Wikipedia tnwiki https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsebe_ya_konokono MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.5 first-letter Pego Faphegileng Puisano Modirisi Puisano ya modirisi Wikipedia Puisano ya Wikipedia Setshwantsho Puisano ya setshwantsho MediaWiki Puisano ya MediaWiki Tempolete Puisano ya tempolete Thuso Puisano ya thuso Karolo Puisano ya karolo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 8696 50284 39970 2026-06-08T04:48:04Z Mothusi Sekhomba 9433 Ke e tlhabolotse. 50284 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Mwamongu_water_source.jpg|thumb|222x222px|Motswedi wa metsi kwa motseng wa Mwamanogu , Tanzania. Kwa Meatu District, Kgaolo ya Shinyanga , metsi gantsi a tswa mo mafuting a a bulegileng a a epilweng mo motlhabeng o o fa tlase ga dinoka tse di omeletseng mme a ka tswa a kgotlhelesegile]] Diponelopele di supa fa tlhaelo ya metsi mo kgaolong ya [[Aferika|Aforika]] e tlaabo e goletse pele ka ngwaga wa 2025, go fopholeditswe gore bobedi mo borarong jwa dipalopalo tsa batho mo lefatsheng ka bophara di tla itemogela tlhaelo ya metsi a a phepha e bile a babalesegile. Tlhaelo e ya metsi e bakiwa ke kgolo e e bofefo ya dipalo tsa batho, tlhaelo ya madi le lefatshe go itepatepanya le palo ya batho e e tlhokang metsi, le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa le loapi. Tlhaelo ya metsi ke letlhoko la metsi a phepa go itepatepanya le patlo e e kwa godimo ya metsi.<ref>[https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity "Water Scarcity | Threats | WWF"]. ''World Wildlife Fund''. Retrieved 2020-11-29.</ref> Le ntswa kgaolo e e kwa borwa ja sekaka sa Sahara e na le motswedi o montsi wa metsi a pula, e bonwa ka dipaka dingwe mme ebile e sa ne lefelo lotlhe, se se baka merwalela le komelelo gangwe le gape.<ref name=":0">[https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/africa.shtml "International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015".] Retrieved 1 April 2013.</ref> Fa godimo ga foo, dikgang tsa kgolo ya itsholelo le lehuma fa di kopanngwa le kgolo ya bofefo ya palo ya batho le go fuduga ga batho go ya kwa ditoropong go bakile gore kgaolo ya borwa jwa Sahara e nne yone e e humanegileng e bile e sa tlhabologa go gaisa dikgaolo tsotlhe.<ref name=":0" /> Pego ya ngwaga wa 2012 e e neng e kwalwa ke ba [[:en:Food_and_Agriculture_Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]], e supa fa go golela pele ga tlhaelo ya metsi e le nngwe ya sekgoreletsi se se kwa pele mo tlhabologong.<ref>FAO (2012). [https://www.fao.org/3/i3015e/i3015e.pdf Coping with water scarcity - An action framework for agriculture and food security], FAO Rome.</ref> Se ke ka ntata ya gore mekgatsha ya dinoka e le mentsi e itemogela tlhaelo ya metsi ka patlo ya metsi ya temothuo le makalana a mangwe e tsweletse ka go golela pele. Tlhaelo ya metsi mo Aforika e amile tsa botsogo (segolo jang bomme le bana) go tsena ka tsa thuto, go ntsha maduo mo go tsa temothuo, tlhabololo le kgonagalo ya dikgogakgogano tse dingwe ka metsi. Go baakanya kgang ya tlhaelo ya metsi mo Aforika, lekgotla la United Nations Economic Commission for Africa le gatelela botlhokwa jwa go beeletsa madi mo tlhabololong ya metswedi e e nang le kgonagalo ya go ntsha metsi mo Aforika. Se se ka tlhabolola tshireletso ya dijo le metsi le go sireletsa kgolo ya itsholelo ka go laola komelelo, merwalela le sekaka.<ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20230405134353/https://repository.uneca.org/bitstream/handle/10855/25038/Bib-53926.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Management Options to Enhance Survival and Growth" (]PDF). Retrieved 05 April 2023</ref> == Tshimologo == [[Setshwantsho:Local_Girls_in_Babile_Ethiopia_2012.jpg|thumb|Basetsana ba lefelo leo ba ba tswang kwa Babile (Ethiopia) ba tlatsa dithini tsa metsi a polasetiki mo motsweding o mogolo wa metsi wa lefelo leo.]] Kgaolo ya borwa jwa sekaka sa Sahara ya sub-saharan Africa, e na le palo e ntsi ya mafatshe a a tlhaelelwang ke metsi go fetisa mafelo otlhe mo lefatsheng, mo palong e e akanyediwang ya di milione di le makgolo a ferabobedi ya batho ba ba nnang mo Aforika, makgolo a le mararo a nna mo tikologong e e senang metsi.<ref name=":2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160401234042/http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D "Archive: Conference on Water Scarcity in Africa: Issues and Challenges"]. Archived from the original on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2016.</ref> Go ya ka dipatlisiso tse di boletsweng kwa bokopanong jwa ngwaga wa 2012 jwa tlhaelo ya metsi mo Aforika: mathata le dikgwetlho "Water Scarcity in Africa: Issues and Challenges", go akanyediwa fa ka ngwaga wa 2030, batho ba le dimilione di le masome a supa le botlhano go ya kwa go ba le makgolo a mabedi le botlhano jwa di milione mo Aforika ba tla bo ba nna mo dikgaolong tse di tlhaelang metsi mo go ka bakang phudugo ya batho ba ka nna di milione di le masome a mabedi le bone go ema ka ba le di milione di le makgolo a supa, ka jaana mafelo a o a tla bo a sa tlhole a nnega.<ref name=":2" /> Tlhaelo ya metsi ke letlhoko la metsi a a phepha go mekamekana le palo ya batho ba ba dirisang metsi. Go na le mefuta e le mebedi ya tlhaelo ya metsi: tlhaelo ya metsi ka bo one le tlhaelo ya metsi e e amanang le itsholelo. Tlhaelo ya metsi ke fa go sena metsi a a lekaneng batho ba ba a dirisang go akaretsa a a tlhokafalang gore dimela, diphologolo le tikologo di nne sentle. Mafelo a a omeletseng jaaka legare le bophirima jwa Asia le borwa jwa Aforika, gantsi a lebanwa ke tlhaelo ya metsi. Tlhaelo ya metsi e e itebagantseng le itsholelo yone ke ka lebaka la go tlhoka go beeletsa madi mo didirisiweng kgotsa maanyane go epa metsi mo melapong, maje a a ntshang metsi le metswedi e mengwe ya metsi, kgotsa tlhaelo ya batho ba ba dirisang metsi. Bophara jwa kgaolo ya borwa jwa Sahara e itemogela tlhaelo ya metsi e e amanang le itsholelo. Go na le metsi a a phepa mo lefatsheng ka bophara a a lekaneng e bilwe go akanyediwa fa a ka lekana batho ba ba a tlhokang, Ka jalo, tlhaelo ya metsi e bakiwa ke pharologanyo gareng ga gore batho ba tlhoka metsi ba le ko kae le gore leng le gore metsi one a ko kae ebile a nna teng leng. Sengwe sa dilo tse di bakang kgolo ya batho ba ba tlhokang metsi ke kgolo ya palo ya batho mo lefatsheng, go tlhabolola seemo sa botshelo, go fetola methale ya ka fa go jewang ka teng (sekai, go ja se diphologolong di se ntshang) le go atolosa temo e e nosediwang. Phetogo ya bosa (go akaretsa merwalela le komelelo), go epiwa ga ditlhare, kgotlhelo ya metsi le go dirisa metsi botlhaswa go ka baka tlhaelo ya metsi. Tlhaelo ga e tshwane ka ntata ya go nna teng ga pula ka tlholego, mme go farologanngwa thata ke melao ya tsa itsholelo, maano le ditsela tsa go laola tiriso ga beteledipele. === Pharologano go ya ka dikgaolo === Dikgaolo tsa bokone jwa Africa le ya Sub-Sahara di itemogela go gatela pele mo seelong sa tlhabololo sa [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goal]] ka lobelo lo lo farologaneng.<ref name=":0" /> Fa masome a ferabongwe le bobedi mo lekgolong jwa Aforika bo na le metsi a phepa, Sub-Sahara yone ke masome a le marataro fela mo lekgolong a a nang le metsi a babalesegileng go nowa - se se tlogela masome a mane mo lekgolo a batho ba le di milione di le makgolo a supa masome a ferabobedi le boraro mo kgaolong e o ba ba senang metsi.<ref name=":0" /> Dingwe tsa dipharologano mo go nneng teng ga metsi a a babalesegileng go nowa di bakiwa ke seemo se se maswe sa bosa sa Aforika. Le ntswa kgaolo ya Sub-Saraha e na le metsi a mantsi, a bonwa ka dipaka dingwe e bile ga a anama le lefatshe, se se baka merwalela le dikomelelo.<ref name=":0" /> Fa godimo ga foo, tlhabologo ya itsholelo le lehuma, ga mmogo le kgolo ya palo ya batho le phudugo go ya kwa ditoropong, go bakile gore kgaolo ya borwa jwa Sahara e nne yone e e humanegileng e bile e sa tlhabologa go gaisa dikgaolo tsotlhe.<ref name=":0" /> Ka jalo kgwetlho e ya lehuma e kgoreletsa ditoropo di le dintsi mo kgaolong go ka ntsha metsi a a babalesegileng go nowa le kgopo ya metsi a a leswe, le go hema kwelo tlase ya boleng jwa metsi le fa go nna le ditshono tsa go rarabolola mathata a a metsi.<ref name=":0" /> Koketsego ya palo ya batho le yone e baka go oketsega ga mafelo a go nniwang mo go one a a tshabelelwang ke merwalela e bile a le borai.<ref name=":0" /> Pego ya mo bosheng ya [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goal_6|SDG goal 6]] e umakile dintlha di le mmalwa ka seemo sa metsi mo kgaolong ya Sub-Sahara di akaretsa go sa nneng phepa le ka go amang seemo sa dikotla bogolo jang mo baneng ka ntata ya koketsego ya malwetsi a a tshelanwang. Gape, bongwe mo borarong jwa batho ba ba nnang mo kgaolong ya Sub-Sahara ba mo kotsing ya tlala ka ntlha ya go tlhoka dijo. Kgaolo e gape e tlhaela metsi a a babalesegileng go nowa ka di peresente di le masome a supa le borataro jwa lekgolo fa 6% ya kgaolo ya [[:en:Europe|Europa]] le Bokone jwa [[:en:United_States|Amerika]] bo sa akarediwe.<ref>United Nations. Goal 6: Ensure Access to Water and Sanitation for All. Sustainable Development Goals. [https://d306pr3pise04h.cloudfront.net/docs/publications%2FSDG6_SR2018.pdf https://www.unglobalcompact.org/docs/publications/SDG6_SR2018.pdf]</ref> == Tse di bakang tlhaelo ya metsi == === Tlhaelo ya metsi le itsholelo === [[Setshwantsho:Severity_of_African_Drought.jpg|thumb|326x326px|Bogolo jwa komelelo ya Aforika bo tlhalositswe mo mafelong a a farologaneng.]] Tlhaelo ya metsi ke tlholego mme gape go dirwa ke motho.<ref>[https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml "Water Scarcity: The Importance of Water & Access".] Retrieved 18 March 2012.</ref> Ka jalo go botlhokwa go kgaoganya ka mefuta e le mebedi: Tlhaelo ka ntata ya itsholelo, le tlhaelo ka tlholego. Tlhaelo ya itsholelo ke ka go bo go bona motswedi o o ikanyegang e bile o babalesegile wa metsi go o ja nako e bile go tura. Tlhaelo ya metsi ka tlholego yone ke fa go sena metsi a alekaneng mo kgaolong nngwe.<ref>[https://thewaterproject.org/water-scarcity/ "Water Scarcity: The Importance of Water & Access"]. Retrieved 18 March 2012.</ref> United Nations Commission for Africa ya ngwaga wa 2006, e akanyetsa fa batho ba le di milione di le makgolo a mararo go tswa mo go ba le di milione di le makgolo a ferabobedi ba ba nnang mo kgaolong ya Aforika ba tshelela mo tikologong e e tlhaelang metsi.<ref name=":1" /> Segolo bogolo kwa bokone jwa Aforika le borwa jwa Aforika, go ya godimo ga mogote le phetego ya seemo sa bosa go okeditse modikologo wa go na ga dipula se sa baka gore dipaka tsa komelelo di omelele go gaisa, mme ga oketsa dipaka tsa lenyora tse di tseneletseng ebile di nna kgapetsakgapetsa. Se se ama go nna teng, boleng le bontsi jwa metsi ka metsi a ile kwa tlase mo melapong le mo megobeng le go omeletsa maje a a ntshang metsi kwa bokone le borwa jwa dikgaolo tsa Aforika. Ngwe ya tse di akareditsweng mo karolong ya tlhaelo ya metsi ke kgang ya go dirisiwa botlhaswa kgotsa go tlhoka go tlhokomela tiriso ya metsi. Se se ama go fokotsega ga makadiba a magolo mo Aforika, a akaretsa la Nakivale, Nakuru le lekadiba la [[:en:Lake_Chad|Lake Chad]], le le gonyetseng ka lesome mo lekgolong la botona jwa lone jwa pele.<ref name=":3">[https://www.un-ilibrary.org/content/books/9789210576956c007/read "Water Scarcity, Risk, and Vulnerability"]. Retrieved 05April 2023</ref> Ka tsa melao, tlhotlheletso ya tiriso e e fetileng selekanyo ke dingwe tsa tse di tsisang tshenyo, bogolo jang fa go lebilwe go epa metsi mo lefatsheng. Mo metsing a a mo lefatsheng, fa pompo e setse e tsentswe, molao wa mafatshe ka bontsi ke go e ntsha fela fa ba lebile gore motlakase o lopa bokae le go fokotsa tlhwatlhwa ya motlakase mo go tsa temothuo, selo se se senya tsela ya go babalela didirisiwa tsa go nna jalo.<ref name=":3" /> Fagodimo ga foo, mafatshe a le mantsi mo Aforika a isitse tlhwatlhwa ya metsi kwa tlase ga seelo, ka jalo ba sa rotloetse go dirisa metsi sentle.<ref name=":3" /> === Phetogo ya loapi === Go ya ka bokopano jwa Africa Partnership Forum, le ntswa Aforika e le kontinente e kwa tlase mo go tse di bakang phetogo ya loapi, ke yone kontinente e e amiwang thata ke ditlamorago tsa yone phetogo e. Go fetoga ga ka fa dipula di nang ka teng go ama temo go bo go fokotsa tshireletso ya dijo, go bo go kgotlhela tshireletso ya metsi; go fokotsa ditlhapi mo metsing ka ntlha ya mogote o montsi; go bo go fetola ka fa malwetsi a a bakiwang go lomiwa ke ditshidinyana a tsenang ka teng, go ya ko godimo ga metsi a lewatle go ama mafelo a a agetsweng kwa tlase mme a na le dipalo tse di kwa godimo tsa batho.