Wikipedia tnwiki https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsebe_ya_konokono MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.5 first-letter Pego Faphegileng Puisano Modirisi Puisano ya modirisi Wikipedia Puisano ya Wikipedia Setshwantsho Puisano ya setshwantsho MediaWiki Puisano ya MediaWiki Tempolete Puisano ya tempolete Thuso Puisano ya thuso Karolo Puisano ya karolo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 13299 50162 2026-06-03T12:36:21Z MmaBaggio 11091 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1498241|Stroke]] to:tn #mdwikicx 50162 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Stroke|synonym=Cerebrovascular accident (CVA), cerebrovascular insult (CVI), brain attack|image=MCA Territory Infarct.svg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=[[CT scan]] of the brain showing a prior right-sided [[ischemic]] stroke from blockage of an artery. Changes on a CT may not be visible early on.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gaillard |first1=Frank |title=Ischaemic stroke |url=https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ischaemic-stroke |website=radiopaedia.org |access-date=3 June 2018 |language=en |archive-date=28 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128000612/https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ischaemic-stroke |url-status=live }}</ref>|pronounce=|specialty=[[Neurology]], stroke medicine|symptoms=[[hemiplegia|Inability to move or feel]] on one side of the body, [[receptive aphasia|problems understanding]] or [[expressive aphasia|speaking]], [[dizziness]], [[Homonymous hemianopsia|loss of vision to one side]]<ref name=Donnan2008/><ref name=HLB2014S/>|complications=[[Persistent vegetative state]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=PhD|first1=Gary Martin|title=Palliative Care Nursing: Quality Care to the End of Life, Third Edition|date=2009|publisher=Springer Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-8261-5792-8|page=290|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rTexGiX5bqoC&pg=PA290|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803132127/https://books.google.com/books?id=rTexGiX5bqoC&pg=PA290|archive-date=2017-08-03|df=}}</ref>|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=[[brain ischemia|Ischemic]] (blockage) and [[intracranial hemorrhage|hemorrhagic]] (bleeding)<ref name=HLB2014W/>|risks=[[hypertension|High blood pressure]], [[tobacco smoking]], [[obesity]], [[hypercholesterolemia|high blood cholesterol]], [[diabetes mellitus]], previous [[Transient ischemic attack|TIA]], [[end-stage kidney disease]], [[atrial fibrillation]]<ref name=Donnan2008/><ref name=HLB2014C/><ref name="Hu2018"/>|diagnosis=Based on symptoms with [[medical imaging]] typically used to rule out bleeding<ref name=HLB2014D/><ref name=AFP2009/>|differential=[[Hypoglycemia|Low blood sugar]]<ref name=HLB2014D/>|prevention=|treatment=Based on the type<ref name=Donnan2008/>|medication=|prognosis=Average life expectancy 1 year<ref name=Donnan2008/>|frequency=42.4 million (2015)<ref name=GBD2015Pre/>|deaths=6.3 million (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De/>|named after=}} '''Go Swa Mohama ke''' bolwetse jo mo go jone kelelo e e bokowa ya madi mo bobokong e bakang go swa ga disele.<ref name="HLB2014W" /> Go na le mefuta e mebedi ya Go swa Mohama : ischemic, ka ntlha ya go tlhoka kelelo ya madi, le hemorrhagic, ka ntlha ya go dutla madi.<ref name="HLB2014W" /> Ka bobedi jwa tsone di dira gore dikarolo tsa boboko di se ka tsa tlhola di dira sentle.<ref name="HLB2014W">{{Cite web|title=What Is a Stroke?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov/|access-date=26 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218230259/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/|archive-date=18 February 2015|df=}}</ref> Dikai tsa go swa Mohama di akaretsa go sa kgone go tshikhinyega kgotsa go utlwa mo letlhakoreng le lengwe la mmele, mathata a go tlhaloganya kgotsa go bua, go tsewa ke sedidi, kgotsa go latlhegelwa ke pono mo letlhakoreng le lengwe.<ref name="HLB2014S" /> Gantsi dikai tsa bolwetse di bonala ka bonako fela fa seemo sa go swa Mohama se se sena go diragala.<ref name="HLB2014S" /> Fa dikai tsa bolwetse di tsaya lobaka lo lo kwa tlase ga ura e le nngwe kgotsa di le pedi, Go swa Mohama ke tlhaselo ya nakwana ya ischemic (TIA), e gape e bidiwang seterouku se sennye.<ref name="HLB2014S">{{Cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of a Stroke?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/signs|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227083736/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/signs|archive-date=27 February 2015|df=}}</ref> Seterouku se se tswang madi gape se ka amana le go opiwa ke tlhogo thata.<ref name="HLB2014S" /> Dikai tsa go swa Mohama e ka nna tsa sennelaruri.<ref name="HLB2014W" /> Mathata a paka e telele a ka akaretsa [[nyumonia]] le go latlhegelwa ke taolo ya senya.<ref name="HLB2014S" /> Bodiphatsa jo botona jwa Bolwetse jwa Go swa Mohama ke kgatelelo e tona ya madi.<ref name="HLB2014C">{{Cite web|title=Who Is at Risk for a Stroke?