)
	--    - `builtin` (verb uses a built-in conjugation in [[Module:it-verb/builtin]])
	--    - `opt_root_stressed_inf` (verb used the \/ or /\ notation to indicate an optionally root-stressed infinitive;
	--                               to determine if a verb used the \ notation, look for a value in
	--                               base.principal_part_specs.root_stressed_inf)
	-- `rowprops` is a table of tables of row-specific Boolean properties. Each subtable specifies a property of a
	--    given row, such as whether the row is irregular. Specifically:
	--    - `rowprops.irreg`: The row is irregular, i.e. at least one slot has an irregular form. Currently used to
	--       determine whether to add categories like [[:Category:Italian verbs with irregular imperfect subjunctive]],
	--       and whether to display the row's principal part in the headword line.
	--    - `rowprops.defective`: The row is defective (missing one or more forms). Forms expected to be missing due to
	--       'impers' or 'thirdonly' don't count.
	--    - `rowprops.all_defective`: The row is missing all forms. A row should be considered completely defective if
	--       `rowprops.defective[row]` and `rowprops.all_defective[row]` (we need both checks in case of expected
	--       missing rows, such as imperative with 'impers' or 'thirdonly').
	--    - `rowprops.unknown`: The row has at least one unknown form.
	--    - `rowprops.all_unknown`: All forms of the row are unknown.
	--
	-- There should be no other properties set directly at the `base` level.
	return {forms = {}, principal_part_specs = {}, principal_part_footnotes = {}, principal_part_forms = {},
		row_override_specs = {}, single_override_specs = {}, late_single_override_specs = {}, addnote_specs = {},
		is_irreg = {}, props = {},
		rowprops = {irreg = {}, defective = {}, all_defective = {}, unknown = {}, all_unknown = {}},
	}
end


-- Parse the indicator spec of an Italian verb, e.g. '&lt;a/é&gt;'. `angle_bracket_spec` is the indicator spec itself,
-- surrounded by angle brackets. `lemma` is the verb lemma specified before the indicator spec, possibly with brackets
-- if so specified by the user, and an empty string if no lemma was given. `pagename` is the pagename, either the
-- actual name of the page or the value of pagename= if given.
--
-- For example:
-- * If the user said {{it-conj|a/é}} or {{it-conj|&lt;a/é&gt;}} then angle_bracket_spec == &quot;&lt;a/é&gt;&quot; and lemma == &quot;&quot;.
-- * If the user said {{it-conj|partecipare&lt;a/é&gt;}} then angle_bracket_spec == &quot;&lt;a/é&gt;&quot; and lemma == &quot;partecipare&quot;.
-- * If the user said {{it-conj|[[annunciare|annunciarsi|]]&lt;ù&gt;}} then angle_bracket_spec == &quot;&lt;ù&gt;&quot; and
--   lemma == &quot;[[annunciare|annunciarsi]]&quot;.
--
-- This function returns a `base` object (see create_base()) describing the parsed spec.
local function parse_indicator_spec(angle_bracket_spec, lemma, pagename)
	local base = create_base()
	if lemma == &quot;&quot; then
		lemma = pagename
	end
	base.lemma = m_links.remove_links(lemma)
	base.verb = analyze_verb(lemma)

	local inside = angle_bracket_spec:match(&quot;^&lt;(.*)&gt;$&quot;)
	assert(inside)
	parse_inside(base, inside, false)

	local function parse_err(msg)
		error(msg .. &quot;: &quot; .. angle_bracket_spec)
	end

	-- Set up base.verb.verb. This must be done after parse_inside() because it depends on the '.rre' indicator.
	set_up_base_verb(base)

	if base.props.builtin then
		local prefix, main_verb, conj = find_builtin_verb(base.verb.verb)
		if not prefix then
			parse_err(&quot;Unable to find built-in verb corresponding to '&quot; .. base.verb.verb .. &quot;'&quot;)
		end
		-- Create a new `base`, fill it with properties from the built-in verb, and copy over the user-specified
		-- properties on top of it.
		local nbase = create_base()
		nbase.lemma = base.lemma
		nbase.verb = base.verb
		nbase.verb.prefix = prefix
		nbase.verb.verb = prefix .. main_verb
		nbase.verb.raw_verb = prefix .. nbase.verb.raw_verb
		parse_inside(nbase, conj, &quot;is builtin&quot;)
		if nbase.principal_part_specs.root_stressed_inf then
			local base_rsi = base.principal_part_specs.root_stressed_inf
			-- We are dealing with a built-in verb whose spec has a backslash in it, such as [[scegliere]] with spec
			-- &quot;é\scélgo,scélsi,scélto&quot;, or [[porre]] with spec &quot;ó\póngo,pósi,pósto&quot;. The user should have specified
			-- &quot;a\@&quot; or similar. We need to merge the specs appropriately.
			if not base_rsi then
				parse_err((&quot;Built-in verb [[%s]] has a root-stressed infinitive, and so the user specification &quot;
					.. &quot;should have a backslash (\\) preceding the @ sign&quot;):format(main_verb))
			end
			if #base_rsi ~= 1 or base_rsi[1].form ~= &quot;+&quot; or base_rsi[1].footnotes then
				local auxspec = base.verb.is_reflexive and &quot;&quot; or &quot;a&quot;
				parse_err((&quot;Built-in verb [[%s]] has a root-stressed infinitive, and so the user specification &quot;
					.. &quot;should use a single-backslash spec like '%s\\@', not a double-backslash one like '%s\\ó\\@'&quot;):
					format(main_verb, aux_spec, aux_spec))
			end
			-- Cancel out the user's spec so it doesn't override the built-in spec.
			base.principal_part_specs.root_stressed_inf = nil
		end

		-- If there's a prefix, add it now to all the specs derived from the built-in verb.
		if prefix ~= &quot;&quot; then
			local function form_should_be_preserved(form)
				local prespec, bare_form, postspec = parse_decorated_form(form)
				return bare_form == &quot;+&quot; or bare_form == &quot;+isc&quot; or bare_form == &quot;-&quot; or bare_form == &quot;?&quot; or is_single_vowel_spec(bare_form)
			end

			local function add_prefix_to_forms(tbl, slot)
				local saw_preserve_accent = false
				for _, formobj in ipairs(tbl[slot]) do
					local prespec, bare_form, postspec = parse_decorated_form(formobj.form)
					if rfind(postspec, &quot;!&quot;) then
						saw_preserve_accent = true
						break
					end
				end
				if saw_preserve_accent then
					-- We have to do it the &quot;hard&quot; way, re-inserting the forms, in case of redundancy.
					local existing_forms = tbl[slot]
					tbl[slot] = {}
					iut.insert_forms(tbl, slot, iut.map_forms(existing_forms, function(form)
						if form_should_be_preserved(form) then
							return form
						else
							-- If there is a ! after the form (indicating that monosyllabic accents should be
							-- preserved), remove it.
							local prespec, bare_form, postspec = parse_decorated_form(form)
							return prespec .. prefix .. bare_form .. rsub(postspec, &quot;!&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
						end
					end))
				else
					-- To save on memory, side-effect the existing forms.
					map_side_effecting_forms(tbl[slot], function(form)
						if form_should_be_preserved(form) then
							return form
						else
							local prespec, bare_form, postspec = parse_decorated_form(form)
							return prespec .. prefix .. bare_form .. postspec
						end
					end)
				end
			end

			for _, prop_table in ipairs { &quot;principal_part_specs&quot;, &quot;single_override_specs&quot;, &quot;late_single_override_specs&quot; } do
				for slot, _ in pairs(nbase[prop_table]) do
					add_prefix_to_forms(nbase[prop_table], slot)
				end
			end

			-- nbase.row_override_specs is in a different format.
			for slot, prop in pairs(nbase.row_override_specs) do
				for persnum, _ in pairs(prop) do
					add_prefix_to_forms(prop, persnum)
				end
			end

			-- We also need to hack any single-vowel specs that don't already specify +, - or -- to use ++, which is
			-- like + (take the right vowel of two) but won't throw an error if there aren't two matching vowels.
			-- Thisis needed for e.g. [[porre]] with prefix com-, where [[comporre]] ends up with two of the same vowel.
			local function hack_single_vowel_spec(specs)
				if specs then
					for _, spec in ipairs(specs) do
						local prespec, bare_form, postspec = parse_decorated_form(spec.form)
						if rfind(bare_form, &quot;^&quot; .. AV .. &quot;$&quot;) then
							spec.form = prespec .. bare_form .. &quot;++&quot; .. postspec
						end
					end
				end
			end
			hack_single_vowel_spec(nbase.principal_part_specs.root_stressed_inf)
			hack_single_vowel_spec(nbase.principal_part_specs.pres)
			hack_single_vowel_spec(nbase.principal_part_specs.pres3s)
		end

		-- Copy user-specified principal part specs unless '+' is used, which we handle specially. The reason for this
		-- is that + is normally used in conjunction with footnotes such as 'phis:+[rare]' where the intention is to add
		-- a footnote to all the forms of that row; but if we don't do the following, the + instead requests the default
		-- principal part generated from the infinitive.
		for slot, specs in pairs(base.principal_part_specs) do
			local saw_plus, saw_non_plus
			for _, spec in ipairs(specs) do
				local prespec, bare_form, postspec = parse_decorated_form(spec.form)
				if bare_form == &quot;+&quot; then
					saw_plus = true
				else
					saw_non_plus = true
				end
			end
			if saw_plus and saw_non_plus then
				parse_err((&quot;For principal part '%s:', can't specify both + and something else when overriding a built-in verb&quot;):
					format(slot))
			elseif saw_plus and slot ~= &quot;root_stressed_inf&quot; then
				-- Need a special case for root_stressed_inf. We do want to copy a + from the user-specified specs for
				-- root_stressed_inf to `nbase`, e.g. for [[condurre]]. The built-in spec doesn't indicate that this is
				-- root-stressed; this comes from the user-specified 'a\@' or similar, and if we don't copy it, the code in
				-- add_infinitive() triggers do_ending_stressed_infinitive(), which throws an error on -rre verbs.
				for _, spec in ipairs(specs) do
					local prespec, bare_form, postspec = parse_decorated_form(spec.form)
					if bare_form ~= &quot;+&quot; then
						parse_err((&quot;Internal error: Saw '%s' for principal part form for slot '%s' but expected '+'&quot;):
							format(slot, spec.form))
					end
					if spec.footnotes then
						nbase.principal_part_footnotes[slot] = iut.combine_footnotes(
							nbase.principal_part_footnotes[full_slot], spec.footnotes)
					end
				end
			else
				nbase.principal_part_specs[slot] = specs
			end
		end

		-- Now copy remaining user-specified specs into the built-in verb `base`.
		for _, prop_table in ipairs { &quot;row_override_specs&quot;, &quot;single_override_specs&quot;, &quot;late_single_override_specs&quot;,
			&quot;props&quot; } do
			for slot, prop in pairs(base[prop_table]) do
				nbase[prop_table][slot] = prop
			end
		end

		for _, prop_list in ipairs { &quot;addnote_specs&quot; } do
			for _, prop in ipairs(base[prop_list]) do
				m_table.insertIfNot(nbase[prop_list], prop)
			end
		end
		return nbase
	end

	return base
end


-- Normalize all lemmas, substituting the pagename for blank lemmas and adding links to multiword lemmas.
local function normalize_all_lemmas(alternant_multiword_spec)

	-- (1) Add links to all before and after text.
	if not alternant_multiword_spec.args.noautolinktext then
		alternant_multiword_spec.post_text = add_links(alternant_multiword_spec.post_text)
		for _, alternant_or_word_spec in ipairs(alternant_multiword_spec.alternant_or_word_specs) do
			alternant_or_word_spec.before_text = add_links(alternant_or_word_spec.before_text)
			if alternant_or_word_spec.alternants then
				for _, multiword_spec in ipairs(alternant_or_word_spec.alternants) do
					multiword_spec.post_text = add_links(multiword_spec.post_text)
					for _, word_spec in ipairs(multiword_spec.word_specs) do
						word_spec.before_text = add_links(word_spec.before_text)
					end
				end
			end
		end
	end

	-- (2) Remove any links from the lemma.
	iut.map_word_specs(alternant_multiword_spec, function(base)
		base.lemma = m_links.remove_links(base.lemma)
	end)
end


-- Detect inconsistencies in indicator specs. This checks that the properties 'impers' and 'thirdonly' are consistent
-- across all verbs; checks that if the past participle is given as -, the auxiliary is also given as -; and propagates
-- certain properties (the `from_headword` property and the template args) down to each `base`.
local function detect_all_indicator_specs(alternant_multiword_spec, from_headword)
	alternant_multiword_spec.props = {}

	local props_that_must_be_consistent = {&quot;impers&quot;, &quot;thirdonly&quot;}
	-- Propagate some settings up or down.
	iut.map_word_specs(alternant_multiword_spec, function(base)
		for _, prop in ipairs(props_that_must_be_consistent) do
			if base.props[prop] then
				alternant_multiword_spec.props[prop] = true
			end
		end
		base.from_headword = from_headword
		base.args = alternant_multiword_spec.args
	end)

	for _, prop in ipairs(props_that_must_be_consistent) do
		if alternant_multiword_spec.props[prop] then
			iut.map_word_specs(alternant_multiword_spec, function(base)
				if not base.props[prop] then
					error(&quot;If some alternants specify '&quot; .. prop .. &quot;', all must&quot;)
				end
			end)
		end
	end

	iut.map_word_specs(alternant_multiword_spec, function(base)
		if base.props.impers and base.props.thirdonly then
			error(&quot;'impers' and 'thirdonly' cannot both be specified&quot;)
		end

		-- Check for missing past participle -&gt; missing auxiliary.
		if not base.verb.is_reflexive then
			local pp_is_missing = base.principal_part_specs.pp and #base.principal_part_specs.pp == 0
				and base.principal_part_specs.pp[1].form == &quot;-&quot;
			local aux_is_missing = not base.principal_part_specs.aux
			if pp_is_missing and not aux_is_missing then
				error(&quot;If past participle given as '-', auxiliary must be explicitly specified as '-'&quot;)
			end
		end
	end)
end


-- Propagate indications of irregularity, defectiveness and other properties upward from individual `base` forms to the
-- overall `alternant_multiword_spec`. The overall indications of irregularity/defectiveness are used in
-- [[Module:it-headword]] to show irregular/defective principal parts, and other properties are used similarly in
-- [[Module:it-headword]]. This needs to be done later than detect_all_indicator_specs() because it depends on the
-- result of parsing and conjugating the angle bracket spec.
local function propagate_properties_upward(alternant_multiword_spec)
	iut.map_word_specs(alternant_multiword_spec, function(base)
		local function copy_property_table(dest_table, source_table, slotprop)
			if not dest_table[slotprop] then
				dest_table[slotprop] = {}
			end
			for slot, propval in pairs(source_table[slotprop]) do
				dest_table[slotprop][slot] = dest_table[slotprop][slot] or propval
			end
		end
		copy_property_table(alternant_multiword_spec, base, &quot;is_irreg&quot;)
		if not alternant_multiword_spec.rowprops then
			alternant_multiword_spec.rowprops = {}
		end
		for subtable_key, subtable in pairs(base.rowprops) do
			copy_property_table(alternant_multiword_spec.rowprops, base.rowprops, subtable_key)
		end
		-- If there is an explicit stem spec, we display the imperfect principal part explicitly even if not marked
		-- as irregular.
		if base.principal_part_specs.explicit_stem_spec then
			alternant_multiword_spec.props.has_explicit_stem_spec = true
		end
		-- If any verb is pronominal, we display the overall lemma as 'pronominal'.
		if base.verb.is_pronominal then
			alternant_multiword_spec.props.is_pronominal = true
		end
		-- If any verb is non-reflexive, we show the auxiliary.
		if not base.verb.is_reflexive then
			alternant_multiword_spec.props.is_non_reflexive = true
		end
	end)
end


-- Set the overall auxiliary or auxiliaries. We can't do this using the normal inflection
-- code as it will produce e.g. '[[avere|avére]] [[e]] [[avere|avére]]' for conjoined verbs.
local function compute_auxiliary(alternant_multiword_spec)
	iut.map_word_specs(alternant_multiword_spec, function(base)
		iut.insert_forms(alternant_multiword_spec.forms, &quot;aux&quot;,
			iut.map_forms(base.principal_part_specs.aux, function(form)
				return add_links(form)
			end)
		)
	end)
end


-- Add the categories and annotation for `base` into the appropriate structures in `alternant_multiword_spec`.
local function add_categories_and_annotation(alternant_multiword_spec, base, multiword_lemma, from_headword)
	local function insert_ann(anntype, value)
		m_table.insertIfNot(alternant_multiword_spec.annotation[anntype], value)
	end

	local function insert_cat(cat, also_when_multiword)
		-- Don't place multiword terms in categories like 'Italian verbs ending in -are' to avoid spamming the
		-- categories with such terms.
		if also_when_multiword or not multiword_lemma then
			m_table.insertIfNot(alternant_multiword_spec.categories, &quot;Italian &quot; .. cat)
		end
	end

	if check_for_red_links and not from_headword and not multiword_lemma then
		for _, slot_and_accel in ipairs(all_verb_slots) do
			local slot = slot_and_accel[1]
			local forms = base.forms[slot]
			local must_break = false
			if forms then
				for _, form in ipairs(forms) do
					if not form.form:find(&quot;%[%[&quot;) then
						local title = mw.title.new(form.form)
						if title and not title.exists then
							insert_cat(&quot;verbs with red links in their inflection tables&quot;)
							must_break = true
						break
						end
					end
				end
			end
			if must_break then
				break
			end
		end
	end

	if base.props.syncopated then
		insert_ann(&quot;conj&quot;, &quot;syncopated&quot;)
		insert_cat(&quot;syncopated verbs&quot;)
	elseif base.principal_part_specs.root_stressed_inf then
		insert_ann(&quot;conj&quot;, &quot;root-stressed -ere&quot;)
		insert_cat(&quot;verbs with root-stressed infinitive&quot;)
		insert_cat(&quot;verbs ending in -ere&quot;)
	else
		local ending = base.conj_vowel == &quot;à&quot; and &quot;are&quot; or base.conj_vowel == &quot;é&quot; and &quot;ere&quot; or &quot;ire&quot;
		insert_ann(&quot;conj&quot;, &quot;-&quot; .. ending)
		insert_cat(&quot;verbs ending in -&quot; .. ending)
	end

	if base.props.impers then
		insert_ann(&quot;third_only&quot;, &quot;impersonal&quot;)
		insert_cat(&quot;impersonal verbs&quot;)
	elseif base.props.thirdonly then
		insert_ann(&quot;third_only&quot;, &quot;third-person only&quot;)
		insert_cat(&quot;third-person-only verbs&quot;)
	else
		insert_ann(&quot;third_only&quot;, &quot;regular&quot;)
	end

	local is_irreg = false
	local is_defective = false
	for _, rowconj in ipairs(row_conjugations) do
		local rowslot, rowspec = unpack(rowconj)
		if base.rowprops.irreg[rowslot] then
			if not is_irreg then
				is_irreg = true
				insert_cat(&quot;irregular verbs&quot;)
			end
			insert_cat(&quot;verbs with irregular &quot; .. rowspec.desc)
		end 
		if base.rowprops.defective[rowslot] then
			if not is_defective then
				is_defective = true
				insert_cat(&quot;defective verbs&quot;)
			end
			insert_cat(&quot;verbs with missing &quot; .. rowspec.desc)
		end 
	end
	if not base.verb.is_reflexive and not base.principal_part_specs.aux then
		if not is_defective then
			is_defective = true
			insert_cat(&quot;defective verbs&quot;)
		end
		insert_cat(&quot;verbs lacking composed tenses&quot;)
	end

	if is_irreg then
		insert_ann(&quot;irreg&quot;, &quot;irregular&quot;)
	else
		insert_ann(&quot;irreg&quot;, &quot;regular&quot;)
	end

	if is_defective then
		insert_ann(&quot;defective&quot;, &quot;defective&quot;)
	else
		insert_ann(&quot;defective&quot;, &quot;regular&quot;)
	end

	if not base.verb.is_reflexive and base.principal_part_specs.aux then
		for _, auxform in ipairs(base.principal_part_specs.aux) do
			if auxform.form ~= &quot;?&quot; then
				-- No auxiliaries end in a stressed vowel so this is safe.
				local aux_no_accents = remove_accents(auxform.form)
				insert_ann(&quot;aux&quot;, aux_no_accents)
				insert_cat(&quot;verbs taking &quot; .. aux_no_accents .. &quot; as auxiliary&quot;)
			end
		end
	end

	if base.verb.is_pronominal then
		insert_cat(&quot;pronominal verbs&quot;)
		-- FIXME: Should we use this instead? This is what Spanish does.
		-- insert_cat(&quot;verbs with lexical clitics&quot;)
	end

	if base.verb.is_reflexive then
		insert_cat(&quot;reflexive verbs&quot;)
	end
end


-- Compute the categories to add the verb to, as well as the annotation to display in the conjugation title bar. We
-- combine the code to do these functions as both categories and title bar contain similar information.
local function compute_categories_and_annotation(alternant_multiword_spec, from_headword)
	alternant_multiword_spec.categories = {}
	local ann = {}
	alternant_multiword_spec.annotation = ann
	ann.conj = {}
	ann.third_only = {}
	ann.irreg = {}
	ann.defective = {}
	ann.aux = {}

	local multiword_lemma = false
	for _, form in ipairs(alternant_multiword_spec.forms.inf) do
		if form.form:find(&quot; &quot;) then
			multiword_lemma = true
			break
		end
	end

	iut.map_word_specs(alternant_multiword_spec, function(base)
		add_categories_and_annotation(alternant_multiword_spec, base, multiword_lemma, from_headword)
	end)
	local ann_parts = {}
	local conj = table.concat(ann.conj, &quot; or &quot;)
	table.insert(ann_parts, conj)
	local third_only = table.concat(ann.third_only, &quot; or &quot;)
	if third_only ~= &quot;&quot; and third_only ~= &quot;regular&quot; then
		table.insert(ann_parts, third_only)
	end
	local irreg = table.concat(ann.irreg, &quot; or &quot;)
	if irreg ~= &quot;&quot; and irreg ~= &quot;regular&quot; then
		table.insert(ann_parts, irreg)
	end
	local defective = table.concat(ann.defective, &quot; or &quot;)
	if defective ~= &quot;&quot; and defective ~= &quot;regular&quot; then
		table.insert(ann_parts, defective)
	end
	alternant_multiword_spec.annotation = table.concat(ann_parts, &quot;; &quot;)
end


-- Convert the forms associated with each slot into their display form (a string).
local function show_forms(alternant_multiword_spec)
	local lemmas = iut.map_forms(alternant_multiword_spec.forms.inf, remove_reflexive_indicators)
	alternant_multiword_spec.lemmas = lemmas -- save for later use in make_table()

	local props = {
		lang = lang,
		lemmas = lemmas,
		slot_list = all_verb_slots,
	}
	iut.show_forms(alternant_multiword_spec.forms, props)
end


local notes_template = [=[
&lt;div class=&quot;roa-footnote-outer-div&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;roa-footnote-inner-div&quot;&gt;
{footnote}
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
]=]

local basic_table = [=[
{description}&lt;div class=&quot;NavFrame&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;NavHead&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; การผันรูปของ {title} (ดูที่ [[ภาคผนวก:คำกริยาภาษาอิตาลี]])&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;NavContent&quot;&gt;
{\op}| class=&quot;roa-inflection-table&quot; data-toggle-category=&quot;inflection&quot;
|-
! class=&quot;roa-nonfinite-header&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;infinito&quot;&gt;รูปกริยากลาง&lt;/span&gt;
| {inf}
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;roa-nonfinite-header&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;verbo ausiliare&quot;&gt;คำกริยาช่วย&lt;/span&gt;
| {aux}
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;roa-nonfinite-header&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;gerundio&quot;&gt;รูปกริยาเป็นนาม&lt;/span&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | {ger}
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;roa-nonfinite-header&quot; |  &lt;span title=&quot;participio presente&quot;&gt;รูปกริยาขยายปัจจุบันกาล&lt;/span&gt;
| {presp}
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;roa-nonfinite-header&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;participio passato&quot;&gt;รูปกริยาขยายอดีตกาล&lt;/span&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | {pp}
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;roa-person-number-header&quot; | บุรุษ
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; class=&quot;roa-person-number-header&quot; | เอกพจน์
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; class=&quot;roa-person-number-header&quot; | พหูพจน์
|-
! class=&quot;roa-person-number-header&quot; style=&quot;width:12.5%;&quot; | ที่หนึ่ง
! class=&quot;roa-person-number-header&quot; style=&quot;width:12.5%;&quot; | ที่สอง
! class=&quot;roa-person-number-header&quot; style=&quot;width:12.5%;&quot; | ที่สาม
! class=&quot;roa-person-number-header&quot; style=&quot;width:12.5%;&quot; | ที่หนึ่ง
! class=&quot;roa-person-number-header&quot; style=&quot;width:12.5%;&quot; | ที่สอง
! class=&quot;roa-person-number-header&quot; style=&quot;width:12.5%;&quot; | ที่สาม
|-
! class=&quot;roa-indicative-left-rail&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;indicativo&quot;&gt;มาลาบอกเล่า&lt;/span&gt;
! class=&quot;roa-indicative-left-rail&quot; | io
! class=&quot;roa-indicative-left-rail&quot; | tu
! class=&quot;roa-indicative-left-rail&quot; | lui/lei, esso/essa
! class=&quot;roa-indicative-left-rail&quot; | noi
! class=&quot;roa-indicative-left-rail&quot; | voi
! class=&quot;roa-indicative-left-rail&quot; | loro, essi/esse
|-
! class=&quot;roa-indicative-left-rail&quot; style=&quot;height:3em;&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;presente&quot;&gt;ปัจจุบันกาล&lt;/span&gt;
| {pres1s}
| {pres2s}
| {pres3s}
| {pres1p}
| {pres2p}
| {pres3p}
|-
! class=&quot;roa-indicative-left-rail&quot; style=&quot;height:3em;&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;imperfetto&quot;&gt;ไม่สมบูรณ์&lt;/span&gt;
| {imperf1s}
| {imperf2s}
| {imperf3s}
| {imperf1p}
| {imperf2p}
| {imperf3p}
|-
! class=&quot;roa-indicative-left-rail&quot; style=&quot;height:3em;&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;passato remoto&quot;&gt;past historic&lt;/span&gt;
| {phis1s}
| {phis2s}
| {phis3s}
| {phis1p}
| {phis2p}
| {phis3p}
|-
! class=&quot;roa-indicative-left-rail&quot; style=&quot;height:3em;&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;futuro semplice&quot;&gt;อนาคตกาล&lt;/span&gt;
| {fut1s}
| {fut2s}
| {fut3s}
| {fut1p}
| {fut2p}
| {fut3p}
|-
! class=&quot;roa-indicative-left-rail&quot; style=&quot;height:3em;&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;condizionale presente&quot;&gt;มาลาเงื่อนไข&lt;/span&gt;
| {cond1s}
| {cond2s}
| {cond3s}
| {cond1p}
| {cond2p}
| {cond3p}
|-
! class=&quot;roa-subjunctive-left-rail&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;congiuntivo&quot;&gt;มาลาสมมุติ&lt;/span&gt;
! class=&quot;roa-subjunctive-left-rail&quot; | che io
! class=&quot;roa-subjunctive-left-rail&quot; | che tu
! class=&quot;roa-subjunctive-left-rail&quot; | che lui/che lei, che esso/che essa
! class=&quot;roa-subjunctive-left-rail&quot; | che noi
! class=&quot;roa-subjunctive-left-rail&quot; | che voi
! class=&quot;roa-subjunctive-left-rail&quot; | che loro, che essi/che esse
|-
! class=&quot;roa-subjunctive-left-rail&quot; style=&quot;height:3em;&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;congiuntivo presente&quot;&gt;ปัจจุบันกาล&lt;/span&gt;
| {sub1s}
| {sub2s}
| {sub3s}
| {sub1p}
| {sub2p}
| {sub3p}
|-
! class=&quot;roa-subjunctive-left-rail&quot; style=&quot;height:3em;&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;congiuntivo imperfetto&quot;&gt;ไม่สมบูรณ์&lt;/span&gt;
| {impsub1s}
| {impsub2s}
| {impsub3s}
| {impsub1p}
| {impsub2p}
| {impsub3p}
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;roa-imperative-left-rail&quot; style=&quot;height:3em;&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;imperativo&quot;&gt;มาลาสั่ง&lt;/span&gt;
! class=&quot;roa-imperative-left-rail&quot; | &amp;mdash;
! class=&quot;roa-imperative-left-rail&quot; | tu
! class=&quot;roa-imperative-left-rail&quot; | Lei
! class=&quot;roa-imperative-left-rail&quot; | noi
! class=&quot;roa-imperative-left-rail&quot; | voi
! class=&quot;roa-imperative-left-rail&quot; | Loro
|-
|
| {imp2s}
| {imp3s}
| {imp1p}
| {imp2p}
| {imp3p}
|-
! class=&quot;roa-imperative-left-rail&quot; style=&quot;height:3em;&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;imperativo negativo&quot;&gt;มาลาสั่งเชิงปฏิเสธ&lt;/span&gt;
|
| {negimp2s}
| {negimp3s}
| {negimp1p}
| {negimp2p}
| {negimp3p}
|{\cl}{notes_clause}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;]=]


local function make_table(alternant_multiword_spec)
	local forms = alternant_multiword_spec.forms

	local lemma_links = {}
	for _, lemma in ipairs(alternant_multiword_spec.lemmas) do
		table.insert(lemma_links, m_links.full_link({ lang = lang, term = lemma.form }, &quot;term&quot;))
	end
	forms.title = table.concat(lemma_links, &quot; or &quot;)

	if alternant_multiword_spec.annotation ~= &quot;&quot; then
		forms.title = forms.title .. &quot; (&quot; .. alternant_multiword_spec.annotation .. &quot;)&quot;
	end
	forms.description = &quot;&quot;

	-- Format the table.
	forms.footnote = alternant_multiword_spec.forms.footnote
	forms.notes_clause = forms.footnote ~= &quot;&quot; and m_string_utilities.format(notes_template, forms) or &quot;&quot;
	return require(&quot;Module:TemplateStyles&quot;)(&quot;Module:roa-verb/style.css&quot;) .. m_string_utilities.format(basic_table, forms)
end