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230405134354/http://www.adaptationnow.dk/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Climate_Change_in_Africa.pdf "Climate Change in Africa"] (PDF). Retrieved 05 April 2023.</ref> Dieemo tse di ka ama boleng le bontsi jwa metsi a bana ba a tlhokang go ka tshela.<ref>[https://www.unicef.org/stories/water-and-climate-change-10-things-you-should-know "Water and the global climate crisis: 10 things you should know"]. ''www.unicef.org''. Retrieved 2020-11-29.</ref> Dipatlisiso di akanyetsa fa ka ngwaga wa 20150 pula mo Sub-Saharan Africa e tla wela tlase ka lesome mo lekgolong, mo go tla baka tlhaelo ya metsi e e tseneletseng. Phokotsego e ya lesome mo lekgolong e tla fokotsa kgopo ka lesome le bosupa mo lekgolong mme mafelo a a itemogelang di milimithara di le makgolo a matlhano go ya kwa makgolo a ferabobedi a dipula a tla bona kwelo tlase ka masome a matlhano go ya kwa go le a mararo mo lekgolong mo kelelong ya metsi mo godimo ga lefatshe.<ref>Stocker, Thomas (2014). [https://www.worldcat.org/title/879855060 ''Climate change 2013: the physical science basis : Working Group I contribution to the Fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change''. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-1-107-05799-9</bdi>. OCLC&#x20;879855060.]</ref> Pego ya Human Development e akanyetsa gape fa mogote o tla ya kwa godimo ka pula e tla bo e fokotsegile ka lesome mo lekgolong mo dikgaolong tse di mo teng ga Aforika.<ref name=":3" /> Komelelo le merwalela di supiwa fa ele tsone tse di borai mo tlhaelong ya metsi.<ref>Reinacher, L. (2013 Oct 3). The Water Crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa. The Borgen Project.</ref> Go thuthafala mo e tla bo e le mo go kwa godimo mo dikgaolong tse di sa itemogeleng pula e ntsi kwa Sahara, go bapa le Sahel le mafelo a a mo borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":3" /> === '''Basadi le basetsana''' === Maemo a a sa tshwaneng a basadi le banna ba Afrika a dira gore go nne le dipharologano mo maikarabelo a metsi, ditshwanelo, le go tsena, mme ka jalo basadi ba Afrika ba imelwa thata ke tlhaelo ya metsi a a phepa a a nowang. Mo ditšhabeng di le dintsi tsa Aforika, basadi ba bonwa jaaka bakgethisi, batsamaisi, le batlhokomedi ba metsi, bogolo jang mo tikologong ya mo gae e e akaretsang ditiro tsa mo gae, go apaya, go tlhatswa, le go godisa bana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Impacts of Water Scarcity on Women's Life |url=http://www.worldpulse.com/node/20165 |access-date=1 April 2012 |archive-date=12 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312213301/http://worldpulse.com/node/20165 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ka ntlha ya ditiro tse di tlwaelegileng tsa bong, basadi ba patelesega go dirisa mo e ka nnang diperesente di le masome a marataro tsa letsatsi lengwe le lengwe go kgobokanya metsi, se se rayang gore basadi ba bereke diura di ka nna dimilione di le 200 mo lefatsheng lotlhe ka letsatsi le go fokotsega ga nako e e leng teng ya thuto.<ref name="wac">{{Cite web|title=Women Affected by the Crisis|url=http://water.org/learn-about-the-water-crisis/women|access-date=18 March 2012|archive-date=5 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205050519/http://water.org/learn-about-the-water-crisis/women|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mo basading ba Baafrika, tiro ya bone ya letsatsi le letsatsi mo go ntsheng metsi a a phepa gantsi e raya go rwala jerrycan e e tlwaelegileng e e ka nnang bokete jwa dikilogerama di le 40 fa e tletse ka palogare ya dikilometara di le thataro ka letsatsi.<ref name="WS">{{Cite web|title=Water Scarcity: The Importance of Water & Access|url=http://thewaterproject.org/water_scarcity.asp|access-date=18 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="bpn">{{Cite web|title=The Facts About The Global Drinking Water Crisis|url=http://blueplanetnetwork.org/water/facts|access-date=18 March 2012|archive-date=5 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905053406/http://blueplanetnetwork.org/water/facts|url-status=dead}}</ref> Seno se na le ditlamorago tsa boitekanelo tse di jaaka go senyega ga marapo go go nnelang ruri ka ntlha ya go rwala metsi a a bokete mo mafelong a maleele letsatsi le letsatsi, se se fetolang go nna kgatelelo ya mmele e e oketsang go ngomoga pelo, nako e e okeditsweng ya go fola boitekanelo, le go fokotsega ga bokgoni jwa go ya kwa mafelong a thuto ka tsela e se ka dirwang ka yone ka mmele, mme gape le go tsaya thuto ka tlhaloganyo ka ntlha ya kgatelelo mo go direng ditshwetso le bokgoni jwa go gakologelwa.<ref name="WWD">{{Cite web|title=Coping With Water Scarcity: Challenge of the 21st Century|url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/docs/escarcity.pdf|access-date=18 March 2013}}</ref> Gape, go ya ka boitekanelo, go bona metsi a a babalesegileng le a a phepa a go nwa go dira gore go nne le tshireletso e kgolwane kgatlhanong le malwetse le malwetse a a anamisiwang ke metsi a a oketsang bokgoni jwa baithuti botlhe jwa go tsena sekolo. === Temothuo === [[Setshwantsho:Crop_limit,_Nile_Valley-2.jpg|thumb|Kgato ya Ethiopia ya go tlatsa letamo la Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam e ka fokotsa go elela ga Nile ka 25% le go senya dipolase tsa Egepeto.<ref>{{Cite news|title=In Africa, War Over Water Looms As Ethiopia Nears Completion Of Nile River Dam|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/02/27/589240174/in-africa-war-over-water-looms-as-ethiopia-nears-completion-of-nile-river-dam?t=1595668819363}}</ref>]] Go ya ka UN Economic Commission for Africa le New Partnership for Africa's Development, "go nosetsa go botlhokwa thata mo go fitlheleleng tlhagiso e e okeditsweng ya temothuo e e botlhokwa mo tlhabololong ya ikonomi le go fitlhelela pabalesego ya dijo". Bontsi jwa baagi ba kwa magaeng a Aforika ga ba kgone go dirisa bokgoni jwa bone jwa go nosetsa.<ref name="WWD"/> Temothuo ya go nosetsa e tsaya fela 20% ya mefuta ya temothuo mo lefatsheng lotlhe.<ref name="green">Kauffman, J., Mantel, S., Ringersma, J., Dijkshoorn, J., Van Lynden, G., Dent, D. Making Better Use of Green Water in Sub-Saharan Africa.</ref> Mo Afrika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara, dipuso di nnile le seabe se segolo mo tlhabololong ya go nosetsa. Go simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo1960, batho ba ba neng ba ntsha meneelo jaaka Banka ya Lefatshe ba ne ba tshegetsa dipuso tseno tsa Aforika mo tlhabololong ya ditsamaiso tsa go nosetsa.<ref name="gdn">Kadigi, R., Tesfay, G., Bizoza, A., Zinabou, G. (2013). Global Development Network GDN Working Paper Series Irrigation and Water Use Efficiency in Sub-Saharan Africa Working Paper No. 63. Global Development Network. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263464548</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, mo dingwageng tse di latelang, temothuo ya go nosetsa e tlhagisitse thobo e e kwa tlase go feta e e neng e solofetswe.<ref name="green" /> Go ya ka Banka ya Lefatshe temothuo e e tlhagisiwang mo Afrika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara e ka nna gararo ka 2050. Mo nakong eno, baemedi ba sephiri ba puso ba ntshitse katlholo e e kopanetsweng ya gore mo dingwageng tse di lesome tse di latelang, mathata a metsi ga a ka ke a baka dikgogakgogano tsa ka fa gare le tsa ka kwa ntle tse di ka felelang ka ntwa e e gagametseng. Mme fa e le gore selekanyo sa jaanong sa tiriso mmogo le kgatelelo ya tlelaemete se tswelela, selekanyo sa tlhaelo ya metsi mo Afrika se bolelelwa pele ke UNECA go fitlhelela maemo a a kwa godimo a a kotsi ka 2025. Seno se raya gore ka 2022 go na le kgonagalo ya phetogo ya tlhaelo ya metsi go nna le seabe mo ntweng ya dibetsa.<ref name="usi">{{Cite web|title=US Intel: Water a Cause for War in Coming Decades|url=http://www.twincities.com/ci_20230354/us-intel-water-cause-war-coming-decades?IADID=Search-www.twincities.com-www.twincities.com|access-date=23 March 2012}}</ref> Go ya ka National Intelligence Estimate on water security, e e neng e kopilwe ke Mokwaledi wa Naga Hillary Clinton mme ya wediwa ka letlhabula la 2011, morago ga 2022 metsi a tla nna a dirisiwa jaaka sebetsa sa ntwa le sedirisiwa se se ka dirisiwang mo borukhutlhi, bogolo jang kwa Afrika Bokone.<ref name="usi" /> Ka Letsatsi la Lefatshe la Metsi, Lefapha la Puso le ne la bolela gore kgatelelo ya metsi, "e ka nna ya oketsa kotsi ya go sa tlhomamang le go palelwa ke puso, go gakatsa dikgotlhang tsa kgaolo le go itaya dinaga tsebe go dira le United States mo mekgeleng e e botlhokwa ya molao". Fa go buiwa ka Nile kwa Egepeto, Sudan, le dinaga tse di kwa borwa, pego e bolelela pele gore dinaga tse di fa godimo ga noka di tla lekanyetsa go bona metsi ka mabaka a sepolotiki le gore dirukutlhi di ka tlhasela didirisiwa tse di amanang le metsi, jaaka matamo le matamo, gantsi.<ref name="usi" /> Ka ntlha ya seno, Global Risk Report ya 2011 ya World Economic Forum e akareditse tlhaelo ya metsi jaaka nngwe ya dikotsi tse tlhano tse di kwa godimo mo lefatsheng ka lekgetlo la ntlha. == Ditsela Tsa go Dirisa == [[Setshwantsho:Water_in_Adina_Faso,_Ethiopia.webm|thumb|Setshwantsho sa motshikhinyêgo sa Water.org sa tharabolola ya tlhaelo ya metsi kwa Ethiopia.]] === Ditsamaiso tsa tetla ya metsi === Kgaolo nngwe ya dinaga tsa Afrika, jaaka Tanzania, e lekile go rarabolola bothata jwa go tlhaela ga metsi ka go tlhoma thulaganyo ya go ntsha tetla ya metsi. Mo tsamaisong e e ntseng jalo, go dirisiwa melao ya mo lefelong go naya badirisi metsi a a rileng mo mafelong a a rileng. Le fa go ntse jalo, gantsi dithulaganyo tse di ntseng jalo di baka dikgotlhang tse dingwe, ka gonne ditshwanelo tsa metsi di ka nna tsa gapiwa ke batho ba ba nosetsang ka selekanyo se segolo mme seo se dira gore balemi ba ba sa itsholegeng sentle mo kgaolong eo ba latlhegelwe ke ditshwanelo tsa bone. === Madagascar === Mo setlhabeng se se kwa godimo sa Madagascar, go ne ga nna le phetogo e kgolo e e neng ya fedisa mo e ka nnang dimela tsotlhe tse di nang le dikgwa tse dintsi mo pakeng ya 1970 go ya go 2000. Temothuo ya go sega le go fisa e ne ya tlosa diperesente di le lesome tsa palogotlhe ya di-biomass tsa naga mme ya e fetola go nna naga e e se nang sepe. Ditlamorago tseno di ne di bakwa ke go nna le batho ba le bantsi thata le go tlhoka go fepa batho ba ba humanegileng ba ba tlholegang, mme ditlamorago tse di sa itumediseng di ne di akaretsa go gogolwa ga mmu go go anameng go go neng ga dira gore dinoka tse di tletseng seretse tse di neng di "tsamaya di le dikhibidu" dingwaga di le masome morago ga go rengwa ga dikgwa. Seno se ne sa fedisa metsi a mantsi a a phepa a a ka dirisiwang mme gape se ne sa senya bontsi jwa tikologo ya dinoka tsa dinoka di le mmalwa tse dikgolo tse di elelang kwa bophirima. Mefuta e le mmalwa ya ditlhapi e ile ya nyelela mme e mengwe, jaaka dikorale tse di kgoreletsweng mo Lewatleng la India, di nyeletse.<ref>{{Cite book|pages=91–128}}</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Two_children_drinking_sachet_water.jpg|thumb|229x229px|Bana ba babedi ba nwa metsi a kgetsana]] === Nigeria === Ka batho ba ka nna dimilione di le 199, 86% ya batho ba kwa Nigeria ga ba na metsi a a phepa a a nowang. UNICEF e bega gore mo e ka nnang halofo ya ditirelo tsa motheo tsa metsi tsa 70% ya batho ba Nigeria di kgotletswe. Go tlhaela ga mafaratlhatlha mo nageng yotlhe ya Nigeria go dira gore baagi ba le bantsi ba se ka ba nna le metsi a a phepa; ka kakaretso Mo-Nigeria o bona dilitara di le 9 fela tsa metsi ka letsatsi. Ka ntlha ya seno, Ba-Nigeria ba le bantsi ba ikaegile ka metsi a a rekisiwang jaaka metsi a a mo kgetsaneng (bona setshwantsho) kgotsa a a mo dibotlolong. Metsi a a kgotletsweng le a a kgotletsweng a a mo tlase ga lefatshe a dira gore go nne le tlhaelo ya metsi kwa Nigeria. Mefuta mengwe e megolo ya dilo tse di kgotlelang e akaretsa menontsha le metsi a a tswang mo temothuong, tsamaiso e e sa siamang ya go laola leswe, matlakala a madirelo, dilo tse di kgotlelang oli le gase, dilo tse di tswang mo meepong le metsi a a tswang mo dipolaong. * == Metswedi == <references /> 5kpyvaxuek7muhx073441v3119k0jba 50290 50284 2026-06-08T08:29:02Z Mothusi Sekhomba 9433 50290 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Mwamongu_water_source.jpg|thumb|222x222px|Motswedi wa metsi kwa motseng wa Mwamanogu , Tanzania. Kwa Meatu District, Kgaolo ya Shinyanga , metsi gantsi a tswa mo mafuting a a bulegileng a a epilweng mo motlhabeng o o fa tlase ga dinoka tse di omeletseng mme a ka tswa a kgotlhelesegile]] Diponelopele di supa fa tlhaelo ya metsi mo kgaolong ya [[Aferika|Aforika]] e tlaabo e goletse pele ka ngwaga wa 2025, go fopholeditswe gore bobedi mo borarong jwa dipalopalo tsa batho mo lefatsheng ka bophara di tla itemogela tlhaelo ya metsi a a phepha e bile a babalesegile. Tlhaelo e ya metsi e bakiwa ke kgolo e e bofefo ya dipalo tsa batho, tlhaelo ya madi le lefatshe go itepatepanya le palo ya batho e e tlhokang metsi, le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa le loapi. Tlhaelo ya metsi ke letlhoko la metsi a phepa go itepatepanya le patlo e e kwa godimo ya metsi.