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/atrisk|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227085058/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/atrisk|archive-date=27 February 2015|df=}}</ref> Mabaka a mangwe a a kotsi a akaretsa go goga motsoko, mmele o motona, kholeseterole e e kwa godimo mo mading, bolwetse jwa sukiri, TIA e e fetileng, bolwetse jwa diphilo jo bo mo kgatong ya bofelo, le go roroma ga pelo.<ref name="HLB2014C" /><ref name="Hu2018">{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=A|last2=Niu|first2=J|last3=Winkelmayer|first3=WC|title=Oral Anticoagulation in Patients With End-Stage Kidney Disease on Dialysis and Atrial Fibrillation.|journal=Seminars in Nephrology|date=November 2018|volume=38|issue=6|pages=618–28|doi=10.1016/j.semnephrol.2018.08.006|pmid=30413255|pmc=6233322}}</ref> Go swa Mohama mo go itsiweng ka leina sa ischemic gantsi go bakwa ke go thibana ga tshika ya madi, le fa gape go na le mabaka a a sa tlwaelegang.<ref name="HLB2014T" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Roos|first=Karen L.|title=Emergency Neurology|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-387-88584-1|page=360|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0jH7TZW8WVAC&pg=PA360|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108190342/https://books.google.com/books?id=0jH7TZW8WVAC&pg=PA360|archive-date=2017-01-08|df=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Wityk|first=Robert J.|last2=Llinas|first2=Rafael H.|title=Stroke|date=2007|publisher=ACP Press|isbn=978-1-930513-70-9|page=296|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ispt6JRBgU4C&pg=PA296|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108185918/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ispt6JRBgU4C&pg=PA296|archive-date=2017-01-08|df=}}</ref> Go swa Mohama mo go akang go dutla madi go bakwa ke go dutla madi ka tlhamalalo mo bobokong kgotsa mo sebakeng se se fa gare ga dimembrane tsa boboko.<ref name="HLB2014T">{{Cite web|title=Types of Stroke|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/types|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319163549/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/types|archive-date=19 March 2015|df=}}</ref><ref name="Feigin05">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Feigin VL, Rinkel GJ, Lawes CM, Algra A, Bennett DA, van Gijn J, Anderson CS|title=Risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage: an updated systematic review of epidemiological studies|journal=Stroke|volume=36|issue=12|pages=2773–80|date=December 2005|pmid=16282541|doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000190838.02954.e8|doi-access=free}}</ref> Go dutla madi go ka diragala ka ntlha ya go thubega ga tshika ya boboko.<ref name="HLB2014T" /> Temogo gantsi e ikaegile ka tlhatlhobo ya mmele mme e tshegediwa ke ditshwantsho tsa kalafi jaaka CT scan kgotsa MRI scan.<ref name="HLB2014D" /> CT scan e ka kgaphela thoko go dutla ga madi, mme e ka nna ya se ka ya kgaphela thoko ischemia, gantsi e sa bonaleng mo CT scan.<ref name="AFP2009">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yew KS, Cheng E|title=Acute stroke diagnosis|journal=American Family Physician|volume=80|issue=1|pages=33–40|date=July 2009|pmid=19621844|pmc=2722757}}</ref> Ditlhatlhobo tse dingwe jaaka electrocardiogram (ECG) le diteko tsa madi di dirwa go bona gore ke dilo dife tse di ka bakang bolwetse jono le go kgaphela kwa thoko dilo tse dingwe tse di ka bakang bolwetse jono.<ref name="HLB2014D" /> Sukiri e e kwa tlase mo mading e ka nna ya baka dikai tse di tshwanang.<ref name="HLB2014D">{{Cite web|title=How Is a Stroke Diagnosed?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/diagnosis|website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|access-date=27 February 2015|date=March 26, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227083640/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/diagnosis|archive-date=27 February 2015|df=}}</ref> Thibelo e akaretsa go fokotsa mabaka a a kotsi, loaro la go bula ditshika tsa boboko mo bathong ba ba nang le bothata jwa go ngotlega ga ditshika tsa karote, le warfarin kgotsa diritiatsi tse dingwe tse di thibelang madi go ema mo bathong ba ba nang le go roroma ga ditshika tsa pelo.<ref name="Donnan2008" /> Go ka nna grotloediwa go dirisa aspirin kgotsa di-statin go thibela bolwetse jono.<ref name="Donnan2008" /> Go Swa Mohama kgotsa TIA gantsi e tlhoka tlhokomelo ya tshoganyetso.<ref name="HLB2014W" /> Go swa mohama ga ischemic, fa go lemogiwa mo diureng di le tharo go ya go di le nne le sephatlo, se ka alafiwa ka melemo e e ka thubang letlhotlhora.<ref name="Donnan2008" /> Go swa Mehama ga go ke dutla madi go solegelwa molemo ke loaro.<ref name="Donnan2008" /> Kalafi ya go leka go boela mo tirong e e latlhegileng e bidiwa tsosoloso ya Go swa Mohama, mme e diragala mo yuniting ya seterouku ; le fa go ntse jalo, tseno ga di yo mo dikarolong tse dintsi tsa lefatshe. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro (2013)batho ba ka nna dimilione di le 6.9 ba ne ba nna le bolwetse jwa Go swa Mohama jwa ischemic mme batho ba le dimilione di le 3.4 ba ne ba nna le bolwetse jwa Go swa Mohama jwa go tswa madi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=The Lancet|volume=386|issue=9995|pages=743–800|date=August 2015|pmid=26063472|pmc=4561509|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le botlhano (2015) go ne go na le di ka nna 42.400.