Wikipedia tnwiki https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsebe_ya_konokono MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.4 first-letter Pego Faphegileng Puisano Modirisi Puisano ya modirisi Wikipedia Puisano ya Wikipedia Setshwantsho Puisano ya setshwantsho MediaWiki Puisano ya MediaWiki Tempolete Puisano ya tempolete Thuso Puisano ya thuso Karolo Puisano ya karolo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 3 9233 50154 49147 2026-06-03T02:09:18Z MediaWiki message delivery 3506 /* Final Reminder: Submission of Local Winners for Feminism and Folklore 2026 */ new section 50154 wikitext text/x-wiki == Page deletion == I would like to delete this page since I have a proper user page, I need some help. [[Modirisi:Mothusi Sekhomba|Mothusi Sekhomba]] ([[Puisano ya modirisi:Mothusi Sekhomba|talk]]) 18:08, 2 Sedimonthole 2023 (CAT) == Feminism and Folklore 2026 – Community Organisers & Jury == Hello {{PAGENAME}}!, Thank you for taking the lead in organising '''Feminism and Folklore 2026''' in your community. We truly appreciate your efforts! To ensure a smooth and successful campaign, please make sure you have: * Fully completed all details on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Feminism and Folklore 2026 Project Page]]: * Started promoting the campaign within your community. * Requested a local administrator to place a '''sitenotice''' about the campaign so users are notified. * Used the '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/fnf/ Article List Generator Tool]''' and shared the generated article lists with your community. === Internet & Childcare Support === Community organisers and jury members who require '''internet and childcare support''' (non-mandatory, opt-in, request-only support) should fill the support request form '''by 22 February 2026'''. '''[https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeutXEF1yTnJfExWUYPIf6SkhcnTgul07BeI-biqT4RE_vsrA/viewform Link to the form]''' Requests submitted after this date will not be entertained. === Important Participation Guidelines === * Minimum article size: '''3000 bytes and 300 words''' (final decision may be set by local organisers). * If your country is not listed on the Article list generator tool, please contact us. === Community Engagement === * Keep your community active and motivated throughout the campaign. * Share your achievements and notable articles with us so we can highlight them globally. * In the support form, please indicate if you would like a '''quick coordination call after the campaign'''. Let’s make '''Feminism and Folklore''', under the banner of '''#WeTogether''', help bridge the '''gender gap''' and '''folklore gap''' on Wikipedia worldwide. 🌍✊ Thank you for your collaboration! ''If someone from your community organisers or jury has missed this message feel free to share this message with them.'' Feminism and Folklore International Team. –[[Modirisi:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Puisano ya modirisi:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 07:17, 16 Tlhakole 2026 (CAT) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/fnf26&oldid=30083330 --> == Next Steps and Feedback meeting for Feminism and Folklore Organizers == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge; padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|center|550px|frameless]] <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="padding: 1em 2em;"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> Dear Organizer, I hope this message finds you well. First and foremost, on behalf of the International Team I want to extend my gratitude to you for your efforts in organizing the '''Feminism and Folklore 2026''' campaign on your local Wikipedia. Your contribution has been instrumental in bridging the gender and folk gap on Wikipedia, and we truly appreciate your dedication to this important cause. As the campaign has ended I wanted to inform you about the next steps. It's time to commence the jury process using the CampWiz or Fountain tool where your campaign was hosted. Please ensure that you update the details of the jury, campaign links and the names of organizers accurately on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|sign-up page]]. Once the jury process is completed, kindly update only the top 3 winners details on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Results|results page]] accordingly. The deadline for jury submission of results is '''April 30, 2026'''. However, if you find that the number of articles is high and you require more time, please don't hesitate to inform us via email or on campaign Meta Wiki talk page. We are more than willing to approve an extension if needed. Should you encounter any issues with the tools, please feel free to reach out to us on Telegram for assistance. Your feedback and progress updates are crucial for us to improve the campaign and better understand your community's insights. Therefore, we kindly ask you to spare just an hour to collectively share your progress and achievements with us during our '''[[:m:Event:Feminism and Folklore 2026 Post-Campaign Office Hour|community feedback session]]'''. Your input will greatly assist us in making the campaign more meaningful and impactful. Thank you once again for your hard work and dedication to the Feminism and Folklore campaign. Your efforts are deeply appreciated, and we look forward to hearing from you soon. Warm regards, [[User:Tiven2240|Tiven2240]] on behalf of Feminism and Folklore International Team <nowiki>#WeTogether</nowiki> </div></div> --[[Modirisi:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Puisano ya modirisi:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 13:57, 11 Moranang 2026 (CAT) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/fnf26&oldid=30391231 --> == Final Reminder: Submission of Local Winners for Feminism and Folklore 2026 == Dear Feminism and Folklore organiser, This is a friendly reminder that the deadline for submitting the names and details of your local winners for '''Feminism and Folklore 2026''' is '''5 June 2026'''. Please ensure that your community's [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Results|winner information]] is submitted before this date. Communities that do not provide their winner data by the deadline will unfortunately not be eligible for prize distribution, and the international organizing team will not be able to accommodate late submissions received after 5 June 2026. Thank you for your prompt attention to this matter and for your participation in the campaign. Best regards, '''Feminism and Folklore International Organizing Team''' --[[Modirisi:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Puisano ya modirisi:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 04:09, 3 Seetebosigo 2026 (CAT) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/wlf2026&oldid=30627457 --> nmrz7xguyykxcxnidc7upu521bcpher 3 12664 50155 49146 2026-06-03T02:09:18Z MediaWiki message delivery 3506 /* Final Reminder: Submission of Local Winners for Feminism and Folklore 2026 */ new section 50155 wikitext text/x-wiki == Feminism and Folklore 2026 – Community Organisers & Jury == Hello {{PAGENAME}}!, Thank you for taking the lead in organising '''Feminism and Folklore 2026''' in your community. We truly appreciate your efforts! To ensure a smooth and successful campaign, please make sure you have: * Fully completed all details on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Feminism and Folklore 2026 Project Page]]: * Started promoting the campaign within your community. * Requested a local administrator to place a '''sitenotice''' about the campaign so users are notified. * Used the '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/fnf/ Article List Generator Tool]''' and shared the generated article lists with your community. === Internet & Childcare Support === Community organisers and jury members who require '''internet and childcare support''' (non-mandatory, opt-in, request-only support) should fill the support request form '''by 22 February 2026'''. '''[https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeutXEF1yTnJfExWUYPIf6SkhcnTgul07BeI-biqT4RE_vsrA/viewform Link to the form]''' Requests submitted after this date will not be entertained. === Important Participation Guidelines === * Minimum article size: '''3000 bytes and 300 words''' (final decision may be set by local organisers). * If your country is not listed on the Article list generator tool, please contact us. === Community Engagement === * Keep your community active and motivated throughout the campaign. * Share your achievements and notable articles with us so we can highlight them globally. * In the support form, please indicate if you would like a '''quick coordination call after the campaign'''. Let’s make '''Feminism and Folklore''', under the banner of '''#WeTogether''', help bridge the '''gender gap''' and '''folklore gap''' on Wikipedia worldwide. 