-- Externally callable function to conjugate a verb. Return value is ALTERNANT_MULTIWORD_SPEC, an object where the
-- conjugated forms are in `ALTERNANT_MULTIWORD_SPEC.forms` for each slot. If there are no values for a slot, the slot
-- key will be missing. The value for a given slot is a list of objects {form=FORM, footnotes=FOOTNOTES}.
function export.do_generate_forms(args, from_headword, headword_head)
	local pagename = args.pagename or mw.loadData(&quot;Module:headword/data&quot;).pagename
	local head = headword_head or pagename
	local arg1 = args[1]
	local need_surrounding_angle_brackets = true
	local incorporated_headword_head_into_lemma = false
	-- Check whether we need to add &lt;...&gt; around the argument. If the
	-- argument has no &lt; in it, we definitely do. Otherwise, we need to
	-- parse the balanced [...] and &lt;...&gt; and add &lt;...&gt; only if there isn't
	-- a top-level &lt;...&gt;. We check for [...] because there might be angle
	-- brackets inside of them (HTML tags in qualifiers or &lt;&lt;name:...&gt;&gt; and
	-- such in references).
	if arg1:find(&quot;&lt;&quot;) then
		local segments = put.parse_multi_delimiter_balanced_segment_run(arg1, {{&quot;&lt;&quot;, &quot;&gt;&quot;}, {&quot;[&quot;, &quot;]&quot;}})
		for i = 2, #segments, 2 do
			if segments[i]:find(&quot;^&lt;.*&gt;$&quot;) then
				need_surrounding_angle_brackets = false
				break
			end
		end
	end
	if need_surrounding_angle_brackets then
		if head:find(&quot; &quot;) then
			-- If multiword lemma without &lt;...&gt; already, try to add it after the first word.
			local need_explicit_angle_brackets = false
			if arg1:find(&quot;%(%(&quot;) then
				need_explicit_angle_brackets = true
			else
				-- Try to preserve the brackets in the part after the verb, but don't do it
				-- if there aren't the same number of left and right brackets in the verb
				-- (which means the verb was linked as part of a larger expression).
				local refl_clitic_verb, post = rmatch(head, &quot;^(.-)( .*)$&quot;)
				local left_brackets = rsub(refl_clitic_verb, &quot;[^%[]&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
				local right_brackets = rsub(refl_clitic_verb, &quot;[^%]]&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
				if #left_brackets == #right_brackets then
					arg1 = iut.remove_redundant_links(refl_clitic_verb) .. &quot;&lt;&quot; .. arg1 .. &quot;&gt;&quot; .. post
					incorporated_headword_head_into_lemma = true
				else
					-- Try again using the form without links.
					local linkless_head = m_links.remove_links(head)
					if linkless_head:find(&quot; &quot;) then
						refl_clitic_verb, post = rmatch(linkless_head, &quot;^(.-)( .*)$&quot;)
						arg1 = refl_clitic_verb .. &quot;&lt;&quot; .. arg1 .. &quot;&gt;&quot; .. post
					else
						need_explicit_angle_brackets = true
					end
				end
			end

			if need_explicit_angle_brackets then
				error(&quot;Multiword argument without &lt;&gt; and with alternants, a multiword linked verb or &quot; ..
					&quot;unbalanced brackets; please include &lt;&gt; explicitly: &quot; .. arg1)
			end
		else
			arg1 = &quot;&lt;&quot; .. arg1 .. &quot;&gt;&quot;
			-- Will be incorporated through `head` below in the call to parse_indicator_spec().
			incorporated_headword_head_into_lemma = true
		end
	end

	local function do_parse_indicator_spec(angle_bracket_spec, lemma)
		return parse_indicator_spec(angle_bracket_spec, lemma, head)
	end

	local parse_props = {
		parse_indicator_spec = do_parse_indicator_spec,
		allow_default_indicator = true,
		allow_blank_lemma = true,
	}
	local escaped_arg1 = escape_reflexive_indicators(arg1)
	local alternant_multiword_spec = iut.parse_inflected_text(escaped_arg1, parse_props)
	alternant_multiword_spec.pos = pos or &quot;verbs&quot;
	alternant_multiword_spec.args = args
	alternant_multiword_spec.incorporated_headword_head_into_lemma = incorporated_headword_head_into_lemma
	normalize_all_lemmas(alternant_multiword_spec)
	detect_all_indicator_specs(alternant_multiword_spec, from_headword)
	local inflect_props = {
		slot_list = all_verb_slots,
		inflect_word_spec = conjugate_verb,
		-- We add links around the generated verbal forms rather than allow the entire multiword
		-- expression to be a link, so ensure that user-specified links get included as well.
		include_user_specified_links = true,
	}
	iut.inflect_multiword_or_alternant_multiword_spec(alternant_multiword_spec, inflect_props)
	propagate_properties_upward(alternant_multiword_spec)
	compute_auxiliary(alternant_multiword_spec)
	convert_accented_links(alternant_multiword_spec)
	compute_categories_and_annotation(alternant_multiword_spec, from_headword)
	if args.json then
		return require(&quot;Module:JSON&quot;).toJSON(alternant_multiword_spec)
	end
	return alternant_multiword_spec
end


-- Externally callable function to parse user-specified arguments and conjugate a verb.
-- Return value is ALTERNANT_MULTIWORD_SPEC, an object where the conjugated forms are in `ALTERNANT_MULTIWORD_SPEC.forms`
-- for each slot. If there are no values for a slot, the slot key will be missing. The value
-- for a given slot is a list of objects {form=FORM, footnotes=FOOTNOTES}.
function export.parse_args_and_generate_forms(parent_args)
	local params = {
		[1] = {required = true, default = def or &quot;mettere&lt;a\\é,mìsi,mésso&gt;&quot;},
		[&quot;noautolinktext&quot;] = {type = &quot;boolean&quot;},
		[&quot;noautolinkverb&quot;] = {type = &quot;boolean&quot;},
		[&quot;pagename&quot;] = {}, -- for testing
		[&quot;json&quot;] = {type = &quot;boolean&quot;}, -- for bot use
	}

	local args = require(&quot;Module:parameters&quot;).process(parent_args, params)
	return export.do_generate_forms(args)
end

	
-- Entry point for {{it-conj}}. Template-callable function to parse and conjugate a verb given
-- user-specified arguments and generate a displayable table of the conjugated forms.
function export.show(frame)
	local parent_args = frame:getParent().args
	local alternant_multiword_spec = export.parse_args_and_generate_forms(parent_args)
	if type(alternant_multiword_spec) == &quot;string&quot; then
		return alternant_multiword_spec
	end
	show_forms(alternant_multiword_spec)
	return make_table(alternant_multiword_spec) ..
		require(&quot;Module:utilities&quot;).format_categories(alternant_multiword_spec.categories, lang, nil, nil, force_cat)
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>t677tikiw5kwc3w0vvai6qbgsnp9bfy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>5771028</id>
      <parentid>5771025</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T02:43:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Octahedron80</username>
        <id>267</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>5771028</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="147896" sha1="c6go9tq217d9lqiuz8rm0q1f64i07py" xml:space="preserve">local export = {}


--[=[

Authorship: Ben Wing &lt;benwing2&gt;

]=]

--[=[

TERMINOLOGY:

-- &quot;slot&quot; = A particular combination of tense/mood/person/number/etc.
	 Example slot names for verbs are &quot;pres1p&quot; (present indicative first-person plural), &quot;impsub12s&quot; (imperfect
	 subjunctive first/second-person singular form) and &quot;pp&quot; (past participle).
	 Each slot is filled with zero or more forms.

-- &quot;form&quot; = The conjugated Italian form representing the value of a given slot.

-- &quot;lemma&quot; = The dictionary form of a given Italian term. For Italian, always the infinitive.
]=]

--[=[

RULES FOR CONJUGATION:

1. Present indicative:
-- Individual form overrides always take precedence.
-- Otherwise, if presrow: if given, this specifies all six forms (1s, 2s, 3s, 1p, 2p, 3p).
-- Otherwise:
   1. The 1s form is generated from the explicitly specified pres1s principal part.
   2. The 3p form is generated from the explicitly specified pres1s principal part by replacing -o with -ano (for -are verbs)
      or with -ono (for -ere/-ire verbs).
   3. The 2s and 3s forms are generated as follows:
      a. If an explicit pres3s principal part is given using PRES1S^PRES3S, the 2s/3s stem is generated by removing final -a/-e.
	  b. Otherwise, if an explicit stem was given using stem:, this serves as the 2s/3s stem.
	  c. Otherwise, if the infinitive is root-stressed, the 2s/3s stem comes from the infinitive. This is used e.g.
		 with [[togliere]] (tòlgo, tògli, tòglie, togliàmo, togliéte, tòlgono), where the stem of the 1s and 3p forms
		 is different from the stem of the 2s and 3s forms.
	  d. Otherwise, the pres1s stem is used.
	  From this stem, the 2s form is generated by adding -i (possibly with some adjustments; two unstressed i's
	  together are compressed to one, and -h- is inserted after the stem if the verb is an -are verb and the stem ends
	  with -c or -g), and the 3s form is generated by adding -a (for -are verbs) or -e (for -ere/-ire verbs).
   4. The 1p and 2p forms are generated from the infinitive stem (or explicit stem given by stem:) by adding -iàmo
      (1p form) and -àte/-éte/-ìte (2p form, -are/-ere/-ire verbs). We don't use the pres1s form because it might have
	  a different stem (e.g. +isc verbs).

2. Present subjunctive:
-- Individual form overrides always take precedence.
-- Otherwise, if subrow: if given, this specifies all four forms (123s, 1p, 2p, 3p).
-- Otherwise:
   1. If sub: is given, this specifies the 123s form; otherwise the 123s form is generated from the pres1s form by
   changing -o to -a (for -ere/-ire verbs), or to -i (for -are verbs). E.g. for [[venire]], vèngo -&gt; vènga;
   for [[potere]], pòsso -&gt; pòssa. sub: needs to be given for e.g. [[essere]] (pres1s sóno, sub1s sìa),
   [[sapere]] (pres1s sò* but sub1s sàppia), [[fare]] (pres1s fàccio:fò*[archaic or dialectal] but sub1s just fàccia),
   [[andare]] (similar to [[fare]]), [[dovere]].
   2. The 3p form is generated from the 123s form by adding -no.
   3. The 1p form is copied from the pres1p form.
   4. The 2p form is generated from the 1p form by replacing -mo with -te.

3. Imperative:
-- Individual form overrides always take precedence.
-- Otherwise, if improw: if given, this specifies 2s, 2p.
-- Otherwise:
   1. If imp: given, this specifies the 2s form; otherwise the 2s form is generated by copying the pres2s form
      (for -ere/-ire verbs) or by copying the pres3s form (for -are verbs). We use the present indicative 2s/3s
	  forms to preserve vowel and other alternations in the root-stressed forms (for all -are verbs, for
	  [[venire]] and [[tenere]], for +isc verbs, etc.).
   2. The 2p form is generated by copying the pres2p form.
   3. The 3s, 1p, 3p forms are copied from the corresponding present subjunctive forms.
]=]

--[=[

EXAMPLES OF CONJUGATION:

; Including archaic and literary forms:
{{it-conj|essere&lt;e\è\-,-,stàto:essùto[archaic]:sùto[archaic].
  presrow:sóno,sèi,è,siàmo:sémo[archaic],siète:sète[archaic],sóno:èmmo[archaic].
  imperfrow:èro:èra[literary],èri,èra,eravàmo:èramo[archaic],eravàte,èrano.
  phisrow:fùi,fósti:fùsti[archaic],fù*,fùmmo,fóste:fùste[archaic],fùrono:fùro[archaic]:fóre[archaic]:fòro[archaic].
  futrow:sarò,sarài,sarà:fìa[archaic]:fìe[archaic],sarémo,saréte,sarànno:fìano[archaic]:fìeno[archaic].
  condrow:sarèi:sarìa[archaic]:fòra[archaic],sarésti,sarèbbe:sarìa[archaic]:fòra[archaic],sarémmo,saréste,sarèbbero:sarìano[archaic]:fòro[archaic].
  subrow:sìa,siàmo,siàte,sìano:sìeno[literary].
  impsub:fóssi:fùssi[archaic].
  improw:sìi:siàte.
  ger:essèndo:sèndo[archaic].
  presp:essènte[rare]:ènte[archaic]
&gt;}}

{{it-conj|fare&lt;a/-,féci,fàtto.
  stem:fàce.
  presrow:fàccio:fò*[archaic or dialectal],fài,fà*,facciàmo,fàte,fànno.
  sub:fàccia.
  imp:fà*:fài:fà'
&gt;}}

{{it-conj|potere&lt;a:e[as an auxiliary, with main verbs taking ''essere'']/-,potéi:potètti[less common].
  presrow:pòsso,puòi,può*,possiàmo,potéte,pòssono.
  fut:potrò.
  imp:-
&gt;}}

{{it-conj|dire&lt;a/+,dìssi,détto.
  stem:dìce.
  pres2p:dìte.
  imp:dì':dì*!
&gt;}}

{{it-conj|dare&lt;a/-,dièdi:diédi:détti.
  phisstem:dé.
  presrow:dò*:dò*![less common],dài,dà*!,diàmo,dàte,dànno.
  fut:darò.
  sub:dìa.
  impsub:déssi.
 imp:dài:dà':dà*!
&gt;}}

; Including archaic and poetic forms:
{{it-conj|dovere&lt;a:e[as an auxiliary, with main verbs taking ''essere'']/-.
  presrow:
    dèvo:dévo:dèbbo:débbo:dèggio[archaic or poetic]:déggio[archaic or poetic],
    dèvi:dévi:dèi[archaic, poetic or popular Tuscan]:déi[archaic, poetic or popular Tuscan],
    dève:déve:dèe[archaic, poetic or popular Tuscan]:dée[archaic, poetic or popular Tuscan]:dèbbe[archaic]:débbe[archaic],
    dobbiàmo,
    dovéte,
	dèvono:dévono:dèbbono:débbono:dènno[archaic or poetic]:dénno[archaic or poetic].
  fut:dovrò.
  sub:dèbba:débba:dèva[rare]:déva[rare]:dèggia[archaic or poetic]:déggia[archaic or poetic]:dèbbia[obsolete]:débbia[obsolete].
  imp:-
&gt;}}

{{it-conj|andare&lt;e/-.
  presrow:vàdo:vò*[less common],vài,và*,andiàmo,andàte,vànno.
  fut:andrò.
  sub:vàda.
  imp:vài:và':và*
&gt;}}

{{it-conj|valere&lt;e:a[transitive]/vàlgo^à,vàlsi,vàlso.fut:varrò&gt;}}

{{it-conj|vedere&lt;a/védo:véggo[literary]:véggio[poetic]^é,vìdi,vìsto:vedùto[less popular].
  fut:vedrò
&gt;}}

{{it-conj|venire&lt;e/vèngo:vègno[archaic or poetic]^viène,vénni,venùto.
  fut:verrò
&gt;}}

{{it-conj|sapere&lt;a:e[as an auxiliary, with main verbs taking ''essere'']/-,sèppi.
  presrow:sò*,sài,sà*,sappiàmo,sapéte,sànno.
  fut:saprò.
  sub:sàppia.
  improw:sàppi:sappiàte
&gt;}}

{{it-conj|piacere&lt;e/piàccio^piàce,piàcqui.pres1p:piacciàmo&gt;}}

{{it-conj|comparire&lt;e/compàio:+isc[less common]^à:+isc[less common],compàrvi:comparìi[less common]:compàrsi[in the legal sense],compàrso:comparìto[rare]&gt;}}

{{it-conj|togliere&lt;a\ò\tòlgo,tòlsi,tòlto.fut:+:torrò[literary]&gt;}}

{{it-conj|condurre&lt;a\+,condùssi,condótto.stem:condùce&gt;}}

{{it-conj|proporre&lt;a\ó+\propóngo,propósi,propósto:propòsto.stem:propóne&gt;}}

{{it-conj|trarre&lt;a\tràggo,tràssi,tràtto.stem:tràe&gt;}}


; Third-person only verbs:

{{it-conj|bufare&lt;e/ù.impers&gt;}}

{{it-verb|accadere&lt;e/à+,accàdde.fut:accadrà.thirdonly&gt;}}

{{it-verb|volerci&lt;e/vuòle,vòlle.fut:vorrà.sub:vòglia.impers&gt;}}

; Defective verbs:

{{it-verb|redire&lt;a/rièdo,-,redìto.imperf:-.fut:-.impsub:-&gt;}}

{{it-verb|serpere&lt;-\è,+,-&gt;}}

; Multiword expressions:

{{it-verb|tenere&lt;a/tèngo^tiène,ténni.fut:terrò&gt; [[d']][[occhio]]}}

{{it-conj|trascinare&lt;a/ì&gt; e rilasciare&lt;a/à&gt;}}

]=]

--[=[

FIXME:

1. Fix inf_linked and lemma_linked to work like in [[Module:es-verb]]. (DONE)
2. Finish support for reflexive and pronominal verbs. (DONE)
3. Finish support for reflexive and pronominal imperatives. (DONE)
4. Finish support for negative imperatives. (DONE)
5. Fix handling of third-only verbs; require that irregular forms be specified in the first person.
   Remove existing half-implemented support for specifying principal parts in the third person. (DONE)
6. Support defective verbs specified using e.g. redire&lt;a/rièdo,-,redìto.imperf:-.fut:-.impsub:-&gt;.
   Include categorization; but if row overrides or single overrides of all forms given, don't categorize
   as defective for that row. (DONE)
7. Fix handling of aux; snarf code from [[Module:de-verb]] to handle aux with multiword expressions. (DONE)
8. Add automatic support for common irregular verbs: [[essere]], [[avere]], [[andare]], [[fare]], [[dare]],
   [[dire]], [[venire]], [[vedere]], [[tenere]], [[bere]], etc. Should make combinations of these verbs
   with clitics, and multiword expressions with these verbs, easier to handle. (DONE)
9. Add support for calling from {{it-verb}} in [[Module:it-headword]]. (DONE)
10. Throw an error if forms missing accents are specified (perhaps except with some special signal, to make
    it easier to port the old [[Module:it-conj]]).
11. Consider adding combined clitic tables like in [[Module:es-verb]].
12. Consider adding automatic support for prefixed -fare verbs. (DONE)
13. Consider displaying irregular forms in a different color, as with the old [[Module:es-conj]], or adding
   a triangle next to them, as with [[Module:ru-verb]].
14. Consider supporting replace_reflexive_indicators().
15. Add late (post-clitic-addition) overrides. (DONE)
16. PRES/PAST/PP spec should be required to come first to avoid ambiguities. (DONE)
17. Add variant codes to avoid mismatching variants in the conditional -èbbe/-ébbe, -éttero vs. érono, etc.
18. If explicit fut: given, it should control the conditional as well. (DONE)
19. If present -, sub:- or imp:-, it should suppress the whole row in the absence of row or individual overrides.
20. 'ci ci vuole' should maybe -&gt; 'a noi ci vuole' instead of 'ci vuole'.
21. Instead of * before, use ! after so that * before can be used for reconstructed terms. (DONE)
22. When handling built-in verbs, automatically add + after vowel in cases like comporre. (DONE; HANDLED AUTOMATICALLY)
23. When handling built-in verbs, make sure we correctly handle root-stressed infinitives. (DONE)
24. When handling built-in verbs, make sure explicit ! afterwards is handled as if automatically there when a
    prefix is added, and make sure final accent is handled correct when a prefix is added. In both cases, verify
	both sfare and rifare, sdarsi and ridare. (DONE)
25. When handling built-in verbs, make sure we handle prefixes correctly w.r.t. negative imperatives. (DONE)
26. Support ref: in footnotes. (DONE)
27. Finish built-in -ire verbs.
28. Implement error(&quot;If past participle given as '-', auxiliary must be explicitly specified as '-'&quot;). (DONE)
29. Make present participles default to enabled. (DONE)
30. Instead of a qualifier for syntactic gemination, use a superscripted symbol with a tooltip, as for {{it-IPA}}.
    Do this automatically for multisyllabic terms ending in a stressed vowel, but don't do it if the verb ends up
	non-final, as in [[andare a letto]].
31. [[darsi]]: imp2s is wrong; it generates [[datti|dàtti]] and also [[dàtti]] (which is wrong) (DONE)
32. [[liquefare]]: forms like liquefà missing the indication of following syntactic gemination; it should be automatic
    in multisyllabic words.
33. [[ridare]] has ridò with a syntactic gemination footnote, but liquefà doesn't have it (see #32). It should be a
    tooltip.
34. Add 'addnote[SLOT_SPEC]' to make [[tangere]] with disused 1s/2s/1p/2p easier to handle. (DONE)
35. Throw an error if comma seen in single form specs like 'imp:'. (DONE)
36. Overrides like phis:+[rare] of [[affarsi]] using built-in @ (from [[fare]]) don't properly pick up the irregular
    built-in forms. (DONE)
37. Overrides like phis:afféci[rare] of [[affarsi]] using built-in @ (from [[fare]]) get the prefix duplicated. (DONE)
38. Support negated addnote like 'addnote[-pres3s][rare]'. (DONE)
39. Support comma-separated addnote spec for the equivalent of alternation. (DONE)
40. Issue an error if addnote spec has no effect. (DONE)
41. Support verbs in -gliela like [[fargliela]]. (DONE)
42. Support /\ notation for optional root-stressed infinitive with ending first, for [[suadere]] and derivatives. (DONE)
43. Support verbs in -gli like [[mancargli qualche rotella]]. (DONE)
44. Correctly incorporate links in multiword expressions from [[Module:it-headword]] so the autolinking algorithm there
    works (e.g. for [[portare il cervello all'ammasso]]) and head=~... specs are correctly propagated. (DONE)
45. Support head= with the verb as part of a larger bracketed expression, e.g. for [[stare a vedere]],
    {{it-verb|e/@|head=[[stare a]] [[vedere]]}}. (DONE)
46. Expand addnote[] notation to support references (maybe needs no work)?
47. Support verbs in -glire ([[boglire]], [[inorgoglire]], [[saglire]], etc.) correctly. (DONE)
--]=]

local lang = require(&quot;Module:languages&quot;).getByCode(&quot;it&quot;)
local m_string_utilities = require(&quot;Module:string utilities&quot;)
local m_links = require(&quot;Module:links&quot;)
local m_table = require(&quot;Module:table&quot;)
local iut = require(&quot;Module:inflection utilities&quot;)
local put = require(&quot;Module:parse utilities&quot;)
local com_module = &quot;Module:it-common&quot;
local m_builtin

local force_cat = false -- set to true for debugging
local check_for_red_links = false -- set to false for debugging

local u = require(&quot;Module:string/char&quot;)
local rfind = mw.ustring.find
local rsubn = mw.ustring.gsub
local rmatch = mw.ustring.match
local rsplit = mw.text.split
local ulower = mw.ustring.lower
local uupper = mw.ustring.upper
local usub = mw.ustring.sub
local ulen = mw.ustring.len
local unfd = mw.ustring.toNFD
local unfc = mw.ustring.toNFC
local unpack = unpack or table.unpack -- Lua 5.2 compatibility

-- version of rsubn() that discards all but the first return value
local function rsub(term, foo, bar)
	local retval = rsubn(term, foo, bar)
	return retval
end

local GR = u(0x0300)
local V = &quot;[aeiou]&quot;
local NV = &quot;[^aeiou]&quot;
local AV = &quot;[àèéìòóù]&quot;
local MAV = &quot;[aeiouàèéìòóù]&quot; -- maybe-accented vowel
local NMAV = &quot;[^aeiouàèéìòóù]&quot; -- not maybe-accented vowel

local PRESERVE_ACCENT = u(0xFFF0)

local full_person_number_list = {&quot;1s&quot;, &quot;2s&quot;, &quot;3s&quot;, &quot;1p&quot;, &quot;2p&quot;, &quot;3p&quot;}
local imp_person_number_list = {&quot;2s&quot;, &quot;3s&quot;, &quot;1p&quot;, &quot;2p&quot;, &quot;3p&quot;}

-- Used only in error messages concerning the principal part for a given row, to generate the English description
-- (by concatenating the following person/number description to the overall description for the row, taken from
-- the `.desc` element of the rowspec).
local principal_part_person_number_desc = {
	[&quot;1s&quot;] = &quot;first-singular &quot;,
	[&quot;12s&quot;] = &quot;first/second-singular &quot;,
	[&quot;123s&quot;] = &quot;first/second/third-singular &quot;,
	[&quot;2s&quot;] = &quot;second-singular &quot;,
	[&quot;&quot;] = &quot;&quot;,
}

local all_verb_slots = {
	{&quot;aux&quot;, &quot;-&quot;},
}

-- Used to create the accelerator entries in all_verb_slots.
local person_number_tag_prefix = {
	[&quot;1s&quot;] = &quot;1|s|&quot;,
	[&quot;2s&quot;] = &quot;2|s|&quot;,
	[&quot;3s&quot;] = &quot;3|s|&quot;,
	[&quot;1p&quot;] = &quot;1|p|&quot;,
	[&quot;2p&quot;] = &quot;2|p|&quot;,
	[&quot;3p&quot;] = &quot;3|p|&quot;,
	[&quot;&quot;] = &quot;&quot;, -- used for non-finite forms such as the past participle
}

substitutable_reflexive_pronoun = {
	[&quot;si&quot;] = {
		[&quot;1s&quot;] = &quot;[[mi]]&quot;,
		[&quot;2s&quot;] = &quot;[[ti]]&quot;,
		[&quot;3s&quot;] = &quot;[[si]]&quot;,
		[&quot;1p&quot;] = &quot;[[ci]]&quot;,
		[&quot;2p&quot;] = &quot;[[vi]]&quot;,
		[&quot;3p&quot;] = &quot;[[si]]&quot;,
		[&quot;nf&quot;] = &quot;[[si]]&quot;,
	},
	[&quot;se&quot;] = {
		[&quot;1s&quot;] = &quot;[[me]]&quot;,
		[&quot;2s&quot;] = &quot;[[te]]&quot;,
		[&quot;3s&quot;] = &quot;[[se]]&quot;,
		[&quot;1p&quot;] = &quot;[[ce]]&quot;,
		[&quot;2p&quot;] = &quot;[[ve]]&quot;,
		[&quot;3p&quot;] = &quot;[[se]]&quot;,
		[&quot;nf&quot;] = &quot;[[se]]&quot;,
	},
	[&quot;si_no_ci&quot;] = {
		[&quot;1s&quot;] = &quot;[[mi]]&quot;,
		[&quot;2s&quot;] = &quot;[[ti]]&quot;,
		[&quot;3s&quot;] = &quot;[[si]]&quot;,
		[&quot;1p&quot;] = &quot;&quot;,
		[&quot;2p&quot;] = &quot;[[vi]]&quot;,
		[&quot;3p&quot;] = &quot;[[si]]&quot;,
		[&quot;nf&quot;] = &quot;[[si]]&quot;,
	},
	[&quot;si_no_vi&quot;] = {
		[&quot;1s&quot;] = &quot;[[mi]]&quot;,
		[&quot;2s&quot;] = &quot;[[ti]]&quot;,
		[&quot;3s&quot;] = &quot;[[si]]&quot;,
		[&quot;1p&quot;] = &quot;[[ci]]&quot;,
		[&quot;2p&quot;] = &quot;&quot;,
		[&quot;3p&quot;] = &quot;[[si]]&quot;,
		[&quot;nf&quot;] = &quot;[[si]]&quot;,
	},
	[&quot;space_no_ci&quot;] = {
		[&quot;1s&quot;] = &quot; &quot;,
		[&quot;2s&quot;] = &quot; &quot;,
		[&quot;3s&quot;] = &quot; &quot;,
		[&quot;1p&quot;] = &quot;&quot;,
		[&quot;2p&quot;] = &quot; &quot;,
		[&quot;3p&quot;] = &quot; &quot;,
		[&quot;nf&quot;] = &quot; &quot;,
	},
	[&quot;space_no_vi&quot;] = {
		[&quot;1s&quot;] = &quot; &quot;,
		[&quot;2s&quot;] = &quot; &quot;,
		[&quot;3s&quot;] = &quot; &quot;,
		[&quot;1p&quot;] = &quot; &quot;,
		[&quot;2p&quot;] = &quot;&quot;,
		[&quot;3p&quot;] = &quot; &quot;,
		[&quot;nf&quot;] = &quot; &quot;,
	},
}

-- FIXME, the following broken and not yet used
local reflexive_forms = {
	[&quot;si&quot;] = {&quot;mi&quot;, &quot;ti&quot;, &quot;si&quot;, &quot;ci&quot;, &quot;vi&quot;, &quot;si&quot;},
	[&quot;suo&quot;] = {&quot;mìo&quot;, &quot;tùo&quot;, &quot;sùo&quot;, &quot;nòstro&quot;, &quot;vòstro&quot;, &quot;sùo&quot;},
	[&quot;sua&quot;] = {&quot;mìa&quot;, &quot;tùa&quot;, &quot;sùa&quot;, &quot;nòstra&quot;, &quot;vòstra&quot;, &quot;sùa&quot;},
	[&quot;suoi&quot;] = {&quot;mièi&quot;, &quot;tuòi&quot;, &quot;suòi&quot;, &quot;nòstri&quot;, &quot;vòstri&quot;, &quot;suòi&quot;},
	[&quot;sue&quot;] = {&quot;mìe&quot;, &quot;tùe&quot;, &quot;sùe&quot;, &quot;nòstre&quot;, &quot;vòstre&quot;, &quot;sùe&quot;},
}


local function remove_accents(form)
	return rsub(form, AV, function(v) return usub(unfd(v), 1, 1) end)
end


-- Map a function over `forms` (a list of form objects of the form {form=FORM, footnotes=FOOTNOTES}) and modify the
-- form objects in `forms` in-place. If `include_footnotes` is given, the function is called with two arguments
-- (the existing form and footnotes) and should return two arguments, the new form and footnotes; otherwise, the
-- function is called with one argument (the existing form) and should return the new form.
--
-- WARNING: This is dangerous and should only be done near the end.
local function map_side_effecting_forms(forms, fun, include_footnotes)
	for _, form in ipairs(forms) do
		if form.form ~= &quot;?&quot; then
			if include_footnotes then
				local new_form, new_footnotes = fun(form.form, form.footnotes)
				form.form = new_form
				form.footnotes = new_footnotes
			else
				local new_form = fun(form.form)
				form.form = new_form
			end
		end
	end
end


-- Add links around words. If multiword_only, do it only in multiword forms.
local function add_links(form, multiword_only)
	if form == &quot;&quot; or form == &quot; &quot; then
		return form
	end
	if not form:find(&quot;%[%[&quot;) then
		if rfind(form, &quot;[%s%p]&quot;) then --optimization to avoid loading [[Module:headword]] on single-word forms
			local m_headword = require(&quot;Module:headword&quot;)
			if m_headword.head_is_multiword(form) then
				form = m_headword.add_multiword_links(form)
			end
		end
		if not multiword_only and not form:find(&quot;%[%[&quot;) then
			form = &quot;[[&quot; .. form .. &quot;]]&quot;
		end
	end
	return form
end


-- Add suffix to form, removing the PRESERVE_ACCENT notation if present (as for [[datti]] of [[dare]]).
local function add_suffix_to_form(form, suffix)
	if suffix ~= &quot;&quot; then
		return rsub(form, PRESERVE_ACCENT, &quot;&quot;) .. suffix
	else
		return form
	end
end


local function convert_accented_links_in_text(text)
	local need_preserve_accent_note = false
	local retval = rsub(text, &quot;%[%[([^%[%]|]+)%]%]&quot;,
		function(linktext)
			if rfind(linktext, PRESERVE_ACCENT) then
				linktext = rsub(linktext, PRESERVE_ACCENT, &quot;&quot;)
				need_preserve_accent_note = true
			elseif rfind(linktext, &quot;^.*&quot; .. MAV .. &quot;.*&quot; .. AV .. &quot;$&quot;) then
				-- Final accented vowel with preceding vowel; keep accent.
			else
				local unaccented = remove_accents(linktext)
				if unaccented == linktext then
					-- keep linktext
				else
					linktext = unaccented .. &quot;|&quot; .. linktext
				end
			end
			return &quot;[[&quot; .. linktext .. &quot;]]&quot;
		end)
	return retval, need_preserve_accent_note
end


-- Convert links around accented words to two-part links without extra accents. Remove PRESERVE_ACCENT characters,
-- and if necessary, insert a footnote indicating that a written accent on a monosyllabic verb is preserved.
local function convert_accented_links(alternant_multiword_spec)
	for slot, forms in pairs(alternant_multiword_spec.forms) do
		-- Side-effect the forms to save memory.
		map_side_effecting_forms(forms, function(form, footnotes)
			local new_form, need_preserve_accent_note = convert_accented_links_in_text(form)
			if need_preserve_accent_note then
				footnotes = iut.combine_footnotes(footnotes, {&quot;[with written accent]&quot;})
			end
			return new_form, footnotes
		end, &quot;include footnotes&quot;)
	end
end


local function strip_spaces(text)
	return rsub(text, &quot;^%s*(.-)%s*$&quot;, &quot;%1&quot;)
end


-- Like put.split_alternating_runs() but strips spaces from both ends of the odd-numbered elements (only in
-- odd-numbered runs if preserve_splitchar is given). Effectively we leave alone the footnotes and splitchars
-- themselves, but otherwise strip extraneous spaces. Spaces in the middle of an element are also left alone.
local function split_alternating_runs_and_strip_spaces(segment_runs, splitchar, preserve_splitchar)
	local split_runs = put.split_alternating_runs(segment_runs, splitchar, preserve_splitchar)
	for i, run in ipairs(split_runs) do
		if not preserve_splitchar or i % 2 == 1 then
			for j, element in ipairs(run) do
				if j % 2 == 1 then
					run[j] = strip_spaces(element)
				end
			end
		end
	end
	return split_runs
end


local function check_not_null(base, form, spec, principal_part_desc)
	if not form then
		error((&quot;Spec '%s' cannot be used because default %s cannot be derived from '%s'&quot;):format(
			spec, principal_part_desc, base.lemma))
	end
end