&nbsp;batho ba le dimilione ba ba kileng ba bo ba na le bolwetse jwa Go swa Mohama mme ba sa ntse ba tshela.<ref name="GBD2015Pre">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=The Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}</ref> Magareng ga ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe (1990) le ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome(2010) palo ya bolwetse jwa Go swa Mohama tse di diragalang ngwaga le ngwaga e ne ya fokotsega ka selekanyo sa 10% mo mafathseng a tlhabologileng mme ya oketsega ka 10% mo mafatsheng a tlhabologang.<ref name="Fei2013" /> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano (2015), bolweste jwa Go swa Mohama e ne e le selo sa bobedi se se bakang dintsho kgapetsakgapetsa morago ga bolwetse jwa ditshika tsa pelo, mme se ne sa baka dintsho di le 6.3 .&nbsp;dintsho di le dimilione di le dimilione (11% ya palogotlhe).<ref name="GBD2015De">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=The Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1}}</ref> Dintsho di ka nna dimilione di le 3.0 di bakilwe ke bolwetse jwa go swa Mohama jwa ischemic fa dintsho di le dimilione di le 3.3 di bakilwe ke seterouku sa hemorrhagic.<ref name="GBD2015De" /> Selekanyo sa Sephatlo sa batho ba ba kileng ba tshwarwa ke bolwetse jwa Go swa Mohama ba tshela lobaka lo lo kwa tlase ga ngwaga. Ka kakaretso, Bolwetse jwa Go swa Mohama di diragetse mo bathong ba ba fetang dingwaga di le masome a marataro le botlhano 65.<ref name="Fei2013">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Feigin VL, Forouzanfar MH, Krishnamurthi R, Mensah GA, Connor M, Bennett DA, Moran AE, Sacco RL, Anderson L, Truelsen T, O'Donnell M, Venketasubramanian N, Barker-Collo S, Lawes CM, Wang W, Shinohara Y, Witt E, Ezzati M, Naghavi M, Murray C|display-authors=6|title=Global and regional burden of stroke during 1990-2010: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|journal=The Lancet|volume=383|issue=9913|pages=245–54|date=January 2014|pmid=24449944|pmc=4181600|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61953-4}}</ref> == Ditshupiso == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] rcmktssydl25is5nsujfstui226qh4h 0 13300 50163 2026-06-04T07:29:03Z MmaBaggio 11091 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1501549|Diabetes]] to:tn #mdwikicx 50163 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Diabetes mellitus|synonym=|image=Blue circle for diabetes.svg|image_size=280px|image_thumbtime=|alt=A hollow circle with a thick blue border and a clear centre|caption=Universal blue circle symbol for diabetes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Diabetes Blue Circle Symbol |url=http://www.diabetesbluecircle.org |date=17 March 2006 |publisher=International Diabetes Federation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070805042346/http://www.diabetesbluecircle.org/ |archive-date=5 August 2007 }}</ref>|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˌ|d|aɪ|_|ə|'|b|i|_|t|i|z|,_|-|t|I|s}}</br>{{IPAc-en|'|m|ɛ|l|_|I|_|t|ə|s|,_|m|ə|'|l|aI|-}}|specialty=[[Endocrinology]]|symptoms=[[polyuria|Frequent urination]], [[polydipsia|increased thirst]], [[polyphagia|increased hunger]]<ref name=WHO2013/>|complications=[[Diabetic ketoacidosis]], [[hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state]], [[heart disease]], [[stroke]], [[chronic renal failure|chronic kidney failure]], [[diabetic foot ulcer|foot ulcers]], [[cognitive impairment]], [[diabetic gastroparesis|gastroparesis]]<ref name=WHO2013/><ref name=Kit2009/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Krishnasamy S, Abell TL | title = Diabetic Gastroparesis: Principles and Current Trends in Management | journal = Diabetes Therapy | volume = 9 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = 1–42 | date = July 2018 | pmid = 29934758 | pmc = 6028327 | doi = 10.1007/s13300-018-0454-9 }}</ref><ref name=Sa2016/>|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=|risks='''Type 1''': [[Genealogy|Family history]]<ref name=Change2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chiang JL, Kirkman MS, Laffel LM, Peters AL | title = Type 1 diabetes through the life span: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 37 | issue = 7 | pages = 2034–54 | date = July 2014 | pmid = 24935775 | pmc = 5865481 | doi = 10.2337/dc14-1140 }}</ref><br>'''Type 2''': [[Obesity]], lack of exercise, [[Heredity|genetics]]<ref name=WHO2013/><ref name=NIH2014Cause>{{cite web|title=Causes of Diabetes|url=http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/Diabetes/causes-diabetes/Pages/index.aspx|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=10 February 2016|date=June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-date=2 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202083725/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/Diabetes/causes-diabetes/Pages/index.aspx }}</ref>|diagnosis=High [[blood sugar]]<ref name=WHO2013/>|differential=|prevention=|treatment=[[Healthy diet]], [[physical exercise]]<ref name=WHO2013/>|medication=[[Insulin]], [[anti-diabetic medication]] like [[metformin]]<ref name=WHO2013/><ref name=AFP09/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/diabetes-mellitus-and-disorders-of-carbohydrate-metabolism/drug-treatment-of-diabetes-mellitus |title=Drug Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus |first=Erika F. |last=Brutsaert |date=February 2017 |access-date=12 October 2018 |archive-date=12 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012214514/https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/diabetes-mellitus-and-disorders-of-carbohydrate-metabolism/drug-treatment-of-diabetes-mellitus |url-status=live }}</ref>|prognosis=|frequency=463 million (8.8%)<ref name=IDF2019/>|deaths=4.2 million (2019)<ref name=IDF2019/>|named after=}} '''Bolwetse jwa sukiri''' ( '''DM''' ), jo gantsi bo bidiwang '''bolwetse jwa sukiri''', ke setlhopha sa mathata a metaboliki a a tlhaolwang ke selekanyo se se kwa godimo sa sukiri mo mading ka nako e telele.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About diabetes|url=http://www.who.int/diabetes/action_online/basics/en/|publisher=World Health Organization|access-date=4 April 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331094533/http://www.who.int/diabetes/action_online/basics/en/|archive-date=31 March 2014}}</ref> Dikai gantsi di akaretsa go tlhapologa kgapetsakgapetsa, go tshwarwa ke leyora thata le keletso e e tseneletseng ya dijo.<ref name="WHO2013">{{Cite web|title=Diabetes Fact sheet N°312|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/|website=WHO|access-date=25 March 2014|date=October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826174444/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/|archive-date=26 August 2013}}</ref> Fa bolwetse jwa sukiri bo sa alafiwe bo ka baka mathata a le mantsi.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Mathata a a masisi a ka akaretsa ketoacidosis ya sukiri, seemo sa go nna le sukiri e ntsi mo mading, kgotsa loso.<ref name="Kit2009">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN|title=Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes|journal=Diabetes Care|volume=32|issue=7|pages=1335–43|date=July 2009|pmid=19564476|pmc=2699725|doi=10.2337/dc09-9032}}</ref> Mathata a a masisi a nako e telele a akaretsa bolwetse jwa pelo le methapo, [[Go Swa Mohama|bolwetse jwa go swa Mohama]], bolwetse jo bo sa foleng jwa diphilo, diso tsa dinao, go senyega ga ditshika, go senyega ga matlho le go sa kgone go dirisa tlhaloganyo sentle.<ref name="WHO2013" /><ref name="Sa2016">{{Cite journal|last=Saedi|first=E|last2=Gheini|first2=MR|last3=Faiz|first3=F|last4=Arami|first4=MA|title=Diabetes mellitus and cognitive impairments.|journal=World Journal of Diabetes|date=15 September 2016|volume=7|issue=17|pages=412–22|doi=10.4239/wjd.v7.i17.412|pmid=27660698|pmc=5027005}}</ref> Bolwetse jwa sukiri bo bakwa ke go sa tlhagise insulin sentle ga satlhoko e e lekaneng, kgotsa disele tsa mmele ga di tsibogele insulin e e tlhagisiwang sentle.<ref name="Green2011">{{Cite book|veditors=Shoback DG, Gardner D|title=Greenspan's basic & clinical endocrinology|year=2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07-162243-1|chapter=Chapter 17|edition=9th}}</ref> Go na le mefuta e meraro e megolo ya bolwetse jwa sukiri: <ref name="WHO2013" /> * Bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa Mofuta wa ntlha bo bakiwa ke go palelwa ga santlhoko go ntsha insulin e e lekaneng ka ntlha ya go latlhegelwa ke disele tsa beta.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Mofuta ono o ne o bidiwa "bolwetse jwa sukiri jo bo ikaegileng ka insulin" (IDDM) kgotsa "bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa bana".<ref name="WHO2013" /> Go latlhegelwa ke disele tsa beta go bakwa ke tsela e masole a mmele a tsibogelang ka yone.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Hormones|last=Norman|first=Anthony|last2=Henry|first2=Helen|publisher=Elsevier|year=2015|isbn=9780123694447|location=|pages=136–137}}</ref> Se se bakang tsibogo eno ya masole a mmele ga se itsiwe.<ref name="WHO2013" /> * Bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa Mofuta wa bobedi bo simolola ka go sa kgone go dirisa insulin, e leng seemo se mo go sone disele di palelwang ke go tsibogela insulin sentle.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Fa bolwetse bo ntse bo tswelela, go ka nna ga nna le go tlhoka insulin le gone.<ref>{{Cite book|title=RSSDI textbook of diabetes mellitus|year=2012|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|isbn=978-93-5025-489-9|page=235|edition=Revised 2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7H6mYolrtUMC&pg=PA235|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014172232/https://books.google.com/books?id=7H6mYolrtUMC&pg=PA235|archive-date=14 October 2015}}</ref> Mofuta ono o ne o bidiwa "bolwetse jwa sukiri jo bo sa ikaegang ka insulin" (NIDDM) kgotsa "bolwetse jwa sukiri jo bo simololang mo bagolong".<ref name="WHO2013" /> Selo se se tlwaelegileng se se bakang seno ke kopano ya bokete jo bo feteletseng jwa mmele le go sa itshidila mmele.<ref name="WHO2013" /> * Bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa boimana ke mofuta wa boraro o mogolo, mme bo diragala fa basadi ba ba itsholofetseg ba ba senang hditso tsa bolwetse jwa sukiri mo nakong e e fetileng ba nna le selekanyo se se kwa godimo sa sukiri mo mading.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa Mofuta wa 1 bo tshwanetse go laolwa ka go tlhabelwa insulin.