🌍✊ Thank you for your collaboration! ''If someone from your community organisers or jury has missed this message feel free to share this message with them.'' Feminism and Folklore International Team. –[[Modirisi:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Puisano ya modirisi:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 07:17, 16 Tlhakole 2026 (CAT) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/fnf26&oldid=30083330 --> == Next Steps and Feedback meeting for Feminism and Folklore Organizers == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge; padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|center|550px|frameless]] <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="padding: 1em 2em;"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> Dear Organizer, I hope this message finds you well. First and foremost, on behalf of the International Team I want to extend my gratitude to you for your efforts in organizing the '''Feminism and Folklore 2026''' campaign on your local Wikipedia. Your contribution has been instrumental in bridging the gender and folk gap on Wikipedia, and we truly appreciate your dedication to this important cause. As the campaign has ended I wanted to inform you about the next steps. It's time to commence the jury process using the CampWiz or Fountain tool where your campaign was hosted. Please ensure that you update the details of the jury, campaign links and the names of organizers accurately on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|sign-up page]]. Once the jury process is completed, kindly update only the top 3 winners details on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Results|results page]] accordingly. The deadline for jury submission of results is '''April 30, 2026'''. However, if you find that the number of articles is high and you require more time, please don't hesitate to inform us via email or on campaign Meta Wiki talk page. We are more than willing to approve an extension if needed. Should you encounter any issues with the tools, please feel free to reach out to us on Telegram for assistance. Your feedback and progress updates are crucial for us to improve the campaign and better understand your community's insights. Therefore, we kindly ask you to spare just an hour to collectively share your progress and achievements with us during our '''[[:m:Event:Feminism and Folklore 2026 Post-Campaign Office Hour|community feedback session]]'''. Your input will greatly assist us in making the campaign more meaningful and impactful. Thank you once again for your hard work and dedication to the Feminism and Folklore campaign. Your efforts are deeply appreciated, and we look forward to hearing from you soon. Warm regards, [[User:Tiven2240|Tiven2240]] on behalf of Feminism and Folklore International Team <nowiki>#WeTogether</nowiki> </div></div> --[[Modirisi:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Puisano ya modirisi:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 13:57, 11 Moranang 2026 (CAT) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/fnf26&oldid=30391231 --> == Final Reminder: Submission of Local Winners for Feminism and Folklore 2026 == Dear Feminism and Folklore organiser, This is a friendly reminder that the deadline for submitting the names and details of your local winners for '''Feminism and Folklore 2026''' is '''5 June 2026'''. Please ensure that your community's [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Results|winner information]] is submitted before this date. Communities that do not provide their winner data by the deadline will unfortunately not be eligible for prize distribution, and the international organizing team will not be able to accommodate late submissions received after 5 June 2026. Thank you for your prompt attention to this matter and for your participation in the campaign. Best regards, '''Feminism and Folklore International Organizing Team''' --[[Modirisi:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Puisano ya modirisi:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 04:09, 3 Seetebosigo 2026 (CAT) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/wlf2026&oldid=30627457 --> 9446qwcp1gukenpcbekyhovrhh15ote 0 13293 50156 2026-06-03T07:59:55Z MmaBaggio 11091 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1503213|Malnutrition]] to:tn #mdwikicx 50156 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Malnutrition|synonym=Malnourishment|image=A malnourished child in an MSF treatment tent in Dolo Ado.jpg|image_size=280px|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=An underfed child in an [[MSF]] treatment tent in [[Dolo Ado|Dolo Ado]]|pronounce=|specialty=[[Intensive care medicine|Critical care medicine]]|symptoms=Problems with physical or mental development, poor energy levels, hair loss, swollen legs and [[abdomen]]<ref name=FFL2010/><ref name=Young2012/>|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=Eating a [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]] in which [[nutrient]]s are either not enough or are too much, [[malabsorption]]<ref name=Dor2017/><ref name=PapadiaDiSabatino2014/>|risks=Not [[breastfeed]], [[gastroenteritis]], [[pneumonia]], [[malaria]], [[measles]]<ref name=WHO2014/>|diagnosis=|differential=|prevention=Improving agricultural practices, reducing [[poverty]], improving [[sanitation]], [[empowering women|empowerment of women]]<ref name=UK2012/><ref name=solcultivateplanet/>|treatment=Improved [[nutrition]], [[dietary supplements|supplementation]], [[therapeutic food#Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food|ready-to-use therapeutic foods]], treating the underlying cause<ref name=UK2012/><ref name=Bh2013/><ref name=KastinBuchman2002/>|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=821 million undernourished / 11% of the population (2017)<ref name=UNFAO2018/>|deaths=406,000 from nutritional deficiencies (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De/>|named after=}} '''Mopalo''' ke seemo sa botsogo se se bakwang ke go ja dijo tse mo go tsone dikotla di le nngwe kgotsa go feta di sa lekanang kgotsa di le dintsi thata mo e leng gore dijo tseo di baka mathata a botsogo. O ka akaretsa dikhalori, poroteine, dikhabohaetereite, mafura, dibitamini kgotsa diminerale.<ref name="FFL2010" /> Go tlhoka dikotla tse di lekaneng go bidiwa '''Mopalo''' fa go feta selekanyo go bidiwa phepelo e e feteletseng.<ref name="Young2012">{{Cite book|last=Young|first=E.M.|title=Food and development|date=2012|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon, Oxon|isbn=978-1-135-99941-4|pages=36–38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XhwKwNzJVjQC&pg=PA36|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805174628/https://books.google.com/books?id=XhwKwNzJVjQC&pg=PA36|url-status=live}}</ref> Mopalo gantsi o dirisiwa go kaya phepelotlase fa motho a sa bone dikhalori tse di lekaneng, poroteine, kgotsa dikotlapotlana.<ref name="Young2012" /><ref name="Jones2011">{{Cite book|title=Essentials of International Health|date=2011|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers|isbn=978-1-4496-6771-9|page=194|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt7TqZPZSlIC&pg=PA194|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805234948/https://books.google.com/books?id=lt7TqZPZSlIC&pg=PA194|url-status=live}}</ref> Fa go tlhoka phepo go diragala ka nako ya boimana, kgotsa pele ga dingwaga di le pedi, go ka felela ka mathata a leruri a kgolo ya mmele le ya tlhaloganyo.<ref name="FFL2010" /> Go tlhoka phepo e e feteletseng, go go bidiwang tlala, go ka nna le megare e akaretsang : boleele jo bokhutshwane, mmele o mosesane, maatla a a bokoa thata, le maoto a a rurugileng le mpa.<ref name="FFL2010" /><ref name="Young2012" /> Batho le bona gantsi ba tsenwa ke megare mme ba tsenwa ke serame kgapetsakgapetsa.<ref name="Young2012" /> Dikai tsa tlhaelo ya dikotla tse dinnye di ikaegile dikotla tse dinnye tse di tlhaelang.<ref name="Young2012" /> Go sa ja entle gantsi go bakwa ke go tlhoka dijo tse di lekaneng tsa boleng jo bo kwa godimo tse di ka jewang. Se gantsi se amana le ditlhwatlhwa tse di kwa godimo tsa dijo le lehuma.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Go tlhoka go amusa go ka nna ga nna le seabe, fela jaaka go ka nna le malwetse a le mmalwa a a tshelanwang a a tshwanang le: gastroenteritis, [[nyumonia]], malaria, le [[Mmokwane|mmoko]], tse di oketsang tlhaelo ya dikotla.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Go na le mefuta e mebedi e megolo ya Mopalo: Tlhaelo dikota tsa diporoteine le maatla le go tlhaela dijo.<ref name="Jones2011" /> Kotla e e kwa tlase ya diporoteine-maatla e na le mefuta e mebedi e e masisi: marasmus (go tlhoka diporoteine le dikhalori) le kwashiorkor (go tlhoka diporoteine fela).<ref name="Young2012" /> Ditlhaelo tse di tlwaelegileng tsa Mmopamo di akaretsa : tlhaelo ya tshipi, ayodine, le bithamini A.<ref name="Young2012" /> Ka nako ya boimana, ka ntlha ya tlhokego e e oketsegileng ya mmele, ditlhaelo di ka nna tsa tlwaelega thata.<ref>{{Cite book|editor-last=Arora|editor-first=Mala|editor-last2=Konje|editor-first2=Justin C.|title=Recurrent pregnancy loss|date=2007|publisher=Jaypee Bros. Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8448-006-1|edition=2nd}}</ref> Mo mafatsheng mangwe a tlhabologang,dikotla tse di feteletseng ka mokgwa wa bokima jo bo feteletseng e simolola go bonala mo baaging ba ba tshwanang le mmopamo. Dilo tse dingwe tse di bakang mmopamo di akaretsa anorexia nervosa le loaro le le fokotsang mmele.