<ref>[https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity "Water Scarcity | Threats | WWF"]. ''World Wildlife Fund''. Retrieved 2020-11-29.</ref> Le ntswa kgaolo e e kwa borwa ja sekaka sa Sahara e na le motswedi o montsi wa metsi a pula, e bonwa ka dipaka dingwe mme ebile e sa ne lefelo lotlhe, se se baka merwalela le komelelo gangwe le gape.<ref name=":0">[https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/africa.shtml "International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015".] Retrieved 1 April 2013.</ref> Fa godimo ga foo, dikgang tsa kgolo ya itsholelo le lehuma fa di kopanngwa le kgolo ya bofefo ya palo ya batho le go fuduga ga batho go ya kwa ditoropong go bakile gore kgaolo ya borwa jwa Sahara e nne yone e e humanegileng e bile e sa tlhabologa go gaisa dikgaolo tsotlhe.<ref name=":0" /> Pego ya ngwaga wa 2012 e e neng e kwalwa ke ba [[:en:Food_and_Agriculture_Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]], e supa fa go golela pele ga tlhaelo ya metsi e le nngwe ya sekgoreletsi se se kwa pele mo tlhabologong.<ref>FAO (2012). [https://www.fao.org/3/i3015e/i3015e.pdf Coping with water scarcity - An action framework for agriculture and food security], FAO Rome.</ref> Se ke ka ntata ya gore mekgatsha ya dinoka e le mentsi e itemogela tlhaelo ya metsi ka patlo ya metsi ya temothuo le makalana a mangwe e tsweletse ka go golela pele. Tlhaelo ya metsi mo Aforika e amile tsa botsogo (segolo jang bomme le bana) go tsena ka tsa thuto, go ntsha maduo mo go tsa temothuo, tlhabololo le kgonagalo ya dikgogakgogano tse dingwe ka metsi. Go baakanya kgang ya tlhaelo ya metsi mo Aforika, lekgotla la United Nations Economic Commission for Africa le gatelela botlhokwa jwa go beeletsa madi mo tlhabololong ya metswedi e e nang le kgonagalo ya go ntsha metsi mo Aforika. Se se ka tlhabolola tshireletso ya dijo le metsi le go sireletsa kgolo ya itsholelo ka go laola komelelo, merwalela le sekaka.<ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20230405134353/https://repository.uneca.org/bitstream/handle/10855/25038/Bib-53926.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Management Options to Enhance Survival and Growth" (]PDF). Retrieved 05 April 2023</ref> == Tshimologo == [[Setshwantsho:Local_Girls_in_Babile_Ethiopia_2012.jpg|thumb|Basetsana ba lefelo leo ba ba tswang kwa Babile (Ethiopia) ba tlatsa dithini tsa metsi a polasetiki mo motsweding o mogolo wa metsi wa lefelo leo.]] Kgaolo ya borwa jwa sekaka sa Sahara ya sub-saharan Africa, e na le palo e ntsi ya mafatshe a a tlhaelelwang ke metsi go fetisa mafelo otlhe mo lefatsheng, mo palong e e akanyediwang ya di milione di le makgolo a ferabobedi ya batho ba ba nnang mo Aforika, makgolo a le mararo a nna mo tikologong e e senang metsi.<ref name=":2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160401234042/http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D "Archive: Conference on Water Scarcity in Africa: Issues and Challenges"]. Archived from the original on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2016.</ref> Go ya ka dipatlisiso tse di boletsweng kwa bokopanong jwa ngwaga wa 2012 jwa tlhaelo ya metsi mo Aforika: mathata le dikgwetlho "Water Scarcity in Africa: Issues and Challenges", go akanyediwa fa ka ngwaga wa 2030, batho ba le dimilione di le masome a supa le botlhano go ya kwa go ba le makgolo a mabedi le botlhano jwa di milione mo Aforika ba tla bo ba nna mo dikgaolong tse di tlhaelang metsi mo go ka bakang phudugo ya batho ba ka nna di milione di le masome a mabedi le bone go ema ka ba le di milione di le makgolo a supa, ka jaana mafelo a o a tla bo a sa tlhole a nnega.<ref name=":2" /> Tlhaelo ya metsi ke letlhoko la metsi a a phepha go mekamekana le palo ya batho ba ba dirisang metsi. Go na le mefuta e le mebedi ya tlhaelo ya metsi: tlhaelo ya metsi ka bo one le tlhaelo ya metsi e e amanang le itsholelo. Tlhaelo ya metsi ke fa go sena metsi a a lekaneng batho ba ba a dirisang go akaretsa a a tlhokafalang gore dimela, diphologolo le tikologo di nne sentle. Mafelo a a omeletseng jaaka legare le bophirima jwa Asia le borwa jwa Aforika, gantsi a lebanwa ke tlhaelo ya metsi. Tlhaelo ya metsi e e itebagantseng le itsholelo yone ke ka lebaka la go tlhoka go beeletsa madi mo didirisiweng kgotsa maanyane go epa metsi mo melapong, maje a a ntshang metsi le metswedi e mengwe ya metsi, kgotsa tlhaelo ya batho ba ba dirisang metsi. Bophara jwa kgaolo ya borwa jwa Sahara e itemogela tlhaelo ya metsi e e amanang le itsholelo. Go na le metsi a a phepa mo lefatsheng ka bophara a a lekaneng e bilwe go akanyediwa fa a ka lekana batho ba ba a tlhokang, Ka jalo, tlhaelo ya metsi e bakiwa ke pharologanyo gareng ga gore batho ba tlhoka metsi ba le ko kae le gore leng le gore metsi one a ko kae ebile a nna teng leng. Sengwe sa dilo tse di bakang kgolo ya batho ba ba tlhokang metsi ke kgolo ya palo ya batho mo lefatsheng, go tlhabolola seemo sa botshelo, go fetola methale ya ka fa go jewang ka teng (sekai, go ja se diphologolong di se ntshang) le go atolosa temo e e nosediwang. Phetogo ya bosa (go akaretsa merwalela le komelelo), go epiwa ga ditlhare, kgotlhelo ya metsi le go dirisa metsi botlhaswa go ka baka tlhaelo ya metsi. Tlhaelo ga e tshwane ka ntata ya go nna teng ga pula ka tlholego, mme go farologanngwa thata ke melao ya tsa itsholelo, maano le ditsela tsa go laola tiriso ga beteledipele. === Pharologano go ya ka dikgaolo === Dikgaolo tsa bokone jwa Africa le ya Sub-Sahara di itemogela go gatela pele mo seelong sa tlhabololo sa [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goal]] ka lobelo lo lo farologaneng.<ref name=":0" /> Fa masome a ferabongwe le bobedi mo lekgolong jwa Aforika bo na le metsi a phepa, Sub-Sahara yone ke masome a le marataro fela mo lekgolong a a nang le metsi a babalesegileng go nowa - se se tlogela masome a mane mo lekgolo a batho ba le di milione di le makgolo a supa masome a ferabobedi le boraro mo kgaolong e o ba ba senang metsi.<ref name=":0" /> Dingwe tsa dipharologano mo go nneng teng ga metsi a a babalesegileng go nowa di bakiwa ke seemo se se maswe sa bosa sa Aforika. Le ntswa kgaolo ya Sub-Saraha e na le metsi a mantsi, a bonwa ka dipaka dingwe e bile ga a anama le lefatshe, se se baka merwalela le dikomelelo.<ref name=":0" /> Fa godimo ga foo, tlhabologo ya itsholelo le lehuma, ga mmogo le kgolo ya palo ya batho le phudugo go ya kwa ditoropong, go bakile gore kgaolo ya borwa jwa Sahara e nne yone e e humanegileng e bile e sa tlhabologa go gaisa dikgaolo tsotlhe.<ref name=":0" /> Ka jalo kgwetlho e ya lehuma e kgoreletsa ditoropo di le dintsi mo kgaolong go ka ntsha metsi a a babalesegileng go nowa le kgopo ya metsi a a leswe, le go hema kwelo tlase ya boleng jwa metsi le fa go nna le ditshono tsa go rarabolola mathata a a metsi.<ref name=":0" /> Koketsego ya palo ya batho le yone e baka go oketsega ga mafelo a go nniwang mo go one a a tshabelelwang ke merwalela e bile a le borai.<ref name=":0" /> Pego ya mo bosheng ya [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goal_6|SDG goal 6]] e umakile dintlha di le mmalwa ka seemo sa metsi mo kgaolong ya Sub-Sahara di akaretsa go sa nneng phepa le ka go amang seemo sa dikotla bogolo jang mo baneng ka ntata ya koketsego ya malwetsi a a tshelanwang. Gape, bongwe mo borarong jwa batho ba ba nnang mo kgaolong ya Sub-Sahara ba mo kotsing ya tlala ka ntlha ya go tlhoka dijo. Kgaolo e gape e tlhaela metsi a a babalesegileng go nowa ka di peresente di le masome a supa le borataro jwa lekgolo fa 6% ya kgaolo ya [[:en:Europe|Europa]] le Bokone jwa [[:en:United_States|Amerika]] bo sa akarediwe.<ref>United Nations. Goal 6: Ensure Access to Water and Sanitation for All. Sustainable Development Goals. [https://d306pr3pise04h.cloudfront.net/docs/publications%2FSDG6_SR2018.pdf https://www.unglobalcompact.org/docs/publications/SDG6_SR2018.pdf]</ref> == Tse di bakang tlhaelo ya metsi == === Tlhaelo ya metsi le itsholelo === Tlhaelo ya metsi ke tlholego mme gape go dirwa ke motho.<ref>[https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml "Water Scarcity: The Importance of Water & Access".] Retrieved 18 March 2012.</ref> Ka jalo go botlhokwa go kgaoganya ka mefuta e le mebedi: Tlhaelo ka ntata ya itsholelo, le tlhaelo ka tlholego. Tlhaelo ya itsholelo ke ka go bo go bona motswedi o o ikanyegang e bile o babalesegile wa metsi go o ja nako e bile go tura. Tlhaelo ya metsi ka tlholego yone ke fa go sena metsi a alekaneng mo kgaolong nngwe.<ref>[https://thewaterproject.org/water-scarcity/ "Water Scarcity: The Importance of Water & Access"]. Retrieved 18 March 2012.</ref> United Nations Commission for Africa ya ngwaga wa 2006, e akanyetsa fa batho ba le di milione di le makgolo a mararo go tswa mo go ba le di milione di le makgolo a ferabobedi ba ba nnang mo kgaolong ya Aforika ba tshelela mo tikologong e e tlhaelang metsi.<ref name=":1" /> Segolo bogolo kwa bokone jwa Aforika le borwa jwa Aforika, go ya godimo ga mogote le phetego ya seemo sa bosa go okeditse modikologo wa go na ga dipula se sa baka gore dipaka tsa komelelo di omelele go gaisa, mme ga oketsa dipaka tsa lenyora tse di tseneletseng ebile di nna kgapetsakgapetsa. Se se ama go nna teng, boleng le bontsi jwa metsi ka metsi a ile kwa tlase mo melapong le mo megobeng le go omeletsa maje a a ntshang metsi kwa bokone le borwa jwa dikgaolo tsa Aforika.[[Setshwantsho:Severity_of_African_Drought.jpg|thumb|326x326px|Bogolo jwa komelelo ya Aforika bo tlhalositswe mo mafelong a a farologaneng.]]Ngwe ya tse di akareditsweng mo karolong ya tlhaelo ya metsi ke kgang ya go dirisiwa botlhaswa kgotsa go tlhoka go tlhokomela tiriso ya metsi. Se se ama go fokotsega ga makadiba a magolo mo Aforika, a akaretsa la Nakivale, Nakuru le lekadiba la [[:en:Lake_Chad|Lake Chad]], le le gonyetseng ka lesome mo lekgolong la botona jwa lone jwa pele.<ref name=":3">[https://www.un-ilibrary.org/content/books/9789210576956c007/read "Water Scarcity, Risk, and Vulnerability"]. Retrieved 05April 2023</ref> Ka tsa melao, tlhotlheletso ya tiriso e e fetileng selekanyo ke dingwe tsa tse di tsisang tshenyo, bogolo jang fa go lebilwe go epa metsi mo lefatsheng. Mo metsing a a mo lefatsheng, fa pompo e setse e tsentswe, molao wa mafatshe ka bontsi ke go e ntsha fela fa ba lebile gore motlakase o lopa bokae le go fokotsa tlhwatlhwa ya motlakase mo go tsa temothuo, selo se se senya tsela ya go babalela didirisiwa tsa go nna jalo.<ref name=":3" /> Fagodimo ga foo, mafatshe a le mantsi mo Aforika a isitse tlhwatlhwa ya metsi kwa tlase ga seelo, ka jalo ba sa rotloetse go dirisa metsi sentle.<ref name=":3" /> === Phetogo ya loapi === Go ya ka bokopano jwa Africa Partnership Forum, le ntswa Aforika e le kontinente e kwa tlase mo go tse di bakang phetogo ya loapi, ke yone kontinente e e amiwang thata ke ditlamorago tsa yone phetogo e. Go fetoga ga ka fa dipula di nang ka teng go ama temo go bo go fokotsa tshireletso ya dijo, go bo go kgotlhela tshireletso ya metsi; go fokotsa ditlhapi mo metsing ka ntlha ya mogote o montsi; go bo go fetola ka fa malwetsi a a bakiwang go lomiwa ke ditshidinyana a tsenang ka teng, go ya ko godimo ga metsi a lewatle go ama mafelo a a agetsweng kwa tlase mme a na le dipalo tse di kwa godimo tsa batho.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230405134354/http://www.adaptationnow.dk/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Climate_Change_in_Africa.pdf "Climate Change in Africa"] (PDF). Retrieved 05 April 2023.</ref> Dieemo tse di ka ama boleng le bontsi jwa metsi a bana ba a tlhokang go ka tshela.<ref>[https://www.unicef.org/stories/water-and-climate-change-10-things-you-should-know "Water and the global climate crisis: 10 things you should know"]. ''www.unicef.org''. Retrieved 2020-11-29.</ref> Dipatlisiso di akanyetsa fa ka ngwaga wa 20150 pula mo Sub-Saharan Africa e tla wela tlase ka lesome mo lekgolong, mo go tla baka tlhaelo ya metsi e e tseneletseng. Phokotsego e ya lesome mo lekgolong e tla fokotsa kgopo ka lesome le bosupa mo lekgolong mme mafelo a a itemogelang di milimithara di le makgolo a matlhano go ya kwa makgolo a ferabobedi a dipula a tla bona kwelo tlase ka masome a matlhano go ya kwa go le a mararo mo lekgolong mo kelelong ya metsi mo godimo ga lefatshe.<ref>Stocker, Thomas (2014). [https://www.worldcat.org/title/879855060 ''Climate change 2013: the physical science basis : Working Group I contribution to the Fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change''. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-1-107-05799-9</bdi>. OCLC&#x20;879855060.]</ref> Pego ya Human Development e akanyetsa gape fa mogote o tla ya kwa godimo ka pula e tla bo e fokotsegile ka lesome mo lekgolong mo dikgaolong tse di mo teng ga Aforika.<ref name=":3" /> Komelelo le merwalela di supiwa fa ele tsone tse di borai mo tlhaelong ya metsi.<ref>Reinacher, L. (2013 Oct 3). The Water Crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa. The Borgen Project.</ref> Go thuthafala mo e tla bo e le mo go kwa godimo mo dikgaolong tse di sa itemogeleng pula e ntsi kwa Sahara, go bapa le Sahel le mafelo a a mo borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":3" /> === '''Basadi le basetsana''' === Maemo a a sa tshwaneng a basadi le banna ba Afrika a dira gore go nne le dipharologano mo maikarabelo a metsi, ditshwanelo, le go tsena, mme ka jalo basadi ba Afrika ba imelwa thata ke tlhaelo ya metsi a a phepa a a nowang. Mo ditšhabeng di le dintsi tsa Aforika, basadi ba bonwa jaaka bakgethisi, batsamaisi, le batlhokomedi ba metsi, bogolo jang mo tikologong ya mo gae e e akaretsang ditiro tsa mo gae, go apaya, go tlhatswa, le go godisa bana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Impacts of Water Scarcity on Women's Life |url=http://www.worldpulse.com/node/20165 |access-date=1 April 2012 |archive-date=12 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312213301/http://worldpulse.com/node/20165 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ka ntlha ya ditiro tse di tlwaelegileng tsa bong, basadi ba patelesega go dirisa mo e ka nnang diperesente di le masome a marataro tsa letsatsi lengwe le lengwe go kgobokanya metsi, se se rayang gore basadi ba bereke diura di ka nna dimilione di le 200 mo lefatsheng lotlhe ka letsatsi le go fokotsega ga nako e e leng teng ya thuto.<ref name="wac">{{Cite web|title=Women Affected by the Crisis|url=http://water.org/learn-about-the-water-crisis/women|access-date=18 March 2012|archive-date=5 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205050519/http://water.org/learn-about-the-water-crisis/women|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mo basading ba Baafrika, tiro ya bone ya letsatsi le letsatsi mo go ntsheng metsi a a phepa gantsi e raya go rwala jerrycan e e tlwaelegileng e e ka nnang bokete jwa dikilogerama di le 40 fa e tletse ka palogare ya dikilometara di le thataro ka letsatsi.<ref name="WS">{{Cite web|title=Water Scarcity: The Importance of Water & Access|url=http://thewaterproject.org/water_scarcity.asp|access-date=18 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="bpn">{{Cite web|title=The Facts About The Global Drinking Water Crisis|url=http://blueplanetnetwork.org/water/facts|access-date=18 March 2012|archive-date=5 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905053406/http://blueplanetnetwork.org/water/facts|url-status=dead}}</ref> Seno se na le ditlamorago tsa boitekanelo tse di jaaka go senyega ga marapo go go nnelang ruri ka ntlha ya go rwala metsi a a bokete mo mafelong a maleele letsatsi le letsatsi, se se fetolang go nna kgatelelo ya mmele e e oketsang go ngomoga pelo, nako e e okeditsweng ya go fola boitekanelo, le go fokotsega ga bokgoni jwa go ya kwa mafelong a thuto ka tsela e se ka dirwang ka yone ka mmele, mme gape le go tsaya thuto ka tlhaloganyo ka ntlha ya kgatelelo mo go direng ditshwetso le bokgoni jwa go gakologelwa.<ref name="WWD">{{Cite web|title=Coping With Water Scarcity: Challenge of the 21st Century|url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/docs/escarcity.pdf|access-date=18 March 2013}}</ref> Gape, go ya ka boitekanelo, go bona metsi a a babalesegileng le a a phepa a go nwa go dira gore go nne le tshireletso e kgolwane kgatlhanong le malwetse le malwetse a a anamisiwang ke metsi a a oketsang bokgoni jwa baithuti botlhe jwa go tsena sekolo. === Temothuo === [[Setshwantsho:Crop_limit,_Nile_Valley-2.jpg|thumb|Kgato ya Ethiopia ya go tlatsa letamo la Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam e ka fokotsa go elela ga Nile ka 25% le go senya dipolase tsa Egepeto.<ref>{{Cite news|title=In Africa, War Over Water Looms As Ethiopia Nears Completion Of Nile River Dam|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/02/27/589240174/in-africa-war-over-water-looms-as-ethiopia-nears-completion-of-nile-river-dam?t=1595668819363}}</ref>]] Go ya ka UN Economic Commission for Africa le New Partnership for Africa's Development, "go nosetsa go botlhokwa thata mo go fitlheleleng tlhagiso e e okeditsweng ya temothuo e e botlhokwa mo tlhabololong ya ikonomi le go fitlhelela pabalesego ya dijo". Bontsi jwa baagi ba kwa magaeng a Aforika ga ba kgone go dirisa bokgoni jwa bone jwa go nosetsa.<ref name="WWD"/> Temothuo ya go nosetsa e tsaya fela 20% ya mefuta ya temothuo mo lefatsheng lotlhe.<ref name="green">Kauffman, J., Mantel, S., Ringersma, J., Dijkshoorn, J., Van Lynden, G., Dent, D. Making Better Use of Green Water in Sub-Saharan Africa.</ref> Mo Afrika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara, dipuso di nnile le seabe se segolo mo tlhabololong ya go nosetsa. Go simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo1960, batho ba ba neng ba ntsha meneelo jaaka Banka ya Lefatshe ba ne ba tshegetsa dipuso tseno tsa Aforika mo tlhabololong ya ditsamaiso tsa go nosetsa.<ref name="gdn">Kadigi, R., Tesfay, G., Bizoza, A., Zinabou, G. (2013). Global Development Network GDN Working Paper Series Irrigation and Water Use Efficiency in Sub-Saharan Africa Working Paper No. 63. Global Development Network. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263464548</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, mo dingwageng tse di latelang, temothuo ya go nosetsa e tlhagisitse thobo e e kwa tlase go feta e e neng e solofetswe.<ref name="green" /> Go ya ka Banka ya Lefatshe temothuo e e tlhagisiwang mo Afrika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara e ka nna gararo ka 2050. Mo nakong eno, baemedi ba sephiri ba puso ba ntshitse katlholo e e kopanetsweng ya gore mo dingwageng tse di lesome tse di latelang, mathata a metsi ga a ka ke a baka dikgogakgogano tsa ka fa gare le tsa ka kwa ntle tse di ka felelang ka ntwa e e gagametseng. Mme fa e le gore selekanyo sa jaanong sa tiriso mmogo le kgatelelo ya tlelaemete se tswelela, selekanyo sa tlhaelo ya metsi mo Afrika se bolelelwa pele ke UNECA go fitlhelela maemo a a kwa godimo a a kotsi ka 2025. Seno se raya gore ka 2022 go na le kgonagalo ya phetogo ya tlhaelo ya metsi go nna le seabe mo ntweng ya dibetsa.<ref name="usi">{{Cite web|title=US Intel: Water a Cause for War in Coming Decades|url=http://www.twincities.com/ci_20230354/us-intel-water-cause-war-coming-decades?IADID=Search-www.twincities.com-www.twincities.com|access-date=23 March 2012}}</ref> Go ya ka National Intelligence Estimate on water security, e e neng e kopilwe ke Mokwaledi wa Naga Hillary Clinton mme ya wediwa ka letlhabula la 2011, morago ga 2022 metsi a tla nna a dirisiwa jaaka sebetsa sa ntwa le sedirisiwa se se ka dirisiwang mo borukhutlhi, bogolo jang kwa Afrika Bokone.<ref name="usi" /> Ka Letsatsi la Lefatshe la Metsi, Lefapha la Puso le ne la bolela gore kgatelelo ya metsi, "e ka nna ya oketsa kotsi ya go sa tlhomamang le go palelwa ke puso, go gakatsa dikgotlhang tsa kgaolo le go itaya dinaga tsebe go dira le United States mo mekgeleng e e botlhokwa ya molao". Fa go buiwa ka Nile kwa Egepeto, Sudan, le dinaga tse di kwa borwa, pego e bolelela pele gore dinaga tse di fa godimo ga noka di tla lekanyetsa go bona metsi ka mabaka a sepolotiki le gore dirukutlhi di ka tlhasela didirisiwa tse di amanang le metsi, jaaka matamo le matamo, gantsi.<ref name="usi" /> Ka ntlha ya seno, Global Risk Report ya 2011 ya World Economic Forum e akareditse tlhaelo ya metsi jaaka nngwe ya dikotsi tse tlhano tse di kwa godimo mo lefatsheng ka lekgetlo la ntlha. == Ditsela Tsa go Dirisa == [[Setshwantsho:Water_in_Adina_Faso,_Ethiopia.webm|thumb|Setshwantsho sa motshikhinyêgo sa Water.org sa tharabolola ya tlhaelo ya metsi kwa Ethiopia.]] === Ditsamaiso tsa tetla ya metsi === Kgaolo nngwe ya dinaga tsa Afrika, jaaka Tanzania, e lekile go rarabolola bothata jwa go tlhaela ga metsi ka go tlhoma thulaganyo ya go ntsha tetla ya metsi. Mo tsamaisong e e ntseng jalo, go dirisiwa melao ya mo lefelong go naya badirisi metsi a a rileng mo mafelong a a rileng. Le fa go ntse jalo, gantsi dithulaganyo tse di ntseng jalo di baka dikgotlhang tse dingwe, ka gonne ditshwanelo tsa metsi di ka nna tsa gapiwa ke batho ba ba nosetsang ka selekanyo se segolo mme seo se dira gore balemi ba ba sa itsholegeng sentle mo kgaolong eo ba latlhegelwe ke ditshwanelo tsa bone. === Madagascar === Mo setlhabeng se se kwa godimo sa Madagascar, go ne ga nna le phetogo e kgolo e e neng ya fedisa mo e ka nnang dimela tsotlhe tse di nang le dikgwa tse dintsi mo pakeng ya 1970 go ya go 2000. Temothuo ya go sega le go fisa e ne ya tlosa diperesente di le lesome tsa palogotlhe ya di-biomass tsa naga mme ya e fetola go nna naga e e se nang sepe. Ditlamorago tseno di ne di bakwa ke go nna le batho ba le bantsi thata le go tlhoka go fepa batho ba ba humanegileng ba ba tlholegang, mme ditlamorago tse di sa itumediseng di ne di akaretsa go gogolwa ga mmu go go anameng go go neng ga dira gore dinoka tse di tletseng seretse tse di neng di "tsamaya di le dikhibidu" dingwaga di le masome morago ga go rengwa ga dikgwa. Seno se ne sa fedisa metsi a mantsi a a phepa a a ka dirisiwang mme gape se ne sa senya bontsi jwa tikologo ya dinoka tsa dinoka di le mmalwa tse dikgolo tse di elelang kwa bophirima. Mefuta e le mmalwa ya ditlhapi e ile ya nyelela mme e mengwe, jaaka dikorale tse di kgoreletsweng mo Lewatleng la India, di nyeletse.<ref>{{Cite book|pages=91–128}}</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Two_children_drinking_sachet_water.jpg|thumb|229x229px|Bana ba babedi ba nwa metsi a kgetsana]] === Nigeria === Ka batho ba ka nna dimilione di le 199, 86% ya batho ba kwa Nigeria ga ba na metsi a a phepa a a nowang. UNICEF e bega gore mo e ka nnang halofo ya ditirelo tsa motheo tsa metsi tsa 70% ya batho ba Nigeria di kgotletswe. Go tlhaela ga mafaratlhatlha mo nageng yotlhe ya Nigeria go dira gore baagi ba le bantsi ba se ka ba nna le metsi a a phepa; ka kakaretso Mo-Nigeria o bona dilitara di le 9 fela tsa metsi ka letsatsi. Ka ntlha ya seno, Ba-Nigeria ba le bantsi ba ikaegile ka metsi a a rekisiwang jaaka metsi a a mo kgetsaneng (bona setshwantsho) kgotsa a a mo dibotlolong. Metsi a a kgotletsweng le a a kgotletsweng a a mo tlase ga lefatshe a dira gore go nne le tlhaelo ya metsi kwa Nigeria. Mefuta mengwe e megolo ya dilo tse di kgotlelang e akaretsa menontsha le metsi a a tswang mo temothuong, tsamaiso e e sa siamang ya go laola leswe, matlakala a madirelo, dilo tse di kgotlelang oli le gase, dilo tse di tswang mo meepong le metsi a a tswang mo dipolaong. * == Metswedi == <references /> mfovzbcnnofsbw90v9qhk2z0onqjixh 0 10906 50301 41755 2026-06-08T10:11:13Z CommonsDelinker 71 Replacing Vance_Carter_1977.gif with [[File:Jimmy_Carter_and_Secretary_of_State_Cyrus_Vance_-_DPLA_-_9c7c496ea8cfd5f84d9223bc23c6b099.gif]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]] 50301 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shaba I''' ke kgotlhang e e diragetseng kwa Zaire kwa kgaolong ya Shaba (Katanga) go tswa ka Mopitlo a robabobedi go tsena Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le borataro ngwaga wa 1977. Kgotlhang e simolotse fa lekgotla la Front for the Nationals Liberation of the Congo (FNLC), setlhopha sa masole a Katanga a Congo a ka nna dikete tse pedi a a neng a lole ka nako ya [[mathata a kwa Congo]][[Ntwa ya Angola ya boipuso|, ntwa ya Angola ya boipuso]] le [[ntwa ya Angola ya selegae]], a ne a kgabaganya molelwane go ya Shaba go tswa [[Angola]]. FNLC e ne ya nna le tswelelopele mo kgaolong ka mautlwelobotlhoko a beng gae le go phatlaladiwa ga sesole sa Zaire. Ba tsamaya kwa botlhaba go tswa kwa molelwaneng wa Zaire le Angola, ditsuolodi di ne tsa goroga kwa Mutshatsha, toropo e potlana gaufi le toropo ya meepo ya Kolwezi. Tautona wa Zaire [[Mobutu Sese Seko]] o ne a pega molato mafatshe a [[Angola]], [[Cuba]], botlhaba jwa Germany<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1977/05/01/archives/zaire-says-east-germany-supplies-arms-to-rebels.html?_r=0 Zaire Says East Germany Supplies Arms to Rebels] – ''New York Times'', May 1, 1977. Retrieved on 29 July 2025</ref> le Soviet Union gore ba thusitse ditsuolodi ka madi. Ba rotloediwa ke go nna kgatlhanong le boditšhaba le dikgatlhego tsa itsholelo, Western Bloc le lefatshe la [[China]] ba ne ba romela thuso go ema puso ya ga Mobutu nokeng. Thuso e e botlhokwa thata e e neng e dirwa ke ba Safari Club e ne e akaretsa sefofane sa France sa masole a Morocco mo kgaolong ya ntwa. Thuso e e ne ya fetola ntwa.