-- Indicate whether to skip `slot` when conjugating. If `checking_defective` is given, we are checking for defective
-- rows and only want certain user-specified indicators respected.
local function skip_slot(base, slot, checking_defective)
	if not checking_defective then
		if base.props.nofinite and slot:find(&quot;[123]&quot;) then
			-- Skip all finite (1/2/3-person) slots.
			return true
		end
		if base.props.presonly and slot:find(&quot;[123]&quot;) and not slot:find(&quot;^pres&quot;) then
			-- Skip all finite (1/2/3-person) slots except the present indicative.
			return true
		end
		if base.props.no_root_stressed and (slot:find(&quot;[123]s&quot;) or slot:find(&quot;3p&quot;)) and (
			slot:find(&quot;^pres&quot;) or slot:find(&quot;^sub&quot;) or slot:find(&quot;^imp[123]&quot;) or slot:find(&quot;^negimp&quot;)
		) then
			-- Skip all 1s/2s/3s/3p slots in the present indicative and subjunctive and the imperative.
			-- Beware of impsub slots.
			return true
		end
	end
	if base.props.impers or base.props.thirdonly then
		-- Impersonal or third-person-only verb.
		if slot:find(&quot;[12]&quot;) and not slot:find(&quot;3&quot;) then
			-- Skip slots for 1/2 person that don't also reference 3rd person (hence we don't skip sub123s).
			return true
		end
		if slot:find(&quot;^imp[123]&quot;) or slot:find(&quot;^negimp&quot;) then
			-- Skip all imperative slots, including third-person ones. Beware of impsub slots.
			return true
		end
	end
	if base.props.impers and slot:find(&quot;3p&quot;) then
		-- Skip third plural slots for impersonal verbs.
		return true
	end
	return false
end


local function erase_suppressed_slots(base)
	for _, slot_spec in ipairs(all_verb_slots) do
		local slot, accel = unpack(slot_spec)
		if skip_slot(base, slot) then
			base.forms[slot] = nil
		end
	end
end


local function substitute_reflexive_pronoun(text, persnum)
	return rsub(text, &quot;&lt;(.-)&gt;&quot;, function(refl)
		return substitutable_reflexive_pronoun[refl][persnum]
	end)
end


local function escape_reflexive_indicators(arg1)
	-- FIXME, broken and not yet used
	if not arg1:find(&quot;pron&gt;&quot;) then
		return arg1
	end
	local segments = put.parse_balanced_segment_run(arg1, &quot;&lt;&quot;, &quot;&gt;&quot;)
	-- Loop over every other segment. The even-numbered segments are angle-bracket specs while
	-- the odd-numbered segments are the text between them.
	for i = 2, #segments - 1, 2 do
		if segments[i] == &quot;&lt;pron&gt;&quot; then
			segments[i] = &quot;⦃⦃pron⦄⦄&quot;
		end
	end
	return table.concat(segments)
end


local function undo_escape_form(form)
	-- FIXME, broken and not yet used
	return rsub(rsub(form, &quot;⦃⦃&quot;, &quot;&lt;&quot;), &quot;⦄⦄&quot;, &quot;&gt;&quot;)
end


local function remove_reflexive_indicators(form)
	-- FIXME, broken and not yet used
	return rsub(form, &quot;⦃⦃.-⦄⦄&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
end


local function replace_reflexive_indicators(slot, form)
	-- FIXME, broken and not yet used
	if not form:find(&quot;⦃&quot;) then
		return form
	end
	error(&quot;Internal error: replace_reflexive_indicators not implemented yet&quot;)
end


-- Add the `stem` to the `ending` for the given `slot` and apply any phonetic modifications.
local function combine_stem_ending(base, slot, stem, ending)
	-- Add h after c/g in -are forms to preserve the sound.
	if base.conj_vowel == &quot;à&quot; and stem:find(&quot;[cg]$&quot;) and rfind(ending, &quot;^[eèéiì]&quot;) then
		stem = stem .. &quot;h&quot;
	end

	-- Handle [[boglire]], [[inorgoglire]], [[saglire]], etc.
	if base.conj_vowel == &quot;ì&quot; and stem:find(&quot;gl$&quot;) and not rfind(ending, &quot;^[iì]&quot;) then
		stem = stem .. &quot;i&quot;
	end

	-- Two unstressed i's coming together compress to one.
	if ending:find(&quot;^i&quot;) then
		stem = rsub(stem, &quot;i$&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
	end

	-- Remove accents from stem if ending is accented.
	if rfind(ending, AV) then
		stem = remove_accents(stem)
	end

	return stem .. ending
end


local function add_forms(base, slot, stems, endings, allow_overrides)
	local function do_combine_stem_ending(stem, ending)
		return combine_stem_ending(base, slot, stem, ending)
	end
	iut.add_forms(base.forms, slot, stems, endings, do_combine_stem_ending)
end


local function insert_forms(base, slot, forms)
	iut.insert_forms(base.forms, slot, forms)
end


local function copy_forms(base, slot, forms)
	-- When copying forms, clone the form objects because in various later places, we side-effect existing form objects
	-- and don't want any shared objects.
	insert_forms(base, slot, mw.clone(forms))
end


local function general_list_form_contains_form(list, form, process_form)
	if not list then
		-- general_list_form_contains_form() is used to determine whether the defaults in `list` contain a given form; if not, that
		-- row is irregular. If there are no defaults, any form is irregular.
		return false
	end
	for _, formobj in ipairs(list) do
		local formobj_form = formobj.form
		if process_form then
			formobj_form = process_form(formobj_form)
		end
		if formobj_form == form then
			return true
		end
	end
	return false
end


-- Parse a raw form that may be decorated with !, # or similar before it and * or ! after it. Return three values:
-- the prespec, bare form and postspec.
local function parse_decorated_form(form)
	return rmatch(form, &quot;^([!#]*)(.-)([*!]*)$&quot;)
end


-- Process the user-given specs in `specs` in order to generate verb forms, and insert the resulting forms into
-- `destforms`[`slot`]. If the destination slot has no forms yet (i.e. it is nil), it will be first set to {}.
-- Duplicate forms will not be inserted.
--
-- `specs` is a list of objects of the form {form = SPEC, footnotes = FOOTNOTES}, where FOOTNOTES is a list of
-- user-specified footnotes/qualifiers (given after the spec using brackets) or nil if no footnotes. `specs` can be
-- nil, which is equivalent to specifying &quot;+&quot; to request the default. A given SPEC may be &quot;-&quot; to indicate that the
-- corresponding forms are missing, or be decorated with preceding decorators like !! (= &quot;elevated style&quot;),
-- ! (= &quot;careful style&quot;) or # (= &quot;traditional&quot;), or with following decorators like ! (= preserve monosyllabic accent),
-- * (= verb form triggers syntactic gemination of following consonant), ** (= verb form triggers optional syntactic
-- gemination).
--
-- Processing is done by calling `generate_forms` on each spec after stripping decorators. If spec is &quot;+&quot;, that will be
-- passed directly to `generate_forms`, but if spec is &quot;-&quot;, `generate_forms` will not be called. The return value of
-- `generate_forms` can be anything that is convertible to a list of {form = SPEC, footnotes = FOOTNOTES} objects using
-- iut.convert_to_general_list_form(). In other words, it can be a single string (a form), a single object of the form
-- {form = FORM, footnotes = FOOTNOTES, ...}, or a list of either of these.
local function process_specs(base, destforms, slot, specs, generate_forms)
	specs = specs or {{form = &quot;+&quot;}}
	for _, spec in ipairs(specs) do
		local decorated_form = spec.form
		-- Skip &quot;-&quot;; effectively, no forms get inserted into destforms[slot].
		if decorated_form ~= &quot;-&quot; then
			local prespec, form, postspec =	parse_decorated_form(decorated_form)
			local forms = form == &quot;?&quot; and &quot;?&quot; or generate_forms(form)
			-- If `generate_forms` return nil, no forms get inserted into destforms[slot]. This happens e.g. when
			-- fut:- is given and no explicit conditional principal part is given. In that case,
			-- generate_default_conditional_principal_part() fetches the future principal parts, which don't exist,
			-- so it returns nil, and the surrounding generate_principal_part_forms() also returns nil. The effect is
			-- that the conditional principal part ends up nil and no conditional parts get inserted.
			if forms then
				forms = iut.convert_to_general_list_form(forms, spec.footnotes)
				if base.all_footnotes then
					forms = iut.convert_to_general_list_form(forms, base.all_footnotes)
				end
				for _, formobj in ipairs(forms) do
					local qualifiers = formobj.footnotes
					local form = formobj.form
					if prespec:find(&quot;!!&quot;) then
						qualifiers = iut.combine_footnotes({&quot;[elevated style]&quot;}, qualifiers)
						prespec = rsub(prespec, &quot;!!&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
					end
					if prespec:find(&quot;!&quot;) then
						qualifiers = iut.combine_footnotes({&quot;[careful style]&quot;}, qualifiers)
						prespec = rsub(prespec, &quot;!&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
					end
					if prespec:find(&quot;#&quot;) then
						qualifiers = iut.combine_footnotes({&quot;[traditional]&quot;}, qualifiers)
						prespec = rsub(prespec, &quot;#&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
					end
					if postspec:find(&quot;!&quot;) then
						form = PRESERVE_ACCENT .. form
						postspec = rsub(postspec, &quot;!&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
					end
					if postspec == &quot;*&quot; then
						qualifiers = iut.combine_footnotes(qualifiers, {&quot;[with syntactic gemination after the verb]&quot;})
					elseif postspec == &quot;**&quot; then
						qualifiers = iut.combine_footnotes(qualifiers, {&quot;[with optional syntactic gemination after the verb]&quot;})
					elseif postspec ~= &quot;&quot; then
						error(&quot;Decorated form '&quot; .. decorated_form .. &quot;' has too many asterisks after it, use '*' for syntactic gemination and '**' for optional syntactic gemination&quot;)
					end
					iut.insert_form(destforms, slot, {form = form, footnotes = qualifiers})
				end
			end
		end
	end
end


local function set_up_base_verb(base)
	local ret = base.verb
	local raw_verb = ret.raw_verb

	if rfind(raw_verb, &quot;r$&quot;) then
		if rfind(raw_verb, &quot;[ou]r$&quot;) or base.props.rre then
			ret.verb = raw_verb .. &quot;re&quot;
		else
			ret.verb = raw_verb .. &quot;e&quot;
		end
	else
		ret.verb = raw_verb
	end
end


local function add_default_verb_forms(base)
	local ret = base.verb

	-- Need to call combine_stem_ending() to combine stem and ending rather than just pasting them together to handle
	-- cases like [[boglire]], where 'bógl' + 'o' becomes 'bóglio'.
	local function comb(slot, stem, ending)
		return combine_stem_ending(base, slot, stem, ending)
	end

	-- Process 'phisstem:...' spec.
	if base.principal_part_specs.explicit_phis_stem_spec then
		-- Put the explicit past historic stem in ret.phisstem (i.e. base.verb.phisstem).
		process_specs(base, ret, &quot;phisstem&quot;, base.principal_part_specs.explicit_phis_stem_spec, iut.identity)
	end

	ret.default_stem, ret.default_ending_vowel = rmatch(base.verb.verb, &quot;^(.-)([aeir])re$&quot;)
	if not ret.default_stem then
		error(&quot;Unrecognized verb '&quot; .. base.verb.verb .. &quot;', doesn't end in -are, -ere, -ire or -rre&quot;)
	end
	base.props.syncopated = base.props.rre or ret.default_ending_vowel == &quot;r&quot;

	-- Process 'stem:...' spec.
	local ending_vowel
	if base.principal_part_specs.explicit_stem_spec then
		local function generate_explicit_stem_forms(form)
			local stem, this_ending_vowel
			if form == &quot;+&quot; then
				stem = ret.default_stem
				this_ending_vowel = ret.default_ending_vowel
				if base.props.syncopated then
					error(&quot;Can't use + with 'stem:' in syncopated verbs; specify an explicit stem&quot;)
				end
			else
				base.explicit_non_default_stem_spec = true
				stem, this_ending_vowel = rmatch(form, &quot;^(.*)([aeiàéì])$&quot;)
				if not stem then
					error(&quot;Unrecognized stem '&quot; .. form .. &quot;', should end in -a, -e, -i, -à, -é or -ì&quot;)
				end
			end
			if ending_vowel and ending_vowel ~= this_ending_vowel then
				error(&quot;Can't currently specify explicit stems with two different conjugation vowels (&quot; .. ending_vowel
					.. &quot; and &quot; .. this_ending_vowel .. &quot;)&quot;)
			end
			ending_vowel = this_ending_vowel
			return stem
		end
		-- Put the explicit stem in ret.stem (i.e. base.verb.stem).
		process_specs(base, ret, &quot;stem&quot;, base.principal_part_specs.explicit_stem_spec, generate_explicit_stem_forms)
	else
		if base.props.syncopated then
			error(&quot;With syncopated verb '&quot; .. ret.verb .. &quot;', must use 'stem:' to specify an explicit stem&quot;)
		end
		-- Convert to general list form so we can call iut.map_forms() over it.
		ret.stem = iut.convert_to_general_list_form(ret.default_stem)
		ending_vowel = ret.default_ending_vowel
	end

	base.conj_vowel =
		ending_vowel == &quot;a&quot; and &quot;à&quot; or
		ending_vowel == &quot;e&quot; and &quot;é&quot; or
		ending_vowel == &quot;i&quot; and &quot;ì&quot; or
		ending_vowel

	-- Process 'unstressed_stem:...' spec.
	if base.principal_part_specs.explicit_unstressed_stem_spec then
		local function generate_explicit_stem_forms(form)
			local stem
			if form == &quot;+&quot; then
				stem = ret.default_stem
				if base.props.syncopated then
					error(&quot;Can't use + with 'unstressed_stem:' in syncopated verbs; specify an explicit stem&quot;)
				end
			else
				base.explicit_non_default_unstressed_stem_spec = true
				stem = rmatch(form, &quot;^(.*)&quot; .. ret.default_ending_vowel .. &quot;$&quot;)
				if not stem then
					error(&quot;Stem vowel of stem '&quot; .. form ..&quot;' specified with 'unstressed_stem:' must end in conjugation vowel -&quot; .. default_ending_vowel)
				end
			end
			return stem
		end
		-- Put the explicit stem in ret.unstressed_stem (i.e. base.verb.unstressed_stem).
		process_specs(base, ret, &quot;unstressed_stem&quot;, base.principal_part_specs.explicit_unstressed_stem_spec,
			generate_explicit_stem_forms)
	else
		ret.unstressed_stem = iut.map_forms(ret.stem, function(stem) return remove_accents(stem) end)
	end

	ret.pres = iut.map_forms(ret.stem, function(stem) return comb(&quot;pres1s&quot;, stem, &quot;o&quot;) end)
	ret.pres3s = iut.map_forms(ret.stem, function(stem) return comb(&quot;pres3s&quot;, stem, ending_vowel == &quot;a&quot; and &quot;a&quot; or &quot;e&quot;) end)
	if ending_vowel == &quot;i&quot; then
		ret.isc_pres = iut.map_forms(ret.unstressed_stem, function(stem) return comb(&quot;pres1s&quot;, stem, &quot;ìsco&quot;) end)
		ret.isc_pres3s = iut.map_forms(ret.unstressed_stem, function(stem) return comb(&quot;pres3s&quot;, stem, &quot;ìsce&quot;) end)
	end
	ret.phis = iut.flatmap_forms(ret.unstressed_stem, function(stem)
		if ending_vowel == &quot;a&quot; then
			return {comb(&quot;phis1s&quot;, stem, &quot;ài&quot;)}
		elseif ending_vowel == &quot;e&quot; then
			-- Per Anna M. Thornton, &quot;Overabundance: Multiple Forms Realizing the Same Cell&quot; in ''Morphological Autonomy'', p. 366
			-- [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Morphological_Autonomy/oh3UlV6xSQEC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=%22fottette%22&amp;pg=PA366&amp;printsec=frontcover],
			-- -éi tends to occur only with stems ending in -t, while -étti/-ètti occurs with stems not ending in -t.
			-- The opposite combinations are almost vanishingly rare, and should not be included.
			--
			-- In reality, it's a bit more complicated. Verbs in -tere rarely have -etti/-ette, which sounds wrong to native
			-- speakers, except for verbs in -sistere, where the -ette forms are more common. For other verbs, both -ette and
			-- -é occur but -ette is more common.
			if stem:find(&quot;t$&quot;) and not stem:find(&quot;sist$&quot;) then
				return {comb(&quot;phis1s&quot;, stem, &quot;éi&quot;)}
			else
				return {comb(&quot;phis1s&quot;, stem, &quot;étti&quot;), comb(&quot;phis1s&quot;, stem, &quot;éi&quot;)}
			end
		else
			return {comb(&quot;phis1s&quot;, stem, &quot;ìi&quot;)}
		end
	end)
	ret.pp = iut.map_forms(ret.unstressed_stem, function(stem)
		if ending_vowel == &quot;a&quot; then
			return comb(&quot;pp&quot;, stem, &quot;àto&quot;)
		elseif ending_vowel == &quot;e&quot; then
			return comb(&quot;pp&quot;, stem, rfind(stem, &quot;[cg]$&quot;) and &quot;iùto&quot; or &quot;ùto&quot;)
		else
			return comb(&quot;pp&quot;, stem, &quot;ìto&quot;)
		end
	end)
end


local function is_single_vowel_spec(spec)
	return rfind(spec, &quot;^&quot; .. AV .. &quot;[+-]?$&quot;) or rfind(spec, &quot;^&quot; .. AV .. &quot;%-%-$&quot;) or rfind(spec, &quot;^&quot; .. AV .. &quot;%+%+$&quot;)
end


-- Given an unaccented stem, pull out the last two vowels as well as the in-between stuff, and return
-- before, v1, between, v2, after as 5 return values. `unaccented` is the full verb and `unaccented_desc`
-- a description of where the verb came from; used only in error messages.
local function analyze_stem_for_last_two_vowels(unaccented_stem, unaccented, unaccented_desc)
	local before, v1, between, v2, after = rmatch(unaccented_stem, &quot;^(.*)(&quot; .. V .. &quot;)(&quot; .. NV .. &quot;*)(&quot; .. V .. &quot;)(&quot; .. NV .. &quot;*)$&quot;)
	if not before then
		before, v1 = &quot;&quot;, &quot;&quot;
		between, v2, after = rmatch(unaccented_stem, &quot;^(.*)(&quot; .. V .. &quot;)(&quot; .. NV .. &quot;*)$&quot;)
	end
	if not between then
		error(&quot;No vowel in &quot; .. unaccented_desc .. &quot; '&quot; .. unaccented .. &quot;' to match&quot;)
	end
	return before, v1, between, v2, after
end


-- Apply a single-vowel spec in `form`, e.g. é+, to `unaccented_stem`. `unaccented` is the full verb and
-- `unaccented_desc` a description of where the verb came from; used only in error messages.
local function apply_vowel_spec(unaccented_stem, unaccented, unaccented_desc, vowel_spec)
	local function vowel_spec_doesnt_match()
		error(&quot;Vowel spec '&quot; .. vowel_spec .. &quot;' doesn't match vowel of &quot; .. unaccented_desc .. &quot; '&quot; .. unaccented .. &quot;'&quot;)
	end
	local raw_spec_vowel = usub(unfd(vowel_spec), 1, 1)
	local form
	local spec_vowel = rmatch(vowel_spec, &quot;^(.)%-%-$&quot;)
	if spec_vowel then -- a spec like ò--
		local before, v1, between1, v2, between2, v3, after = rmatch(unaccented_stem,
			&quot;^(.*)(&quot; .. V .. &quot;)(&quot; .. NV .. &quot;*)(&quot; .. V .. &quot;)(&quot; .. NV .. &quot;*)(&quot; .. V .. &quot;)(&quot; .. NV .. &quot;*)$&quot;)
		if not before then
			error(mw.getContentLanguage():ucfirst(unaccented_desc) .. &quot; '&quot; .. unaccented ..
				&quot;' must have at least three vowels to use the vowel spec '&quot; ..  vowel_spec .. &quot;'&quot;)
		end
		if raw_spec_vowel ~= v1 then
			vowel_spec_doesnt_match()
		end
		form = before .. spec_vowel .. between1 .. v2 .. between2 .. v3 .. after
	else
		local before, v1, between, v2, after = analyze_stem_for_last_two_vowels(unaccented_stem, unaccented, unaccented_desc)
		if v1 == v2 then
			local first_second
			spec_vowel, first_second = rmatch(vowel_spec, &quot;^(.)([+-]+)$&quot;) -- include ++
			if not spec_vowel then
				error(&quot;Last two stem vowels of &quot; .. unaccented_desc .. &quot; '&quot; .. unaccented ..
					&quot;' are the same; you must specify + (second vowel) or - (first vowel) after the vowel spec '&quot; ..
					vowel_spec .. &quot;'&quot;)
			end
			if raw_spec_vowel ~= v1 then
				vowel_spec_doesnt_match()
			end
			if first_second == &quot;-&quot; then
				form = before .. spec_vowel .. between .. v2 .. after
			else
				form = before .. v1 .. between .. spec_vowel .. after
			end
		else
			if rfind(vowel_spec, &quot;%+%+$&quot;) then
				vowel_spec = rsub(vowel_spec, &quot;%+%+$&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
			elseif rfind(vowel_spec, &quot;[+-]$&quot;) then
				error(&quot;Last two stem vowels of &quot; .. unaccented_desc .. &quot; '&quot; .. unaccented ..
					&quot;' are different; specify just an accented vowel, without a following + or -: '&quot; .. vowel_spec .. &quot;'&quot;)
			end
			if raw_spec_vowel == v1 then
				form = before .. vowel_spec .. between .. v2 .. after
			elseif raw_spec_vowel == v2 then
				form = before .. v1 .. between .. vowel_spec .. after
			elseif before == &quot;&quot; then
				vowel_spec_doesnt_match()
			else
				error(&quot;Vowel spec '&quot; .. vowel_spec .. &quot;' doesn't match either of the last two vowels of &quot; .. unaccented_desc ..
					&quot; '&quot; .. unaccented .. &quot;'&quot;)
			end
		end
	end
	return form
end


local function add_finite_reflexive_clitics(base, rowslot)
	for _, persnum in ipairs(full_person_number_list) do
		base.forms[rowslot .. persnum] = iut.map_forms(base.forms[rowslot .. persnum], function(form)
			return substitute_reflexive_pronoun(base.verb.finite_pref, persnum) .. &quot;[[&quot; .. form .. &quot;]]&quot;
		end)
	end
end


local function do_ending_stressed_inf(base)
	if rfind(base.verb.verb, &quot;rre$&quot;) then
		error(&quot;Use a backslash (\\) with -rre verbs&quot;)
	end
	-- Add acute accent to -ere, grave accent to -are/-ire.
	local accented = rsub(base.verb.verb, &quot;ere$&quot;, &quot;ére&quot;)
	accented = unfc(rsub(accented, &quot;([ai])re$&quot;, &quot;%1&quot; .. GR .. &quot;re&quot;))
	iut.insert_form(base.forms, &quot;inf&quot;, {form = accented})
end


local function do_root_stressed_inf(base, specs)
	local function generate_root_stressed_inf_forms(base, spec, form_to_do, from_defaulted_pres)
		if spec == &quot;-&quot; then
			error(&quot;Spec '-' not allowed as root-stressed infinitive spec&quot;)
		end
		if spec == &quot;+&quot; then
			if from_defaulted_pres then
				error(&quot;Can't use + for present tense with root-stressed infinitive, would trigger infinite loop&quot;)
			end
			local rre_vowel = rmatch(base.verb.verb, &quot;([aiu])rre$&quot;)
			if rre_vowel then
				-- do_root_stressed_inf is used for verbs in -ere and -rre. If the root-stressed vowel isn't explicitly
				-- given and the verb ends in -arre, -irre or -urre, derive it from the infinitive since there's only
				-- one possibility. If the verb ends in -erre or -orre, this won't work because we have both scérre
				-- (= [[scegliere]]) and disvèrre (= [[disvellere]]), as well as pórre and tòrre (= [[togliere]]).
				local before, v1, between, v2, after = analyze_stem_for_last_two_vowels(
					rsub(base.verb.verb, &quot;re$&quot;, &quot;&quot;), base.verb.verb, &quot;root-stressed infinitive&quot;)
				local vowel_spec = unfc(rre_vowel .. GR)
				if v1 == v2 then
					vowel_spec = vowel_spec .. &quot;+&quot;
				end
				spec = vowel_spec
			else
				-- Use the single-vowel spec(s) in the present tense principal part.
				local temp = {}
				process_specs(base, temp, &quot;temp&quot;, base.principal_part_specs.pres, function(form)
					return generate_root_stressed_inf_forms(base, form, form_to_do, &quot;from defaulted pres&quot;) end)
				if not temp.temp then
					error(&quot;Unable to generate infinitive from present tense&quot;)
				end
				return temp.temp
			end
		end
		local verb_stem, verb_suffix = rmatch(base.verb.verb, &quot;^(.-)([er]re)$&quot;)
		if not verb_stem then
			error(&quot;Verb '&quot; .. base.verb.verb .. &quot;' must end in -ere or -rre to use backslash (\\) notation&quot;)
		end
		if not is_single_vowel_spec(spec) then
			if from_defaulted_pres then
				error(&quot;When defaulting root-stressed infinitive vowel to present, present spec must be a single-vowel spec, but saw '&quot;
					.. spec .. &quot;'&quot;)
			else
				error(&quot;Explicit root-stressed infinitive spec '&quot; .. spec .. &quot;' should be a single-vowel spec&quot;)
			end
		end

		local expanded = apply_vowel_spec(verb_stem, base.verb.verb, &quot;root-stressed infinitive&quot;, spec)
		if form_to_do == &quot;stem&quot; then
			return expanded
		else
			return expanded .. verb_suffix
		end
	end

	process_specs(base, base.principal_part_forms, &quot;root_stressed_stem&quot;, specs, function(form)
		return generate_root_stressed_inf_forms(base, form, &quot;stem&quot;) end)
	process_specs(base, base.forms, &quot;inf&quot;, specs, function(form)
		return generate_root_stressed_inf_forms(base, form, &quot;inf&quot;) end)
end


local function add_infinitive(base, rowslot)
	-- When do_root_stressed_inf is called, this also sets base.principal_part_forms.root_stressed_stem, which is needed
	-- by add_present_indic(), so we have to do this before conjugating the present indicative.
	local function root()
		do_root_stressed_inf(base, base.principal_part_specs.root_stressed_inf)
	end
	local function ending()
		do_ending_stressed_inf(base)
	end
	if not base.principal_part_specs.root_stressed_inf then
		ending()
	elseif base.props.opt_root_stressed_inf == &quot;root-first&quot; then
		root()
		ending()
	elseif base.props.opt_root_stressed_inf == &quot;ending-first&quot; then
		ending()
		root()
	else
		root()
	end
end


local function add_infinitive_reflexive_clitics(base, rowslot)
	base.forms[rowslot] = iut.map_forms(base.forms[rowslot], function(form)
		local unaccented_form = remove_accents(form)
		form = rsub(form, &quot;r?re$&quot;, &quot;r&quot;)
		return &quot;[[&quot; .. unaccented_form .. &quot;|&quot; .. form .. &quot;]]&quot; .. substitute_reflexive_pronoun(base.verb.linked_suf, &quot;nf&quot;)
	end)
end


local function generate_pres_forms(base, form)
	local principal_part_desc = &quot;first-singular present indicative&quot;
	if form == &quot;+&quot; then
		check_not_null(base, base.verb.pres, form, principal_part_desc)
		return base.verb.pres
	elseif form == &quot;+isc&quot; then
		check_not_null(base, base.verb.isc_pres, form, principal_part_desc)
		return base.verb.isc_pres
	elseif is_single_vowel_spec(form) then
		check_not_null(base, base.verb.pres, form, principal_part_desc)
		return iut.map_forms(base.verb.pres, function(defform)
			defform = remove_accents(defform) -- in case we specified 'stem:...' with an accent
			local pres = rmatch(defform, &quot;^(.*)o$&quot;)
			if not pres then
				error(&quot;Internal error: Default present '&quot; .. defform .. &quot;' doesn't end in -o&quot;)
			end
			return apply_vowel_spec(pres, defform, &quot;default present&quot;, form) .. &quot;o&quot;
		end)
	elseif not rfind(form, &quot;[oò]$&quot;) then
		error(&quot;Present first-person singular form '&quot; .. form .. &quot;' should end in -o&quot;)
	else
		local unaccented_form = remove_accents(form)
		if not general_list_form_contains_form(base.verb.pres, unaccented_form, remove_accents)
			and (base.verb.isc_pres and not general_list_form_contains_form(base.verb.isc_pres, unaccented_form, remove_accents)) then
			base.rowprops.irreg.pres = true
			-- FIXME! Here we are encoding knowledge of the algorithm in add_present_indic() to determine how to
			-- propagate irregular present 1s to other forms. This duplicates the logic of that algorithm, and if that
			-- code ever changes, this code needs to change too. In practice, it doesn't currently matter so much
			-- because the values in `is_irreg` are currently used only by the code in [[Module:it-headword]] to
			-- determine whether to show irregular principal parts, and the present tense is always shown in any case.
			-- But in the future, the values in `is_irreg` could be used for other purposes.
			base.is_irreg.pres1s = true
			base.is_irreg.pres3p = true
			if not base.principal_part_forms.pres3s and not base.explicit_non_default_stem_spec
				and not base.principal_part_forms.root_stressed_stem then
				base.is_irreg.pres2s = true
				base.is_irreg.pres3s = true
			end
		end
		return form
	end
end


local function generate_pres3s_forms(base, form)
	local principal_part_desc = &quot;third-singular present indicative&quot;
	if form == &quot;+&quot; then
		check_not_null(base, base.verb.pres3s, form, principal_part_desc)
		return base.verb.pres3s
	elseif form == &quot;+isc&quot; then
		check_not_null(base, base.verb.isc_pres3s, form, principal_part_desc)
		return base.verb.isc_pres3s
	elseif is_single_vowel_spec(form) then
		check_not_null(base, base.verb.pres3s, form, principal_part_desc)
		return iut.map_forms(base.verb.pres3s, function(defform)
			defform = remove_accents(defform) -- in case we specified 'stem:...' with an accent
			local pres3s, final_vowel = rmatch(defform, &quot;^(.*)([ae])$&quot;)
			if not pres3s then
				error(&quot;Internal error: Default third-person singular present '&quot; .. defform .. &quot;' doesn't end in -a or -e&quot;)
			end
			return apply_vowel_spec(pres3s, defform, &quot;default third-person singular present&quot;, form) .. final_vowel
		end)
	elseif not rfind(form, &quot;[aàeè]&quot;) then
		error(&quot;Present third-person singular form '&quot; .. form .. &quot;' should end in -a or -e&quot;)
	else
		local unaccented_form = remove_accents(form)
		if not general_list_form_contains_form(base.verb.pres3s, unaccented_form, remove_accents)
			and (base.verb.isc_pres3s and not general_list_form_contains_form(base.verb.isc_pres3s, unaccented_form, remove_accents)) then
			base.rowprops.irreg.pres = true
			base.is_irreg.pres3s = true
			-- pres3s is copied to pres2s.
			base.is_irreg.pres2s = true
		end
		return form
	end
end


-- Generate the present indicative. See &quot;RULES FOR CONJUGATION&quot; near the top of the file for the detailed rules.
local function add_present_indic(base, rowslot)
	process_specs(base, base.principal_part_forms, &quot;pres&quot;, base.principal_part_specs.pres, function(form)
		return generate_pres_forms(base, form) end)
	if base.principal_part_specs.pres3s then
		process_specs(base, base.principal_part_forms, &quot;pres3s&quot;, base.principal_part_specs.pres3s, function(form)
			return generate_pres3s_forms(base, form) end)
	end

