Wikipedia tnwiki https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsebe_ya_konokono MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.3 first-letter Pego Faphegileng Puisano Modirisi Puisano ya modirisi Wikipedia Puisano ya Wikipedia Setshwantsho Puisano ya setshwantsho MediaWiki Puisano ya MediaWiki Tempolete Puisano ya tempolete Thuso Puisano ya thuso Karolo Puisano ya karolo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 8695 50087 41946 2026-05-23T09:30:02Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 50087 wikitext text/x-wiki Namibia ke naga e e omeletseng e gantsi e tlhaselwang ke komelelo. Dinoka tse dikgolo di elela fela go bapa le melelwane ya yone e e kwa bokone le e e kwa borwa, mme di kgakala le mafelo a batho ba nnang mo go one. Gape di kgakala le meepo ya naga eo, e e dirisang metsi thata. Gore naga eno e kgone go lebana le kgwetlho eno, e ile ya aga dikepe tse di neng di tla thibela metsi a dinoka tse di sa nneng gone ka lobaka lo loleele, ya aga diphaepe tse di neng di tla tsamaisa metsi a mantsi, ya simolola go dirisa metsi a a nowang gape kwa motsemoshate wa yone e leng Windhoek e e kwa bogareng jwa Namibia, ya ba ya aga lefelo la ntlha le legolo la go phepafatsa metsi a lewatle kwa Afrika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara go tlamela moepo wa uranium le toropo ya Swakopmund ka metsi. Leano le legolo la go tlisa metsi go tswa kwa Nokeng ya Okavango kwa Bokone go ya kwa Windhoek, e leng Mokgatlho wa Bosetšhaba wa Metsi wa kwa Botlhaba, le ne la wediwa ka selekanyo se sennye fela. Bontsi jwa baagi ba ditoropokgolo ba kgona go bona metsi a a nowang, mme go na le dikgato tse di kwa morago mo mafelong a selegae. Go kgona go bona leswe le go diega thata go bona metsi a a nowang. Dikarolo tse dintsi tsa metsi ke tsa NamWater, mokgatlho wa setšhaba o o dirang ka fa tlase ga melao ya kgwebo. E rekisetsa dikhampani tsa meepo metsi, mmogo le bommasepala ba ba a rekisang baagi ba ditoropokgolo le dikgwebo. == Metswedi ya metsi == [[Setshwantsho:Namibia-1113.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Namibia ke sekaka se segolo le setlhaba sa sekaka.]] Tlelaemete ya Namibia e mogote e bile e omile ka dipula tse di sa tlhomamang ka dipaka tse pedi tsa dipula ka selemo. Mo Afrika, tlelaemete ya teng ke ya bobedi ka go omelela fela morago ga Sahara. Namibia e na le dinoka di le mmalwa tse dikgolo, jaaka Orange River kwa Borwa, e e abelanwang le Afrika Borwa, mmogo le [[Noka ya Okavango|dinoka tsa]] Zambezi le Okavango kwa Bokone, e e kopanetsweng le Angola, Zambia le Botswana. Le fa go ntse jalo, dinoka tseno di kgakala le mafelo a batho ba nnang mo go one mme ditshenyegelo tsa go di dirisa go bona metsi a a nowang di kwa godimo thata. Ke Noka ya Cunene fela, e e kopanetsweng le Angola, e e tlamelang ka metsi a a nowang mo dikgaolong tse nne tsa Bokone jwa Namibia. Palogare ya palogare ya "tlhabololo e e babalesegileng" ya metswedi ya metsi a Namibia e fopholediwa go nna 660 million m3/year, e anamisiwa ka tsela e e latelang: metsi a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe 300 million m3/ year, dinoka tsa nakwana 200 million m3/ Year, dinoka tse di nnang di le 150 million m3/ngwaga le metswedi e e sa tlwaelegang jaaka metsi a a se nang le letswai a a phepafaditsweng 10 million m3/annu.<ref name="Namibia Water Report">{{Cite web|title=Namibia Water Report|url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/nam/index.stm|publisher=FAO|access-date=11 June 2016|date=2005|archive-date=23 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123055244/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/NAM/index.stm|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Metsi a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe === Mêtsi a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe a anamisiwa ka go sa lekalekana mo nageng ya Namibia, ka jalo go dira gore go agiwe diphaepe go tlhokege go dirisa bokgoni jwa tsônê. Segolobogolo, lefelo le le fa lotshitshing ga le na metsi a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe. Mêtsi a a kwa tlase mo mafelông ano a kwa tlase e bile ga a ikanyêge, mêtsi a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe a botêng thata mme ka dinako tse dingwê ke a boleng jo bo kwa tlase. Mafelô a mangwe a siame, a agilwê mo mafelông a a nang le maungo a mantsi, a a nang dawang thata a a nang ka metsi a mantsi go feta a balemirui le ditšhaba tse di tlhokang gone jaanong. Metswêdi e mentsi e mennyê go ralala naga e tshegetsa diphôlôgôlô tsa naga, batho le diruiwa. Mo ngwagakgolong o o fetileng, go epiwa mesima e e fetang 100 000 kwa Namibia. Bontlhanngwe jwa tsônê di sa ntse di dira.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Groundwater in Namibia|url=http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php|publisher=GIZ: Integrated Water Resource Management in Namibia|access-date=12 June 2016|archive-date=29 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729155617/http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2012 baithutamarope ba metsi ba ne ba ribolola sediba se segolo sa metsi kwa Bokône jwa Namibia se se neng se ka tlamela lefelo leo, kwa 40% ya baagi ba naga ba nnang teng, ka dingwaga di le 400. Aquifer, e e bidiwang Ohangwena II, e na le metsi a a ka nnang di-cubic meter di le dibilione di le 5 a a nang le dingwaga di le 10 000. Aquifer e botêng jwa dimetara di ka nna 300 mme e ka fa tlase ga kgatelelo, gore mêtsi a yone a ka pompiwa ka tlhotlhwa e e kwa tlase. Le fa go ntse jalo, letswai lê le nang le mêtsi a a letswai le nna mo godimo ga letswai le la mêtsi a a phêpa, ka jalo go epa go tshwanêtse ga dirwa ka kêlotlhôkô go tila letswai le tsênêlêla. Mokgatsha o amogela mêtsi a a tswang kwa Angola kwa Bokône. Bomankgê ba akantsha gore, ka nako ya maêmo a bosa a a tlwaelegileng, go ntshiwa ga mêtsi go tshwanetse ga lekanyêdiwa go tsêna go tswa kwa Bokône go laola mêtsi a a nang le mêtsi ka tsela ê e tswêlêlang. Le fa go ntse jalo, ka nako ya dikomelelo tse di tsayang nako e têlele tse di bakwang ke go fêtoga ga tlelaemete, mêtsi a a mo mêtsing a ka gogêlwa kwa tlase mme a dira jaaka thibêlo e e botlhôkwa kgatlhanlng le kômêlêlô.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Matt McGrath|title=Vast aquifer found in Namibia could last for centuries|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-18875385|publisher=BBC News Science and Environment|access-date=12 June 2016|date=20 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Video: Namibia's new groundwater treasure - The Ohangwena II Aquifer|url=http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Laufend/Afrika/1062_2009-2096-7_Namibia_Grundwassererkundung_Cuvelai_PhaseII_en.html|publisher=BGR - The German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources|access-date=12 June 2016|archive-date=16 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616110410/http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Projekte/Laufend/Afrika/1062_2009-2096-7_Namibia_Grundwassererkundung_Cuvelai_PhaseII_en.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mo mafelong mangwe, metsi a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe a letswai go sekae (a letswai). Mo Kgaolong ya Omusati kwa Bokone jwa Namibia, go ne ga tsenngwa didirisiwa di le nne tse dinnye tsa go ntsha letswai ka 2010 e le karolo ya porojeke ya dipatlisiso ya Jeremane le Namibia ya CuveWaters. Ditheo di tsamaisiwa ke maatla a letsatsi mme di tlamela ka 0.5 go ya go 3.³ m3 ya metsi a a phepa a a nowang ka letsatsi, a a lekaneng go kgotsofatsa ditlhokego tsa motheo tsa batho ba ba fa gare ga 10 le 66. Ka 15 Euro/m3 tlhotlhwa ya go ntsha letswai mo metsing a a letswai mo dijalong tse dinnye di kwa godimo thata.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Groundwater Desalination|url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Groundwater-Desalination.77.0.html|publisher=CuveWaters|access-date=18 June 2016|archive-date=21 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621034126/http://www.cuvewaters.net/Groundwater-Desalination.77.0.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Metsi a a kwa godimo === [[Setshwantsho:HardapDam.JPG|left|thumb|250x250px|Letamo la Hardap mo Nokeng ya Fish ya nakwana kwa Borwa jwa Namibia ke lone le legolo go gaisa mo nageng.]] Bontsi jwa dinoka tsa nakwana (tse di elelang ka dipaka) tsa kwa teng ga Namibia di na le letamo mme, go ya ka FAO, di na le poelo e e tlhomamisitsweng ya 95% ya dimetara di le dimilione di le 96 ka ngwaga, go ya hi tshedimosetso ya dipula tsa hisitori. Matamo ano a na le dipoelo tse di kwa tlase tse di babalesegileng fa di bapisiwa le palogotlhe ya one, ka ntlha ya go sa lekalekaneng ga metsi fa nako e ntse e tsamaya le go latlhegelwa ke mowa o o kwa godimo. Ka jalo, ke halofo fela ya metsi a a tswang mo dinokeng tsa nakwana a a ka dirisiwang. Go na le metsi a a setseng mo matamong mangwe, sekai mo Letamong la Oanob, Letamo la Hardap, Letamo le Letamo la Naute le Letamo le Friedenau.<ref>{{Cite web|last=A. Puz|title=Namibia Water Resources Management Review: Water Use and Conservation Theme Report|url=http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/downloads/theme-report-water-use-and-conservation-2000.pdf|access-date=12 June 2016|date=2000|archive-date=15 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615205225/http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/downloads/theme-report-water-use-and-conservation-2000.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Metsi a a setseng a ka se dirisiwe ka ntlha ya lefelo le le kgakala la matamo ano le tlhokego e e lekanyeditsweng ya lefelo leo. [[Setshwantsho:Namibia_124.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Noka ya Cunene, e e bontshitsweng fano kwa Ruacana Falls kwa molelwaneng wa Namibia le Angola, ke motswedi o o botlhokwa wa metsi kwa Bokone jwa Namibia.]] Metsi a dinoka tse di nnang di elela ka metlha tse di dirisiwang kwa Namibia a tsamaisana le karolo e nnye ya Namibia mo dinokeng tsa mo melelwaneng. Dipalopalo tsa mmatota go tloga ka 1999 (data ya bosheng e e leng teng) e ne e le 23 million m3 go tswa kwa Nokeng ya Cunene kwa Ruacana, 49 million m3 ku tswa kwa Nokeni ya Orange kwa Noordoewer, 22 million m3 Go tswa kwa Nokopong ya Okavango (e e e e elelang go ralala Namibia kwa Caprivi Strip) kwa Rundu, le 7 million m3 kwa Nokeng e e tswang kwa Nokeng wa Zambezi. Namibia e na le ditumalano tse di leng teng le Angola le Afrika Borwa ka ga go abelana dinoka tsa Cunene le Orange ka go latelana. Metsi a a abelwang go tswa kwa Nokeng ya Cunene ke 180 million m3 mme go ya pele a feta a a ntshitsweng.<ref name="Namibia Water Report"/><ref>{{Cite web|last=A. Puz|title=Namibia Water Resources Management Review: Water Use and Conservation Theme Report|url=http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/downloads/theme-report-water-use-and-conservation-2000.pdf|access-date=12 June 2016|date=2000|archive-date=15 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615205225/http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/downloads/theme-report-water-use-and-conservation-2000.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Go phuthiwa ga metsi a pula le merwalela === Kwa Bokone jwa Namibia pula e ntsi, mme e na fela ka paka ya dipula, e dira megobe ya tlholego ya nakwana e e bidiwang Oshanas. Mo setlhoeng sa paka ya dipula metsi a a mo megobeng eno a phepa e bile a boleng jo bo siameng. Mo porojekeng ya go lekeletsa jaaka karolo ya lenaneo la dipatlisiso la CuveWaters, mo motsaneng o o kwa kgakala wa Lipopo mo kgaolong ya Oshana Borwa metsi a a tswang kwa Oshana a pompilwe go ya kwa tankeng ya polokelo go dirisiwa go nosetsa merogo ka paka ya komelelo go dirisiwa tsamaiso ya go nosetsa. Mo godimo ga moo, metsi a pula a phuthiwa go tswa kwa godimo ga marulelo a ntlo ya go thuthafatsa le go tswa kwa marulelong a a apesitseng megobe ya polokelo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Floodwater Harvesting|url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Floodwater-Harvesting.78.0.html|publisher=CuveWaters|access-date=18 June 2016|archive-date=21 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621034121/http://www.cuvewaters.net/Floodwater-Harvesting.78.0.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mo motsaneng o mongwe, Epyeshona gaufi le Oshakati, metsi a pula ke one fela a a kgobokanngwang, ka bongwe ka bongwe go tswa mo marulelong a matlo, le ka kakaretso go tswa mo lefelong la konkereite mo mmung le le agilweng segolobogolo go phutha metsi a pula. Mo mabakeng oomabedi metsi a dirisetswa go nosetsa merogo ka paka ya komelelo, e ka tswa e le mo phaposing e e bulegileng kgotsa mo phaposeng e e nang le dimela.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rainwater Harvesting|url=http://www.cuvewaters.net/Rainwater-Harvesting.75.0.html|publisher=CuveWater|access-date=18 June 2016|archive-date=21 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621032443/http://www.cuvewaters.net/Rainwater-Harvesting.75.0.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Go dirisiwa ga metsi le tsela ya go tsena === [[Setshwantsho:Mandume_Ndemufayo_Street_Ongwediva_2.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Tora ya metsi mo toropong ya Ongwediva kwa Bokone jwa Namibia.]] Palogotlhe ya tiriso ya metsi kwa Namibia e ne e fopholediwa go nna dimetara di le dimilione di le 300 ka ngwaga wa 2000. Lefapha la mmasepala go akaretsa bojanala le intaseteri le dirisitse 73 million m3 (24 percent), fa bontsi jwa metsi a dirisediwa temothuo le diruiwa. Go ne go dirisiwa fela di-m3 di le dimilione di le 13 (4 peresente) mo meepong ka nako eo, le fa palo eno e oketsegile ka ntlha ya tlhabololo ya meepo segolobogolo meepo ya uranium morago ga ngwaga wa 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|last=A. Puz|title=Namibia Water Resources Management Review: Water Use and Conservation Theme Report|url=http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/downloads/theme-report-water-use-and-conservation-2000.pdf|access-date=12 June 2016|date=2000|archive-date=15 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615205225/http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/downloads/theme-report-water-use-and-conservation-2000.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Go epa kwa Namibia go dirisa metsi thata, a a dirisediwang ditiro tse di farologaneng go akaretsa go dira diminerale, mme gape le go laola lerole, go tsamaisa matlakala le go dirisa metsi a badiri. Meepo ya uranium e dirisa metsi a mantsi go a dira ka go dirisa alkali leaching. Ka sekai, moepo wa Trekkopje mo sekakeng sa Namib o dirisa 14 million m3/year ya metsi a boleng jo bo kwa godimo a a tshwanetseng go se na letswai lepe. Metsi a a letswai a a ntshiwang ka didiba tsa selegae a dirisediwa go thibela lerole, ka go dira jalo go fokotsa tlhokego ya metsi a a phepa. Mo godimo ga moo, metsi mangwe a a leswe a a phepafadiwa le go dirisiwa gape, ka go dira jalo go fokotsa tlhokego ya metsi. Tlhokego ya metsi a a phepa e fitlhelelwa go tswa kwa Erongo Desalination Plant e gape e tlamelang baagi ba ba bapileng. E re ka nako ya go tshela ga sejalo (dingwaga di le 30) e le telele go feta nako e e lebeletsweng ya go tshela ya moepo (dingwaga tse 12), e ne e setse e le fa sejalo se ne se rulagantswe go ne go solofetswe gore se tla tsewa ke NamWater fa moepo o tswalwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water management in mining – a selection of case studies: Trekkopje uranium mine Namibia|url=https://www.icmm.com/document/3660|publisher=International Council on Mining and Metals|access-date=12 June 2016|page=14–15|archive-date=12 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612150512/http://www.icmm.com/document/3660|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Metsi le tiriso ya metsi kwa Windhoek === [[Setshwantsho:S-Von-Bach-Dam-1.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Letamo la von Bach le tlamela Windhoek le mafelo a mangwe a Central Namibia ka metsi a a nowang.]] [[Setshwantsho:Goreangab_Damm.jpg|thumb|Ponatshegelo ya Goreangab Dam]] Windhoek is provided with water from three different sources. As of 2006 17 Mio m^³ of the water demand was covered by dams around Windhoek, such as the Von Bach Dam, 5.4 Mio m^³ from the Goreangab Reclamation Plant and only between 1 and 2 Mio m^³ still come from boreholes. The city estimates per capita water consumption at 200 liter per capita per day including industries, businesses and tourism, which is slightly higher than in Europe. An analysis of residential water consumption alone estimated it at 163 liter per capita per day in 2010, with significant differences between neighborhoods. For example, it was 306 liter in high-income neighborhoods in the South-East, while it was only 27 liters in informal settlements in the North.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dr. T. Uhlendahl and D. Ziegelmayer, Inst itute of Cultural Geography, Albert- Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Dr. A. Wienecke and M. L. Mawisa, Habitat Research and Development Center (HRDC) and Piet du Pisani, City of Windhoek (CoW)|title=Water consumption at household level in Windhoek, Namibia|url=https://www.freidok.uni-freiburg.de/fedora/objects/freidok:7937/datastreams/FILE1/content|publisher=Albert Ludwigs University Institute for Culture Geography|access-date=11 June 2016|page=16–18|date=2010}}</ref> During the severe drought of 2015/16, water users in central Namibia were required to cut usage by up to 30 percent. In April 2016, the city of Windhoek launched a Zero Tolerance to Water Wastage policy, under which it would disconnect or fine on anyone using potable supply to water gardens or wash cars. The Swakoppoort Dam, Von Bach Dam and Omatako Dam, which supply the region, were only filled at 11 percent of their capacity. In May, the Coca-Cola Namibia Bottling Company stopped production due to the severe water shortages.<ref name="OOSKA Drought">{{Cite web|title=Namibia Needs $1.6 Billion to Relieve Water Shortages: President|url=https://www.ooskanews.com/story/2016/06/namibia-needs-16-billion-relieve-water-shortages-president_171781|publisher=OOSKA News|access-date=9 June 2016|date=8 June 2016|archive-date=1 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701215734/https://www.ooskanews.com/story/2016/06/namibia-needs-16-billion-relieve-water-shortages-president_171781|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Dikarolo tsa motheo == NamWater e na le matamo a le 16, megala e le 14 ya go fetisa metsi (e e bidiwang "network ya kabo ya metsi") le didirisiwa di le 16 tsa go phepafatsa metsi. Ditsela tsa go fetisa ke tse di latelang:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Supply Networks|url=http://www.namwater.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=60&Itemid=68|publisher=NamWater|access-date=11 June 2016|archive-date=16 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616162631/http://www.namwater.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=60&Itemid=68|url-status=dead}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Name !Purpose !Length in km !Capacity m³/h !Commissioning |- |Berg Aukas-Grootfontein scheme |Transfer of ground water from the Berg Aukas Mine in the Grootfontein District to the Eastern National Water Carrier to be supplied to the Central Areas of Namibia during periods of water shortage. |18 |720 |1998 |- |Dreigratsdrift-Skorpion Mine scheme |Supply of potable water to the Skorpion mine and Rosh Pinah town. |42 |870 |2002 |- |Koichab Pan-Lüderitz scheme |Potable water supply from Koichab Aquifer to Lüderitz |120 |200 |2002 |- |Naute-Keetmanshoop scheme |Potable water supply to Keetmanshoop in Southern Namibia and irrigation water to Naute irrigation scheme down stream of Naute Dam |44 |400 |1972 |- |Omatako-Von Bach scheme |Transfer of raw water from the Omatako to Von Bach Dam. |94 |720 |1984 |- |Swakopmund-Langer Heinrich scheme |Potable water supply to Langer Heinrich mine, a uranium mine. |82 |205 |2006 |- |Swakoppoort-Von Bach scheme |Transfer of raw water from Swakoppoort Dam to Von Bach Dam to supply the Windhoek area, with reverse gravity flow option from Von Bach Dam to Swakoppoort Dam. |54 |1450 |1979/2004 |- |Calueque–Oshakati canal |Transfer of raw water from the Cunene River at Ruacana on the Angolan border through Ogongo to Oshakati purification plant for potable, live stock and irrigation demand. The pipeline had been damaged in 1988 during the Angolan-South African war. |150 |n.a. |1997 (Ogongo-Oshakati Canal) |- |Grootfontein-Omatako canal |A major now unused component of the never completed Eastern National Water Carrier. |300 |7,200 |1987 |- |Kuiseb-Mile7 Scheme |Potable water supply to Walvis Bay |30 |800 |n.a. |- |Omafo-Eenhana scheme |Transfer of potable from Omafo to Eenhana. |48 |20 |1995 |- |Omdel-Swakopmund scheme |Potable water supply to Henties Bay, Swakopmund, Arandis and the uranium mines Rössing mine and Langer Heinrich mine. |115 |685 |1975 |- |Swakopmund-Rössing scheme |Potable water supply to Arandis & Rössing uranium mines |55 |1,100 |1976 |- |Von Bach-Windhoek scheme |Transfer of potable water from the Von Bach Purification Plant to Windhoek |62 |2,740 |1971/1981 |} 0fnfl2g7eiuvdq6nfw8gyy62zuumx5l 0 8697 50091 38509 2026-05-23T09:41:21Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 50091 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Phatlalatso ya etsi le leswe mo Aforika Borwa''' di lemogiwa ka diphitlhelelo le dikgwetlho. Phepelo ya metsi le kgeleloleswe mo Aforika Borwa e na le diphitlhelelo le dikgwetlho. Morago ga bokhutlo jwa tlhaolele puso e e sa tswang go tlhophiwa ya Aforika Borwa e ne ya lwantshana le tirelo e e neng e gola ka nako eo le dikgoreletsi tsa go fitlhelela metsi le kgeleloleswe. Ka jalo, puso e ne ya dira maitlamo a magolo a go dira gore go nne le maemo a a kwa godimo a tirelo le a a kwa godimo a go tshegetsa dipeeletso go fitlhelela maemo ao. Fa e sa le ka nako eo, naga eno e dirile kgatelopele e e rileng malebana le go tokafatsa go fitlhelela metsi: E fitlheletse gore batho botlhe ba kgone go bona metsi a a botoka mo ditoropong, mme mo mafelong a magae palo ya batho b ba nang le metsi e oketsegile go tswa go 66% go ya go 79% go tloga ka 1990 go fitlha ka 2010. Aforika Borwa gape e na le lefapha lê le nonofileng ya metsi e e nang le rekoto e e tlhomologileng mo go tlhameng dilo tse disha. Le fa go ntse jalo, go nnile le kgatelopele e potlana thata mo go tsa boitekanelo: Go fitlhelela metsi go oketsegile fela go tswa go 71% go ya go 79% mo nakong e e tshwanang. Go sa ntse go na le mathata a magolo a a amanang le go nna le madi a a lekaneng a batlamedi ba ditirelo, a a dirang gore go se ka ga tlhokomelwa tlhokomelo. Go sa tlhomamang ga gore puso e tla kgona go tshegetsa madi a a tlhokegang mo lephateng leno le gone go a tshwenya. Dikarolo tse pedi tse di tlhaolang lekala la metsi la Aforika Borwa ke pholisi ya metsi a motheo a a sa duelelweng le go nna teng ga dikomiti tsa metsi, tse e leng ditheo tse di tlamelang ka metsi ka bontsi tse di tsamaisang diphaepe le go rekisa metsi go tswa mo matamong go ya kwa bommasepaleng. Ka kgwêdi ya Motsheganong 2014 go ne ga itsisiwe gore lephta la Metsi le Kgaso la Durban le gapile Sekgele sa Metsi sa Stockholm Industry "ka ntlha ya tsela ya lone e e fetolang le e e akarêtsang", le e bitsa "nngwe ya ditirelo tse di tlhabologang thata mo lefatsheng".<ref>{{Cite web|title="Most progressive water utility in Africa" wins 2014 Stockholm Industry Water Award|url=http://www.siwi.org/prizes/stockholmindustrywateraward/winners/2014-2/|publisher=Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI)|access-date=8 June 2014|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714190020/http://www.siwi.org/prizes/stockholmindustrywateraward/winners/2014-2/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Toropokgolo e golagantse batho ba bangwe ba le didikadike di le 1.3 le metsi a diphaepe mme e neetse batho ba le 700,000 go tsena mo matlwaneng a boithomelo mo dingwageng di le 14. Gape e ne e le mmasepala wa ntlha wa Aforika Borwa go tsenya mêtsi a a sa duêlêlweng a bahumanegi mo tirisong. Mo godimo ga moo, e rotloeditse go phuthiwa ga mêtsi a pula, motlakase o monnye wa metsi le ntlwana ya boithomelo e e omileng e e fokotsang motlhapo. Ka 13 Tlhakolê 2018, lefatshe le ne la bolêla fa e le matlhôtlhapelo a bosetšhaba kwa [[Cape Town]] ka gonne mêtsi a torôpô a ne a bolêlêtswe pele a tla omêlêla pele ga bokhutlo jwa Seêtebosigo. E re ka matamô a yônê a ne a tletse ka diphesente di le 24,9 fela, go ne go na le dikgato tsa go somarela metsi tse di nêng di tlhoka gore moagi mongwe le mongwe a dirise dilitara tse di kwa tlase ga di le 50 ka letsatsi. Dikgaolwana tsôtlhê tsê di robangbongwe tsa naga di ne tsa amiwa ke sê pusô e nêng e se tlhalosa jaaka "bogolo le bokete" jwa komêlêlô ya dingwaga di le tharo. Go ya ka diphopholetso tse di tshegediwang ke UN, Cape Town ke nngwe ya ditorôpô tse dikgolo tse di lesome le bongwe tsa lefatshe tsê di lebêlêtsweng go fêlêlwa ke mêtsi.<ref>"The 11 cities most likely to run out of drinking water – like Cape Town" 11 February 2018. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/amp/world-42982959.</ref> Ka 2018, Cape Town e ne ya gana kopô ê e tswang kwa Iseraele ya go e thusa go aga di feketiri tsa go ntsha letswai.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saundersonmeyer-drought-commentary/commentary-in-drought-hit-south-africa-the-politics-of-water-idUSKBN1FP226 In drought-hit South Africa, the politics of water], Reuters, January 25, 2018</ref><ref>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/cape-town-may-dry-up-because-of-an-aversion-to-israel-1519254816 Cape Town May Dry Up Because of an Aversion to Israel], Wall St. Journal, February 21, 2018</ref><ref>[https://www.aish.com/jw/me/The-Cape-Town-Water-Crisis-and-Hating-Israel.html The Cape Town Water Crisis and Hating Israel], aish, February 11, 2018</ref><ref>[https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/South-African-stupidity-540605 South African stupidity], Jerusalem Post, February 3, 2018</ref> == Metswedi ya metsi le tiriso ya metsi == [[Setshwantsho:Katse_Dam,Lesotho,Africa.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Letamo la Katse kwa Lesotho ke motswedi o o botlhokwa wa metsi mo kgaolong e e omeletseng ya Gauteng go dikologa Johannesburg, lefelo la madirelo la Aforika Borwa.]] Go nna teng ga mêtsi mo Aforika Borwa go farologana thata go ya ka sebaka le nako. Le fa Bophirima bo omile ka pula fela ka selemô mme e le kwa tlase ga 100 mm, Botlhaba le Borwa-botlhaba di amogela pula ngwaga otlhe ka palogare ya go fitlha go 1000 mm. Palogotlhe ya metsi a a elelang mo godimo ga lefatshe ka ngwaga e fopholediwa go nna 43 go ya go 48 km3, go ikaegile ka motswedi.<ref name="FAO Aquastat">FAO Auqastat: [http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/south_africa/index.stm South Africa 2005]. Retrieved 24 October 2010</ref><ref name="Earthtrends">World Resources Institute: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120319144736/http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/wat_cou_710.pdf Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems – South Africa]. Retrieved 24 October 2010</ref> Bontsi jwa metsi a a êlêlang a latlhêga ka ntlha ya merwalêla, ka jalo metswêdi ya mêtsi a a leng têng a fopholediwa go nna 14 km3/ngwaga fêla. Le fa mêtsi a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe a lekanyêditswe ka ntlha ya maemo a jeoloji, a dirisiwa thata kwa magaêng le kwa mafelông a a ômêlêtseng. Mêtsi a a leng têng a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe a fopholediwa go nna 1 km3/year. Dinoka tsê dikgolo tsa Aforika Borwa di dinnye thata fa di bapisiwa le dinoka tse dikgolo mo lefatsheng: Ka sekai, mêtsi a Noka ya Nile e le nosi a ka nna makgêtlo a le marataro go feta mêtsi a a leng têng go tswa mo dinokêng tsôtlhê tsa Aforia Borwa mmôgô.<ref name="Orange-Senqu River Commission">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130727172756/http://www.orasecom.org/ Orange-Senqu River Commission]. Retrieved 18 June 2011</ref><ref name="Limpopo Watercourse Commission">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110219043758/http://www.limcom.org/ Limpopo Watercourse Commission]. Retrieved 18 June 2011</ref> Dinoka tsê dikgolo ke Noka ya Orange e elêlang kwa Lewatleng la Atlantic, Noka ya Limpopo, Noka wa Incomati, Noka e Maputo, Noka ye Tugela, Noka le Noka ya Olifants (Limpopo), le Noka ye Breede. Dinoka tsa uMkhomazi, Maputo, Thukela le Limpopo tsotlhe di elela kwa Lewatleng la India. Dinoka tsê di botlhokwa thata tsa Aforika Borwa di kgabaganya melelwane: Noka ya Orange e abelana le Botswana, Namibia le Lesotho, "ntlo ya mêtsi" ya Aforika borwa. Mokgatšha wa noka ya Limpopo-Olifants o abelana le Botswana, Zimbabwe le Mozambique, e e kwa tlase ga noka. Dikomiti tsa boditšhabatšhaba tsa dinaga tsotlhe tsê di bapileng le dinoka di tlhomilwe go laola metswêdi êno ya mêtsi e e kgabaganyang melelwane.<ref name="Orange-Senqu River Commission"/><ref name="Limpopo Watercourse Commission"/> Metswêdi e e ka nnang teng ya metsi mo isagweng ke go ntshiwa letswai mo metsing a lewatle kgotsa go fetisêdiwa ga mêtsi go tswa kwa Nokêng ya Zambezi. Palogotlhe ya mêtsi a a ntshiwang ngwaga le ngwaga e ne ya fopholediwa go nna 12.5 km3 ka ngwaga wa 2000, mme mo e ka nnang 17% ya onê e nê e dirisêdiwa mêtsi a mmasepala.<ref name="FAO Aquastat"/><ref name="Earthtrends"/> Mo dikarolong tsê di kwa bokône jwa lefatshe, metswêdi ya mêtsi a a kwa godimo le a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe e batlile e tlhabololwa ka botlalô e bile e dirisiwa. Mo dikgaolông tsê di nang le mêtsi a mantsi tsa borwabotlhaba jwa lefatshe go na le didirisiwa tsê di botlhôkwa tsê di sa tlhabololwang le tsê di sa dirisiwêng thata.<ref name="FAO Aquastat" /> Lefelô la [[Gauteng]] lê le dikologilêng Johannesburg, le lê nang le mêtsi a mannyê thata, le amogêla mêtsi go tswa mo matamong a a farologaneng mo lefelông lêo a a jaaka Letamo la Vaal mme le reka metsi go tswa kwa tsamaisong ya Noka ya Orange ka Lesotho Highlands Water Project, segolobogolo go tswa kwa Letamong la Katse.