<ref>Chris Cook and John Stevenson. ''The Routledge Companion to World History Since 1914'', 2005. 321–322.</ref> Tautona wa US Jimmy Carter o ne a tlhomamisa go isiwa ka sekepe ga didirisiwa kwa Zaire mme a gana go romela dibetsa kgotsa masole a supa fa go sena bosupi jwa gore lefatshe la Cuba le tsaya karolo. FAZ e ne e tshwenya setšhaba sa kgaolo eo ka nako ya ntwa le morago. Go thuntshiwa ga dibomo le ditiro tse dingwe tsa tiriso dikgoka di ne tsa baka gore batshabi ba ka nna dikete di le makgolo a matlhano go tsena dikete di le masome a supa ba ne ba tshabela kwa Angola le [[Zambia|Zambia.]] Babegadikgang ba ne ba idiwa go tsena mo kgaolong, ba bangwe ba ne ba tshwarwa. Le fa go ntse jalo, Mobutu o ne a fenya botsalano a bo a netefatsa gore go nna le tswelelo ya dithuso tsa madi go tswa mo dipusong, banka ya mafatshe ya World Bank le lekgotla la International Monetary Fund le setlhopha sa baadimisi ba ba ikemetseng se eteletswe pele ke Citibank. FAZ le babusi ba bangwe ba kwa ntle ba ne ba gotlhagotlhana le ditsuolodi gape mo ntweng ya ngwaga wa 1978 ya Shaba II. == Tse di diragetseng pele == === '''Zaire''' === Kolone ya pele ya Belgium ya Congo e ne ya tsaya boipuso ka nako ya ngwaga ya Aforika. Kgaolo ya Katanga e eteletswe pele ke Moise Tshombe e ne ya itsise ka bosupi, e enngwe nokeng ke sesole sa Belgioum le lefatshe la France.<ref>"France Is Again Strengthening Ties With Zaire", ''New York Times'', 17 April 1977, p. E1; accessed via [https://www.proquest.com/docview/123347782?sourcetype=Historical%20Newspapers ProQuest]. "Although France did not officially support the secessionists, their leader, Moise Tshombe, employed French advisers and mercenaries and received support from the neighboring Government of Congo, a former French colony. ''Economic interests'': After the Kantanganese rebellion ended in 1963, France expended considerable aid and effort to improve relations with Zaire. French companies now have important mining interests in the country, producer of copper, cobalt and industrial diamonds."</ref> Lefatshe le ne la tsena mo mathateng morago ga polao ya moeteledipele wa mafatshe a a kopanneng a [[Aferika|Aforika]] [[Patrice Lumumba]]. Morago ga dingwaga di le thataro tsa ntwa, taolo e ne ya tsewa ke Joseph Mobutu, ka thuso ya Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) le kemo nokeng go tswa kwa Western Block. Mobutu o ne a fetola leina la kgaolo ya Katanga go nna Shaba e le lefoko la Shwahili la kopore. [[Setshwantsho:Mobutu Nixon.jpg|left|thumb|Mobutu le Nixon, ngwaga wa 1973]] [[Setshwantsho:Katanga in Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg|thumb|Kgaolo ya Katanga, e e neng ya fetolwa leina le Mobutu ka ngwaga wa 1972 go nna kgaolo ya Shaba ka khumo ya lone la kopore]] Zaire wa ga Mobutu o ne a na le botsalano bo bo siameng le babusi ba kwa bophirima. Lefatshe la Belgium le ne le na le dipeeletso tse do kwa godimo mo lefatsheng leo (tsa didikadike di le makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano go tsena bilione e le nngwefela a di dolara) le salwa morago ke la [[USA|United States]] (ka didikadike di le makgolo a mabed a di dolara) le France (ka didkadike di le masome mabedi). Botsalano jwa France le Zaire bo ne bo tokafala, puso ya Zaire e ne e sa tswa go tsietsa lefatshe la Belgium ka France ka go neela lefatshe leo konteraka ya didikadike di le makgolo a matlhano a di dolara ya ditlhaeletsano ka ngwaga wa 1975. Konteraka e e neng e bueletswe ke tautona wa France Giscard d'Estaing, e ne ya a kwa Thomson CSFInternational ka dithuso tsa madi go tswa kwa Banque Francaise di Commerce Exterieur, metheo e yotlhe la bobedi e eteletswe pele ke maloko a lolwapa lwa ga Giscard d'Eating. Fa Mobutu a kopa thuso ya mafatshefatshe, ke lefatshe la France le le neng la rulaganya tsibogo ya sesole.<ref>"France Is Again Strengthening Ties With Zaire", ''New York Times'', 17 April 1977, p. E1; accessed via [https://www.proquest.com/intermediateredirectforezproxy ProQuest]. "Although France did not officially support the secessionists, their leader, Moise Tshombe, employed French advisers and mercenaries and received support from the neighboring Government of Congo, a former French colony. ''Economic interests'': After the Kantanganese rebellion ended in 1963, France expended considerable aid and effort to improve relations with Zaire. French companies now have important mining interests in the country, producer of copper, cobalt and industrial diamonds."</ref><ref>Odom, ''Shaba II'' (1993), pp. 27–28.</ref><ref>B. K. Josh, "Zaire Again on the Rack: Sordid Franco-U. S. role", ''Times of India'', 22 April 1977; accessed via ProQuest.</ref> Lefatshe la Zaire le ne la amogela dithuso tsa sesole di le dintsi go tswa kwa lefatsheng la [[USA|United States]] go gaisa mafatshe a mangwe a a mo borwa,<ref name=":0">"U.S. Flies Communication, Medical Supplies to Zaire: Responds to Appeal for Aid in Invasion", ''Los Angeles Times'' (AP), 15 March 1977; accessed via ProQuest.</ref> didikadike tse di masome mararo tsa di dolara tsa thuso ya ngwaga le ngwaga di emetse sephatlo sa dithuso tsa sesole mo kgaolong eo.<ref name=":1">"Getting Involved: The U.S. Aid for Zaire Was Small But Significant", ''New York Times'', 20 March 1977; accessed via [https://www.proquest.com/docview/123171530?sourcetype=Newspapers ProQuest.]</ref> Lefatshe la Zaire e ne e le lone le le rekisang cobalt e ntsi mo lefatsheng lotlhe ka bophara, le rekisa 60% wa cobalt yotlhe e e yang kwa mafatsheng a sele.<ref>"A Cobalt Undercurrent in Zaire", ''New York Times'', 20 March 1977; accessed [https://www.proquest.com/docview/123162091?sourcetype=Historical%20Newspapers via ProQuest.]</ref> Lefatshe leo gape le ne le rekisa 7% wa kopore ya lefatshe le 33% wa teemane. Bontsi jwa meepo ya ditswammung tse e ne e le kwa Shaba,<ref name=":1" /> meepo ya kopore e e mo kgaolong eo e ntsha 60% go ya kwa go 75% wa khumo ya lefatshe leo lotlhe mo go tse di direkwang kwa ntle.<ref>Gerald Bender, "Zaire: Is There Any Rationale for U.S. Intervention?", ''New York Times'', 27 March 1977, p. G2; accessed via [https://www.proquest.com/docview/158256789?sourcetype=Historical%20Newspapers ProQuest.]</ref> === FNLC === Lekgotla la FNLC bontsi jwa maloko a lone e ne e le batho ba Lunda o e neng e le morafe wa batho ba le bantsi kwa Katanga kwa go neng ga fetolwa leina go nna Shaba ka ngwaga wa  1972. Ka 1976, le ne la simolola go thapa basha kwa Katanga go nna bontlha jwa sesole.<ref name=":2">Odom, ''Shaba II'' (1993), p. 17.</ref> === Tlhamo === Ba ba neng ba akareditswe mo sesoleng e ne e le palo potlana ya masole a France a kwa Katanga a a neng a setse a a neng a eme nokeng go seegelwa kwa thokk ga Katanga ka ngwaga wa 1960.<ref name=":3">Glickson, Roger C.; Sinai, Joshua (1994). "Shaba I". In Meditz, Sandra W.; Merrill, Tim (eds.). ''[https://www.loc.gov/item/94025092/ Zaire: a country study]'' (4th ed.). Washington, D.C.: [[:en:Federal_Research_Division|Federal Research Division]], [[:en:Library_of_Congress|Library of Congress]]. pp. 292–294. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/0-8444-0795-X|0-8444-0795-X]]</bdi>. OCLC [https://search.worldcat.org/title/30666705 30666705].  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[:en:Public_domain|public domain.]]</ref> Fa Joseph Kasa-Vubu a busa moeteledipele wa sesole sa Katanga Moise Tshombe kwa botshabing ka ngwaga wa 1964, mephato ya sesole e ne e tsentswe mo Armee Nationale Congolaise (ANC) go thusa go lwantsha ditlhaselo tse di neng di ntse di bonagala mo lefatsheng ka bophara.<ref name=":3" /> Morago ga gore Tshombe a nyelele mo sepolotiking,  sesole sa Katanga se ne sa lela go dira tlhaselo ka ngwaga wa 1996 le ka 1967.<ref name=":3" /> Fa ditlhaselo tse di pala, bontsi ka sesole se ne sa ya kwa Angola mo keletelong pele ya ga Nathaniel Mbumba.<ref name=":3" /> Ka dingwaga tsa 1960, masole a France a pele a ne a simolola go kopanela kwa Angola mo molelwaneng o o kwa borwa jwa lefatshe la Zaire, mme ka dingwaga tsa 1960 di ya bokhutlong le 1970 a simologa ba ne ba lwantsha makgotla a bosetshaba a Angola ba lwela ma Potokisi.<ref name=":3" /> Morago ga ma Potokisi a sena go tsamaya ka ngwaga wa 1975, masole a France kwa Katanga a ne a lwela lekgotla la Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) ka nako ya [[Ntwa ya Angola ya selegae|ntwa ya Angola ya selegae.]] MPLA e ne ya fenya taolo ya lefatshe ya bo ya neela masole a France go ikemela mo kgaolong eo mo molelwaneng wa Zaire. Setlhopha seo, batho ba ka nna dikete di le nne, ba ba dikete pedi ba neng ba bonwa ba kgona go lwa, ba ne ba tlhama Front for the National Liberation of the Congo (FNLC)  e e neng e itshwaya e le lotlhakore lo sele.<ref name=":4">Gleijeses, "Truth or Credibility" (2010), pp. 71–72.</ref> === Seabe sa Cuba === Lekgotla la FNLC oele le ne le kopile lefatshe la Cuba thuso mme la gana ka le ne le setse le batla go ikgogela morago go tswa mo Angola, ebile le sa dumele fa FNLC e tlhwaafetse.<ref>Gleijeses, "Truth or Credibility" (2010), pp. 73–74, 93–94.</ref> Kemo nokeng ya MPLA mo tlhaselong e ne e sa papamala; le ne le sa supagale fa le le fa thuso Mme gape le sa dire sepe go kganela tlhaselo.<ref>Gleijeses, "Truth or Credibility" (2010), pp. 99–100.</ref> Lefatshe la Cuba ga le a ema FNLC mo tlhaselong.<ref>Ogunbadejo, "Conflict in Africa" (1979), p. 225. "All these points show that Angola was never deeply involved in the invasion. Not even the American Central Intelligence Agency was able to prove any serious involvement, and it is unlikely that, given President [[:en:Agostinho_Neto|Neto's]] numerous internal problems (political and economic), his government or even his Cuban allies would have dissipated their forces in an attack on Shaba."</ref> == Tlhaselo == [[Setshwantsho:FNLC Shaba I.jpg|thumb|Metsamao ya FNLC ka ngwaga wa 1977]] Batlhasedi ba ne ba bolotsa tlhaselo e e dintlha tharo ka Mopitlo a le malatsi a robabobedi ngwaga wa 1997, ba kgabaganya molelwane wa [[Angola]] le Zaire plba pagame dibaesekele.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> Ga go a begwa batho bape ba ba bolailweng mo bekeng ya ntlha morago ga go goroga ga bone.<ref name=":5">"Zaire preparing major push to confront Shaba guerrillas", ''Baltimore Sun'' (AP), 14 March 1977; accessed [https://www.proquest.com/docview/541196054?sourcetype=Historical%20Newspapers via ProQuest.]</ref> === Tsibogo ya Zaire === Mobutu o ne a kgala tlhaselo a bua ka Mopitlo a le lesome gore dikgaolo tsa Kissenge, Dilolo le Kapanga di thuntshitswe ka dibomo ke ditsuolodi.<ref>"Zaire Reports Invasion of South by Mercenaries", ''Los Angeles Times'', 10 March 1977; accessed [https://www.proquest.com/docview/158129264?sourcetype=Newspapers via ProQuest.]</ref> O ne a supa puso ya [[Cuba]] ka monwana ka seabe sa bone, a kopa thuso kwa babusing ba ba kwa bophirima.<ref name=":6">Gleijeses, "Truth or Credibility" (2010), p. 75.</ref> Ofisi ya [[USA|United States]] kwa lefatsheng leo e ne ya tlhomamisa gore ditoropo di gapilwe, ya itsise fa barongwa ba ma America ba robabobedi kwa Kapanga ba tshwerwe ba beilweng mo ntlong.<ref>"Angolan troops hit Zaire, take 3 towns", ''Chicago Tribune'' (Tribune Wire Services), 11 March 1977; accessed [https://www.proquest.com/docview/171505074?sourcetype=Newspapers via ProQuest.]</ref> Ditiragalo tsa sesole sa Zaire sa FAZ, di ne tsa seka tsa nna le maduo ape.<ref>Odom, ''Shaba II'' (1993), p. 17.</ref> Mophato wa ntlha go goroga  wa 11th Brigade wa kgaolo ya Kaymanyola o ne o sa tswa go katisiwa, mme o ne wa phatlala ka bofefo fa o kopana le sesole sa FNLC.<ref>Odom, ''Shaba II'' (1993), pp. 17–18.</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, tlhaselo e e tumileng e ba FNLC ba neng ba e eletsa e ne ya seka ya diragala. Le ntswa ditoropo ka bontsi di ne di batla sesole sa FNLC go na le sesole sa puso,<ref>[[:en:Robin_Wright_(author)|Robin Wright]], "Zaire Peasants, Friendly to Invaders, Spurn Government Troops", ''Washington Post'', 24 March 1977; accessed [https://www.proquest.com/docview/146766850?sourcetype=Newspapers via ProQuest.]</ref> batho ba ne ba tshaba tiriso dikgoka ba nna kwa malwapeng.<ref>Odom, ''Shaba II'' (1993), p. 28.</ref> === Tsibogo ya mafatshe === ==== United States ==== [[Setshwantsho:Jimmy Carter and Secretary of State Cyrus Vance - DPLA - 9c7c496ea8cfd5f84d9223bc23c6b099.gif|left|thumb|Tautona wa US Jimmy Carter le mokwaledi wa lefatshe Cyrus Vance]] Ka Mopitlo a le lesome le botlhano, lefatshe la United States le ne la romela didirisiwa tsa tlhaeletsanyo le tsa ditlamelo tsa botsogo le tse dingwe di le bokete jwa masome a mararo le botlhano, di ka lopa madi a a kanang ka didikadike tse pedi tsa di dolara ka go dirisa sefofane sa DC-8.