	-- If no present indicative principal parts (user specified 'pres:-'), don't generate any present indicative forms.
	-- Otherwise we will end up generating pres23s and pres12p forms based on the overall verb stem(s).
	if not base.principal_part_forms.pres and not base.principal_part_forms.pres3s then
		return
	end

	local function add(pers, stems, endings)
		add_forms(base, rowslot .. pers, stems, endings)
	end

	add(&quot;1s&quot;, base.principal_part_forms.pres, &quot;&quot;)
	local pres1s_stem = iut.map_forms(base.principal_part_forms.pres, function(form)
		if not form:find(&quot;o$&quot;) then
			error(&quot;presrow: must be given in order to generate the present indicative because explicit first-person &quot;
				.. &quot;singular present indicative '&quot; .. form .. &quot;' does not end in -o&quot;)
		end
		return rsub(form, &quot;o$&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
	end)
	add(&quot;3p&quot;, pres1s_stem, base.conj_vowel == &quot;à&quot; and &quot;ano&quot; or &quot;ono&quot;)
	local pres23s_stem
	if base.principal_part_forms.pres3s then
		pres23s_stem = iut.map_forms(base.principal_part_forms.pres3s, function(form)
			if not form:find(&quot;[ae]$&quot;) then
				error(&quot;presrow: must be given in order to generate the present indicative because explicit third-person &quot;
					.. &quot;singular present indicative '&quot; .. form .. &quot;' does not end in -a or -e&quot;)
			end
			return rsub(form, &quot;[ae]$&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
		end)
	else
		pres23s_stem = base.explicit_non_default_stem_spec and base.verb.stem
			or base.principal_part_forms.root_stressed_stem or pres1s_stem
	end
	add(&quot;2s&quot;, pres23s_stem, &quot;i&quot;)
	add(&quot;3s&quot;, pres23s_stem, base.conj_vowel == &quot;à&quot; and &quot;a&quot; or &quot;e&quot;)
	add(&quot;1p&quot;, base.verb.unstressed_stem, &quot;iàmo&quot;)
	add(&quot;2p&quot;, base.verb.unstressed_stem, base.conj_vowel .. &quot;te&quot;)
end


local function generate_default_present_subj_principal_part(base, do_err)
	return iut.flatmap_forms(base.forms.pres1s, function(form)
		if not form:find(&quot;o$&quot;) then
			if do_err then
				error(&quot;sub: or subrow: must be given in order to generate the singular present subjunctive &quot;
					.. &quot;because first-person singular present indicative '&quot; .. form .. &quot;' does not end in -o&quot;)
			else
				return {}
			end
		else
			-- Need to call combine_stem_ending() here to handle verbs in -care/-gare and -ciare/-giare.
			return {combine_stem_ending(base, &quot;sub123s&quot;, rsub(form, &quot;o$&quot;, &quot;&quot;), base.conj_vowel == &quot;à&quot; and &quot;i&quot; or &quot;a&quot;)}
		end
	end)
end


-- Generate the present subjunctive. See &quot;RULES FOR CONJUGATION&quot; near the top of the file for the detailed rules.
local function add_present_subj(base, rowslot)
	-- If no present subjunctive principal parts (user specified 'sub:-'), don't generate any present subjunctive forms.
	-- Otherwise we will end up generating sub12p forms based on the present indicative.
	if not base.principal_part_forms.sub then
		return
	end

	local function add(pers, stems, endings)
		add_forms(base, rowslot .. pers, stems, endings)
	end
	local function ins(pers, forms)
		insert_forms(base, rowslot .. pers, forms)
	end

	-- Generate the 123s and 3p forms.
	add(&quot;123s&quot;, base.principal_part_forms.sub, &quot;&quot;)
	add(&quot;3p&quot;, base.principal_part_forms.sub, &quot;no&quot;)
	-- Copy present indicative 1p to present subjunctive.
	copy_forms(base, rowslot .. &quot;1p&quot;, base.forms.pres1p)
	-- Generate present subjunctive 2p from present indicative 1p by replacing -mo with -te.
	ins(&quot;2p&quot;, iut.map_forms(base.forms.pres1p, function(form)
		if not form:find(&quot;mo$&quot;) then
			error(&quot;subrow: must be given in order to generate the second-person plural present subjunctive &quot;
				.. &quot;because first-person plural present indicative '&quot; .. form .. &quot;' does not end in -mo&quot;)
		end
		return rsub(form, &quot;mo$&quot;, &quot;te&quot;)
	end))
end


local function generate_default_imperative_principal_part(base, do_err)
	if base.conj_vowel == &quot;à&quot; then
		-- Copy present indicative 3s to imperative 2s.
		return base.forms.pres3s
	else
		-- Copy present indicative 2s to imperative 2s.
		return base.forms.pres2s
	end
end


-- Generate the imperative. See &quot;RULES FOR CONJUGATION&quot; near the top of the file for the detailed rules.
local function add_imperative(base, rowslot)
	if not base.principal_part_forms.imp then
		-- If imp:- given, suppress the whole imperative.
		return
	end

	local function copy(pers, forms)
		copy_forms(base, rowslot .. pers, forms)
	end

	-- Copy first imperative form (user specified or taken from present indicative 3s for conj vowel à, or from
	-- present indicative 2s for other conj vowels) to imperative 2s.
	copy(&quot;2s&quot;, base.principal_part_forms.imp)
	-- Copy present indicative 2p to imperative 2p.
	copy(&quot;2p&quot;, base.forms.pres2p)
	-- Copy present subjunctive 3s, 1p, 3p to imperative.
	copy(&quot;3s&quot;, base.forms.sub3s)
	copy(&quot;1p&quot;, base.forms.sub1p)
	copy(&quot;3p&quot;, base.forms.sub3p)
end


local function get_unlinked_clitic_suffix(base, persnum)
	return m_links.remove_links(substitute_reflexive_pronoun(base.verb.linked_suf, persnum))
end


local function add_imperative_reflexive_clitics(base, rowslot)
	local s2suf = get_unlinked_clitic_suffix(base, &quot;2s&quot;)
	local saw_form_with_apostrophe = false

	-- Check if there is a 2s imperative ending in an apostrophe, e.g. dà', fà'. If so, there is probably also an
	-- imperative in -ài, but we don't want to generate a reflexive imperative from it (#dàiti). Otherwise, we want to
	-- generative a reflexive imperative as normal (e.g. ''distràiti'' from [[distrarsi]]).
	local imp2s_forms = base.forms[rowslot .. &quot;2s&quot;]
	if imp2s_forms then
		for _, form in ipairs(imp2s_forms) do
			if rfind(form.form, &quot;'$&quot;) then
				saw_form_with_apostrophe = true
				break
			end
		end
	end

	base.forms[rowslot .. &quot;2s&quot;] = iut.flatmap_forms(imp2s_forms, function(form)
		form = rsub(form, &quot;'$&quot;, &quot;&quot;) -- dà', fà', etc.
		if rfind(form, AV .. &quot;$&quot;) then -- final stressed vowel; implement syntactic gemination
			if rfind(s2suf, &quot;^gli&quot;) then
				return {add_suffix_to_form(form, s2suf)}
			else
				return {add_suffix_to_form(form, usub(s2suf, 1, 1) .. s2suf)}
			end
		elseif rfind(form, &quot;ài$&quot;) and saw_form_with_apostrophe then
			-- Skip this imperative; see above.
			return {}
		else
			return {add_suffix_to_form(form, s2suf)}
		end
	end)
	-- For the following, we shouldn't need to use add_suffix_to_form(), which handles PRESERVE_ACCENT, because
	-- PRESERVE_ACCENT occurs only with monosyllabic forms, and the 1p/2p forms are never monosyllabic.
	for _, persnum in ipairs({&quot;1p&quot;, &quot;2p&quot;}) do
		local suf = get_unlinked_clitic_suffix(base, persnum)
		base.forms[rowslot .. persnum] = iut.map_forms(base.forms[rowslot .. persnum], function(form)
			return form .. suf
		end)
	end
	for _, persnum in ipairs({&quot;3s&quot;, &quot;3p&quot;}) do
		base.forms[rowslot .. persnum] = iut.map_forms(base.forms[rowslot .. persnum], function(form)
			return substitute_reflexive_pronoun(base.verb.finite_pref, persnum) .. &quot;[[&quot; .. form .. &quot;]]&quot;
		end)
	end
end


local function add_negative_imperative(base)
	if not base.principal_part_forms.imp then
		-- If imp:- given, suppress the whole imperative.
		return
	end
	for _, persnum in ipairs({&quot;2s&quot;, &quot;3s&quot;, &quot;1p&quot;, &quot;2p&quot;, &quot;3p&quot;}) do
		local from = persnum == &quot;2s&quot; and &quot;inf&quot; or &quot;imp&quot; .. persnum
		insert_forms(base, &quot;negimp&quot; .. persnum, iut.map_forms(base.forms[from], function(form)
			return &quot;[[non]] [[&quot; .. form .. &quot;]]&quot;
		end))
	end
end


local function add_negative_imperative_reflexive_clitics(base, rowslot)
	for _, persnum in ipairs({&quot;2s&quot;, &quot;1p&quot;, &quot;2p&quot;}) do
		local suf = get_unlinked_clitic_suffix(base, persnum)
		local pref = substitute_reflexive_pronoun(base.verb.finite_pref, persnum)
		base.forms[rowslot .. persnum] = iut.flatmap_forms(base.forms[rowslot .. persnum], function(form)
			local truncated = persnum == &quot;2s&quot; and rsub(form, &quot;r?re%]%]$&quot;, &quot;r&quot;) or rsub(form, &quot;%]%]$&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
			local sufform = truncated .. suf .. &quot;]]&quot;
			local prefform = rsub(form, &quot;^(%[%[non%]%]) (.*)$&quot;, &quot;%1 &quot; .. pref .. &quot; %2&quot;)
			return {sufform, prefform}
		end)
	end
	for _, persnum in ipairs({&quot;3s&quot;, &quot;3p&quot;}) do
		local pref = substitute_reflexive_pronoun(base.verb.finite_pref, persnum)
		base.forms[rowslot .. persnum] = iut.map_forms(base.forms[rowslot .. persnum], function(form)
			return rsub(form, &quot;^(%[%[non%]%]) (.*)$&quot;, &quot;%1 &quot; .. pref .. &quot; %2&quot;)
		end)
	end
end


local function generate_default_past_historic_principal_part(base, do_err)
	if do_err then
		check_not_null(base, base.verb.phis, &quot;+&quot;, &quot;first-singular past historic&quot;)
	end
	return base.verb.phis
end


local function add_past_historic(base, rowslot)
	if not base.principal_part_forms.phis then
		-- specified as &quot;-&quot;
		return
	end
	for _, form in ipairs(base.principal_part_forms.phis) do
		local function add_phis(pref, s1, s2, s3, p1, p2, p3)
			local newform = form.footnotes and iut.convert_to_general_list_form(pref, form.footnotes) or pref
			local function add(pers, endings)
				add_forms(base, rowslot .. pers, newform, endings)
			end
			add(&quot;1s&quot;, s1)
			add(&quot;2s&quot;, s2)
			add(&quot;3s&quot;, s3)
			add(&quot;1p&quot;, p1)
			add(&quot;2p&quot;, p2)
			add(&quot;3p&quot;, p3)
		end
		while true do
			if form.form == &quot;?&quot; then
				add_phis(&quot;?&quot;, &quot;?&quot;, &quot;?&quot;, &quot;?&quot;, &quot;?&quot;, &quot;?&quot;, &quot;?&quot;)
				break
			end
			local pref = rmatch(form.form, &quot;^(.*)ài$&quot;)
			if pref then
				add_phis(pref, &quot;ài&quot;, &quot;àsti&quot;, &quot;ò&quot;, &quot;àmmo&quot;, &quot;àste&quot;, &quot;àrono&quot;)
				break
			end
			pref = rmatch(form.form, &quot;^(.*)éi$&quot;)
			if pref then
				add_phis(pref, &quot;éi&quot;, &quot;ésti&quot;, &quot;é&quot;, &quot;émmo&quot;, &quot;éste&quot;, &quot;érono&quot;)
				break
			end
			pref = rmatch(form.form, &quot;^(.*)[èé]tti$&quot;)
			if pref then
				add_phis(pref, {{form = &quot;étti&quot;}, {form = &quot;ètti&quot;, footnotes = {&quot;[traditional]&quot;}}},
					&quot;ésti&quot;, {{form = &quot;étte&quot;}, {form = &quot;ètte&quot;, footnotes = {&quot;[traditional]&quot;}}},
					&quot;émmo&quot;, &quot;éste&quot;, {{form = &quot;éttero&quot;}, {form = &quot;èttero&quot;, footnotes = {&quot;[traditional]&quot;}}})
				break
			end
			pref = rmatch(form.form, &quot;^(.*)ìi$&quot;)
			if pref then
				add_phis(pref, &quot;ìi&quot;, &quot;ìsti&quot;, &quot;ì&quot;, &quot;ìmmo&quot;, &quot;ìste&quot;, &quot;ìrono&quot;)
				break
			end
			pref = rmatch(form.form, &quot;^(.*)i$&quot;)
			if pref then
				add_phis(pref, &quot;i&quot;, {}, &quot;e&quot;, {}, {}, &quot;ero&quot;)
				if base.verb.phisstem then
					add_phis(base.verb.phisstem, {}, &quot;sti&quot;, {}, &quot;mmo&quot;, &quot;ste&quot;, {})
				else
					add_phis(base.verb.unstressed_stem, {}, base.conj_vowel .. &quot;sti&quot;, {}, base.conj_vowel .. &quot;mmo&quot;,
						base.conj_vowel .. &quot;ste&quot;, {})
				end
				break
			end
			error(&quot;phisrow: must be given in order to generate the past historic because explicit first-person &quot;
				.. &quot;singular past historic '&quot; .. form.form .. &quot;' does not end in -i&quot;)
		end
	end
end


local function generate_default_future_principal_part(base, do_err)
	-- For -are verbs, we may need to make some adjustments to form the future principal part.
	local function are_stem_to_future_principal_part(stem)
		local function comb(ending)
			return combine_stem_ending(base, &quot;fut1s&quot;, stem, ending)
		end
		if stem:find(&quot;[cg]$&quot;) then
			return {comb(&quot;herò&quot;)}
		elseif stem:find(&quot;[cg]i$&quot;) then
			if not base.forms.pres1s or base.forms.pres1s[1].form == &quot;?&quot; then -- missing or unknown pres1s; future still can be generated
				return {rsub(stem, &quot;i$&quot;, &quot;erò&quot;)}
			else
				-- Verbs in -ciare/-giare with the accent on the final -ì in the present singular take future in
				-- -cier-/-gier- not -cer-/-ger-. Compare [[sciare]] &quot;to ski&quot;, pres1s ''scìo'', fut1s ''scierò'' vs.
				-- [[lasciare]] &quot;to let&quot;, pres1s ''làscio'', fut1s ''lascerò''. The only way to make this distinction
				-- is to check the present singular, e.g. pres1s.
				return iut.map_forms(base.forms.pres1s, function(form)
					if rfind(form, &quot;ìo$&quot;) then
						return comb(&quot;erò&quot;)
					else
						return rsub(stem, &quot;i$&quot;, &quot;erò&quot;)
					end
				end)
			end
		else
			return {comb(&quot;erò&quot;)}
		end
	end

	if base.explicit_non_default_unstressed_stem_spec then
		-- If user gave 'unstressed_stem:', use it here.
		if base.conj_vowel == &quot;à&quot; then
			return iut.flatmap_forms(base.verb.unstressed_stem, are_stem_to_future_principal_part)
		else
			return iut.map_forms(base.verb.unstressed_stem, function(form)
				return form .. base.verb.default_ending_vowel .. &quot;rò&quot;
			end)
		end
	elseif base.conj_vowel == &quot;à&quot; then
		return are_stem_to_future_principal_part(rsub(base.verb.verb, &quot;are$&quot;, &quot;&quot;))
	else
		return rsub(base.verb.verb, &quot;e$&quot;, &quot;ò&quot;)
	end
end


local function generate_default_conditional_principal_part(base, do_err)
	-- If fut:- is given, base.principal_part_forms.fut will be nil, and the following will correctly return nil,
	-- so that there's no conditional.
	return iut.map_forms(base.principal_part_forms.fut, function(form)
		local pref = rmatch(form, &quot;^(.*)ò$&quot;)
		if not pref then
			-- This should have been caught earlier (when processing the future) and generated an error.
			error((&quot;Internal error: When generating conditional, saw principal part for future '%s' that does not end in -ò&quot;)
				:format(form))
		end
		return combine_stem_ending(base, &quot;cond1s&quot;, pref, &quot;èi&quot;)
	end)
end


local function generate_default_past_participle_principal_part(base, do_err)
	if do_err then
		check_not_null(base, base.verb.pp, &quot;+&quot;, &quot;first-singular past historic&quot;)
	end
	return base.verb.pp
end


local function generate_default_gerund_principal_part(base, do_err)
	return iut.map_forms(base.verb.unstressed_stem, function(stem)
		-- Need to call combine_stem_ending() to handle cases like [[boglire]], where 'bógl' + 'èndo' becomes 'boglièndo'.
		return combine_stem_ending(base, &quot;ger&quot;, stem, (base.conj_vowel == &quot;à&quot; and &quot;àndo&quot; or &quot;èndo&quot;))
	end)
end


local function add_gerund_participle_reflexive_clitics(base, rowslot)
	base.forms[rowslot] = iut.map_forms(base.forms[rowslot], function(form)
		return form .. get_unlinked_clitic_suffix(base, &quot;nf&quot;)
	end)
end


local function generate_default_present_participle_principal_part(base, do_err)
	return iut.map_forms(base.verb.unstressed_stem, function(stem)
		-- Need to call combine_stem_ending() to handle cases like [[boglire]], where 'bógl' + 'ènte' becomes 'bogliènte'.
		return combine_stem_ending(base, &quot;presp&quot;, stem, (base.conj_vowel == &quot;à&quot; and &quot;ànte&quot; or &quot;ènte&quot;))
	end)
end


--[=[
Data on how to conjugate individual rows (i.e. tense/aspect combinations, such as present indicative or
conditional).

The order listed here matters. It determines the order of generating row forms. The order must have
'inf' &lt; 'pres' &lt; 'sub' &lt; 'imp' &lt; 'negimp' because the present indicative uses the root_stressed_stem generated
by add_infinitive; the present subjunctive uses generated forms from the present indicative; the imperative uses
forms from the present subjunctive and present indicative; and the negative imperative uses forms from the infinitive
and the imperative. Similarly we must have 'fut' &lt; 'cond' because the conditional uses the future principal part.

The following specs are allowed:

-- `desc` must be present and is an all-lowercase English description of the row. It is used in error messages and in
   generating categories of the form 'Italian verbs with irregular ROW' and 'Italian verbs with missing ROW'.
-- `tag_suffix` must be present is a string containing the {{inflection of}} tags that are appended onto the
   person/number tags to form the accelerator spec. For example, the spec &quot;pres|sub&quot; means that the accelerator spec
   for the third singular present subjunctive will be &quot;3|s|pres|sub&quot;. This accelerator spec is passed to
   [[Module:inflection utilities]], which in turn passes it to [[Module:links]] when generating the link(s) for the
   corresponding verb form(s). The spec ultimately gets processed by [[Module:accel]] to generate the definition line
   for nonexistent verb forms. (FIXME: Accelerator support is currently disabled for forms with non-final accents.
   We need to change the code in [[Module:inflection utilities]] so it sets the correct target not containing the
   non-final accent.)
-- `persnums` must be present and specifies the possible person/number suffixes to add onto the row-level slot
   (e.g. &quot;phis&quot; for the past historic) to form the individual person/number-specific slot (e.g. &quot;phis2s&quot; for the
   second-person singular past historic).
-- `row_override_persnums`, if present, specifies the person/number suffixes that are specified by a row override.
   If omitted, `persnums` is used.
-- `row_override_persnums_to_full_persnums`, if present, specifies a mapping from the person/number suffixes
   specified by a row override to the person/number/suffixes used for conjugating the row. This is used, for example,
   with the subjunctive and imperfect subjunctive, where the first element of the row override specifies
   (respectively) the 123s and 12s forms, which need to be copied (respectively) to the 1s/2s/3s and 1s/3s forms.
   If omitted, no such copying happens. It's still possible for the row override persnums to disagree with the
   overall persnums. This happens, for example, with the imperative, where the 'improw:' row override spec specifies
   only the 2s and 2p forms; the remaining forms (3s, 1p, 3p) are generated during conjugation by copying from other
   forms, and can't be overridden using a row override. (They can still be overridden using a single override such
   as 'imp3s:...' or a late single override such as 'imp3s!:...'.
-- `generate_default_principal_part`, if present, should be a function of two arguments, `base` and `do_err`, and
   should return the principal part(s) for the row. The return value can be anything that is convertible to the
   &quot;general list form&quot; of a slot's forms, i.e. it can return a string, an object
   {form = FORM, footnotes = {FOOTNOTE, FOOTNOTE, ...}}, or a list of either. It must be present if `conjugate` is
   a table, but may be missing if `conjugate` is a function, in which case the function needs to generate the
   principal part itself or otherwise handle things differently. For example, the present indicative does not
   specify a value for `generate_default_principal_part` because there are actually two principal parts for the
   present tense (first and third singular), which are processed at the beginning of the present indicative
   `conjugate` function. Similarly, the infinitive does not specify a value for `generate_default_principal_part`
   because there is no principal part to speak of; the infinitive is generated directly from the lemma in combination
   with the slash or backslash that follows the auxiliary and (in the case of a root-stressed infinitive) the
   single-vowel spec following the backslash. If `do_err` is given to this function, the function may throw an error
   if it can't generate the principal part; otherwise it should return nil.
-- `conjugate` is either a function to conjugate the row (of two arguments, `base` and `rowslot`), or a table
   containing the endings to add onto the principal part to conjugate the row. In the latter case, there should be
   the same number of elements in the table as there are elements in `row_override_persnums` (if given) or
   `persnums` (otherwise).
-- `no_explicit_principal_part` (DOCUMENT ME)
-- `no_row_overrides` (DOCUMENT ME)
-- `no_single_overrides` (DOCUMENT ME)
-- `add_reflexive_clitics` (DOCUMENT ME)
-- `dont_check_defective_status` (DOCUMENT ME)
]=]
local row_conjugations = {
	{&quot;inf&quot;, {
		desc = &quot;infinitive&quot;,
		tag_suffix = &quot;inf&quot;,
		persnums = {&quot;&quot;},
		-- No generate_default_principal_part; handled specially in add_infinitive.
		conjugate = add_infinitive,
		no_explicit_principal_part = true, -- because handled specially using / or \ notation
		no_row_overrides = true, -- useless because there's only one form; use / or \ notation
		no_single_overrides = true, --useless because there's only one form; use / or \ notation
		add_reflexive_clitics = add_infinitive_reflexive_clitics,
	}},
	{&quot;pres&quot;, {
		desc = &quot;present indicative&quot;,
		tag_suffix = &quot;pres|ind&quot;,
		persnums = full_person_number_list,
		-- No generate_default_principal_part; handled specially in add_present_indic because we actually have
		-- two principal parts for the present indicative (&quot;pres&quot; and &quot;pres3s&quot;).
		conjugate = add_present_indic,
		-- No setting for no_explicit_principal_part here because it would never be checked; we special-case 'pres:'
		-- overrides before checking no_explicit_principal_part. The reason for special-casing is because there are two
		-- principal parts involved, &quot;pres&quot; and &quot;pres3s&quot;, and we allow both to be specified using the syntax
		-- 'pres:PRES^PRES3S'.
		add_reflexive_clitics = add_finite_reflexive_clitics,
	}},
	{&quot;sub&quot;, {
		desc = &quot;present subjunctive&quot;,
		tag_suffix = &quot;pres|sub&quot;,
		persnums = full_person_number_list,
		row_override_persnums = {&quot;123s&quot;, &quot;1p&quot;, &quot;2p&quot;, &quot;3p&quot;},
		row_override_persnums_to_full_persnums = {[&quot;123s&quot;] = {&quot;1s&quot;, &quot;2s&quot;, &quot;3s&quot;}},
		generate_default_principal_part = generate_default_present_subj_principal_part,
		conjugate = add_present_subj,
		add_reflexive_clitics = add_finite_reflexive_clitics,
	}},
	{&quot;imp&quot;, {
		desc = &quot;imperative&quot;,
		tag_suffix = &quot;imp&quot;,
		persnums = imp_person_number_list,
		row_override_persnums = {&quot;2s&quot;, &quot;2p&quot;},
		generate_default_principal_part = generate_default_imperative_principal_part,
		conjugate = add_imperative,
		add_reflexive_clitics = add_imperative_reflexive_clitics,
	}},
	{&quot;negimp&quot;, {
		desc = &quot;negative imperative&quot;,
		tag_suffix = &quot;-&quot;,
		persnums = imp_person_number_list,
		-- No generate_default_principal_part because all parts are copied from other parts.
		conjugate = add_negative_imperative,
		add_reflexive_clitics = add_negative_imperative_reflexive_clitics,
		no_explicit_principal_part = true, -- because all parts are copied from other parts
		no_row_overrides = true, -- not useful; use single overrides if really needed
		-- We don't want a category [[:Category:Italian verbs with missing negative imperative]]; doesn't make
		-- sense as all parts are copied from elsewhere.
		dont_check_defective_status = true,
	}},
	{&quot;phis&quot;, {
		desc = &quot;past historic&quot;,
		tag_suffix = &quot;phis&quot;,
		persnums = full_person_number_list,
		generate_default_principal_part = generate_default_past_historic_principal_part,
		conjugate = add_past_historic,
		add_reflexive_clitics = add_finite_reflexive_clitics,
		-- Set to &quot;builtin&quot; because normally handled specially in PRES^PRES3S,PHIS,PP spec, but when a built-in verb
		-- is involved, we want a way of overriding the past historic (using 'phis:').
		no_explicit_principal_part = &quot;builtin&quot;,
	}},
	{&quot;imperf&quot;, {
		desc = &quot;imperfect indicative&quot;,
		tag_suffix = &quot;impf|ind&quot;,
		persnums = full_person_number_list,
		generate_default_principal_part = function(base) return iut.map_forms(base.verb.unstressed_stem,
			function(stem) return combine_stem_ending(base, &quot;imperf1s&quot;, stem, base.conj_vowel .. &quot;vo&quot;) end) end,
		conjugate = {&quot;o&quot;, &quot;i&quot;, &quot;a&quot;, &quot;àmo&quot;, &quot;àte&quot;, &quot;ano&quot;},
		add_reflexive_clitics = add_finite_reflexive_clitics,
	}},
	{&quot;impsub&quot;, {
		desc = &quot;imperfect subjunctive&quot;,
		tag_suffix = &quot;impf|sub&quot;,
		persnums = full_person_number_list,
		row_override_persnums = {&quot;12s&quot;, &quot;3s&quot;, &quot;1p&quot;, &quot;2p&quot;, &quot;3p&quot;},
		row_override_persnums_to_full_persnums = {[&quot;12s&quot;] = {&quot;1s&quot;, &quot;2s&quot;}},
		generate_default_principal_part = function(base) return iut.map_forms(base.verb.unstressed_stem,
			function(stem) return combine_stem_ending(base, &quot;impsub12s&quot;, stem, base.conj_vowel .. &quot;ssi&quot;) end) end,
		conjugate = {&quot;ssi&quot;, &quot;sse&quot;, &quot;ssimo&quot;, &quot;ste&quot;, &quot;ssero&quot;},
		add_reflexive_clitics = add_finite_reflexive_clitics,
	}},
	{&quot;fut&quot;, {
		desc = &quot;future&quot;,
		tag_suffix = &quot;fut&quot;,
		persnums = full_person_number_list,
		generate_default_principal_part = generate_default_future_principal_part,
		conjugate = {&quot;ò&quot;, &quot;ài&quot;, &quot;à&quot;, &quot;émo&quot;, &quot;éte&quot;, &quot;ànno&quot;},
		add_reflexive_clitics = add_finite_reflexive_clitics,
	}},
	{&quot;cond&quot;, {
		desc = &quot;conditional&quot;,
		tag_suffix = &quot;cond&quot;,
		persnums = full_person_number_list,
		generate_default_principal_part = generate_default_conditional_principal_part,
		conjugate = {&quot;èi&quot;, &quot;ésti&quot;, {&quot;èbbe&quot;, &quot;ébbe&quot;}, &quot;émmo&quot;, &quot;éste&quot;, {&quot;èbbero&quot;, &quot;ébbero&quot;}},
		add_reflexive_clitics = add_finite_reflexive_clitics,
	}},
	{&quot;pp&quot;, {
		desc = &quot;past participle&quot;,
		tag_suffix = &quot;past|part&quot;,
		persnums = {&quot;&quot;},
		generate_default_principal_part = generate_default_past_participle_principal_part,
		conjugate = {&quot;&quot;},
		add_reflexive_clitics = add_gerund_participle_reflexive_clitics,
		-- Set to &quot;builtin&quot; because normally handled specially in PRES^PRES3S,PHIS,PP spec, but when a built-in verb
		-- is involved, we want a way of overriding the past participle (using 'pp:').
		no_explicit_principal_part = &quot;builtin&quot;,
		no_row_overrides = true, -- useless because there's only one form; use the PRES^PRES3S,PHIS,PP or pp: spec
		no_single_overrides = true, --useless because there's only one form; use the PRES^PRES3S,PHIS,PP or pp: spec
	}},
	{&quot;ger&quot;, {
		desc = &quot;gerund&quot;,
		tag_suffix = &quot;ger&quot;,
		persnums = {&quot;&quot;},
		generate_default_principal_part = generate_default_gerund_principal_part,
		conjugate = {&quot;&quot;},
		add_reflexive_clitics = add_gerund_participle_reflexive_clitics,
		no_row_overrides = true, -- useless because there's only one form; use explicit principal part
		no_single_overrides = true, -- useless because there's only one form; use explicit principal part
	}},
	{&quot;presp&quot;, {
		desc = &quot;present participle&quot;,
		tag_suffix = &quot;pres|part&quot;,
		persnums = {&quot;&quot;},
		generate_default_principal_part = generate_default_present_participle_principal_part,
		conjugate = {&quot;&quot;},
		add_reflexive_clitics = add_gerund_participle_reflexive_clitics,
		no_row_overrides = true, -- useless because there's only one form; use explicit principal part
		no_single_overrides = true, -- useless because there's only one form; use explicit principal part
		-- Disable this; seems most verbs do have present participles
		-- not_defaulted = true, -- not defaulted, user has to request it explicitly
		dont_check_defective_status = true, -- this is frequently missing and doesn't indicate a defective verb
	}},
}

local row_conjugation_map = {}

for _, rowconj in ipairs(row_conjugations) do
	local rowslot, rowspec = unpack(rowconj)
	row_conjugation_map[rowslot] = rowspec
end


local overridable_slot_set = {}
local late_overridable_slot_set = {}

-- Populate all_verb_slots and overridable_slot_set.
for _, rowconj in ipairs(row_conjugations) do
	local rowslot, rowspec = unpack(rowconj)
	for _, persnum in ipairs(rowspec.persnums) do
		local persnum_tag = person_number_tag_prefix[persnum]
		local slot = rowslot .. persnum
		if rowspec.tag_suffix == &quot;-&quot; then
			table.insert(all_verb_slots, {slot, &quot;-&quot;})
		else
			table.insert(all_verb_slots, {slot, persnum_tag .. rowspec.tag_suffix})
		end
		if not rowspec.no_single_overrides then
			overridable_slot_set[slot] = true
		end
		-- For now, we allow all slots to be late-overridable. Maybe we will rethink this later.
		late_overridable_slot_set[slot] = true
	end
end

local function handle_row_overrides_for_row(base, rowslot)
	if base.row_override_specs[rowslot] then
		for persnum, specs in pairs(base.row_override_specs[rowslot]) do
			local slot = rowslot .. persnum
			local existing_generated_form = base.forms[slot]
			local function generate_row_override_forms(form)
				if form == &quot;+&quot; then
					if not existing_generated_form then
						error((&quot;Default form '+' requested in row override '%srow:' for slot %s but no default-generated form available; &quot;
							.. &quot;typically this means the principal part was given as '-'&quot;)
							:format(rowslot, slot))
					end
					return existing_generated_form
				end
				-- Check whether the row override form is the same as the default; if not, it's an irregularity.
				if not general_list_form_contains_form(existing_generated_form, form) then
					-- Note that the row has an irregularity in it.
					base.rowprops.irreg[rowslot] = true
					-- Now note that the individual form is irregular. If the row override is for a combined form like
					-- 123s, we have to map that to the individual forms (1s, 2s, 3s).
					local rowspec = row_conjugation_map[rowslot]
					if not rowspec then
						error(&quot;Internal error: No row conjugation spec for &quot; .. rowslot)
					end
					local row_override_persnums_map = rowspec.row_override_persnums_to_full_persnums
					if row_override_persnums_map and row_override_persnums_map[persnum] then
						-- Propagate individual irregularities to actual person/number forms, as for the present and
						-- imperfect subjunctive.
						for _, full_persnum in ipairs(row_override_persnums_map[persnum]) do
							base.is_irreg[rowslot .. full_persnum] = true
						end
					else
						base.is_irreg[rowslot .. persnum] = true
					end
				end
				return form
			end
			base.forms[slot] = nil -- erase existing form before generating override
			process_specs(base, base.forms, slot, specs, generate_row_override_forms)
		end
	end
end


local function handle_single_overrides_for_row(base, override_spec, rowslot)
	local rowspec = row_conjugation_map[rowslot]
	if not rowspec then
		error(&quot;Internal error: No row conjugation spec for &quot; .. rowslot)
	end