<ref>Rand Water:[https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124346/http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx Background]. Retrieved 24 October 2010</ref> Cape Town e amogêla mêtsi a yônê a a nowang go tswa mo thulaganyong e kgolo ya dinoka le matamo, go akarêtsa le Letamo la Noka ya Berg. Cape Town e na le ditlamelo tsa go phepafatsa metsi di le 26, tse dingwe tsa tsone tse di sa direng sentle e bile di simologile ka dingwaga tsa bo1950, mme seno se dira gore go nne thata go bona metsi a a phepa le go laola leswe. Cape Town e tla amogela kadimo ya €80 million go tswa go KfW go tla go thusa torôpô go tokafatsa le go atolosa madirelô a a farologaneng a go phepafatsa mêtsi a a leswê a kgaolwana, thuso ya €1.2 million ya katiso le thusô ya €4.5 million ya dikgatô tsa go tshegetsa torôpô. Diphêtogô di tla letlêlêla torôpô go dirisa mêtsi a a dirisitswêng gapê mo temôthuông kgotsa mo madirêlong le go thusa go rarabolola dikomelelo. === Wastewater reuse === Mo Aforika Borwa, selo sê segolo sê se tlhotlhêlêtsang go dirisiwa gape ga mêtsi a a leswê e ke maêmo a komêlêlô. Ka sekai, kwa Beaufort West, kwa Aforika Borwa, go ne ga agiwa lefelô la go busêtsa mêtsi a a les6we ka tlhamalalo (WRP) go tlhagisa mêtsi a a nowang kwa bokhutlong jwa 2010, ka ntlha ya tlhaêlo e e masisi ya metsi (go tlhagisa 2,300 m3 ka letsatsi).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/146252.pdf|title=Risk Assessment for South Africa's first direct wastewater reclamation system for drinking water production|access-date=29 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imesa.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Paper-6.pdf|title=Beaufort West Water Reclamation Plant: First Direct (Toilet-to-Tap) Water Reclamation Plant in South Africa|access-date=29 July 2016|archive-date=13 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913233740/http://www.imesa.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Paper-6.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tsamaiso e e theilweng mo kgôpolông ya dithibêlô di le dintsi mme e akarêtsa ditsamaiso tse di latêlang tsa kalafi: go tlhôtlha motlhaba, UF, RO ya dikgato tsê pedi, le go tsêna ga mêtsi a a bolayang ka lesedi la ultraviolet (UV). Toropo ya George e ne e na le tlhaelo ya metsi mme e ne e dirile tshwetso ya go dirisa leano la IPR (2009/2010), koo metsi a a tswang kwa Outeniqua WWTP a neng a alafiwa ka boleng jo bo kwa godimo thata ka UF le go bolawa ke megare pele ga a busediwa kwa lefelong la konokono la polokelo, Garden Route Dam, koo a kopanngwang le metsi a a sa apewang a a leng teng. Maiteko ano a oketsa metsi a a leng teng ka dimetara di le 10 000 ka letsatsi, mo e ka nnang nngwetharong ya metsi a a nowang. Tsamaiso ya thulaganyo e akaretsa dithulaganyo tse di latelang tsa go phepafatsa: setlhabaphiri, UF, le tshwaetso ya chlorine. Go dirilwe thulaganyo ya gore go tsenngwe kgotlho ya khabone e e dirang (PAC) kwa George WTW, fa go tlhokega jaaka sekgoreletsi se sengwe sa tiro. Sekai se sengwe sa DPR ke setheo sa go dirisa gape se se agilweng le go dirisiwa mo toropong ya Hermanus (Overberg) mo Aforika Borwa, koo jaanong go dirisiwang gape dimetara di le 2.500 ka letsatsi, ka leano la mo isagweng la go oketsa maatla go fitlha go dimetara di ka nna 5.000 ka letsatsi. Ditsela tsa kalafi tse di dirisiwang di akaretsa kalafi ya pele ya UF, RO desalination, mmogo le oxidation ya maemo a a kwa godimo le carbon filtration. Se se tswang mo sejalong se se dirisiwang gape se tsenngwa ka tlhamalalo mo thulaganyong ya metsi a a nowang. == Go bona metsi ke baagi ba SA == [[Setshwantsho:Johhanesburg_Water-Midrand_Tower-002.jpg|thumb|267x267px|Tora ya metsi kwa [[Midrand]], Johannesburg]] Aforika Borwa ke lengwe la mafatshe a le mmalwa mo lefatsheng a a beileng tshwanêlô ya methêô ya mêtsi a a lekaneng mo Molaotheong wa yônê, di bolela gore "Mongwe le mongwe o na le tshwanelo ya go nna le [...] dijo le metsi a a lekanang".<ref>[http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/1996/96cons2.htm#27 Constitution of 1996, Chapter 2, Section 27]</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, go sa ntse go na le go le gontsi go go tshwanetseng go dirwa go diragatsa tshwanelo eo. Morago ga bokhutlo jwa tlhaolele, puso e e neng e sa tswa go tlhophiwa ya Afrika Borwa e ne ya rua ditirelo tse di neng di dira sentle thata malebana le go fitlhelela metsi le go phepafatsa.<ref>BUSARI, Ola and JACKSON, Barry: Reinforcing water and sanitation sector reform in South Africa, Water Policy, 2006, vol. 8, no 4, pp. 303–312.</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, go tloga ka 2017, ka ntlha ya go tlhoka tlhokomelo e e bakilweng ke bonweenwee, kabo ya metsi le leswe la leswe e wetse kwa tlase thata.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-03|title=Controlling Corruption to Improve Water Security: Lessons from the South African Water Sector|url=https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2020/06/03/controlling-corruption-lessons-from-southafrican-watersector/|access-date=2021-07-24|website=Georgetown Journal of International Affairs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-22|title="Better water supply, collection management systems needed to avoid day zero water crisis"|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/better-water-supply-collection-management-systems-needed-to-avoid-day-zero-water-crisis/|access-date=2021-07-24|website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Adam|first=Ferrial|date=2021-04-29|title=MAVERICK CITIZEN OP-ED: Government must urgently deal with South Africa’s deepening water crisis|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-04-29-government-must-urgently-deal-with-south-africas-deepening-water-crisis/|access-date=2021-07-24|website=Daily Maverick}}</ref> Ka 2015, Lefapha la Metsi le Pholiso le ne la re le tla tlhoka dibilione di le R293 go baakanya le go tokafatsa mafaratlhatlha otlhe a metsi le a leswe mo nageng.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-07-21|title=50 000 litres of sewage flow into SA's rivers every second|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2017-07-21-south-africas-shit-has-hit-the-fan/|access-date=2021-07-24|website=The Mail & Guardian}}</ref> Le fa go nnile le koketsego mo palong ya matlo a a tlamelwang ka metsi, diperesente tsa matlo a a nang le metsi a diphaepe di fokotsegile fa e sale ka 1994.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-30|title=Water services worse than in 1994|url=https://mg.co.za/environment/2020-01-31-water-services-worse-than-in-1994/|access-date=2022-12-04|website=The Mail & Guardian}}</ref> === Mêtsi === Ka 2015, palogotlhe ya palo ya batho mo Aforika Borwa ba ba nêng ba sa kgônê go bona mêtsi a a "tokafaditsweng" e ne e le dimilione di le 3.64. 93% ya baagi ba ne ba kgona go bona motswedi wa metsi o o tokafaditsweng mo ngwageng oo.<ref name="SAJMPWash">{{Cite web|url=https://washwatch.org/en/countries/south-africa/summary/statistics/|title=WASHwatch.org – South Africa|website=washwatch.org|access-date=2017-03-27|archive-date=2016-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411014944/http://www.washwatch.org/en/countries/south-africa/summary/statistics/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">WHO/UNICEF (2015) [https://web.archive.org/web/20140418142528/http://www.wssinfo.org/documents/ Progress on sanitation and drinking water – 2015 update and MDG assessment], Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation</ref><ref name="SAJMPWash" /> Mo puong ya gagwe ya May 2004 ya State of the Union, Moporesidente Thabo Mbeki o ne a solofetsa gore "malapa otlhe a tla nna le metsi a a phepa mo dingwageng di le tlhano". Le fa go nnile le kgatelopele e kgolo, mokgele ono ga o ise o fitlhelelwe ka botlalo. Mo mafelong mangwe a magae, basadi ba dirisa nngwetharong ya nako ya bone ba ga metsi mo melatswaneng le mo didibeng. Gape ba na le boikarabelo jwa go e dirisa go apaya dijo, go tlhatswa diaparo le go tlhapisa bana. === Kgôpô leswê === Malebana le go tlosa leswe, kgatêlôpele e ntse e le bonya. Palogotlhe ya palo ya batho mo Aforika Borwa ba ba sa kgônêng go fitlhêlêla lesw6e le le "tokafaditswêng" e nê e le didikadike di le lesome le borobabobedi ka ngwaga wa 2015.<ref name="SAJMPWash"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/> Selô sê se raya gore ke fela palo ya 66% ya palogotlhe ya baagi ba ba neng ba kgôna go bôna tirêlô ya kgôpô leswê ê e tokafaditswêng mo ngwageng oo.<ref name="SAJMPWash" /> Go ya ka diphopholetso tsa WHO/UNICEF Global Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation e e theilweng mo patlisisong le mo tshedimosetsong ya go balwa ga batho, karolo ya Maforika Borwa a a nang le go tokafadiwa ga go tlosa leswe e oketsegile ka iketlo go tswa go 71% ka 1990 go ya go 75% ka 2000 le 79% ka 2010. Ka 2010, go fopholediwa gore batho ba le dimilione di le 11 ba Aforika Borwa ba ne ba sa ntse ba sa kgone go bona leswe le le tokafaditsweng: Ba ne ba dirisa mafelo a a kopanetsweng (dimilione di le 4), matlwana a boithomelo a di-bucket (dimilioni di le 3) kgotsa ba ne ba dira tiro ya go tlhapa (dimiliona di le 4).<ref name="JMP">[[WHO]]/[[UNICEF]]:[[Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation]]:[https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ Data table South Africa], 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2012</ref> Go ya ka Statistics South Africa, phitlhelelo e kwa godimo, ka bontlhanngwe ka gonne e akaretsa didirisiwa tse di kopanetsweng mo tlhalosong ya yone ya leswe. Go ya ka dipalopalo tsa 2011, go fitlhelela leswe go oketsegile go tswa go 83% ka 2001 go ya go 91% ka 2011, go akaretsa le matlwana a boithomelo a a kopanetsweng le a a ikemetseng ka nosi mmogo le matlwana ao a nang le dikhemikale.<ref name="Census 2011">{{Cite web|last=[[Statistics South Africa]]|title=Census 2011: Statistical Release|url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/Publications/P03014/P030142011.pdf|access-date=3 November 2012|page=52–53|date=October 2012}}</ref> Palo ya malapa a a nang le matlwana a boithomelo a a nang da metsi e oketsegile go tswa go 53% ka 2001 go ya go 60% ka 2011. Ditlamorago tsa boitekanelo tsa go tlhaela ga leswe le le phepa di ka nna masisi, jaaka go supilwe ke batho ba le dimilione di le 1.5 ba ba nang le letshololo mo baneng ba ba ka fa tlase ga dingwaga di le tlhano le go runya ga kholera ka ngwaga wa 2001.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/dir_ws/content/lids/PDF/summary.pdf 2001 basic household sanitation White Paper]</ref> Le fa bontsi jwa di-coliforms di sa gobatse boitekanelo jwa batho, go nna teng ga E. coli, e e apesitseng mo e ka nnang 97% ya dibakateria tsa di-coliforme tse di fitlhelwang mo maleng a diphologolo le mo mantleng, go gatelela go nna teng kwa di-pathogen tse di kotsi thata mo tsamaisong ya metsi (DWAF 1996b). == Boleng jwa tirelo == === Boleng jwa metsi le go tswelela ga phatlalatso === Boleng jwa tirêlo bo farologana thata mme tshedimosetso ga e a tlhomama. Ka ngwaga wa 2003, 63% ya bommasepala ba ne ba sa kgônê go bolêla gore a ba ne ba fitlhêlêla boleng jwa metsi a a nowang kgotsa nnyaa. Metsi a 37% a ne a emisiwa bobôtlana ka letsatsi le le lengwe ka 2003.<ref name="Barometer">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120225121737/http://www.dbsa.org/Research/Documents/Infrastructure%20Barometer.pdf Infrastructure Barometer 2006], p. 121–122</ref> Bareki ba ne ba sa tshepe mme gantsi ba sa ntse ba sa tshepa gore boleng jwa metsi a a nowang bo lekane. Ke ka moo Lefapha la Merero ya Metsi le simolotseng ka 2008 leano le le bidiwang "blue drop" le le ikaegileng ka go rotloetsa boleng jwa metsi. Ka fa tlase ga leano, batlamedi ba ditirelo tsa mmasepala ba fiwa setifikeiti sa "blue drop" fa ba fitlhelela ditlhokego dingwe. Tsêno ga di akaretse fela go latela ditekanyetso tsa boleng jwa mêtsi, mme gape le go nna têng ga leano la pabalesego ya metsi, go laola tsamaiso le go ikanyega ga diphelelo tsa sesupisô, gareng ga tsê dingwe.<ref>Talbot Laboratories:[http://www.talbot.co.za/?bluedrop Blue drop, green drop]. Retrieved 18 June 2011</ref> Tsamaiso eno e tsewa e le ya boditšhabatšhaba e le e e sa tshwaneng le epe mo go laoleng metsi a a nowang mme e amogetswe sentle ke Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe wa Boitekanelo. Le fa go ntse jalo, babogedi ba ba tswang mo lefapheng la poraefete ba re go na le "karolo e e nonofileng" e e dikologileng lenaneo le gore boleng jwa metsi tota bo a senyega mo setšhabeng, "fa puso e leka go nyatsa batlhalosi ba ba tswelelang pele mo ponong ya bone ya gore go na le bothata".<ref>Water Rhapsody:[http://www.rainharvest.co.za/2010/11/21/blue-drop-water-quality-scheme-gains-momentum-but-critics-say-more-is-needed/ ‘Blue Drop’ water quality scheme gains momentum, but critics say more is needed], 21 November 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2011. Quote from Dr Anthony Turton, TouchStone Resources</ref> Ka 2009, ditsamaiso di le 23 tsa metsi di ne tsa bona setifikeiti sa Blue Drop. Ka 2010, di le 9 di ne tsa latlhegelwa ke yone mme di le 24 di ne tsa e bona lekgetlo la ntlha, di tlisa palogotlhe go 38 (kwa tlase ga 5 peresente) mo dithulaganyong di le 787 tse di neng tsa sekasekiwa. Baopedi ba bararo ba maemo a a kwa godimo e ne e le Johannesburg, Cape Town le torotswana ya Bitou.<ref>Polity.org.za:[http://www.polity.org.za/article/blue-drop-report-2010-south-african-drinking-water-quality-management-performance-april-2010-2010-04-29 Blue Drop Report 2010: South African Drinking Water Quality Management Performance (April 2010)]. Retrieved 18 June 2011</ref><ref>Department of Water Affairs:[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/blueDrop.pdf Blue Drop Report 2010], p. 2 and 5 retrieved on 18 June 2011</ref> Metsi a a nosetsang a ntse a gatelelwa thata. Eutrophication ke bothata jo bo ntseng bo oketsega, ka gonne mo e ka nnang nngwetharong ya metsi otlhe a a bolokilweng mo bobolokelong jwa botlhokwa a setse a le gaufi le gore a se ka a tlhola a siamela boikaelelo jwa one fa go sa dirwe maiteko a magolo a go laola metsi. Metsi a a tswang mo meepong, segolobogolo a a tswang mo meepong ya gauta, a fokotsega ka bonako, mme metsi a a nang le asiti e ntsi a simolola go tswa mo meepong e e latlhilweng.<ref>UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. IRIN Humanitarian News and Analysis:[http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=76780 South Africa:Paying the Price for Mining], 15 February 2008. Retrieved 31 October 2011.</ref> 55% ya didirisiwa tsa go phepafatsa metsi a a leswe, bogolo jang tse dinnye, ga di fitlhelele ditekanyetso tsa leswe mme tse dingwe ga di lebale boleng jwa leswe. Ka go tshwana le tsamaiso ya setifikeiti sa go wela kwa tlase ga botala jwa loapi sa metsi a a nowang, puso e simolotse setifikeiti ya go wela kwa godimo ga botala jo botala jwa botala jwa go phepafatsa metsi a a leswe a mmasepala. Go tloga ka Motsheganong 2011, ba le 7 mo go ba le 159 ba ba nang le metsi ba ne ba tlhomamisitswe ka go wela ga botala, le ba le 32 mo go ba ba 1,237 ba ba nang dabalesego ya metsi a a leswe.<ref>Department of Water Affairs:[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/dir_ws/gds/ Green Drop Cerfification]. Retrieved 18 June 2011</ref> Ka 2009, fa didirisiwa di le 449 tsa go phepafatsa metsi a a leswe di ne di tlhatlhobiwa, go ya ka tshedimosetso ya semmuso ya puso, 7% e ne e tsewa e le e e laolwang sentle, 38% "e ne e dira ka fa gare ga ditekanyetso tse di amogelesegang" mme 55% e ne e sa dire ka fa gare ka fa gare le ditekanyetso tse tse di amogelesegeng.<ref>Department of Water Affairs:[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Communications/PressReleases/2010/GreenDropstatement.pdf Statement by the Minister of Water and Environmental Affairs, Ms Buyelwa Sonjica, release of the Green Drop Report], 29 April 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2011</ref><ref>Department of Water Affairs:[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/GreenDropReport2009_ver1_web.pdf Green Drop Report 2009]. Retrieved 18 June 2011</ref> == Batho ba ba Amegang == Lefapha la metsi le leswe la setšhaba mo Aforika Borwa le rulagantswe ka ditlhopha tse tharo tse di farologaneng: * Puso ya bosetšhaba, e emetswe ke Lefapha la Metsi le Boitekanelo (DWS), jaaka motlhatlhobi wa melao. * Dibouto tsa Metsi, tse di tlamelang thata metsi a mantsi, mme gape le ditirelo dingwe tsa go rekisa le go tsamaisa difeketiri dingwe tsa go phepafatsa metsi a a leswe, mo godimo ga go nna le seabe mo tsamaisong ya metswedi ya metsi; * Bommasepala, ba ba tlamelang ka ditirelo tse dintsi tsa go rekisa mme gape ba na le dingwe tsa didirisiwa tse dintsi. Dibanka, mokgatlho wa porofeshenale wa WISA, Khomišene ya Dipatlisiso tsa Metsi le setšhaba le tsone ke batho ba ba botlhokwa mo lefapheng. [[Setshwantsho:Map_of_South_Africa_with_provinces_shaded_and_districts_numbered_(2011).svg|thumb|450x450px|Mmapa o o bontshang dikgaolo (tse di nang le dinomoro) tsa Aforika Borwa  ]] '''Bommasepala'''. Go ya ka Molaotheo, Molao wa Dikago tsa Mmasepala le Molao wa Ditirelo tsa Metsi wa 1997 maikarabelo a go tlamela ka ditirelo tsa metsi le tsa leswe le mo diatleng tsa balaodi ba ditirelo tsa Medi, tse Molao wa Diterelo tsa Metse o di tlhalosang jaaka bommasepala.<ref name="WSA">Republic of South Africa, Department of Water Affairs:[https://web.archive.org/web/20171031003941/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Legislature/a108-97.pdf Water Services Act of 1997]. Retrieved 27 September 2009.</ref> Go na le bommasepala ba dikgaolo ba le 52 le bommasepaleng ba selegae ba le 231 mo Aforika Borwa (bona Bommasepala ba Aforika Kibbaa).<ref name="eThekwini Municipality">{{Cite web|last=eThekwini Municipality|title=eThekwinie Water and Sanitation: Who we Are?|url=http://www.durban.gov.za/City_Services/water_sanitation/About_Us/Pages/default.aspx|access-date=8 September 2012|archive-date=7 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807075926/http://www.durban.gov.za/City_Services/water_sanitation/About_Us/Pages/default.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Hisitori le ditiragalo tsa bosheng == [[Setshwantsho:Joburg_top.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Lefelo le le kwa godimo la Central Business District ya Johannesburg jaaka le bonwa go tswa kwa observatory ya Carlton Centre]] Ka nako ya tlhaolele, puso ya bosetšhaba e ne e se na seabe mo go tlameleng metsi a setšhaba kgotsa ditirelo tsa leswe.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://wp.wpi.edu/capetown/projects/p2009/water-sanitation/history-of-water-and-sanitation-in-south-africa/|title=History of Water and Sanitation in South Africa|date=2009|website=wp.wpi.edu|access-date=2017-05-17}}</ref> Molao wa Tsamaiso ya mêts si (MSA) o ne wa baya maikarabelo a ditirelo tsê metsi mo ôusong ya selêgae. Ka jalo go ne ga nna boikaêaôelo jwa ôoô po nngwe le nngwe go tlamela baagô boêlhe kê metsi a aêphepa le diêiôelo tsa goêphepafatsa. Madi a go tokafatsa tsamaiso yê metsi le ya kgeleloleswe a ne a tla tswa mo pusông ya bosetšhaba ka go dirisa MIG ya Ditšhireletso tma Mêôheo wa Masepala kgotsa Ditshenyegelo tse di Tshwanelang, kgotsa ka go kokoanye lêtôeno lwa leôelê leo. == Bona gape == * Lenaane la kabo ya metsi le leswe la leswe go ya ka naga * Modiri wa go tlosa leswe la boithomelo * Metsi mo Afrika * [[Metsi le leswe la go tlosa leswe mo Afrika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara]] * Kgotlelo ya metsi kwa Afrika Borwa * Western Cape Water Supply System == Ditshupiso == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> [[Karolo:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 979758fjxqf0zw3xrwwv68txb2wjcvo 50092 50091 2026-05-23T09:41:23Z KiranBOT 11660 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.9s 50092 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Phatlalatso ya etsi le leswe mo Aforika Borwa''' di lemogiwa ka diphitlhelelo le dikgwetlho. Phepelo ya metsi le kgeleloleswe mo Aforika Borwa e na le diphitlhelelo le dikgwetlho. Morago ga bokhutlo jwa tlhaolele puso e e sa tswang go tlhophiwa ya Aforika Borwa e ne ya lwantshana le tirelo e e neng e gola ka nako eo le dikgoreletsi tsa go fitlhelela metsi le kgeleloleswe. Ka jalo, puso e ne ya dira maitlamo a magolo a go dira gore go nne le maemo a a kwa godimo a tirelo le a a kwa godimo a go tshegetsa dipeeletso go fitlhelela maemo ao. Fa e sa le ka nako eo, naga eno e dirile kgatelopele e e rileng malebana le go tokafatsa go fitlhelela metsi: E fitlheletse gore batho botlhe ba kgone go bona metsi a a botoka mo ditoropong, mme mo mafelong a magae palo ya batho b ba nang le metsi e oketsegile go tswa go 66% go ya go 79% go tloga ka 1990 go fitlha ka 2010. Aforika Borwa gape e na le lefapha lê le nonofileng ya metsi e e nang le rekoto e e tlhomologileng mo go tlhameng dilo tse disha. Le fa go ntse jalo, go nnile le kgatelopele e potlana thata mo go tsa boitekanelo: Go fitlhelela metsi go oketsegile fela go tswa go 71% go ya go 79% mo nakong e e tshwanang. Go sa ntse go na le mathata a magolo a a amanang le go nna le madi a a lekaneng a batlamedi ba ditirelo, a a dirang gore go se ka ga tlhokomelwa tlhokomelo. Go sa tlhomamang ga gore puso e tla kgona go tshegetsa madi a a tlhokegang mo lephateng leno le gone go a tshwenya. Dikarolo tse pedi tse di tlhaolang lekala la metsi la Aforika Borwa ke pholisi ya metsi a motheo a a sa duelelweng le go nna teng ga dikomiti tsa metsi, tse e leng ditheo tse di tlamelang ka metsi ka bontsi tse di tsamaisang diphaepe le go rekisa metsi go tswa mo matamong go ya kwa bommasepaleng. Ka kgwêdi ya Motsheganong 2014 go ne ga itsisiwe gore lephta la Metsi le Kgaso la Durban le gapile Sekgele sa Metsi sa Stockholm Industry "ka ntlha ya tsela ya lone e e fetolang le e e akarêtsang", le e bitsa "nngwe ya ditirelo tse di tlhabologang thata mo lefatsheng".<ref>{{Cite web|title="Most progressive water utility in Africa" wins 2014 Stockholm Industry Water Award|url=http://www.siwi.org/prizes/stockholmindustrywateraward/winners/2014-2/|publisher=Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI)|access-date=8 June 2014|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714190020/http://www.siwi.org/prizes/stockholmindustrywateraward/winners/2014-2/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Toropokgolo e golagantse batho ba bangwe ba le didikadike di le 1.3 le metsi a diphaepe mme e neetse batho ba le 700,000 go tsena mo matlwaneng a boithomelo mo dingwageng di le 14. Gape e ne e le mmasepala wa ntlha wa Aforika Borwa go tsenya mêtsi a a sa duêlêlweng a bahumanegi mo tirisong. Mo godimo ga moo, e rotloeditse go phuthiwa ga mêtsi a pula, motlakase o monnye wa metsi le ntlwana ya boithomelo e e omileng e e fokotsang motlhapo. Ka 13 Tlhakolê 2018, lefatshe le ne la bolêla fa e le matlhôtlhapelo a bosetšhaba kwa [[Cape Town]] ka gonne mêtsi a torôpô a ne a bolêlêtswe pele a tla omêlêla pele ga bokhutlo jwa Seêtebosigo. E re ka matamô a yônê a ne a tletse ka diphesente di le 24,9 fela, go ne go na le dikgato tsa go somarela metsi tse di nêng di tlhoka gore moagi mongwe le mongwe a dirise dilitara tse di kwa tlase ga di le 50 ka letsatsi. Dikgaolwana tsôtlhê tsê di robangbongwe tsa naga di ne tsa amiwa ke sê pusô e nêng e se tlhalosa jaaka "bogolo le bokete" jwa komêlêlô ya dingwaga di le tharo. Go ya ka diphopholetso tse di tshegediwang ke UN, Cape Town ke nngwe ya ditorôpô tse dikgolo tse di lesome le bongwe tsa lefatshe tsê di lebêlêtsweng go fêlêlwa ke mêtsi.<ref>"The 11 cities most likely to run out of drinking water – like Cape Town" 11 February 2018. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-42982959.</ref> Ka 2018, Cape Town e ne ya gana kopô ê e tswang kwa Iseraele ya go e thusa go aga di feketiri tsa go ntsha letswai.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saundersonmeyer-drought-commentary/commentary-in-drought-hit-south-africa-the-politics-of-water-idUSKBN1FP226 In drought-hit South Africa, the politics of water], Reuters, January 25, 2018</ref><ref>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/cape-town-may-dry-up-because-of-an-aversion-to-israel-1519254816 Cape Town May Dry Up Because of an Aversion to Israel], Wall St. Journal, February 21, 2018</ref><ref>[https://www.aish.com/jw/me/The-Cape-Town-Water-Crisis-and-Hating-Israel.html The Cape Town Water Crisis and Hating Israel], aish, February 11, 2018</ref><ref>[https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/South-African-stupidity-540605 South African stupidity], Jerusalem Post, February 3, 2018</ref> == Metswedi ya metsi le tiriso ya metsi == [[Setshwantsho:Katse_Dam,Lesotho,Africa.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Letamo la Katse kwa Lesotho ke motswedi o o botlhokwa wa metsi mo kgaolong e e omeletseng ya Gauteng go dikologa Johannesburg, lefelo la madirelo la Aforika Borwa.]] Go nna teng ga mêtsi mo Aforika Borwa go farologana thata go ya ka sebaka le nako. Le fa Bophirima bo omile ka pula fela ka selemô mme e le kwa tlase ga 100 mm, Botlhaba le Borwa-botlhaba di amogela pula ngwaga otlhe ka palogare ya go fitlha go 1000 mm. Palogotlhe ya metsi a a elelang mo godimo ga lefatshe ka ngwaga e fopholediwa go nna 43 go ya go 48 km3, go ikaegile ka motswedi.<ref name="FAO Aquastat">FAO Auqastat: [http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/south_africa/index.stm South Africa 2005]. Retrieved 24 October 2010</ref><ref name="Earthtrends">World Resources Institute: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120319144736/http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/wat_cou_710.pdf Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems – South Africa]. Retrieved 24 October 2010</ref> Bontsi jwa metsi a a êlêlang a latlhêga ka ntlha ya merwalêla, ka jalo metswêdi ya mêtsi a a leng têng a fopholediwa go nna 14 km3/ngwaga fêla. Le fa mêtsi a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe a lekanyêditswe ka ntlha ya maemo a jeoloji, a dirisiwa thata kwa magaêng le kwa mafelông a a ômêlêtseng. Mêtsi a a leng têng a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe a fopholediwa go nna 1 km3/year. Dinoka tsê dikgolo tsa Aforika Borwa di dinnye thata fa di bapisiwa le dinoka tse dikgolo mo lefatsheng: Ka sekai, mêtsi a Noka ya Nile e le nosi a ka nna makgêtlo a le marataro go feta mêtsi a a leng têng go tswa mo dinokêng tsôtlhê tsa Aforia Borwa mmôgô.<ref name="Orange-Senqu River Commission">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130727172756/http://www.orasecom.org/ Orange-Senqu River Commission]. Retrieved 18 June 2011</ref><ref name="Limpopo Watercourse Commission">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110219043758/http://www.limcom.org/ Limpopo Watercourse Commission]. Retrieved 18 June 2011</ref> Dinoka tsê dikgolo ke Noka ya Orange e elêlang kwa Lewatleng la Atlantic, Noka ya Limpopo, Noka wa Incomati, Noka e Maputo, Noka ye Tugela, Noka le Noka ya Olifants (Limpopo), le Noka ye Breede. Dinoka tsa uMkhomazi, Maputo, Thukela le Limpopo tsotlhe di elela kwa Lewatleng la India. Dinoka tsê di botlhokwa thata tsa Aforika Borwa di kgabaganya melelwane: Noka ya Orange e abelana le Botswana, Namibia le Lesotho, "ntlo ya mêtsi" ya Aforika borwa. Mokgatšha wa noka ya Limpopo-Olifants o abelana le Botswana, Zimbabwe le Mozambique, e e kwa tlase ga noka. Dikomiti tsa boditšhabatšhaba tsa dinaga tsotlhe tsê di bapileng le dinoka di tlhomilwe go laola metswêdi êno ya mêtsi e e kgabaganyang melelwane.<ref name="Orange-Senqu River Commission"/><ref name="Limpopo Watercourse Commission"/> Metswêdi e e ka nnang teng ya metsi mo isagweng ke go ntshiwa letswai mo metsing a lewatle kgotsa go fetisêdiwa ga mêtsi go tswa kwa Nokêng ya Zambezi. Palogotlhe ya mêtsi a a ntshiwang ngwaga le ngwaga e ne ya fopholediwa go nna 12.5 km3 ka ngwaga wa 2000, mme mo e ka nnang 17% ya onê e nê e dirisêdiwa mêtsi a mmasepala.<ref name="FAO Aquastat"/><ref name="Earthtrends"/> Mo dikarolong tsê di kwa bokône jwa lefatshe, metswêdi ya mêtsi a a kwa godimo le a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe e batlile e tlhabololwa ka botlalô e bile e dirisiwa. Mo dikgaolông tsê di nang le mêtsi a mantsi tsa borwabotlhaba jwa lefatshe go na le didirisiwa tsê di botlhôkwa tsê di sa tlhabololwang le tsê di sa dirisiwêng thata.<ref name="FAO Aquastat" /> Lefelô la [[Gauteng]] lê le dikologilêng Johannesburg, le lê nang le mêtsi a mannyê thata, le amogêla mêtsi go tswa mo matamong a a farologaneng mo lefelông lêo a a jaaka Letamo la Vaal mme le reka metsi go tswa kwa tsamaisong ya Noka ya Orange ka Lesotho Highlands Water Project, segolobogolo go tswa kwa Letamong la Katse.<ref>Rand Water:[https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124346/http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx Background]. Retrieved 24 October 2010</ref> Cape Town e amogêla mêtsi a yônê a a nowang go tswa mo thulaganyong e kgolo ya dinoka le matamo, go akarêtsa le Letamo la Noka ya Berg. Cape Town e na le ditlamelo tsa go phepafatsa metsi di le 26, tse dingwe tsa tsone tse di sa direng sentle e bile di simologile ka dingwaga tsa bo1950, mme seno se dira gore go nne thata go bona metsi a a phepa le go laola leswe. Cape Town e tla amogela kadimo ya €80 million go tswa go KfW go tla go thusa torôpô go tokafatsa le go atolosa madirelô a a farologaneng a go phepafatsa mêtsi a a leswê a kgaolwana, thuso ya €1.2 million ya katiso le thusô ya €4.5 million ya dikgatô tsa go tshegetsa torôpô. Diphêtogô di tla letlêlêla torôpô go dirisa mêtsi a a dirisitswêng gapê mo temôthuông kgotsa mo madirêlong le go thusa go rarabolola dikomelelo. === Wastewater reuse === Mo Aforika Borwa, selo sê segolo sê se tlhotlhêlêtsang go dirisiwa gape ga mêtsi a a leswê e ke maêmo a komêlêlô. Ka sekai, kwa Beaufort West, kwa Aforika Borwa, go ne ga agiwa lefelô la go busêtsa mêtsi a a les6we ka tlhamalalo (WRP) go tlhagisa mêtsi a a nowang kwa bokhutlong jwa 2010, ka ntlha ya tlhaêlo e e masisi ya metsi (go tlhagisa 2,300 m3 ka letsatsi).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/146252.pdf|title=Risk Assessment for South Africa's first direct wastewater reclamation system for drinking water production|access-date=29 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imesa.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Paper-6.pdf|title=Beaufort West Water Reclamation Plant: First Direct (Toilet-to-Tap) Water Reclamation Plant in South Africa|access-date=29 July 2016|archive-date=13 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913233740/http://www.imesa.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Paper-6.