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Norman Kempster and Oswald Johnson, "U.S. Flies 35 Tons of Supplies to Zaire Defenders", ''Los Angeles Times'', 16 March 1977; accessed [https://www.proquest.com/docview/158169625?sourcetype=Historical%20Newspapers via ProQuest.]</ref> Tautona Jimmy Carter , mo ngwageng wa gagwe wa ntlha mo setilong sa botautona o ne a le sebete se molangwana ka Mobutu go na le ba ba tsileng pele ga gagwe, a tsaya tshwetso ya go sa romele dibetsa kgotsa masole.<ref>Odom, ''Shaba II'' (1993), pp. 23–24.</ref><ref name=":4" /> O ne a supa gape gore ga gona bosupi jwa gore  Cuba e ne e na le seabe mo tlhaselong.<ref name=":6" /> Matona a NATO a ne a dumalana.<ref>John Palmer, "NATO doubts on Cubans' role", 15 April 1977; accessed [https://www.proquest.com/docview/186080618?sourcetype=Newspapers via ProQuest.]</ref> Lephata la mafatshe a sele la US le ne la supa puso ya Angola ka monwana go bo ba neetse ditsuolodi kemo nokeng<ref>Oswald Johnston, "State Dept. says Angola helps Zaire attackers", ''Boston Globe'', 19 March 1977, p. 1; accessed [https://www.proquest.com/docview/758646834?sourcetype=Historical%20Newspapers via ProQuest.]</ref> mme a ganenela mo goreng lefatshe la Cuba lone  ga go na bosupi jwa kemo nokeng ya lone.<ref>Nelson Goodsell, "Pushing new African countries toward Communist world?", ''Christian Science Monitor'', 21 March 1977.</ref> Komiti ya US ya botsalano jwa mafatshe e ne ya botsa ka botlhokwa jwa dithuso, ba sutisa go fokotsa dibetsa tsa Zaire ka sephatlo go tswa kwa didikadikeng di le masome a mararo go tsena di le lesome le botlhano.<ref>Ogunbadejo, "Conflict in Africa" (1979), p. 226.</ref> Ma America a ne a tshabisiwa kwa kgaolong eo.<ref name=":5" /> Mokwaledi wa lefatshe Cyrus Vance o ne a batla go ntsha mabaka a thuso ka ntlha ya botlhokwa jwa meepo ya kopore le cobalt.<ref>Bernard Gwertzman, "Vance Says Invaders in Zaire Threaten Vital Copper Mining: Calls Situation 'Dangerous': He Tells House Panel That Conflict Endangers the Commodity That Sustain's Nation's Economy", ''New York Times'', 17 March 1977; accessed [https://www.proquest.com/docview/123487476?sourcetype=Historical%20Newspapers via ProQuest.]</ref><ref>Jane Rosen, "Concern in US on Zaire", ''The Guardian'', 17 March 1977; accessed [https://www.proquest.com/docview/185995914?sourcetype=Newspapers via ProQuest.]</ref> Dikitsiso tse di neng di batla go thapa ditsuolodi tsa America go lwa kwa Zaire di ne tsa tlhagelela kwa California. Monna wa leina la David Bufkin, o ne a supiwa fa e le ene a thapang. Dikitsiso tse morago di ne tsa fitlhelwa di tswa mo lekgotleng la Central Intelligence Agency.<ref>Ernest Volkman, "CIA backs mercenary recruiting", ''Boston Globe'', 17 April 1977, p. 49; accessed [https://www.proquest.com/docview/747090553?sourcetype=Historical%20Newspapers via ProQuest.] "Officially, the sources say, both Bufkin and the British mercenaries are recruiting on behalf of Mobutu, who is providing the money for the operation. However, the CIA is actually bankrolling the operation, the sources say."</ref><ref>CIA Held Having Mercenaries Role", ''Hartford Courant'', 17 April 1977; accessed [https://www.proquest.com/docview/544846905?sourcetype=Newspapers via ProQuest.]</ref> === Mafatshe a mangwe === [[Setshwantsho:Luis Korda 02.jpg|thumb|209x209px|Fidel Castro o ne a latola magatwe a go nna le seabe ga Cuba kwa Zaire, a re Mobutu o nyoretswe thuso ya mafatshe a bophirima.]] Lefatshe la Belgium le ne la romela dibetsa kwa pusong ya Zaire<ref name=":7">"Giscard sends 11 planes to aid Zaire fight in Shaba", ''Baltimore Sun'' (AP), 11 April 1977; accessed [https://www.proquest.com/docview/541127490?sourcetype=Historical%20Newspapers via ProQuest.]</ref> mme la gana kopo ya ga Mobutu ya thuso ya sesole.<ref>Odom, ''Shaba II'' (1993), p. 24.</ref> Lefatshe la China le ne la romela dibetsa di le bokete jwa masome a mararo.<ref name=":7" /> Lefatshe la France le ne la dibetsa le marumo.<ref>Robin Wright, "France to Aid Zaire; Fighting Continues", ''Washington Post'', 19 March 1977, p. A12; accessed [https://www.proquest.com/docview/146798585?sourcetype=Newspapers via ProQuest.]</ref><ref>"Zaire bares troop, arms aid by Morocco, China", ''Chicago Tribune'', 8 April 1977; accessed [https://www.proquest.com/docview/169558949?sourcetype=Historical%20Newspapers via ProQuest.]</ref> Tautona wa Sudan Gaafar Nimiery o ne a itsise ka Moranang ngwaga wa 1977 gore lefatshe la Sudan le tlaa thusa la Zaire.<ref>"[https://www.nytimes.com/1977/04/12/archives/sudan-promises-to-send-help.html Sudan Promises to Send Help (Published 1977)]". [[:en:The_New_York_Times|''The New York Times''.]] 12 April 1977.</ref> Lefatshe la US le ne la kopa thuso ya la Nigeria go rarabolola kgotlhang ya Zaire le Angola. Lefatshe la Nigeria le ne la dumalana, mme la gwetlha mafatshe a kwa ntle go sa neele dibetsa.<ref>"Nigeria to Move, At U.S. Request, In Zaire Dispute", ''Washington Post'', 23 March 1977, p. A1; accessed [https://www.proquest.com/docview/146797864?sourcetype=Newspapers via ProQuest.]</ref><ref>"Nigeria Appeals on Arms", ''New York Times'', 24 March 1977, p. A7; accessed [https://www.proquest.com/docview/123155812?sourcetype=Historical%20Newspapers via ProQuest.]</ref> Tautona wa Cuba Fidel Castro o ne a ganetsa gore lefatshe la Cuba le ne le na le seabe mo tlhaselong a re Mobutu o nyoretswe thuso, ebile go supa Cuba ka monwana e le go batla thuso ya sesole gore. kgone go tswelelela ka go gatelela batho ba Zaire.<ref>"Castro Denies Any Cuban Role in Invasion of Zaire: Says President Is Weak, Seeks Pretext for Foreign Assistance", ''Los Angeles Times'', 21 March 1977, p. B2; accessed [https://www.proquest.com/docview/158253669?sourcetype=Historical%20Newspapers via ProQuest.]</ref> === Dibanka === Lefatshe la Zaire le ne le setse le le kwa morago ka dituelo tsa madi a le a adimileng, ntwa e ne ya oketsa go tlhoka go tshepa gore a le tlaa kgona go duela.<ref>Daniel Southerland, "Zaire fighting hands Carter a test in Africa: Hostile borders, Loan payments overdue", ''Christian Science Monitor'', 17 March 1977, p. 7; accessed [https://www.proquest.com/docview/511976497?sourcetype=Newspapers via ProQuest.]</ref> Setlhopha sa dibanka di le masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi, se eteletswe pele ke Citibank,  se ne se dumetse ka Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa 1976 go thusa lefatshe la Zaire ka madi a kadimo a le didikadike di le makgolo mabedi, masome a matlhano a di dolara fa lefatshe leo le tshephisa go nna keletlhoko mo tirisong ya madi. Dibanka di ne di solofela fa madi a kadimo a tlaleletso a tlaa thusa lefatshe la Zaire go aga itsholelo ya lone le go busa didikadike di le makgolo a mane tse le neng le na le one.<ref>Ann Crittenden, "Bank Group Plans New Loan to Zaire: Banking Syndicate Is Planning New Loan to Zaire", ''New York Times'', 18 November 1977, p., 86; accessed [https://www.proquest.com/docview/123371017?sourcetype=Newspapers via ProQuest.]</ref> Dibanka di ne di tshaba gore ntwa jaanong e tlaa feletsa puso ya Zaire madi.<ref>Don Oberdorfer and Lee Lescaze, "Zaire Nearly Broke: U.S. Aids Bankers in Bailout for Zaire", ''Washington Post'', 24 April 1977, p. 1; accessed [https://www.proquest.com/docview/146866461?sourcetype=Newspapers via ProQuest.]</ref><ref>Mark Frankland, "Why the banks are worrying about war", ''The Observer'', 15 May 1977, p. 6; accessed [https://www.proquest.com/docview/476379029?sourcetype=Newspapers via ProQuest.]</ref> Citibank e ne ya itsise mo boemong jwa setlhopha fa madi a a adimisitsweng a tlaa seegelwa kwa thoko go fitlhelela lefatshe la Zaire le ka rarabolola mathata lone a selegae, a a ka itsang tuelo.<ref>Ogunbadejo, "Conflict in Africa" (1979), pp. 226, 233. "Citibank rightly felt that a prolonged, or indecisive, end to the conflict could be a continuing drain on Zaire's slender resources. Such a development would affect the country's financial and credit worthiness and, worse, its ability to stay current with repayments on existing commercial debts, much less the new loan."</ref> == Metswedi == fbd3hjaqznxp3fpe672qsb7y22pgvht 0 13307 50270 50255 2026-06-07T12:19:32Z Stonesetswammung 12839 Ke atolositse tlhanolo ya tsebe e. #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50270 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Makgobokgobo a Okavango''' kgotsa '''Metswedi ya Okavango''' ke makgobokgobo a a bonwang mo Botswana kwa Noka ya Okavango e felelang teng ebo e fitlhelela bophara jwa makgolo a robabongwe le masome a le mararo go ya go sekete sa dimethara (930–1,000 m)<ref>[https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf "Ramsar Information Sheet"] (PDF). 1996. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021.</ref> (3,050–3,280 ft) mo karolong e e fa gare ya lekadiba la endorheic la Sekaka sa Kalahari. Ke lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe la [[UNESCO]] jaaka e le engwe ya makgobokgobo a fitlhelwang mo teng ga mpa ya lefatshe e e sa elelaleng kwa lewatleng, e na le naga e e bongola e gantsi e itsetletseng.<ref name=":0">Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. [https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 "Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting"]. ''Whc.unesco.org''. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.</ref> Go na le moo, metsi a morwalela a anamela mo mafelong a a tletseng motlhaba le mo ditlhaketlhakeng, mme karolo e kgolo ya one e elela kwa tlase mo metsing a a seng boteng a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe, pele ga dimela di a monya. Mo e ka nnang metsi otlhe a a fitlhang mo makgobokgobong, kgabagare a a mowafala a bo a fetoga mowa. Ngwaga le ngwaga, metsi a a ka nnang 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) a anama mo lefelong leno la 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi). Metsi mangwe a morwalela a elela mo Letsheng la Ngami.<ref>Keen, Cecil (1997). "[http://www.greatestplaces.org/notes/okavango.htm Okavango Delta"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080116102605/http://www.greatestplaces.org/notes/okavango.htm Archived] from the original on 16 January 2008. Retrieved 27 August 2007.</ref> Kgaolo e e kile ya bo e le karolo ya Letsha la Makgadikgadi, letsha la bogologolo tala le le neng le kgadile thata kwa tshimologong ya ''Holocene''.<ref>McCarthy, T. S. (1993). "The great inland deltas of Africa". ''Journal of African Earth Sciences''. '''17''' (3): 275–291. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993JAfES..17..275M :1993JAfES..17..275M.] [[doi:10.1016/0899-5362(93)90073-Y|doi:10.1016/0899-5362(93)90073-Y.]]</ref> Moremi Game Reserve e mo ntlheng ya botlhaba tsatsi jwa makgobokgobo a. Makgobokgobo a a ne a kaiwa e le nngwe ya ''Seven Natural Wonders of Africa'', a neng ya tshwaiwa semmuso ka Tlhakole a le 11, 2013 kwa Arusha, Tanzania.<ref>[["Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders"]]. ''sevennaturalwonders.org''. Archived from the original on 21 December 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2013.</ref> Ka Seetebosigo a le 22, 2014, Makgobokgobo a Okavango a ne a nna lefelo la bo 1000 go kwadisiwa semmuso mo Lenaaneng la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe ya UNESCO.<ref>Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. [["World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana".]] ''Whc.unesco.org''. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.</ref><ref name=":0" /> == LEINA == Leina ''Okavango'' le tswa mo Nokeng ya Okavango, e le yone e tswang mo go ''Kavango'', e e kayang batho ba Kavango ba kwa bokone jwa Namibia. Mekwalo ya bogologolo ya Seesemane e ne e akaretsa ''Okovango'', fa bakanoki bangwe ba kwa Namibia ba rata Kavango fa ba bua ka noka le kgaolo ya Namibia. Mokwala-ditso Andreas Eckl o bolela fa dipego tsa German colonial di ne di dirisa ''Okavango'', mme gore tlhaka ya ntlha ya ''O-'' ga e a tlwaelesega mo ditemeng tsa lefelo leo tsa Kavango, mme ka moo e ile ya amanngwa le tlhotlheletso ya Ba-Herero.<ref>Eckl, Andreas (2007). [["Reports from 'beyond the line': The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911"]] (PDF). ''Journal of Namibian Studies''. '''1''': 7–37. Retrieved 12 May 2026.