<ref>{{Cite book|editor-last3=Prentice|first3=Andrew|editor-first=Benjamin|editor-last=Caballero|editor-first2=Lindsay|editor-last2=Allen|title=Encyclopedia of human nutrition|date=2005|publisher=Elsevier/Academic Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-0-08-045428-3|page=68|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DHtERWm0mrcC&pg=RA1-PA68|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805141617/https://books.google.com/books?id=DHtERWm0mrcC&pg=RA1-PA68|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Stoelting's anesthesia and co-existing disease|date=2012|publisher=Saunders/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-4557-3812-0|page=324|edition=6th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yxTtmJYPUV0C&pg=PA324|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805182252/https://books.google.com/books?id=yxTtmJYPUV0C&pg=PA324|url-status=live}}</ref> Maiteko a go tokafatsa dikotla ke mefuta mengwe e e nonofileng thata ya thuso ya tlhabololo . Go amusa go ka fokotsa selekanyo sa mopalo le dintsho mo baneng, mme maiteko a go rotloetsa mokgwa ono a oketsa selekanyo sa go amusa. Mo baneng ba ba botlana, go tlamela ka dijo (mo godimo ga mashi a lebele) fa gare ga dikgwedi di le thataro le dingwaga di le pedi go tokafatsa ditlamorago.<ref name="Bh2013" /> Gape go na le bosupi jo bo siameng jo bo tshegetsang tlaleletso ya dikotla tse dinnye di le mmalwa mo basading ka nako ya boimana le mo baneng ba ba botlana mo mafatsheng a tlhabologang.<ref name="Bh2013" /> Go fitlhelela dijo kwa bathong ba ba di tlhokang thata, bobedi go isa dijo le go tlamela ka madi gore batho ba kgone go reka dijo mo teng ga mebaraka ya selegae go a atlega.<ref name="UK2012" /> Go jesa baithuti fela kwa sekolong ga go a lekana.<ref name="UK2012" /> Tlhokomelo ya mmopamo e e masisi mo teng ga legae la motho ka dijo tsa kalafi tse di siametseng go dirisiwa e a kgonega bontsi jwa nako.<ref name="Bh2013" /> Mo go ba ba nang le Mmopamo o o masisi o o aparatsweng ke mathata a mangwe a botsogo, go kgothalediwa gore ba alafelwe kwa bookelong.<ref name="Bh2013" /> Se gantsi se akaretsa go laola sukiri e e kwa tlase mo mading le mogote, go samagana le go felelwa ke metsi mo mmeleng, le go jesa ka iketlo.<ref name="Bh2013" /><ref name="WHO2003">{{Cite book|last=Ann Ashworth|title=Guidelines for the inpatient treatment of severely malnourished children|date=2003|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-154609-6}}</ref> Dibolayamegare tsa ka gale gantsi di a kgothalediwa ka ntlha ya kotsi e e kwa godimo ya megare.<ref name="WHO2003" /> Dikgato tsa di telele di akaretsa: go tokafatsa mekgwa ya temothuo, go fokotsa lehuma, go tokafatsa kgeleloleswe, le go rututsha basadi.<ref name="UK2012" /> Go ne go na le batho ba le di dikadike tse makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mabedi le motso ba ba sa jeng sentle mo lefatsheng ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi lesome le borobabobedi( 2018) (10.8% ya palogotlhe ya baagi). Se ke phokotsego ya selekayo sa didikadike di le lekgolo,masome a supa le borataro (176&nbsp;) tsa batho fa e sale ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe(1990) fa 23% e ne e sa fiwe kgotsa e sa je sentle, mme koketsego ya batho ba ka nna didikadike tse masome a mararo le borataro fa e sale ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,le lesome le botlhano, fa 10.6% e ne e sa je kgotsa fiwe dijo sentle. Ka gwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi (2012), go ne ga akayetswa gore batho ba bangwe ba le dibilione ba ne ba tlhaela dibitamini, le diminerale. Ka ngwaga wa 2015, go ne ga akanyediwa gore go tlhoka dikotla tsa diporoteine le maatla go ne ga baka dintsho di le 323 000—e leng palo e e kwa tlase go tswa go dintsho di le 510 000 ka ngwaga wa 1990.<ref name="GBD2015De">{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet (London, England)|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27733281/|issn=1474-547X|access-date=2 August 2025|archive-date=20 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620045540/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27733281/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ditlhaelo tse dingwe tsa dikotla, tse di akaretsang go tlhaela iodine le go tlhoka madi ka ntlha ya go tlhaela tshipi, di felela ka dintsho tse dingwe gape di le dikete tse masome a robabobedi le boraro (83 000.) <ref name="GBD2015De" /> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome (2010), Mmopamo o o ne o le selekanyo sa1.4% ya dingwaga tsotlhe tsa botshelo tse di fetotsweng tsa bogole.<ref name="UK2012" /><ref name="Murray2012">{{Cite journal|last=Murray|first=CJ|title=Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2197–223|pmid=23245608|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61689-4}}</ref> Go dumelwa gore sengwe se se bakang dintsho tsa bana ke go tlhoka dikotla, le fa gone dintsho tseno di sa kwalwe jalo ka sewelo. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome, go ne ga akanyetswa goro ka baka dintsho di ka nna dimilione di le 1,5 tsa basadi le bana,<ref name="Lim2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, etal|title=A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|journal=Lancet|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2224–60|date=December 2012|pmid=23245609|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8|pmc=4156511}}</ref> le fa bangwe ba akanyetsa gore palo e ka tswa e feta 3 .&nbsp;miliyone.<ref name="Bh2013" /> Tlaleletso ya 165&nbsp;go ne ga fopholediwa gore bana ba le dimilione di le lesome ba ne ba sa gole sentle ka ntlha ya Mmopamo ka ngwaga wa 2013. Mmopamo o tlwaelegile thata mo mofatsheng a tlhabologang.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Liz Young|title=World Hunger Routledge Introductions to Development|date=2002|isbn=978-1-134-77494-4|page=20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w4CGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801015439/https://books.google.com/books?id=w4CGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20|url-status=live}}</ref> Ditlhopha dingwe di na le dipalo tse di kwa godimo tsa go tlhoka dikotla, go akaretsa le basadi—segolobogolo fa ba imile kgotsa ba anyisa— bana ba ba ka fa tlase ga dingwaga di le tlhano, le bagodi. Mo bagoding, go tlhoka dikotla go nna tlwaelo ka ntlha ya mabaka a mmele, a tlhaloganyo le a loago.<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Principles and practice of geriatric surgery|date=2011|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin|isbn=978-1-4419-6999-6|page=78|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VcgmpMZE6a8C&pg=PA87|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805121936/https://books.google.com/books?id=VcgmpMZE6a8C&pg=PA87|url-status=live}}</ref> == Ditshupiso == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] esl6unvbwvyl4s9yamogkhzlcd871u1 0 13294 50157 2026-06-03T08:35:38Z MmaBaggio 11091 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1488035|Rabies]] to:tn #mdwikicx 50157 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Rabies|synonym=|image=Dog with rabies.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=A dog with rabies in the paralytic (post-furious) stage|pronounce=|specialty=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=[[Fever]], fear of water, confusion, excessive salivation, [[hallucinations]], trouble sleeping, [[paralysis]], [[coma]]<ref name=WHO2013/><ref>{{cite web|title=Rabies - Symptoms and causes|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rabies/symptoms-causes/syc-20351821|website=Mayo Clinic|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422160330/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rabies/symptoms-causes/syc-20351821|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422160330/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rabies/symptoms-causes/syc-20351821 |date=22 April 2021 }}</ref>|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=[[Rabies virus]], [[Australian bat lyssavirus]]<ref name=Au2014>{{cite web |title=Rabies, Australian bat lyssavirus and other lyssaviruses |url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/ohp-rabies-consumer-info.htm |work=The Department of Health |access-date=1 March 2014 |date=Dec 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304235230/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/ohp-rabies-consumer-info.htm |archive-date=4 March 2014 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304235230/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/ohp-rabies-consumer-info.htm |date=4 March 2014 }}</ref>|risks=|diagnosis=|differential=|prevention=[[Rabies vaccine]], animal control, [[rabies immunoglobulin]]<ref name=WHO2013/>|treatment=|medication=|prognosis=Nearly always death after onset of symptoms<ref name=WHO2013/>|frequency=|deaths=17,400 (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De/>|named after=}}'''Molafo''' ke bolwetse jwa megare jo bo bakang thurugo ya boboko mo bathong le mo diamusi tse dingwe . Dikai tsa ntlha di ka akaretsa letshoroma le go tlhotlhorega fa go amegileng teng.<ref name=WHO2013>{{cite web|title=Rabies Fact Sheet N°99 |url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs099/en/ |work=World Health Organization |access-date=28 February 2014 |date=July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401075427/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs099/en/ |archive-date=1 April 2014 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401075427/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs099/en/ |date=1 April 2014 }}</ref> Dikai tseno di latelwa ke se le sengwe kgotsa go feta , dikai tse di latelang: go tshikhinyega ka tsela e e bogale, go itumela ka tsela e e sa laolegeng, go tshaba metsi, go sa kgone go tshikinya dikarolo tsa mmele, go tlhakana tlhogo le go idibala.