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tsamaiso e e theilweng mo kgôpolông ya dithibêlô di le dintsi mme e akarêtsa ditsamaiso tse di latêlang tsa kalafi: go tlhôtlha motlhaba, UF, RO ya dikgato tsê pedi, le go tsêna ga mêtsi a a bolayang ka lesedi la ultraviolet (UV). Toropo ya George e ne e na le tlhaelo ya metsi mme e ne e dirile tshwetso ya go dirisa leano la IPR (2009/2010), koo metsi a a tswang kwa Outeniqua WWTP a neng a alafiwa ka boleng jo bo kwa godimo thata ka UF le go bolawa ke megare pele ga a busediwa kwa lefelong la konokono la polokelo, Garden Route Dam, koo a kopanngwang le metsi a a sa apewang a a leng teng. Maiteko ano a oketsa metsi a a leng teng ka dimetara di le 10 000 ka letsatsi, mo e ka nnang nngwetharong ya metsi a a nowang. Tsamaiso ya thulaganyo e akaretsa dithulaganyo tse di latelang tsa go phepafatsa: setlhabaphiri, UF, le tshwaetso ya chlorine. Go dirilwe thulaganyo ya gore go tsenngwe kgotlho ya khabone e e dirang (PAC) kwa George WTW, fa go tlhokega jaaka sekgoreletsi se sengwe sa tiro. Sekai se sengwe sa DPR ke setheo sa go dirisa gape se se agilweng le go dirisiwa mo toropong ya Hermanus (Overberg) mo Aforika Borwa, koo jaanong go dirisiwang gape dimetara di le 2.500 ka letsatsi, ka leano la mo isagweng la go oketsa maatla go fitlha go dimetara di ka nna 5.000 ka letsatsi. Ditsela tsa kalafi tse di dirisiwang di akaretsa kalafi ya pele ya UF, RO desalination, mmogo le oxidation ya maemo a a kwa godimo le carbon filtration. Se se tswang mo sejalong se se dirisiwang gape se tsenngwa ka tlhamalalo mo thulaganyong ya metsi a a nowang. == Go bona metsi ke baagi ba SA == [[Setshwantsho:Johhanesburg_Water-Midrand_Tower-002.jpg|thumb|267x267px|Tora ya metsi kwa [[Midrand]], Johannesburg]] Aforika Borwa ke lengwe la mafatshe a le mmalwa mo lefatsheng a a beileng tshwanêlô ya methêô ya mêtsi a a lekaneng mo Molaotheong wa yônê, di bolela gore "Mongwe le mongwe o na le tshwanelo ya go nna le [...] dijo le metsi a a lekanang".<ref>[http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/1996/96cons2.htm#27 Constitution of 1996, Chapter 2, Section 27]</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, go sa ntse go na le go le gontsi go go tshwanetseng go dirwa go diragatsa tshwanelo eo. Morago ga bokhutlo jwa tlhaolele, puso e e neng e sa tswa go tlhophiwa ya Afrika Borwa e ne ya rua ditirelo tse di neng di dira sentle thata malebana le go fitlhelela metsi le go phepafatsa.<ref>BUSARI, Ola and JACKSON, Barry: Reinforcing water and sanitation sector reform in South Africa, Water Policy, 2006, vol. 8, no 4, pp. 303–312.</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, go tloga ka 2017, ka ntlha ya go tlhoka tlhokomelo e e bakilweng ke bonweenwee, kabo ya metsi le leswe la leswe e wetse kwa tlase thata.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-03|title=Controlling Corruption to Improve Water Security: Lessons from the South African Water Sector|url=https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2020/06/03/controlling-corruption-lessons-from-southafrican-watersector/|access-date=2021-07-24|website=Georgetown Journal of International Affairs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-22|title="Better water supply, collection management systems needed to avoid day zero water crisis"|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/better-water-supply-collection-management-systems-needed-to-avoid-day-zero-water-crisis/|access-date=2021-07-24|website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Adam|first=Ferrial|date=2021-04-29|title=MAVERICK CITIZEN OP-ED: Government must urgently deal with South Africa’s deepening water crisis|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-04-29-government-must-urgently-deal-with-south-africas-deepening-water-crisis/|access-date=2021-07-24|website=Daily Maverick}}</ref> Ka 2015, Lefapha la Metsi le Pholiso le ne la re le tla tlhoka dibilione di le R293 go baakanya le go tokafatsa mafaratlhatlha otlhe a metsi le a leswe mo nageng.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-07-21|title=50 000 litres of sewage flow into SA's rivers every second|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2017-07-21-south-africas-shit-has-hit-the-fan/|access-date=2021-07-24|website=The Mail & Guardian}}</ref> Le fa go nnile le koketsego mo palong ya matlo a a tlamelwang ka metsi, diperesente tsa matlo a a nang le metsi a diphaepe di fokotsegile fa e sale ka 1994.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-30|title=Water services worse than in 1994|url=https://mg.co.za/environment/2020-01-31-water-services-worse-than-in-1994/|access-date=2022-12-04|website=The Mail & Guardian}}</ref> === Mêtsi === Ka 2015, palogotlhe ya palo ya batho mo Aforika Borwa ba ba nêng ba sa kgônê go bona mêtsi a a "tokafaditsweng" e ne e le dimilione di le 3.64. 93% ya baagi ba ne ba kgona go bona motswedi wa metsi o o tokafaditsweng mo ngwageng oo.<ref name="SAJMPWash">{{Cite web|url=https://washwatch.org/en/countries/south-africa/summary/statistics/|title=WASHwatch.org – South Africa|website=washwatch.org|access-date=2017-03-27|archive-date=2016-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411014944/http://www.washwatch.org/en/countries/south-africa/summary/statistics/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">WHO/UNICEF (2015) [https://web.archive.org/web/20140418142528/http://www.wssinfo.org/documents/ Progress on sanitation and drinking water – 2015 update and MDG assessment], Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation</ref><ref name="SAJMPWash" /> Mo puong ya gagwe ya May 2004 ya State of the Union, Moporesidente Thabo Mbeki o ne a solofetsa gore "malapa otlhe a tla nna le metsi a a phepa mo dingwageng di le tlhano". Le fa go nnile le kgatelopele e kgolo, mokgele ono ga o ise o fitlhelelwe ka botlalo. Mo mafelong mangwe a magae, basadi ba dirisa nngwetharong ya nako ya bone ba ga metsi mo melatswaneng le mo didibeng. Gape ba na le boikarabelo jwa go e dirisa go apaya dijo, go tlhatswa diaparo le go tlhapisa bana. === Kgôpô leswê === Malebana le go tlosa leswe, kgatêlôpele e ntse e le bonya. Palogotlhe ya palo ya batho mo Aforika Borwa ba ba sa kgônêng go fitlhêlêla lesw6e le le "tokafaditswêng" e nê e le didikadike di le lesome le borobabobedi ka ngwaga wa 2015.<ref name="SAJMPWash"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/> Selô sê se raya gore ke fela palo ya 66% ya palogotlhe ya baagi ba ba neng ba kgôna go bôna tirêlô ya kgôpô leswê ê e tokafaditswêng mo ngwageng oo.<ref name="SAJMPWash" /> Go ya ka diphopholetso tsa WHO/UNICEF Global Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation e e theilweng mo patlisisong le mo tshedimosetsong ya go balwa ga batho, karolo ya Maforika Borwa a a nang le go tokafadiwa ga go tlosa leswe e oketsegile ka iketlo go tswa go 71% ka 1990 go ya go 75% ka 2000 le 79% ka 2010. Ka 2010, go fopholediwa gore batho ba le dimilione di le 11 ba Aforika Borwa ba ne ba sa ntse ba sa kgone go bona leswe le le tokafaditsweng: Ba ne ba dirisa mafelo a a kopanetsweng (dimilione di le 4), matlwana a boithomelo a di-bucket (dimilioni di le 3) kgotsa ba ne ba dira tiro ya go tlhapa (dimiliona di le 4).<ref name="JMP">[[WHO]]/[[UNICEF]]:[[Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation]]:[https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ Data table South Africa], 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2012</ref> Go ya ka Statistics South Africa, phitlhelelo e kwa godimo, ka bontlhanngwe ka gonne e akaretsa didirisiwa tse di kopanetsweng mo tlhalosong ya yone ya leswe. Go ya ka dipalopalo tsa 2011, go fitlhelela leswe go oketsegile go tswa go 83% ka 2001 go ya go 91% ka 2011, go akaretsa le matlwana a boithomelo a a kopanetsweng le a a ikemetseng ka nosi mmogo le matlwana ao a nang le dikhemikale.<ref name="Census 2011">{{Cite web|last=[[Statistics South Africa]]|title=Census 2011: Statistical Release|url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/Publications/P03014/P030142011.pdf|access-date=3 November 2012|page=52–53|date=October 2012}}</ref> Palo ya malapa a a nang le matlwana a boithomelo a a nang da metsi e oketsegile go tswa go 53% ka 2001 go ya go 60% ka 2011. Ditlamorago tsa boitekanelo tsa go tlhaela ga leswe le le phepa di ka nna masisi, jaaka go supilwe ke batho ba le dimilione di le 1.5 ba ba nang le letshololo mo baneng ba ba ka fa tlase ga dingwaga di le tlhano le go runya ga kholera ka ngwaga wa 2001.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/dir_ws/content/lids/PDF/summary.pdf 2001 basic household sanitation White Paper]</ref> Le fa bontsi jwa di-coliforms di sa gobatse boitekanelo jwa batho, go nna teng ga E. coli, e e apesitseng mo e ka nnang 97% ya dibakateria tsa di-coliforme tse di fitlhelwang mo maleng a diphologolo le mo mantleng, go gatelela go nna teng kwa di-pathogen tse di kotsi thata mo tsamaisong ya metsi (DWAF 1996b). == Boleng jwa tirelo == === Boleng jwa metsi le go tswelela ga phatlalatso === Boleng jwa tirêlo bo farologana thata mme tshedimosetso ga e a tlhomama. Ka ngwaga wa 2003, 63% ya bommasepala ba ne ba sa kgônê go bolêla gore a ba ne ba fitlhêlêla boleng jwa metsi a a nowang kgotsa nnyaa. Metsi a 37% a ne a emisiwa bobôtlana ka letsatsi le le lengwe ka 2003.<ref name="Barometer">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120225121737/http://www.dbsa.org/Research/Documents/Infrastructure%20Barometer.pdf Infrastructure Barometer 2006], p. 121–122</ref> Bareki ba ne ba sa tshepe mme gantsi ba sa ntse ba sa tshepa gore boleng jwa metsi a a nowang bo lekane. Ke ka moo Lefapha la Merero ya Metsi le simolotseng ka 2008 leano le le bidiwang "blue drop" le le ikaegileng ka go rotloetsa boleng jwa metsi. Ka fa tlase ga leano, batlamedi ba ditirelo tsa mmasepala ba fiwa setifikeiti sa "blue drop" fa ba fitlhelela ditlhokego dingwe. Tsêno ga di akaretse fela go latela ditekanyetso tsa boleng jwa mêtsi, mme gape le go nna têng ga leano la pabalesego ya metsi, go laola tsamaiso le go ikanyega ga diphelelo tsa sesupisô, gareng ga tsê dingwe.<ref>Talbot Laboratories:[http://www.talbot.co.za/?bluedrop Blue drop, green drop]. Retrieved 18 June 2011</ref> Tsamaiso eno e tsewa e le ya boditšhabatšhaba e le e e sa tshwaneng le epe mo go laoleng metsi a a nowang mme e amogetswe sentle ke Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe wa Boitekanelo. Le fa go ntse jalo, babogedi ba ba tswang mo lefapheng la poraefete ba re go na le "karolo e e nonofileng" e e dikologileng lenaneo le gore boleng jwa metsi tota bo a senyega mo setšhabeng, "fa puso e leka go nyatsa batlhalosi ba ba tswelelang pele mo ponong ya bone ya gore go na le bothata".<ref>Water Rhapsody:[http://www.rainharvest.co.za/2010/11/21/blue-drop-water-quality-scheme-gains-momentum-but-critics-say-more-is-needed/ ‘Blue Drop’ water quality scheme gains momentum, but critics say more is needed], 21 November 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2011. Quote from Dr Anthony Turton, TouchStone Resources</ref> Ka 2009, ditsamaiso di le 23 tsa metsi di ne tsa bona setifikeiti sa Blue Drop. Ka 2010, di le 9 di ne tsa latlhegelwa ke yone mme di le 24 di ne tsa e bona lekgetlo la ntlha, di tlisa palogotlhe go 38 (kwa tlase ga 5 peresente) mo dithulaganyong di le 787 tse di neng tsa sekasekiwa. Baopedi ba bararo ba maemo a a kwa godimo e ne e le Johannesburg, Cape Town le torotswana ya Bitou.<ref>Polity.org.za:[http://www.polity.org.za/article/blue-drop-report-2010-south-african-drinking-water-quality-management-performance-april-2010-2010-04-29 Blue Drop Report 2010: South African Drinking Water Quality Management Performance (April 2010)]. Retrieved 18 June 2011</ref><ref>Department of Water Affairs:[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/blueDrop.pdf Blue Drop Report 2010], p. 2 and 5 retrieved on 18 June 2011</ref> Metsi a a nosetsang a ntse a gatelelwa thata. Eutrophication ke bothata jo bo ntseng bo oketsega, ka gonne mo e ka nnang nngwetharong ya metsi otlhe a a bolokilweng mo bobolokelong jwa botlhokwa a setse a le gaufi le gore a se ka a tlhola a siamela boikaelelo jwa one fa go sa dirwe maiteko a magolo a go laola metsi. Metsi a a tswang mo meepong, segolobogolo a a tswang mo meepong ya gauta, a fokotsega ka bonako, mme metsi a a nang le asiti e ntsi a simolola go tswa mo meepong e e latlhilweng.<ref>UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. IRIN Humanitarian News and Analysis:[http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=76780 South Africa:Paying the Price for Mining], 15 February 2008. Retrieved 31 October 2011.</ref> 55% ya didirisiwa tsa go phepafatsa metsi a a leswe, bogolo jang tse dinnye, ga di fitlhelele ditekanyetso tsa leswe mme tse dingwe ga di lebale boleng jwa leswe. Ka go tshwana le tsamaiso ya setifikeiti sa go wela kwa tlase ga botala jwa loapi sa metsi a a nowang, puso e simolotse setifikeiti ya go wela kwa godimo ga botala jo botala jwa botala jwa go phepafatsa metsi a a leswe a mmasepala. Go tloga ka Motsheganong 2011, ba le 7 mo go ba le 159 ba ba nang le metsi ba ne ba tlhomamisitswe ka go wela ga botala, le ba le 32 mo go ba ba 1,237 ba ba nang dabalesego ya metsi a a leswe.<ref>Department of Water Affairs:[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/dir_ws/gds/ Green Drop Cerfification]. Retrieved 18 June 2011</ref> Ka 2009, fa didirisiwa di le 449 tsa go phepafatsa metsi a a leswe di ne di tlhatlhobiwa, go ya ka tshedimosetso ya semmuso ya puso, 7% e ne e tsewa e le e e laolwang sentle, 38% "e ne e dira ka fa gare ga ditekanyetso tse di amogelesegang" mme 55% e ne e sa dire ka fa gare ka fa gare le ditekanyetso tse tse di amogelesegeng.<ref>Department of Water Affairs:[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Communications/PressReleases/2010/GreenDropstatement.pdf Statement by the Minister of Water and Environmental Affairs, Ms Buyelwa Sonjica, release of the Green Drop Report], 29 April 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2011</ref><ref>Department of Water Affairs:[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/GreenDropReport2009_ver1_web.pdf Green Drop Report 2009]. Retrieved 18 June 2011</ref> == Batho ba ba Amegang == Lefapha la metsi le leswe la setšhaba mo Aforika Borwa le rulagantswe ka ditlhopha tse tharo tse di farologaneng: * Puso ya bosetšhaba, e emetswe ke Lefapha la Metsi le Boitekanelo (DWS), jaaka motlhatlhobi wa melao. * Dibouto tsa Metsi, tse di tlamelang thata metsi a mantsi, mme gape le ditirelo dingwe tsa go rekisa le go tsamaisa difeketiri dingwe tsa go phepafatsa metsi a a leswe, mo godimo ga go nna le seabe mo tsamaisong ya metswedi ya metsi; * Bommasepala, ba ba tlamelang ka ditirelo tse dintsi tsa go rekisa mme gape ba na le dingwe tsa didirisiwa tse dintsi. Dibanka, mokgatlho wa porofeshenale wa WISA, Khomišene ya Dipatlisiso tsa Metsi le setšhaba le tsone ke batho ba ba botlhokwa mo lefapheng. [[Setshwantsho:Map_of_South_Africa_with_provinces_shaded_and_districts_numbered_(2011).svg|thumb|450x450px|Mmapa o o bontshang dikgaolo (tse di nang le dinomoro) tsa Aforika Borwa  ]] '''Bommasepala'''. Go ya ka Molaotheo, Molao wa Dikago tsa Mmasepala le Molao wa Ditirelo tsa Metsi wa 1997 maikarabelo a go tlamela ka ditirelo tsa metsi le tsa leswe le mo diatleng tsa balaodi ba ditirelo tsa Medi, tse Molao wa Diterelo tsa Metse o di tlhalosang jaaka bommasepala.<ref name="WSA">Republic of South Africa, Department of Water Affairs:[https://web.archive.org/web/20171031003941/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Legislature/a108-97.pdf Water Services Act of 1997]. Retrieved 27 September 2009.</ref> Go na le bommasepala ba dikgaolo ba le 52 le bommasepaleng ba selegae ba le 231 mo Aforika Borwa (bona Bommasepala ba Aforika Kibbaa).<ref name="eThekwini Municipality">{{Cite web|last=eThekwini Municipality|title=eThekwinie Water and Sanitation: Who we Are?|url=http://www.durban.gov.za/City_Services/water_sanitation/About_Us/Pages/default.aspx|access-date=8 September 2012|archive-date=7 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807075926/http://www.durban.gov.za/City_Services/water_sanitation/About_Us/Pages/default.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Hisitori le ditiragalo tsa bosheng == [[Setshwantsho:Joburg_top.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Lefelo le le kwa godimo la Central Business District ya Johannesburg jaaka le bonwa go tswa kwa observatory ya Carlton Centre]] Ka nako ya tlhaolele, puso ya bosetšhaba e ne e se na seabe mo go tlameleng metsi a setšhaba kgotsa ditirelo tsa leswe.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://wp.wpi.edu/capetown/projects/p2009/water-sanitation/history-of-water-and-sanitation-in-south-africa/|title=History of Water and Sanitation in South Africa|date=2009|website=wp.wpi.edu|access-date=2017-05-17}}</ref> Molao wa Tsamaiso ya mêts si (MSA) o ne wa baya maikarabelo a ditirelo tsê metsi mo ôusong ya selêgae. Ka jalo go ne ga nna boikaêaôelo jwa ôoô po nngwe le nngwe go tlamela baagô boêlhe kê metsi a aêphepa le diêiôelo tsa goêphepafatsa. Madi a go tokafatsa tsamaiso yê metsi le ya kgeleloleswe a ne a tla tswa mo pusông ya bosetšhaba ka go dirisa MIG ya Ditšhireletso tma Mêôheo wa Masepala kgotsa Ditshenyegelo tse di Tshwanelang, kgotsa ka go kokoanye lêtôeno lwa leôelê leo. == Bona gape == * Lenaane la kabo ya metsi le leswe la leswe go ya ka naga * Modiri wa go tlosa leswe la boithomelo * Metsi mo Afrika * [[Metsi le leswe la go tlosa leswe mo Afrika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara]] * Kgotlelo ya metsi kwa Afrika Borwa * Western Cape Water Supply System == Ditshupiso == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> [[Karolo:Pages with unreviewed translations]] kzqhyl1glfd2zjk0w99s8zfh1tomjm0 0 8699 50086 34922 2026-05-23T09:16:24Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 50086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Patricia Kombo|image=Patricia kombo.jpg|birth_place=[[Mbooni]], Makueni County, Kenya|occupation=Media Analyst|known for=Planting of trees in Kenya and promoting environmental literacy}} Patricia Kombo ke molweladiphetogo wa tsa loapi kwa lefatsheng la [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]].<ref name=":0">[https://nation.africa/kenya/life-and-style/mynetwork/patricia-kombo-the-tree-planter-on-a-mission-241568 "Patricia Kombo: The tree planter on a mission]". ''Nation''. 5 July 2020. Retrieved 2020-09-10.</ref><ref>Cocking, Simon (March 19, 2020). [https://irishtechnews.ie/forests-patricia-mumbua-kombo-kenyan-activist/ "OUR FORESTS ARE TOO PRECIOUS TO BE LOST, PATRICIA MUMBUA KOMBO, INSPIRATIONAL KENYAN ACTIVIST"]. ''Irish Tech News''.</ref> O itsege thata ka tshimolodiso mananeo a temo ya ditlhare e le bontlha bongwe ja lekgotla la gagwe le le sa gwebeng la PaTree.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Network, Pamoja (2020-03-25). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210727090133/https://www.pamojanetwork.org/post/meet-patricia-the-african-environmentalist-changing-africa-one-tree-at-a-time "Meet Patricia. The African Environmentalist changing Africa one tree at a time"]. ''Pamoja Network''. Retrieved 2020-09-10.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200903204152/https://envirowild.com/patree-10-forest-cover-kenya/ "Patricia Kombo- PaTree Initiative| Women in Conservation"]. ''Enviro Wild''. 2020-07-07. Retrieved 2020-09-10.</ref><ref>Trends, Kenyan News (2020-05-16). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200724080913/https://www.newstrends.co.ke/2020/05/exclusive-a-personal-story-of-a-24-year-old-kenyan-environmentalist-patricia-kombo/ "Exclusive: A Personal Story of A 24-Year-Old Kenyan Environmentalist - Patricia Kombo"]. ''Kenyan News Trends''. Retrieved 2020-09-10.[https://web.archive.org/web/20200724080913/https://www.newstrends.co.ke/2020/05/exclusive-a-personal-story-of-a-24-year-old-kenyan-environmentalist-patricia-kombo/]</ref> Lenaneo le le lemile ditlhare di feta dikete di le lesome(10,000) go simolola ka 2020. Ka tiro e, Kombo o ne a nankolwa ele mogaka wa [[:en:United_Nations_Convention_to_Combat_Desertification|United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification.]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230329093552/https://www.unccd.int/news-stories/stories/ciencia-magica-mexico-receives-unccd-land-heroes-award "Ciencia Mágica from Mexico receives UNCCD Land Heroes Award | UNCCD"]. ''www.unccd.int''. Retrieved 2020-09-10.</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pfOuFfvs6Q4 "Land Hero: Patricia Kombo, Kenya"]. UNCCD. Jun 16, 2020.</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sQMUm4SffIM "23 Year Old Takes The Initiative To Conserve Environment"]. Ebru TV Kenya. Aug 17, 2020.</ref> Kombo o tlholega kwa [[Mbooni]], [[:en:Makueni_County|Makueni County]].<ref name=":0" /> Kombo o ithutetse tsa bobegadikgang kwa [[:en:Moi_University|Moi University]]<ref name=":0" /> Ka 2022, o ne a gwetlha baeteledipele ba lefatshe ka pulo kopano ya mekgatlho kwa United Nations Convention go lwantsha kgotlhego le kgotlelesego mo [[:en:Ivory_Coast|Cote d'Ivore]].<ref>[https://www.unbonn.org/news/world-changemakers-gather-cote-divoire-major-land-stewardship-conference "World changemakers to gather in Côte d'Ivoire for a major land stewardship conference"]</ref><ref>[https://www.latimes.com/espanol/internacional/articulo/2022-06-17/politicos-y-expertos-discuten-como-combatir-desertificacion "Políticos y expertos discuten cómo combatir desertificación"]. ''Los Angeles Times''. 17 June 2022.</ref> == Metswedi == <references /> [[Karolo:Batho ba ba tshelang]] igt2cuo4s4b5z4mzfqd6j8gi39jdq6d 0 8713 50088 45454 2026-05-23T09:31:17Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 50088 wikitext text/x-wiki Phatlalatso ya metsi a a nowang le kgopo leswe kwa [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] e bonwa ka tse ba di fitlheletseng le dikgwetlho. Dingwe tsa tse ba di fitlheletseng ke koketsego ya metsi a a tsamayang ka diphaepe ka dingwaga tsa 1998 le 2006 go tswa kwa go 89% go fitlha kwa go 100% kwa ditoropong le 39% go tsena ka 93% kwa magaeng le ntswa dipalo tsa batho di ne di golela kwa godimo ka lobelo lo logolo; go emisiwa ga go ithomela kwa ntle mo magaeng ka nako yone e o; le go ya godimo ga go beeletsa madi mo dikagong. Kgonagalo ya go bona metsi kwa Egypt janong e kwa godimo ka 98%. Mo go tsa dikgwebo, melao le ditirelo di kgaogantswe ka tshimolodiso ya kompone ya metsi ya national Holding Company for Water and Wastewater ka ngwaga wa 2004, le kompone e e laolang itsholelo ya Water Regulatory Agency (EWRA) ka ngwaga wa 2006,<ref>[[:en:European_Investment_Bank|European Investment Bank]] (2008). "[https://www.eib.org/attachments/country/femip_mehsip_en.pdf Horizon 2020 - Elaboration of a Mediterranean Hot Spot Investment Programme (MeHSIP)"] (PDF). Retrieved 2009-02-05.</ref> mme dikgwetlho tse dintsi di santse di le teng. Ke sephatlo fela sa batho se se gokagantsweng le mesele e e gopang leswe.<ref>As per the 2006 census</ref> Bana ba le dikete di le masome a matlhano ba latlhegelwa ke matshelo ngwaga le ngwaga ka ntlha ya letshololo le bontlha bongwe jwa lone bo bakiwang ke gore kgopo leswe e akaretsa palo fela e e potlana.<ref name=":0">National Water Research Center, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (2007): [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07900620601181788?journalCode=cijw20 Actualizing the Right to Water: An Egyptian Perspective for an Action Plan], Shaden Abdel-Gawad, retrieved on 2012-04-30</ref> Kgwetlho e nngwe ke bo ko tlase jwa poelo ya ditshenyegelo ka go lopiwa dituelo tsa metsi tse di kwa tlase lefatshe ka bophara. Ka jaana go felela go tlhoka gore puso e duele madi a a setseng le a go tsamaisa ditirelo tse, seemo se se gakaditswe ke koketso ya dituelo mme go sa okediwe ditlhwatlhwa morago ga [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring?wprov=srpw1_0 Arab Spring]. Go dirisa didirisiwa tse di tshwanang le madirelo a go tlhatswa metsi mo go maemo a a kwa tlase le go tlhoka go tsaya maikarabelo ga puso ke dingwe tsa mathata a a lebaganeng kgang e. Dithuso tsa madi le botegeniki go tswa kwa [[:en:America|America]], [[:en:European_Union|European Union]], [[:en:France|France]], Germany, [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] le tse dingwe di tswelela di tlhokafala thata.Baabi go tswa kwa bophirima le bone ba sale ba rotloetsa diphetogo mo lekalaneng le ka maikaelelo a go tlhatlhosa dipoelo tsa ditshenyegelo le go tokafatsa diterelo. Ba ba ikemetseng ka nosi ga ba kgone go dira go le gontsi fa e se fela go aga- go dira - le go fudusa ([[:en:Build–operate–transfer|Build-Operate-Transfer]]) tiro ba direla madirelo a a tlhatswang metsi. == Kgonagalo ya go bona metsi == Ka ngwaga wa 2015, 98% ya batho ba ne ba kgona go bona metsi a motheo fa 93% ba ne ba kgona go bona kgopo leswe ya motheo ka 2015. Le fa go ntse jalo, go ne go na le batho ka 2015 ba le 1.8 milione ba ba neng ba sa bone le one metsi a motheo fa 6.4 milione e ne e sa bone kgopo leswe ya motheo.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200405214551/http://washwatch.org/en/countries/argentina/summary/statistics/ "Egypt"]. ''WASHWatch''. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref><ref>[https://www.academia.edu/33307626/Water_Supply_and_Sanitation_in_Egypt "WHO / UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme: Documents".] ''www.wssinfo.org''. Retrieved 2017-04-12.</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ ! colspan="5" |Kgonagalo ya go bona metsi le kgopo leswe kwa Egypt (2010)<ref>[https://reliefweb.int/report/world/whounicef-joint-monitoring-programme-water-supply-and-sanitation-jmp-snapshot-progress?gclid=CjwKCAjw0N6hBhAUEiwAXab-TcdQS0VjfQIqi23IBrl5BRlYUerTwn4HYWALX23wfY5N_RuX1zeXfxoCbOEQAvD_BwE "Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. Coverage Estimates Improved Drinking Water"]. Retrieved 2012-10-19.</ref> |- | colspan="2" | |Ditoropo (43% ya batho) |Magae (57% ya batho) |Dipalo tsotlhe |- | rowspan="2" |Metsi |Tlhaloso kakaretso |100% |63% |63% |- |Kgokelo ya matlo |100% |93% |96% |- | rowspan="2" |Kgopo Leswe |Tlhaloso kakaretso |97% |93% |95% |- |Leswe |n/a |n/a |50% (palobatho ya 2006) |} Go ya ka motswedi mongwe, Egypt e fitlheletse seelo sa [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goal]] sa 2015 sa go fokotsa palo ya batho ba ba sa kgoneng go bona metsi a a babalesegileng go nowa le kgopo leswe ka sephatlo ka ngwaga wa 2008.<ref>World Bank (2008), [https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/749891468023382999/urban-sector-update Arab Republic of Egypt: Urban Sector Update,] Retrieved on 2009-12-15</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, go ya pego ya puso ya ngwaga o o, Egypt e ne e santse e saletse ko morago ka go fitlhelela seelo sa kwa magaeng, bogolo jang kwa dikgaolong tse di kwa godimo kwa Egypt. <ref>[https://www.undp.org/egypt/publications/achieving-millennium-development-goals-midpoint-assessment-2008 Ministry of Economic↵Development: Achieving the Millennium Development Goals: A Midpoint Assessment], 2008, p. 55-56, quoted in the [https://bti-project.org/fileadmin/api/content/en/downloads/reports/country_report_2008_EGY.pdf Egypt Country Report] by the UN Special Rapporteur for the Human Right to Water and Sanitation, p. 12</ref> Matlo a boithomelo a a adilweng matlapa kwa tlase ga lefuti, a a tlwaelesegileng mo magaeng, gantsi ga a bereke sentle ka ntlha ya bokogodimo jwa metswedi ya metsi e e kwa tlase ga lefatshe, go tlhoka go ntsha leswe gantsi le go ranyega ga dipota. Ka jalo leswe le a dutla mme le kgotlele ditsela tse di mabapi, mesele le metsi a a kwa tlase ga lefatshe. Diteraka tse di gopang leswe mo matlong a boithomelo ga di tshololele leswe le kwa madirelong a go tlhatswa metsi a a leswe mme di latlhela leswe le mo tikologong.<ref>United Nations; General Assembly; Human Rights Council (5 July 2010). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20131228200925/http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt]" (PDF). pp.&nbsp;12–13. Retrieved 31 October 2016.</ref> == Boleng jwa ditirelo == {{Infobox building|name=The city of Assiut|caption=Toropokgolo ya Assuit kwa dipego ka metsi a a kgotlhelesegileng di duleng ka ngwaga wa 2009.|image=Assyout city Egypt.jpg}} === Go phatlalatsa metsi a sa kgaoge === Go ya lefelo la ditlhotlhomiso la puso la National Research Center, 40% ya batho ba ba nnang kwa [[:en:Cairo|Cairo]] ga ba bone metsi dioura di feta boraro ka letsatsi, le dikgaolo tse ditona ga di bone metsi a a tswang mo diphaepeng gotlhelele. Ka ngwaga wa 2008 megwanto e ne ya nna teng kwa [[:en:Suez|Suez]] kwa batho ba le makgolo a matlhano ba neng ba tswala tsela ya konokono kwa Cairo ka ntlha ya kgang e.<ref>New York Times:[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/30/world/africa/30iht-letter.1.16579677.html Pipes but no water: A need grows in Egypt], by Daniel Williams, September 30, 2008, Retrieved on 2011-07-21</ref> Go ya ka patlisiso e e neng ya dirwa pele ga ngwaga ya 2006 kwa kgaolong ya [[:en:Faiyum|Fayoum]], 46% ya malwapa e ne e ngongorega ka metsi a a tswang a le mmanye, 30% e ngongorega ka go kgaolwa kgapetsakgapetsa ga metsi fa 22% e ne e ngongoregela gore metsi a a bo a seo motshegare. Mathata a a pateletsa batho ba le bantsi go dirisa metsi a a tswang mo meseleng a a ka nnang borai mo botsogong.<ref name=":0" /> Boleng jwa tirelo ke bo bo ko tlase kwa dikgaolong tse dikgologolo tse batho ba ipeileng fela kwa go tsone kwa 20% ya batho ba Egypt ba nnang teng.<ref>Egyptian Center for Housing Rights (2001), [https://habitat3.org/wp-content/uploads/PU_Comments_HIC.pdf Introductory Paper To Habitat International Coalition Exchange Program On: Informal areas in Egypt,] Retrieved on 2009-01-15</ref> === Boleng jwa metsi a a nowang === Dipalo kakanyetso di supa fa bana ba ka tshwara dikete di le lesome le bosupa ba latlhelwa ke matshelo ka ntata ya letshololo ngwaga le ngwaga.<ref name=":0" /> Lebaka lengwe ke la gore boleng jwa metsi a a nowang bo ko tlase ga selekanyo se se beilweng.<ref name=":0" /> Madirelo mangwe a a tlhatswang metsi ga a tlhokomelwe sentle ka jalo ga a kgone go ka ntsha megare le ditshidinyana tse dingwe.<ref>Noha Donia, Assistant Professor Engineering Dep. Institute of Environmental Studies and Research:[https://web.archive.org/web/20231114082357/https://severeweather.wmo.int/iwtc/document/IWTC-VI_pre-workshop_v12.pdf SURVEY OF POTABLE WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS IN EGYPT], Eleventh International Water Technology Conference (2007), Sharm el-Sheikh, p. 1051, retrieved on 2011-07-21</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2009, patlisiso e e dirilweng ke ba lephata la botsogo (Ministry of Health) di ne tsa supa fa metsi a a nowang ke sephatlo sa milione wa batho kwa [[:en:Asyut|Asiut]] a sa siamela go nowa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230413145701/https://profilbaru.com/article/Health_in_Egypt "Drinking water in Asyut unfit for human consumption]". 4 August 2009. Retrieved 23 July 2011.</ref> Ka Seetebosigo 2011, go ne go ntse go sena sepe se se dirilweng go rarabolola bothata bo. Didirisiwa tse di ntshang [[:en:Chlorine|chlorine]] mo didibeng, tse di neng di tsentswe dingwaga tse di fetileng ka go ne go tletse megare mo metsing a a kwa tlase ga lefatshe, di reteletswe ke go bereka ka di sa tlhokomelwe mme di tswetswe go itsa go nosa morafe metsi a a sa tlhatswiwang.