	-- FIXME: We may need to rethink the handling of irregularity markers. If the user e.g. sets an irregular
	-- override using 'pres1p:' and then sets it back to regular using 'pres1p!:', it ends up irregular.
	for _, persnum in ipairs(rowspec.persnums) do
		local slot = rowslot .. persnum
		if base[override_spec][slot] then
			local existing_generated_form = base.forms[slot]
			local function generate_override_forms(form)
				if form == &quot;+&quot; then
					if not existing_generated_form then
						error((&quot;Default form '+' requested in override for slot %s but no default-generated form available; &quot;
							.. &quot;typically this means the principal part was given as '-'&quot;)
							:format(rowslot, slot))
					end
					return existing_generated_form
				end
				-- Check whether the single override form is the same as the default; if not, it's an irregularity.
				if not general_list_form_contains_form(existing_generated_form, form) then
					base.rowprops.irreg[rowslot] = true
					base.is_irreg[slot] = true
				end
				return form
			end
			base.forms[slot] = nil -- erase existing form before generating override
			process_specs(base, base.forms, slot, base[override_spec][slot], generate_override_forms)
		end
	end
end


local function conjugate_row(base, rowslot)
	local rowspec = row_conjugation_map[rowslot]
	if not rowspec then
		error(&quot;Internal error: Unrecognized row slot '&quot; .. rowslot .. &quot;'&quot;)
	end

	-- Generate the principal part for this row now if it has an entry for `generate_default_principal_part`.
	if rowspec.generate_default_principal_part then
		local function generate_principal_part_forms(form)
			-- If form == &quot;+&quot;, either the user did not specify a principal part override (like 'sub:') or gave the value as '+'.
			-- In this circumstance, and provided the user did not specify a row override (like 'subrow:'), we need the default
			-- principal part in order to conjugate the row, so throw an error if we can't generate it. (If the user gave a row
			-- override, we may still need the default principal part if the row override contains '+', so we could check for
			-- this and set 'do_err', but it seems simpler to rely on the check in `handle_row_overrides_for_row` that makes
			-- sure that a default form is available when the user specifies '+' in a row override.)
			local do_err = form == &quot;+&quot; and not base.row_override_specs[rowslot]
			local default_principal_part = rowspec.generate_default_principal_part(base, do_err)
			if default_principal_part then
				-- There may be no default; e.g. if fut:- is given, the default conditional principal part is nil.
				-- process_specs() calls convert_to_general_list_form() on the output in any case and we need it in this form
				-- in order to call general_list_form_contains_form(), so we may as well convert it now.
				default_principal_part = iut.convert_to_general_list_form(default_principal_part)
			end
			if form == &quot;+&quot; then
				return default_principal_part
			end
			-- Check whether the principal part is the same as the default; if not, the entire row is irregular.
			if not general_list_form_contains_form(default_principal_part, form) then
				base.rowprops.irreg[rowslot] = true
				for _, persnum in ipairs(rowspec.persnums) do
					base.is_irreg[rowslot .. persnum] = true
				end
			end
			return form
		end

		local principal_part_specs = base.principal_part_specs[rowslot] or rowspec.not_defaulted and {{form = &quot;-&quot;}}
			or {{form = &quot;+&quot;}}
		process_specs(base, base.principal_part_forms, rowslot, principal_part_specs, generate_principal_part_forms)
	end

	if type(rowspec.conjugate) == &quot;table&quot; then
		local persnums = rowspec.row_override_persnums or rowspec.persnums
		if #rowspec.conjugate ~= #persnums then
			error(&quot;Internal error: Expected &quot; .. #persnums .. &quot; elements for row slot '&quot; .. rowslot
				.. &quot;, but saw &quot; .. #rowspec.conjugate)
		end
		local stem = iut.map_forms(base.principal_part_forms[rowslot], function(form)
			local principal_part_ending = rowspec.conjugate[1]
			if type(principal_part_ending) ~= &quot;string&quot; then
				error((&quot;Internal error: First element of the `.conjugate` table of the rowspec for row '%s' is not &quot;
					.. &quot;a single string; if this is needed, either use a conjugate function instead of a table, &quot;
					.. &quot;generalize the code following this error message, or introduce an additional rowspec element &quot;
					.. &quot;`principal_part_ending` containing a single string&quot;):format(rowslot))
			end
			if not rfind(form, principal_part_ending .. &quot;$&quot;) then
				-- Generate the principal part description from the first person/number of the row (which should
				-- always be the principal part) + the overall row description.
				local principal_part_desc = principal_part_person_number_desc[persnums[1]] .. rowspec.desc
				error(rowslot .. &quot;row: must be given in order to generate the &quot; .. rowspec.desc .. &quot; because&quot;
					.. &quot;explicit &quot; .. principal_part_desc .. &quot; '&quot; .. form .. &quot;' does not end in -&quot;
					.. principal_part_ending)
			end
			return rsub(form, principal_part_ending .. &quot;$&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
		end)
		for i, persnum in ipairs(persnums) do
			add_forms(base, rowslot .. persnum, stem, rowspec.conjugate[i])
		end
	else
		rowspec.conjugate(base, rowslot)
	end

	-- Now add any footnotes derived from principal part overrides of the form '+[footnote]' used in conjunction with
	-- built-in verbs.
	if base.principal_part_footnotes[rowslot] then
		for _, persnum in ipairs(rowspec.persnums) do
			local full_slot = rowslot .. persnum
			if base.forms[full_slot] then
				-- To save on memory, side-effect the existing forms.
				for _, formobj in ipairs(base.forms[full_slot]) do
					formobj.footnotes = iut.combine_footnotes(formobj.footnotes, base.principal_part_footnotes[rowslot])
				end
			end
		end
	end

	handle_row_overrides_for_row(base, rowslot)

	-- If there's a mapping from row override persnums to full persnums, copy the slots accordingly.
	if rowspec.row_override_persnums_to_full_persnums then
		for row_override_persnum, full_persnums in pairs(rowspec.row_override_persnums_to_full_persnums) do
			for _, full_persnum in ipairs(full_persnums) do
				copy_forms(base, rowslot .. full_persnum, base.forms[rowslot .. row_override_persnum])
			end
		end
	end

	handle_single_overrides_for_row(base, &quot;single_override_specs&quot;, rowslot)
end


-- Process specs given by the user using 'addnote[SLOTSPEC][FOOTNOTE][FOOTNOTE][...]'. SLOTSPEC can be a Lua pattern,
-- a comma-separated list of Lua patterns (any of which need to match), or a hyphen followed by one or more
-- comma-separated patterns (which negates the sense of the matching).
local function process_addnote_specs(base)
	for _, spec in ipairs(base.addnote_specs) do
		for _, slot_spec in ipairs(spec.slot_specs) do
			local negated = false
			local any_changed = false
			local orig_slot_spec = slot_spec
			if slot_spec:find(&quot;^%-&quot;) then
				negated = true
				slot_spec = usub(slot_spec, 2)
			end
			local single_specs = rsplit(slot_spec, &quot;,&quot;)
			for slot, forms in pairs(base.forms) do
				local matches
				for _, single_spec in ipairs(single_specs) do
					if rfind(slot, &quot;^&quot; .. slot_spec .. &quot;$&quot;) then
						matches = true
						break
					end
				end
				if not negated and matches or negated and not matches and slot ~= &quot;inf&quot; and slot ~= &quot;aux&quot; then
					-- To save on memory, side-effect the existing forms.
					for _, form in ipairs(forms) do
						form.footnotes = iut.combine_footnotes(form.footnotes, spec.footnotes)
						any_changed = true
					end
				end
			end
			if not any_changed then
				error((&quot;addnote spec '%s' had no effect; correct it or remove it&quot;):format(orig_slot_spec))
			end
		end
	end
end


local function check_for_defective_and_unknown_rows(base)
	for _, rowconj in ipairs(row_conjugations) do
		local rowslot, rowspec = unpack(rowconj)
		if not rowspec.dont_check_defective_status then
			local row_not_entirely_unknown = false
			local row_not_entirely_missing = false
			for i, persnum in ipairs(rowspec.persnums) do
				local slot = rowslot .. persnum
				if base.forms[slot] then
					row_not_entirely_missing = true
					for _, form in ipairs(base.forms[slot]) do
						if form.form == &quot;?&quot; then
							base.rowprops.unknown[rowslot] = true
						else
							row_not_entirely_unknown = true
						end
					end
				elseif not skip_slot(base, slot, &quot;checking defective&quot;) then
					base.rowprops.defective[rowslot] = true
				end
			end
			base.rowprops.all_unknown[rowslot] = not row_not_entirely_unknown
			base.rowprops.all_defective[rowslot] = not row_not_entirely_missing
		end
	end
	if not base.principal_part_specs.aux and not base.verb.is_reflexive then
		base.rowprops.defective.aux = true
		base.rowprops.all_defective.aux = true
	end
	if base.principal_part_specs.aux then
		local row_not_entirely_unknown = false
		for _, form in ipairs(base.principal_part_specs.aux) do
			if form.form == &quot;?&quot; then
				base.rowprops.unknown.aux = true
			else
				row_not_entirely_unknown = true
			end
		end
		base.rowprops.all_unknown.aux = not row_not_entirely_unknown
	end
end


-- Any forms without links should get them now. Redundant ones will be stripped later.
local function add_missing_links_to_forms(base)
	for slot, forms in pairs(base.forms) do
		map_side_effecting_forms(forms, add_links)
	end
end


local function remove_links_from_forms(base)
	-- Remove links from forms in case of noautolinkverb.
	for slot, forms in pairs(base.forms) do
		map_side_effecting_forms(forms, m_links.remove_links)
	end
end


local function conjugate_verb(base)
	add_default_verb_forms(base)
	for _, rowconj in ipairs(row_conjugations) do
		local rowslot, rowspec = unpack(rowconj)
		conjugate_row(base, rowslot)
	end
	if base.verb.linked_suf ~= &quot;&quot; then
		for _, rowconj in ipairs(row_conjugations) do
			local rowslot, rowspec = unpack(rowconj)
			rowspec.add_reflexive_clitics(base, rowslot)
		end
	end
	erase_suppressed_slots(base)
	for _, rowconj in ipairs(row_conjugations) do
		local rowslot, rowspec = unpack(rowconj)
		handle_single_overrides_for_row(base, &quot;late_single_override_specs&quot;, rowslot)
	end
	process_addnote_specs(base)
	check_for_defective_and_unknown_rows(base)
	if base.args.noautolinkverb then
		remove_links_from_forms(base)
	else
		add_missing_links_to_forms(base)
	end
end


local function analyze_verb(lemma)
	local is_pronominal = false
	local is_reflexive = false
	-- The particles that can go after a verb are:
	-- * la, le
	-- * ne
	-- * ci, vi (sometimes in the form ce, ve)
	-- * si (sometimes in the form se)
	-- * gli
	-- Observed combinations:
	--   * ce + la: [[avercela]] &quot;to be angry (at someone)&quot;, [[farcela]] &quot;to make it, to succeed&quot;,
	--              [[mettercela tutta]] &quot;to put everything (into something)&quot;
	--   * se + la: [[sbrigarsela]] &quot;to deal with&quot;, [[bersela]] &quot;to naively believe in&quot;,
	--              [[sentirsela]] &quot;to have the courage to face (a difficult situation)&quot;,
	--              [[spassarsela]] &quot;to live it up&quot;, [[svignarsela]] &quot;to scurry away&quot;,
	--              [[squagliarsela]] &quot;to vamoose, to clear off&quot;, [[cercarsela]] &quot;to be looking for (trouble etc.)&quot;,
	--              [[contarsela]] &quot;to have a distortedly positive self-image; to chat at length&quot;,
	--              [[dormirsela]] &quot;to be fast asleep&quot;, [[filarsela]] &quot;to slip away, to scram&quot;,
	--              [[giostrarsela]] &quot;to get away with; to turn a situation to one's advantage&quot;,
	--              [[cavarsela]] &quot;to get away with; to get out of (trouble); to make the best of; to manage (to do); to be good at&quot;,
	--              [[meritarsela]] &quot;to get one's comeuppance&quot;, [[passarsela]] &quot;to fare (well, badly)&quot;,
	--              [[rifarsela]] &quot;to take revenge&quot;, [[sbirbarsela]] &quot;to slide by (in life)&quot;,
	--              [[farsela]]/[[intendersela]] &quot;to have a secret affair or relationship with&quot;,
	--              [[farsela addosso]] &quot;to shit oneself&quot;, [[prendersela]] &quot;to take offense at; to blame&quot;,
	--              [[prendersela comoda]] &quot;to take one's time&quot;, [[sbrigarsela]] &quot;to finish up; to get out of (a difficult situation)&quot;,
	--              [[tirarsela]] &quot;to lord it over&quot;, [[godersela]] &quot;to enjoy&quot;, [[vedersela]] &quot;to see (something) through&quot;,
	--              [[vedersela brutta]] &quot;to have a hard time with; to be in a bad situation&quot;,
	--              [[aversela]] &quot;to pick on (someone)&quot;, [[battersela]] &quot;to run away, to sneak away&quot;,
	--              [[darsela a gambe]] &quot;to run away&quot;, [[fumarsela]] &quot;to sneak away&quot;,
	--              [[giocarsela]] &quot;to behave (a certain way); to strategize; to play&quot;
	--   * se + ne: [[andarsene]] &quot;to take leave&quot;, [[approfittarsene]] &quot;to take advantage of&quot;,
	--              [[fottersene]]/[[strafottersene]] &quot;to not give a fuck&quot;,
	--              [[fregarsene]]/[[strafregarsene]] &quot;to not give a damn&quot;,
	--              [[guardarsene]] &quot;to beware; to think twice&quot;, [[impiparsene]] &quot;to not give a damn&quot;,
	--              [[morirsene]] &quot;to fade away; to die a lingering death&quot;, [[ridersene]] &quot;to laugh at; to not give a damn&quot;,
	--              [[ritornarsene]] &quot;to return to&quot;, [[sbattersene]]/[[strabattersene]] &quot;to not give a damn&quot;,
	--              [[infischiarsene]] &quot;to not give a damn&quot;, [[stropicciarsene]] &quot;to not give a damn&quot;,
	--              [[sbarazzarsene]] &quot;to get rid of, to bump off&quot;, [[andarsene in acqua]] &quot;to be diluted; to decay&quot;,
	--              [[nutrirsene]] &quot;to feed oneself&quot;, [[curarsene]] &quot;to take care of&quot;,
	--              [[intendersene]] &quot;to be an expert (in)&quot;, [[tornarsene]] &quot;to return, to go back&quot;,
	--              [[starsene]] &quot;to stay&quot;, [[farsene]] &quot;to matter; to (not) consider; to use&quot;,
	--              [[farsene una ragione]] &quot;to resign; to give up; to come to terms with; to settle (a dispute)&quot;,
	--              [[riuscirsene]] &quot;to repeat (something annoying)&quot;, [[venirsene]] &quot;to arrive slowly; to leave&quot;
	--   * ci + si: [[trovarcisi]] &quot;to find oneself in a happy situation&quot;,
	--              [[vedercisi]] &quot;to imagine oneself (in a situation)&quot;, [[sentircisi]] &quot;to feel at ease&quot;
	--   * vi + si: [[recarvisi]] &quot;to go there&quot;
	--   * glie + la: [[fargliela]] &quot;to succeed&quot;
	--
	local ret = {}
	local linked_suf, finite_pref, finite_pref_elided_e, finite_pref_elided_ho
	local clitic_to_substitutable = {ce = &quot;[[ce]]&quot;, ve = &quot;[[ve]]&quot;, se = &quot;&lt;se&gt;&quot;}
	local clitic_to_elided = {
		ci = &quot;[[c']]&quot;, vi = &quot;[[vi]] &quot;, si = &quot;[[si]] &quot;,
		lo = &quot;[[l']]&quot;, la = &quot;[[l']]&quot;, li = &quot;[[li]] &quot;, le = &quot;[[le]] &quot;,
		gli = &quot;[[gli]] &quot;,
	}
	local verb, clitic, clitic2 = rmatch(lemma, &quot;^(.-)([cvs]e)(l[oaie])$&quot;)
	if verb then
		is_pronominal = true
		is_reflexive = clitic == &quot;se&quot;
		clitic = clitic_to_substitutable[clitic]
		linked_suf = clitic .. &quot;[[&quot; .. clitic2 .. &quot;]]&quot;
		finite_pref = clitic .. &quot; [[&quot; .. clitic2 .. &quot;]] &quot;
		finite_pref_elided_e = clitic .. &quot; &quot; .. clitic_to_elided[clitic2]
		finite_pref_elided_ho = clitic .. &quot; &quot; .. clitic_to_elided[clitic2]
	end
	if not verb then
		verb, clitic = rmatch(lemma, &quot;^(.-)glie(l[oaie])$&quot;)
		if verb then
			is_pronominal = true
			linked_suf = &quot;[[glie&quot; .. clitic .. &quot;]]&quot;
			finite_pref = linked_suf .. &quot; &quot;
			finite_pref_elided_e = clitic_to_elided[clitic]:gsub(&quot;^%[%[&quot;, &quot;[[glie&quot;)
			finite_pref_elided_ho = finite_pref_elided_e
		end
	end
	if not verb then
		verb, clitic = rmatch(lemma, &quot;^(.-)([cvs]e)ne$&quot;)
		if verb then
			is_pronominal = true
			is_reflexive = clitic == &quot;se&quot;
			clitic = clitic_to_substitutable[clitic]
			linked_suf = clitic .. &quot;[[ne]]&quot;
			finite_pref = clitic .. &quot; [[ne]] &quot;
			finite_pref_elided_e = clitic .. &quot; [[n']]&quot;
			finite_pref_elided_ho = clitic .. &quot; [[ne]] &quot;
		end
	end
	if not verb then
		verb, clitic = rmatch(lemma, &quot;^(.-)([cv]i)si$&quot;)
		if verb then
			is_pronominal = true
			is_reflexive = true
			local si_no_clitic, space_no_clitic
			if clitic == &quot;ci&quot; then
				si_no_clitic = &quot;&lt;si_no_ci&gt;&quot;
				space_no_clitic = &quot;&lt;space_no_ci&gt;&quot;
			else
				si_no_clitic = &quot;&lt;si_no_vi&gt;&quot;
				space_no_clitic = &quot;&lt;space_no_vi&gt;&quot;
			end
			linked_suf = &quot;[[&quot; .. clitic .. &quot;]]&quot; .. si_no_clitic
			finite_pref = si_no_clitic .. space_no_clitic .. &quot;[[&quot; .. clitic .. &quot;]] &quot;
			finite_pref_elided_e = si_no_clitic .. space_no_clitic .. clitic_to_elided[clitic]
			finite_pref_elided_ho = finite_pref
		end
	end
	if not verb then
		verb, clitic = rmatch(lemma, &quot;^(.-)([cv]i)$&quot;)
		if verb then
			is_pronominal = true
			linked_suf = &quot;[[&quot; .. clitic .. &quot;]]&quot;
			finite_pref = &quot;[[&quot; .. clitic .. &quot;]] &quot;
			finite_pref_elided_e = clitic_to_elided[clitic]
			finite_pref_elided_ho = finite_pref
		end
	end
	if not verb then
		verb = rmatch(lemma, &quot;^(.-)si$&quot;)
		if verb then
			-- not pronominal
			is_reflexive = true
			linked_suf = &quot;&lt;si&gt;&quot;
			finite_pref = &quot;&lt;si&gt; &quot;
			finite_pref_elided_e = finite_pref
			finite_pref_elided_ho = finite_pref
		end
	end
	if not verb then
		verb = rmatch(lemma, &quot;^(.-)ne$&quot;)
		if verb then
			is_pronominal = true
			linked_suf = &quot;[[ne]]&quot;
			finite_pref = &quot;[[ne]] &quot;
			finite_pref_elided_e = &quot;[[n']]&quot;
			finite_pref_elided_ho = &quot;[[ne]] &quot;
		end
	end
	if not verb then
		verb, clitic = rmatch(lemma, &quot;^(.-)(gli)$&quot;)
		if not verb then
			verb, clitic = rmatch(lemma, &quot;^(.-)(l[oaie])$&quot;)
		end
		if verb then
			is_pronominal = true
			linked_suf = &quot;[[&quot; .. clitic .. &quot;]]&quot;
			finite_pref = &quot;[[&quot; .. clitic .. &quot;]] &quot;
			finite_pref_elided_e = clitic_to_elided[clitic]
			finite_pref_elided_ho = clitic_to_elided[clitic]
		end
	end
	if not verb then
		-- not pronominal
		verb = lemma
		linked_suf = &quot;&quot;
		finite_pref = &quot;&quot;
		finite_pref_elided_e = &quot;&quot;
		finite_pref_elided_ho = &quot;&quot;
	end

	ret.raw_verb = verb
	ret.linked_suf = linked_suf
	ret.finite_pref = finite_pref
	ret.finite_pref_elided_e = finite_pref_elided_e
	ret.finite_pref_elided_ho = finite_pref_elided_ho
	ret.is_pronominal = is_pronominal
	ret.is_reflexive = is_reflexive
	return ret
end


-- Subfunction of find_builtin_verb(). Match a single spec (which may begin with ^ to anchor against the beginning,
-- otherwise anchored only at the end) against `verb`. Return the prefix and main verb.
local function match_spec_against_verb(spec, verb)
	if spec:find(&quot;^%^&quot;) then
		-- must match exactly
		if rfind(verb, spec .. &quot;$&quot;) then
			return &quot;&quot;, verb
		end
	else
		local prefix, main_verb = rmatch(verb, &quot;^(.*)(&quot; .. spec .. &quot;)$&quot;)
		if prefix then
			return prefix, main_verb
		end
	end
end


-- Subfunction of find_builtin_verb(). Match a single prefix + spec (where the prefix may begin with ^ to anchor
-- against the beginning, otherwise anchored only at the end) against `verb`. Return the prefix and main verb.
local function match_prefixed_spec_against_verb(specprefix, spec, verb)
	if specprefix:find(&quot;^%^&quot;) then
		-- must match exactly
		specprefix = specprefix:gsub(&quot;^%^&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
		if specprefix == &quot;&quot; then
			-- We can't use the second branch of the if-else statement because an empty () returns the current position
			-- in rmatch().
			local main_verb = rmatch(verb, &quot;^(&quot; .. spec .. &quot;)$&quot;)
			if main_verb then
				return &quot;&quot;, main_verb
			end
		else
			local prefix, main_verb = rmatch(verb, &quot;^(&quot; .. specprefix .. &quot;)(&quot; .. spec .. &quot;)$&quot;)
			if prefix then
				return prefix, main_verb
			end
		end
	else
		local prefix, main_verb = rmatch(verb, &quot;^(.*&quot; .. specprefix .. &quot;)(&quot; .. spec .. &quot;)$&quot;)
		if prefix then
			return prefix, main_verb
		end
	end
end


-- Find and return the prefix, main verb and conj spec for the built-in verb matching user-specified verb `verb`.
local function find_builtin_verb(verb)
	if not m_builtin then
		m_builtin = require(&quot;Module:it-verb/builtin&quot;)
	end
	for _, builtin_verb in ipairs(m_builtin.builtin_verbs) do
		local spec, conj, desc = unpack(builtin_verb)

		if type(spec) == &quot;string&quot; then
			local prefix, main_verb = match_spec_against_verb(spec, verb)
			if prefix then
				return prefix, main_verb, conj
			end
		else
			-- Of the form {term = &quot;ergere&quot;, prefixes = {&quot;^&quot;, &quot;ad&quot;, &quot;ri&quot;}}. Note that the prefixes not preceded by ^
			-- can have further prefixes before them.
			for _, spec_prefix in ipairs(spec.prefixes) do
				local prefix, main_verb = match_prefixed_spec_against_verb(spec_prefix, spec.term, verb)
				if prefix then
					return prefix, main_verb, conj
				end
			end
		end
	end
end


-- Parse the &quot;inside&quot; of an angle bracket spec (e.g. &quot;a/é&quot;), storing the results into `base`. This is the actual
-- function that parses indicator specs. It is separated from, and called from, parse_indicator_spec() in order to
-- deal with built-in verbs, which have their own indicator specs that must be combined with the indicator spec given
-- by the user. `is_builtin_verb` is true if we're processing a built-in verb spec, as opposed to a user-specified one.
local function parse_inside(base, inside, is_builtin_verb)
	local function parse_err(msg)
		error((is_builtin_verb and &quot;Internal error processing built-in verb spec: &quot; or &quot;&quot;) .. msg
			.. &quot;: &lt;&quot; .. inside .. &quot;&gt;&quot;)
	end

	local function parse_qualifiers(separated_group)
		local qualifiers
		for j = 2, #separated_group - 1, 2 do
			if separated_group[j + 1] ~= &quot;&quot; then
				parse_err(&quot;Extraneous text after bracketed qualifiers: '&quot; .. table.concat(separated_group) .. &quot;'&quot;)
			end
			if not qualifiers then
				qualifiers = {}
			end
			local r_spec = separated_group[j]:match(&quot;^%[r:(.*)%]$&quot;)
			if r_spec then
				local expanded_ref = require(com_module).parse_abbreviated_references_spec(r_spec)
				table.insert(qualifiers, &quot;[ref:&quot; .. expanded_ref .. &quot;]&quot;)
			else
				table.insert(qualifiers, separated_group[j])
			end
		end
		return qualifiers
	end

	local function fetch_specs(comma_separated_group, allow_blank)
		local colon_separated_groups = split_alternating_runs_and_strip_spaces(comma_separated_group, &quot;:&quot;)
		if allow_blank and #colon_separated_groups == 1 and #colon_separated_groups[1] == 1 and
			colon_separated_groups[1][1] == &quot;&quot; then
			return nil
		end
		local specs = {}
		for _, colon_separated_group in ipairs(colon_separated_groups) do
			local form = colon_separated_group[1]
			if form == &quot;&quot; then
				parse_err(&quot;Blank form not allowed here, but saw '&quot; ..
					table.concat(comma_separated_group) .. &quot;'&quot;)
			end
			if form:find(&quot;,&quot;) then
				parse_err(&quot;Comma in form '&quot; .. form .. &quot;', did you mean to use a colon?&quot;)
			end
			local new_spec = {form = form, footnotes = parse_qualifiers(colon_separated_group)}
			for _, existing_spec in ipairs(specs) do
				if m_table.deepEquals(existing_spec, new_spec) then
					parse_err(&quot;Duplicate spec '&quot; .. table.concat(colon_separated_group) .. &quot;'&quot;)
				end
			end
			table.insert(specs, new_spec)
		end
		return specs
	end

	-- Parse present-tense spec of the form PRES^PRES3S or just PRES, and set the appropriate properties in `base`.
	-- Used in the PRES^PRES3S,PHIS,PP spec as well as with pres:PRES^PRES3S in conjunction with built-in verbs.
	local function parse_present_spec(run)
		local cflex_separated_groups = split_alternating_runs_and_strip_spaces(run, &quot;%^&quot;)
		if #cflex_separated_groups &gt; 2 then
			parse_err(&quot;At most one circumflex sign (^) can appear in present tense specs&quot;)
		end
		base.principal_part_specs.pres = fetch_specs(cflex_separated_groups[1])
		if #cflex_separated_groups == 2 then
			base.principal_part_specs.pres3s = fetch_specs(cflex_separated_groups[2])
		end
	end

	local function is_root_stressed(separator)
		return separator == &quot;\\&quot; or separator == &quot;\\/&quot; or separator == &quot;/\\&quot;
	end
	local function get_opt_root_stressed_value(separator)
		return separator == &quot;\\/&quot; and &quot;root-first&quot; or separator == &quot;/\\&quot; and &quot;ending-first&quot; or nil
	end

	local segments = put.parse_balanced_segment_run(inside, &quot;[&quot;, &quot;]&quot;)
	local dot_separated_groups = split_alternating_runs_and_strip_spaces(segments, &quot;%.&quot;)
	for i, dot_separated_group in ipairs(dot_separated_groups) do
		local first_element = dot_separated_group[1]

		if i == 1 then -- first dot-separated group is PRES,PHIS,PP or PRES^PRES3S,PHIS,PP or similar.
			local comma_separated_groups = split_alternating_runs_and_strip_spaces(dot_separated_group, &quot;[,\\/]+&quot;,
				&quot;preserve splitchar&quot;)
			local presind = 1
			local first_separator = #comma_separated_groups &gt; 1 and comma_separated_groups[2][1]
			if base.verb.is_reflexive or is_builtin_verb then
				if #comma_separated_groups &gt; 1 and first_separator ~= &quot;,&quot; then
					presind = 3
					-- Fetch root-stressed infinitive, if given.
					local specs = fetch_specs(comma_separated_groups[1], &quot;allow blank&quot;)
					if is_root_stressed(first_separator) then
						-- For verbs like [[scegliersi]] and [[proporsi]], allow either 'é\scélgo' or '\é\scélgo'
						-- and similarly either 'ó+\propóngo' or '\ó+\propóngo'.
						if specs == nil then
							if #comma_separated_groups &gt; 3 and is_root_stressed(comma_separated_groups[4][1]) then
								base.principal_part_specs.root_stressed_inf = fetch_specs(comma_separated_groups[3])
								presind = 5
							else
								base.principal_part_specs.root_stressed_inf = {{form = &quot;+&quot;}}
							end
						else
							base.principal_part_specs.root_stressed_inf = specs
						end
						base.props.opt_root_stressed_inf = get_opt_root_stressed_value(first_separator)
					elseif specs ~= nil then
						local errpref = is_builtin_verb and &quot;With built-in verb&quot; or &quot;With reflexive verb&quot;
						parse_err(errpref .. &quot;, can't specify anything before initial slash, but saw '&quot;
							.. table.concat(comma_separated_groups[1]))
					end
				elseif not is_builtin_verb and rfind(base.verb.raw_verb, &quot;er$&quot;) then
					parse_err(&quot;With reflexive -ere verb, must precede present spec with / or \\ to indicate whether infinitive is root-stressed&quot;)
				end
				if not is_builtin_verb then
					base.principal_part_specs.aux = {{form = &quot;èssere&quot;}}
				end
			else -- non-reflexive
				if #comma_separated_groups == 1 or first_separator == &quot;,&quot; then
					parse_err(&quot;With non-reflexive verb, use a spec like AUX/PRES, AUX\\PRES, AUX/PRES,PAST,PP or similar&quot;)
				end
				presind = 3
				-- Fetch auxiliary or auxiliaries.
				local colon_separated_groups = split_alternating_runs_and_strip_spaces(comma_separated_groups[1], &quot;:&quot;)
				for _, colon_separated_group in ipairs(colon_separated_groups) do
					local aux = colon_separated_group[1]
					if aux == &quot;a&quot; then
						aux = &quot;avére&quot;
					elseif aux == &quot;e&quot; then
						aux = &quot;èssere&quot;
					elseif aux == &quot;-&quot; then
						if #colon_separated_group &gt; 1 then
							parse_err(&quot;No footnotes allowed with '-' spec for auxiliary&quot;)
						end
						aux = nil
					elseif aux == &quot;?&quot; then
						-- remains as-is
					else
						parse_err(&quot;Unrecognized auxiliary '&quot; .. aux ..
							&quot;', should be 'a' (for [[avere]]), 'e' (for [[essere]]), or '-' if no past participle&quot;)
					end
					if aux then
						if base.principal_part_specs.aux then
							for _, existing_aux in ipairs(base.principal_part_specs.aux) do
								if existing_aux.form == aux then
									parse_err(&quot;Auxiliary '&quot; .. aux .. &quot;' specified twice&quot;)
								end
							end
						else
							base.principal_part_specs.aux = {}
						end
						table.insert(base.principal_part_specs.aux, {form = aux, footnotes = parse_qualifiers(colon_separated_group)})
					end
				end