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Thibelo le kalafi ya bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa mofuta wa 2 e akaretsa go ja dijo tse di itekanetseng, go ikatisa mmele ka metlha, boima jwa mmele jo bo tlwaelegileng, le go tila go goga motsoko.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa mofuta wa bobedi bo ka alafiwa ka melemo e e jaaka di-sensitizer tsa insulin tse di nang le insulin kgotsa tse di senang yone.<ref name="WHO2013Top10">{{Cite web|title=The top 10 causes of death Fact sheet N°310|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/|publisher=World Health Organization|date=October 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170530121727/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/|archive-date=30 May 2017}}</ref> Go laola kgatelelo ya madi le go tlhokomela tlhokomelo e e siameng ya maoto le matlho go botlhokwa mo bathong ba ba nang le bolwetse jono.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Insulin le melemo mengwe e e nowang di ka baka go nna le sukiri e e kwa tlase mo mading.<ref>{{Cite book|veditors=Rippe RS, Irwin JM|title=Manual of intensive care medicine|year=2010|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-0-7817-9992-8|page=549|edition=5th}}</ref> Go arwa ga batho ba ba mmele motoa go fokotsa boima jwa mmele ka dinako tse dingwe ke tsela e e nang le matswela mo bathong ba ba nang le bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa mofuta wa 2.<ref name="Picot2009">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Picot J, Jones J, Colquitt JL, Gospodarevskaya E, Loveman E, Baxter L, Clegg AJ|title=The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of bariatric (weight loss) surgery for obesity: a systematic review and economic evaluation|journal=Health Technology Assessment|volume=13|issue=41|pages=1–190, 215–357, iii–iv|date=September 2009|pmid=19726018|doi=10.3310/hta13410|hdl=10536/DRO/DU:30064294|doi-access=free}}</ref> Bolwetse jwa sukiri jwa boimana gantsi bo rarabologa morago ga go tsholwa ga lesea.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cash|first=Jill|title=Family Practice Guidelines|year=2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-8261-6875-7|page=396|edition=3rd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCjcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA396|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031011231/https://books.google.com/books?id=nCjcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA396|archive-date=31 October 2015}}</ref> {{asof|2019}}, an estimated 463&nbsp;million people had diabetes worldwide (8.8% of the adult population), with type 2 diabetes making up about 90% of the cases.<ref name="IDF2019">{{Cite web|title=IDF DIABETES ATLAS Ninth Edition 2019|url=https://www.diabetesatlas.org/upload/resources/material/20200302_133351_IDFATLAS9e-final-web.pdf|website=www.diabetesatlas.org|access-date=18 May 2020|language=EN|archive-date=1 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501123853/https://www.diabetesatlas.org/upload/resources/material/20200302_133351_IDFATLAS9e-final-web.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Rates are similar in women and men. Trends suggest that rates will continue to rise.<ref name="IDF2019" /> Diabetes at least doubles a person's risk of early death.<ref name="WHO2013" /> In 2019, diabetes resulted in approximately 4.2&nbsp;million deaths.<ref name="IDF2019" /> It is the 7th leading cause of death globally.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is Diabetes?|url=https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/diabetes.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=18 May 2020|language=en-us|date=11 March 2020|archive-date=18 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518120023/https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/diabetes.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The top 10 causes of death|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death|website=www.who.int|access-date=18 May 2020|language=en|archive-date=24 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924191646/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death|url-status=live}}</ref> The global [[economic cost]] of diabetes related health expenditure in 2017 was estimated at {{USD|727}} billion.<ref name="IDF2019" /> In the United States, diabetes cost nearly US$327&nbsp;billion in 2017.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2018-03-22|title=Economic Costs of Diabetes in the U.S. in 2017|journal=Diabetes Care|volume=41|issue=5|pages=917–928|doi=10.2337/dci18-0007|pmid=29567642|issn=0149-5992|last=American Diabetes Association|pmc=5911784}}</ref> Average medical expenditures among people with diabetes are about 2.3 times higher.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Deaths and Cost {{!}} Data & Statistics {{!