<ref>Habi Center for Environmental Rights (1 June 2011). "[https://egyptindependent.com/report-80-assiut-residents-drink-unclean-water/ Report: 80% of Assiut residents drink unclean water]". Retrieved 23 July 2011.</ref> Kwa legaeng la Wardan kwa bokone jwa [[:en:Giza|Giza]], metsi a nna mantsho ka mmala ka ngwaga wa 2007. Babusi ba ne bolela fa e se maikarabelo a bone, ba bolela dilo dingwe tse baagi ba neng ba di tsentse go leka go oketsa bokete jwa metsi a a tswang e le tsone di bakileng bothata boo. Go ya ka lephata la tikologo (Ministry of Environment), go na le go tlhoka go tirisanommogo mo go ba ba tshwareng maikarabelo a go sekaseka boleng jwa metsi, le go tlhoka motheo o o kitlaneng o o ka sekasekang dipatlisiso, metlhale le mekgwa.<ref>United Nations; General Assembly; Human Rights Council (5 July 2010). "[https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/686900?ln=en Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt]" (PDF). pp.&nbsp;10–11. Retrieved 19 October 2012.</ref> === Go tlhatswiwa ga metsi a a dirisitsweng === Egypt e ne e na le madirelo a a tlhwatswang metsi a adirisitsweng a ga mmasepala a le makgolo a mararo, masome a supa le botlhano ka ngwaga wa 2012, a tlhatswa metsi a 10.1 million cubic meters ka letsatsi. Selekanyo sa madirelo a a tlhatswang metsi a a adirisitsweng kwa Egypt se ne se feta 11 million cubic meters ka letsatsi ya metsi a a ka nosang batho ba le di milione di le lesome le boferabobedi. Palo e e oketsegile ga some mo dingwageng tsa 1985 go tsena ka 2005. Selekanyo sa metsi a a tshelwang kwa Nile ke 3.8 billion cubic meters ka ngwaga, mme mo go one 35% fela ke yone e e tlhatswitsweng sentle mo ngwageng wa 2004.<ref>The Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation; Arab Republic of Egypt (2005), [https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/561611468234311417/pdf/341800EGY0whit11public10Action0Plan.pdf Integrated Water Resources Management Plan], Retrieved on 2008-12-12</ref> Kwa [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]], tsamaiso ya go tlhatswa metsi a a dirisitsweng e simolodisitswe ka dingwaga tsa pele tsa 1990 mme ga e sa tlhole e kgona go emelana le palo e e golelang pele ya batho. Tse di kgotlhelang metsi di le dintsi di akaretsa dipolaseteke, di tsene mo lekadibeng la [[:en:Lake_Mariout|Mariout]] le mo lewatleng.<ref>Bank, European Investment (2022-02-04). ''[https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative The Clean Oceans Initiative]''. European Investment Bank.</ref> Madirelo a magolo a a tlhatswang metsi a a dirisitsweng kwa Egypt a kwa Gabal el Asfar kwa bokone botlhaba jwa Cairo, mme a nosa batho ba ka nna dimilione di ferabongwe, a bo a tlhatswa metsi a di cubic meters di le di milione tse pedi ka letsatsi ka ngwaga wa 2009. Madirelo a a tshela kwa moseleng wa Belbeis Drain le kwa Bahr El Baqar Drain (BBD), o one o tshololelang kwa lekadibeng la [[:en:El_Manzala|Manzala]] dikhilomithara di le lekgolo le masome a supa go tswa kwa Cairo.Mesele e le lekadiba la Manzala a supilwe ke Egyptian Environmental Action Plan ka ngwaga wa 1992 fa a sa siama. Boleng jwa metsi bo ne jwa tokafala thata morago ga go sena go fediwa 1.2million cubic meters wa ntlha ka letsatsi wa madirelo a ka ngwaga wa 1999, mme moselel o le lekadiba le di santse di le bokoa mo tikologong. Go tsena ka ngwaga wa 2009, selekanyo sa madirelo se ne sa okediwa go ya kwa di milione di le pedi ka letsatsi. Konteraka ya go oketsa madirelo go ya kwa 2.5 million cubic meters ka letsatsi e engwe nokeng ka madi ke lekgotla la [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]]. Ba ba nang le kgatlhego ba ne ba simolola go romela dipampiri tsa dikompone tsa bone ka ngwaga wa 2011, mme konteraka ya go loga maano, go aga le go dirisa e ne ya fiwa ka ngwaga wa 2013 kgwedi ya Phalane. Go ne go solofetswe gore go fediwe ka ngwaga wa 2015. Legato la boraro le tla isa selekanyo kwa go 3 million cubic meters ka letsatsi, go nosa batho ba le di milione di le lesome le bobedi le go dira Gabal al Asfar madirelo a magolo mo lefatsheng ka bophara.<ref>African Development Bank:[https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/ADB-BD-IF-2008-55-EN-EGYPT-ESIA-GABAL-EL-ASFAR-WASTEWATER-TREATMENT-PLANT.PDF EGYPT: GABAL EL ASFAR WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT - ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT SUMMARY], undated, retrieved on May 30, 2010</ref><ref>[https://www.globalwaterintel.com/global-water-intelligence-magazine/14/11/general/wastewater-infra-spending-flows-again-in-egypt "Wastewater infra spending flows again in Egypt"]. Global Water Intelligence. November 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2013.</ref> Madirelo a mangwe a a tlhatswang metsi a agilwe kwa [[:en:Abu_Rawash|Abu Rawash]] kwa bophirima jwa Giza. Pele a ne a tlhatswa 0.4 milione fela. Metsi a a tlhatswitsweng a tshololelwa kwa moseleng wa Barakat a bo a fetela dikhilomithara di le masome matlhano kwa nokeng ya [[:en:Nile|Nile]]. Ka ngwaga wa 2005 go tsena ka 08 selekanyo se ne sa okediwa go nna 1.2 million cubic meters ka letsatsi. Ka ngwaga wa 2013 go ne ga nna pitso ya ba ab eletsang go godisa madirelo go nna 1.6 million cubic meters ka letsatsi ka madi a adimilweng go tswa kwa [[:en:European_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development|EBRD]] le dibanka tsa Egepeto ele tirisanommogo gareng ga ba ba ikemetseng ka nosi le puso.<ref>[https://www.devex.com/funding/r?report=tender-92159&filter%5Bstatuses%5D%5B%5D=forecast&filter%5Bstatuses%5D%5B%5D=open&sorting%5Border%5D=desc&sorting%5Bfield%5D=updated_at Abu Rawash Wastewater Treatment Plant In Egypt: Development And Implementation Of A Public-Private Partnership For Upgrade And Expansion"]. Devex. Retrieved 28 December 2013.</ref> Maiteko a go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go goroga ko lewatleng ga dipolaseteke kwa madirelong a a tlhatswang metsi kwa Alexandria a tsweletse, ka madi a a adimilweng kwa [[:en:European_Investment_Bank|European Investment Bank]]. Go tlhatswa seretse ke bontlha bongwe jwa leano le, mo go tla ntshang biogas le go fokotsa go ikaega ka digotetsi tsa tlholego. Maiteko o a ikaelela go tokafatsa madirelo a a tlhatswang metsi a a nosang batho ba le 1.5 milione mo kgaolong e o.<ref>Bank, European Investment (2022-02-04). [https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative ''The Clean Oceans Initiative''.] European Investment Bank.</ref> == Metswedi ya metsi == Motswedi wa konokono wa metsi a a phepha kwa Egepeto ke noka ya Nile. Noka e ntsha metsi a 56.8 billion cubic meters ngwaga le ngwaga selekanyo sa 97% ya metswedi ya metsi e e ka ntshafadiwang kwa Egypt. Selekanyo sa pula se akanyediwa go nna 18 mm billion cubic meters ka ngwaga. Fa godimo ga foo, Egypt e na le mafika a le mane a a ntshang metsi kwa ntle ga lefatshe: lejwe la Nile Aquifer, [[:en:Nubian_Sandstone_Aquifer_System|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer]], [[:en:Moghra_Oasis|Moghra Aquifer]] le Coastal Aquifer. Fa e sale ka 2005, Egypt e tlhalosiwa e le lengwe la mafatshe a a tlhaelang metsi ka le na le 1000 meters cubic ya metsi ka ngwaga. Fa godimo ga foo, go akanyediwa fa ka 2025 palo ya batho e tla goroga kwa go 95 million.<ref name=":0" /> Ditoropo tse di mo lotshitshing lwa [[:en:Red_Sea|Red Sea]] jaaka [[:en:Hurghada|Hurghada]] di nwa metsi a a pompilweng ka diphaepe go tswa Nile. Mme ka 2015 konteraka ya 80,000 cubic meters ka letsatsi ya go aga madirelo a go tlhatswa letswai mo metsing a lewatle, e ne ya ntshiwa, go kona go nosa toropo.<ref>[https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/686900?ln=en "Egypt puts seal on desalination sea change]". Global Water Intelligence, May 2015.</ref> == Metswedi == frlyimfw0fyt9liwamwap593zke7knc 0 8714 50090 42429 2026-05-23T09:38:09Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 50090 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" |+ class="infobox-title" id="4" |Water supply and sanitation in [[Zambia]] | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Flag_of_Zambia.svg|frameless]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Data |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Water coverage (broad definition) | class="infobox-data" |([[basic water service]]) 61% (2015)<ref name="JMP2017">WHO and UNICEF (2017) [https://washdata.org/reports Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines]. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 2017</ref><ref name="WASHwatch">WASHwatch [https://web.archive.org/web/20190922111551/https://washwatch.org/en/ Country Statistics and Country profiles for the WASH sector, 2017]</ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Sanitation coverage (broad definition) | class="infobox-data" |([[basic sanitation]]) 31% (2015)<ref name="ReferenceA">WASHwatch</ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Continuity of supply | class="infobox-data" |Average of 16 hours per day in 2010<ref name="NWASCO 2011 Sector Report" /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Average urban water use (L/person/day) | class="infobox-data" |77 (2010), ranging from 26 to 121 between utilities<ref name="NWASCO 2011 Sector Report" /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Average urban water and sanitation tariff (US$/m³) | class="infobox-data" |US$5.80/month for metered users |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Share of household metering | class="infobox-data" |58% (2010),<ref name="NWASCO 2011 Sector Report"/> up from 39% (2006)<ref name="NWASCO 2007">{{Cite web |title=NWASCO Report 2007 |url=http://www.nwasco.org.zm/media/sector_report_2007.pdf |access-date=2023-04-14 |archive-date=2012-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216192011/http://www.nwasco.org.zm/media/sector_report_2007.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Annual investment in WSS | class="infobox-data" |US$33.5 million (2002) or US$3/capita/year |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Share of external financing | class="infobox-data" |2% government, 98% external donors (2002) |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Institutions |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Decentralization to municipalities | class="infobox-data" |Yes (11 municipality-owned regional commercial utilities) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |National water and sanitation company | class="infobox-data" |None |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Water and sanitation regulator | class="infobox-data" |Yes (NWASCO) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Responsibility for policy setting | class="infobox-data" |Minister for Local Government and Housing |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Sector law | class="infobox-data" |Yes |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;Number</nowiki&gt;">No.</abbr> of urban service providers | class="infobox-data" |11 Commercial Utilities |} '''Phatlalatso ya metsi Le kgopo leswe kwa Zambia''' e lemogiwa ka diphitlhelelo le dikgwetlho. Gareng ga dilo tse di fitlheletsweng ke go tlhamiwa ga ditirelo tsa kgwebo tse di emelang tsa ditikologo tsa metse-se-toropo tsa puso. Gareng ga dikgwetlho go na le selekanyo se se kwa tlase sa go busediwa ga ditshenyegelo go sa kgathalesege go oketsega ga dituelo mo mafelong a ditoropokgolo; bokgoni jo bo lekanyeditsweng mo lefapheng; kgatelopele e e sa lekaneng mo go oketseng go fitlhelela leswe; maemo a a kwa godimo a metsi a a sa amogeleng (44% go tloga ka 2010) mo mafelong a toropokgolo: selekanyo se se se kwa godimo sa ditsamaiso tsa metsi tsa kwa magaeng tse di sa direng; le maemo a a a sa lekaneng a peeletso go sa kgathale jang thuso e kgolo ya dinaga di sele.<ref name="NWASCO 2011 Sector Report"/> == Go tsena == [[Setshwantsho:Access_to_Improved_Water_Sources_and_Sanitation_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa.png|thumb|450x450px|Go tokafatsa kabo ya metsi le leswe, mo dinageng di le 7 tsa Sub-Saharan, go tloga ka 1990 go fitlha ka 2008.<ref name="JMP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wssinfo.org/|title=WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation|access-date=2019-05-03}}</ref> ]] Ka 2015, 61% ya palogotlhe ya baagi ba ne ba kgona go fitlhelela "bobotlana tirelo ya metsi ya motheo", kgotsa 86% ya baagi ba ditoropokgolo le 44% ya baagi ba metseselegae.<ref name="ReferenceA">WASHwatch</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, batho ba ka nna dimilione di le 6 kwa Zambia ba sa ntse ba sa kgone go bona "bobotlana metsi a motheo". Malebana le go tlosa leswe, ka 2015, 31% ya palogotlhe ya baagi ba ne ba kgona go fitlhelela tirelo ya "bobotlana ya go tlosa lesfe ya motheo". 49% ya baagi ba ditoropokgolo ba ne ba na le go fitlhelela leswe la motheo le 19% ya baagi ba kwa magaeng. Go sa ntse go na le batho ba ka nna dimilione di le 11 ba ba sa kgoneng go fitlhelela bobotlana leswe la motheo. Mo godimo ga moo, ka 2015, 15% ya baagi ba Zambia, ba ne ba tlhapa ka fa ntle.<ref name="WASHwatch 2">{{Cite web|url=http://washwatch.org/en/countries/zambia/summary/statistics/|title=WASHwatch.org -Zambia|website=washwatch.org|access-date=20 July 2017|archive-date=3 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403013720/http://washwatch.org/en/countries/zambia/summary/statistics/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="JMP2015">WHO/UNICEF (2015) [https://web.archive.org/web/20140418142528/http://www.wssinfo.org/documents/ Progress on sanitation and drinking water - 2015 update and MDG assessment], Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation</ref> Mo dingwageng tse di fetileng (2010), dipalo e ne e le tse di latelang: 61% ya baagi ba Zambia ba ne ba kgona go bona motswedi o o tokafaditsweng wa metsi mme 48% ba ne ba na le thulaganyo e e lekaneng ya go tlosa leswe, go ya ka tshedimosetso ya UN e e neng ya balwa go ya ka dipatlisiso tsa bosetšhaba, go akaretsa bosheng jaana Demographic and Health Survey ya 2007. Malebana le kabo ya metsi, go na le pharologano e kgolo fa gare ga mafelo a ditoropokgolo (87% ya phitlhelelo go ya ka UN, 78% ya phitlho go ya ka molaodi ka 2010) le mafelo a selegae (46% ya phitlhamo go ya ka United Nations).<ref name="JMP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wssinfo.org/|title=WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation|access-date=2019-05-03}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080216075751/http://www.wssinfo.org/ "WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation"]. </cite></ref> Go ya ka dipatlisiso tsa bosetšhaba (57% go ya ka dipatlisiso tsa bosetšhaba, 54% go ya ka molaodi ka 2010) le mafelo a magae (43% go ya ka lekgotla la Ditšhaba Tse di Kopaneng). Mo mafelong a ditoropo, 41% ya batho ba na le metsi mo matlong a bone kgotsa mo jarateng mme 49% ya bone ba dirisa diphaepe tsa metsi. Palo ya batho ba ba nang le difouno tsa mo gae e ile ya fokotsega, fa palo ya ba ba dirisiwang ke di-kiosk yone e ile ya oketsega. Go ya ka mokaedi wa National Water and Sanitation Council e bong Kelvin Chitumbo, Zambia e fitlheletse Mokgele wa Mileniamo wa Tlhabololo wa metsi a a nowang, mme ga e ise e fitlhelele mokgele wa go nna le metsi a a phepa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zambia is behind in meeting MDG on water - Chitumbo|url=http://www.postzambia.com/post-read_article.php?articleId=26094|publisher=Sunday Post|access-date=22 December 2012|date=22 March 2012|archive-date=12 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312133935/http://www.postzambia.com/post-read_article.php?articleId=26094|url-status=dead}}</ref> Di-kiosk tsa metsi, tse di neng tsa simolola go dirisiwa kwa Zambia ka 2005, di dirisiwa ke batho ba ba sa direng madi ba ba saenneng tumalano le ditlamo tsa metsi le bommasepala. Badiri ba di-kiosk ba reka metsi a a pompiwang ka bontsi mme ba a rekisa ka tlhwatlhwa e e kwa godimo go se kae e e laolwang ya mo e ka nnang US Cent e le nngwe ka dilitara di le 20 mo badirising ba ba isetsang metsi kwa magaeng a bone ka ditanka tsa metsi. Badiri ba mabenkele ano ba oketsa lotseno lwa bone ka go rekisa dilo tse dingwe tse di dirisiwang letsatsi le letsatsi. Ka 2008, go ne go na le di-kiosk tsa metsi di ka nna 170 kwa Zambia tse di neng di tlamela batho ba le 200 000 ka metsi. Go ne go lebeletswe gore go okediwe di-kiosk tse dingwe di le 100 ka 2009.<ref name="KfW">[[KfW]]:[http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/EN_Home/Sectors/Water/Zambia_-_Successful_water_kiosks.jsp Zambia - Successful Water Kiosks], accessed on May 21, 2011</ref><ref name="GTZ">[http://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/gtz2008-en-water-supply-sanitation.pdf GTZ:Water and sanitation sector reforms in Africa, 2008 p. 22-23]</ref><ref>DEG and kfw Entwicklungsbank:[https://web.archive.org/web/20110727204131/http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/DE_Home/Service_und_Dokumentation/Online_Bibliothek/PDF-Dokumente_Jahresberichte_-_KfW_Entwicklungsbank/KfW_139_Fol_FZJahresbericht_A4_bar_final.pdf Wasser -elementar für Entwicklung. ]</ref> Malebana le tsa boitekanelo, 29% ya baagi ba ditoropo ba na le metsi a a phepa a a tsamaisiwang ke leswe mme 30% ya bone ba na le ditanka tsa septic kgotsa matlwana a boithomelo a a tokafaditsweng. Le fa dipalo tseno di le kwa tlase, tota di feta palogare ya batho ba ba kgonang go tsena mo dinageng tsa Afrika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara.<ref name="JMP"/> Lack of access to water and sanitation has significant negative social impacts, in particular on girls and women who are often in charge of collecting water for their villages and homes – sometimes walking extremely long distances to do so. After that girls are too tired to come back home and concentrate on education == Boleng jwa tirelo == '''Boleng jwa metsi a a nowang'''. Go tlhoka metsi le mafelo a boitekanelo go na le ditlamorago tse di sa itumediseng mo setšhabeng, segolobogolo mo basetsaneng le basadi ba gantsi ba rweleng maikarabelo a go sela metsi mo metseng ya bone le mo magaeng a bone, ka dinako tse dingwe ba tsamaya sekgala se seleele thata gore ba kgone go dira jalo. Morago ga moo basetsana ba tla bo ba lapile thata gore ba ka boela gae le go tlhoma mogopolo mo thutong.<ref name="NWASCO 2011 Annual Report">{{Cite web|last=NWASCO|title=Annual Report 2010|url=http://www.nwasco.org.zm/media/annual_report_2010.pdf|access-date=27 August 2011|page=4–6|archive-date=3 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403013722/http://www.nwasco.org.zm/media/annual_report_2010.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> '''Go tswelela pele'''.Metsi mo ditoropong ga a nnele ruri, ka 2010 a ne a dirisiwa ka palogare ya diura di le 16 ka letsatsi. Nako e e kwa godimo thata ya go kgaogana ga dilo e ile ya lekanngwa kwa Luapula Utility e nnye ka diura di le 6 ka letsatsi. Setlamo se le sengwe fela se se neng se tlamela ka metsi ka metlha ka 2007 e ne e le kwa Chipata, fa ka 2010 setlamo se le sengwe fela se se neng se tlamela ka metsi ka metlha e ne e le Northwestern Water and Sewerage Company .<ref name="NWASCO 2011 Sector Report"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFNWASCO"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="389">NWASCO. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="390">[https://web.archive.org/web/20111005040142/http://www.nwasco.org.zm/pdfs/sectorreport2010-11.pdf "Urban and Peri-Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Report 2010/11"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="391">Archived from [http://www.nwasco.org.zm/pdfs/sectorreport2010-11.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="392"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2011</span>.</span></cite></ref> '''Go phepafatsa metsi a a leswe'''. Ditheo tsa go phepafatsa metsi a a leswe ka metlha ga di fitlhelele maemo a go ntsha leswe. Bokgoni jwa dimela tse di tshwanang le Manchinchi kwa Lusaka le Kanini kwa Ndola bo godisitswe ke baagi. Matamo a go tlhomama a Livingstone City a mo seemong se se sa itumediseng mme a baka kotsi e e masisi ya tikologo.<ref name="NWASCO 2011 Sector Report"/> Le fa go ntse jalo, go na le diporojeke di le mmalwa tse di simolotsweng go netefatsa go tokafadiwa ga go phepafadiwa ga metsi a a leswe. Ka sekai, ka 2018, makadiba a Kaunda Square stabilization kwa Lusaka a ne a tsosolosiwa ka fa tlase ga Lusaka Water Supply, Sanitation, and Drainage Project (LWSSD).Mo godimo ga moo, Lusaka Sanitation Programme ya dingwaga di le 5 e e tshegediwang ka madi ke EIB, KfW, AfDB, WB le Puso ya Zambia e ne ya simololwa. Boemo jwa porojeke bo ne bo akaretsa go agiwa ga difeketiri tse disha tsa go phepafatsa metsi a a leswe, dikilometara di le 520 tsa mesele ya leswe, ditsamaiso tsa go phepafatša metsi a a se nang metsi a a phepa, matlwana a boithomelo a setšhaba a le 100, mafelo a go phepafatsa a ka nnang 12 000 le difeketiri tsa go phepafisa leswe. == Metswedi ya metsi == [[Setshwantsho:Zambia_-_The_smoke_that_thunders.jpg|thumb|416x416px|Noka ya Zambezi, e e bontshitsweng fano kwa Victoria Falls, e humile ka metsi. Le fa go ntse jalo, bontsi jwa batho ba Zambia ba nna kgakala thata le noka go ka solegelwa molemo ke yone, ka jalo gantsi metsi a tlhaela ka paka ya komelelo.]] Go farologana le dinaga tse dingwe tse dintsi mo kgaolong eno, Zambia e na le metswedi e mentsi ya metsi, le fa metswedi ya metsi e ka nna ya tlhaela ka paka ya komelelo, bogolo jang mo karolong ya borwa jwa naga. Pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga ye e mo magareng ga selekanyo sa1400 mm kwa bokone mme e fokotsega ka iketlo go ya go 700 mm kwa borwa. Naga e humile ka dinoka, jaaka Zambezi le matsha a Tanganyika, Mweru le Kariba. Go akanyediwa gore go dirisiwa fela 1.5% ya metswedi ya metsi a a ntšhafadiwang a ngwaga le ngwaga mo nakong eno. Go na le dipharologano tse di botlhokwa tsa kgaolo go ralala naga malebana le lefelo le nako e metsi a leng teng ka yone. Gape go nna teng ga metsi a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe ga go a anamisiwa ka go lekalekana.<ref name="Sievers">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120211114118/http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/6D6EE988-1EF2-4D7A-8549-727943BEA312/0/2006WP_IWRM.doc Zambia Water Sector] Challenges for Integrated Water Resources Management in Zambia, by Peter Sievers, Programme Coordinator, Water Sector Coordination Unit, Royal Danish Embassy, Zambia, January 2006, p. 3</ref> == Boikarabelo jwa kabo ya metsi le leswe == Maikarabêlô mo lefaphêng a kgaogantswê sentlê fa gare ga Lefapha la Puso ya Selegaê le Matlo (thulaganyô), Lekgotla la Bosetšhaba la Mêtsi le Boitekanêlô (thulaganyông ya ikônomi) le pusô ya selegaê gammogo le ditirêlo tsa kgwêbo tsê di leng tsa pusô ya selegaê (tlamêlô ya ditirêlô mo mafelông a ditorôpôkgolo). === Melawana === Lefapha la Puso ya Selegae le Kago ya Matlo le na le maikarabelo a dipolotiki tsa lekala. Ka fa gare ga Lefapha Lefapha la Kago ya Matlo le Tlhabololo ya Mafaratlhatlha (DHID) le na le maikarabelo a go rulaganya le go kgobokanya metswedi ya metsi le ya kgeleloleswe. DHID e tlhomile Yuniti e e kgethegileng ya Phepelo ya Metsi le Kgeleloleswe ya Magae (Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Unit - RWSSU) ka 2003 mme ka bonako morago ga moo gape e tlhomile yuniti ya Phepelo ya Metsi le Kgeleloleswe ya Mafelo a a Kwa Thoko ya Ditoropo. Go ya ka Molao wa Bosetšhaba wa Metsi wa 1994 Melawana e le supa e e laolang molao wa puso wa metsi le leswe * Go kgaoganngwa ga tsamaiso ya metswedi ya metsi go tswa go kabo ya metsi le leswe * Go kgaoganngwa ga ditiro tsa taolo le tsa botsamaisi * Go fetisetsa taolo mo pusong ya selegae le dikgwebo tsa poraefete * Katlego ya go busetsa ditshenyegelo tsotlhe tsa metsi le ditirelo tsa go tlosa leswe mo nakong e telele * Tlhabololo ya didirisiwa tsa batho e e isang kwa ditheong tse di nang le matswela. * Tiriso ya thekenoloji e e tshwanelang maemo a selegae * Go okediwa ga madi a a dirisediwang lefapha Ka ngwaga wa 2008 bobotlana melawana e meraro ya ntlha e ne e setse e dirilwe. Le fa go ntse jalo, go busediwa ditshenyegelo ka botlalo go ne go le kgakala le go fitlhelelwa mme ditshenyegelo tsa tekanyetsomadi di ne di le kwa tlase thata ga se se tlhokegang go fitlhelela Mekgele ya Tlhabololo ya Sekete ya Lefapha. Ka 2010 go ne ga tlhabololwa leano la bosetšhaba la metsi gore go tsewe tsia "dilo tse di diragalang mo lefatsheng lotlhe", go akarediwa dikgang tse di farologaneng tse di jaaka bong, HIV/AIDS le phetogo ya tlelaemete, le go tsenngwa ga melaometheo ya segompieno ya go laola metswedi ya metsi === Taolo le Thapiso === [[Setshwantsho:Hauling_water_(Chipata).jpg|thumb|333x333px|Mosadi yo o tshotseng metsi kwa Chipata.]] Taolo ya ikonomi ya ditirelo tsa metsi le kgeleloleswe ke tiro ya National Water Supply and Sanitation Council (NWASCO). E okamela go baakanngwa ga ditlhwatlhwa, selekanyo se se kwa tlase sa ditirelo, go bonela pele madi le go rulaganya dipeeletso le puso ya kgwebo. NWASCO e dirile "kgatelopele e kgolo mo go sekasekeng, go bega le go dira gore badirisi ba nne le seabe" le fa gone e "se na madi a a lekaneng le badiri ba ba lekaneng". Le fa go ntse jalo, tsela e e dirang ka yone e sa ntse e lekanyeditswe, gareng ga dilo tse dingwe ka gonne "mekgwa ya go dira gore melao e dirisiwe ga e a tlhomama".<ref name="IPC">Hulya Dagdeviren and Simon A. Robertson:[https://web.archive.org/web/20081120031557/http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCPolicyResearchBrief8.pdf Policy Research Brief: Reforming without Resourcing: The Case of Urban Water Supply in Zambia], International Poverty Center, September 2008</ref> NWASCO's e tshegediwa ke ditlhopha tsa batlhokomedi ba metsi le batlhatlhobi ba nakwana ba ba tlhokomelang boleng jwa tirelo mo mmung. Go na le ditlhopha tsa ditshupanako tsa metsi mo ditoropong di le 10. Di na le baithaopi ba ba rutang badirisi ka ditshwanelo le maikarabelo a bone, le go thusa badirisi go rarabolola dingongorego. Seno se bonala se fokoditse bonweenwee jo bonnye le go dirisa metara ka tsela e e sa siamang. Go ya ka dipatlisiso, le fa go tlwaelegile kwa Zambia go duela pipamolomo ka ntlha ya go golaganngwa le motlakase, mofuta ono wa pipamolumo ga o yo mo go golaganeng metsi.<ref>Water Integrity Network:Corruption risks and integrity in urban water supply and sanitation, WIN brief No. 4, 2011, Box 1:Participation in Action - Water Watch Groups in Zambia, quoting research by F. Boehm:"Is there an anti-corruption agenda in regulation? </ref> Ka 2010 molaodi o ne a fedisa ditlhopha tsa ditshupanako tsa metsi kwa Chingola, Kabwe le Lusaka "ka ntlha ya go sa dire", mme tsotlhe tse tharo di ne tsa tlhomiwa gape dikgwedi di le mmalwa moragonyana.<ref name="NWASCO 2011 Annual Report"/> [[Setshwantsho:A_water_kiosk_in_Chipata_(7642999604).jpg|thumb|250x250px|Di-kiosks tsa metsi kwa Chipata.]] When Levy Mwanawasa was elected president in 2002, the sector policies shaped under his predecessor basically remained in place. In 2004 the DTF became operational and two pilot projects in peri-urban areas were initiated in the Itimpi area in Kitwe and the Maiteneke area in Chingola with a total of 11 kiosks supplying 16,000 people. Both areas already had a piped water infrastructure. But it was so deteriorated that it provided no more water at all or so infrequently, so that the residents had reverted to the use of water from other sources including contaminated rivers. Some of those who received piped water got it through illegal connections. Those who had a legal the connection and got water did not pay for it. Water was resold from unmetered connections to neighbors. The commercial utilities paid to operate the system, but did not get any revenues. They were ready to give up the piped water systems in the peri-urban areas, and the residents had given up the hope that the authorities would provide proper piped services. There were also a few standpipes in the areas that provided water for free, but not on a regular basis. At the water kiosks the utility sold water in bulk to private operators who resold the water in buckets at a small profit. Under that system all bills to the utility were paid, while before 75% of bills were not paid. Illegal connections disappeared and leakage was reduced, because the length of the pipes was reduced. The pilots were considered successful by the utilities and the residents, and the system was thus scaled up to other areas and cities nationwide.<ref name="Pollem Kiosks">{{Cite book|pages=355–367}}</ref> === Kgwebo ya poraefete le ditlamorago tsa yone mo Copper Belt (2001-2008) === [[Setshwantsho:Shallow_well_(5269091194).jpg|thumb|250x250px|Ka nako ya matshwao a kgotlelo ya metsi, batho ka dinako tse dingwe ba boela kwa go diriseng didiba tse di seng boteng jaaka e.]] Ka ngwaga wa 2001, morago ga go dirwa ga khampani ya meepo ya puso ya ZCCM, maikarabelo a go tlamela ka metsi le go tlosa leswe mo ditoropong tsa meepo a ne a newa khampani ya metsi ya poraefete ya Fora SAUR ka fa tlase ga konteraka ya botsamaisi e e tshegediwang ke Banka ya Lefatshe. Le fa go ntse jalo, seno e ne ya nna kgang e le nngwe fela ya go nna le seabe ga lefapha la poraefete mo lefapheng la metsi la Zambia. Patlisiso e e tshegediwang ke World Bank ke Severn Trent e e dirilweng ka 2002 e ne ya akantsha gore go saeniwe konteraka ya go hira Lusaka, mme puso ga e a ka ya amogela kakantsho eo.<ref name="Pollem History">{{Cite book|pages=264–279}}</ref> === Ditiragalo tsa bosheng (2010 go ya pele) === == Dikarolo tsa madi le bokgoni == === Ditlhotlhwa le ditshenyegelo === [[Karolo:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ep5ggdrgxkb6p8gjm0jubigpx3kg9b5 0 8739 50089 31271 2026-05-23T09:33:22Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 50089 wikitext text/x-wiki Mohama wa phatlalatso metsi a a nowang le kgopo leswe kwa [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]] o itemogela mathata a le mmalwa, a akaretsa phitlhelelo ya kgopo leswe e e sa lekanang, metsi a a kgalang kgapetsakgapetsa, tatlhegelo ya metsi e e kwa godimo, metsi a a tswang ka bonya le kgotlelo. Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 1994, mohama o o fetotswe ka go simolola lekgotla le le ikemetseng le le laolang phatlhalatso ya metsi, go simolodisa go tsaya karolo ga mohama o o ikemetseg, le go dira gore phatlhalatso e seka ya nna lefelo le lengwe ka go isa tirelo ya teng kwa dikgaolong di le lekgolo masome a mararo le borobabobedi le go oketsa seabe sa setshaba mo taolong ya mafaratlhatlha a metsi kwa magaeng.<ref name=":0">WaterAid. [https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/WaterAid-2005-Ghana.pdf "National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana]" (PDF). Retrieved 26 March 2008.