<ref name=WHO2013 /> Fa dikai tsa bolwetse di sena go bonala, mo e ka nnang ka metlha phelelo ke loso.<ref name=WHO2013 /> Nako ya go tsenwa ke bolwetse le go simolola ga dikai gantsi ke kgwedi e le nngwe go ya go tse tharo, fela e ka farologana go tswa go e e kwa tlase ga beke e le nngwe go ya go e e fetang ngwaga o le mongwe.<ref name=WHO2013 /> Nako e ikaegile ka sebaka se mogare o tshwanetseng go se tsamaya mo methapong e e fa thoko go fitlha kwa thulaganyong ya methapo e e fa gare.<ref name="Robbins">{{Cite book|vauthors=Cotran RS, Kumar V, Fausto N|title=Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease|edition=7th|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|year=2005|page=1375|isbn=978-0-7216-0187-8}}</ref> Molafo o bakwa ke dibaerase tsa lyssa, go akaretsa le mogare wa molafo le lyssavirus ya bommamathwane ba Australia . E anama fa phologolo e e amegileng e loma kgotsa e ngapa motho kgotsa phologolo e nngwe. Mathe a a tswang mo phologolong e e amegileng le one a ka fetisa bolwetse jwa segajaja fa mathe a kopana le matlho, molomo kgotsa nko.<ref name=WHO2013 /> Lefatshe ka bophara, dintša ke tsone diphologolo tse di tlwaelegileng thata tse di amegang.<ref name=WHO2013 /> Mo mafatsheng a dintša di nang le bolwetse jo ka tlwaelo, go feta 99% ya dikgetse tsa segajaja ke ditlamorago tsa go longwa ke dintša.<ref name="Tint2010">{{Cite book|last=Tintinalli|first=Judith E.|title=Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide (Emergency Medicine (Tintinalli))|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=2010|pages=Chapter 152|isbn=978-0-07-148480-0}}</ref> Kwa Amerika, go longwa ke bommamathwane ke motswedi o o tlwaelegileng thata wa ditshupo tsa segajaja mo bathong, mme dikgetse tse di kwa tlase ga 5% di tswa mo dintšeng.<ref name=WHO2013 /><ref name="Tint2010" /> Dipeba di tsenwa ke bolwetse jwa segajaja ka sewelo thata.<ref name="Tint2010" /> Bolwetse bo ka lemogiwa fela morago ga go simolola ga dikai.<ref name=WHO2013 /> Mananeo a go laola diphologolo le go kenta a fokoditse kotsi ya go tsenwa ke bolwetse jwa segajaja go tswa mo dintšeng mo dikgaolong di le mmalwa tsa lefatshe. Go kenta batho pele ga ba amega go a rotoediwa mo go ba ba mo kotsing e kgolo, go akaretsa le ba ba berekang le bommamathwane kgotsa ba ba nnang nako e telele mo mafelong a lefatshe a bolwetse jwa segajaja bo tlwaelegileng mo go jone.<ref name=WHO2013 /> Mo bathong ba ba kileng ba tlhaselwa ke bolwetse jwa segajaja, mokento wa bolwetse jwa segajaja le ka dinako tse dingwe immunoglobulin ya segajaja di a atlega mo go thibeleng bolwetse jono fa motho a amogela kalafi pele ga dikai tsa bolwetse jwa segajaja di simolola.<ref name=WHO2013 /> Go tlhatswa go loma le go ngapa metsotso e le lesome le botlhano ka molora le metsi, povidone-iodine, kgotsa molora go ka fokotsa palo ya dikarolwana tsa megare mme go ka nna ga thusa ka tsela nngwe go thibela go tshelanwa.<ref name=WHO2013 /><ref>{{Cite book|first=William H.|last=Wunner|title=Rabies: Scientific Basis of the Disease and Its Management|date=2010|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=9780080550091|page=556|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C-U1LFK5zagC&pg=PA556|df=|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=19 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819025736/https://books.google.com/books?id=C-U1LFK5zagC&pg=PA556|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2016}} , ke batho ba le lesome le bone fela ba ba neng ba falotse tshwaetsego ya segajaja morago ga go bontsha dikai.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hemachudha T, Ugolini G, Wacharapluesadee S, Sungkarat W, Shuangshoti S, Laothamatas J|title=Human rabies: neuropathogenesis, diagnosis, and management|journal=The Lancet. Neurology|volume=12|issue=5|pages=498–513|date=May 2013|pmid=23602163|doi=10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70038-3}}</ref><ref name="ManojMukherjee2016">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Manoj S, Mukherjee A, Johri S, Kumar KV|title=Recovery from rabies, a universally fatal disease|journal=Military Medical Research|volume=3|issue=1|pages=21|year=2016|pmid=27429788|pmc=4947331|doi=10.1186/s40779-016-0089-y}}</ref> Molafo o bakile dintsho tsa batho ba ka nna 17 400 lefatshe ka bophara ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le leso,e le botlhano( 2015).<ref name="GBD2015De">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, etal|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1}}</ref> Go feta 95% ya dintsho tsa batho ka ntlha ya segajaja di diragala mo [[Aferika|Aforika]] le Asia . Mo e ka nnang 40% ya dintsho di diragala mo baneng ba ba ka fa tlase ga dingwaga di le lesome le botlhano . Molafo o Molafo o teng mo mafathseng a fetang lekgolo le masome a matlhano le mo dikontinenteng tsotlhe kwa ntle ga Antarctica.<ref name=WHO2013 /> Palo e ka fetang dibilione di le tharo ya batho ba nna mo dikgaolong tsa lefatshe tse bolwetse jwa segajaja bo bonalang mo go tsone.<ref name=WHO2013 />Mafatshe a le mmalwa, go akaretsa le Australia le Japane, mmogo le bontsi jwa Yuropa Bophirima, ga di na bolwetse jwa segajaja mo dintšeng. Ditlhaketlhake di le dintsi tsa Pacific ga di na bolwetse jwa segajaja gotlhelele.<ref name="CDCRFC">{{cite web |title=Rabies-Free Countries and Political Units |url=https://www.cdc.gov/animalimportation/rabies-free-countries.html |work=CDC |access-date=8 May 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305010256/http://www.cdc.gov/animalimportation/rabies-free-countries.html |archive-date=5 March 2014 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305010256/http://www.cdc.gov/animalimportation/rabies-free-countries.html |date=5 March 2014 }}</ref> E tlhaolwa jaaka bolwetse jwa boboatsatsi jo bo sa tlhokomelweng . == Ditshupiso == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] n2pjvmg11apbms6cm2e3t930o52v511 0 13295 50158 2026-06-03T09:29:22Z MmaBaggio 11091 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1501715|Dwarfism]] to:tn #mdwikicx 50158 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Dwarfism|synonym=Restricted growth, dwarf, little person (LP), person of short stature|image=Ethan Crough, male dwarf.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=A man in [[Columbus, Indiana]], with dwarfism caused by [[achondroplasia]]|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|w|ɔːr|f|ɪ|z|əm}}|specialty=[[Endocrinology]], [[medical genetics]]|symptoms=|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=Proportionate, disproportionate<ref name=NHS2022/>|causes=Short parents, [[growth hormone deficiency]], [[genetic disorders]]<ref name=NHS2022/>|risks=|diagnosis=[[human height|Height]] < {{convert|4|ft|10|in|cm|order=flip}}<ref name=NLM2008/>|differential=|prevention=|treatment=Based on the cause<ref name=NHS2022Tx/>|medication=[[Growth hormone therapy]]<ref name=NHS2022Tx/>|prognosis=Generally normal [[life expectancy]]<ref name=NLM2008/>|frequency=~2.5% (USA)<ref name=Stat2022/>|deaths=|named after=}} '''Bokhutshwane''' ke fa motho a le mokhutshwane thata.<ref name="NHS2022">{{Cite web|title=Restricted growth (dwarfism)|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/restricted-growth/|website=nhs.uk|access-date=8 February 2022|language=en|date=23 October 2017|archive-date=14 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214033351/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/restricted-growth/|url-status=live}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/restricted-growth/ "Restricted growth (dwarfism)"]. ''nhs.uk''. 23 October 2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211214033351/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/restricted-growth/ Archived] from the original on 14 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Seno ka dinako tse dingwe se tlhalosiwa e le boleele jwa mogolo jo bo kwa tlase ga {{Convert|4|ft|10|in|cm}}.<ref name="NLM2008">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dwarfism.html|title=MedlinePlus: Dwarfism|date=2008-08-04|publisher=National Institute of Health|website=MedlinePlus|access-date=2008-10-03|archive-date=2015-09-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905190001/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dwarfism.html|url-status=live}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dwarfism.html "MedlinePlus: Dwarfism"]. ''MedlinePlus''. National Institute of Health. 2008-08-04. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150905190001/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dwarfism.html Archived] from the original on 2015-09-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-03</span></span>.</cite></ref> Go na le mefuta e mebedi e megolo : go nna monnye mo go sa lekalekaneng mo go nang le ditokololo tse dikhutshwane le go nna monnye mo go lekalekanang mo go nang le ditokololo tse dikhutshwane le mmele.<ref name="NHS2022" /> Botlhale gantsi bo tlwaelegile, fela jaaka tsholofelo ya botshelo . Dikai dingwe di ka ikaega ka se se bakang bolwetse jono.