				-- Fetch root-stressed infinitive, if given.
				if is_root_stressed(first_separator) then
					if #comma_separated_groups &gt; 3 and is_root_stressed(comma_separated_groups[4][1]) then
						base.principal_part_specs.root_stressed_inf = fetch_specs(comma_separated_groups[3])
						presind = 5
					else
						base.principal_part_specs.root_stressed_inf = {{form = &quot;+&quot;}}
					end
					base.props.opt_root_stressed_inf = get_opt_root_stressed_value(first_separator)
				end
			end

			if #comma_separated_groups == presind and comma_separated_groups[presind][1] == &quot;@&quot; then
				-- We will find the conjugation for the built-in verb later, after we've seen whether there is an
				-- '.rre' property.
				base.props.builtin = true
			else
				-- Parse present
				parse_present_spec(comma_separated_groups[presind])

				-- Parse past historic
				if #comma_separated_groups &gt; presind then if comma_separated_groups[presind + 1][1] ~= &quot;,&quot; then
						parse_err(&quot;Use a comma not slash to separate present from past historic&quot;)
					end
					base.principal_part_specs.phis = fetch_specs(comma_separated_groups[presind + 2])
				end

				-- Parse past participle
				if #comma_separated_groups &gt; presind + 2 then
					if comma_separated_groups[presind + 3][1] ~= &quot;,&quot; then
						parse_err(&quot;Use a comma not slash to separate past historic from past participle&quot;)
					end
					base.principal_part_specs.pp = fetch_specs(comma_separated_groups[presind + 4])
				end

				if #comma_separated_groups &gt; presind + 4 then
					parse_err(&quot;Extraneous text after past participle&quot;)
				end
			end
		elseif first_element == &quot;impers&quot; or first_element == &quot;thirdonly&quot; or first_element == &quot;rre&quot; or
			first_element == &quot;nofinite&quot; or first_element == &quot;no_root_stressed&quot; or first_element == &quot;presonly&quot; then
			if #dot_separated_group &gt; 1 then
				parse_err(&quot;No footnotes allowed with '&quot; .. first_element .. &quot;' spec&quot;)
			end
			base.props[first_element] = true
		elseif first_element == &quot;addnote&quot; then
			local spec_and_footnotes = parse_qualifiers(dot_separated_group)
			if #spec_and_footnotes &lt; 2 then
				parse_err(&quot;Spec with 'addnote' should be of the form 'addnote[SLOTSPEC][FOOTNOTE][FOOTNOTE][...]'&quot;)
			end
			local slot_spec = table.remove(spec_and_footnotes, 1)
			local slot_spec_inside = rmatch(slot_spec, &quot;^%[(.*)%]$&quot;)
			if not slot_spec_inside then
				parse_err(&quot;Internal error: slot_spec &quot; .. slot_spec .. &quot; should be surrounded with brackets&quot;)
			end
			local slot_specs = rsplit(slot_spec_inside, &quot;,&quot;)
			for j, spec in ipairs(slot_specs) do
				slot_specs[j] = strip_spaces(spec)
			end
			table.insert(base.addnote_specs, {slot_specs = slot_specs, footnotes = spec_and_footnotes})
		else
			local first_element_prefix, first_element_minus_prefix = rmatch(first_element,
				&quot;^%s*([a-z0-9_!]+)%s*:%s*(.-)%s*$&quot;)
			if not first_element_prefix then
				parse_err(&quot;Dot-separated element should be either 'impers', 'thirdonly', 'nofinite', 'no_root_stressed', 'presonly', 'rre' or be of the form &quot;
					.. &quot;'PREFIX:SPEC', but saw '&quot; .. table.concat(dot_separated_group) .. &quot;'&quot;)
			end
			dot_separated_group[1] = first_element_minus_prefix
			if first_element_prefix == &quot;stem&quot; then
				base.principal_part_specs.explicit_stem_spec = fetch_specs(dot_separated_group)
			elseif first_element_prefix == &quot;phisstem&quot; then
				base.principal_part_specs.explicit_phis_stem_spec = fetch_specs(dot_separated_group)
			elseif first_element_prefix == &quot;unstressed_stem&quot; then
				base.principal_part_specs.explicit_unstressed_stem_spec = fetch_specs(dot_separated_group)
			elseif first_element_prefix == &quot;pres&quot; then
				if first_element_minus_prefix == &quot;-&quot; and #dot_separated_group == 1 then
					-- Allow 'pres:-' to be given to suppress the present. We implement this using the
					-- equivalent of a row override for each of the present forms; this also cancels out the
					-- present subjunctive and the imperative.
					local hyphen_form = {{form = &quot;-&quot;}}
					base.row_override_specs.pres = {
						[&quot;1s&quot;] = hyphen_form, [&quot;2s&quot;] = hyphen_form, [&quot;3s&quot;] = hyphen_form,
						[&quot;1p&quot;] = hyphen_form, [&quot;2p&quot;] = hyphen_form, [&quot;3p&quot;] = hyphen_form,
					}
				else
					if not base.props.builtin then
						parse_err(&quot;Can't specify 'pres:' override except when '@' is given to request a built-in verb&quot;)
					end
					parse_present_spec(dot_separated_group)
				end
			elseif row_conjugation_map[first_element_prefix] then
				local no_explicit_pp = row_conjugation_map[first_element_prefix].no_explicit_principal_part
				if no_explicit_pp == true or not base.props.builtin and no_explicit_pp == &quot;builtin&quot; then
					parse_err(&quot;Can't specify principal part for &quot; .. row_conjugation_map[first_element_prefix].desc
						.. &quot; using '&quot; .. first_element_prefix .. &quot;:'; use the specification PRES^PRES3S.PHIS.PP&quot;)
				else
					base.principal_part_specs[first_element_prefix] = fetch_specs(dot_separated_group)
				end
			elseif overridable_slot_set[first_element_prefix] then
				base.single_override_specs[first_element_prefix] = fetch_specs(dot_separated_group)
			elseif first_element_prefix:find(&quot;!$&quot;) then
				local late_override_slot = rmatch(first_element_prefix, &quot;^(.*)!$&quot;)
				if late_overridable_slot_set[late_override_slot] then
					base.late_single_override_specs[late_override_slot] = fetch_specs(dot_separated_group)
				else
					parse_err(&quot;Late override &quot; .. first_element_prefix .. &quot; refers to an unrecognized slot in '&quot; ..
						table.concat(dot_separated_group) .. &quot;'&quot;)
				end
			elseif first_element_prefix:find(&quot;row$&quot;) then
				local row_override_slot = rmatch(first_element_prefix, &quot;^(.*)row$&quot;)
				if row_conjugation_map[row_override_slot] then
					local rowspec = row_conjugation_map[row_override_slot]
					if rowspec.no_row_overrides then
						-- This happens with e.g. pp and negimp. Doesn't make sense with pp because it's a single form
						-- that can be specified completely using the explicit principal part. Rarely if ever useful
						-- for negimp; use single overrides if absolutely necessary.
						parse_err(&quot;Can't specify row override for &quot; .. rowspec.desc .. &quot; using &quot; .. row_override_slot
							.. &quot;row:; use an explicit principal part or single overrides (if allowed)&quot;)
					end
					local comma_separated_groups = split_alternating_runs_and_strip_spaces(dot_separated_group, &quot;,&quot;)
					local persnums = rowspec.row_override_persnums or rowspec.persnums
					if #comma_separated_groups ~= #persnums then
						parse_err(&quot;For &quot; .. row_override_slot .. &quot;row:, expected &quot; .. #persnums
							.. &quot; comma-separated forms but saw &quot; .. #comma_separated_groups .. &quot; in '&quot;
							.. table.concat(dot_separated_group) .. &quot;'&quot;)
					end
					base.row_override_specs[row_override_slot] = {}
					for i, persnum in ipairs(persnums) do
						base.row_override_specs[row_override_slot][persnum] = fetch_specs(comma_separated_groups[i])
					end
				else
					local row_override_slots = {}
					for row_override_slot, _ in pairs(row_conjugation_map) do
						table.insert(row_override_slots, row_override_slot .. &quot;row:&quot;)
					end
					table.sort(row_override_slots)
					parse_err(&quot;Row override spec should begin with one of &quot; .. m_table.serialCommaJoin(row_override_slots)
						.. &quot;, but saw '&quot; .. table.concat(dot_separated_group) .. &quot;'&quot;)
				end
			else
				parse_err(&quot;Unrecognized prefix '&quot; .. first_element_prefix .. &quot;' in '&quot;
					.. table.concat(dot_separated_group) .. &quot;'&quot;)
			end
		end
	end
end


local function create_base()
	-- `lemma` is the verb lemma, as specified by the user.
	-- `verb` contains various properties of the verb derived from the lemma by analyze_verb().
	-- `forms` contains the final per-slot forms. This is processed further in [[Module:inflection-utilities]].
	--    This is a table indexed by slot (e.g. &quot;pres1s&quot;). Each value in the table is a list of items of the form
	--    {form = FORM, footnotes = FOOTNOTES} where FORM is the actual generated form and FOOTNOTES is either nil
	--    or a list of footnotes (which must be surrounded by brackets, e.g. &quot;[archaic]&quot;).
	-- `principal_part_specs` contains forms specified by the user in various fashions. The value is in the same form
	--    as for `forms``, but the FORM contained in it is the actual user-specified form, which may be e.g. &quot;#è&quot;
	--    rather than a verb form, and needs to be processed to generate the actual form. A spec may be &quot;+&quot; to insert
	--    the default-generated form or forms, or &quot;-&quot; to indicate that this form doesn't exist. The source of these
	--    forms is either
	--    (a) prefixes 'imperf:', 'fut:', 'sub:', 'impsub:', 'imp:', etc. (the key is &quot;imperf&quot;, &quot;fut&quot;, etc.);
	--    (b) specs in the format e.g. &quot;vèngo:vègno[archaic or poetic]^viène,vénni,venùto&quot; or &quot;é:#è&quot; (the key is one of
	--        &quot;pres&quot;, &quot;pres3s&quot;, &quot;phis&quot; or &quot;pp&quot; as appropriate);
	--    (c) an explicit stem specified using 'stem:' (the key is &quot;explicit_stem_spec&quot;);
	--    (d) a root-stressed infinitive spec such as &quot;ó+&quot; in &quot;a\ó+\compóngo,compósi,compósto&quot; (the key is
	--        &quot;root_stressed_inf&quot;); this will have the value &quot;+&quot; (meaning to take the vowel spec from the present tense)
	--        if a spec like &quot;a\è&quot; is given with only one backslash, and will be missing entirely if a spec like &quot;a/è&quot;
	--        is given with a slash instead of a backslash;
	--    (e) an auxiliary specified using e.g. &quot;a[transitive]:e[intransitive]/è&quot; (the key is &quot;aux&quot; and the value will
	--        contain the actual auxiliary in the form in place of &quot;a&quot; or &quot;e&quot;).
	-- `principal_part_footnotes` contains per-row footnotes derived from overriding principal part specs of the form
	--    '+[footnote]' used in conjunction with a built-in verb.
	-- `principal_part_forms` contains the processed versions of the specs contained in `principal_part_specs`. The
	--    keys are as in `principal_part_specs` and the values are the same as for `forms`.
	-- `row_override_specs` contains user-specified forms for a full tense/aspect row using 'presrow:', 'subrow:', etc.
	--    The key is &quot;pres&quot;, &quot;sub&quot;, etc. (i.e. minus the &quot;row&quot; suffix). The value is another table indexed by the
	--    person/number suffix (e.g. &quot;1s&quot;, &quot;2s&quot;, etc. for &quot;pres&quot;; &quot;123s&quot;, &quot;1p&quot;, &quot;2p&quot;, etc. for &quot;sub&quot;), whose values
	--    are in the same format as `principal_part_specs`.
	-- `single_override_specs` contains user-specified forms using 'pres1s:', 'sub3p:', etc. The key is the slot
	--    (&quot;pres1s&quot;, &quot;sub3p&quot;, etc.) and the value is of the same format as `principal_part_specs`.
	-- `late_single_override_specs` contains user-specified forms using 'pres1s!:', 'sub3p!:', etc., specifying late
	--    overrides that take place after copying forms from one place to another and after adding reflexive clitics.
	--    The key is the slot (&quot;pres1s&quot;, &quot;sub3p&quot;, etc.) and the value is of the same format as `principal_part_specs`.
	-- `addnote_specs` contains specs specifying footnotes to add to individual slots or collections of slots using
	--    'addnote[SLOTSPEC,SLOTSPEC][FOOTNOTE][FOOTNOTE][...]'. Each element is an object of the form
	--    {slotspec = {SLOTSPEC, ...}, footnotes = {FOOTNOTE, ...}}.
	-- `is_irreg` is a table indexed by an individual form slot (&quot;pres1s&quot;, &quot;sub2s&quot;, &quot;pp&quot;, etc.) whose value is true or
	--    false indicating whether a given form is irregular. Currently, the values in `is_irreg` are used only by the
	--    code in [[Module:it-headword]] to determine whether to show irregular principal parts.
	-- `props` is a table of miscellaneous Boolean properties. Current properties:
	--    - `impers` (impersonal verb, with only third-singular forms)
	--    - `thirdonly` (third-person only verb)
	--    - `nofinite` (verb is missing all finite forms)
	--    - `no_root_stressed` (verb is missing all root-stressed forms)
	--    - `presonly` (verb is missing all finite forms except the present indicative)
	--    - `rre` (user specified the 'rre' indicator in conjunction with a syncopated reflexive verb like
	--             [[contrarsi]] reflexive of [[contrarre]], which otherwise would get interpreted as the reflexive of
	--             [[contrare]])
	--    - `syncopated` (verb is syncopated, i.e. the infinitive ends in '-rre'; includes verbs with '-rre' infinitive
	--                    as well as reflexive verbs ending in '-orsi' or '-ursi' and verbs where the 'rre' indicator
	--                    was given by the user)
	--    - `builtin` (verb uses a built-in conjugation in [[Module:it-verb/builtin]])
	--    - `opt_root_stressed_inf` (verb used the \/ or /\ notation to indicate an optionally root-stressed infinitive;
	--                               to determine if a verb used the \ notation, look for a value in
	--                               base.principal_part_specs.root_stressed_inf)
	-- `rowprops` is a table of tables of row-specific Boolean properties. Each subtable specifies a property of a
	--    given row, such as whether the row is irregular. Specifically:
	--    - `rowprops.irreg`: The row is irregular, i.e. at least one slot has an irregular form. Currently used to
	--       determine whether to add categories like [[:Category:Italian verbs with irregular imperfect subjunctive]],
	--       and whether to display the row's principal part in the headword line.
	--    - `rowprops.defective`: The row is defective (missing one or more forms). Forms expected to be missing due to
	--       'impers' or 'thirdonly' don't count.
	--    - `rowprops.all_defective`: The row is missing all forms. A row should be considered completely defective if
	--       `rowprops.defective[row]` and `rowprops.all_defective[row]` (we need both checks in case of expected
	--       missing rows, such as imperative with 'impers' or 'thirdonly').
	--    - `rowprops.unknown`: The row has at least one unknown form.
	--    - `rowprops.all_unknown`: All forms of the row are unknown.
	--
	-- There should be no other properties set directly at the `base` level.
	return {forms = {}, principal_part_specs = {}, principal_part_footnotes = {}, principal_part_forms = {},
		row_override_specs = {}, single_override_specs = {}, late_single_override_specs = {}, addnote_specs = {},
		is_irreg = {}, props = {},
		rowprops = {irreg = {}, defective = {}, all_defective = {}, unknown = {}, all_unknown = {}},
	}
end


-- Parse the indicator spec of an Italian verb, e.g. '&lt;a/é&gt;'. `angle_bracket_spec` is the indicator spec itself,
-- surrounded by angle brackets. `lemma` is the verb lemma specified before the indicator spec, possibly with brackets
-- if so specified by the user, and an empty string if no lemma was given. `pagename` is the pagename, either the
-- actual name of the page or the value of pagename= if given.
--
-- For example:
-- * If the user said {{it-conj|a/é}} or {{it-conj|&lt;a/é&gt;}} then angle_bracket_spec == &quot;&lt;a/é&gt;&quot; and lemma == &quot;&quot;.
-- * If the user said {{it-conj|partecipare&lt;a/é&gt;}} then angle_bracket_spec == &quot;&lt;a/é&gt;&quot; and lemma == &quot;partecipare&quot;.
-- * If the user said {{it-conj|[[annunciare|annunciarsi|]]&lt;ù&gt;}} then angle_bracket_spec == &quot;&lt;ù&gt;&quot; and
--   lemma == &quot;[[annunciare|annunciarsi]]&quot;.
--
-- This function returns a `base` object (see create_base()) describing the parsed spec.
local function parse_indicator_spec(angle_bracket_spec, lemma, pagename)
	local base = create_base()
	if lemma == &quot;&quot; then
		lemma = pagename
	end
	base.lemma = m_links.remove_links(lemma)
	base.verb = analyze_verb(lemma)

	local inside = angle_bracket_spec:match(&quot;^&lt;(.*)&gt;$&quot;)
	assert(inside)
	parse_inside(base, inside, false)

	local function parse_err(msg)
		error(msg .. &quot;: &quot; .. angle_bracket_spec)
	end

	-- Set up base.verb.verb. This must be done after parse_inside() because it depends on the '.rre' indicator.
	set_up_base_verb(base)

	if base.props.builtin then
		local prefix, main_verb, conj = find_builtin_verb(base.verb.verb)
		if not prefix then
			parse_err(&quot;Unable to find built-in verb corresponding to '&quot; .. base.verb.verb .. &quot;'&quot;)
		end
		-- Create a new `base`, fill it with properties from the built-in verb, and copy over the user-specified
		-- properties on top of it.
		local nbase = create_base()
		nbase.lemma = base.lemma
		nbase.verb = base.verb
		nbase.verb.prefix = prefix
		nbase.verb.verb = prefix .. main_verb
		nbase.verb.raw_verb = prefix .. nbase.verb.raw_verb
		parse_inside(nbase, conj, &quot;is builtin&quot;)
		if nbase.principal_part_specs.root_stressed_inf then
			local base_rsi = base.principal_part_specs.root_stressed_inf
			-- We are dealing with a built-in verb whose spec has a backslash in it, such as [[scegliere]] with spec
			-- &quot;é\scélgo,scélsi,scélto&quot;, or [[porre]] with spec &quot;ó\póngo,pósi,pósto&quot;. The user should have specified
			-- &quot;a\@&quot; or similar. We need to merge the specs appropriately.
			if not base_rsi then
				parse_err((&quot;Built-in verb [[%s]] has a root-stressed infinitive, and so the user specification &quot;
					.. &quot;should have a backslash (\\) preceding the @ sign&quot;):format(main_verb))
			end
			if #base_rsi ~= 1 or base_rsi[1].form ~= &quot;+&quot; or base_rsi[1].footnotes then
				local auxspec = base.verb.is_reflexive and &quot;&quot; or &quot;a&quot;
				parse_err((&quot;Built-in verb [[%s]] has a root-stressed infinitive, and so the user specification &quot;
					.. &quot;should use a single-backslash spec like '%s\\@', not a double-backslash one like '%s\\ó\\@'&quot;):
					format(main_verb, aux_spec, aux_spec))
			end
			-- Cancel out the user's spec so it doesn't override the built-in spec.
			base.principal_part_specs.root_stressed_inf = nil
		end

		-- If there's a prefix, add it now to all the specs derived from the built-in verb.
		if prefix ~= &quot;&quot; then
			local function form_should_be_preserved(form)
				local prespec, bare_form, postspec = parse_decorated_form(form)
				return bare_form == &quot;+&quot; or bare_form == &quot;+isc&quot; or bare_form == &quot;-&quot; or bare_form == &quot;?&quot; or is_single_vowel_spec(bare_form)
			end

			local function add_prefix_to_forms(tbl, slot)
				local saw_preserve_accent = false
				for _, formobj in ipairs(tbl[slot]) do
					local prespec, bare_form, postspec = parse_decorated_form(formobj.form)
					if rfind(postspec, &quot;!&quot;) then
						saw_preserve_accent = true
						break
					end
				end
				if saw_preserve_accent then
					-- We have to do it the &quot;hard&quot; way, re-inserting the forms, in case of redundancy.
					local existing_forms = tbl[slot]
					tbl[slot] = {}
					iut.insert_forms(tbl, slot, iut.map_forms(existing_forms, function(form)
						if form_should_be_preserved(form) then
							return form
						else
							-- If there is a ! after the form (indicating that monosyllabic accents should be
							-- preserved), remove it.
							local prespec, bare_form, postspec = parse_decorated_form(form)
							return prespec .. prefix .. bare_form .. rsub(postspec, &quot;!&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
						end
					end))
				else
					-- To save on memory, side-effect the existing forms.
					map_side_effecting_forms(tbl[slot], function(form)
						if form_should_be_preserved(form) then
							return form
						else
							local prespec, bare_form, postspec = parse_decorated_form(form)
							return prespec .. prefix .. bare_form .. postspec
						end
					end)
				end
			end

			for _, prop_table in ipairs { &quot;principal_part_specs&quot;, &quot;single_override_specs&quot;, &quot;late_single_override_specs&quot; } do
				for slot, _ in pairs(nbase[prop_table]) do
					add_prefix_to_forms(nbase[prop_table], slot)
				end
			end

			-- nbase.row_override_specs is in a different format.
			for slot, prop in pairs(nbase.row_override_specs) do
				for persnum, _ in pairs(prop) do
					add_prefix_to_forms(prop, persnum)
				end
			end

			-- We also need to hack any single-vowel specs that don't already specify +, - or -- to use ++, which is
			-- like + (take the right vowel of two) but won't throw an error if there aren't two matching vowels.
			-- Thisis needed for e.g. [[porre]] with prefix com-, where [[comporre]] ends up with two of the same vowel.
			local function hack_single_vowel_spec(specs)
				if specs then
					for _, spec in ipairs(specs) do
						local prespec, bare_form, postspec = parse_decorated_form(spec.form)
						if rfind(bare_form, &quot;^&quot; .. AV .. &quot;$&quot;) then
							spec.form = prespec .. bare_form .. &quot;++&quot; .. postspec
						end
					end
				end
			end
			hack_single_vowel_spec(nbase.principal_part_specs.root_stressed_inf)
			hack_single_vowel_spec(nbase.principal_part_specs.pres)
			hack_single_vowel_spec(nbase.principal_part_specs.pres3s)
		end

		-- Copy user-specified principal part specs unless '+' is used, which we handle specially. The reason for this
		-- is that + is normally used in conjunction with footnotes such as 'phis:+[rare]' where the intention is to add
		-- a footnote to all the forms of that row; but if we don't do the following, the + instead requests the default
		-- principal part generated from the infinitive.
		for slot, specs in pairs(base.principal_part_specs) do
			local saw_plus, saw_non_plus
			for _, spec in ipairs(specs) do
				local prespec, bare_form, postspec = parse_decorated_form(spec.form)
				if bare_form == &quot;+&quot; then
					saw_plus = true
				else
					saw_non_plus = true
				end
			end
			if saw_plus and saw_non_plus then
				parse_err((&quot;For principal part '%s:', can't specify both + and something else when overriding a built-in verb&quot;):
					format(slot))
			elseif saw_plus and slot ~= &quot;root_stressed_inf&quot; then
				-- Need a special case for root_stressed_inf. We do want to copy a + from the user-specified specs for
				-- root_stressed_inf to `nbase`, e.g. for [[condurre]]. The built-in spec doesn't indicate that this is
				-- root-stressed; this comes from the user-specified 'a\@' or similar, and if we don't copy it, the code in
				-- add_infinitive() triggers do_ending_stressed_infinitive(), which throws an error on -rre verbs.
				for _, spec in ipairs(specs) do
					local prespec, bare_form, postspec = parse_decorated_form(spec.form)
					if bare_form ~= &quot;+&quot; then
						parse_err((&quot;Internal error: Saw '%s' for principal part form for slot '%s' but expected '+'&quot;):
							format(slot, spec.form))
					end
					if spec.footnotes then
						nbase.principal_part_footnotes[slot] = iut.combine_footnotes(
							nbase.principal_part_footnotes[full_slot], spec.footnotes)
					end
				end
			else
				nbase.principal_part_specs[slot] = specs
			end
		end

		-- Now copy remaining user-specified specs into the built-in verb `base`.
		for _, prop_table in ipairs { &quot;row_override_specs&quot;, &quot;single_override_specs&quot;, &quot;late_single_override_specs&quot;,
			&quot;props&quot; } do
			for slot, prop in pairs(base[prop_table]) do
				nbase[prop_table][slot] = prop
			end
		end

		for _, prop_list in ipairs { &quot;addnote_specs&quot; } do
			for _, prop in ipairs(base[prop_list]) do
				m_table.insertIfNot(nbase[prop_list], prop)
			end
		end
		return nbase
	end

	return base
end


-- Normalize all lemmas, substituting the pagename for blank lemmas and adding links to multiword lemmas.
local function normalize_all_lemmas(alternant_multiword_spec)

	-- (1) Add links to all before and after text.
	if not alternant_multiword_spec.args.noautolinktext then
		alternant_multiword_spec.post_text = add_links(alternant_multiword_spec.post_text)
		for _, alternant_or_word_spec in ipairs(alternant_multiword_spec.alternant_or_word_specs) do
			alternant_or_word_spec.before_text = add_links(alternant_or_word_spec.before_text)
			if alternant_or_word_spec.alternants then
				for _, multiword_spec in ipairs(alternant_or_word_spec.alternants) do
					multiword_spec.post_text = add_links(multiword_spec.post_text)
					for _, word_spec in ipairs(multiword_spec.word_specs) do
						word_spec.before_text = add_links(word_spec.before_text)
					end
				end
			end
		end
	end

	-- (2) Remove any links from the lemma.
	iut.map_word_specs(alternant_multiword_spec, function(base)
		base.lemma = m_links.remove_links(base.lemma)
	end)
end


-- Detect inconsistencies in indicator specs. This checks that the properties 'impers' and 'thirdonly' are consistent
-- across all verbs; checks that if the past participle is given as -, the auxiliary is also given as -; and propagates
-- certain properties (the `from_headword` property and the template args) down to each `base`.
local function detect_all_indicator_specs(alternant_multiword_spec, from_headword)
	alternant_multiword_spec.props = {}

	local props_that_must_be_consistent = {&quot;impers&quot;, &quot;thirdonly&quot;}
	-- Propagate some settings up or down.
	iut.map_word_specs(alternant_multiword_spec, function(base)
		for _, prop in ipairs(props_that_must_be_consistent) do
			if base.props[prop] then
				alternant_multiword_spec.props[prop] = true
			end
		end
		base.from_headword = from_headword
		base.args = alternant_multiword_spec.args
	end)

	for _, prop in ipairs(props_that_must_be_consistent) do
		if alternant_multiword_spec.props[prop] then
			iut.map_word_specs(alternant_multiword_spec, function(base)
				if not base.props[prop] then
					error(&quot;If some alternants specify '&quot; .. prop .. &quot;', all must&quot;)
				end
			end)
		end
	end

	iut.map_word_specs(alternant_multiword_spec, function(base)
		if base.props.impers and base.props.thirdonly then
			error(&quot;'impers' and 'thirdonly' cannot both be specified&quot;)
		end

		-- Check for missing past participle -&gt; missing auxiliary.
		if not base.verb.is_reflexive then
			local pp_is_missing = base.principal_part_specs.pp and #base.principal_part_specs.pp == 0
				and base.principal_part_specs.pp[1].form == &quot;-&quot;
			local aux_is_missing = not base.principal_part_specs.aux
			if pp_is_missing and not aux_is_missing then
				error(&quot;If past participle given as '-', auxiliary must be explicitly specified as '-'&quot;)
			end
		end
	end)
end


-- Propagate indications of irregularity, defectiveness and other properties upward from individual `base` forms to the
-- overall `alternant_multiword_spec`. The overall indications of irregularity/defectiveness are used in
-- [[Module:it-headword]] to show irregular/defective principal parts, and other properties are used similarly in
-- [[Module:it-headword]]. This needs to be done later than detect_all_indicator_specs() because it depends on the
-- result of parsing and conjugating the angle bracket spec.
local function propagate_properties_upward(alternant_multiword_spec)
	iut.map_word_specs(alternant_multiword_spec, function(base)
		local function copy_property_table(dest_table, source_table, slotprop)
			if not dest_table[slotprop] then
				dest_table[slotprop] = {}
			end
			for slot, propval in pairs(source_table[slotprop]) do
				dest_table[slotprop][slot] = dest_table[slotprop][slot] or propval
			end
		end
		copy_property_table(alternant_multiword_spec, base, &quot;is_irreg&quot;)
		if not alternant_multiword_spec.rowprops then
			alternant_multiword_spec.rowprops = {}
		end
		for subtable_key, subtable in pairs(base.rowprops) do
			copy_property_table(alternant_multiword_spec.rowprops, base.rowprops, subtable_key)
		end
		-- If there is an explicit stem spec, we display the imperfect principal part explicitly even if not marked
		-- as irregular.
		if base.principal_part_specs.explicit_stem_spec then
			alternant_multiword_spec.props.has_explicit_stem_spec = true
		end
		-- If any verb is pronominal, we display the overall lemma as 'pronominal'.
		if base.verb.is_pronominal then
			alternant_multiword_spec.props.is_pronominal = true
		end
		-- If any verb is non-reflexive, we show the auxiliary.
		if not base.verb.is_reflexive then
			alternant_multiword_spec.props.is_non_reflexive = true
		end
	end)
end


-- Set the overall auxiliary or auxiliaries. We can't do this using the normal inflection
-- code as it will produce e.g. '[[avere|avére]] [[e]] [[avere|avére]]' for conjoined verbs.
local function compute_auxiliary(alternant_multiword_spec)
	iut.map_word_specs(alternant_multiword_spec, function(base)
		iut.insert_forms(alternant_multiword_spec.forms, &quot;aux&quot;,
			iut.map_forms(base.principal_part_specs.aux, function(form)
				return add_links(form)
			end)
		)
	end)
end


-- Add the categories and annotation for `base` into the appropriate structures in `alternant_multiword_spec`.
local function add_categories_and_annotation(alternant_multiword_spec, base, multiword_lemma, from_headword)
	local function insert_ann(anntype, value)
		m_table.insertIfNot(alternant_multiword_spec.annotation[anntype], value)
	end

	local function insert_cat(cat, also_when_multiword)
		-- Don't place multiword terms in categories like 'Italian verbs ending in -are' to avoid spamming the
		-- categories with such terms.
		if also_when_multiword or not multiword_lemma then
			m_table.insertIfNot(alternant_multiword_spec.categories, &quot;Italian &quot; .. cat)
		end
	end

	if check_for_red_links and not from_headword and not multiword_lemma then
		for _, slot_and_accel in ipairs(all_verb_slots) do
			local slot = slot_and_accel[1]
			local forms = base.forms[slot]
			local must_break = false
			if forms then
				for _, form in ipairs(forms) do
					if not form.form:find(&quot;%[%[&quot;) then
						local title = mw.title.new(form.form)
						if title and not title.exists then
							insert_cat(&quot;verbs with red links in their inflection tables&quot;)
							must_break = true
						break
						end
					end
				end
			end
			if must_break then
				break
			end
		end
	end

	if base.props.syncopated then
		insert_ann(&quot;conj&quot;, &quot;syncopated&quot;)
		insert_cat(&quot;syncopated verbs&quot;)
	elseif base.principal_part_specs.root_stressed_inf then
		insert_ann(&quot;conj&quot;, &quot;root-stressed -ere&quot;)
		insert_cat(&quot;verbs with root-stressed infinitive&quot;)
		insert_cat(&quot;verbs ending in -ere&quot;)
	else
		local ending = base.conj_vowel == &quot;à&quot; and &quot;are&quot; or base.conj_vowel == &quot;é&quot; and &quot;ere&quot; or &quot;ire&quot;
		insert_ann(&quot;conj&quot;, &quot;-&quot; .. ending)
		insert_cat(&quot;verbs ending in -&quot; .. ending)
	end

	if base.props.impers then
		insert_ann(&quot;third_only&quot;, &quot;impersonal&quot;)
		insert_cat(&quot;impersonal verbs&quot;)
	elseif base.props.thirdonly then
		insert_ann(&quot;third_only&quot;, &quot;third-person only&quot;)
		insert_cat(&quot;third-person-only verbs&quot;)
	else
		insert_ann(&quot;third_only&quot;, &quot;regular&quot;)
	end

	local is_irreg = false
	local is_defective = false
	for _, rowconj in ipairs(row_conjugations) do
		local rowslot, rowspec = unpack(rowconj)
		if base.rowprops.irreg[rowslot] then
			if not is_irreg then
				is_irreg = true
				insert_cat(&quot;irregular verbs&quot;)
			end
			insert_cat(&quot;verbs with irregular &quot; .. rowspec.desc)
		end 
		if base.rowprops.defective[rowslot] then
			if not is_defective then
				is_defective = true
				insert_cat(&quot;defective verbs&quot;)
			end
			insert_cat(&quot;verbs with missing &quot; .. rowspec.desc)
		end 
	end
	if not base.verb.is_reflexive and not base.principal_part_specs.aux then
		if not is_defective then
			is_defective = true
			insert_cat(&quot;defective verbs&quot;)
		end
		insert_cat(&quot;verbs lacking composed tenses&quot;)
	end

	if is_irreg then
		insert_ann(&quot;irreg&quot;, &quot;irregular&quot;)
	else
		insert_ann(&quot;irreg&quot;, &quot;regular&quot;)
	end

	if is_defective then
		insert_ann(&quot;defective&quot;, &quot;defective&quot;)
	else
		insert_ann(&quot;defective&quot;, &quot;regular&quot;)
	end

	if not base.verb.is_reflexive and base.principal_part_specs.aux then
		for _, auxform in ipairs(base.principal_part_specs.aux) do
			if auxform.form ~= &quot;?&quot; then
				-- No auxiliaries end in a stressed vowel so this is safe.
				local aux_no_accents = remove_accents(auxform.form)
				insert_ann(&quot;aux&quot;, aux_no_accents)
				insert_cat(&quot;verbs taking &quot; .. aux_no_accents .. &quot; as auxiliary&quot;)
			end
		end
	end

	if base.verb.is_pronominal then
		insert_cat(&quot;pronominal verbs&quot;)
		-- FIXME: Should we use this instead? This is what Spanish does.
		-- insert_cat(&quot;verbs with lexical clitics&quot;)
	end

	if base.verb.is_reflexive then
		insert_cat(&quot;reflexive verbs&quot;)
	end
end