</ref> Kompone ya mafatshefatshe e ntse e okametse mafaratlhatlha a metsi kwa ditoropong fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 2006 ka konteraka ya dingwaga tse tlhano e e fedileng morago ga go kgona maikaelelo mangwe fela. Phetogo e e ikaelala go oketsa kgonagalo ya go busa madi a ditatlhegelo le go ntshafatsa kompone ya [[:en:Ghana_Water_Company|Ghana Water Company Limited]](GWCL).<ref name=":0" /> Bothata bo bongwe bo bo tlhagogileng ka ntlha ya diphetogo ke dikompone tse dintsi tse di dirang tiro e le nngwe. Molao wa National Water Policy (NWP) o o simolotsweng ka ngwaga wa 2008, o ikaelela go simolola molao o o tseneletseng wa mohama o o.<ref>Ghanaian Water Resources Commission. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080602092656/http://www.wrc-gh.org/nationalwaterpolicy.html "National Water Policy".] Archived from the original on 2 June 2008. Retrieved 26 March 2008.</ref> == Kgonagalo ya go bona metsi == Dikago tsa phatlhalatso ya metsi le kgopo leswe ga di a lekana, bogolo jang kwa magaeng. Go na le dipharologano tse dintsi gareng ga ditshedimosetso go tswa mo metsweding e e farologaneng, bontlha bongwe jwa se se dirwa ke ditlhaloso tse di farologaneng tse di dirisiwang ke dikompone tse di ntshang ditshemosetso tse. Go ya ka J[[:en:Joint_Monitoring_Programme_for_Water_Supply_and_Sanitation|oint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation]] ya [[:en:UNICEF|UNICEF]] le [[:en:World_Health_Organization|WHO,]] kgonagalo ya go bona metsi le kgopo leswe e eme jaana: {| class="wikitable" |+ ! ! !Ditoropo (51% ya palo ya batho) !Magae (49% ya palo ya batho) !Dipalo tsotlhe |- |Metsi |Metsi a motheo |88% |66% |78% |- | |Kgokelo mo matlong |33% |3% |18% |- |Kgopo leswe |kgopo leswe ya motheo |19% |9% |14% |- | |diphaepe tse di tsamaisang leswe |? |? |? |} Go ya ka pego ya [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|MDG]] ya [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]] ya ngwaga wa 2015, mokgele wa go fokotsa palo ya batho ba ba sa kgoneng go bona metsi a a nowang aa babalesegileng ka sephatlo, o kgonne go fitlhelelwa kwa Ghana.<ref>[https://www.undp.org/ghana/publications/2015-ghana-millennium-development-goals-report "2015 Ghana Millennium Development Goals Report".] ''UNDP in Ghana''. Retrieved 6 May 2016.</ref> Bongwe mo borarong jwa mafaratlhatlha a a isang metsi kwa bathong ga a bereke, fa a mangwe a bereka ka fa tlase ga seelo se a se diritsweng. Fa godimo ga foo, phatlhalatso ya metsi a a dirisiwang mo gae e gaisana le palo e e golelang kwa godimo ya batho ba ba tlhokang metsi ka go gola ga madirelo le mehama ya temothuo.<ref>[https://safewaternetwork.org/our-work/ghana/ "Ghana"]. ''Safe Water Network''. Safe Water Network. Retrieved 29 April 2016.</ref> 88% ya palo ya batho ba ba nnang kwa ditoropong kwa Ghana ba kgona go bona metsi a a nowang a motheo.<ref name=":1">[https://ghdx.healthdata.org/series/multiple-indicator-cluster-survey-mics "Ghana Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2011"] </ref> Go na le tlhoka tekatekanyo fa gare ga kgonagalo ya go bona metsi a a babalesegileng go nowa kwa ditoropong le kwa magaeng. Go ya ka Ghana [[:en:Multiple_Indicator_Cluster_Surveys|Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey]] ya 2011, kgonagalo ya go bona metsi a a babalesegileng go nowa kwa ditoropong e kwa godimo ga ya banni ba magae ka 91% ko magaeng ke 69%.<ref name=":1" /> Ka jalo go ikaega ka metswedi ya metsi e e sa babalesegang go kwa godimo kwa magaeng.<ref>[https://water.org/our-impact/water-crisis/ "Ghana – Water Crisis | Water.org"]. ''Water.org''. Retrieved 6 May 2016.</ref> Dikgaolo tse tharo kwa borwa jwa Ghana ga di kgone go bona metsi a a babalesegileng go nowa fa di tshwantshwangwa le lefatshe la Ghana ka bophara, ngwaga a le mongwe mo go ba le lesome o a tlhokafala pele ga a nna dingwaga di le tlhano ka ntlha ya malwetsi a a amanngwang le metsi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wateraid.org/us/where-we-work/ghana |title="Ghana – Where We Work – WaterAid America". |access-date=2023-05-04 |archive-date=2023-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504122223/https://www.wateraid.org/us/where-we-work/ghana |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kwa kgaolong ya konokono ya bokone kwa Ghana, 32% ya banni ba le 2.5 million ba tlhaela go bona metswedi e e tokafaditsweng ya metsi mme gantsi ba patelesega go dirisa metsi a a kgotlelesegileng.<ref name=":1" /> Mo go tsa kgopo ya leswe, 14% fela ya palo ya batho botlhe ba Ghana ba dirisa magokaganyane a a tokafaditsweng a kgopo leswe fa e sale ngwaga wa 2010.<ref name=":2">[https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/caregivers-knowledge-practices-about-childhood-diarrhea-and-pneumonia-andtheir-perceptions-of-lady-health-worker-program-findings-2161-0711-1000475.pdf "UNICEF. 2012. Pneumonia and Diarrhoea – Tackling the deadliest diseases for the world's poorest children"]</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Motswedi wa metsi a a nowang o o tokafaditsweng !Metswedi ya metsi e e sa tokafadiwang |- |Kgokelo ya matlo |Dinoka le megobe |- |Didiba |Emere |- |Didiba tse di sireleditsweng tse di epilweng |Didiba tse di sa sirelediwang |- |Melatswana e e sireleditsweng |Melatswana e e sa sirelediwang |- |Dimpompo tsa morafe |Metsi a a rekisiwang |- | |Metsi a ditanka |- | |Metsi a a mo mabotlolong le mo dikgetsaneng |} Tafole e e supa metswedi e e tokafaditsweng le e e sa tokafadiwang kwa Ghana fa e sale Millennium Development Goals e tla bokhutlong, go ya ka WHO le UNICEF.<ref>[https://www.unwater.org/publications/who/unicef-joint-monitoring-program-water-supply-sanitation-and-hygiene-jmp-progress-0 "WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (2008). A Snapshot of Drinking Water and Sanitation in Africa"]</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2015 o ya bokhutlong, metswedi ya metsi e e tokafaditsweng e ne e akaretsa dipompo mo malwapeng, didiba, melatswana le didiba tse di sireleditsweng le dipompo tsa morafe.<ref>[https://ghana.un.org/sites/default/files/2019-09/UNCT-GH-MDG-Report-2015%20cover.pdf "United Nations. 2015. Ghana Millennium Development Goals Report"] (PDF).</ref> == Boleng jwa ditirelo == === Tswelediso ya phatlalatso ya metsi === Go ya ka kakanyetso nngwe, kotara ya banni ba Ghana e amogela metsi a a tswang a sa kgale. 30% e kgona go bona metsi dioura di le lesome le bobedi, ga tlhano ka beke. 35% o monwge o bona metsi malatsi a le mabedi beke nngwe le nngwe. 10% o o setseng ba ba nnang kwa ntle ga toropokgolo ga ba na metsi a a tswang mo pompong gotlhelele. Go ya ka motswedi o mongwe, seemo se maswe le go gaisa: Ka Tlhakole ngwaga wa 2008, merafe e e nnang kwa [[:en:Accra|Accra-]][[:en:Tema_Metropolitan_District|Tema metropolis]] ba ne ba bona metsi gangwe ka beke, kgotsa gangwe mo bekeng tse pedi kgotsa gangwe ka kgwedi. Tswelediso ya phatlalatso ya metsi kwa magaeng le kwa bokone jwa Ghana e ya tlhaela. Beng gae ba patelesega go ikgela metsi kwa metswedi e efarologaneng go ya ka lefelo le ba nnang mo go lone:<ref name=":2" /> * Didiba - lefuti le le boteng le le epilweng, kgotsa le borilwe go fitlelela metsi a a kwa tlase ga lefatshe. Metsi a gogiwa ka lethumpa ka pompo e e pompiwa ke motho, sediba se sireleditswe go itsa go elela ga metsi kana go wela ga leswe la dinonyane mo metsing. * Go beeletsa metsi a pula - metsi a pula a beelediwa a bo a tshelwa mo dikupung le di emere. * Metsi a a tsisiwang ka tekara a le mo ditankeng - metsi a rekisidiwa setshaba a le mo terakeng. * Didiba le melatswana e e sa sirelediwang - sediba se se sa sirelediwang mo go eleleng ga metsi le mo lesweng la dinonyane. * Kara e pegile tanka kgotsa sekupu - metsi a rekisiwa ka kara ya ditonki. * Metswedi e e fa godimo ga lefatshe - dinoka, matamo, megobe jalojalo. Yotlhe e na le kgonagalo ya go kgotlelesega, mo go ka nnang borai mo bathong ba ba nwang koo. E ke yone metswedi e e borai mo bathong ba Ghana, ka e na le megare e eka bakang malwetsi mo bathong, a mangwe a one a kgonang go baka loso.<ref>[https://www.wsup.com/where-we-work/ghana/ "Ghana"]. ''WSUP''. WSUP. Retrieved 27 April 2016.</ref> == Kgotlelesego ya metsi == === Boleng jwa metsi a a nowang === Go tlhoka metsi a a phepa a a babalesegileng go nowa le kgopo leswe ke seemo sa botsogo sese tshwenyang kwa Ghana, se baka 70% ya malwetsi kwa Ghana. Tiriso e e anameng ya metsi a a mo dikgetsaneng ka ntlha ya tlhaelo ya metsi e baka kgotlhelesego ya lefatshe ka dipolaseteke, tse di kgotlhelang metsi, di bo di baka loso la diruiwa.<ref>Adam, Issahaku; Walker, Tony R.; Bezerra, Joana Carlos; Clayton, Andrea (1 June 2020). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0308597X19304865?via%3Dihub "Policies to reduce single-use plastic marine pollution in West Africa"]. ''Marine Policy''. '''116''': 103928. [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi:]]10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103928. [[:en:Semantic_Scholar|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Policies-to-reduce-single-use-plastic-marine-in-Adam-Walker/11248834db6917a68f21285feb0787d934e35574 216397079].</ref> Madirelo a meepo ya digouta a kgotlhetse 60% ya metsi kwa Ghana.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-58119653 "The illegal gold mines killing rivers and livelihoods in Ghana,"] 11 August 2021, BBC News, retrieved 11 August 2021</ref> Lefatshe la Ghana le na le bana ba le sekete ba ba kwa tlase ga dingwaga tsa botlhano ba tlhokafala ka ntlha ya letshololo le le bakiwang ke metsi a a kgotlhelesegileng.<ref>[https://www.wateraid.org/uk/where-we-work/ghana "Water Aid- Where we work: Ghana".] ''Water Aid UK''. Retrieved 10 May 2018.</ref> Metsi a a ba a agang kwa megobeng, dinoka le macha a boleng jo bo kwa tlase.Ka jalo malwapa a a senang metsi aa phepa a patelesega go dirisa metswedi e e sa tshepegeng ebile e se phepa ba bo ba duela madi a a kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:OECD|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).]] [https://www.oecd.org/countries/ghana/38562673.pdf "African Economic Outlook 2007 – Ghana Country Note".] Retrieved 25 March 2008., p. 294</ref> == Metswedi == lwgtyh9aebiz47q65cafpbfn4hjxa7i 0 9480 50083 37420 2026-05-23T06:23:25Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 50083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography|name=Lotte Wubben-Moy|image=Lotte_Wubben-Moy.jpg|caption=Wubben-Moy with England in 2022|full_name=Carlotte Mae Wubben-Moy<ref name="fifa">{{cite web|title=List of Players – England|url=http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/02/83/62/03/fu17w_2016_squadlists_neutral.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104230225/http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/02/83/62/03/fu17w_2016_squadlists_neutral.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 November 2016|publisher=[[FIFA]]|access-date=16 September 2017|page=4|date=24 September 2016}}</ref>|birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1999|01|11}}|birth_place=[[Bow, London|Bow]], [[London]], England|height={{convert|1.78|m|ftin|abbr=on}}|position=[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]|currentclub=[[Arsenal W.F.C.|Arsenal]]|clubnumber=3|youthclubs1=[[Arsenal W.F.C. Academy|Arsenal]]|clubs1=[[Arsenal W.F.C.|Arsenal]]|clubs2=[[Arsenal W.F.C.|Arsenal]]|nationalteam1=England U15|nationalgoals1=0|nationalteam2=[[England women's national under-17 football team|England U17]]|nationalyears2=2015–2017|nationalyears3=2017|nationalteam3=[[England women's national under-20 football team|England U20]]|nationalteam4=[[England women's national under-21 football team|England U21]]|nationalyears4=2019–|nationalteam5=[[England women's national football team|England ]]|nationalyears5=2021–|medaltemplates={{Medal|Sport|Women's [[Association football|football]]}} {{Medal|Country|{{fbw|ENG}}}} {{Medal|Competition|[[UEFA Women's Championship]]}} {{Medal|Winner|[[UEFA Women's Euro 2022|2022 England]]|}} {{Medal|Competition|[[Women's Finalissima|UEFA–CONMEBOL Finalissima]]}} {{Medal|Winner|[[2023 Women's Finalissima|2023 England]]|}} {{MedalCompetition|[[FIFA Women's World Cup]]}} {{Medal|RU|[[2023 FIFA Women's World Cup|2023 Australia and New Zealand]]|}}|college1=[[North Carolina Tar Heels women's soccer|North Carolina Tar Heels]]|collegecaps1=62|collegegoals1=6}} '''Carlotte Mae Wubben-Moy''' (Dutch: [lɔt'tə 'ʋubən mɔi]; yo o tshotsweng ka Firikgong a le lesome le bongwe ka 1999) ke motshameki wa kwa ga Mmamosadinyana wa kgwele ya dinao ya porofeshenale yo o tshamekang e le motshameka morago wa [[Arsenal W.F.C.|Arsenal]] mo liking ya FA Women's Super League le wa setlhopha sa bosetshaba sa kwa ga Mmamosadinyana. O tshamekile kgwele ya sekolo sa ithutelo ditiro kwa North Carolina Tar Heels. O emetse Enyelane makgetlho a le mmalwa mo maemong a bonana go tswa ka ba ba kwa tlase ga dingwaga tse lesome le botlhano go fitlha kwa go ba ba ka fa tlase ga tse di masome a mabedi le bongwe, o ne a tshameka motshameko wa gagwe wa ntlha wa setlhopha sa bomme sa Enyelane ka Mopitlo wa ngwaga wa 2021. == Botshelo jwa pele == Carlotte Wubben-Moy o tsholetswe kwa Bow, London, England, mmagwe e le moesemane, Claire Moy, le Antonius Wubben, mo Dutch yo eleng monnga Kaizen Furniture Makers.<ref name=":0">"[http://goheels.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=13089 Lotte Wubben-Moy]". University of North Carolina. Retrieved 12 August 2017.</ref> Wubben-Moy o bua se-Dutch se se tlhapileng.<ref>McKay, Michael (15 September 2020). "[https://www.tarheelblog.com/2020/9/15/21435658/unc-north-carolina-tar-heels-womens-soccer-alumni-lotte-wubben-moy-signs-for-arsenal UNC Soccer: Lotte Wubben-Moy signs for Arsenal]". ''Tar Heel Blog''. Retrieved 24 October 2022.</ref><ref>"[https://arseblog.news/2022/09/arsenal-women-2022-23-squad-profiles/ Arsenal Women: 2022-23 squad profiles]". ''Arseblog News''. Retrieved 24 October 2022.</ref> O tsene sekolo kwa Olga Primary School mme a tsena sekolo se segolwane sa Anglo European School kwa a neng a bidiwa victrix ludorum ka 2015– o ne gape a tsena kwa Stoke Newington School and Sixth Form go dira di A-levels.<ref name=":0" /> Jaaka karolo ya letsholo la "Where Greatness Is Made", letlapa le le tlotlang Wubben-Moy le ne la tlhomiwa kwa Chadwell Heath.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20230402021108/https://www.90min.com/posts/england-euro-2022-winners-honoured-gold-plaques-local-football-clubs England's Euro 2022 winners honoured with gold plaques at local football clubs]". ''90min''. 22 September 2022. Retrieved 2 April 2023.</ref> == Tiro ya setlhopha == === Arsenal === Morago ga go etelela setlhopha sa Arsenal pele go fenya FA WSL Development Cup le FA Youth Cup gabedi, Wubben-Moy o ne a simolola go tshameka mo setlhopheng sa maemo a a kwa godimo a na le dingwaga di le lesome le borataro ka Phukwi a le masome mabedi le borataro ka 2015 jaaka motshameki yo o neng a tsenngwa mo motshamekong wa metsotso e le 90 fa ba ne ba fenya Notts County ka 2-1, nngwe ya iponagatso tse pedi tse a neng a di dira mo setlheng sa FA WSL sa 2015 fa Arsenal e fenya WSL Cup le FA Cup, ba fenya sebedi sa dikopi.<ref name=":1">"[http://www.ealingtimes.co.uk/sport/15134444.Arsenal_Ladies_star_bursting_to_get_going_in_SSE_Women_s_FA_Cup_defence/ Arsenal Ladies star bursting to get going in SSE Women's FA Cup defence]". ''Ealing Times''. 5 March 2017. Retrieved 12 August 2017.</ref><ref name=":2">"[https://int.soccerway.com/players/carlotte-wubben-moy/402454 Lotte Wubben-Moy soccerway profile]". Soccerway. Retrieved 12 August 2017.</ref> Le fa a ne a lebagane le kgobalo e e neng ya dira gore a se ka a kgona go tshameka motshameko wa 2017 FA WSL Spring Series ka 2017, Wubben-Moy o ne a tshameka motshameko wa gagwe wa ntlha mo metshamekong yotlhe e robabedi ya metshameko wa Spring Series wa Arsenal fa setlhopha se ne sa fetsa se sa fenngwa.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> === '''North Carolina Tar Heels''' === Ka letlhabula la 2017, Wubben-Moy o ne a fudugela kwa United States go tshameka kgwele ya dinao kwa sekoleng sa ithutelo ditiro, a ya kwa setlhopheng sa ACC sa North Carolina Tar Heels.<ref>"[http://www.goheels.com/news/2017/6/21/211632591.aspx Tar Heel Women's Soccer Adds Nine Newcomers For 2017]". UNC Tar Heels Athletics. Retrieved 12 October 2017.</ref> E ne e le mosimolodi wa dingwaga di le tharo yo o neng a tshameka kwa bogareng jwa lemorago la UNC mme o ne a tlhophiwa mo setlhopheng sa bobedi sa All-ACC ka 2019.<ref name=":0" /> O ne a nosa nno ya gagwe ya ntlha ya go tshameka kwa sekoleng sa ithutelo ditiro ka Lwetse a robabobedi ka 2019 mo phenyong ya 8-0 kgatlhanong le UNLV Rebels, e le ya ntlha ya tse thataro tse a di nositseng mo ngwageng wa gagwe wa boraro.<ref>"[https://goheels.com/news/2019/9/8/womens-soccer-tar-heels-explode-for-most-goals-in-seven-years-in-win-over-unlv.aspx Tar Heels Explode For Most Goals In Seven Years In Win Over UNLV]". ''University of North Carolina Athletics''.</ref> Ka Phatwe wa 2020, Wubben-Moy o ne a itsise gore o tlogela ngwaga wa gagwe wa bofelo wa go tshamekela sekole sa ithutelo ditiro ka ntlha ya go sa tlhomamisege ga setlha seo ka ntlha ya leroborobo la COVID-19.<ref>"[https://www.si.com/college/unc/other-sports/soccer-stars-leave Two UNC Women's Soccer Leading Stars Leave University Due to Unclear Season]". ''SI.com''.</ref> === Go Boela Kwa Arsenal === Morago ga go tshameka ditlha di le tharo le UNC, Wubben-Moy o ne a boela kwa Arsenal, a saena tumalano ya porofeshenale Lwetse a le lesome le motso ka 2020.<ref>"[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/54115583 Arsenal re-sign defender Wubben-Moy]" – via www.bbc.co.uk.</ref><ref>"[https://www.arsenal.com/news/lotte-wubben-moy-signs-arsenal Lotte Wubben-Moy signs for Arsenal]". ''www.arsenal.com''.</ref> Wubben-Moy o ne a nosa nno ya gagwe ya ntlha ya Arsenal ka di Phalane a le lesome le motso ka 2020 kgatlhanong le Brighton le Hove Albion morago ga go tsena mo motshamekong a tswa kwa ntle mo phenyong ya 5-0.<ref>Etoe, Catherine (15 October 2020). "[http://camdennewjournal.com/article/returning-arsenal-star-lotte-wubben-moy-on-target Arsenal star Lotte Wubben-Moy back with a bang]". ''[[:en:Camden_New_Journal|Camden New Journal]]''. Retrieved 30 May 2021.</ref> Ka Mopitlo a le lesome le boferabongwe ka 2021, Wubben-Moy o ne a nosa nno ya gagwe ya bobedi ya Arsenal kgatlhanong le Manchester United mo motshamekong o o fedileng ka 2-0; o ne a tswelela go fenya motshameki wa motshameko oo.<ref>Wrack, Suzanne (19 March 2021). "[https://www.theguardian.com/football/2021/mar/19/arsenal-boost-champions-league-hopes-with-wsl-win-over-manchester-united Arsenal hold on to beat Manchester United in WSL despite Mead red card]". ''[[:en:The_Guardian|The Guardian]]''. Retrieved 30 May 2021.</ref> Kwa bokhutlong jwa kgwedi ya Mopitlo o ne a bidiwa Barclays WSL Player of the Month.<ref>Ouzia, Malik (16 April 2021). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213457/https://ca.news.yahoo.com/arsenal-pair-joe-montemurro-lotte-140001368.html Arsenal pair Joe Montemurro and Lotte Wubben-Moy win WSL Player and Manager of Month awards]". ''[[:en:Yahoo!_News|Yahoo! News]]''. Retrieved 30 May 2021.</ref> Wubben-Moy o ne a tlhophiwa go nna motshameki wa setlha mo setlheng sa 2023/24, a le kwa pele ga [[Stina Blackstenius]] le [[Alessia Russo]].<ref>Sanders, Emma (21 May 2024). "[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/articles/c0wwpz66q4ko How Wubben-Moy produced best season of her career]". BBC Sport. Retrieved 21 May 2024.</ref><ref>Holbrook, Emma (18 May 2024). "[https://www.arsenal.com/news/lotte-wubben-moy-named-2324-player-season Lotte Wubben-Moy named 23/24 Player of the Season]". ''arsenal.com''. Retrieved 21 May 2024.</ref> == Tiro ya boditshabatshaba == Wubben-Moy o ne a nna mokapotene wa setlhopha sa England sa ba ba ka fa tlase ga dingwaga tse lesome le bosupa ka nako ya Sejana sa Lefatshe sa Basadi sa FIFA sa 2016 sa ba ba ka fa tlase ga dingwaga tse lesome le bosupa fa setlhopha se ne se fitlha kwa diquarterfinaleng.<ref>Laverty, Richard (28 September 2016). "[http://www.ourgamemag.com/2016/09/28/fa-dispatch-lotte-wubben-moy-ready-take-center-stage-2016-u-17-world-cup/ FA Dispatch: Lotte Wubben-Moy Ready to Take Center Stage at the 2016 U-17 World Cup]". ''Our Game Magazine''. Retrieved 12 August 2017.</ref><ref>Association, The Football. "[https://www.thefa.com/news/2016/oct/13/fifa-womens-u17-world-cup-jordan-2016-quarter-final-japan-report Lionesses' World Cup campaign ended by holders Japan]". ''www.thefa.com''.</ref> Moragonyana mo ngwageng oo, o ne gape a nna mokapotene wa Engelane kwa UEFA Women's Under-17 Championship ya 2016, a ba isa kwa maemong a boraro.<ref>Association, The Football. "[https://www.thefa.com/news/2016/may/16/uefa-womens-u17-championship-third-place-play-off-norway-niamh-charles-world-cup Joy for England Women's U17s who qualify for World Cup]". ''www.thefa.com''.</ref> Ka Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le boraro ka 2021, Wubben-Moy o ne a simolola go tshameka motshameko wa gagwe wa boditshabatshaba kgatlhanong le Northern Ireland, a tsena mo boemong jwa motshameki ka ene wa Arsenal [[Leah Williamson]] mo motshamekong o o neng wa felela ka phenyo 6-0 ya Enyelane. Ka Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le bosupa ka 2021, o ne a tlhophiwa jaaka motshameki yo o emelang wa kgwele ya dinao wa basadi wa Great Britain kwa metshamekong ya Olimpiki ya selemo ya 2020.<ref>"[https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11679/12317871/team-gb-womens-football-eleven-man-city-players-in-squad-for-tokyo-olympics Team GB women's football: Eleven Man City players in squad for Tokyo Olympics]". ''[[:en:Sky_Sports|Sky Sports]]''. 27 May 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2021.</ref> Ka June 2022, Wubben-Moy o ne a tsenngwa mo setlhopheng sa Enyelane se se neng sa fenya UEFA Women's Euro 2022.<ref>Davies, Callum (15 June 2022). "[https://www.englandfootball.com/articles/2022/Jun/15/england-womens-final-squad-named-for-UEFA-EURO-2022-20221506 England Women's final squad named for EURO 2022]". ''England Football.com''. The FA. Retrieved 12 July 2022.</ref><ref>[https://www.uefa.com/womenseuro/teams/500039/squad/ England Squad]. UEFA. Retrieved 12 July 2022.</ref> Wubben-Moy o ne a abelwa 217 fa FA e ne e itsise ka thulaganyo ya bone ya dinomoro tsa boswa go tlotla segopotso sa bo masome matlhano a motshameko wa ntlha wa boditshabatshaba wa Enyelane.<ref name=":3">Gerty, David (31 May 2023). "[https://www.englandfootball.com/articles/2023/May/31/england-womens-senior-squad-named-for-world-cup-2023-20233105 England squad named for World Cup]". ''The Football Association''. Retrieved 19 June 2023.</ref> Ka Moranang wa 2023, Wubben-Moy e ne e le karolo ya setlhopha sa Enyelane se se neng sa fenya kgaisano ya 2023 Women's Finalissima kgatlhanong le Brazil. Ka Motsheganong a le masome mararo le motso ka 2023, Wubben-Moy o ne a bidiwa mo setlhopheng sa 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup sa Phukwi wa 2023.<ref name=":3" /> O ne anosa nno ya gagwe ya ntlha ya boditshabatshaba ka Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le bosupa ka 2024 ka nako ya phenyo ya botsalano ya 5-1 kgatlhanong le Italy.<ref>Sanders, Emma (27 February 2024). "[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/68401053 England 5-1 Italy: Lionesses comfortably beat Italians in friendly match]". ''BBC Sport''. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</ref> == Go lwela ditshwanelo == Morago ga go keteka phenyo ya Euro kwa Trafalgar Square, Wubben-Moy o ne a bua le kapotene wa Enyelane [[Leah Williamson]] ka go kwala lekwalo go batlhophiwa ba ba babedi ba botonakgolo ba UK ba kopa gore go nne le phitlhelelo e e lekanang ya kgwele ya dinao go basetsana.<ref>"[https://www.goal.com/en/news/lionesses-letter-uk-prime-minister-football-girls/bltbc10ec762ca7ea66 England's victorious Lionesses write open letter to UK Prime Minister candidates demanding more football for girls | Goal.com]". ''www.goal.com''. Retrieved 16 May 2023.</ref> Setlhopha se ne sa itumelela kakanyo eo, mme lekwalo le le neng la kwalwa le ne la saeniwa ke maloko otlhe a le masome mabedi le boraro a setlhopha sa Euros. Ka Mopitlo a robabobedi ka 2023, go kgatlhana le Letsatsi la Boditshabatshaba la Basadi, puso ya UK e ne ya itsise gore e tla diragatsa dikopo tsa setlhopha: gore dikolo di tla diragatsa bonnye ja dioura tse pedi tsa thuto ya itshidilo mmele ka beke le go netefatsa gore basetsana ba na le phitlhelelo e e lekanang mo metshamekong yotlhe ya sekolo, go akaretsa kgwele ya dinao.<ref>Association, The Football. "[http://www.thefa.com/news/2023/mar/07/england-womens-lionesses-euro-legacy-achieved-20230803 Lionesses achieve landmark legacy goal]". ''www.thefa.com''. Retrieved 16 May 2023.</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe == O ne a gola e le molatedi wa Arsenal, mmangwaneagwe o ne a mo opelela dipina tsa Gunners jaaka dipina tsa boroko fa a ne a sa le ngwana.<ref name=":4">"[https://www.espn.com/college-sports/story/_/id/27952509/the-english-coming-lead-unc-women-soccer The English are coming ... to lead UNC soccer]". ''ESPN.com''. 31 October 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2023.</ref> Fa a ne a fiwa tumalano kwa setlhopheng e e neng e akaretsa dithuto tsa sekolo sa ithutelo ditiro ka tlhaeletsano; o ne a itumelela gore thuto ya gagwe e ne e tsewa tsia, mme a batla maitemogelo a motho ka sebele, jalo a latela motshameki ka ene wa kwa Enyelane [[Alessia Russo]] kwa Yunibesithing ya North Carolina kwa Chapel Hill. Bobedi jo bo ne bo nna mmogo mo ngwageng wa bone wa ntlha. Fa a ne a le kwa North Carolina, Wubben-Moy o ne a ikutlwa gore go nna le maitemogelo a kgwele ya dinao ya kwa Yuropa le ya kwa United States go ne go ba dira gore e nne batshameki yo o botoka.<ref name=":4" /> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2022, Wubben-Moy o na le botsalano le mokgweetsi wa dibaesekele Tao Geoghegan Hart, yo o tswang kwa lefelong le le tshwanang la London mme a tsene sekolo sa Stoke Newington pele ga gagwe.<ref>"[https://www.cyclingweekly.com/news/away-day-doping-control-playing-at-highbury-and-remcos-ex-teammates-starring-for-belgium-the-cyclists-obsessed-by-football Away day doping control, playing at Highbury and Remco's ex-teammates starring for Belgium: The cyclists obsessed by footbal]l". 9 April 2022.</ref> Morago ga go kopana le molatedi yo o sa utlweng mo ditsebeng thata ka 2023, Wubben-Moy o ne a neela ipelo yotlhe ya dino tsa gagwe molatedi yoo.<ref>Wrack, Suzanne (27 February 2024). "[https://www.theguardian.com/football/2024/feb/27/lauren-hemp-double-helps-revitalised-lionesses-comfortably-see-off-italy Lauren Hemp double helps revitalised Lionesses blast past Italy]". ''The Guardian''. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [[issn:0261-3077|0261-3077]]. Retrieved 28 February 2024.</ref> == Metswedi == mwbzwsyvi33x13o7q3aehrfcujbiaim 0 9569 50080 36119 2026-05-23T05:14:26Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 50080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography|name=Karabo Makhurubetshi|birth_date=3 February 1999 (age 25)|birth_place=[[Soweto]]|position=[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]|currentclub=[[Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies]]|clubnumber=3|years1=-2019|clubs1=[[UJ Ladies FC|UJ Ladies]]|clubs2=[[Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies]]|years2=2019-|nationalteam1=[[South Africa women's national soccer team|South Africa]]|nationalyears1=2020-|medaltemplates={{Medal|Country|{{fba|South Africa}}}} {{MedalCompetition|[[COSAFA Women's Championship]]}} {{MedalGold|[[2020 COSAFA Women's Championship|2020 South Africa]]|}} {{MedalCompetition|[[CAF Women's Champions League]]}} {{MedalGold|[[2021 CAF Women's Champions League|2021 Egypt]]|}} {{MedalSilver|[[2022 CAF Women's Champions League|2022 Morocco]]|}} {{MedalGold|[[2023 CAF Women's Champions League|2023 Côte d'Ivoire]]|}} {{MedalCompetition|[[COSAFA Women's Champions League]]}} {{MedalGold|[[2021 COSAFA Women's Champions League|2021 South Africa]]|}} {{MedalSilver|[[2022 COSAFA Women's Champions League|2022 South Africa]]|}} {{MedalGold|[[2023 COSAFA Women's Champions League|2023 South Africa]]|}}}} '''Karabo Makhurubetshi''' (yo o tshotsweng ka Tlhakole a tlhola malatsi a le mararo ka 1999) ke motshameki wa kgwele ya dinao wa kwa Afrorika borwa yo o tshamekang kwa morago mo setlhopheng sa SAFA Women's League sa [[Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies F.C.|Mamelodi Sundowns]] le setlhopha sa Aforika borwa sa setshaba.<ref name=":0">Reporter, Phakaaathi (1 April 2020). "[https://www.citizen.co.za/sport/soccer/sundowns-are-the-best-team-to-play-for-makhurubetshi/ Sundowns are the best team to play for - Makhurubetshi]". ''The Citizen''. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</ref> == Tiro ya setlhopha == '''<big>UJ Ladies</big>''' Ka 2019, o ne a tlhophiwa mo setlhopheng sa kgwele ya dinao ya bomme ya World Student Games tse di neng di tshwaretswe kwa Italy.<ref>Vivier, Tyler Leigh (19 June 2019). "[https://www.goodthingsguy.com/sport/uj-sprinter-world-student-games/ Sprinter part of strong UJ contingent for World Games]". ''Good Things Guy''. Retrieved 20 April 2024.</ref> '''<big>Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies</big>''' Makhurubetshi e ne e le bontlha ja setlhopha sa Sundowns Ladies se se fentseng SAFA Women's League ya ntlhantlha ya setlha sa 2019-20 e sa latlhegelwa.<ref name=":0" /> Ka 2021, e ne e le tokololo ya setlhopha sa [[Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies F.C.|Sundowns Ladies]] se se neng sa fenya dikopi tse tharo. Setlhopha seo se fentse COSAFA Women's Champions League ya ntlhantlha, CAF Women's Champions League le Hollywoodbets Super League.<ref>Voice, Diski (5 December 2021). "[https://diskivoice.co.za/sundowns-crowned-champions-of-hollywoodbets-super-league/ Sundowns Crowned Champions OF Hollywoodbets Super League | Diski Voice]". Retrieved 13 March 2024.</ref><ref>"[https://www.goal.com/en-za/news/caf-womens-champions-league-mamelodi-sundowns-beat-ghanaian-side-hasaacas-to-rule-africa/bltf4ee16212cc29ff3 Caf Women's Champions League: Mamelodi Sundowns beat Hasaacas to rule Africa | Goal.com South Africa]". ''www.goal.com''. 20 November 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</ref><ref>Times, iDiski (4 September 2021). "[https://www.idiskitimes.co.za/womens-football/sundowns-book-cafwcl-finals-spot/ Sundowns Book CAFWCL Finals Spot]". ''iDiski Times''. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</ref> Ba ne ba bona maemo a bobedi mo COSAFA Women's Champions League ya 2022 le mo CAF Women's Champions league ya 2022. Ba fenya Hollywoodbets Super League ya boraro ka tatelano ka Ngwanatsele wa 2022.