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Restricted growth (dwarfism) - Symptoms|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/restricted-growth/symptoms/|website=nhs.uk|access-date=8 February 2022|language=en|date=21 February 2018|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816093816/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/restricted-growth/symptoms/|url-status=live}}</ref> Selo se se tlwaelegileng se se bakang go nna monnye mo go lekanang ke go nna le batsadi ba bakhutshwane; le fa gone e ka nna ya diragala ka ntlha ya tlhaelo ya dihoromone tsa kgolo, bolwetse jwa Turner, le maemo a mangwe a lotsalo.<ref name="NHS2022" /> Bokhutshwane jo bo sa lekalekaneng gantsi bo bakwa ke achondroplasia.<ref name="NHS2022" /> Maemo a a fetang makgolo a mararo a ka felela ka gore motho a nne monnye.<ref name="NLM2008" /> Go tlhatlhobiwa go ka diragala pele ga, ka, kgotsa nako nngwe morago ga tsholo.<ref name="NHS2022" /> Kalafi e ikaegile ka gore bolwetse bo bakilwe ke eng.<ref name="NHS2022Tx">{{Cite web|title=Restricted growth (dwarfism) - Treatment|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/restricted-growth/treatment/|website=nhs.uk|access-date=8 February 2022|language=en|date=21 February 2018|archive-date=11 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911105411/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/restricted-growth/treatment/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ba ba nang le tlhaelo ya dihoromone tsa kgolo le maemo a mangwe ba ka alafiwa ka kalafi ya dihoromone tsa kgolo.<ref name="NHS2022Tx" /> Mo maemong a a nang le maoto a makhutshwane thata, go ka dirwa karo ya go a lelefatsa, le fa seno ka kakaretso se sa kgothalediwe.<ref name="NHS2022Tx" /><ref name="Stat2022">{{Cite web|last=Jain|first=Megha|last2=Saber|first2=Ahmed Y.|title=Dwarfism|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563282/|website=StatPearls|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|access-date=8 February 2022|date=2022|archive-date=11 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011104313/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563282/|url-status=live}}</ref> Dikgato tse dingwe di ka akaretsa kalafi ya mmele le phetolo ya tikologo ya batho.<ref name="NHS2022Tx" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=A Guide To Home Modifications|url=https://www.lpaonline.org/a-guide-to-home-modifications|website=www.lpaonline.org|access-date=8 February 2022|archive-date=7 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007132822/https://www.lpaonline.org/a-guide-to-home-modifications|url-status=live}}</ref> Basadi ba ba nang le bolwetse jo bo sa lekalekaneng ba ba imang ka kakaretso ba tlhoka go belega ka loaro.<ref name="Mayo2022Sym">{{Cite web|title=Dwarfism - Symptoms and causes|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dwarfism/symptoms-causes/syc-20371969|website=Mayo Clinic|access-date=8 February 2022|language=en|archive-date=12 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212125925/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/dwarfism/DS01012/DSECTION=treatments-and-drugs|url-status=live}}</ref> Bonnye bo ama batho ba ka nna 2,5% kwa United States.<ref name="Stat2022" /> Bontsi jwa batho ba rata go dirisiwa ga leina la bone; le fa maina a tshwana "motho yo monnye" (LP), "motho wa seemo se sekhutshwane", kgotsa "motho yo monnye" a ka dirisiwa.<ref name="LPM2022FAQ">{{Cite web|title=FAQ|url=https://www.lpaonline.org/faq-|website=www.lpaonline.org|access-date=8 February 2022|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204180840/https://www.lpaonline.org/faq-|url-status=live}}</ref> Go ya ka ditso, leina " midget " le ne le dirisiwa; le fa go ntse jalo, jaanong gantsi leina le le tsewa e le le le kgopisang.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/midget|title=Definition of MIDGET|website=Merriam-webster.com|access-date=2022-01-26|archive-date=2017-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114121802/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/midget|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Mayo2022Sym" /> Ba ba amegang ba ka lebana le kgethololo ya boleele le go kgerisiwa.<ref name="Mayo2022Sym" /> Ditlhopha tsa tshegetso di ka nna tsa tlamela ka ditirelo le didirisiwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dwarfism - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dwarfism/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371975|website=www.mayoclinic.org|access-date=8 February 2022|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509145337/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dwarfism/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371975|url-status=live}}</ref> == Ditshupiso == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] kfadcneup37rr6l6m1jdb6bhclzjsjv 0 13296 50159 2026-06-03T09:47:30Z MmaBaggio 11091 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1500800|Breastfeeding]] to:tn #mdwikicx 50159 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Breastfeeding_infant.jpg|thumb| Lesea le le anyisang]] '''Go amusa ka lebele''', mo go itsegeng gape jaaka '''go amusa''', ke go fepa kgotsa go neela masea le [[Ngwana|bana]] ba bannye [[Mashi a lebele|mashi]] a a tswang mo lebeleng la mosadi.<ref name="NIH2013">{{Cite web|title=Breastfeeding and Breast Milk: Condition Information|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/default.aspx|access-date=27 July 2015|date=19 December 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150727155223/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/default.aspx|archive-date=27 July 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Baitseanape ba boitekanelo ba rotloetsa gore go amusa go simolole mo lobakeng lwa ura ya ntlha ya botshelo jwa lesea mme go tswelele gantsi le ka selekanyo se lesea le batlang ka sone.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs342/en/|title=Infant and young child feeding Fact sheet N°342|publisher=WHO|date=February 2014|access-date=8 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208145357/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs342/en/|archive-date=8 February 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="AAP2012">{{Cite journal|last=American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Breastfeeding.|title=Breastfeeding and the use of human milk|journal=Pediatrics|volume=129|issue=3|pages=e827–41|date=March 2012|pmid=22371471|doi=10.1542/peds.2011-3552|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/129/3/e827.long|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150805091230/http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/129/3/e827.long|url-status=live|archive-date=5 August 2015}}</ref> Mo anya diura dingwe le dingwe di le pedi go ya go di le tharo, mme nako ya go amusa gantsi ke metsotso e le lesome go ya go e le lesome le botlhano mo lebeleng lengwe le lengwe.<ref name="NIH2014How">{{Cite web|title=How do I breastfeed? Skip sharing on social media links|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/how-is-it-done.aspx|access-date=27 July 2015|date=14 April 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150727155211/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/how-is-it-done.aspx|archive-date=27 July 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Bana ba bagolwane ba amusiwa gantsi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is weaning and how do I do it?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/weaning.aspx|access-date=27 July 2015|date=19 December 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708102841/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/weaning.aspx|archive-date=8 July 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Bomme ba ka nna ba gama mashi gore a kgone go dirisiwa moragonyana fa go amusa go sa kgonege.<ref name="NIH2013" /> Go amusa go na le melemo e le mmalwa mo go mmè le mo leseeng, e mashi a masea a se nang yone.<ref name="AAP2012" /><ref name="IP2009">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ip S, Chung M, Raman G, Trikalinos TA, Lau J|title=A summary of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's evidence report on breastfeeding in developed countries|journal=Breastfeeding Medicine|volume=4 Suppl 1|pages=S17–30|date=October 2009|pmid=19827919|doi=10.1089/bfm.2009.0050}}</ref> Dintsho tsa bana ba ba akanyediwang go nna 820 000 ba ba ka fa tlase ga dingwaga di le tlhano di ne di ka thibelwa lefatshe ka bophara ngwaga le ngwaga ka go oketsa go amusa.<ref name="Lancet2016">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Victora CG, Bahl R, Barros AJ, França GV, Horton S, Krasevec J, Murch S, Sankar MJ, Walker N, Rollins NC|title=Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect|journal=Lancet|volume=387|issue=10017|pages=475–90|date=January 2016|pmid=26869575|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)01024-7}}</ref> Go anyisa go fokotsa kotsi ya megare ya ya mosele wa go hema le letshololo mo leseeng, mo mafatsheng a tlhabologang le a tlhabologileng.<ref name="WHO2014" /><ref name="AAP2012" /> Mesola e mengwe e akaretsa go fokotsa dikotsi tsa [[Phupelo]], dialeji tsa dijo, le bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa mofuta wa 1ntlha.<ref name="AAP2012" /> Go amusa gape go ka tokafatsa kgolo ya tlhaloganyo le go fokotsa kotsi ya go nona fa motho a godile.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Bomme ba ka nna ba utlwa kgatelelo ya go amusa, mme mo mafatsheng a tlhabologileng bana ka kakaretso ba gola ka tlwaelo fa ba amusiwang ka lebotlolo ka mashi a bopi.