-- Compute the categories to add the verb to, as well as the annotation to display in the conjugation title bar. We
-- combine the code to do these functions as both categories and title bar contain similar information.
local function compute_categories_and_annotation(alternant_multiword_spec, from_headword)
	alternant_multiword_spec.categories = {}
	local ann = {}
	alternant_multiword_spec.annotation = ann
	ann.conj = {}
	ann.third_only = {}
	ann.irreg = {}
	ann.defective = {}
	ann.aux = {}

	local multiword_lemma = false
	for _, form in ipairs(alternant_multiword_spec.forms.inf) do
		if form.form:find(&quot; &quot;) then
			multiword_lemma = true
			break
		end
	end

	iut.map_word_specs(alternant_multiword_spec, function(base)
		add_categories_and_annotation(alternant_multiword_spec, base, multiword_lemma, from_headword)
	end)
	local ann_parts = {}
	local conj = table.concat(ann.conj, &quot; หรือ &quot;)
	table.insert(ann_parts, conj)
	local third_only = table.concat(ann.third_only, &quot; หรือ &quot;)
	if third_only ~= &quot;&quot; and third_only ~= &quot;regular&quot; then
		table.insert(ann_parts, third_only)
	end
	local irreg = table.concat(ann.irreg, &quot; หรือ &quot;)
	if irreg ~= &quot;&quot; and irreg ~= &quot;regular&quot; then
		table.insert(ann_parts, irreg)
	end
	local defective = table.concat(ann.defective, &quot; หรือ &quot;)
	if defective ~= &quot;&quot; and defective ~= &quot;regular&quot; then
		table.insert(ann_parts, defective)
	end
	alternant_multiword_spec.annotation = table.concat(ann_parts, &quot;; &quot;)
end


-- Convert the forms associated with each slot into their display form (a string).
local function show_forms(alternant_multiword_spec)
	local lemmas = iut.map_forms(alternant_multiword_spec.forms.inf, remove_reflexive_indicators)
	alternant_multiword_spec.lemmas = lemmas -- save for later use in make_table()

	local props = {
		lang = lang,
		lemmas = lemmas,
		slot_list = all_verb_slots,
	}
	iut.show_forms(alternant_multiword_spec.forms, props)
end


local notes_template = [=[
&lt;div class=&quot;roa-footnote-outer-div&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;roa-footnote-inner-div&quot;&gt;
{footnote}
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
]=]

local basic_table = [=[
{description}&lt;div class=&quot;NavFrame&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;NavHead&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; การผันรูปของ {title} (ดูที่ [[ภาคผนวก:คำกริยาภาษาอิตาลี]])&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;NavContent&quot;&gt;
{\op}| class=&quot;roa-inflection-table&quot; data-toggle-category=&quot;inflection&quot;
|-
! class=&quot;roa-nonfinite-header&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;infinito&quot;&gt;รูปกริยากลาง&lt;/span&gt;
| {inf}
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;roa-nonfinite-header&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;verbo ausiliare&quot;&gt;คำกริยาช่วย&lt;/span&gt;
| {aux}
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;roa-nonfinite-header&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;gerundio&quot;&gt;รูปกริยาเป็นนาม&lt;/span&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | {ger}
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;roa-nonfinite-header&quot; |  &lt;span title=&quot;participio presente&quot;&gt;รูปกริยาขยายปัจจุบันกาล&lt;/span&gt;
| {presp}
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;roa-nonfinite-header&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;participio passato&quot;&gt;รูปกริยาขยายอดีตกาล&lt;/span&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | {pp}
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;roa-person-number-header&quot; | บุรุษ
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; class=&quot;roa-person-number-header&quot; | เอกพจน์
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; class=&quot;roa-person-number-header&quot; | พหูพจน์
|-
! class=&quot;roa-person-number-header&quot; style=&quot;width:12.5%;&quot; | ที่หนึ่ง
! class=&quot;roa-person-number-header&quot; style=&quot;width:12.5%;&quot; | ที่สอง
! class=&quot;roa-person-number-header&quot; style=&quot;width:12.5%;&quot; | ที่สาม
! class=&quot;roa-person-number-header&quot; style=&quot;width:12.5%;&quot; | ที่หนึ่ง
! class=&quot;roa-person-number-header&quot; style=&quot;width:12.5%;&quot; | ที่สอง
! class=&quot;roa-person-number-header&quot; style=&quot;width:12.5%;&quot; | ที่สาม
|-
! class=&quot;roa-indicative-left-rail&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;indicativo&quot;&gt;มาลาบอกเล่า&lt;/span&gt;
! class=&quot;roa-indicative-left-rail&quot; | io
! class=&quot;roa-indicative-left-rail&quot; | tu
! class=&quot;roa-indicative-left-rail&quot; | lui/lei, esso/essa
! class=&quot;roa-indicative-left-rail&quot; | noi
! class=&quot;roa-indicative-left-rail&quot; | voi
! class=&quot;roa-indicative-left-rail&quot; | loro, essi/esse
|-
! class=&quot;roa-indicative-left-rail&quot; style=&quot;height:3em;&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;presente&quot;&gt;ปัจจุบันกาล&lt;/span&gt;
| {pres1s}
| {pres2s}
| {pres3s}
| {pres1p}
| {pres2p}
| {pres3p}
|-
! class=&quot;roa-indicative-left-rail&quot; style=&quot;height:3em;&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;imperfetto&quot;&gt;ไม่สมบูรณ์&lt;/span&gt;
| {imperf1s}
| {imperf2s}
| {imperf3s}
| {imperf1p}
| {imperf2p}
| {imperf3p}
|-
! class=&quot;roa-indicative-left-rail&quot; style=&quot;height:3em;&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;passato remoto&quot;&gt;past historic&lt;/span&gt;
| {phis1s}
| {phis2s}
| {phis3s}
| {phis1p}
| {phis2p}
| {phis3p}
|-
! class=&quot;roa-indicative-left-rail&quot; style=&quot;height:3em;&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;futuro semplice&quot;&gt;อนาคตกาล&lt;/span&gt;
| {fut1s}
| {fut2s}
| {fut3s}
| {fut1p}
| {fut2p}
| {fut3p}
|-
! class=&quot;roa-indicative-left-rail&quot; style=&quot;height:3em;&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;condizionale presente&quot;&gt;มาลาเงื่อนไข&lt;/span&gt;
| {cond1s}
| {cond2s}
| {cond3s}
| {cond1p}
| {cond2p}
| {cond3p}
|-
! class=&quot;roa-subjunctive-left-rail&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;congiuntivo&quot;&gt;มาลาสมมุติ&lt;/span&gt;
! class=&quot;roa-subjunctive-left-rail&quot; | che io
! class=&quot;roa-subjunctive-left-rail&quot; | che tu
! class=&quot;roa-subjunctive-left-rail&quot; | che lui/che lei, che esso/che essa
! class=&quot;roa-subjunctive-left-rail&quot; | che noi
! class=&quot;roa-subjunctive-left-rail&quot; | che voi
! class=&quot;roa-subjunctive-left-rail&quot; | che loro, che essi/che esse
|-
! class=&quot;roa-subjunctive-left-rail&quot; style=&quot;height:3em;&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;congiuntivo presente&quot;&gt;ปัจจุบันกาล&lt;/span&gt;
| {sub1s}
| {sub2s}
| {sub3s}
| {sub1p}
| {sub2p}
| {sub3p}
|-
! class=&quot;roa-subjunctive-left-rail&quot; style=&quot;height:3em;&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;congiuntivo imperfetto&quot;&gt;ไม่สมบูรณ์&lt;/span&gt;
| {impsub1s}
| {impsub2s}
| {impsub3s}
| {impsub1p}
| {impsub2p}
| {impsub3p}
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;roa-imperative-left-rail&quot; style=&quot;height:3em;&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;imperativo&quot;&gt;มาลาสั่ง&lt;/span&gt;
! class=&quot;roa-imperative-left-rail&quot; | &amp;mdash;
! class=&quot;roa-imperative-left-rail&quot; | tu
! class=&quot;roa-imperative-left-rail&quot; | Lei
! class=&quot;roa-imperative-left-rail&quot; | noi
! class=&quot;roa-imperative-left-rail&quot; | voi
! class=&quot;roa-imperative-left-rail&quot; | Loro
|-
|
| {imp2s}
| {imp3s}
| {imp1p}
| {imp2p}
| {imp3p}
|-
! class=&quot;roa-imperative-left-rail&quot; style=&quot;height:3em;&quot; | &lt;span title=&quot;imperativo negativo&quot;&gt;มาลาสั่งเชิงปฏิเสธ&lt;/span&gt;
|
| {negimp2s}
| {negimp3s}
| {negimp1p}
| {negimp2p}
| {negimp3p}
|{\cl}{notes_clause}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;]=]


local function make_table(alternant_multiword_spec)
	local forms = alternant_multiword_spec.forms

	local lemma_links = {}
	for _, lemma in ipairs(alternant_multiword_spec.lemmas) do
		table.insert(lemma_links, m_links.full_link({ lang = lang, term = lemma.form }, &quot;term&quot;))
	end
	forms.title = table.concat(lemma_links, &quot; or &quot;)

	if alternant_multiword_spec.annotation ~= &quot;&quot; then
		forms.title = forms.title .. &quot; (&quot; .. alternant_multiword_spec.annotation .. &quot;)&quot;
	end
	forms.description = &quot;&quot;

	-- Format the table.
	forms.footnote = alternant_multiword_spec.forms.footnote
	forms.notes_clause = forms.footnote ~= &quot;&quot; and m_string_utilities.format(notes_template, forms) or &quot;&quot;
	return require(&quot;Module:TemplateStyles&quot;)(&quot;Module:roa-verb/style.css&quot;) .. m_string_utilities.format(basic_table, forms)
end


-- Externally callable function to conjugate a verb. Return value is ALTERNANT_MULTIWORD_SPEC, an object where the
-- conjugated forms are in `ALTERNANT_MULTIWORD_SPEC.forms` for each slot. If there are no values for a slot, the slot
-- key will be missing. The value for a given slot is a list of objects {form=FORM, footnotes=FOOTNOTES}.
function export.do_generate_forms(args, from_headword, headword_head)
	local pagename = args.pagename or mw.loadData(&quot;Module:headword/data&quot;).pagename
	local head = headword_head or pagename
	local arg1 = args[1]
	local need_surrounding_angle_brackets = true
	local incorporated_headword_head_into_lemma = false
	-- Check whether we need to add &lt;...&gt; around the argument. If the
	-- argument has no &lt; in it, we definitely do. Otherwise, we need to
	-- parse the balanced [...] and &lt;...&gt; and add &lt;...&gt; only if there isn't
	-- a top-level &lt;...&gt;. We check for [...] because there might be angle
	-- brackets inside of them (HTML tags in qualifiers or &lt;&lt;name:...&gt;&gt; and
	-- such in references).
	if arg1:find(&quot;&lt;&quot;) then
		local segments = put.parse_multi_delimiter_balanced_segment_run(arg1, {{&quot;&lt;&quot;, &quot;&gt;&quot;}, {&quot;[&quot;, &quot;]&quot;}})
		for i = 2, #segments, 2 do
			if segments[i]:find(&quot;^&lt;.*&gt;$&quot;) then
				need_surrounding_angle_brackets = false
				break
			end
		end
	end
	if need_surrounding_angle_brackets then
		if head:find(&quot; &quot;) then
			-- If multiword lemma without &lt;...&gt; already, try to add it after the first word.
			local need_explicit_angle_brackets = false
			if arg1:find(&quot;%(%(&quot;) then
				need_explicit_angle_brackets = true
			else
				-- Try to preserve the brackets in the part after the verb, but don't do it
				-- if there aren't the same number of left and right brackets in the verb
				-- (which means the verb was linked as part of a larger expression).
				local refl_clitic_verb, post = rmatch(head, &quot;^(.-)( .*)$&quot;)
				local left_brackets = rsub(refl_clitic_verb, &quot;[^%[]&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
				local right_brackets = rsub(refl_clitic_verb, &quot;[^%]]&quot;, &quot;&quot;)
				if #left_brackets == #right_brackets then
					arg1 = iut.remove_redundant_links(refl_clitic_verb) .. &quot;&lt;&quot; .. arg1 .. &quot;&gt;&quot; .. post
					incorporated_headword_head_into_lemma = true
				else
					-- Try again using the form without links.
					local linkless_head = m_links.remove_links(head)
					if linkless_head:find(&quot; &quot;) then
						refl_clitic_verb, post = rmatch(linkless_head, &quot;^(.-)( .*)$&quot;)
						arg1 = refl_clitic_verb .. &quot;&lt;&quot; .. arg1 .. &quot;&gt;&quot; .. post
					else
						need_explicit_angle_brackets = true
					end
				end
			end

			if need_explicit_angle_brackets then
				error(&quot;Multiword argument without &lt;&gt; and with alternants, a multiword linked verb or &quot; ..
					&quot;unbalanced brackets; please include &lt;&gt; explicitly: &quot; .. arg1)
			end
		else
			arg1 = &quot;&lt;&quot; .. arg1 .. &quot;&gt;&quot;
			-- Will be incorporated through `head` below in the call to parse_indicator_spec().
			incorporated_headword_head_into_lemma = true
		end
	end

	local function do_parse_indicator_spec(angle_bracket_spec, lemma)
		return parse_indicator_spec(angle_bracket_spec, lemma, head)
	end

	local parse_props = {
		parse_indicator_spec = do_parse_indicator_spec,
		allow_default_indicator = true,
		allow_blank_lemma = true,
	}
	local escaped_arg1 = escape_reflexive_indicators(arg1)
	local alternant_multiword_spec = iut.parse_inflected_text(escaped_arg1, parse_props)
	alternant_multiword_spec.pos = pos or &quot;verbs&quot;
	alternant_multiword_spec.args = args
	alternant_multiword_spec.incorporated_headword_head_into_lemma = incorporated_headword_head_into_lemma
	normalize_all_lemmas(alternant_multiword_spec)
	detect_all_indicator_specs(alternant_multiword_spec, from_headword)
	local inflect_props = {
		slot_list = all_verb_slots,
		inflect_word_spec = conjugate_verb,
		-- We add links around the generated verbal forms rather than allow the entire multiword
		-- expression to be a link, so ensure that user-specified links get included as well.
		include_user_specified_links = true,
	}
	iut.inflect_multiword_or_alternant_multiword_spec(alternant_multiword_spec, inflect_props)
	propagate_properties_upward(alternant_multiword_spec)
	compute_auxiliary(alternant_multiword_spec)
	convert_accented_links(alternant_multiword_spec)
	compute_categories_and_annotation(alternant_multiword_spec, from_headword)
	if args.json then
		return require(&quot;Module:JSON&quot;).toJSON(alternant_multiword_spec)
	end
	return alternant_multiword_spec
end


-- Externally callable function to parse user-specified arguments and conjugate a verb.
-- Return value is ALTERNANT_MULTIWORD_SPEC, an object where the conjugated forms are in `ALTERNANT_MULTIWORD_SPEC.forms`
-- for each slot. If there are no values for a slot, the slot key will be missing. The value
-- for a given slot is a list of objects {form=FORM, footnotes=FOOTNOTES}.
function export.parse_args_and_generate_forms(parent_args)
	local params = {
		[1] = {required = true, default = def or &quot;mettere&lt;a\\é,mìsi,mésso&gt;&quot;},
		[&quot;noautolinktext&quot;] = {type = &quot;boolean&quot;},
		[&quot;noautolinkverb&quot;] = {type = &quot;boolean&quot;},
		[&quot;pagename&quot;] = {}, -- for testing
		[&quot;json&quot;] = {type = &quot;boolean&quot;}, -- for bot use
	}

	local args = require(&quot;Module:parameters&quot;).process(parent_args, params)
	return export.do_generate_forms(args)
end

	
-- Entry point for {{it-conj}}. Template-callable function to parse and conjugate a verb given
-- user-specified arguments and generate a displayable table of the conjugated forms.
function export.show(frame)
	local parent_args = frame:getParent().args
	local alternant_multiword_spec = export.parse_args_and_generate_forms(parent_args)
	if type(alternant_multiword_spec) == &quot;string&quot; then
		return alternant_multiword_spec
	end
	show_forms(alternant_multiword_spec)
	return make_table(alternant_multiword_spec) ..
		require(&quot;Module:utilities&quot;).format_categories(alternant_multiword_spec.categories, lang, nil, nil, force_cat)
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>c6go9tq217d9lqiuz8rm0q1f64i07py</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>retroceder</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2359068</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5771001</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T01:43:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Octahedron80</username>
        <id>267</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>นำเข้าจาก enwikt เก็บกวาด เรียงลำดับหัวเรื่องภาษา</comment>
      <origin>5771001</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2448" sha1="895kgjw5387cgoidlt8c7efg5qvao8a" xml:space="preserve">== ภาษาโปรตุเกส ==

=== รากศัพท์ ===
{{ety|pt|:lbor|la:retrocedo&lt;alt:retrōcēdere&gt;&lt;t:to retrocede&gt;|:af&lt;surf&gt;|retro-|ceder|text=+|tree=1}}

=== การออกเสียง ===
{{pt-IPA|retrocedêr}}

=== คำกริยา ===
{{pt-verb}}

# [[ถดถอย]], [[เสื่อมถอย]] {{gloss|กลับสู่สถานะก่อนหน้า โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งสถานะที่แย่ลง}}
#: {{syn|pt|regredir|regressar|decair|retrogradar}}
# [[กลับ]], [[ย้อนกลับ]] {{gloss|กลับไปยังสถานที่ก่อนหน้า}}
#: {{syn|pt|voltar|regressar}}
# {{lb|pt|กฎหมาย}} [[โอนสิทธิ์กลับคืน]], [[คืน]] {{gloss|ยกทรัพย์สินหรือกรรมสิทธิ์คืนให้แก่เจ้าของเดิม}}

==== การผันรูป ====
{{pt-conj}}

==== คำเกี่ยวข้อง ====
* {{l|pt|retrocessão}}
* {{l|pt|retrocesso}}

=== อ่านเพิ่ม ===
* {{R:pt:Aulete}}
* {{R:pt:Priberam}}

== ภาษาสเปน ==

=== รากศัพท์ ===
จาก{{der|es|la|retrocedo|retrōcēdere}}, จาก{{m|la|retrō-||[[back]], [[backward]]}} + {{m|la|cēdō|cēdere|to [[go]], [[move]]}}; เทียบ{{cog|en|retrocede}}.

=== การออกเสียง ===
{{es-pr|+&lt;audio:LL-Q1321 (spa)-AdrianAbdulBaha-retroceder.wav&lt;a:Colombia&gt;&gt;}}

=== คำกริยา ===
{{es-verb}}

# {{lb|es|อกรรม}} [[ถอย]], [[ถอยหลัง]], [[ก้าว]]ถอยหลัง, [[เคลื่อนที่]]ไปข้างหลัง, [[หดตัว]]หรือ[[ผงะ]]ถอยกลับ
# {{lb|es|อกรรม}} [[ล่าถอย]], [[ร่นถอย]], [[ลดลง]]หรือ[[เหือดแห้ง]], [[ถอยฉาก]]
# {{lb|es|อกรรม}} [[ถดถอย]], [[เสื่อมถอย]]
# {{lb|es|อกรรม}} [[ย้อนรอย]], [[ย้อนกลับ]]ทางเดิม
# {{lb|es|อกรรม}} [[สะท้อนกลับ]], [[ผงะ]]

==== การผันรูป ====
{{es-conj}}

==== คำเกี่ยวข้อง ====
{{col|es|retrocesión|retroceso}}

=== อ่านเพิ่ม ===
* {{R:es:DRAE}}</text>
      <sha1>895kgjw5387cgoidlt8c7efg5qvao8a</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>5771002</id>
      <parentid>5771001</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T01:44:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Octahedron80</username>
        <id>267</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* รากศัพท์ */</comment>
      <origin>5771002</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2457" sha1="81nanb2wbg6g7rhyh3l7eqo7hwdoojk" xml:space="preserve">== ภาษาโปรตุเกส ==

=== รากศัพท์ ===
{{ety|pt|:lbor|la:retrocedo&lt;alt:retrōcēdere&gt;&lt;t:ถอยหลัง&gt;|:af&lt;surf&gt;|retro-|ceder|text=+|tree=1}}

=== การออกเสียง ===
{{pt-IPA|retrocedêr}}

=== คำกริยา ===
{{pt-verb}}

# [[ถดถอย]], [[เสื่อมถอย]] {{gloss|กลับสู่สถานะก่อนหน้า โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งสถานะที่แย่ลง}}
#: {{syn|pt|regredir|regressar|decair|retrogradar}}
# [[กลับ]], [[ย้อนกลับ]] {{gloss|กลับไปยังสถานที่ก่อนหน้า}}
#: {{syn|pt|voltar|regressar}}
# {{lb|pt|กฎหมาย}} [[โอนสิทธิ์กลับคืน]], [[คืน]] {{gloss|ยกทรัพย์สินหรือกรรมสิทธิ์คืนให้แก่เจ้าของเดิม}}

==== การผันรูป ====
{{pt-conj}}

==== คำเกี่ยวข้อง ====
* {{l|pt|retrocessão}}
* {{l|pt|retrocesso}}

=== อ่านเพิ่ม ===
* {{R:pt:Aulete}}
* {{R:pt:Priberam}}

== ภาษาสเปน ==

=== รากศัพท์ ===
จาก{{der|es|la|retrocedo|retrōcēdere}}, จาก{{m|la|retrō-||[[back]], [[backward]]}} + {{m|la|cēdō|cēdere|to [[go]], [[move]]}}; เทียบ{{cog|en|retrocede}}.

=== การออกเสียง ===
{{es-pr|+&lt;audio:LL-Q1321 (spa)-AdrianAbdulBaha-retroceder.wav&lt;a:Colombia&gt;&gt;}}

=== คำกริยา ===
{{es-verb}}

# {{lb|es|อกรรม}} [[ถอย]], [[ถอยหลัง]], [[ก้าว]]ถอยหลัง, [[เคลื่อนที่]]ไปข้างหลัง, [[หดตัว]]หรือ[[ผงะ]]ถอยกลับ
# {{lb|es|อกรรม}} [[ล่าถอย]], [[ร่นถอย]], [[ลดลง]]หรือ[[เหือดแห้ง]], [[ถอยฉาก]]
# {{lb|es|อกรรม}} [[ถดถอย]], [[เสื่อมถอย]]
# {{lb|es|อกรรม}} [[ย้อนรอย]], [[ย้อนกลับ]]ทางเดิม
# {{lb|es|อกรรม}} [[สะท้อนกลับ]], [[ผงะ]]

==== การผันรูป ====
{{es-conj}}

==== คำเกี่ยวข้อง ====
{{col|es|retrocesión|retroceso}}

=== อ่านเพิ่ม ===
* {{R:es:DRAE}}</text>
      <sha1>81nanb2wbg6g7rhyh3l7eqo7hwdoojk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>5771003</id>
      <parentid>5771002</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T01:45:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Octahedron80</username>
        <id>267</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* รากศัพท์ */</comment>
      <origin>5771003</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2491" sha1="gv7wa3fmpxxx81rt53xcymsud30z22n" xml:space="preserve">== ภาษาโปรตุเกส ==

=== รากศัพท์ ===
{{ety|pt|:lbor|la:retrocedo&lt;alt:retrōcēdere&gt;&lt;t:ถอยหลัง&gt;|:af&lt;surf&gt;|retro-|ceder|text=+|tree=1}}

=== การออกเสียง ===
{{pt-IPA|retrocedêr}}

=== คำกริยา ===
{{pt-verb}}

# [[ถดถอย]], [[เสื่อมถอย]] {{gloss|กลับสู่สถานะก่อนหน้า โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งสถานะที่แย่ลง}}
#: {{syn|pt|regredir|regressar|decair|retrogradar}}
# [[กลับ]], [[ย้อนกลับ]] {{gloss|กลับไปยังสถานที่ก่อนหน้า}}
#: {{syn|pt|voltar|regressar}}
# {{lb|pt|กฎหมาย}} [[โอนสิทธิ์กลับคืน]], [[คืน]] {{gloss|ยกทรัพย์สินหรือกรรมสิทธิ์คืนให้แก่เจ้าของเดิม}}

==== การผันรูป ====
{{pt-conj}}

==== คำเกี่ยวข้อง ====
* {{l|pt|retrocessão}}
* {{l|pt|retrocesso}}

=== อ่านเพิ่ม ===
* {{R:pt:Aulete}}
* {{R:pt:Priberam}}

== ภาษาสเปน ==

=== รากศัพท์ ===
จาก{{der|es|la|retrocedo|retrōcēdere}}, จาก{{m|la|retrō-||ย้อนกลับ, ถอยหลัง}} + {{m|la|cēdō|cēdere|ไป, เคลื่อน}}; เทียบ{{cog|en|retrocede}}

=== การออกเสียง ===
{{es-pr|+&lt;audio:LL-Q1321 (spa)-AdrianAbdulBaha-retroceder.wav&lt;a:Colombia&gt;&gt;}}

=== คำกริยา ===
{{es-verb}}

# {{lb|es|อกรรม}} [[ถอย]], [[ถอยหลัง]], [[ก้าว]]ถอยหลัง, [[เคลื่อนที่]]ไปข้างหลัง, [[หดตัว]]หรือ[[ผงะ]]ถอยกลับ
# {{lb|es|อกรรม}} [[ล่าถอย]], [[ร่นถอย]], [[ลดลง]]หรือ[[เหือดแห้ง]], [[ถอยฉาก]]
# {{lb|es|อกรรม}} [[ถดถอย]], [[เสื่อมถอย]]
# {{lb|es|อกรรม}} [[ย้อนรอย]], [[ย้อนกลับ]]ทางเดิม
# {{lb|es|อกรรม}} [[สะท้อนกลับ]], [[ผงะ]]

==== การผันรูป ====
{{es-conj}}

==== คำเกี่ยวข้อง ====
{{col|es|retrocesión|retroceso}}

=== อ่านเพิ่ม ===
* {{R:es:DRAE}}</text>
      <sha1>gv7wa3fmpxxx81rt53xcymsud30z22n</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>5771004</id>
      <parentid>5771003</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T01:45:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Octahedron80</username>
        <id>267</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* รากศัพท์ */</comment>
      <origin>5771004</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2500" sha1="lvaq31lvtxcffsrrrhi2ur4f0qhe581" xml:space="preserve">== ภาษาโปรตุเกส ==

=== รากศัพท์ ===
{{ety|pt|:lbor|la:retrocedo&lt;alt:retrōcēdere&gt;&lt;t:ไปข้างหลัง&gt;|:af&lt;surf&gt;|retro-|ceder|text=+|tree=1}}

=== การออกเสียง ===
{{pt-IPA|retrocedêr}}

=== คำกริยา ===
{{pt-verb}}

# [[ถดถอย]], [[เสื่อมถอย]] {{gloss|กลับสู่สถานะก่อนหน้า โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งสถานะที่แย่ลง}}
#: {{syn|pt|regredir|regressar|decair|retrogradar}}
# [[กลับ]], [[ย้อนกลับ]] {{gloss|กลับไปยังสถานที่ก่อนหน้า}}
#: {{syn|pt|voltar|regressar}}
# {{lb|pt|กฎหมาย}} [[โอนสิทธิ์กลับคืน]], [[คืน]] {{gloss|ยกทรัพย์สินหรือกรรมสิทธิ์คืนให้แก่เจ้าของเดิม}}

==== การผันรูป ====
{{pt-conj}}

==== คำเกี่ยวข้อง ====
* {{l|pt|retrocessão}}
* {{l|pt|retrocesso}}

=== อ่านเพิ่ม ===
* {{R:pt:Aulete}}
* {{R:pt:Priberam}}

== ภาษาสเปน ==

=== รากศัพท์ ===
จาก{{der|es|la|retrocedo|retrōcēdere}}, จาก{{m|la|retrō-||ย้อนกลับ, ถอยหลัง}} + {{m|la|cēdō|cēdere|ไป, เคลื่อน}}; เทียบ{{cog|en|retrocede}}

=== การออกเสียง ===
{{es-pr|+&lt;audio:LL-Q1321 (spa)-AdrianAbdulBaha-retroceder.wav&lt;a:Colombia&gt;&gt;}}

=== คำกริยา ===
{{es-verb}}

# {{lb|es|อกรรม}} [[ถอย]], [[ถอยหลัง]], [[ก้าว]]ถอยหลัง, [[เคลื่อนที่]]ไปข้างหลัง, [[หดตัว]]หรือ[[ผงะ]]ถอยกลับ
# {{lb|es|อกรรม}} [[ล่าถอย]], [[ร่นถอย]], [[ลดลง]]หรือ[[เหือดแห้ง]], [[ถอยฉาก]]
# {{lb|es|อกรรม}} [[ถดถอย]], [[เสื่อมถอย]]
# {{lb|es|อกรรม}} [[ย้อนรอย]], [[ย้อนกลับ]]ทางเดิม
# {{lb|es|อกรรม}} [[สะท้อนกลับ]], [[ผงะ]]

==== การผันรูป ====
{{es-conj}}

==== คำเกี่ยวข้อง ====
{{col|es|retrocesión|retroceso}}

=== อ่านเพิ่ม ===
* {{R:es:DRAE}}</text>
      <sha1>lvaq31lvtxcffsrrrhi2ur4f0qhe581</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>5771012</id>
      <parentid>5771004</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T02:16:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Octahedron80</username>
        <id>267</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* คำกริยา */</comment>
      <origin>5771012</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2508" sha1="awjx42dlhjm5c0odixjpwk2g5jdcolo" xml:space="preserve">== ภาษาโปรตุเกส ==

=== รากศัพท์ ===
{{ety|pt|:lbor|la:retrocedo&lt;alt:retrōcēdere&gt;&lt;t:ไปข้างหลัง&gt;|:af&lt;surf&gt;|retro-|ceder|text=+|tree=1}}

=== การออกเสียง ===
{{pt-IPA|retrocedêr}}

=== คำกริยา ===
{{pt-verb}}

# [[ถดถอย]], [[เสื่อมถอย]] {{gloss|กลับสู่สถานะก่อนหน้า โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งสถานะที่แย่ลง}}
#: {{syn|pt|regredir|regressar|decair|retrogradar}}
# [[กลับ]], [[ย้อนกลับ]] {{gloss|กลับไปยังสถานที่ก่อนหน้า}}
#: {{syn|pt|voltar|regressar}}
# {{lb|pt|กฎหมาย}} [[โอน]][[สิทธิ์]][[กลับคืน]], [[คืน]] {{gloss|ยกทรัพย์สินหรือกรรมสิทธิ์คืนให้แก่เจ้าของเดิม}}