}} Diabetes {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics-report/deaths-cost.html|website=cdc.gov|access-date=2 July 2019|language=en-us|date=20 February 2019|archive-date=19 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619112157/https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics-report/deaths-cost.html|url-status=live}}</ref> == Ditshupiso == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 933cyippucix1ukmg3dl4nrxbqcwyfe 0 13301 50164 2026-06-04T07:46:06Z MmaBaggio 11091 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1501180|Cholera]] to:tn #mdwikicx 50164 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Cholera|synonym=Asiatic cholera, epidemic cholera<ref name=textbook/>|image=PHIL 1939 lores.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=A person with severe [[dehydration]] due to cholera causing sunken eyes and wrinkled hands and skin.|pronounce=|specialty=[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=Large amounts of watery [[diarrhea]], [[vomiting]], [[muscle cramps]]<ref name=Jong2022/>|complications=[[Dehydration]], [[electrolyte imbalance]]<ref name=WHO2017/>|onset=2 hours to 5 days after exposure<ref name=CDC2015Pro />|duration=A few days<ref name=WHO2017/>|types=|causes=''[[Vibrio cholerae]]'' spread by [[fecal-oral route]]<ref name=WHO2017/>|risks=Poor [[sanitation]], not enough clean [[drinking water]], [[poverty]]<ref name=WHO2017/>|diagnosis=[[Stool test]]<ref name=WHO2017/>|differential=|prevention=Improved sanitation, [[drinking water|clean water]], [[hand washing]], [[cholera vaccine]]s<ref name=WHO2010 /><ref name=Lancet2012 />|treatment=[[Oral rehydration therapy]], [[zinc supplementation]], [[intravenous fluids]], [[antibiotics]]<ref name=WHO2017/><ref name=CDC2014Zinc />|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=1.3–4&nbsp;million people a year<ref name=WHO2017/>|deaths=28,800 (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De/>|named after=}} '''Letlhatso le Letshololo''' ke tshwaetsego ya mala a mannye ka mefuta mengwe ya baketeria ''ya Vibrio cholerae''.<ref name="Jong2022">{{Cite book|last=Weil|first=Ana A.|last2=Ryan|first2=Edward T.|editor-last=Jong|editor-first=Elaine C.|editor-last2=Stevens|editor-first2=Dennis L.|title=Netter's Infectious Diseases|date=2022|publisher=Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-71159-3|pages=384-389|edition=2nd|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l8skEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA384|language=en|chapter=66. Cholera|access-date=2023-05-08|archive-date=2023-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630080819/https://books.google.com/books?id=l8skEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA384|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CDC2015Pro">{{Cite web|title=Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection Information for Public Health & Medical Professionals|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/healthprofessionals.html|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date=17 March 2015|date=January 6, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320052724/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/healthprofessionals.html|archive-date=20 March 2015}}</ref> Dikai e ka nna tse di ko tase, tse di fa gare ya ko go tse di masisi.<ref name="CDC2015Pro" /> Sekai sa bogologolo ke letshololo le lentsi le le metsi le le tsayang malatsi a le mmalwa.<ref name="WHO2017">{{Cite journal|title=Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper – August 2017.|journal=Releve epidemiologique hebdomadaire|date=25 August 2017|volume=92|issue=34|pages=477-98|pmid=28845659|url=https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/258763/WER9234.pdf;jsessionid=D2901DAA743145CB4317D1642A44E82A?sequence=1|access-date=30 July 2025}}</ref> Go kgwa le go tshwarwa ke dikerempe le gone go ka diragala.<ref name="CDC2015Pro" /> Letshololo le ka nna maswe thata mo diureng di se kae fela mo le felelang ka go felelwa ke metsi mo mmeleng le go tlhoka tekatekano ga eleketerolaete.<ref name="WHO2017" /> Seno se ka felela ka gore matlho a wele, letlalo le nne tsididi, letlalo le se ka la tlhola le ela le go tsutsubana ga diatla le maoto.<ref name="Lancet2012">{{Cite journal|last=Harris|first=JB|last2=LaRocque|first2=RC|last3=Qadri|first3=F|last4=Ryan|first4=ET|last5=Calderwood|first5=SB|title=Cholera.|journal=Lancet|date=30 June 2012|volume=379|issue=9835|pages=2466–76|pmid=22748592|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60436-x|pmc=3761070}}</ref> Go felelwa ke metsi mo mmeleng go ka dira gore letlalo le fetoge go nna botala jwa llewapi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bailey|first=Diane|title=Cholera|date=2011|publisher=Rosen Pub.|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4358-9437-2|page=7|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7rvLPx33GPgC&pg=PA7|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203190215/https://books.google.com/books?id=7rvLPx33GPgC&pg=PA7|archive-date=2016-12-03}}</ref> Dikai di ka simolola diura di le pedi go ya go malatsi a matlhano morago ga go iponatsa.<ref name="CDC2015Pro" /> Letlhatso le Letshololo le bakwa ke mefuta e le mmalwa ya ''Vibrio cholerae'', mme mefuta mengwe e ntsha bolwetse jo bo maswe thata go feta e mengwe.<ref name="WHO2017" /> E anamisiwa thata ke metsi a a sa babalesegang le dijo tse di sa babalesegang tse di kgotletsweng ke mantle a batho a a nang le baketeria eno.<ref name="WHO2017" /> Dijo tsa lewatle tse di sa apewang sentle ke motswedi o o tlwaelegileng.