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Breastfeeding: A Guide for the Medical Profession|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|date=1 January 2011|isbn=978-1-4377-0788-5|first=Ruth A.|last=Lawrence|first2=Robert Michael|last2=Lawrence|pages=227–228}}</ref> Mesola e mme e akaretsa go latlhegelwa ke madi a mannye morago ga pelegi, go ngotlega ga popelo botoka, le go fokotsega ga kgatelelo ya maikutlo morago ga pelegi.<ref name="AAP2012" /> Go amusa go dia go boela ga setswalo le go kgona go tshola, selo se se bidiwang amenorrhea ya go amusa.<ref name="AAP2012" /> Mesola ya e ka tsayang lebaka le telele mo go mme e akaretsa go fokotsega ga kotsi ya kankere ya mabele, bolwetse jwa pelo le methapo, le ramatiki.<ref name="AAP2012" /><ref name="Lancet2016" /> Go amusa gape ga go ture thata go na le mashi a masea.<ref name="APP1997">{{Cite journal|title=Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. American Academy of Pediatrics. Work Group on Breastfeeding|journal=Pediatrics|volume=100|issue=6|pages=1035–9|date=December 1997|pmid=9411381|doi=10.1542/peds.100.6.1035|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/100/6/1035.full.pdf+html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023001839/http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/100/6/1035.full.pdf+html|url-status=live|archive-date=23 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=What are the benefits of breastfeeding?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/benefits.aspx|access-date=27 July 2015|date=14 April 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810214206/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/benefits.aspx|archive-date=10 August 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Mekgatlho ya boitekanelo, go akaretsa le [[World Health Organisation|Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe Lotlhe wa Boitekanelo]] (WHO), e rotloetsa gore ngwana a amuse fela dikgwedi di le thataro.<ref name="WHO2014" /><ref name="AAP2012" /><ref name="Kr2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kramer MS, Kakuma R|title=Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=8|issue=8|pages=CD003517|date=August 2012|pmid=22895934|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003517.pub2|pmc=7154583}}</ref> Seno se raya gore ga go na dijo tse dingwe kgotsa dino, kwantle ga gongwe bithamini D, tse di newang ka tlwaelo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What are the recommendations for breastfeeding?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/recommendations.aspx|access-date=27 July 2015|date=14 April 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814050651/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/recommendations.aspx|archive-date=14 August 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Morago ga go tsenngwa ga dijo fa a le dikgwedi di le thataro, dikgakololo di akaretsa go tswelela ka go amusa go fitlha a nna le ngwaga o le mongwe go ya go tse pedi kgotsa go feta.<ref name="WHO2014" /><ref name="AAP2012" /> Lefatshe ka bophara, selekanyo sa 38% ya masea a amusiwa fela mo dikgweding tsa ntlha tse thataro tsa botshelo jwa one.<ref name="WHO2014" /> Kwa United States ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le botlhano (2015), 83% ya basadi ba simolola go amusa, fela ka dikgwedi tse thataro fela 58% e e neng e santse e amusa ka 25% e e amusa fela.<ref name="CDC2018Rate">{{Cite web|title=Results: Breastfeeding Rates|url=https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/data/nis_data/results.html|website=CDC|access-date=9 December 2018|language=en-us|date=1 August 2018|archive-date=7 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207150158/https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/data/nis_data/results.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maemo a kalafi a a sa letleng go amusa ga a bonwe thata.<ref name="AAP2012" /> Bomme ba ba nwang diritibatsi dingwe tsa boitlosobodutu le melemo ga ba a tshwanela go amusa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.aap.org/en-us/Pages/Breastfeeding-and-Medication.aspx|title=Breastfeeding and Medication|website=AAP.org|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-12|archive-date=2019-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802213426/https://www.aap.org/en-us/Pages/Breastfeeding-and-Medication.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="nichd.nih.gov">{{Cite web|title=Are there any special conditions or situations in which I should not breastfeed?|website=[[Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development|NICHD]]|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/when-not-breastfeed.aspx|access-date=27 July 2015|date=19 December 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708102847/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/when-not-breastfeed.aspx|archive-date=8 July 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Go goga motsoko le go nwa bojalwa jo bo lekanyeditsweng le/kgotsa kofi ga se mabaka a go tila go amusa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/Pages/breastfeeding-alcohol.aspx#close|title=Breastfeeding and alcohol|date=2017-12-21|website=NHS Choices|publisher=NHS|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801110239/http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/Pages/breastfeeding-alcohol.aspx#close|archive-date=1 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/Pages/breastfeeding-diet.aspx|title=Breastfeeding and diet|date=2018-03-26|website=NHS Choices|publisher=NHS|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807233307/http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/Pages/breastfeeding-diet.aspx|archive-date=7 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/disease/tobacco.htm|title=Tobacco Use &#124; Breastfeeding &#124; CDC|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=4 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809151407/http://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/disease/tobacco.htm|archive-date=9 August 2016|df=dmy-all|date=2018-03-21}}</ref> == Ditshupiso == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] gd8jlx8yy6br5grgecurixzyz7d4itz 0 13297 50160 2026-06-03T10:11:26Z MmaBaggio 11091 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1492328|Smallpox]] to:tn #mdwikicx 50160 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Smallpox|synonym=Variola,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Barton|first1=Leslie L.|last2=Friedman|first2=Neil R.|title=The Neurological Manifestations of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiency Syndromes|date=2008|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-59745-391-2|page=151|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=GaIyKkRBqIQC&pg=PA151|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807041212/https://books.google.ca/books?id=GaIyKkRBqIQC&pg=PA151|url-status=live}}</ref> variola vera,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schaller|first1=Karl F.|title=Colour Atlas of Tropical Dermatology and Venerology|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-76200-0|page=Chapter 1|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=Bw8yBwAAQBAJ&pg=PP21|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807163309/https://books.google.ca/books?id=Bw8yBwAAQBAJ&pg=PP21|url-status=live}}</ref> pox,<ref name="Fenner_1988"/> red plague<ref name=Peg2017/>|image=Child with Smallpox Bangladesh.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=A child with smallpox in [[Bangladesh]] in 1973. The bumps filled with thick fluid and a depression or dimple in the center are characteristic.|pronounce=|specialty=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms={{plainlist |* '''Early''': [[Fever]], [[vomiting]], mouth sores<ref name=CDC2016Sym/> * '''Later''': Fluid filled [[blisters]] which [[Wound healing#Proliferative phase|scab]] over<ref name=CDC2016Sym/>}}|complications=[[Scar]]ring of the skin, [[blindness]]<ref name=CDC2016What/>|onset=1 to 3 weeks following exposure<ref name=CDC2016Sym/>|duration=About 4 weeks<ref name=CDC2016Sym/>|types=|causes=''Variola major'', ''Variola minor'' (spread between people)<ref name=CDC2016What/><ref name=She2004/>|risks=|diagnosis=Based on symptoms and confirmed by [[PCR]]<ref name=CDC2017Diag/>|differential=[[Chickenpox]], [[impetigo]], [[molluscum contagiosum]], [[monkeypox]]<ref name=CDC2017Diag>{{cite web|title=Diagnosis & Evaluation|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/clinicians/diagnosis-evaluation.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=25 July 2017|archive-date=9 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209185420/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/clinicians/diagnosis-evaluation.html|url-status=live}}</ref>|prevention=[[Smallpox vaccine]]<ref name=CDC2017Tx/>|treatment=[[Supportive care]]<ref name=WHO2007Fact/>|medication=[[Tecovirimat]], [[brincidofovir]], [[cidofovir]]<ref name=CDC2017Tx/>|prognosis=30% risk of death<ref name=CDC2016Sym/>|frequency=[[Eradication of infectious diseases|Eradicated]] (last wild case in 1977)|deaths=|named after=}}'''Bolwetse jwa sekgwaripana''' e ne e le bolwetse jo bo tshelanwang jo bo bakiwang ke nngwe ya mefuta e mebedi ya megare, ''e leng Variola e kgolo'' le ''Variola e nnye''.