<ref>Times, iDiski (28 November 2022). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20260425234911/https://www.idiskitimes.co.za/womens-football/final-hollywoodbets-super-league-wrap/ Final Hollywoodbets Super League Wrap]". ''iDiski Times''. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</ref><ref>"[https://www.goal.com/en-za/news/as-far-stun-nine-woman-mamelodi-sundowns-to-clinch-2022-caf-women-s-champions-league-title/bltc72e136a7b1c7999 AS FAR stun nine-woman Mamelodi Sundowns to clinch 2022 Caf Women's Champions League title | Goal.com South Africa]". ''www.goal.com''. 13 November 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</ref><ref>"[https://cosafa.com/green-buffaloes-stun-mamelodi-sundowns-to-win-regional-title/ EN, FR, PR: Green Buffaloes stun Mamelodi Sundowns to win regional title]". 13 August 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</ref> Ka 2023, ba fenya dikopi tse tharo e le la bobedi fa ba fenya COSAFA Women's Champions League ya 2023, CAF Women's Champions League ya 2023 le bommampodi ja Hollywoodbets Super League ya 2023.<ref>"[https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-champions-league/news/mamelodi-sundowns-to-represent-cosafa-region-at-caf-women-s-champions-league/ Mamelodi Sundowns to represent COSAFA region at CAF Women's Champions League]". ''CAF''. 9 August 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</ref><ref>Pillay, Alicia (31 December 2023). "[https://gsport.co.za/mamelodi-sundowns-ladies-ready-for-more-success-after-2023-triumph/ Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies Ready for More Success after 2023 Triumph]". ''gsport4girls''. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</ref><ref>Shelat, Neel. "[https://www.forbes.com/sites/neelshelat/2023/11/20/caf-womens-champions-league-mamelodi-sundowns-reclaim-their-crown-with-a-perfect-campaign/ CAF Women's Champions League: Mamelodi Sundowns Reclaim Their Crown With A Perfect Campaign]". ''Forbes''. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</ref> == Tiro ya boditshabatshaba == Makhurubetshi o gaisantse mo setlhopheng sa setshaba sa bomme sa Aforika borwa kwa COSAFA Women's Championship ya 2022 fa ba fenya kgaisano eo ba fenya Botswana ka nno tse pedi go e le nngwe kwa makgaolakgang.<ref>Abrahams, Celine (14 November 2020). "[https://gsport.co.za/banyana-clinch-fourth-successive-cosafa-womens-champs-title/ Banyana Clinch Fourth Successive COSAFA Women's Champs Title]". ''gsport4girls''. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</ref> O ne gape a le mo setlhopheng sa COSAFA Women's Championship ya 2021 se se neng sa fetsa mo maemong a bone. == Ditlotla == === Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies === * SAFA Women's League: 2019-20, 2021, 2022, 2023 * CAF Women's Champions League: 2021, 2023; maemo a bobedi: 2022 * COSAFA Women's Champions League: 2021, 2023; maemo a bobedi 2022 === Aforika Borwa === * COSAFA Women's Championship: 2020 == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Ba ba tshelang]] famwwxjxaiefqtj805sywgdut1oz5vk 0 9591 50085 42415 2026-05-23T08:43:31Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 50085 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography|name=Nohlanhla Mthandi|birth_date=19 August 1995|birth_place=[[Kagiso]]|position=[[Midfielder]]|currentclub=[[Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies F.C.|Mamelodi Sundowns]]|clubnumber=21|youthclubs1=Lusaka Ladies|years1=2015|years2=2016|clubs1=[[Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies F.C.|Mamelodi Sundowns]]|clubs2=Alexandra’s Bluebirds|clubs3=[[Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies F.C.|Mamelodi Sundowns]]|years3=2019-|goals2=1|medaltemplates={{Medal|Country|{{fba|South Africa}}}} {{MedalCompetition|[[COSAFA Women's Championship]]}} {{MedalGold|[[2020 COSAFA Women's Championship|2020 South Africa]]|}} {{MedalSilver|[[2022 COSAFA Women's Championship|2022 South Africa]]|}} {{MedalCompetition|[[CAF Women's Champions League]]}} {{MedalGold|[[2021 CAF Women's Champions League|2021 Egypt]]|}} {{MedalSilver|[[2022 CAF Women's Champions League|2022 Morocco]]|}} {{MedalGold|[[2023 CAF Women's Champions League|2023 Côte d'Ivoire]]|}} {{MedalCompetition|[[COSAFA Women's Champions League]]}} {{MedalGold|[[2021 COSAFA Women's Champions League|2021 South Africa]]|}} {{MedalSilver|[[2022 COSAFA Women's Champions League|2022 South Africa]]|}} {{MedalGold|[[2023 COSAFA Women's Champions League|2023 South Africa]]|}}|nationalteam1=[[South Africa women's national soccer team|South Africa]]|nationalyears1=2020-}} '''Nonhlanhla Mthandi''' ( gape e le '''Nhlanhla'''; yo o tshotsweng ka Phatlwe a le lesome le boferabobedi ka 1995) ke motshameki wa kgwele ya dinao e e porofeshionale wa moAforika Borwa ebile e le modiragatsi wa kgwele ya dinao yo o tshamekang fa gare kwa setlhopheng sa SAFA Woemn's League sa [[Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies F.C.|Mamelodi Sundowns]] le sa setshaba sa bomme sa Aforika Borwa.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20231231165436/https://www.playmakerstats.com/player/nonhlanhla-mthandi/933119?epoca_id=151 Nonhlanhla Mthandi :: Sundowns :: Player Profile :: playmakerstats.com]". ''www.playmakerstats.com''. Retrieved 31 December 2023.</ref> == Tiro ya setlhopha == '''<big>Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies</big>''' Ka 2015 Mthandi o ne a ya kwa setlhopheng sa SAFA Women's League sa [[Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies F.C.|Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies]]. <big>'''Alexandra Bluebirds'''</big> Ka 2016 a tlogela Sundowns Ladies a ya kwa setlhopheng sa Sasol Women's League sa Alexandra Bluebirds gore a kgone go bona nako ya go tshameka. O ne a nosa mo tshamekong ya gagwe ya ntlha mo motshamekong wa kwa ntle ga gae kgatlhanong le Aqua Ladies.<ref>Import, Pongrass (12 September 2016). "'[https://www.citizen.co.za/alex-news/87547/gaddafi-eyes-banyana-at-birds/ Gaddafi' eyes Banyana at Birds]". ''Alex News''. Retrieved 14 March 2024.</ref> '''<big>Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies</big>''' Ka 2021 o ne a le leloko la setlhopha sa Sundowns se se neng sa fenya dikopi tse tharo. O nositse mo makgaolakgang a COSAFA Women's Champions League ya ntlhantlha fa ba fenya Black Rhino Queens go tswa Zimbabwe ka dino tse tharo go lefela.<ref>Times, iDiski (4 September 2021). "[https://www.idiskitimes.co.za/womens-football/sundowns-book-cafwcl-finals-spot/ Sundowns Book CAFWCL Finals Spot]". ''iDiski Times''. Retrieved 31 December 2023.</ref> Phenyo e e ne ya ba bonela phatlha kwa CAF Champions League e e neng e tshwaretswe kwa Cairo, Egypt. Setlhopha se ne sa fenya CAF Women's Champion's League ya ntlhantlha.<ref>"[https://www.goal.com/en-za/news/caf-womens-champions-league-mamelodi-sundowns-beat-ghanaian-side-hasaacas-to-rule-africa/bltf4ee16212cc29ff3 Caf Women's Champions League: Mamelodi Sundowns beat Hasaacas to rule Africa | Goal.com South Africa]". ''www.goal.com''. 20 November 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2023.</ref> Ba ne ba feleletsa boraro ja dikopi ka go sireletsa bosimega ja bone ja Hollywoodbets Super League ka Sedimonthole a le masome mabedi le motso ka 2021.<ref>Voice, Diski (5 December 2021). "[https://diskivoice.co.za/sundowns-crowned-champions-of-hollywoodbets-super-league/ Sundowns Crowned Champions OF Hollywoodbets Super League | Diski Voice]". Retrieved 31 December 2023.</ref> Ka 2022 o ne a tlhagelela mo tokomaneng ya setlhopha seo ya ''Banyana ba Style: The First Queens of African Football.'' Setshwantsho se o se keteka loeto la batshameki ba Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies jaaka ba ne ba fitlhelela legato la ditso ba fenya CAF Women's Champions League ya ntlhantlha. Ba ne ba nna mo maemong a bobedi COSAFA Women's Champions League ya 2022 le CAF Women's Champions League ya 2022.<ref>"[https://cosafa.com/green-buffaloes-stun-mamelodi-sundowns-to-win-regional-title/ EN, FR, PR: Green Buffaloes stun Mamelodi Sundowns to win regional title]". 13 August 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2023.</ref><ref>"[https://www.goal.com/en-za/news/as-far-stun-nine-woman-mamelodi-sundowns-to-clinch-2022-caf-women-s-champions-league-title/bltc72e136a7b1c7999 AS FAR stun nine-woman Mamelodi Sundowns to clinch 2022 Caf Women's Champions League title | Goal.com South Africa]". ''www.goal.com''. 13 November 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2023.</ref> Ba ne ba fenya Hollywoodbets Super League ngwaga wa boraro ka tatelano ka Ngwanatsele wa 2022.<ref>Times, iDiski (28 November 2022). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20260425234911/https://www.idiskitimes.co.za/womens-football/final-hollywoodbets-super-league-wrap/ Final Hollywoodbets Super League Wrap]". ''iDiski Times''. Retrieved 31 December 2023.</ref> Ka 2023 ba ne ba fenya dikopi tse tharo ba simolola ka COSAFA Women's Champions League ya 2023 Mthandi a nosa gabedi mo kgaisanong eo. Ba ne ba tsaya bommampodi gape ja Champions League fa ba fenya CAF Women's Champions League ya 2023. Ba feleletsa boraro ka bosimega ja Hollywoodbets Super League ya 2023 ka Sedimonthole.<ref>Pillay, Alicia (31 December 2023). "[https://gsport.co.za/mamelodi-sundowns-ladies-ready-for-more-success-after-2023-triumph/ Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies Ready for More Success after 2023 Triumph]". ''gsport4girls''. Retrieved 31 December 2023.</ref> == Metswedi == ljsqfchbmek988vd5syherzpfvvuj4x 0 9989 50082 37505 2026-05-23T06:03:04Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 50082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist|name=Lewis H. Weld|image=|image_size=|caption=|birth_date=December 13, 1875|birth_place=|death_place=|citizenship=|nationality=[[Americans|American]]|field=[[Entomology]]|work_institutions=Evanston Academy, [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]]|alma_mater=[[University of Michigan]]|doctoral_advisor=|doctoral_students=|known_for=|author_abbrev_bot=|author_abbrev_zoo=|influences=|influenced=|prizes=|footnotes=|signature=}} '''Lewis Hart Weld''' (1875-1964) e ne e le moithutaditshenekegi wa Moamerika, yo o neng a berekela United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).<ref name="SIA2">[http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_arc_217285 Weld, Lewis Hart at Smithsonian Institution Archives]</ref><ref name="Burk2">{{Cite Q|Q71160250}}</ref> == Thuto == Lewis Weld o ne a tsena Yunibesithi ya Rochester, mmadikolo wa Michigan, le mmadikolo wa Cornell, koo a ithutileng thutotshelo ya ditshenekegi teng. Ka 1904, Weld o ne a ya go ruta kwa Evanston Academy, koo a neng a simolola patlisiso ya gagwe ya botshelo jotlhe ka di-gall wasps.<ref name="SIA3">[http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_arc_217285 Weld, Lewis Hart at Smithsonian Institution Archives]</ref><ref name="Burk3">{{Cite Q|Q71160250}}</ref> == Tiro ya gagwe == Weld o ne a tsaya maeto a le mmalwa ka nako ya tiro ya gagwe; ka 1919, le a mangwe go tloga ka 1923 go ya go 1924. Ka nako eno o ne a berekela Bureau of Entomology ya USDA. Lewis Weld o ne a tlogela maemo a gagwe a semmuso ka 1924, mme a tswelela go tsweletsa dikgatlhego tsa gagwe ka boene, mme a tswelela ka go dirisana mmogo le USDA ka dingwaga tse di fetang masome a .<ref name="SIA">[http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_arc_217285 Weld, Lewis Hart at Smithsonian Institution Archives]</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Weld o ne a nyala Moithutamarope wa dimela [[Clara Octavia Jamieson]] ka 1915; ba ne ba se na bana.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rock Island County Illinois Genealogical Society|title=Clara Jamieson Weld|url=https://ricigs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Clara-Jamieson-Weld.pdf|access-date=April 16, 2021|archive-date=April 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413002924/https://ricigs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Clara-Jamieson-Weld.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ditshupiso == {{Reflist}} qkfyspodgvnqnn2idchfrvyhqqoe9lo 0 10368 50078 39620 2026-05-23T04:37:51Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 50078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Idil Ibrahim|image=Idilibrahim1.png|caption=Modiri wa difilimi wa kwa Mosomalia Idil Ibrahim|native_name=إدل إبراهيم|native_name_lang=ar|birth_place=[[California]]|nationality=[[Mosomalia-Moamerika]]|alma mater=[[UK Berkeley]] <nowiki> [Mmadikolo wa New York]]</nowiki>|occupation=Mokaedi, motlhagisi, mokwadi, modiragatsi|years active=2000s–le gone jaana|website={{URL|https://www.idilibrahim.com/}}}} '''Idil Ibrahim''' ([[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Idil Ibraahiim''; [[:en:Arabic|SeArabea]]: إدل إبراهيم) [[:en:Film_director|ke motsamaisi wa difilimi]] wa kwa [[:en:Somali_Americans|Amerika]] [[:en:Somali_Americans|le Somalia]], [[:en:Film_producer|motlhami wa difilimi]], [[:en:Screenwriter|mokwadi wa difilimi]] le [[:en:Actor|motshameki wa difilimi]]. == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Idil Ibrahim o tsholetswe kwa [[:en:Washington,_D.C.|Washington DC]]. O ne a bona digree ya Bachelor of Arts kwa [[:en:University_of_California,_Berkeley|Mmadikolo wa California, Berkeley]] ka 2002. O ne a tsaya karolo [[:en:Academy_of_Television_Arts_&_Sciences|Sekolong sa Botaki le Maranye a sesupa ditshwantsho]] (ATAS) mo Motseletsele wa Ditiragalo . O ne a tlhophiwa go nna [[:en:ArtsBridge|Moithuti wa Borogo jwa Botaki]] jwa Kgwebo ya Bototaki jwa UC Berkeley, mme o ne a ruta baithuti ba [[:en:Berkeley_High_School_(California)|Sekolo se Segolo sa Berkeley]] tshekatsheko ya difilimi tsa di-[[documentary]]. O ne a amogela Thuso ya Botaki ya ga Nadine Abergel mme a tswelela ka dithuto tsa gagwe tsa dialogane kwa [[:en:New_York_University|Mmadikolo wa New York]]. Ibrahim o ne a le mo kamanong le motsayaditshwantshô wa ntwa [[:en:Tim_Hetherington|Tim Hetherington]] go fitlha a tlhokafala fa a ne a le mo tirong kwa [[:en:Misrata|Misrata]], [[:en:Libya|Libya]], ka nako ya [[:en:Libyan_civil_war_(2011)|ntwa ya selegae ya kwa Libya ka 2011]]. <ref>Ibrahim, Idil (11 December 2011). [https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2011/dec/11/tim-hetherington-obituary-idil-ibrahim "Tim Hetherington remembered by Idil Ibrahim"]. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 2025-03-12.</ref> U.S. Senator [[:en:John_McCain|John McCain]] o ne a romela difolaga tsa Amerika kwa tirelong ya segopotso sa ga Hetherington kwa New York, e nngwe ya tsone e ne ya neelwa Ibrahim ke maloko a [[:en:173rd_Airborne_Brigade|bo173 Airborne Brigade]] ba ba neng ba direla mmogo le Hetherington le mokwadi [[:en:Sebastian_Junger|Sebastian Junger]] ka dinako tse di farologaneng. == Tiro == Idil Ibrahim o ne a dira mmogo le [[:en:Wanuri_Kahiu|Wanuri Kahiu]] Homecoming e e neng e tsamaisiwa ke [[:en:Jim_Chuchu|Jim Chuchu]], karolo ya Lenaneo la Toropokgolo ya Aforika,mme o ne a amogelwa mo [[:en:Toronto_International_Film_Festival|Baesekopong ya Lefatshe la Segompieno kwa Moletlong wa Boditšhabatšhaba wa Difilimi wa Toronto.]] .<ref>[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/nationwide-screening-series-showcase-films-travel-ban-countries-986790/ "Nationwide Screening Series to Showcase Films from Travel Ban Countries"]. ''[[:en:The_Hollywood_Reporter|The Hollywood Reporter]]''. March 16, 2017.</ref> O ne a kaela filimi ya dikarolo di le 4nne ya 'Ka fa morago ga Ditshwantsho' ya [[:en:Vice_(magazine)#VICE_Film|VICE]] ya filimi e e tlhageletseng ya go ''[[:en:Fishing_Without_Nets_(2014_film)|Tshwara Ditlhapi Kwantle ga Matloa]]'' e e neng e kaelwa ke [[:en:Cutter_Hodierne|Cutter Hodierne]] (Terama e e Gaisang ya U.S. kwa [[:en:Sundance_Film_Festival|Moletlong wa Difilimi wa Sundance]]).<ref>[https://www.purpose.com/ "Breaking Barriers by Breaking Bread with Refugees"]. March 29, 2017.</ref> O ne a bereka mo bukeng ya A ke Tsamaya ka Bofefo Thata? e e laolwang ke [[:en:Hank_Willis_Thomas|Hank Willis Thomas]] le Christopher Myers kwa [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]], e leng karolo ya Kgwetlho ya Difilimi ya Lefatshe Lotlhe ya Sundance e e tshegediwang ke [[:en:Gates_Foundation|Mokgatlho wa ga Bill & Melinda Gates]]. O ne a dira jaaka motlhagisi-mmogo mo difiliming tse di neng di kaelwa ke Topaz Adizes tse di akaretsang Americana, Laredo, Texas, Trece Años, le Peo ya Mmidi. Ibrahim e ne e le mongwe wa bakaedi ba ba neng ba tlhophilwe ke [[:en:Glamour_(magazine)|Makasine wa Glamour]] le The Girl Project go tlhama filimi e khutshwane ka thuto ya mosetsana kwa Malawi.<ref>Maunz, Shay (2016-05-11). [https://www.glamour.com/story/a-conversation-with-filmmaker-activist-and-badass-woman-idil-ibrahim "A Conversation with Idil Ibrahim: Filmmaker, Activist, Badass Woman"]. ''Glamour''. Retrieved 2025-03-11</ref> O ne a dira le mekgatlho e e jaaka Cell-ED, Gobee Group, le [[:en:International_Rescue_Committee|Komiti ya Boditšhabatšhaba ya Pholoso]]. Go nna le seabe ga gagwe le [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|UNHCR]] mo [[:en:World_Refugee_Day|Letsatsing la Lefatshe Lotlhe la Batshabi]] kwa [[:en:Kakuma_Refugee_Camp|Kampeng ya Batshabi ya Kakuma]] go tlhagisa boineelo jwa gagwe mo ditirong tsa botho. O ne a kaela kanelo ya gagwe ya ntlha kwa [[:en:Dakar|Dakar]], kwa [[:en:Senegal|Senegal]], kwa Sega le Alassane Sy le [[:en:Dylan_Verrechia|Dylan Verrechia]]. Filimi e amogetse Khutshwe e e Gaisang ya Kanelo kwa [[:en:BlackStar_Film_Festival|Moletlong wa Difilimi wa BlackStar]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230608053758/https://www.blackstarfest.org/news/press/2019-award-winners/ "2019 Festival Award Winners Announced"]. ''BlackStar''. 6 August 2019. Retrieved 2025-03-12</ref> mme e ne ya bonwa ke [[:en:Canal+_(French_TV_channel)|Canal+ (kanale ya TV ya Fora)]]. == Difilimi == * Baamerika (2008) * Dingwaga tse di lesome le boraro (2009) * Laredo, Texas (2010) * Go Boela Gae (2013) * Motshameko wa Transit (2014) * [[:en:Fishing_Without_Nets_(2014_film)|Go Tshwara Ditlhapi Kwantle ga Dirai]] (2014) * Peo ya Mmidi (2017)<ref>''[[imdbtitle:6096184/reference|A Seed of Maize]]'' – via www.imdb.com</ref> * Sega (2018)<ref>''[[imdbtitle:5645240|Sega]]'' – via www.imdb.com</ref> == Metswedi e mengwe == * [[imdbname:2685554|Idil Ibrahim]] kwa [[:en:IMDb|IMDb]] == metswedi == [[Karolo:Mafatshe a Aforika]] [[Karolo:Batho ba ba tshelang]] [[Karolo:Batho ba morafe wa Ba-Somalia]] [[Karolo:Badiragatsi ba Amerika]] [[Karolo:Badiragatsi ba Basomali]] [[Karolo:Bakwadi ba Ba-Somalia]] [[Karolo:Ba-Somalia ba ba neng ba fudugela kwa United States]] [[Karolo:Baithuti ba nako e e fetileng ba Mmadikolo wa California]] [[Karolo:Baithuti ba nako e e fetileng ba Mmadikolo wa New York]] k7gzf0430mzf1e37hmrapp0p6q0qehz 0 11711 50094 44656 2026-05-23T10:49:07Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 50094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Sheila Steafel|birth_name=Sheila Frances Steafel|image=Sheila Steafel.jpg|image caption=Steafel in ''[[Daleks' Invasion Earth 2150 A.D.]]'' (1966)|birth_date={{Birth date|1935|5|26|df=yes}}|birth_place=[[Johannesburg]], South Africa|death_date={{Death date and age|2019|08|23|1935|5|26|df=yes}}|death_place=[[London]], England|alma mater=[[Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art]]|occupation=Film, radio, stage and television actress|years active=1957–2019|spouse(s)={{marriage|[[Harry H. Corbett]]|1958|1964|end=div}}}} '''Sheila Frances Steafel''' (Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le borataro 1935 – Phatwe a le masome mabedi le boraro 2019)<ref>Hadoke, Toby (27 August 2019). [https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2019/aug/27/sheila-steafel-obituary "Sheila Steafel obituary"]. ''[[:en:The_Guardian|The Guardian]]''. Retrieved 29 Phalane 2025.</ref> e ne e le modiragatsi wa Borithane, yo o tsholetsweng kwa [[Johannesburg]], mme a tshela botshelo jotlhe jwa gagwe jwa bogolo kwa United Kingdom.<ref name=":0">Lacey, Hester (24 May 1998). [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/how-we-met-sheila-steafel-and-barry-cryer-1157642.html "How We Met: Sheila Steafel and Barry Cryer"]. ''The Independent on Sunday''. Retrieved 29 Phalane 2025.</ref> == Botshelo le tiro == Steafel, yo o tsholetsweng kwa [[Johannesburg]],<ref name=":0" /> o ne a katisiwa kwa [[Sekolong sa Botaki jwa Drama sa Webber Douglas]].<ref>[http://www.filmreference.com/film/4/Sheila-Steafel.html "Sheila Steafel Biography"]. FilmReference.</ref> O ne a tlhagelela mo motseletseleng o montsi wa thelebišene, go akaretsa le ''[[The Frost Report]]'', ''[[Z-Cars]]'', ''[[Sykes]]'', ''[[Dave Allen at Large]]'', ''[[The Kenny Everett Television Show]]'', ''[[Minder]]'', ''[[The Ghosts of Motley Hall]]'', [[Oh, Brother!, You Must Be the Husband|''Oh, Brother!'', ''You Must Be the Husband'']] le ''The Laughter of a Fool''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20201127123605/http://www.aveleyman.com/ActorCredit.aspx?ActorID=19443 "Sheila Steafel"]. ''www.aveleyman.com''.</ref> O ne a le mo lenaneong la [[BBC One]] la holo ya mmino la ''[[The Good Old Days]]'', a tshwantsha popo ya gagwe ya metlae "Miss Popsy Wopsy", yo o neng a "tshameka" ka metlha le modulasetilo [[Leonard Sachs]].<ref>getreading (3 December 2010). [http://www.getreading.co.uk/news/local-news/sheila-steafel-book-signing-cancelled-4218701 "Sheila Steafel book signing cancelled"]</ref> Gape o ne a nna teng ka metlha mo "[[Tommy Cooper]] Hour".<ref>Tommy Cooper: Just Like That! (documentary)</ref> Ka Tlhakole 2018, o ne a tlhagelela mo drameng ya metlae ya motshegare ya ''Shakespeare & Hathaway: Private Investigators'' Kgaolo 2 jaaka moagi wa legae la tlhokomelo Dora Bentley. Difilimi tsa gagwe di ne di akaretsa difilimi tsa ''[[Daleks' Invasion Earth 2150 A.D.]]'' (1966), ''J[[ust like a Woman]]'' (1967), ''[[Quatermass and the Pit]]'' (1967), ''[[Baby Love]]'' (1968), ''[[Otley]]'' (1968), ''[[Goodbye, Mr. Chips]]'' (1969), ''[[The Smashing Bird I Used to Know]]'' (1969), ''[[Some Will, Some Won't]]'' (1970; a tlhagella le modiragatsi ka mogatse wa pele, [[Wilfrid Brambell]]), ''[[Tropic of Cancer]]'' (1970; e le Tania), ''[[Percy]]'' (1971), ''[[Melody]]'' (1971), ''[[Digby, the Biggest Dog in the World]]'' (1973), ''[[All I Want Is You... and You... and You...]]'' (1974), ''Never Too Young to Rock'' (1975), ''[[Are You Being Served?]]'' (1977), ''[[What's Up Superdoc!]]'' (1978), ''[[Bloodbath at the House of Death]]'' (1984), ''[[Parting Shots]]'' (1999) le ''[[Back to the Secret Garden]]'' (2001).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160720215715/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba04b523c "Sheila Steafel"]. Archived from [http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba04b523c the original] on 20 July 2016.</ref> Steafel o ne a bereka gape le mo [[Seromawowa sa BBC|Seromawoweng sa BBC]]. Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 le bo 1980, e ne e le leloko la batshameki mo lenaneong la beke le beke la Radio 4 la tshotlo la ''[[Week Ending]]'', a neelana ka mantswe a badiragatsi ba le bantsi le go itira batho ba mmatota, jaaka [[Margaret Thatcher]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p009mmxg "Sheila Steafel, Desert Island Discs - BBC Radio 4"]. ''BBC''.</ref> Steafel o ne a tlhagelela [[e le ene]] mmogo le [[Simon Jones]] mo "The Lost Hitch-Hiker's Sketch", setshwantsho se se kwadilweng ke [[Douglas Adams]] mo pontshong ya gagwe ya 1982 ya Radio 4 ya ''[[Steafel Plus]]''.<ref>O'Dair, Marcus (1 October 2009). ''T[https://books.google.com/books?id=6hdBx7oUH-YC&q=Steafel+Plus+%22The+Lost+Hitchhiker%27s+Sketch%22%2C+a+sketch+by+Douglas+Adams&pg=PT200 he Rough Guide to The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]''. Rough Guides Limited. ISBN 9781848367135– via Google Books.</ref> Ka 1979 o ne a tshameka mo tlhagisong ya serala ya [[West End]] ya ''A Day in Hollywood/A Night in the Ukraine'' mo dikarolong di le mmalwa, go akaretsa le tsa ga [[Harpo Marx]].<ref>[https://www.genealogieonline.nl/en/whittington-families/I17835.php Wood, Philip James. "Sheila F Steafel (CORBETT) (1935-> 2012) » Whittington families » Genealogie Online"]. ''Genealogie Online''.</ref> Ka 2008, o ne a tshamekiwa ke [[Zoe Tapper]] mo drameng ya thelebišene ya BBC ya ''[[The Curse of Steptoe]]''.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b009hp17 "The Curse of Steptoe - BBC Four"]. ''BBC''.</ref> Ka 2015 o ne a adima lentswe la gagwe go moanelwa Master Matoya mo motshamekong wa motshikhinyego wa [[Final Fantasy XIV: Heavensward.|''Final Fantasy XIV: Heavensward.'']] == Ditiro tse di gatisitsweng == Ka 1998, Steafel o ne a golola alebamo ya CD ya dipina tsa nako ya ga Victoria e e bidiwang ''Victoria Plums'' (Redial/Polygram No. CD 557 209-2).<ref>[https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/victoria-plums/id314004902 "Victoria Plums by Sheila Steafel on Apple Music"]. ''iTunes''.</ref> Ka 2010, o ne a golola buka ya gagwe ya botshelo jwa gagwe ''When Harry Met Sheila''. Ka 2012, Steafel o ne a gatisa kokoanyo ya dikhutshwe tsa botshelo jwa mmatota ka fa tlase ga setlhogo se se reng ''Bastards''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170811055949/http://www.fantomfilms.co.uk/books/sheila_steafel.htm Sheila Steafel Bastards] Fantom Films</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Steafel o ne a nyetse modiragatsi le rametlae [[Harry H. Corbett]] go tloga ka Phalane 1958 go fitlha ka Phatwe 1964. O ne a bolawa ke kankere ka 2019.<ref>Apex. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201127132926/http://www.apexpublishing.co.uk/pubdetails.aspx?Num=220 "Details of Publication - Apex Publishing Ltd"]. ''www.apexpublishing.co.uk''</ref> == Sephatlo sa bodiragatsi == * ''[[Daleks' Invasion Earth 2150 A.D.]]'' (1966) - Young Woman * ''[[Just like a Woman]]'' (1967) - Isolde * ''[[Quatermass and the Pit]]'' (1967) - Journalist * ''Monsieur Lecoq'' (1967) * ''[[The Bliss of Mrs. Blossom]]'' (1968) - Pet shop saleslady * ''[[Otley]]'' (1968) - Ground stewardess * ''[[Baby Love]]'' (1969) - Tessa Pearson * ''[[The Smashing Bird I Used to Know]]'' (1969) - Young Woman * ''[[Goodbye, Mr. Chips]]'' (1969) - Tilly (uncredited) * ''[[Tropic of Cancer]]'' (1970) - Tania * ''[[Some Will, Some Won't]]'' (1970) - Sheila Wilcott * ''[[Percy]]'' (1971) - Mrs. Gold * ''[[Up Pompeii]]'' (1971) - Voluptua (voice, uncredited) * ''[[Melody]]'' (1971) - Mrs Latimer * ''[[To Catch a Spy]]'' (1971) - Woman in lift * ''[[Digby, the Biggest Dog in the World]]'' (1973) - Control Operator * ''[[All I Want Is You... and You... and You...]]'' (1975) - Wilma Brack * ''[[Never Too Young to Rock]]'' (1976) - Cafe Proprietress * ''[[The Ghosts of Motley Hall]]'' (TV, 1976-1978) - The White Lady * ''[[Are You Being Served?]]'' (1977) - Hat Customer * ''[[What's Up Superdoc!]]'' (1978) - Dr. Pitt * ''The Quiz Kid'' (1979) - Brenda * ''[[Bloodbath at the House of Death]]'' (1984) - Sheila Finch * ''[[Parting Shots]]'' (1999) - President's Wife * ''[[Back to the Secret Garden]]'' (2001) - Mrs. Chillblaine == Metswedi == niqwcmm9ymvlm1bsmwf9gzz96g0thae 0 12064 50093 49956 2026-05-23T10:05:53Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 50093 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rita Jeptoo''' (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e le lesome le botlhano (15) ka ngwaga wa 1981) ke motabogi wa marathone wa kwa Kenya. Mo godimo ga go fenya Marathone wa Boston ka makgetlho a mabedi, gape o fentse marathone a kwa Chicago, Stockholm le Milan. Jeptoo. Jeptoo e ne e le mmampodi wa bronze kwa IAAF World Road Running Championships ya 2006 a emela Kenya. Ka ngwaga wa 2014, Jeptoo o ne a fiwa thibelo ya dingwaga di le pedi, e e neng ya okediwa go nna dingwaga di le nne, morago ga go tlhatlhobelwa EPO kwa ntle ga kgaisano ka kgwedi ya Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le botlhano (25) ka ngwaga wa 2014.<ref>"Rita Jeptoo tested positive for EPO". ESPN. Associated Press. 3 November 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2015.[https://www.espn.com/sports/endurance/story/_/id/11814692/rita-jeptoo-tested-positive-epo-officials-say]</ref> <ref>Kaduk, Kevin (30 January 2015). "Marathon champ Rita Jeptoo receives two-year ban for positive drug test". Retrieved 10 February 2015.[https://web.archive.org/web/20201108131628/https://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/the-turnstile/marathon-champ-rita-jeptoo-receives-two-year-ban-for-positive-drug-test-141220783.html]</ref><ref name=":0">"Athletes currently suspended from all competitions in athletics following an Anti-Doping Rule Violation as at: 06.03.15". IAAF. Retrieved 7 March 2015</ref><ref name=":1">"IAAF News Issue 160, 24 February 2015". IAAF. Retrieved 24 February 2015.</ref><ref name=":2">"IAAF appeal upheld - Rita Jeptoo suspended for four years by the court of arbitration for sport (CAS)" (PDF).[https://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Media_Release_3979__final_.pdf]</ref> == Tiro == Jeptoo o ne a fenya ka ngwaga wa 2004 Stockholm Marathon, e leng kgaisano ya gagwe ya ntlha ya marathone,<ref>Stockholm Marathon History 2004–2006 accessed 10 August [https://web.archive.org/web/20110719064210/http://www.stockholmmarathon.se/start/content.cfm?Dep_ID=20&Sec_ID=478&Rac_ID=126&Lan_ID=3 2007]</ref> mme morago ga moo a fenya ka go latelana kwa Milan Marathon. <ref>Milan City Marathon 2004 Archived 5 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 10 August [https://web.archive.org/web/20070605075632/http://milanocitymarathon.gazzetta.it/2004/index.shtml 2007]</ref>O ne a feletsa a le wa boraro kwa Turin Marathon ya ngwaga wa 2005 mme a le wa bosupa ka ngwaga wa 2005 World Championships.<ref>Turin Marathon History Archived 11 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 10 August [https://web.archive.org/web/20070811084906/http://tm.turinmarathon.it/index.php?module=ContentExpress&func=display&ceid=10 2007]</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2006, o ne a tlhoma nako e e gaisang ya gagwe ya 2:23:38 a fenya Boston Marathon, o ne a tsaya sereto kwa Paris Half Marathon,<ref>"untitled". ''www.arrs.run''. Retrieved 2 May 2018.[https://web.archive.org/web/20181209124603/https://www.arrs.run/HP_ParisHM.htm]</ref> o ne a gapa sekgele sa boronse kwa ngwaga wa 2006 World Road Running Championships,<ref>Athlete profile for Rita Jeptoo Sitienei Retrieved 22 April 2014.