==== การผันรูป ====
{{pt-conj}}

==== คำเกี่ยวข้อง ====
* {{l|pt|retrocessão}}
* {{l|pt|retrocesso}}

=== อ่านเพิ่ม ===
* {{R:pt:Aulete}}
* {{R:pt:Priberam}}

== ภาษาสเปน ==

=== รากศัพท์ ===
จาก{{der|es|la|retrocedo|retrōcēdere}}, จาก{{m|la|retrō-||ย้อนกลับ, ถอยหลัง}} + {{m|la|cēdō|cēdere|ไป, เคลื่อน}}; เทียบ{{cog|en|retrocede}}

=== การออกเสียง ===
{{es-pr|+&lt;audio:LL-Q1321 (spa)-AdrianAbdulBaha-retroceder.wav&lt;a:Colombia&gt;&gt;}}

=== คำกริยา ===
{{es-verb}}

# {{lb|es|อกรรม}} [[ถอย]], [[ถอยหลัง]], [[ก้าว]]ถอยหลัง, [[เคลื่อนที่]]ไปข้างหลัง, [[หดตัว]]หรือ[[ผงะ]]ถอยกลับ
# {{lb|es|อกรรม}} [[ล่าถอย]], [[ร่นถอย]], [[ลดลง]]หรือ[[เหือดแห้ง]], [[ถอยฉาก]]
# {{lb|es|อกรรม}} [[ถดถอย]], [[เสื่อมถอย]]
# {{lb|es|อกรรม}} [[ย้อนรอย]], [[ย้อนกลับ]]ทางเดิม
# {{lb|es|อกรรม}} [[สะท้อนกลับ]], [[ผงะ]]

==== การผันรูป ====
{{es-conj}}

==== คำเกี่ยวข้อง ====
{{col|es|retrocesión|retroceso}}

=== อ่านเพิ่ม ===
* {{R:es:DRAE}}</text>
      <sha1>awjx42dlhjm5c0odixjpwk2g5jdcolo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>retrocede</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2359069</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5771005</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T01:47:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Octahedron80</username>
        <id>267</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>นำเข้าจาก enwikt เก็บกวาด เรียงลำดับหัวเรื่องภาษา</comment>
      <origin>5771005</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2158" sha1="cket63mcmitw864q0m7g8qs1gybxoio" xml:space="preserve">== ภาษาโปรตุเกส ==

=== คำกริยา ===
{{head|pt|รูปกริยา}}

# {{pt-verb form of|retroceder}}

== ภาษาละติน ==

=== คำกริยา ===
{{head|la|รูปกริยา|head=retrōcēde}}

# {{inflection of|la|retrōcēdō||2|s|pres|act|imp}}

== ภาษาสเปน ==

=== คำกริยา ===
{{head|es|รูปกริยา}}

# {{es-verb form of|retroceder}}

== ภาษาอังกฤษ ==

=== รากศัพท์ ===
แรกสุดจาก{{der|en|la|retrōcēdō|retrōcēdere}}, จาก{{m|la|retrō-||ย้อนกลับ, ถอยหลัง}} + {{m|la|cēdō|cēdere|ไป, กลับ, ให้, คืน, ฯลฯ}}; เทียบเท่า {{affix|en|retro-|cede}}

=== คำกริยา ===
{{en-verb}}

# {{lb|en|สกรรม}} [[โอน]][[กลับคืน]], [[ยกคืน]]ให้
#: {{ux|en|to '''retrocede''' a territory to a former proprietor|'''โอน'''ดินแดน'''กลับคืน'''ให้แก่ผู้ถือครองเดิม}}
# {{lb|en|อกรรม}} [[ย้อนกลับ]], [[ถอยหลัง]]เข้าสู่
#* {{quote-text|en|year=1994|author=David F Drake|title=Reforming the health care market: an interpretive economic history|passage=Hospitals retrenched in the '30s while the general practitioners '''retroceded''' into a bygone era.|t=โรงพยาบาลต่าง ๆ ปรับลดค่าใช้จ่ายลงในทศวรรษ 1930 ในขณะที่แพทย์เวชปฏิบัติทั่วไปได้'''ย้อนกลับ'''ไปสู่วิถีของยุคสมัยที่ล่วงเลยมาแล้ว}}

== ภาษาอิตาลี ==

=== การออกเสียง ===
{{it-pr|retrocède}}

=== คำกริยา ===
{{head|it|รูปกริยา}}

# {{inflection of|it|retrocedere||3|s|pres|indc}}

=== คำสลับอักษร ===
* {{anagrams|it|a=cdeeeorrt|decorrete|decreterò|detorcere}}</text>
      <sha1>cket63mcmitw864q0m7g8qs1gybxoio</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>5771006</id>
      <parentid>5771005</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T01:47:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Octahedron80</username>
        <id>267</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* คำกริยา */</comment>
      <origin>5771006</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2162" sha1="rliy2bk0wtqcuqtmf07x2awgrbjay4e" xml:space="preserve">== ภาษาโปรตุเกส ==

=== คำกริยา ===
{{head|pt|รูปกริยา}}

# {{pt-verb form of|retroceder}}

== ภาษาละติน ==

=== คำกริยา ===
{{head|la|รูปกริยา|head=retrōcēde}}

# {{inflection of|la|retrōcēdō||2|s|pres|act|imp}}

== ภาษาสเปน ==

=== คำกริยา ===
{{head|es|รูปกริยา}}

# {{es-verb form of|retroceder}}

== ภาษาอังกฤษ ==

=== รากศัพท์ ===
แรกสุดจาก{{der|en|la|retrōcēdō|retrōcēdere}}, จาก{{m|la|retrō-||ย้อนกลับ, ถอยหลัง}} + {{m|la|cēdō|cēdere|ไป, กลับ, ให้, คืน, ฯลฯ}}; เทียบเท่า {{affix|en|retro-|cede}}

=== คำกริยา ===
{{en-verb}}

# {{lb|en|สกรรม}} [[โอน]][[กลับคืน]], [[ยก]][[คืน]]ให้
#: {{ux|en|to '''retrocede''' a territory to a former proprietor|'''โอน'''ดินแดน'''กลับคืน'''ให้แก่ผู้ถือครองเดิม}}
# {{lb|en|อกรรม}} [[ย้อนกลับ]], [[ถอยหลัง]]เข้าสู่
#* {{quote-text|en|year=1994|author=David F Drake|title=Reforming the health care market: an interpretive economic history|passage=Hospitals retrenched in the '30s while the general practitioners '''retroceded''' into a bygone era.|t=โรงพยาบาลต่าง ๆ ปรับลดค่าใช้จ่ายลงในทศวรรษ 1930 ในขณะที่แพทย์เวชปฏิบัติทั่วไปได้'''ย้อนกลับ'''ไปสู่วิถีของยุคสมัยที่ล่วงเลยมาแล้ว}}

== ภาษาอิตาลี ==

=== การออกเสียง ===
{{it-pr|retrocède}}

=== คำกริยา ===
{{head|it|รูปกริยา}}

# {{inflection of|it|retrocedere||3|s|pres|indc}}

=== คำสลับอักษร ===
* {{anagrams|it|a=cdeeeorrt|decorrete|decreterò|detorcere}}</text>
      <sha1>rliy2bk0wtqcuqtmf07x2awgrbjay4e</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>retroceded</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2359070</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5771007</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T01:48:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Octahedron80</username>
        <id>267</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>นำเข้าจาก enwikt เก็บกวาด เรียงลำดับหัวเรื่องภาษา</comment>
      <origin>5771007</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="281" sha1="qd3tbxrxzaxmx680hszhq0lejzrz14z" xml:space="preserve">== ภาษาสเปน ==

=== คำกริยา ===
{{head|es|รูปกริยา}}

# {{es-verb form of|retroceder}}

== ภาษาอังกฤษ ==

=== คำกริยา ===
{{head|en|รูปกริยา}}

# {{inflection of|en|retrocede||ed-form}}</text>
      <sha1>qd3tbxrxzaxmx680hszhq0lejzrz14z</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>retrocedes</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2359071</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5771008</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T01:48:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Octahedron80</username>
        <id>267</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>นำเข้าจาก enwikt เก็บกวาด เรียงลำดับหัวเรื่องภาษา</comment>
      <origin>5771008</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="607" sha1="69qpujvfma1bbyi1dbifyivpkcah6um" xml:space="preserve">== ภาษาโปรตุเกส ==

=== คำกริยา ===
{{head|pt|รูปกริยา}}

# {{pt-verb form of|retroceder}}

== ภาษาละติน ==

=== คำกริยา ===
{{head|la|รูปกริยา|head=retrōcēdēs}}

# {{inflection of|la|retrōcēdō||2|s|fut|act|ind}}

== ภาษาสเปน ==

=== คำกริยา ===
{{head|es|รูปกริยา}}

# {{es-verb form of|retroceder}}

== ภาษาอังกฤษ ==

=== คำกริยา ===
{{head|en|รูปกริยา}}

# {{inflection of|en|retrocede||s-verb-form}}</text>
      <sha1>69qpujvfma1bbyi1dbifyivpkcah6um</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>retrocedo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2359072</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5771009</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T02:15:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Octahedron80</username>
        <id>267</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>นำเข้าจาก enwikt เก็บกวาด เรียงลำดับหัวเรื่องภาษา</comment>
      <origin>5771009</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1477" sha1="akwv3avjefzqf6ngvi4jgi16zot8opw" xml:space="preserve">== ภาษาโปรตุเกส ==

=== คำกริยา ===
{{head|pt|รูปกริยา}}

# {{pt-verb form of|retroceder}}

== ภาษาละติน ==

=== รากศัพท์ ===
จาก{{m|la|retrō}} + {{m|la|cēdō}}

=== การออกเสียง ===
* {{la-IPA|retrōcēdō}}

=== คำกริยา ===
{{la-verb|3|retrōcēdō|retrōcess|retrōcess}}

# [[โอน]][[สิทธิ์]][[กลับคืน]], [[คืน]], [[ฟื้นฟู]][[หรือ]][[มอบ]]คืน, [[โอนย้าย]][[กลับ]]

==== การผันรูป ====
{{la-conj|3|retrōcēdō|retrōcess|retrōcess}}

==== คำสืบทอด ====
* {{desc|ca|retrocedir}}
* {{desc|en|retrocede|bor=1}}
* {{desc|fr|rétrocéder}}
* {{desc|gl|retroceder}}
* {{desc|it|retrocedere}}
* {{desc|pt|retroceder}}
* {{desc|ro|retroceda}}
* {{desc|es|retroceder}}

=== อ้างอิง ===
* {{R:la:L&amp;S}}
* {{R:la:Elementary Lewis}}
* {{R:la:Gaffiot}}
* {{R:la:NLW}}

== ภาษาสเปน ==

=== คำกริยา ===
{{head|es|รูปกริยา}}

# {{es-verb form of|retroceder}}

== ภาษาอิตาลี ==

=== การออกเสียง ===
{{it-pr|retrocèdo}}

=== คำกริยา ===
{{head|it|รูปกริยา}}

# {{inflection of|it|retrocedere||1|s|pres|indc}}

=== คำสลับอักษร ===
* {{anagrams|it|a=cdeeoorrt|corrodete|detorcerò}}</text>
      <sha1>akwv3avjefzqf6ngvi4jgi16zot8opw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>retrocedí</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2359073</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5771010</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T02:15:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Octahedron80</username>
        <id>267</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>นำเข้าจาก enwikt เก็บกวาด</comment>
      <origin>5771010</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="272" sha1="kazv54oryy5347umgl9f063vesckybl" xml:space="preserve">== ภาษากาตาลา ==

=== คำกริยา ===
{{head|ca|รูปกริยา}}

# {{ca-verb form of|retrocedir}}

== ภาษาสเปน ==

=== คำกริยา ===
{{head|es|รูปกริยา}}

# {{es-verb form of|retroceder}}</text>
      <sha1>kazv54oryy5347umgl9f063vesckybl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>retrocedido</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2359074</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5771011</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T02:15:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Octahedron80</username>
        <id>267</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>นำเข้าจาก enwikt เก็บกวาด</comment>
      <origin>5771011</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="332" sha1="gvuhoqv0kj34qcn1ho6mp7hdqn066zc" xml:space="preserve">== ภาษาโปรตุเกส ==

=== รูปกริยาขยาย ===
{{pt-pp}}

# {{past participle of|pt|retroceder}}

== ภาษาสเปน ==

=== การออกเสียง ===
{{es-pr}}

=== รูปกริยาขยาย ===
{{es-past participle}}

# {{past participle of|es|retroceder}}</text>
      <sha1>gvuhoqv0kj34qcn1ho6mp7hdqn066zc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>retrocedida</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2359075</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5771013</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T02:16:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Octahedron80</username>
        <id>267</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>นำเข้าจาก enwikt เก็บกวาด</comment>
      <origin>5771013</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="713" sha1="athed0xpelmn87l5hf8ho6nqcvto9iq" xml:space="preserve">== ภาษากาตาลา ==

=== รูปกริยาขยาย ===
{{head|ca|รูปผันรูปกริยาขยายอดีตกาล|g=f-s}}

# {{feminine singular of|ca|retrocedit}}

== ภาษาโปรตุเกส ==

=== รูปกริยาขยาย ===
{{head|pt|รูปผันรูปกริยาขยายอดีตกาล|g=f-s}}

# {{feminine singular of|pt|retrocedido}}

== ภาษาสเปน ==

=== การออกเสียง ===
{{es-pr}}

=== รูปกริยาขยาย ===
{{head|es|รูปผันรูปกริยาขยายอดีตกาล|g=f-s}}

# {{feminine singular of|es|retrocedido}}</text>
      <sha1>athed0xpelmn87l5hf8ho6nqcvto9iq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>retrocedidos</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2359076</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5771014</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T02:16:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Octahedron80</username>
        <id>267</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>นำเข้าจาก enwikt เก็บกวาด</comment>
      <origin>5771014</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="491" sha1="5n45x6zrij6fa2vm4t8kmyb3dkjgbku" xml:space="preserve">== ภาษาโปรตุเกส ==

=== รูปกริยาขยาย ===
{{head|pt|รูปผันรูปกริยาขยายอดีตกาล|g=m-p}}

# {{masculine plural of|pt|retrocedido}}

== ภาษาสเปน ==

=== การออกเสียง ===
{{es-pr}}

=== รูปกริยาขยาย ===
{{head|es|รูปผันรูปกริยาขยายอดีตกาล|g=m-p}}

# {{masculine plural of|es|retrocedido}}</text>
      <sha1>5n45x6zrij6fa2vm4t8kmyb3dkjgbku</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>retrocedidas</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2359077</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5771015</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T02:16:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Octahedron80</username>
        <id>267</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>นำเข้าจาก enwikt เก็บกวาด</comment>
      <origin>5771015</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="489" sha1="sjaok6p69cro7qbosmvzcopbp10pj3a" xml:space="preserve">== ภาษาโปรตุเกส ==

=== รูปกริยาขยาย ===
{{head|pt|รูปผันรูปกริยาขยายอดีตกาล|g=f-p}}

# {{feminine plural of|pt|retrocedido}}

== ภาษาสเปน ==

=== การออกเสียง ===
{{es-pr}}

=== รูปกริยาขยาย ===
{{head|es|รูปผันรูปกริยาขยายอดีตกาล|g=f-p}}

# {{feminine plural of|es|retrocedido}}</text>
      <sha1>sjaok6p69cro7qbosmvzcopbp10pj3a</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>retrocedendo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2359078</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5771016</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T02:16:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Octahedron80</username>
        <id>267</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>นำเข้าจาก enwikt เก็บกวาด เรียงลำดับหัวเรื่องภาษา</comment>
      <origin>5771016</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="497" sha1="6p68vrh9ij0lerw0xtwn2ym2r4xzcyo" xml:space="preserve">== ภาษาโปรตุเกส ==

=== คำกริยา ===
{{head|pt|รูปกริยาเป็นนาม}}

# {{pt-verb form of|retroceder}}

== ภาษาละติน ==

=== คำกริยา ===
{{head|la|รูปกริยา|head=retrōcēdendō}}

# {{inflection of|la|retrōcēdō||dat|gerund}}

== ภาษาอิตาลี ==

=== คำกริยา ===
{{head|it|รูปกริยาเป็นนาม}}

# {{gerund of|it|retrocedere}}</text>
      <sha1>6p68vrh9ij0lerw0xtwn2ym2r4xzcyo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>retrocederes</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2359079</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5771017</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T02:16:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Octahedron80</username>
        <id>267</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>นำเข้าจาก enwikt เก็บกวาด เรียงลำดับหัวเรื่องภาษา</comment>
      <origin>5771017</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="325" sha1="gxh893p5v3p2bst9vp8llg2rapco8my" xml:space="preserve">== ภาษาโปรตุเกส ==

=== คำกริยา ===
{{head|pt|รูปกริยา}}

# {{pt-verb form of|retroceder}}

== ภาษาละติน ==

=== คำกริยา ===
{{head|la|รูปกริยา|head=retrōcēderēs}}

# {{inflection of|la|retrōcēdō||2|s|imperf|act|sub}}</text>
      <sha1>gxh893p5v3p2bst9vp8llg2rapco8my</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>retrocederem</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2359080</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5771018</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T02:17:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Octahedron80</username>
        <id>267</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>นำเข้าจาก enwikt เก็บกวาด เรียงลำดับหัวเรื่องภาษา</comment>
      <origin>5771018</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="324" sha1="qg2awz70sgzg5tzl49jkihr1033f0js" xml:space="preserve">== ภาษาโปรตุเกส ==

=== คำกริยา ===
{{head|pt|รูปกริยา}}

# {{pt-verb form of|retroceder}}

== ภาษาละติน ==

=== คำกริยา ===
{{head|la|รูปกริยา|head=retrōcēderem}}

# {{inflection of|la|retrōcēdō||1|s|imperf|act|sub}}</text>
      <sha1>qg2awz70sgzg5tzl49jkihr1033f0js</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>retrocediendo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2359081</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5771019</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T02:17:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Octahedron80</username>
        <id>267</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>นำเข้าจาก enwikt เก็บกวาด</comment>
      <origin>5771019</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="153" sha1="f7qjz5sblh7rq0tdfej4e10l56ji61q" xml:space="preserve">== ภาษาสเปน ==

=== คำกริยา ===
{{head|es|รูปกริยาเป็นนาม}}

# {{es-verb form of|retroceder}}</text>
      <sha1>f7qjz5sblh7rq0tdfej4e10l56ji61q</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>retroceda</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2359082</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5771020</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T02:18:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Octahedron80</username>
        <id>267</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>นำเข้าจาก enwikt เก็บกวาด เรียงลำดับหัวเรื่องภาษา</comment>
      <origin>5771020</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1086" sha1="s54kpx8oj6ycj1nvvseib0zatgu7ezu" xml:space="preserve">== ภาษาโปรตุเกส ==

=== คำกริยา ===
{{head|pt|รูปกริยา}}

# {{pt-verb form of|retroceder}}

== ภาษาโรมาเนีย ==

=== รากศัพท์ ===
{{ety|ro|:bor|fr:rétrocéder|:af&lt;surf&gt;|retro-|ceda|text=+|tree=1}}

=== คำกริยา ===
{{ro-verb|conj=1|retrocedează|retrocedat}}

# [[โอน]][[สิทธิ์]][[กลับคืน]], [[ยก]][[คืน]]
# [[ยอมจำนน]], [[ส่งมอบ]][[หรือ]][[สละ]] {{gl|สิ่งของ}}

==== การผันรูป ====
{{ro-conj-a-ez}}

== ภาษาสเปน ==

=== คำกริยา ===
{{head|es|รูปกริยา}}

# {{es-verb form of|retroceder}}

== ภาษาอิตาลี ==

=== การออกเสียง ===
{{it-pr|retrocèda}}

=== คำกริยา ===
{{head|it|รูปกริยา}}

# {{inflection of|it|retrocedere||1//2//3|s|pres|subj|;|3|s|impr}}

=== คำสลับอักษร ===
* {{anagrams|it|a=acdeeorrt|corredate|detorcerà}}</text>
      <sha1>s54kpx8oj6ycj1nvvseib0zatgu7ezu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>5771021</id>
      <parentid>5771020</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T02:18:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Octahedron80</username>
        <id>267</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* คำกริยา */</comment>
      <origin>5771021</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1090" sha1="m1z5tihi35s1q0be9r4uadh3fndrrrt" xml:space="preserve">== ภาษาโปรตุเกส ==

=== คำกริยา ===
{{head|pt|รูปกริยา}}

# {{pt-verb form of|retroceder}}

== ภาษาโรมาเนีย ==

=== รากศัพท์ ===
{{ety|ro|:bor|fr:rétrocéder|:af&lt;surf&gt;|retro-|ceda|text=+|tree=1}}

=== คำกริยา ===
{{ro-verb|conj=1|retrocedează|retrocedat}}

# [[โอน]][[สิทธิ์]][[กลับคืน]], [[ยก]][[คืน]]
# [[ยอม]][[จำนน]], [[ส่งมอบ]][[หรือ]][[สละ]] {{gl|สิ่งของ}}

==== การผันรูป ====
{{ro-conj-a-ez}}

== ภาษาสเปน ==

=== คำกริยา ===
{{head|es|รูปกริยา}}

# {{es-verb form of|retroceder}}

== ภาษาอิตาลี ==

=== การออกเสียง ===
{{it-pr|retrocèda}}

=== คำกริยา ===
{{head|it|รูปกริยา}}

# {{inflection of|it|retrocedere||1//2//3|s|pres|subj|;|3|s|impr}}

=== คำสลับอักษร ===
* {{anagrams|it|a=acdeeorrt|corredate|detorcerà}}</text>
      <sha1>m1z5tihi35s1q0be9r4uadh3fndrrrt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>retrocedas</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2359083</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5771022</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T02:18:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Octahedron80</username>
        <id>267</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>นำเข้าจาก enwikt เก็บกวาด เรียงลำดับหัวเรื่องภาษา</comment>
      <origin>5771022</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="455" sha1="jxlvbr0mz5lzfd3pvngska0a445crf0" xml:space="preserve">== ภาษาโปรตุเกส ==

=== คำกริยา ===
{{head|pt|รูปกริยา}}

# {{pt-verb form of|retroceder}}

== ภาษาละติน ==

=== คำกริยา ===
{{head|la|รูปกริยา|head=retrōcēdās}}

# {{inflection of|la|retrōcēdō||2|s|pres|act|sub}}

== ภาษาสเปน ==

=== คำกริยา ===
{{head|es|รูปกริยา}}

# {{es-verb form of|retroceder}}</text>
      <sha1>jxlvbr0mz5lzfd3pvngska0a445crf0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>retrocedere</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2359084</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5771023</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T02:21:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Octahedron80</username>
        <id>267</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>นำเข้าจาก enwikt เก็บกวาด</comment>
      <origin>5771023</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2198" sha1="3c49umat37ow5902bp3tzn1skzrkqkj" xml:space="preserve">== ภาษาเดนมาร์ก ==

=== คำกริยา ===
{{da-verb|retroceder||er|ede||et}}

# {{rfdef|da}}

==== การผันรูป ====
{{da-conj|retroceder||er|ede||et}}

=== อ่านเพิ่ม ===
* {{R:ODS online}}

== ภาษาอิตาลี ==

=== รากศัพท์ ===
จาก{{der|it|la|retrōcēdō}}, จาก{{prefix|it|retro|cedere}}

=== การออกเสียง ===
{{it-pr|retrocèdere,#rètrocèdere&lt;r:DiPI&gt;}}

=== คำกริยา ===
{{it-verb|e[intransitive]:a[transitive]\@}}

# {{lb|it|อกรรม}} [[ถอยหลัง]], [[ล่าถอย]], [[ยอม]][[ถอย]] {{+aux|it|essere}}
# {{lb|it|อกรรม|โดยปริยาย}} [[ล้มเลิก]], [[ละทิ้ง]] {{+aux|it|essere}}
# {{lb|it|อกรรม|กีฬา}} [[ตกชั้น]] {{+aux|it|essere}}
# {{lb|it|สกรรม|การทหาร}} [[ลดขั้น]], [[ลดยศ]]
# {{lb|it|สกรรม|กีฬา}} [[ปรับ]]ให้ตกชั้น
# {{lb|it|สกรรม|กฎหมาย}} [[โอน]][[สิทธิ์]][[กลับคืน]], [[ยก]][[คืน]]
# {{lb|it|สกรรม|การพาณิชย์}} [[ยกเว้น]]หรือ[[ยกหนี้]]ให้

==== การผันรูป ====
{{it-conj|e[intransitive]:a[transitive]\@}}
'''รวมถึงรูปที่ใช้น้อยกว่า:'''
{{it-conj|e[intransitive]:a[transitive]\@.pp:retrocèsso:retrocedùto[uncommon]}}

=== อ้างอิง ===
{{reflist}}

=== คำสลับอักษร ===
* {{anagrams|it|a=cdeeeeorrrt|correderete|decorrerete}}

== ภาษาละติน ==

=== การออกเสียง ===
* {{q|retrōcēdēre}} {{la-IPA|retrōcēdēre}}
* {{q|retrōcēdere}} {{la-IPA|retrōcēdere}}

=== คำกริยา ===
{{head|la|รูปกริยา|head=retrōcēdēre}}

# {{inflection of|la|retrōcēdō||2|s|futr|pasv|indc}}

=== คำกริยา ===
{{head|la|รูปกริยา|head=retrōcēdere}}

# {{inflection of|la|retrōcēdō||pres|actv|inf|;|2|s|pres|pasv|imp//ind}}</text>
      <sha1>3c49umat37ow5902bp3tzn1skzrkqkj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>5771027</id>
      <parentid>5771023</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T02:40:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Octahedron80</username>
        <id>267</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* คำกริยา */</comment>
      <origin>5771027</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2238" sha1="sxvaaecv3l6zyqog6duczfcr15lgyeu" xml:space="preserve">== ภาษาเดนมาร์ก ==

=== คำกริยา ===
{{da-verb|retroceder||er|ede||et}}

# {{rfdef|da}}

==== การผันรูป ====
{{da-conj|retroceder||er|ede||et}}

=== อ่านเพิ่ม ===
* {{R:ODS online}}

== ภาษาอิตาลี ==

=== รากศัพท์ ===
จาก{{der|it|la|retrōcēdō}}, จาก{{prefix|it|retro|cedere}}

=== การออกเสียง ===
{{it-pr|retrocèdere,#rètrocèdere&lt;r:DiPI&gt;}}

=== คำกริยา ===
{{it-verb|e[อกรรม]:a[สกรรม]\@}}

# {{lb|it|อกรรม}} [[ถอยหลัง]], [[ล่าถอย]], [[ยอม]][[ถอย]] {{+aux|it|essere}}
# {{lb|it|อกรรม|โดยปริยาย}} [[ล้มเลิก]], [[ละทิ้ง]] {{+aux|it|essere}}
# {{lb|it|อกรรม|กีฬา}} [[ตกชั้น]] {{+aux|it|essere}}
# {{lb|it|สกรรม|การทหาร}} [[ลดขั้น]], [[ลดยศ]]
# {{lb|it|สกรรม|กีฬา}} [[ปรับ]]ให้ตกชั้น
# {{lb|it|สกรรม|กฎหมาย}} [[โอน]][[สิทธิ์]][[กลับคืน]], [[ยก]][[คืน]]
# {{lb|it|สกรรม|การพาณิชย์}} [[ยกเว้น]]หรือ[[ยกหนี้]]ให้

==== การผันรูป ====
{{it-conj|e[อกรรม]:a[สกรรม]\@}}
'''รวมถึงรูปที่ใช้น้อยกว่า:'''
{{it-conj|e[อกรรม]:a[สกรรม]\@.pp:retrocèsso:retrocedùto[ไม่สามัญ]}}

=== อ้างอิง ===
{{reflist}}

=== คำสลับอักษร ===
* {{anagrams|it|a=cdeeeeorrrt|correderete|decorrerete}}

== ภาษาละติน ==

=== การออกเสียง ===
* {{q|retrōcēdēre}} {{la-IPA|retrōcēdēre}}
* {{q|retrōcēdere}} {{la-IPA|retrōcēdere}}

=== คำกริยา ===
{{head|la|รูปกริยา|head=retrōcēdēre}}

# {{inflection of|la|retrōcēdō||2|s|futr|pasv|indc}}

=== คำกริยา ===
{{head|la|รูปกริยา|head=retrōcēdere}}

# {{inflection of|la|retrōcēdō||pres|actv|inf|;|2|s|pres|pasv|imp//ind}}</text>
      <sha1>sxvaaecv3l6zyqog6duczfcr15lgyeu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ภาคผนวก:คำกริยาภาษาอิตาลี</title>
    <ns>100</ns>
    <id>2359085</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5771026</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T02:39:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Octahedron80</username>
        <id>267</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>สร้างหน้าด้วย &quot;{{softredirect|en:Appendix:Italian verbs}}&quot;</comment>
      <origin>5771026</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="42" sha1="9527ioldqtd5iyxxpk6y0k6z0s86t55" xml:space="preserve">{{softredirect|en:Appendix:Italian verbs}}</text>
      <sha1>9527ioldqtd5iyxxpk6y0k6z0s86t55</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>retrocedi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2359086</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5771029</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T02:47:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Octahedron80</username>
        <id>267</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>นำเข้าจาก enwikt เก็บกวาด เรียงลำดับหัวเรื่องภาษา</comment>
      <origin>5771029</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="578" sha1="ecirc27n83naq8u1twivv5qub4ukiio" xml:space="preserve">== ภาษาโปรตุเกส ==

=== คำกริยา ===
{{head|pt|รูปกริยา}}

# {{pt-verb form of|retroceder}}

== ภาษาละติน ==

=== คำกริยา ===
{{head|la|รูปกริยา|head=retrōcēdī}}

# {{inflection of|la|retrōcēdō||pres|pass|inf}}

== ภาษาอิตาลี ==

=== คำกริยา ===
{{head|it|รูปกริยา}}

# {{inflection of|it|retrocedere||2|s|pres|indc|;|2|s|impr}}

=== คำสลับอักษร ===
* {{anagrams|it|a=cdeeiorrt|corderite|creditore}}</text>
      <sha1>ecirc27n83naq8u1twivv5qub4ukiio</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>น̂อย</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2359087</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5771030</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T02:58:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ai Ku Karng</username>
        <id>17824</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>สร้างหน้าด้วย &quot;== ภาษาแสก ==  === การออกเสียง === * {{IPA|skb|/nɔːj³/|[nɔːj˧˩ˀ]|a=บ้านบะหว้า}}  === คำกริยา === {{skb-verb}}  # [[พูด]] #: {{syn|skb|ตร̂าว}}&quot;</comment>
      <origin>5771030</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="234" sha1="1hrn6hjhz4a4kpicaqk65vls56k38ul" xml:space="preserve">== ภาษาแสก ==

=== การออกเสียง ===
* {{IPA|skb|/nɔːj³/|[nɔːj˧˩ˀ]|a=บ้านบะหว้า}}

=== คำกริยา ===
{{skb-verb}}

# [[พูด]]
#: {{syn|skb|ตร̂าว}}</text>
      <sha1>1hrn6hjhz4a4kpicaqk65vls56k38ul</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>retrocederer</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2359088</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5771033</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T03:23:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Octahedron80</username>
        <id>267</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>นำเข้าจาก enwikt เก็บกวาด</comment>
      <origin>5771033</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="179" sha1="rrrqejazfdxqe2h7ylc8jj0ivxlamfr" xml:space="preserve">== ภาษาละติน ==

=== คำกริยา ===
{{head|la|รูปกริยา|head=retrōcēderer}}

# {{inflection of|la|retrōcēdō||1|s|imperf|pass|sub}}</text>
      <sha1>rrrqejazfdxqe2h7ylc8jj0ivxlamfr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>retrocederet</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2359089</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5771034</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-01T03:24:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Octahedron80</username>
        <id>267</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>นำเข้าจาก enwikt เก็บกวาด</comment>
      <origin>5771034</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="178" sha1="3rgknaaoftpzgzputsz6datgbtuz9yn" xml:space="preserve">== ภาษาละติน ==

=== คำกริยา ===
{{head|la|รูปกริยา|head=retrōcēderet}}

# {{inflection of|la|retrōcēdō||3|s|imperf|act|sub}}</text>
      <sha1>3rgknaaoftpzgzputsz6datgbtuz9yn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>