<ref name="She2004">{{Cite book|veditors=Ryan KJ, Ray CG|title=Sherris Medical Microbiology|edition=4th|pages=525–28|publisher=McGraw Hill|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8385-8529-0}}</ref> Kgetse ya bofelo e e neng ya tlhaga ka tlholego e ne ya lemogiwa ka kgwedi ya Phalane, ngwaga wa 1977, mme [[World Health Organisation|Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe Lotlhe wa Boitekanelo]] (WHO) o ne wa tlhomamisa gore bolwetse jono bo fedisitswe mo lefatsheng lotlhe ka ngwaga wa 1980.<ref name="WHO2007Fact">{{Cite web|title=Smallpox|website=WHO Factsheet|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921235036/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/|archive-date=21 September 2007}}</ref> Kotsi ya loso morago ga go tsenwa ke bolwetse e ne e ka nna 30%, ka dikelo tse di kwa godimo mo maseeng.<ref name="CDC2016What">{{Cite web|title=What is Smallpox?|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=7 June 2016|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607000819/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Rie2005">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Riedel S|title=Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination|journal=Proceedings|volume=18|issue=1|pages=21–5|date=January 2005|pmid=16200144|pmc=1200696|doi=10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028}}</ref> Gantsi ba ba neng ba falola ba ne ba nna le mabadi a mantsi mo letlalong la bone, mme bangwe ba ne ba sala ba foufetse.<ref name="CDC2016What" /> Dikai tsa ntlha tsa bolwetse jono di ne di akaretsa letshoroma le go kgwa.<ref name="CDC2016Sym" /> Se se ne sa latelwa ke go nna teng ga dintho mo ganong le letshoroma la letlalo.<ref name="CDC2016Sym" /> Mo malatsing a le mmalwa letshoroma la letlalo le ne la fetoga go nna diso tse di tletseng metsitse di nang le lephatlha fa gare.<ref name="CDC2016Sym" /> Diso di ne tsa tlhotlhorega mme thubega tsa tlogela mabadi.<ref name="CDC2016Sym">{{Cite web|title=Signs and Symptoms|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/symptoms/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=7 June 2016|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607083501/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/symptoms/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Bolwetse bo anamisitswe magareng ga batho kgotsa ka dilo tse di kgotletsweng.<ref name="CDC2016What" /><ref name="Leb2013">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=hRryAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA89|title=Treatment of Skin Disease E-Book: Comprehensive Therapeutic Strategies|last=Lebwohl|first=Mark G.|last2=Heymann|first2=Warren R.|last3=Berth-Jones|first3=John|last4=Coulson|first4=Ian|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-7020-5236-1|page=89|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=25 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225170712/https://books.google.ca/books?id=hRryAAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Thibelo e ne e le thata ka mokento wa sekgwaripana.<ref name="CDC2017Tx" /> Fa bolwetse jono bo setse bo simolotse, melemo mengwe e e lwantshang megare e ka tswa e ile ya thusa.<ref name="CDC2017Tx">{{Cite web|title=Prevention and Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/prevention-treatment/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=13 December 2017|archive-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215110657/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/prevention-treatment/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ga go itsiwe gore bolwetse jwa sekgwaripana bo tswa kae.<ref name="CDC2017His" /> Bosupi jwa ntlha jwa bolwetse bo simolotse ka lekgolo la boraro la dingwaga BCE mo di-mummy tsa kwa Egepeto.<ref name="CDC2017His">{{Cite web|title=History of Smallpox|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=25 July 2017|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614213232/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Bolwetse bo kile jwa tlhagelela ka go runya.<ref name="WHO2007Fact" /> Kwa Yuropa ya lekgolo la bo lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga, go akanyediwa gore batho ba le 400 000 ka ngwaga ba ne ba bolawa ke bolwetse jono, mme nngwetharong ya batho ba ba neng ba bolawa ke bolwetse jono e ne ya felela ka gore ba foufale.<ref name="WHO2007Fact" /><ref name="Hays2005">{{Cite book|vauthors=Hays JN|title=Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History|date=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-658-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays/page/151 151]–52|url=https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays|url-access=registration|language=en}}</ref> Dintsho tseno di ne di akaretsa dikgosi di le thataro.<ref name="WHO2007Fact" /><ref name="Hays2005" /> Go akanyediwa gore sekgwaripana se bolaile batho ba ka nna di milione di le makgolo a mararo le lesome mo lekgolong la bo masome mabedi la dingwaga <ref>{{Cite book|first=Hilary|last=Koprowski|first2=Michael B. A.|last2=Oldstone|title=Microbe hunters, then and now|publisher=Medi-Ed Press|date=January 1996|isbn=978-0-936741-11-6|page=23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Henderson DA|title=The eradication of smallpox--an overview of the past, present, and future|journal=Vaccine|volume=29 Suppl 4|pages=D7-9|date=December 2011|pmid=22188929|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.080}}</ref> le mo e ka nnang dimilione di le makgolo a matlhano mo dingwageng di le lekgolo tsa bofelo tsa go nna teng ga yone.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=1u7Xw5i7Ky0C&pg=PA12|title=Smallpox : the death of a disease|vauthors=Henderson D|date=2009|publisher=Prometheus Books|isbn=978-1-61592-230-7|page=12|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=17 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217120015/https://books.google.ca/books?id=1u7Xw5i7Ky0C|url-status=live}}</ref> Bosheng jaana ka ngwaga wa1967, Go diragetse dikgetse dile dimilione di le lesome le botlhano ka ngwaga.<ref name="WHO2007Fact" /> Go bonala go kentela bolwetse jwa sekgwaripana go simolotse kwa [[China]] ka dingwaga tsa bo 1500.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Needham|first=Joseph|title=Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 6, Medicine|date=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-63262-1|page=134|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=6bEZ8Hp8h5sC&lpg=PA259&vq=Smallpox&pg=PA134|access-date=30 March 2020|language=en|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611132507/https://books.google.ca/books?id=6bEZ8Hp8h5sC&lpg=PA259&vq=Smallpox&pg=PA134|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of Immunology|first=Arthur M.|last=Silverstein|pages=293|publisher=Academic Press|year=2009|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=2xNYjigte14C&lpg=PA10&vq=Smallpox&pg=PA293|isbn=9780080919461|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=5 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005080731/https://books.google.ca/books?id=2xNYjigte14C&lpg=PA10&vq=Smallpox&pg=PA293%2F|url-status=live}}</ref> Yuropa e ne ya amogela mokgwa ono go tswa kwa Asia mo sephatlong sa ntlha sa lekgolo sa bo lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga.<ref name="strathern179">{{Cite book|last=Strathern|first=Paul|year=2005|title=A Brief History of Medicine|publisher=Robinson|location=London|isbn=978-1-84529-155-6|page=179}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1796 Edward Jenner o ne a tlhagisa mokento wa segompieno wa sekgwaripana.<ref name="Wolfe2002">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wolfe RM, Sharp LK|title=Anti-vaccinationists past and present|journal=BMJ|volume=325|issue=7361|pages=430–2|date=August 2002|pmid=12193361|pmc=1123944|doi=10.1136/bmj.325.7361.430|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/325/7361/430.full.pdf|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=19 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119014617/http://www.bmj.com/content/325/7361/430.full.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Smallpox vaccines|url=https://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/vaccines/en/|website=WHO|access-date=27 March 2020|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930033132/https://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/vaccines/en/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, WHO e ne ya oketsa maiteko a go fedisa bolwetse jono.<ref name="WHO2007Fact" /> Bolwetse jwa sekgotlho ke bongwe jwa malwetse a mabedi a a tshelanwang a a fedisitsweng, jo bongwe ke jwa segajaja sa dikoko ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le motso (2011).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Guidotti|first=Tee L.|title=Health and Sustainability: An Introduction|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-932568-9|page=T290|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=hPRgBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT290|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226075257/https://books.google.ca/books?id=hPRgBwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Roossinck|first=Marilyn J.