[https://worldathletics.org/athletes/kenya/rita-jeptoo-sitienei-14289446#honours]</ref> o ne a le wa bone kwa New York City Marathon mo ngwageng oo. Ka ngwaga wa 2007, o ne a fetsa a le mo maemong a bone kwa Boston, a leka go sireletsa serwalo sa gagwe, mme o ne a nopolwa a re, "Ga ke ise ke ko ke ikutlwe sentle mo serameng. Ke ne ke sa kgone go dira gore mmele wa me o dire ka tsela e e tshwanetseng". <ref>Runner's World article by Toby Tanser – Russian Woman wins Boston Archived 8 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine Runner's World Retrieved 10 August [https://web.archive.org/web/20120208031611/http://www.runnersworld.com/article/0,7120,s6-239-379--11801-0,00.html 2007]</ref>O ne a fenya Lisbon Half Marathon ka ngwaga oo, morago ga moo a tsaya maemo a bosupa mo marathong a 2007 World Championships in Athletics. O feditse ngwaga wa gagwe wa 2007 ka rekhoto e ntšhwa mo Obudu Ranch International Mountain Race, a amogela US$50,000 ka ntlha ya seo.<ref>Hughes, Danny (24 November 2007). "Jeptoo, Awash cruise to Obudu Mountain victories". IAAF. Retrieved 28 April [https://worldathletics.org/news/news/jeptoo-awash-cruise-to-obudu-mountain-victori 2016]</ref> O ne a fenya Portugal Half Marathon ka ngwaga wa 2008. O ne a le mongwe wa batabogi ba ba neng ba eteletse pele kwa Boston le New York marathone mo setlheng seo, a fetsa mo maemong a boraro le a bone ka go latelana.<ref>Jeptoo Sitienei Rita. Marathon Info. Retrieved 16 April 2011.[http://marathoninfo.free.fr/athletes/kenya/sitienei_rita.htm]</ref>O ne a tsaya nako a sa tsenele dikgaisano tsa boimana go tloga kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga wa 2008 go ya pele, mme a boela gape kwa kgaisanong ka ngwaga wa 2011.<ref>Runner's World article by Toby Tanser – Russian Woman wins Boston Archived 8 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine Runner's World Retrieved 10 August [https://web.archive.org/web/20120208031611/http://www.runnersworld.com/article/0,7120,s6-239-379--11801-0,00.html 2007]</ref> Rotterdam Marathon e ne e le marathone a gagwe a go boela morago mme o ne a tla a le wa botlhano ka nako ya diura di le 2:28:09.<ref>van Hemert, Wim (10 April 2011). "Chebet impresses with 2:05:27 victory in Rotterdam". IAAF. Retrieved 28 April 2016.[https://worldathletics.org/news/news/chebet-impresses-with-20527-victory-in-rotter]</ref>O ne a taboga lebelo le le gaisang la marathone fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 2005 kwa Frankfurt Marathon, a tsaya maemo a botlhano morago ga diura di le 2:25:44.<ref>Butcher, Pat (30 October 2012). "Kipsang tantalises with 2:03:42 World record assault in Frankfurt". IAAF. Retrieved 28 April 2016.[https://worldathletics.org/news/news/kipsang-tantalises-with-20342-world-record-as]</ref> Fa a boela kwa lefelong le a neng a fentse kwa go lone ka ngwaga wa 2006, o ne a nna wa borataro kwa Boston Marathon ya ngwaga wa 2012.<ref>Morse, Parker (16 April 2012). "Korir and Cherop the best as warm weather slows Boston". IAAF. Retrieved 28 April [https://worldathletics.org/news/news/korir-and-cherop-the-best-as-warm-weather-slo 2016]</ref> O ne a tla a le bone kwa Beach kwa Beacon 10K le Falmouth Road Race, mme o ne a dira bontle jwa gagwe mo sephatlong sa dingwaga tse di lesome kwa Chicago Marathon ya ngwaga wa 2012. O ne a fenya Atsede Baysa mo dikgaisanong tsa bofelo tsa kgaisano mme a nna wa bobedi, mme nako ya gagwe ya 2:22:04 e ne ya feta ya gagwe ya dingwaga di le thataro ka motsotso le halofo.<ref>Gugala, Jon (7 October 2012). "Course record for Kebede, Baysa dethrones Shobukhova – Chicago Marathon report". IAAF. Retrieved 2 February 2013.[https://worldathletics.org/news/report/course-record-for-kebede-baysa-dethrones-shob]</ref> RAK Half Marathon ya ngwaga wa 2013 e ne e le bofefo thata mo Jeptoo a neng a tokafatsa lebelo la gagwe go nna metsotso e le 66:27 ⁇  a mo dira wa botlhano yo o bofefo go gaisa botlhe ⁇  mme a mo tlogela mo maemong a boraro mo lobelong.<ref>"Kabuu and Kipsang triumph in high-quality races at Ras al-Khaimah Half". IAAF. 15 February 2013. Retrieved 2 March [https://worldathletics.org/news/report/kabuu-and-kipsang-triumph-in-high-quality-rac 2013]</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2013, pele ga go thuntshiwa ga bomo, o ne a fenya Boston Marathon ka nako ya 2:26:25, <ref>"Desisa and Jeptoo will defend their Boston Marathon titles". IAAF. 13 December [https://worldathletics.org/news/news/2014-boston-marathon-ethiopia-lelisa-desisa-k 2013]</ref>le Chicago Marathon ka nako ya 2:19:57 (e e neng e le nako ya gagwe e e gaisang).<ref>"Kimetto smashes course record, Jeptoo cracks 2:20 in Chicago". IAAF. 13 October [https://worldathletics.org/news/report/kimetto-smashes-course-record-jeptoo-cracks-2 2013]</ref> Jeptoo o ne a tsaya karolo mo Boston Marathon ka ngwaga wa 2014 mme kwa tshimologong o ne a kwadisitswe jaaka mofenyi, ka nako ya 2:18:57. <ref>Fantz, Ashley (21 April 2014). "A year later, Boston Marathon runners race again". Retrieved 21 April 2014.[https://edition.cnn.com/2014/04/21/us/boston-marathon/index.html]</ref>Le fa go ntse jalo, morago ga go thibelwa go dirisa diokobatsi, o ne a se ka a tlhola a kgona go tshameka mme a tseelwa sereto sa gagwe le rekoto ya khoso. == Kgetsi ya go dirisa diritibatsi == Jeptoo o ne a sireletsa sereto sa gagwe sa Chicago Marathon ka ngwaga wa 2014, a fenya ka nako ya 2:24:35. Le fa go ntse jalo, o ne a na le tlhatlhobo e e supang gore o dirisa diokobatsi mo sekaing sa gagwe sa "A", se a neng a se newa kwa Kenya dibeke di le pedi pele ga lobelo. Moemedi wa gagwe Federico Rosa, yo e leng leina le le itsegeng thata mo mabelong a marathone a maemo a a kwa godimo, o ne a tlhomamisa ntlha eno mme a gana go senola selo se se neng se le molato.<ref>Rita Jeptoo: Kenyan marathon runner fails doping test. BBC Sport (31 October 2014). Retrieved on 2 November [[Bbc.co.uk/sport/athletics/29855763|2014]]</ref><ref>Pilon, Mary & Logman, Jere (31 October 2014). Rita Jeptoo, Kenyan Marathon Champion, Fails Preliminary Doping Test. ''New York Times''. Retrieved 2 November 2014.[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/01/sports/marathon-champion-rita-jeptoo-fails-doping-test.html]</ref><ref>Agent: Boston Marathon winner Rita Jeptoo failed doping test. ''USA Today'' (31 October 2014). Retrieved 2 November [https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2014/10/31/rita-jeptoo-positive-doping-test-boston-marathon-winner-kenya/18240941/ 2014]</ref> Moragonyana go ne ga lemogiwa gore seokobatsi se se ileditsweng e ne e le EPO, mme o ne a kganelwa go tshameka dingwaga di le pedi ke Athletics Kenya.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Ka kgwedi ya Moranang a le masome a mabedi le bongwe (21) ka ngwaga wa 2015, Court of Arbitration for Sport e ne ya itsise gore e amogetse dikopo tse pedi tse di farologaneng tse di amanang le thibelo. Mongwe wa bone, yo o tswang kwa Jeptoo, o ne a kopa gore tshwetso e e gwetlhiwang e phimolwe, le gore go emisiwa ga gagwe ka dingwaga tse pedi go tlosiwe. Ya bobedi e ne e tswa kwa International Association of Athletics Federation (IAAF), e e neng ya kopa gore thibelo ya ga Jeptoo e okediwe go nna dingwaga di le nne, ka ntlha ya "...maemo a a masisi a e reng a dira gore a se ka a tlhola a letlelelwa go tsenela motshameko oo".<ref>The Court in its statement announced that both appeals were currently in progress, with no decision date [https://nation.africa/kenya/sports/athletics/Kenya-marathon-star-Rita-Jeptoo-facing-increased-doping-ban/1100-2693758-qu2x07/index.html given]</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Phalane a le masome a mabedi le borataro (26) ka ngwaga wa 2016, Kgotlatshekelo ya Arbitration for Sport e ne ya amogela boikuelo go tswa go IAAF kgatlhanong le go letlelelwa go sa tsene mo metshamekong ka dingwaga di le pedi tse di neng di neetswe ke Athletics Kenya, mme mo boemong jwa moo ya tlhoma thibelo ya dingwaga di le nne, le go phimolwa ga dipholo tsotlhe morago ga kgwedi ya Moranang a le lesome le bosupa (17) ka ngwaga wa 2014, go akaretsa diphenyo tsa gagwe tsa ngwafa wa 2014 Boston le Chicago marathone, a bua ka "boitshwaro jwa gagwe jo bo tsietsang le jo bo kgoreletsang mo ditsamaisong tsotlhe" jaaka mabaka a a oketsang a a dirang gore kotlhao e nne e e kwa godimo.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Dunbar, Graham (26 October 2016). "Rita Jeptoo Stripped Of 2014 Boston Marathon Win". WBUR. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020.[https://web.archive.org/web/20201026224204/https://www.wbur.org/news/2016/10/26/rita-jeptoo-boston-marathon]</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe == O nyetswe ke Noah Busienei, motabogi wa sekgala se se fa gare.<ref>"Profile – Rita Jeptoo". Boston Marathon Runner. Retrieved 10 August 2007.[https://www.boston.com/marathon/runners/2007_runners/jeptoo.htm]</ref> == Metswedi == j1jzxpx4rx1x7cwlhlq0g2hywn13jbr 0 12178 50077 48864 2026-05-23T04:18:56Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 50077 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Habiba Atta Forson''' (yo o tshotsweng ka Phatwe a le lesome le boferabobedi)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20251208202222/https://pfag.com.gh/index.php/2019/08/18/pfag-showers-its-felicitations-on-madam-habiba-attah-forson/ "PFAG showers it's felicitations on Madam Habiba Attah Forson"]. ''The Professional Footballers Association of Ghana (PFAG)''. 2019-08-18. Retrieved 30 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref> ke motsamaisi wa kgwele ya dinao wa mogale wa Ghana le motabogi wa pele wa Ghana. Ka Phalane a le masome mabedi le bone ka 2019, o ne a tsenelela kgaisano mme a gapa sebaka sa go direla mo Lekgotleng la Khuduthamaga la [[Mokgatlho wa Kgwele ya Dinao wa Ghana]], mme seo sa dira gore e nne ene fela mosadi yo ga jaanong jaana a direlang mo lekgotleng la khuduthamaga la Mokgatlho wa Kgwele ya Dinao wa Ghana. O itsege ka go nna motho wa ntlha go simolola [[kgwele ya dinao ya basadi]] kwa [[Ghana]].<ref>Okine, Sammy Heywood. [https://www.newsghana.com.gh/good-old-habiba-atta-forson-wins-gfa-executive-council-after-beating-three-young-ladies/ "Good Old Habiba Atta Forson Wins GFA Executive Council After Beating Three Young Ladies - News Ghana"]. ''News Ghana''. Retrieved 30 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20191025055739/https://www.myjoyonline.com/sports/2019/October-24th/gfa-elections-habiba-atta-forson-wins-womens-exco-position.php "GFA Elections: Habiba Atta Forson wins Women's ExCo position"]. ''www.myjoyonline.com''. Retrieved 30 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20191025055716/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/GFA-Elections-Habiba-Atta-wins-women-s-vote-to-join-EXCo-792788 "GFA Elections: Habiba Atta wins women's vote to join EXCo"]. ''www.ghanaweb.com''. Archived from [https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/GFA-Elections-Habiba-Atta-wins-women-s-vote-to-join-EXCo-792788 the original] on 2019-10-25. Retrieved 30 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www.graphic.com.gh/sports/sports-news/madam-habiba-atta-elected-onto-gfa-executive-council.html "Madam Habiba Atta elected onto GFA Executive Council"]. ''Graphic Online''. 2019-10-24. Retrieved 30 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20191025061114/https://ghanasoccernet.com/breaking-news-habiba-atta-grabs-exco-position-after-winning-womens-vote-2 "Breaking News: Habiba Atta grabs Ghana FA Exco position after winning women's vote"]. ''GhanaSoccernet''. Archived from [https://ghanasoccernet.com/breaking-news-habiba-atta-grabs-exco-position-after-winning-womens-vote-2 the original] on 2019-10-25. Retrieved 30 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref><ref>[https://ghananewsagency.org/sports/habiba-atta-beats-evelyn-and-two-others-to-join-gfa-executive-council-158518 "Habiba Atta beats Evelyn and two others to join GFA Executive Council"]. ''ghananewsagency.org''. Retrieved 30 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref> Gape ke mothei wa [[Fabulous Ladies]], nngwe ya ditlhopha tsa kgwele ya dinao tsa basadi tse di tumileng kwa Ghana.<ref>[https://www.pulse.com.gh/sports/football/meet-the-74-year-old-woman-elected-onto-gfa-executive-council/wgfs9pp "Meet the 74-year-old woman elected onto GFA Executive Council"]. ''www.pulse.com.gh''. 2019-10-24. Retrieved 30 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref><ref>[https://ghanaguardian.com/george-afriyie-congratulates-habiba-atta-over-gfa-victory "George Afriyie congratulates Habiba Atta over GFA victory"]. ''The Ghana Guardian News''. Retrieved 30 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref> == Botshelo jwa pele == Forson o simolotse thuto ya gagwe ya motheo ya sekolo kwa Yaa Achiaa Girls Basic kwa Kumasi, kwa a simolotseng go nna le lorato lwa metshameko gone.<ref name=":0">Asare, George Ernest (20 November 2019). [https://www.graphic.com.gh/sports/sports-news/habiba-atta-forson-the-woman-with-many-parts-in-sports.html "Habiba Atta Forson: The woman with many parts in sports"]. ''Graphic Online''. Retrieved 30 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref> O ne a tswelela kwa [[T.I. Sekolo se Segolo sa Ahmadiyya, Kumasi]] kwa a neng a tswelela go godisa le go tlhabolola bokgoni jwa gagwe jwa go tlolela kwa godimo le mo ditiragalong tse dingwe tsa kwa tshimong. Fa a le kwa sekolong o ne a emela Kgaolo ya Ashanti ka nako ya Meletlo ya Metshameko ya Bosetšhaba kwa a neng a dira sentle thata ka go fenya dietsele mo go Tloleng kwa godimo, shot put, go tika javelin le dikgaisano tsa go taboga dimitara di le 4 × 100.<ref name=":0" /> == Tiro == === Mabelo === Ka 1965, ka nako ya Metshameko ya ntlha ya Aforika Yotlhe e e neng e tshwaretswe kwa Congo Brazzaville, o ne a le karolo ya setlhopha sa baatlelete ba Ghana mme a gapa selefera mo kgaisanong ya go tlolela kwa godimo. Gape e ne e le leloko la setlhopha se gape se neng sa gapa selefera mo kgaisanong ya dimitara di le 4 × 100.<ref name=":0" /> Magareng ga 1962 le 1965, Forson o ne a nna le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo metshamekong ya go taboga fa a ne a fenya dikgaisano tsa bosetšhaba tsa go tlolela kwa godimo ka go latelana mme a tlhoma rekoto ya bosetšhaba ka 1963 - rekoto e e neng ya nna e le teng dingwaga di le tlhano pele ga e thubiwa. Ka 1977, o ne a fenya dikgaisano tsa thenese tsa kgaolo tse ka nako eo a neng a sa tlhole a le mo dikgaisanong tse di matlhagatlhaga tsa diatleletiki.<ref name=":0" /> === Tsamaiso ya kgwele ya dinao === Forson e ne e le badiri le mokatisi kwa Kholetšheng ya Setegeniki ya Sekontari ya Kumasi (KISCO). O itsege ka seabe sa gagwe se se botlhokwa mo go fetoleng batshameki ba ba tshwanang le Frimpong Manso go tswa go motlhasedi go nna mosireletsi le George Kennedy go nna motlhasedi yo o bolayang mo lefelong la selegae.[10] Frimpong Manso o ne a tswelela go tshamekela Asante Kotoko le setlhopha sa bosetšhaba sa Ghana.<ref name=":0" /> Ka 1985, Forson o ne a simolola setlhopha sa Liki ya Basadi ya Ghana sa Fabulous Ladies, ka leina la Ashtown Ladies. O ne a gaisana ka maemo mo komitingkhuduthamaga ya Mokgatlho wa Kgwele ya Dinao wa Ghana ka sebaka se le sengwe fela sa Ditlhopha tsa Batlhophi makgetlo a le mabedi mme a latlhegelwa ke Leanier Addy. Le fa go ntse jalo, ka Diphalane 2019, o ne a gapa sebaka mo komiting ya khuduthamaga ka sebaka se se sa tswang go tlhamiwa sa kgwele ya dinao ya basadi. O ne a tlhopha diboutu di le robedi mo go tse 16 tse di neng di le teng a fenya mogwetlhani wa gagwe yo o gaufi thata Evelyn Nsiah Asare ka boutu e le nosi. Nngwe ya ditiro tsa gagwe jaaka moemedi wa basadi e ne e le go dira mmogo le Naa Odofoley Nortey go tla ka tokomane ya pholisi e e tseneletseng ka ga kgwele ya dinao ya basadi, e e neng e tlhomile mogopolo mo go tokafatseng go bonala, go phuthela le go dira letshwaokgwebo. Ka 2020, o ne a tlhomiwa go nna modulasetulo wa komiti ya botsamaisi jwa Black Queens, a nna mo maemong ao gape ka 2021. Pele ga moo, o kile a nna leloko la komiti dingwaga di le mmalwa. Gape o ne a etelela pele le go dira jaaka leloko la dikomiti tse dingwe di le mmalwa tsa metshameko go akaretsa le dikomiti tsa Liki ya Basadi ya Kgaolo ya Ashanti le tsa bana. Ka Sedimonthole 2019, o ne a tlhomiwa go nna tlhogo ya Komiti ya Sejana sa FA sa Basadi sa Ghana mme a nna mo maemong ao gape ka 2021. Gape ke leloko la pele la botsamaisi jwa Kumasi Asante Kotoko. == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Forson o na le bana ba le barataro.<ref name=":0" /> == Ditlotla == Ka Seetebosigo 2021, ka nako ya [[Dietsele tsa Kgwele ya Dinao tsa Ghana]] tsa 2021, Forson o ne a tlotliwa ka Kabo ya Phitlhelelo e e Kgethegileng ka ntlha ya seabe sa gagwe se segolo mo kgweleng ya dinao ya Ghana mme segolobogolo mo kgweleng ya dinao ya basadi kwa Ghana. == Metswedi == 2df3ohq6qb92cfijzq42zdy1dg33xk4 0 13136 50095 49560 2026-05-23T11:05:43Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 50095 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Silvio Emerson de Sousa Ferreira do Nascimento''' (o belegwe ka 11 Ngwanatsele 1987), yo o itsegeng thata e le Sílvio Nascimento, ke motshameki wa difilimi le motlhami wa difilimi wa kwa [[Angola]].<ref>"[https://unilab.edu.br/2021/05/31/ator-angolano-silvio-nascimento-participa-de-bate-papo-com-grupo-de-teatro-afrisame/ Ator angolano Sílvio Nascimento participa de bate-papo com Grupo de Teatro Afrisamé]". unilab.edu.br. Retrieved 1 October 2021.</ref> O itsege thata ka ditiro tsa gagwe mo thelebišeneng ya [[Windeck]] le [[Jikulumessu]] mmogo le difilimi, Njinga: Queen of Angola le Blood Lines.<ref>SAPO. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20240225093740/https://mag.sapo.pt/pessoas/silvio-nascimento Sílvio Nascimento]". SAPO Mag (in Portuguese). Retrieved 1 October 2021</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe == O belegwe ka 11 Ngwanatsele 1987 kwa [[Lubango]], kwa borwa jwa porofense ya Huila, [[Angola]].<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20240225093814/https://blast.com.pt/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/silvio-nascimento-cv.pdf Sílvio Nascimento biography]" (PDF). blast.com.pt. Retrieved 1 October 2021</ref> == Tiro ya gagwe == Nascimento o simolotse tiro ya gagwe ya go tshameka mo theatereng a le dingwaga di le supa fa a ne a tshameka mo motshamekong wa sekolo o o bidiwang "Sé Catedral" . Fa a na le dingwaga di le 18, o ne a tsenela setlhopha sa bobogelo sa "Os Vozes Soltas". O ne a tswelela ka ditiro tsa gagwe kwa Luanda national ballet, ka 2006. Ka 2008, o ne a tsena mo setlhopheng sa "Henrique Artes", mme a dira kwa "Hotel Komarka". Morago o ne a etela dinaga di le mmalwa jaaka Cape Verde, Brazil, Portugal, Mozambique, Afrika Borwa le United States of America go ithuta go tshameka. Mo go one ngwaga oo, o ne a simolola go tshameka mo filiming ya gagwe ya Reduced to Nothing e e neng e tsamaisiwa ke Jack Caleia le Divua António. Ka 2009, o ne a tshameka mo filiming ya Assaltos em Luanda 2, le mo thulaganyong ya thelebišene ya Conversas no Quinta. Ka ngwaga wa 2010, o ne a tsenela lenaneo la beke le beke la thelebišene le le neng le bua ka go lwantsha HIV le go tlhaola batho ka lotso, le le bidiwang Stop SIDA, mme a tswelela ka dingwaga di le pedi e le sefatlhego se segolo sa lenaneo leno. Seno se ne sa dira gore a bone katlego mo terameng le mo thelebisheneng mo bathong ba Angola.[https://web.archive.org/web/20240225093814/https://blast.com.pt/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/silvio-nascimento-cv.pdf ^{[3<nowiki>]</nowiki>}] Ka 2011, o ne a gapa sekgele sa "Festlip" sa setlhopha se se gaisang sa CPLP jaaka leloko la Henrique Artes. Mme ka 2012, o ne a gapa Sekgele sa Bosetšhaba sa Setso le Botsweretshi kwa Angola. Ka 2013 o ne a dira mo seraleng sa Njinga Rainha de Angola mme a tshameka karolo ya "Kasa Cangola". O ne a gapa sekgele sa gagwe sa ntlha sa boditšhabatšhaba sa filimi kwa Jakarta ka ntlha ya karolo eo. Ka 2014 le 2015, o ne a tlhophiwa mo kgaisanong ya "Moda Luanda" mo kgaisanong ya Best Actor of Angola. Moragonyana o ne a amogela tlotla ya motshameki yo o gaisang ke TV ZAP mo Lenaneong la Zap News. Ka 2015 le 2016, o ne a tsenela telenovela ya Jikulumessu, a tshameka jaaka Paulo Almeida. Ka ntlha ya karolo eno, o ne a gapa sekgele sa Seoul International AWARDS mo setlhopheng sa motseletsele wa diterama o o gaisang.[https://web.archive.org/web/20240225093814/https://blast.com.pt/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/silvio-nascimento-cv.pdf ^{[3<nowiki>]</nowiki>}] Fa go ntse go le jalo, Nascimento o ne a fiwa leina la Ambassador of Angolan Youth Culture kwa USA. Pele ga moo, o ne a tlhophiwa gabedi mo "Emmys International TV Festival" ka ntlha ya diterama tsa thelebišene tsa Windeck ka 2014 le Jikulumessu ka 2015. Ka 2017, o ne a gapa Luanda Fashion Award ya Actor yo o gaisang. Ka ngwaga wa 2018, o ne a gapa sekgele sa Golden Globe Angola sa Best Actor. Ka 2021, o ne a saena tumalano le RTP-Afrika go bontsha the Tellas digital platform e e bontshang difilimi le diteng tse dingwe tsa bonono jwa bosupa ke batsamaisi ba Angola, Cape Verdean, Mozambique, Bissau-Guinean le Sao Tome.<ref>grxnet.com. "[https://www.jornaldeangola.ao/ Jornal de Angola - Notícias - Sílvio Nascimento destaca acordo com a RTP-África". Jornal de Angola] (in Portuguese). Retrieved 1 October 2021</ref> Mo ngwageng oo, o ne a emela Angola kwa " Berlinale" - 71st Berlin Film Festival, kwa Jeremane.<ref>"Sílvio Nascimento "entrou em cena" no Festival de Berlim]". Expansão (in Portuguese). 6 March 2021. Retrieved 1 October 2021</ref> == Metswedi == [[Category:Batho ba ba tshelang]] tbdacm7nwo0lp4342aa3xq53ch53b3b 0 13228 50076 49903 2026-05-23T03:21:20Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 50076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Eunice Atuejide|image=Eunice atuejide.jpg|office=Modulasetilo wa phathi ya Nationa Interest.|term_start=2017|birth_date=Phatwe a le lesome le borataro ngwaga wa 1978|party=[[National Interest Party]]}} '''Eunice Uche Julian Atuejide''' (o o tshotsweng ka Phatwe a le lesome le borataro ngwaga wa 1978) ke mogwebi, mmueledi le mopolotiki wa kwa [[Nigeria]]. O itsege ka go tlhama phathi ya [[National Interest Party]] (NIP)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180316032956/http://justumagazine.com/eunice-atuejides-registers-political-party-national-interest-party-nip/ "Eunice Atuejide Registers Political Party National Interest Party (NIP)".] ''Just U Magazine''. Archived from [https://justumagazine.com/eunice-atuejides-registers-political-party-national-interest-party-nip/ the original] on 16 March 2018. Retrieved 8 May 2026</ref><ref>[https://www.channelstv.com/2017/12/14/inec-registers-21-new-political-parties/ "INEC Registers 21 New Political Parties"]. ''Channels Television''. Retrieved 8 May 2026</ref> le go nna ntlhopheng wa botautona jwa phathi ya National Interest Party (NIP) ka 2019.<ref>Admin (20 July 2018). [https://www.nationalinterestparty.com/public-announcement/2019-nips-presidential-aspirant-eunice-uche-atuejide-declaration-speech/ "2019 NIP's Presidential Aspirant, Eunice Uche Atuejide Declaration Speech".] ''NIP''. Retrieved 8 May 2026</ref><ref>Bakare, Tonye (July 2018). [https://guardian.ng/news/39-year-old-woman-plans-to-unseat-buhari/ "39-year old woman, Eunice Atuejide plans to unseat Buhari".] ''[[:en:The_Guardian_(Nigeria)|The Guardian]]''. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 8 May 2026</ref> == Botshelo jwa a le mmotlana le thuto == Atuejide o tsholetswe a bo a godisediwa kwa kgaolong ya [[Lagos]] kwa [[Nigeria|Nigeria,]] le ntswa ba lolwapa lwa gagwe ba tlholega kwa kgaolong ya [[Enugu]]. O itsege ka go tlhama phathi ya sepolotiki ya banana e e dirisang maranyane ya National Interest Party (NIP) kwa Nigeria. O tsene sekolo se sebotlana kwa Onike Girls Primary kwa Lagos ngwaga o le mongwe<ref>[https://news.assure.ng/the-three-women-presidential-candidates-what-are-their-chances-a-must-read/ "The Three Women Presidential Candidates: What are their Chances? (A Must Read)".] ''NewsNow Nigeria''. 3 November 2018. Retrieved 8 May 2026</ref><ref>Elezuo, Eric (3 November 2018). [https://thebossnewspapers.com/2018/11/03/the-three-women-presidential-candidates-what-are-their-chances/ "The Three Women Presidential Candidates: What are their Chances?".] ''The Boss Newspaper''. Retrieved 8 May 2026</ref> pele ga a fudugela kwa go se segolwane sa basetsana sa Reagan Memorial Girls Secondary e ntse e le kwa Lagos. O ne a ya go ithutela itsholelo ya tsa temothuo kwa sekolong se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa [[University of Ibadan]].<ref name=":0">Anokam, Sam (January 2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20180316084807/http://www.samurahh.com/2018/01/eunice-atuejide-set-for-paradigm-shift.html?m=1 "Eunice Atuejide: Set For Paradigm Shift With NIP".] ''Samurahh Blog''. Retrieved 8 May 2026</ref> Atuejide o tsere karolo mo motshamekong wa [[Taekwondo]] fa e le kwa sekolong se sebotlana le se segolwane, o ne a le mo setlhopheng se se neng se emetse sekolo sa University ya Ibadan kwa metshamekong ya NUGA go tswa ka 1996 go tsena 1999. O ne a iponela lebante le lentsho ka ngwaga wa 2005 a le mo setlhopheng sa BUDO Taekwondo Club kwa Siegen [[Germany]].<ref>Odoekwu, Joseph (13 January 2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20180316024522/https://sportintelligencemag.com/a-female-taekwondo-black-belt-holder-registers-political-party-nigeria/ "Female Taekwondo Black-belt Holder Registers Political Party In Nigeria".] ''Sport Intelligence Magazine''. Archived from [https://sportintelligencemag.com/a-female-taekwondo-black-belt-holder-registers-political-party-nigeria/ the original] on 16 March 2018. Retrieved 8 May 2026</ref> Atuejide o ne a seka a feta dithuto tsa gagwe tsa itsholelo ya temothuo kwa sekolong sa University ya Ibadan a ya go dira Diploma tsa puo ya se Fora kwa Institut Internationale d'Etudes Française, kwa Université Marc Bloch, kwa Strasbourg, France. Fa a le koo o ne a kopana le monna wa gagwe wa ntlha Frank Becker ba fudugela kwa Germany. O ne a ithutela puo ya German kwa Sprahenschule Siegerland. O ne a dira teko ya go ithuta ka puo ya German kwa University ya Siegen kwa a ithutetseng go tsamaisa dikgwebo teng (Busines Administration).<ref name=":1">[https://urbanwomanmag.com/eunice-atuejide-founder-of-national-interest-party/ "Eunice Atuejide Is The Founder Of The World's First Online Political Party, National Interest Party".] ''Urban Woman Magazine''. 6 October 2018. Retrieved 8 May 2026</ref><ref>[https://theinterview.ng/2018/11/23/know-your-candidate-eunice-atuejide-nip/ "Know Your Candidate: Eunice Atuejide – NIP".] ''TheInterview Nigeria''. 23 November 2018. Retrieved 8 May 2026</ref> Atuejide o ne a dira Diploma ya go dira metshameko ya motshikinyego le go diragatsa kwa New York Film Academy le kwa Sally Johnson's Studios kwa [[New York]], [[USA]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20221206093134/https://election.punchng.com/eunice-atuejide/ "Eunice Atuejide's Profile"]. [[:en:The_Punch|''The Punch''.]] 4 February 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2026</ref> Morago ga dingwaga di supa a dira ebile a rotloetsa metshameko ya motshikinyego ya kwa Nigeria ebile a tlhokometse ba lolwapa lwa gagwe, o ne a boela sekolong go ithuta tsa molao. O feditse Diploma tsa molao, degree tsa molao le thuto ya go bereka mo go tsa molao ga mmogo le di masters tsa molao kwa BPP University kwa Lontone, [[United Kingdom|United Kingdom.]]<ref>Langdon-Down, Grania. [https://www.thetimes.com/best-law-firms/profile-legal/article/scholarships-help-to-beat-the-funding-crisis-hmplt6bwv0r "Scholarships help to beat the funding crisis".] [[:en:The_Times|''The Times''.]] Retrieved 8 May 2026</ref> O ne a boela kwa Nigeria kwa a feditseng thuto e a neng a e tlhoka gore a kgone go nna mmueledi wa kgotlatshekelo e tona ya Nigeria.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180316151838/http://www.beats-onit.com.ng/2018/01/05/nigerians-will-give-nip-total-support-see-sincerity-atuejide/ "Nigerians Will Give NIP Total Support When They See Our Sincerity".] ''Beats-On It''. Archived from [http://www.beats-onit.com.ng/2018/01/05/nigerians-will-give-nip-total-support-see-sincerity-atuejide/ the original] on 16 March 2018. Retrieved 8 May 2026</ref> == Tsa Pereko == Mo go tsa bobueledi, Atuejide o berekela kwa Nigeria le kwa United Kingdom.<ref name=":0" /> Mo go tsa bogwebi, o bereka le tsa maranyane di akaretsa go dira le go tlhokomela maranyane a dikgwebo tse dipotlana le makgotla a bopelotlhomogi. O batlela dikgwebo kwa Yuropa, Aforika, Latin America le Asia madi.<ref name=":1" /> Kgatlhego ya ga Atuejide mo go tsa sepolotiki e ile magoletsa fa a le kwa sekolong sa molao sa Nigeria kwa Abuja. O ne a kgobokanya baithuti ka ene kwa sekolong sa molao ba ba neng ba na le dikgatlhego tse di tshwanang le tsa gagwe tsa sepolotiki, ba bereka mmogo go tlhama phathi ya sepolotiki.<ref>[https://independent.ng/nip-will-put-end-nigerias-leadership-deficiency-atuejide/ "NIP Will Put An End To Nigeria's Leadership Deficiency".] [[:en:Independent_(Nigeria)|''Independent''.]] Lagos, Nigeria. 16 January 2018. Retrieved 8 May 2026</ref> Se se ne sa baka go tlhamiwa le go kwadisiwa ga phathi ya National interest Party (NIP) ka 2018.<ref>[https://dailypost.ng/2018/01/10/inec-registers-21-new-political-parties/ "INEC registers 21 new political parties".] [[:en:Daily_Post_(Nigeria)|''Daily Post''.]] Lagos, Nigeria. 10 January 2018. Retrieved 8 May 2026</ref><ref>[https://nigerianbulletin.com/threads/nigerians%E2%80%99re-tired-of-recycled-politicaians-%E2%80%93atuejide-%E2%80%93-newtelegraph.284476/ "Nigerians're tired of recycled politicians".] ''Nigerian Bulletin''. 12 January 2018. Retrieved 8 May 2026</ref><ref>[https://punchng.com/inec-presents-certificates-to-21-newly-registered-political-parties/ "INEC presents certificates to 21 newly registered political parties".] [[:en:The_Punch|''The Punch''.]] 10 January 2018. Retrieved 8 May 2026</ref> == Metswedi == b5dtidjzdv4z3qpcjo41we6hltp41ni 0 13233 50081 49925 2026-05-23T05:57:43Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 50081 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Flag of South Africa.svg|thumb|291x291px|Folaga ya Naga ya Aforka Borwa]] Kutlwano, Boswa le Kgatelopele Aforika Borwa ke setšhaba se se itsegeng ka ditso tsa sone tse di farologaneng, hisetori ya sone e e tlhomologileng le batho ba yone ba ba kgonang go itshokela maemo. Letsatsi la Aforika Borwa ke tiragalo e e kgethegileng e e ketekang diphitlhelelo tsa naga, kopano le tswelelopele ya temokerasi. Ke nako ya gore baagi ba akanye ka loeto lwa setšhaba, ba anaanele boswa jwa sone le go leba pele kwa isagweng e e botoka.