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sources of Infection & Risk Factors|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/infection-sources.html|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date=17 March 2015|date=November 7, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312223337/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/infection-sources.html|archive-date=12 March 2015}}</ref> Batho ke bone fela diphologolo tse di amegang.<ref name="WHO2017" /> Dintlha tse di kotsi tsa bolwetse jo di akaretsa kgeleloleswe e e bokoa, go tlhoka metsi a a lekaneng a a phepa a a nowang, le lehuma.<ref name="WHO2017" /> Go na le matshwenyego a gore go tlhatloga ga lemogiwa ka go dira diteko tsa mantle.<ref name="WHO2017" /> Teko ya dipstick e e bonako e teng mme ga e a nepagala jalo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Diagnosis and Detection|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/diagnosis.html|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date=17 March 2015|date=February 10, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315041832/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/diagnosis.html|archive-date=15 March 2015}}</ref> Mekgwa ya thibelo kgatlhanong le Letlhatso le Letshololo e akaretsa go tokafatsa kgeleloleswe le phitlhelelo ya metsi a a phepa.<ref name="Lancet2012" /> Mekento ya Letlhatso le Letshololo tse e e nowang ka molomo e fa tshireletso e e utlwalang mo e ka nnang dikgwedi di le thataro.<ref name="WHO2017" /> Di na le molemo o o oketsegileng wa go sireletsa kgatlhanong le mofuta o mongwe wa letshololo o o bakiwang ke ''E.<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwbA">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>coli''.<ref name="WHO2017" /> Kalafi ya konokono ke go tsenya metsi mo mmeleng ka molomo —go emisetsa diedi ka metswako e e botshe le e e letswai go sekae.<ref name="WHO2017" /> Ditharabololo tse di theilweng mo raese di a ratwa.<ref name="WHO2010">{{Cite journal|title=Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper|journal=Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec.|date=March 26, 2010|volume=85|issue=13|pages=117–128|pmid=20349546|url=http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8513.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413020218/http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8513.pdf|archive-date=April 13, 2015}}</ref> Zinc tlatsetso e na le thuso ka bana.<ref name="CDC2014Zinc">{{Cite web|title=Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/index.html|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date=17 March 2015|date=November 7, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311042338/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/index.html|archive-date=11 March 2015}}</ref> Mo maemong a a maswe thata, go ka tlhokega gore go tsenngwe diedi mo ditshikaneng, tse di jaaka Ringer’s lactate, mme dibolayamegare tse di jaaka doxycycline di ka nna molemo.<ref name="WHO2017" /><ref name="CMP2023">{{Cite web|title=Changing the game for Acute Infectious Diarrhea — IDP for the win! {{!}} This Changed My Practice|url=https://thischangedmypractice.com/acute-infectious-diarrhea-idp/|website=thischangedmypractice.com|access-date=29 September 2023|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019223715/https://thischangedmypractice.com/acute-infectious-diarrhea-idp/|url-status=live}}</ref> Go dira diteko go bona gore ke sebolayamegare sefe se Letlhatso le Letshololo le ka se tlhaselang bonolo go ka thusa go kaela go tlhopha.<ref name="CDC2015Pro" /> Letlhatso le Letshololo le ama batho ba ba ka nnang 1.3 go ya go 4&nbsp;batho ba le dimilione lefatshe ka bophara mme e baka batho ba le 21 000–143 000&nbsp;dintsho ka ngwaga.<ref name="WHO2017" /><ref name="GBD2015De">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}</ref> Le fa e tsewa e le leroborobo {{as of|2017|lc=y}} , ga se bonwe thata mo mafatsheng a tlhabologileng.<ref name="WHO2017" /> Bana ke bone ba ba amegang thata.<ref name="WHO2017" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/index.html|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date=17 March 2015|date=October 27, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317031930/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/index.html|archive-date=17 March 2015}}</ref> Letlhatso le Letshololo le tlhagelela ka go runya le ka nako e telele mo mafelong a a rileng.<ref name="WHO2017" /> Dikgaolo tse di nang le kotsi e e tswelelang ya malwetse di akaretsa [[Aferika|Aforika]] le Borwabotlhaba jwa Asia.<ref name="WHO2017" /> Kotsi ya loso mo go ba ba amegang gantsi e kwa tlase ga 1% mme e ka nna kwa godimo go fitlha go 5%.<ref name="WHO2017" /> Go tlhoka go bona kalafi go felela ka gore go nne le dintsho tse di kwa godimo.<ref name="WHO2017" /> Ditlhaloso tsa kholera di fitlhetswe go tloga ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 5 BC ka Sesanskrit.<ref name="Lancet2012" /> Thutopatlisiso ya kholera kwa Engelane e e dirilweng ke John Snow fa gare ga ngwaga wa 1849 le wa 1854 e ne ya dira gore go nne le kgatelopele e e bonalang mo thutong ya malwetse a a tshelanwang.<ref name="Lancet2012" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Timmreck|first=Thomas C.