|title=Virus: An Illustrated Guide to 101 Incredible Microbes|date=2016|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-8325-7|page=126|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=gTH9CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA126|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=22 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222014051/https://books.google.ca/books?id=gTH9CwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Leina "setlhogo" le ne la dirisiwa la ntlha kwa Boritane mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la bo lesome le borataro la dingwaga go farologanya bolwetse jono le [[Thosola/Rasephiphi|bolwetse jwa mogare]], jo ka nako eo bo neng bo itsege jaaka "setlhogo se segolo".<ref>{{Cite web|title=smallpox {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of smallpox by etymonline|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/Smallpox|website=www.etymonline.com|access-date=8 February 2023|language=en|archive-date=9 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009132808/https://www.etymonline.com/word/smallpox|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bar1997">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barquet N, Domingo P|title=Smallpox: the triumph over the most terrible of the ministers of death|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=127|issue=8 Pt 1|pages=635–42|date=October 1997|pmid=9341063|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-127-8_Part_1-199710150-00010|citeseerx=10.1.1.695.883}}</ref> Maina a mangwe a ditso a bolwetse jono a akaretsa pox, speckled monster le sebetso se sehibidu.<ref name="Fenner_1988">{{Cite book|vauthors=Fenner F, Henderson DA, Arita I, Ježek Z, Ladnyi ID|chapter=The History of Smallpox and its Spread Around the World|title=Smallpox and its eradication|series=History of International Public Health|volume=6|date=1988|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-156110-5|hdl=10665/39485|pages=209–44|chapter-url=https://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/bt/smallpox/who/red-book/9241561106_chp5.pdf|access-date=14 December 2017|archive-date=12 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212171449/https://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/bt/smallpox/who/red-book/9241561106_chp5.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Peg2017">{{Cite book|title=Medicine: The Definitive Illustrated History|date=2016|publisher=Pengui|isbn=978-1-4654-5893-3|page=100|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=dicCDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA100|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422033415/https://books.google.ca/books?id=dicCDQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bar1997" /> == Ditshupiso == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] md8aqx0di31p9n5ilc457tvxgevhkeo 0 13298 50161 2026-06-03T10:40:30Z MmaBaggio 11091 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1500385|Anthrax]] to:tn #mdwikicx 50161 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Anthrax|synonym=Anthrax disease|image=Anthrax PHIL 2033.png|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=A skin lesion caused by anthrax; the characteristic black [[eschar]]|pronounce=|specialty=[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms='''Skin form''': small blister with surrounding swelling<br>'''Inhalational form''': fever, chest pain, [[shortness of breath]]<br>'''Intestinal form''': nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain<br>'''Injection form''': fever, [[abscess]]<ref name=CDC2014Sym/>|complications=|onset=1 day to 2 months post contact<ref name=CDC2014Sym/>|duration=|types=|causes=''[[Bacillus anthracis]]''<ref name=CDC2015Bas/>|risks=Working with animals, travelers, postal workers, military personnel<ref name=CDC2015Risk/>|diagnosis=Based on [[antibodies]] or toxin in the blood, [[microbial culture]]<ref name=CDC2015Diag/>|differential=|prevention=[[anthrax vaccine|Anthrax vaccination]], [[antibiotics]]<ref name=CDC2015Risk/><ref name=Hend2014/>|treatment=Antibiotics, [[antitoxin]]<ref name=CDC2016Tx/>|medication=|prognosis=20–80% die without treatment<ref name=Hend2014/><ref name=FDA2015/>|frequency=>2,000 cases per year<ref name=Glob2016/>|deaths=|named after=}} '''Kwatsi''' ke mogare o o bakiwang ke baketeria ''ya Bacillus anthracis'' . E ka itshupa ka ditsela di le nne: letlalo, mafatlha, mala le go kentiwa. Go simolola ga dikai go diragala magareng ga letsatsi le le lengwe go ya go dikgwedi di feta pedi morago ga gore mogare o tshwarwe.<ref name="CDC2014Sym" /> Sebopego sa letlalo se itshupa ka letshoroma le lennye le le nang le go ruruga mo go dikologileng mo gantsi go fetogang go nna seso se se senang botlhoko se se nang le bontshi ga gare.<ref name="CDC2014Sym" /> Mokgwa wa go hema o itshupa ka letshoroma, botlhoko mo sehubeng, le go tlhaela mowa.<ref name="CDC2014Sym" /> Sebopego sa mala se itshupa ka letshololo le le ka nnang le madi, ditlhabi mo mpeng, go feroga sebete, le go kgwa.<ref name="CDC2014Sym" /> Sebopego sa lemao seitshupa ka letshoroma le ntho mo lefelong la mokento wa lemao. Kwatsi e anamisiwa ka go kopana le dipeo tsa baketeria, tse gantsi di bonalang mo ditswa diphologolong tse di tshelanwang.<ref name="CDC2015Tran" /> Go amana ke ka go hema, go ja, kgotsa ka lefelo le le thubegileng la letlalo.<ref name="CDC2015Tran" /> Ga e aname ka tlhamalalo fa gare ga batho. Dintlha tse di kotsi di akaretsa batho ba ba dirang ka diphologolo kgotsa dilo tse di dirilweng ka diphologolo, batsamai, badiri ba poso le badiri ba sesole. Temogo e ka netefadiwa ka go bona dilwantsha-ditwatsi kgotsa botlhole mo mading kgotsa ka go tlhotlhora sampole go tswa mo lefelong le le amegileng. Mokento wa Kwatsi o rotloelediwa batho ba ba mo kotsing e ko godimo ya go ka amega. Go kentela diphologolo kgatlhanong le Kwatsi go a rotloediwa mo mafelong a ditshwaetsego tse di fetileng di diragetseng. ithutntsho ya dikgwedi di le pedi ya dibolayamegare tse jaaka ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, le doxycycline morago ga go tlhagelela le yone e ka thibela mogare.<ref name="Hend2014">{{Cite journal|last=Hendricks|first=KA|last2=Wright|first2=ME|last3=Shadomy|first3=SV|last4=Bradley|first4=JS|last5=Morrow|first5=MG|last6=Pavia|first6=AT|last7=Rubinstein|first7=E|last8=Holty|first8=JE|last9=Messonnier|first9=NE|last10=Smith|first10=TL|last11=Pesik|first11=N|last12=Treadwell|first12=TA|last13=Bower|first13=WA|last14=Workgroup on Anthrax Clinical|first14=Guidelines|title=Centers for disease control and prevention expert panel meetings on prevention and treatment of anthrax in adults|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|date=February 2014|volume=20|issue=2|pmid=24447897|doi=10.3201/eid2002.130687|pmc=3901462}}</ref> Fa megare e ka tlhagelela, kalafi ke ka dibolayamegare mme gongwe le dibolayatokisi . Mofuta le palo ya dibolayamegare tse di dirisiwang go ikaegile ka mofuta wa mogare.<ref name="Hend2014" /> Antitoxin e e rotloediwa baba nang le mogare o pharaletseng.<ref name="Hend2014" /> Le fa e le bolwetse jo bo sa tlwaelegang, bolwetse jwa Kwatsi jwa batho, fa bo itshupa, bo tlwaelegile thata mo Afrika le kwa Asia bogare le borwa. Gape e tlhagelela ka metlha kwa Yuropa Borwa go feta kwa mafelong a mangwe mo kontinenteng, mme ga e tlwaelega kwa Yuropa Bokone le Amerika Bokone.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schlossberg|first=David|title=Clinical Infectious Disease|date=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139576659|page=897|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-wWY1_mSeq0C&pg=PA897|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910162238/https://books.google.com/books?id=-wWY1_mSeq0C&pg=PA897|archive-date=10 September 2017}}</ref> Lefatshe ka bophara, bobotlana dikgetse di le dikete tse ped di diragala ka ngwaga mme dikgetse di ka nna pedi ka ngwaga kwa United States.<ref name="Glob2016">{{Cite book|title=Anthrax: Global Status|date=2016|publisher=GIDEON Informatics Inc|isbn=9781498808613|page=12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmmwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910162238/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmmwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12|archive-date=10 September 2017}}</ref> Megare ya letlalo e emela go feta 95% ya dikgetse.<ref name="FDA2015" /> Kwa ntle ga kalafi, kotsi ya loso ka ntlha ya Kwatsi ya letlalo ke 24%.<ref name="Hend2014" /> Mo mogareng wa mala, kotsi ya loso ke masome a mabedi le botlhano go ya go 75%, fa Kwatsi ya go hema e na le dintsho di ka nna masome a matlhano e ka alafiwa.<ref name="Hend2014" /><ref name="FDA2015" /> Go fitlha ka lekgolo la bo masome a mabedi la dingwaga, Megare ya anthrax e ne ya bolaya batho le diphologolo di le dikete di le makgolokgolo ngwaga le ngwaga.<ref name="Cherkasskiy1999">{{Cite journal|last=Cherkasskiy|first=B. L.|year=1999|title=A national register of historic and contemporary anthrax foci|journal=Journal of Applied Microbiology|volume=87|issue=2|pages=192–195|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00868.x|pmid=10475946|s2cid=6157235}}</ref> Kwatsi e tlhamilwe jaaka sebetsa ke mafatshe a le mmalwa. Mo diphologolong tse di jang dimela, megare re ka e tsena fa di ja kgotsa di hema mo di-spores fa di ntse di fula.<ref name="WHOBook2008" /> Diphologolo di ka tsaya megare ka go ja diphologolo tse di amegileng.<ref name="WHOBook2008" /> == Ditshupiso == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] s5i7w6xtft80mf70fxo1jkhi4hr11g7