<ref>https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/south-africa-commemorates-freedom-day</ref> Letsatsi la Aforika Borwa le supa moya wa go nna seoposengwe ga batho ba ditso tse di farologaneng, ba dipuo tse di farologaneng le ba madumedi a a farologaneng. Naga eno gantsi e bidiwa "Rainbow Nation" ka ntlha ya go farologana ga yone le go nna mmogo ka kagiso ga ditšhaba tsa yone tse dintsi. Letsatsi leno le gakolola maAforika Borwa gore le fa go na le dikgwetlho tse di fetileng, go nna seoposengwe le go dirisana mmogo go botlhokwa mo kgolong le tlhabololong ya setšhaba.<ref>https://brandsouthafrica.com/180777/news-facts/wearing-south-africa-a-workers-day-celebration-of-craft-culture-and-a-fashion-revolution/</ref> === Hisetori ya Aforika Borwa === Hisetori ya Aforika Borwa e tletse ka go kgaratlha, go intsha setlhabelo le go fenya. Baeteledipele ba le bantsi ba ba pelokgale le baagi ba ba tlwaelegileng ba ne ba lwa kgatlhanong le tlhaolele le tshiamololo go aga setšhaba sa temokerasi se se theilweng mo tekatekanong le ditshwanelo tsa botho. Maiteko a bone a ne a bulela maAforika Borwa otlhe tsela ya go bona kgololesego le tshono<ref>https://iol.co.za/news/south-africa/2026-04-27-what-is-freedom-day-south-africa-marks-32-years-since-the-first-democratic-elections/</ref>. Letsatsi la Aforika Borwa le tlotlomatsa ditlhabelo tseno le go rotloetsa dikokomana tse di santseng di gola go tswelela go aga setšhaba se se siameng le se se akaretsang botlhe. Moletlo ono gape ke tshono ya go bontsha ka fa naga eno e humileng ka teng mo go tsa setso. Mmino wa setso, motantsho, dijo le botaki tsa ditšhaba tse di farologaneng gantsi di a gatelelwa ka nako ya ditiragalo le dikokoano. Go tswa mo dingwaong tsa SeZulu le Sesotho go ya kwa ditlhotlheletsong tsa setso sa Seaforikanse le Seindia, pharologano ya Aforika Borwa ke nngwe ya dilo tse di maatla thata mo go yona.<ref>https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/president-ramaphosa-lead-2026-freedom-day-national-commemoration</ref> === Ditiraglo tsa Letsatsi la Aforika Borwa === Mo go tsa ikonomi le tsa loago, Aforika Borwa e ntse e tswelela pele go gatela pele mo dikarolong tse di jaaka thuto, dikago tsa motheo, thekenoloji le bojanala. Le fa go sa ntse go na le dikgwetlho tse di jaaka botlhokatiro le go tlhoka tekatekano, batho ba Aforika Borwa ba sa ntse ba na le tsholofelo e bile ba ikemiseditse go tlisa diphetogo tse di siameng. Letsatsi la Aforika Borwa le rotloetsa baagi go dira mmogo go fitlhelela tlhabololo ya bosetšhaba le kutlwano ya loago. Kwa bokhutlong, Letsatsi la Aforika Borwa ga se fela go keteka naga; ke go keteka go itshokelana, kgololesego, go farologana le tsholofelo. E gakolola maAforika Borwa otlhe ka ga botlhokwa jwa go nna seoposengwe le maikarabelo a go aga isagwe e e atlegileng ya dikokomana tse di tlang.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sagoodnews.co.za/freedom-day-do-we-still-have-cause-to-celebrate/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2026-05-10 |archive-date=2023-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508175404/https://www.sagoodnews.co.za/freedom-day-do-we-still-have-cause-to-celebrate/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Metswedi == {{reflist}} [[Category:Letsatsi la Aforika Borwa]] [[Category:Aforika Borwa]] 2iojpqc8iqp015naiqrpo5m7kx9o58k 0 13240 50079 49951 2026-05-23T05:09:12Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 50079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Juliana Modetsa Auma|office=Mopalamente wa [[Uganda]]|occupation=Mopolotiki|citizenship=wa kwa [[Uganda]]|party=[[National Resistance Movement]]|image=Auma, Juliana Modest.jpg|birth_date=Phalane a le lesome le bone ngwaga wa 1964}} '''Juliana Modesta Auma''' (o o tshotsweng ka Phalane a le lesome le bone ngwaga wa 1964) ke mopolotiki wa kwa [[Uganda]]. E ne e le leloko la palamente ya borobabongwe ya kwa Uganda a emetse kgaolo ya Abim ka fa tlase ga phathi ya National Resistance Movement. == Loeto lwa sepolotiki == Auma e ne e le mopalamente mo palamenteng ya borobabongwe ya [[Uganda]].<ref name=":0">Joshua, Walakira (23 December 2019). [https://web.archive.org/web/20241127090130/https://mulengeranews.com/pulkol-levels-off-abim-mp-juliana-auma-modesta-with-shs500m-court-bill-she-sold-to-him-fake-land-in-luwero/ "PULKOL LEVELS OFF ABIM MP JULIANA AUMA MODESTA WITH SHS500M COURT BILL (SHE SOLD TO HIM FAKE LAND IN LUWERO) – mulengeranews.com"]. Retrieved 12 May 2026</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180815091530/http://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/ "Members of 9th Parliament".] ''Fortune Of Africa - Uganda''. 7 June 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2026</ref><ref>Kakaire, Sulaiman. [https://observer.ug/news-headlines/nankabirwa-explains-kyankwanzi-fight "Nankabirwa explains Kyankwanzi 'fight'"]. ''The Observer - Uganda''. Retrieved 12 May 2026</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20221006082731/https://everypolitician.org/uganda/parliament/term-table/9.html "EveryPolitician: Uganda - Parliament - 9th Parliament".] ''EveryPolitician''. Retrieved 12 May 2026</ref> O ne a latlhegelwa ke setilo sa gagwe sa palamente ka 2011 go tsena 2016 bontlha bongwe e le ka go ne go begiwa gore o dirisitse dingwaga tsa gagwe tsa bofelo ste tlhano e le mopalamente mo legatong la ntlha go rekisa le go reka lefatshe go na le go buelela batlhophi ba gagwe.<ref name=":0" /> Ka nako ya ditlhopho tsa 2021, o ne a emela ditlhopho tsa bopalamente e le ntlhopheng o o ikemetseng mme a latlhegelwa kgatlhanong le ntlhopheng wa NRM, o e leng ene a leng mo maemong a o gompieno, Janet Akech Okorimoe o o iponetseng ditlhopho di le dikete di supa, makgolo a supa le botlhano, fa Auma a bone di le dikete di supa, makgolo a marataro le borobabobedi.<ref name=":1">[https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/court-throws-out-vote-recount-application-for-abim-woman-mp-race- "Court Throws Out Vote Recount Application for Abim Woman MP Race".] ''Uganda Radionetwork''. Retrieved 12 May 2026</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, Auma o ne a ganetsa maduo a ipelaetsa fa go nnile le tsietso a kopa gore go boelelwe go balwa.<ref name=":1" /> Morago o ne a dira boikuelo jwa ditlhopho jo bo neng jwa tshololwa ke mmakaseterata mogolo Emmanuel Seiko ka mabaka a gore Auma o ne a sena bosupi jo bo tletseng.<ref name=":1" /> O ne a kwalwa e le mongwe wa mapalamente a a masome mararo le bone a Uganda a a buileng makgetho a sa fete botlhano, ba le masome mabedi le borobabongwe ba bone e ne e le ba phathi e e busang ya NRM.<ref>[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/silent-mps-exposed-1546614 "Silent MPs exposed"]. ''Monitor''. 22 January 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2026</ref> == Metswedi == e35qpev7fnb8s1bf72w2o1scdmprcbe 0 13242 50084 49933 2026-05-23T08:17:42Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 50084 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Nakato Kyabangi Katusiime|birth_date=Morule a le masome mabedi le boraro ngwaga wa 1972|citizenship=[[Uganda]]|occupation=Mopolotiki|years active=2011 go tsena 2016|known for=Polotiki|title=Mopalamente wa kgaolo ya Gomba wa mme}} '''Nakato Kyabangi Katusiime''' (o o tshotsweng ka Morule a le masome mabedi le boraro ngwaga wa 1972) ke mopolotiki wa kwa [[Uganda]] le mopalamente wa pele wa kgaolo ya Gomba. E ne e le leloko la mme la palamente ya borobabongwe ya Uganda, a le mo phathing ya National Resistance Movement (NRM).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20221006082731/https://everypolitician.org/uganda/parliament/term-table/9.html "EveryPolitician: Uganda - Parliament - 9th Parliament".] ''EveryPolitician''. Archived from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2026-05-12</ref> O ne a le gareng ga mapalamente a a neng a fiwa dietsele tsa dingwaga tse di masome matlhano ka Phalane a robabongwe ngwaga wa 2012.<ref>[https://eagle.co.ug/2016/09/22/besigye-byanyimas-generals-oyite-ojok-rwigyema-parliament-medal-list/ OCTOBER 9TH 1962 – OCTOBER 9TH 2012 MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT TO BE AWARDED GOLDEN JUBILEE MEDALS]</ref> == Tiro ya sepolotiki == Ka nako ya ditlhopho tsa 2011 tsa lefatshe, Mme Nakato Kyabangi o ne a fenya kgaolo ya botlhophi ya Gomba, a le mo phathing ya National Resistance Movement. Ka nako ya ditlhopho tsa peo lotlhokwa tsa NRM, Nakato o ne a latlhegelwa kgatlhanong le Nayebale ka ditalama di le dikete di robabongwe, makgolo a mabedi, masome a robabongwe le bosupa fa Nayebale a ne a iponela di le dikete di le masome mabedi le motso, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a mararo le botlhano.<ref>Administrator (17 February 2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20181208125538/http://www.elections.co.ug/new-vision/election/1417394/uganda-elections-2016-provisional-parliamentary-results "List of elected Members of Parliament In 2016"]. ''New Vision''. Kampala</ref> == Dikgogakgogano le dikgang tsa molao == Ka ngwaga wa 2014, Nakato Kyabangi Katusiime o ne a lebanwa ke ditlamorago tsa semolao ka sekoloto se a neng a se kolota Kenroy Investments (U) Ltd. Sekoloto se e ne e le sa madi a a kanang ka didikadike di le masome a supa le borobabongwe jwa madi a disheleng tsa Uganda (a lekana le di dolara tsa [[USA|America]] di le dikete di le masome mabedi le bobedi ka nako eo.) Le ntswa go nnile le dikatlholo tsa kgotlatshekelo kgatlhanong le ene, o ne a seka a duela. Ka jalo, mohama wa tlolo molao wa kgotlatshekelo o ne wa mo lebisa kotlhao ya go ya kgolegelong.<ref>[https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined "Gomba MP jailed over sh79m debt".] ''New Vision''. Retrieved 2026-05-12</ref><ref>Sserunjogi, Eriasa Mukiibi. [https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2014/9/3/ugandan-mps-drown-in-debt "Ugandan MPs drown in debt".] ''Al Jazeera''. Retrieved 2026-05-12</ref><ref>"[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/people-power/would-bringing-back-constituency-development-fund-save-mps--1592552 Would bringing back Constituency Development Fund save MPs?".] ''Monitor''. 2021-01-09. Retrieved 2026-05-12</ref> == Metswedi == 33ui361n93htgnouril6c3txwf3jbn0 0 13279 50075 50055 2026-05-22T19:05:35Z Dumbassman 6831 50075 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Basadi ba ba ratanang ka bong jo bo tshwanang, banna ba ba ratanang ka bong jo bo tshwanang, batho ba ba ratanang le bong ka bobedi, batho ba ba fetotseng bong, le ba ba queer''' ('''LGBTQ''') kwa '''Eswatini''' ba na le ditshwanelo tse di lekanyeditsweng tsa semolao. Go ya ka Rock of Hope, setlhopha sa babueledi ba LGBTQ sa baSwati, "ga go na molao o o amogelang LGBTI kgotsa o o sireletsang tshwanelo ya go nna le tshekamelo e e seng ya bong jo bo farologaneng le boitshupo jwa bong mme ka ntlha ya seo [batho ba LGBTQ] ga ba kgone go bua ka tlhamalalo ka tshekamelo ya bone kgotsa boitshupo jwa bong jwa bone ka ntlha ya go tshaba go ganwa le go tlhaolwa." Go ratana ka bong ga banna ga go kafa molaong kwa [[Eswatini]], le fa molao ono o sa diragadiwe. Go ya ka ''Pego ya 2021 ya Mekgwa ya Ditshwanelo tsa Setho'' go tswa kwa Lephateng la Merero ya Lefatshe la United States, "ga go ise go ke go nne le go tshwarwa kgotsa go sekisiwa ka ntlha ya boitshwaro jwa batho ba bong jo bo tshwanang ka tumalano." Le fa go se na tiragatso ya semolao kgatlhanong le tiro ya thobalano ya bong jo bo tshwanang, batho ba LGBTQ kwa Eswatini ka metlha ba lebana le go tlhaolwa le go tshwenngwa mo setšhabeng, go akaretsa le tirisodikgoka. Ka jalo, bontsi bo tlhopha go nna ba sa itshupe kgotsa go fudugela kwa [[Aforika Borwa]] e e mabapi. Le fa go ntse jalo, Eswatini e na le kgotlelelo e e kwa godimo go feta palogare ya batho ba LGBTQ fa e bapisiwa le bontsi jwa mafatshe a mangwe a Aforika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Donnell |first=Belinda |date=3 March 2016 |title=HERE ARE THE MOST AND LEAST TOLERANT COUNTRIES IN AFRICA |url=https://www.undispatch.com/here-are-the-most-and-least-tolerant-countries-in-africa/ |website=UN Dispatch}}</ref> Mogwanto wa ntlha wa boikgantsho wa Eswatini o ne wa tshwarwa ka Seetebosigo 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2018 |title=LGBT Activists Plan First-Ever Pride March in Swaziland |url=https://lasentinel.net/lgbt-activists-plan-first-ever-pride-march-in-swaziland.html}}</ref> == Melao e e malebang le ditiro tsa thobalano tsa batho ba bong jo bo tshwanang == Go ya ka Karolo 252(1) ya Molaomotheo wa Bogosi jwa Eswatini, melao le melawana ya molao o o tlwaelesegileng wa Roman-Dutch e e ntseng e dira mo Eswatini fa e sale ka Tlhakole a le malatsi a masome a mabedi le bobedi ka 1907 (jaaka melao le melawana eo e ne e le teng ka Lwetse a le garataro ka 1968, Letsatsi la Boipuso) e dirisiwa jaaka molao wa Eswatini.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Section 252(1), Constitution of the Kingdom of Swaziland 2005, page 115 |url=http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/SZ/CONSTITUTION%20OF%20THE%20KINGDOM%20OF%20SWAZILAND%202005.pdf}}</ref> Motswedi o mogolo wa molao wa tlwaelo o ka 1907 e ne e le molao wa tlwaelo jaaka o ne o dirisiwa ka nako eo kwa [[Koloning ya Teransefala]], e kwa bofelong e neng ya nna karolo ya [[Aforika Borwa]] .<ref>{{Citation|title=The Law and Legal Research in Swaziland|url=https://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Swaziland1.html#commonlaw}}</ref> Sodoma, e e tlhalosiwang e le dikamano tsa tlhakanelodikobo tsa bong jo bo tshwanang fa gare ga banna, e ne e le tlolomolao go ya ka molao o o tlwaelesegileng wa 1907, e e neng e ka otlhaiwa ka loso kgotsa ka kotlhao e nnye go ya ka tshwetso ya kgotlatshekelo. Mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi, "sodomy" kwa Aforika Borwa e ne e tlhalositswe ke dikgotlatshekelo tsa yone jaaka "thobalano e e seng ka fa molaong le e e dirwang ka bomo ka marago magareng ga banna ba babedi." Tlhaloso e e lolea e e ne ya tlogela setlhopha sa masalela sa "ditiro tsa thobalano tse di seng tsa tlholego" tse di thibetsweng tse di bidiwang ka kakaretso "tlolomolao e e seng ya tlholego", e e neng e akaretsa bonnye ditiro tseo tsa thobalano magareng ga banna tse di neng di sa akaretse go tsena mo maragong<ref name="Scott" /> mme go lebega di ise di ko di akaretse ditiro tsa thobalano magareng ga basadi.<ref name="Scott" /> Gore a ditiragalo tseno mo Aforikaborwa di nnile le ditlamorago mo molaong wa tlwaelo wa Eswatini ga go tlhomamisege. [[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]] (ILGA) o gatelela gore tlhaloso ya Eswatini ya "sodomy" e tshwana le ya Aforika Borwa le gore ditiro tsa thobalano tsa basadi ba bong jo bo tshwanang di ka fa molaong.<ref>{{Citation|url=https://ilga.org/downloads/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2012.pdf|title=State-sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of laws prohibiting same sex activity between consenting adults|date=May 2012|last1=Itaborahy|first1=Lucas Paoli|first2=Eddie|last2=Bruce-Jones|publisher=ILGA World}}</ref><ref name="beast">{{Cite news|last1=Teeman|first1=Tim|title=The LGBT Heroes Fighting to Hold the First Ever Pride in Swaziland|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-lgbt-heroes-fighting-to-hold-the-first-ever-pride-in-swaziland|date=4 April 2018}}</ref> Molao wa Eswatini wa sodomy ga o diragadiwe. Tona ya Molao o boletse gangwe le gape gore melao ya bone ga se go sekisa bagolo ba ba dumelaneng.<ref name="2021 US State" /> Ga go na go tshwarwa kgotsa go sekisiwa mo go itsiweng ka ntlha ya tiro ya thobalano ya bong jo bo tshwanang ka tumalano.<ref name="2021 US State" /> Le fa go ntse jalo, ditlhopha tsa LGBTQ di ntse di nyatsa mokgwa ono: "Mo go rona, go utlwala e kete o tshwere tlhobolo o bo o re molao wa gago ga se go thuntsha." Ba ile ba nganga gore tsela e le nosi fela ya go phimola molao wa lefatshe wa sodomy ke go feta ka dikgotlatshekelo.<ref name="beast">{{Cite news|last1=Teeman|first1=Tim|title=The LGBT Heroes Fighting to Hold the First Ever Pride in Swaziland|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-lgbt-heroes-fighting-to-hold-the-first-ever-pride-in-swaziland|access-date=18 June 2022|date=4 April 2018|quote=Simelane said{{nbsp}}... '... the anti-sodomy law is not used to prosecute consenting adults,' he said. The police used the law to prosecute those accused of raping underage males.}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTeeman2018">Teeman, Tim (4 April 2018). [https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-lgbt-heroes-fighting-to-hold-the-first-ever-pride-in-swaziland "The LGBT Heroes Fighting to Hold the First Ever Pride in Swaziland"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2022</span>. <q>Simelane said<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>... '... the anti-sodomy law is not used to prosecute consenting adults,' he said. The police used the law to prosecute those accused of raping underage males.</q></cite></ref> == Metswedi == {{reflist}} 58xq3uyj462ci04b18yqo5ipzl57bdf 0 13284 50074 50071 2026-05-22T19:04:52Z Dumbassman 6831 50074 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Leprosy|synonym=Hansen disease (HD)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Worobec |first1=SM |title=Treatment of leprosy/Hansen's disease in the early 21st century. |journal=Dermatologic Therapy |date=2008 |volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=518–37 |doi=10.1111/j.1529-8019.2009.01274.x |pmid=19889136}}</ref>|image=Tropmed-91-216-g001.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=Rash on the chest and abdomen due to leprosy|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ɛ|p|r|ə|s|i}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/leprosy |title=Definition of leprosy |publisher=The Free Dictionary |access-date=2015-01-25 |archive-date=2015-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222163011/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/leprosy |url-status=live }}</ref>|specialty=[[Infection|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=Decreased ability to feel pain<ref name=Aka2012 />|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=''[[Mycobacterium leprae]]'' or ''[[Mycobacterium lepromatosis]]''<ref name=WHO2014 /><ref name="New2008">{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/11/081124141047.htm|title=New Leprosy Bacterium: Scientists Use Genetic Fingerprint To Nail 'Killing Organism'|date=2008-11-28|work=ScienceDaily|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100313064458/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/11/081124141047.htm|archive-date=2010-03-13|url-status=live|access-date=2010-01-31}}</ref>|risks=Close contact with a case of leprosy, living in poverty<ref name=Aka2012 /><ref name="Schreuder2016">{{cite journal|title=Epidemiologic trends of leprosy for the 21st century |author1=Schreuder, P.A.M. |author2=Noto, S. |author3=Richardus J.H. |journal=Clinics in Dermatology |volume=34 |issue=1 |date=January 2016 |pages=24–31 |doi=10.1016/j.clindermatol.2015.11.001|pmid=26773620 }}</ref>|diagnosis=|differential=|prevention=|treatment=Multidrug therapy<ref name=WHO2014 />|medication=[[Rifampicin]], [[dapsone]], [[clofazimine]]<ref name=Aka2012 />|prognosis=|frequency=127,558 (2020)<ref name=WHO2022/>|deaths=|named after=[[Gerhard Armauer Hansen]]<ref name="Aka2012"/>}}'''Lepero''', le le itsegeng gape jaaka '''bolwetse jwa Hansen''' ('''HD'''), ke seemo sa letlalo se se bakwang ke mogate wa ''Mycobacterium leprae'' kgotsa ''Mycobacterium lepromatosis''.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|title=Leprosy Fact sheet N°101|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs101/en/|website=World Health Organization|date=January 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212084309/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs101/en/|archive-date=2013-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sotiriou|first=MC|last2=Stryjewska|first2=BM|last3=Hill|first3=C|date=7 September 2016|title=Two Cases of Leprosy in Siblings Caused by Mycobacterium lepromatosis and Review of the Literature.|journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene|volume=95|issue=3|pages=522–7|doi=10.4269/ajtmh.16-0076|pmc=5014252|pmid=27402522}}</ref> Mogate o o baka tshenyo ya ditshika, tsela ya go hema, letlalo le matlho.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Tshenyo eno ya ditshika e ka felela ka gore motho a se ka a kgona go utlwa botlhoko, mme seno se ka dira gore motho a latlhegelwe ke dikarolo tsa dintlha tsa gagwe ka ntlha ya go gobala gangwe le gape kgotsa go tshwaetsega ka ntlha ya dintho tse di sa lemogiweng.<ref name="Aka2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Suzuki K, Akama T, Kawashima A, Yoshihara A, Yotsu RR, Ishii N|title=Current status of leprosy: epidemiology, basic science and clinical perspectives.|journal=The Journal of Dermatology|volume=39|issue=2|pages=121–9|date=February 2012|pmid=21973237|doi=10.1111/j.1346-8138.2011.01370.x}}</ref> Motho yo amilweng ke lepero gape o ka nna a nna le bokoa mo mmeleng go sa bone sentle.<ref name="Aka2012" /> Dikaii tsa lepero di tsaya lobakeng lwa ngwaga o le mongwe go bonala kgotsa go itshupa mme mo bathong bangwe Dikai di ka tsaya dingwaga di le masome a mabedi kgotsa go feta gore di bonale.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Lepero le anama fa gare ga batho, le fa go tlhokega gore batho ba kopane thata.<ref name="Aka2012" /><ref name="CDC2013T" /> Palo ya batho e e ka tshwarang 95% e tsenwang ke ''M. leprae'' ga ba nne le bolwetse jono.<ref name="WHO2018Tx">{{Cite web|title=Guidelines for the Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Leprosy|url=https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/274127/9789290226383-eng.pdf?ua=1|website=WHO|access-date=24 May 2024|archive-date=25 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525123105/https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/274127/9789290226383-eng.pdf?ua=1|url-status=live}}</ref> Go akanngwa gore go anama go diragala ka go gotlhola kgotsa go amana le matute a a tswang mo nkong ya motho yo o amilweng ke lepero.<ref name="CDC2013T">{{Cite web|title=Hansen's Disease (Leprosy) Transmission|url=https://www.cdc.gov/leprosy/transmission/|website=cdc.gov|access-date=28 February 2015|date=April 29, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313120028/http://www.cdc.gov/leprosy/transmission/|archive-date=13 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="WHO2018Tx" /> Mabaka a dijini le tiro ya masole a mmele a na le seabe mo go reng motho o tshwarwa ke bolwetse jo botlhofo go le kana kang.<ref name="WHO2018Tx" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Montoya|first=D|last2=Modlin|first2=RL|title=Learning from leprosy: insight into the human innate immune response.|journal=Advances in Immunology|date=2010|volume=105|pages=1–24|doi=10.1016/S0065-2776(10)05001-7|pmid=20510728|isbn=9780123813022}}</ref> Lepero ga le aname ka nako ya boimana go ya kwa baneng ba ba iseng ba tsholwe, kgotsa ka go tlhakanela dikobo.<ref name="CDC2013T" /> Lepero le bonala thata mo bathong ba ba tshelang mo lehumeng.<ref name="Aka2012" /> Mefuta e mebedi e megolo ya malwetse – paucibacillary le multibacillary – e farologana ka palo ya mogare wa dibakateria tse di leng teng.<ref name="Aka2012" /> Motho yo o nang le bolwetse jwa paucibacillary o na le dipatso tsa letlalo tse di safoleng a na le mmala o o bokoa fa motho yo o nang le bolwetse jwa multibacillary a na le mebala ya letlalo a a fetang botlhano.<ref name="Aka2012" /> Lepero le lemogiwa ka go bona mo go bitswang di-bacilli tse di bofefo go tlhotlhora asitigo dirisiwa maranyane a biopsy ya letlalo.<ref name="Aka2012" /> Lepero le alafega ka kalafi ya melemo e mentsi.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Kalafi ya lepero le le nang le sebaka se sennye ke ka melemo ya dapsone, rifampicin, le clofazimine dikgwedi di le thataro.<ref name="WHO2018Tx" /> Kalafi ya lepero la multibacillary e dirisa melemo e e tshwanang lebaka la dikgwedi di le lesome le bobedi.<ref name="WHO2018Tx" /> Dibolayamegare tse dingwe di le mmalwa le tsone di ka dirisiwa.<ref name="Aka2012" /> Dikalafi tse di fiwa mahala ke [[World Health Organisation|Lekgotla la mafatshefatshe la Boitekanelo]].<ref name="WHO2014" /> Batho ba ba tshwerweng ke lepero ba kgona go nna le malapa a bone ,ba tsena sekolo le go bereka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/features/world-leprosy-day/index.html|title=World Leprosy Day|last=CDC|date=2018-01-26|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=2019-07-04|archive-date=2019-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615103205/https://www.cdc.gov/features/world-leprosy-day/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Lefatshe ka bophara, mafatshe a le lesome le borataro a na le dikgetsi tse di fetang 95%, mme 80% ya Palo yothe e diragala kwa mafatsheng a India, Brazil le Indonesia.<ref name="Andrew2020">{{Cite book|last=James|first=William D.|last2=Elston|first2=Dirk|last3=Treat|first3=James R.|last4=Rosenbach|first4=Misha A.|last5=Neuhaus|first5=Isaac|title=Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology|date=2020|publisher=Elsevier|location=Edinburgh|isbn=978-0-323-54753-6|pages=336-346|edition=13th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UEaEDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA336&dq=Hansen+disease&hl=en|language=en|chapter=17. Hansen disease|access-date=2022-10-01|archive-date=2022-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001141128/https://books.google.com/books?id=UEaEDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA336&dq=Hansen+disease&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2018, go ne go na le dikgetsi tsa lepero di le 209,000 lefatshe ka bophara, go tswa go dimilione di le 5.2 ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980.<ref name="WHO2020Epi">{{Cite web|title=Leprosy|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leprosy|website=www.who.int|access-date=10 February 2020|language=en|archive-date=31 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131105038/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leprosy|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="WHOEpi2012">{{Cite journal|title=Global leprosy situation, 2012|journal=Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec.|volume=87|issue=34|pages=317–28|date=August 2012|pmid=22919737|doi=|url=}}</ref><ref name="Rod2011">{{Cite journal|last=Rodrigues LC|last2=Lockwood DNj|title=Leprosy now: epidemiology, progress, challenges, and research gaps.|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|volume=11|issue=6|pages=464–70|date=June 2011|pmid=21616456|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70006-8}}</ref> Mo dingwageng di le masome a mabedi go tloga ka 1994 go fitlha ka 2014, batho ba le dimilione di le lesome le borataro mo lefatsheng lotlhe ba ne ba alafelwa lepero.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Go lemogilwe dikgetsi tse diša di le 227 558 lefatshe ka bophara ka ngwaga wa 2020.<ref name="WHO2022">{{Cite web|title=Leprosy|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leprosy|website=www.who.int|access-date=1 October 2022|language=en|archive-date=31 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131105038/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leprosy|url-status=live}}</ref> Go begwa dikgetsi di ka nna makgolo a mabedi ka ngwaga kwa lefatsheng la United States.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hansen's Disease Data & Statistics|url=http://www.hrsa.gov/hansensdisease/dataandstatistics.html|website=Health Resources and Services Administration|access-date=12 January 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104183206/http://www.hrsa.gov/hansensdisease/dataandstatistics.html|archive-date=4 January 2015}}</ref> Kwa lefatsheng la USA, 90% ya dikgetsi di tswa kwa ntle mme kwa Hawaii le kwa setlhaketlhake ng sa borwabotlhaba dikgetsi di ka bonwa mo lefelong la gaeno.<ref name="Andrew2020" /> Bolwetse jwa lepero bo amile batho sebaka sa diketekete tsa dingwaga.<ref name="Aka2012" /> Bolwetse jono bo tsere leina la jone go tswa mo lefokong la Segerika [[Template:Lang-grc|la Thempoleite:Lang-grc]] ( ''léprā'' ), go tswa mo [[Template:Lang-grc|Thempoleite:Lang-grc]] ( ''lepís'' ; "sekale"), fa lereo "bolwetse jwa ga Hansen" le reeletswe ka ngaka go tswa lefatsheng la Norway e bong Gerhard Armauer Hansen.<ref name="Aka2012" /> Bolwetse jwa lepero bo ntse bo amanngwa le go tlhoka maitseo mo setšhabeng, jo bo tswelelang go nna sekgoreletsi mo go ipegeleng le mo go alafeng go sa le nako.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Go kgaoganya batho ba ba amilweng ke lepero ka go ba baya mo dikoloning tsa balepero go sa ntse go diragala mo mafelong mangwe a India, China, Afrika.<ref name="Byr2008">{{Cite book|last=Byrne|first=Joseph P.|title=Encyclopedia of pestilence, pandemics, and plagues|year=2008|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Conn.[u.a.]|isbn=978-0-313-34102-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofpe00jose_0/page/351 351]|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofpe00jose_0|url-access=registration}}</ref> le Thailand. Bontsi jwa dikoloni di tswetswe, ka lepero le sa tshelanwe thata.<ref name="Byr2008" /> Bangwe ba tsaya lefoko "lepero" le kgopisa, ba rata polelo "motho yo o amilweng ke lepero".<ref>{{Cite book|last=editors|first=Enrico Nunzi, Cesare Massone|title=Leprosy a practical guide|date=2012|publisher=Springer|location=Milan|isbn=978-88-470-2376-5|page=326|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQ2k0xgIph4C&pg=PA326|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908221750/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQ2k0xgIph4C&pg=PA326|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref> Lepero le tlhaolwa jaaka bolwetse jwa boboatsatsi jo bo sa tlhokomelweng kana io bo ikgatholositsweng.<ref name="NTD2017">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ntd/diseases/index.html|title=Neglected Tropical Diseases|date=June 6, 2011|website=cdc.gov|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204084219/http://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ntd/diseases/index.html|archive-date=4 December 2014|access-date=28 November 2014}}</ref> Letsatsi la Lefatshe la Lepero le simolotswe ka ngwaga wa 1954 go tsibosa batho ba ba amilweng ke lepero.<ref>{{Cite book|last=McMenamin|first=Dorothy|title=Leprosy and stigma in the South Pacific: a region-by-region history with first person accounts|year=2011|publisher=McFarland|location=Jefferson, N.C.|isbn=978-0-7864-6323-7|page=17|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZPvQTJ8SE0C&pg=PA17|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519061228/https://books.google.com/books?id=lZPvQTJ8SE0C&pg=PA17|archive-date=2016-05-19}}</ref> == Ditshupiso == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 6j5clp5rcu8k3u71n7l4t9a155fipm9