|title=An introduction to epidemiology|date=2002|publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers|location=Sudbury, MA|isbn=978-0-7637-0060-7|page=77|edition=3.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yyrbKemADL4C&pg=PA77|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203190442/https://books.google.com/books?id=yyrbKemADL4C&pg=PA77|archive-date=2016-12-03}}</ref> Go nnile le ditiragalo tse ditona di le supa mo dingwageng di le makgolo a maeditse di fetileng mme tsa bolaya dimilionemilione tsa batho.<ref name="WHO2017" /> == Ditshupiso == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] knvu9cyplgmgo4y8zj0d41qftpbop4i 0 13302 50165 2026-06-04T09:09:08Z MmaBaggio 11091 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1503311|Menstruation]] to:tn #mdwikicx 50165 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Figure_28_02_07.jpg|right|thumb|634x634px| Setshwantsho se se bontshang go tswelela pele ga modikologo wa go bona kgwedi le dihoromone tse di farologaneng tse di nang le seabe mo go one]] '''Go bona Setswalo''', go go itsegeng gape jaaka '''paka''' kgotsa '''kgwedi le kgwedi''',<ref name="Jones2011">{{Cite book|title=Women's Gynecologic Health|date=2011|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers|isbn=9780763756376|page=94|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pj_ourS3PBMC&pg=PA94|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626120253/https://books.google.ca/books?id=pj_ourS3PBMC&pg=PA94|archive-date=26 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ke go tswa ga madi le ditogwa tsa legogo ( tse di itsegeng jaaka go bona kgwedi ) go tswa mo letlalong le le kafa teng la popelo go feta mo bosading . Paka ya ntlha gantsi e simolola magareng ga dingwaga di le lesome le bobedi le lesome a matlhano, nako e e bidiwang menarche.<ref name="Jones2011" /> Le fa go ntse jalo, ka dinako tse dingwe go ka nna ga simolola go bona kgwedi fa a le dingwaga di le robedi mme go sa ntse go tsewa go tlwaelegile.<ref name="Women2014Men" /> Palogare ya dingwaga tsa paka ya ntlha ka kakaretso ke moragonyana mo mafatsheng a a tlhabologang, le pelenyana mo mafatsheng a a tlhabologileng.<ref name="Diaz2006" /> Boleele jo bo tlwaelegileng jwa nako magareng ga letsatsi la ntlha la paka e le nngwe le letsatsi la ntlha la le le latelang ke malatsi a le masome a mabedi le motso go ya go a le masome a mane le botlhano mo makgarebeng, le malatsi a le masome a mabedi le bongwe go ya go a le masome a mararo le motso mo bagolong (palogare ya malatsi a le 28).<ref name="Women2014Men" /><ref name="Diaz2006">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Diaz A, Laufer MR, Breech LL, ((American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Adolescence)), ((American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Adolescent Health))|title=Menstruation in girls and adolescents: using the menstrual cycle as a vital sign|journal=Pediatrics|volume=118|issue=5|pages=2245–50|date=November 2006|pmid=17079600|doi=10.1542/peds.2006-2481|doi-access=free}}</ref> Go tswa madi gantsi go tsaya malatsi a ka nna mabedi go ya go a supa.<ref name="Women2014Men" /> Go bona kgwedi go emisa morago ga go kgaotsa go bona kgwedi, mo gantsi go diragalang fa motho a le dingwaga di le masome a mane le botlhano le masome a matlhano le botlhano . Dikgwedi di a ema gape ka nako ya boimana mme gantsi ga di simolole gape mo dikgweding tsa ntlha tsa [[Kamuso ka Lebele|go amusa]].<ref name="Women2014Men" /> Go tlhoka go bona setswalo, go go bidiwang amenorrhea, ke fa go sa nne le setswalo fa motho a le dingwaga di le lesome le botlhano kgotsa go sa nne teng mo malatsing a le masome a robabongwe. Mathata a mangwe a modikologo wa go bona kgwedi a akaretsa go nna le dipaka tse di botlhoko le go tswa madi ka tsela e e sa tlwaelegang jaaka go tswa madi fa gare ga dipaka kgotsa go tswa madi a mantsi.<ref name="Women2014Men" /> Go bona kgwedi mo diphologolong tse dingwe go diragala mo diphologolong tse di tshelang ( ditshwene le ditshwene ).<ref name="Kris2013">{{Cite book|last=Kristin H. Lopez|title=Human Reproductive Biology|date=2013|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=9780123821850|page=53|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M4kEdSnS-pkC&pg=PA53|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621165031/https://books.google.ca/books?id=M4kEdSnS-pkC&pg=PA53|archive-date=21 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Martin RD|title=The evolution of human reproduction: a primatological perspective|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|volume=Suppl 45|pages=59–84|year=2007|pmid=18046752|doi=10.1002/ajpa.20734}}</ref> Modikologo wa go bona kgwedi o diragala ka ntlha ya go tlhatloga le go wela tlase ga dihoromone . Modikologo ono o felela ka gore letlalo la popelo le nne bokima, le go gola ga lee, (le le tlhokegang fa motho a ima ).<ref name="Women2014Men" /> Lee le gololwa mo ovary go dikologa letsatsi la bolesome le bone mo modikologong; letlalo le le kitlaneng la popelo le neela lesea le le mo popelong dikotla morago ga go imatlarela.<ref name="Women2014Men" /> Fa go imatlarela gosa diragale, letlalo le a gololwa mo go se se bidiwang go bona kgwedi.<ref name="Women2014Men" /> == Ditshupiso == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 4nisss93h8z4ni989xj57bgc6fyh7rn