</ref> == ''Geography'' == === Merwalela === Okavango e dirwa ke merwalela e etlang le dipaka tsa ngwaga. Noka ya Okavango e gelela pula ya selemo (Firikgong-Tlhakole) go tswa kwa dithabeng tsa Angola mme e elela sekgala sa 1200 km mo selekanong sa kgwedi e le nngwe. Morago ga moo, metsi a anama mo lefelong la makgobokgobo a bophara jwa 37 500 km^² (14,500 sq mi) mo dikgweding di le nne tse di latelang (Mopitlo-Seetebosigo). == Metswedi == <references /> jz69hw4169plq1fai98n1refxzf9axi 50279 50270 2026-06-07T21:59:26Z VNGao 10152 50279 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Makgobokgobo a Okavango''' kgotsa '''Metswedi ya Okavango''' ke makgobokgobo a a bonwang mo Botswana kwa Noka ya Okavango e felelang teng ebo e fitlhelela bophara jwa makgolo a robabongwe le masome a le mararo go ya go sekete sa dimethara (930–1,000 m)<ref>[https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf "Ramsar Information Sheet"] (PDF). 1996. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021.</ref> (3,050–3,280 ft) mo karolong e e fa gare ya lekadiba la endorheic la Sekaka sa Kalahari. Ke lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe la [[UNESCO]] jaaka e le engwe ya makgobokgobo a fitlhelwang mo teng ga mpa ya lefatshe e e sa elelaleng kwa lewatleng, e na le naga e e bongola e gantsi e itsetletseng.<ref name=":0">Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. [https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 "Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting"]. ''Whc.unesco.org''. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.</ref> Go na le moo, metsi a morwalela a anamela mo mafelong a a tletseng motlhaba le mo ditlhaketlhakeng, mme karolo e kgolo ya one e elela kwa tlase mo metsing a a seng boteng a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe, pele ga dimela di a monya. Mo e ka nnang metsi otlhe a a fitlhang mo makgobokgobong, kgabagare a a mowafala a bo a fetoga mowa. Ngwaga le ngwaga, metsi a a ka nnang 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) a anama mo lefelong leno la 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi). Metsi mangwe a morwalela a elela mo Letsheng la Ngami.<ref>Keen, Cecil (1997). "[http://www.greatestplaces.org/notes/okavango.htm Okavango Delta"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080116102605/http://www.greatestplaces.org/notes/okavango.htm Archived] from the original on 16 January 2008. Retrieved 27 August 2007.</ref> Kgaolo e e kile ya bo e le karolo ya Letsha la Makgadikgadi, letsha la bogologolo tala le le neng le kgadile thata kwa tshimologong ya ''Holocene''.<ref>McCarthy, T. S. (1993). "The great inland deltas of Africa". ''Journal of African Earth Sciences''. '''17''' (3): 275–291. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993JAfES..17..275M :1993JAfES..17..275M.] [[doi:10.1016/0899-5362(93)90073-Y|doi:10.1016/0899-5362(93)90073-Y.]]</ref> Moremi Game Reserve e mo ntlheng ya botlhaba tsatsi jwa makgobokgobo a. Makgobokgobo a a ne a kaiwa e le nngwe ya ''Seven Natural Wonders of Africa'', a neng ya tshwaiwa semmuso ka Tlhakole a le 11, 2013 kwa Arusha, Tanzania.<ref>[["Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders"]]. ''sevennaturalwonders.org''. Archived from the original on 21 December 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2013.</ref> Ka Seetebosigo a le 22, 2014, Makgobokgobo a Okavango a ne a nna lefelo la bo 1000 go kwadisiwa semmuso mo Lenaaneng la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe ya UNESCO.<ref>Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. [["World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana".]] ''Whc.unesco.org''. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Leina == Leina ''Okavango'' le tswa mo Nokeng ya Okavango, e le yone e tswang mo go ''Kavango'', e e kayang batho ba Kavango ba kwa bokone jwa Namibia. Mekwalo ya bogologolo ya Seesemane e ne e akaretsa ''Okovango'', fa bakanoki bangwe ba kwa Namibia ba rata Kavango fa ba bua ka noka le kgaolo ya Namibia. Mokwala-ditso Andreas Eckl o bolela fa dipego tsa German colonial di ne di dirisa ''Okavango'', mme gore tlhaka ya ntlha ya ''O-'' ga e a tlwaelesega mo ditemeng tsa lefelo leo tsa Kavango, mme ka moo e ile ya amanngwa le tlhotlheletso ya Ba-Herero.<ref>Eckl, Andreas (2007). [["Reports from 'beyond the line': The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911"]] (PDF). ''Journal of Namibian Studies''. '''1''': 7–37. Retrieved 12 May 2026.</ref> == Popego(Motsheo) == === Merwalela === Okavango e dirwa ke merwalela e etlang le dipaka tsa ngwaga. Noka ya Okavango e gelela pula ya selemo (Firikgong-Tlhakole) go tswa kwa dithabeng tsa Angola mme e elela sekgala sa 1200 km mo selekanong sa kgwedi e le nngwe. Morago ga moo, metsi a anama mo lefelong la makgobokgobo a bophara jwa 37 500 km^² (14,500 sq mi) mo dikgweding di le nne tse di latelang (Mopitlo-Seetebosigo). Mogote oo ko godimo wa makgobokgobo o baka tatlhego e ntsi ya metsi aa tsewang ke mowa oo molelo, seo se bakang kgolo le kwelotlase ya metsi ee nnileng gararo mme e sa tlhaloganyesege go fitlhela ka didikadike tse pedi tsa dingwaga (20th century). Merwalela e nna magareng ga dikgwedi tsa Seetebosigo le Phatwe, ka nako eo lefatshe la Botswana le itemogelang komelelo mo dikgweding tsa mariga, foo makgobokgobo a tlalang a penologa go ka nna gararo ga selekanyo sa one, mme se se ngoke kana se bake gore diphologolo go tswa dikilometara tse di seng kae di tle go kgobokana mo lefelong le. == Metswedi == <references /> eftu4izjb6x65uul6m9xdpxuu60570o 50280 50279 2026-06-07T22:06:03Z VNGao 10152 50280 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Makgobokgobo a Okavango''' kgotsa '''Metswedi ya Okavango''' ke makgobokgobo a a bonwang mo [[Botswana]] kwa Noka ya Okavango e felelang teng ebo e fitlhelela bophara jwa makgolo a robabongwe le masome a le mararo go ya go sekete sa dimethara (930–1,000 m)<ref>[https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf "Ramsar Information Sheet"] (PDF). 1996. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021.</ref> (3,050–3,280 ft) mo karolong e e fa gare ya lekadiba la endorheic la Sekaka sa Kalahari. Ke lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe la [[UNESCO]] jaaka e le engwe ya makgobokgobo a fitlhelwang mo teng ga mpa ya lefatshe e e sa elelaleng kwa lewatleng, e na le naga e e bongola e gantsi e itsetletseng.<ref name=":0">Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. [https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 "Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting"]. ''Whc.unesco.org''. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.</ref> Go na le moo, metsi a morwalela a anamela mo mafelong a a tletseng motlhaba le mo ditlhaketlhakeng, mme karolo e kgolo ya one e elela kwa tlase mo metsing a a seng boteng a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe, pele ga dimela di a monya. Mo e ka nnang metsi otlhe a a fitlhang mo makgobokgobong, kgabagare a a mowafala a bo a fetoga mowa. Ngwaga le ngwaga, metsi a a ka nnang selekanyo sa 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) a anama mo lefelong leno la 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi). Metsi mangwe a morwalela a elela mo Letsheng la Ngami.<ref>Keen, Cecil (1997). "[http://www.greatestplaces.org/notes/okavango.htm Okavango Delta"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080116102605/http://www.greatestplaces.org/notes/okavango.htm Archived] from the original on 16 January 2008. Retrieved 27 August 2007.</ref> Kgaolo e e kile ya bo e le karolo ya Letsha la Makgadikgadi, letsha la bogologolo tala le le neng le kgadile thata kwa tshimologong ya ''Holocene''.<ref>McCarthy, T. S. (1993). "The great inland deltas of Africa". ''Journal of African Earth Sciences''. '''17''' (3): 275–291. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993JAfES..17..275M :1993JAfES..17..275M.] [[doi:10.1016/0899-5362(93)90073-Y|doi:10.1016/0899-5362(93)90073-Y.]]</ref> Moremi Game Reserve e mo ntlheng ya botlhaba tsatsi jwa makgobokgobo a. Makgobokgobo a a ne a kaiwa e le nngwe ya ''Seven Natural Wonders of Africa'', a neng ya tshwaiwa semmuso ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e malatsi a lesome le motso, ngwaga wa ketepedi lesome le bongwe ( 2013 ) kwa Arusha, Tanzania.<ref>[["Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders"]]. ''sevennaturalwonders.org''. Archived from the original on 21 December 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2013.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e tlhola malatsi ale masome a mabedi le bobedi, ngwaga wa ketepedi lesome le bone (2014) , Makgobokgobo a Okavango e ne ya nna lefelo la sekete go kwadisiwa semmuso mo Lenaaneng la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe ya UNESCO.<ref>Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. [["World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana".]] ''Whc.unesco.org''. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Leina == Leina ''Okavango'' le tswa mo Nokeng ya Okavango, e le yone e tswang mo go ''Kavango'', e e kayang batho ba Kavango ba kwa bokone jwa Namibia. Mekwalo ya bogologolo ya Seesemane e ne e akaretsa ''Okovango'', fa bakanoki bangwe ba kwa Namibia ba rata Kavango fa ba bua ka noka le kgaolo ya Namibia. Mokwala-ditso Andreas Eckl o bolela fa dipego tsa German colonial di ne di dirisa ''Okavango'', mme gore tlhaka ya ntlha ya ''O-'' ga e a tlwaelesega mo ditemeng tsa lefelo leo tsa Kavango, mme ka moo e ile ya amanngwa le tlhotlheletso ya Ba-Herero.<ref>Eckl, Andreas (2007). [["Reports from 'beyond the line': The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911"]] (PDF). ''Journal of Namibian Studies''. '''1''': 7–37. Retrieved 12 May 2026.</ref> == Popego(Motsheo) == === Merwalela === Okavango e dirwa ke merwalela e etlang le dipaka tsa ngwaga. Noka ya Okavango e gelela pula ya selemo (Firikgong-Tlhakole) go tswa kwa dithabeng tsa Angola mme e elela sekgala sa 1200 km mo selekanong sa kgwedi e le nngwe. Morago ga moo, metsi a anama mo lefelong la makgobokgobo a bophara jwa 37 500 km^² (14,500 sq mi) mo dikgweding di le nne tse di latelang (Mopitlo-Seetebosigo). Mogote oo ko godimo wa makgobokgobo o baka tatlhego e ntsi ya metsi aa tsewang ke mowa oo molelo, seo se bakang kgolo le kwelotlase ya metsi ee nnileng gararo mme e sa tlhaloganyesege go fitlhela ka didikadike tse pedi tsa dingwaga (20th century). Merwalela e nna magareng ga dikgwedi tsa Seetebosigo le Phatwe, ka nako eo lefatshe la Botswana le itemogelang komelelo mo dikgweding tsa mariga, foo makgobokgobo a tlalang a penologa go ka nna gararo ga selekanyo sa one, mme se se ngoke kana se bake gore diphologolo go tswa dikilometara tse di seng kae di tle go kgobokana mo lefelong le. == Metswedi == <references /> hahiyy5xohnfhqjj785lwc1zhdjb0sh 50281 50280 2026-06-07T22:06:30Z VNGao 10152 /* Popego(Motsheo) */ 50281 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Makgobokgobo a Okavango''' kgotsa '''Metswedi ya Okavango''' ke makgobokgobo a a bonwang mo [[Botswana]] kwa Noka ya Okavango e felelang teng ebo e fitlhelela bophara jwa makgolo a robabongwe le masome a le mararo go ya go sekete sa dimethara (930–1,000 m)<ref>[https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf "Ramsar Information Sheet"] (PDF). 1996. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021.</ref> (3,050–3,280 ft) mo karolong e e fa gare ya lekadiba la endorheic la Sekaka sa Kalahari. Ke lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe la [[UNESCO]] jaaka e le engwe ya makgobokgobo a fitlhelwang mo teng ga mpa ya lefatshe e e sa elelaleng kwa lewatleng, e na le naga e e bongola e gantsi e itsetletseng.<ref name=":0">Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. [https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 "Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting"]. ''Whc.unesco.org''. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.</ref> Go na le moo, metsi a morwalela a anamela mo mafelong a a tletseng motlhaba le mo ditlhaketlhakeng, mme karolo e kgolo ya one e elela kwa tlase mo metsing a a seng boteng a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe, pele ga dimela di a monya. Mo e ka nnang metsi otlhe a a fitlhang mo makgobokgobong, kgabagare a a mowafala a bo a fetoga mowa. Ngwaga le ngwaga, metsi a a ka nnang selekanyo sa 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) a anama mo lefelong leno la 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi). Metsi mangwe a morwalela a elela mo Letsheng la Ngami.<ref>Keen, Cecil (1997). "[http://www.greatestplaces.org/notes/okavango.htm Okavango Delta"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080116102605/http://www.greatestplaces.org/notes/okavango.htm Archived] from the original on 16 January 2008. Retrieved 27 August 2007.</ref> Kgaolo e e kile ya bo e le karolo ya Letsha la Makgadikgadi, letsha la bogologolo tala le le neng le kgadile thata kwa tshimologong ya ''Holocene''.<ref>McCarthy, T. S. (1993). "The great inland deltas of Africa". ''Journal of African Earth Sciences''. '''17''' (3): 275–291. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993JAfES..17..275M :1993JAfES..17..275M.] [[doi:10.1016/0899-5362(93)90073-Y|doi:10.1016/0899-5362(93)90073-Y.]]</ref> Moremi Game Reserve e mo ntlheng ya botlhaba tsatsi jwa makgobokgobo a. Makgobokgobo a a ne a kaiwa e le nngwe ya ''Seven Natural Wonders of Africa'', a neng ya tshwaiwa semmuso ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e malatsi a lesome le motso, ngwaga wa ketepedi lesome le bongwe ( 2013 ) kwa Arusha, Tanzania.<ref>[["Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders"]]. ''sevennaturalwonders.org''. Archived from the original on 21 December 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2013.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e tlhola malatsi ale masome a mabedi le bobedi, ngwaga wa ketepedi lesome le bone (2014) , Makgobokgobo a Okavango e ne ya nna lefelo la sekete go kwadisiwa semmuso mo Lenaaneng la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe ya UNESCO.<ref>Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. [["World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana".]] ''Whc.unesco.org''. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Leina == Leina ''Okavango'' le tswa mo Nokeng ya Okavango, e le yone e tswang mo go ''Kavango'', e e kayang batho ba Kavango ba kwa bokone jwa Namibia. Mekwalo ya bogologolo ya Seesemane e ne e akaretsa ''Okovango'', fa bakanoki bangwe ba kwa Namibia ba rata Kavango fa ba bua ka noka le kgaolo ya Namibia. Mokwala-ditso Andreas Eckl o bolela fa dipego tsa German colonial di ne di dirisa ''Okavango'', mme gore tlhaka ya ntlha ya ''O-'' ga e a tlwaelesega mo ditemeng tsa lefelo leo tsa Kavango, mme ka moo e ile ya amanngwa le tlhotlheletso ya Ba-Herero.<ref>Eckl, Andreas (2007). [["Reports from 'beyond the line': The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911"]] (PDF). ''Journal of Namibian Studies''. '''1''': 7–37. Retrieved 12 May 2026.</ref> == Popego(Motheo) == === Merwalela === Okavango e dirwa ke merwalela e etlang le dipaka tsa ngwaga. Noka ya Okavango e gelela pula ya selemo (Firikgong-Tlhakole) go tswa kwa dithabeng tsa Angola mme e elela sekgala sa 1200 km mo selekanong sa kgwedi e le nngwe. Morago ga moo, metsi a anama mo lefelong la makgobokgobo a bophara jwa 37 500 km^² (14,500 sq mi) mo dikgweding di le nne tse di latelang (Mopitlo-Seetebosigo). Mogote oo ko godimo wa makgobokgobo o baka tatlhego e ntsi ya metsi aa tsewang ke mowa oo molelo, seo se bakang kgolo le kwelotlase ya metsi ee nnileng gararo mme e sa tlhaloganyesege go fitlhela ka didikadike tse pedi tsa dingwaga (20th century). Merwalela e nna magareng ga dikgwedi tsa Seetebosigo le Phatwe, ka nako eo lefatshe la Botswana le itemogelang komelelo mo dikgweding tsa mariga, foo makgobokgobo a tlalang a penologa go ka nna gararo ga selekanyo sa one, mme se se ngoke kana se bake gore diphologolo go tswa dikilometara tse di seng kae di tle go kgobokana mo lefelong le. == Metswedi == <references /> distbetnd38cfiqa8zi9p4t43egzvqg 50282 50281 2026-06-07T22:19:36Z VNGao 10152 50282 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Makgobokgobo a Okavango''' kgotsa '''Metswedi ya Okavango''' ke makgobokgobo a a bonwang mo [[Botswana]] kwa Noka ya Okavango e felelang teng ebo e fitlhelela bophara jwa makgolo a robabongwe le masome a le mararo go ya go sekete sa dimethara (930–1,000 m)<ref>riginal on 31 Au foo metsi a tshologang mo selekanyong se ka masome a marataro fela go ts2a Mohembo go tsena mo Maun.w</ref> (3,050–3,280 ft) mo karolong e e fa gare ya lekadiba la endorheic la Sekaka sa Kalahari. Ke lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe la [[UNESCO]] jaaka e le engwe ya makgobokgobo a fitlhelwang mo teng ga mpa ya lefatshe e e sa elelaleng kwa lewatleng, e na le naga e e bongola e gantsi e itsetletseng.<ref name=":0"> [https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting"]. ''Whc.unesco.org''. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.</ref> Go na le moo, metsi a morwalela a anamela mo mafelong a a tletseng motlhaba le mo ditlhaketlhakeng, mme karolo e kgolo ya one e elela kwa tlase mo metsing a a seng boteng a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe, pele ga dimela di a monya. Mo e ka nnang metsi otlhe a a fitlhang mo makgobokgobong, kgabagare a a mowafala a bo a fetoga mowa. Ngwaga le ngwaga, metsi a a ka nnang selekanyo sa 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) a anama mo lefelong leno la 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi). Metsi mangwe a morwalela a elela mo Letsheng la Ngami.<ref>Keen, Cecil (1997). "[http://www.greatestplaces.org/notes/okavango.htm Okavango Delta"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080116102605/http://www.greatestplaces.org/notes/okavango.htm Archived] from the original on 16 January 2008. Retrieved 27 August 2007.</ref> Kgaolo e e kile ya bo e le karolo ya Letsha la Makgadikgadi, letsha la bogologolo tala le le neng le kgadile thata kwa tshimologong ya ''Holocene''.<ref>McCarthy, T. S. (1993). "The great inland deltas of Africa". ''Journal of African Earth Sciences''. '''17''' (3): 275–291. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993JAfES..17..275M :1993JAfES..17..275M.] [[doi:10.1016/0899-5362(93)90073-Y|doi:10.1016/0899-5362(93)90073-Y.]]</ref> Moremi Game Reserve e mo ntlheng ya botlhaba tsatsi jwa makgobokgobo a. Makgobokgobo a a ne a kaiwa e le nngwe ya ''Seven Natural Wonders of Africa'', a neng ya tshwaiwa semmuso ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e malatsi a lesome le motso, ngwaga wa ketepedi lesome le bongwe ( 2013 ) kwa Arusha, Tanzania.<ref>[["Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders"]]. ''sevennaturalwonders.org''. Archived from the original on 21 December 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2013.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e tlhola malatsi ale masome a mabedi le bobedi, ngwaga wa ketepedi lesome le bone (2014) , Makgobokgobo a Okavango e ne ya nna lefelo la sekete go kwadisiwa semmuso mo Lenaaneng la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe ya UNESCO.<ref>Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. [["World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana".]] ''Whc.unesco.org''. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Leina == Leina ''Okavango'' le tswa mo Nokeng ya Okavango, e le yone e tswang mo go ''Kavango'', e e kayang batho ba Kavango ba kwa bokone jwa Namibia. Mekwalo ya bogologolo ya Seesemane e ne e akaretsa ''Okovango'', fa bakanoki bangwe ba kwa Namibia ba rata Kavango fa ba bua ka noka le kgaolo ya Namibia. Mokwala-ditso Andreas Eckl o bolela fa dipego tsa German colonial di ne di dirisa ''Okavango'', mme gore tlhaka ya ntlha ya ''O-'' ga e a tlwaelesega mo ditemeng tsa lefelo leo tsa Kavango, mme ka moo e ile ya amanngwa le tlhotlheletso ya Ba-Herero.<ref>Eckl, Andreas (2007). [["Reports from 'beyond the line': The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911"]] (PDF). ''Journal of Namibian Studies''. '''1''': 7–37. Retrieved 12 May 2026.</ref> == Popego(Motheo) == === Merwalela === Okavango e dirwa ke merwalela e etlang le dipaka tsa ngwaga. Noka ya Okavango e gelela pula ya selemo (Firikgong-Tlhakole) go tswa kwa dithabeng tsa Angola mme e elela sekgala sa 1200 km mo selekanong sa kgwedi e le nngwe. Morago ga moo, metsi a anama mo lefelong la makgobokgobo a bophara jwa 37 500 km^² (14,500 sq mi) mo dikgweding di le nne tse di latelang (Mopitlo-Seetebosigo). Mogote oo ko godimo wa makgobokgobo o baka tatlhego e ntsi ya metsi aa tsewang ke mowa oo molelo, seo se bakang kgolo le kwelotlase ya metsi ee nnileng gararo mme e sa tlhaloganyesege go fitlhela ka didikadike tse pedi tsa dingwaga (20th century). Merwalela e nna magareng ga dikgwedi tsa Seetebosigo le Phatwe, ka nako eo lefatshe la Botswana le itemogelang komelelo mo dikgweding tsa mariga, foo makgobokgobo a tlalang a penologa go ka nna gararo ga selekanyo sa one, mme se se ngoke kana se bake gore diphologolo go tswa dikilometara tse di seng kae di tle go kgobokana mo lefelong le. Makgobokgobo a ikadile, selekanyo sa dimithata dile pedi fela fa godingwana go kgabaganya 15,000 km2 (5,800 sq mi),[10] , foo a fologang kana kgokologang ka selekanyo sa dimithata di ka nna masome a marataro go tswa Mohembo go tsena mo Maun.<references /> ipvbdigpibcfhovjux65cvbcm5dfwhv 50283 50282 2026-06-07T22:31:55Z VNGao 10152 /* Merwalela */ 50283 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Makgobokgobo a Okavango''' kgotsa '''Metswedi ya Okavango''' ke makgobokgobo a a bonwang mo [[Botswana]] kwa Noka ya Okavango e felelang teng ebo e fitlhelela bophara jwa makgolo a robabongwe le masome a le mararo go ya go sekete sa dimethara (930–1,000 m)<ref>riginal on 31 Au foo metsi a tshologang mo selekanyong se ka masome a marataro fela go ts2a Mohembo go tsena mo Maun.w</ref> (3,050–3,280 ft) mo karolong e e fa gare ya lekadiba la endorheic la Sekaka sa Kalahari. Ke lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe la [[UNESCO]] jaaka e le engwe ya makgobokgobo a fitlhelwang mo teng ga mpa ya lefatshe e e sa elelaleng kwa lewatleng, e na le naga e e bongola e gantsi e itsetletseng.<ref name=":0"> [https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting"]. ''Whc.unesco.org''. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.</ref> Go na le moo, metsi a morwalela a anamela mo mafelong a a tletseng motlhaba le mo ditlhaketlhakeng, mme karolo e kgolo ya one e elela kwa tlase mo metsing a a seng boteng a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe, pele ga dimela di a monya. Mo e ka nnang metsi otlhe a a fitlhang mo makgobokgobong, kgabagare a a mowafala a bo a fetoga mowa. Ngwaga le ngwaga, metsi a a ka nnang selekanyo sa 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) a anama mo lefelong leno la 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi). Metsi mangwe a morwalela a elela mo Letsheng la Ngami.<ref>Keen, Cecil (1997). "[http://www.greatestplaces.org/notes/okavango.htm Okavango Delta"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080116102605/http://www.greatestplaces.org/notes/okavango.htm Archived] from the original on 16 January 2008. Retrieved 27 August 2007.</ref> Kgaolo e e kile ya bo e le karolo ya Letsha la Makgadikgadi, letsha la bogologolo tala le le neng le kgadile thata kwa tshimologong ya ''Holocene''.<ref>McCarthy, T. S. (1993). "The great inland deltas of Africa". ''Journal of African Earth Sciences''. '''17''' (3): 275–291. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993JAfES..17..275M :1993JAfES..17..275M.] [[doi:10.1016/0899-5362(93)90073-Y|doi:10.1016/0899-5362(93)90073-Y.]]</ref> Moremi Game Reserve e mo ntlheng ya botlhaba tsatsi jwa makgobokgobo a. Makgobokgobo a a ne a kaiwa e le nngwe ya ''Seven Natural Wonders of Africa'', a neng ya tshwaiwa semmuso ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e malatsi a lesome le motso, ngwaga wa ketepedi lesome le bongwe ( 2013 ) kwa Arusha, Tanzania.<ref>[["Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders"]]. ''sevennaturalwonders.org''. Archived from the original on 21 December 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2013.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e tlhola malatsi ale masome a mabedi le bobedi, ngwaga wa ketepedi lesome le bone (2014) , Makgobokgobo a Okavango e ne ya nna lefelo la sekete go kwadisiwa semmuso mo Lenaaneng la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe ya UNESCO.<ref>Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. [["World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana".]] ''Whc.unesco.org''. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Leina == Leina ''Okavango'' le tswa mo Nokeng ya Okavango, e le yone e tswang mo go ''Kavango'', e e kayang batho ba Kavango ba kwa bokone jwa Namibia. Mekwalo ya bogologolo ya Seesemane e ne e akaretsa ''Okovango'', fa bakanoki bangwe ba kwa Namibia ba rata Kavango fa ba bua ka noka le kgaolo ya Namibia. Mokwala-ditso Andreas Eckl o bolela fa dipego tsa German colonial di ne di dirisa ''Okavango'', mme gore tlhaka ya ntlha ya ''O-'' ga e a tlwaelesega mo ditemeng tsa lefelo leo tsa Kavango, mme ka moo e ile ya amanngwa le tlhotlheletso ya Ba-Herero.<ref>Eckl, Andreas (2007). [["Reports from 'beyond the line': The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911"]] (PDF). ''Journal of Namibian Studies''. '''1''': 7–37. Retrieved 12 May 2026.</ref> == Popego(Motheo) == === Merwalela === Okavango e dirwa ke merwalela e etlang le dipaka tsa ngwaga. Noka ya Okavango e gelela pula ya selemo (Firikgong-Tlhakole) go tswa kwa dithabeng tsa Angola mme e elela sekgala sa 1200 km mo selekanong sa kgwedi e le nngwe. Morago ga moo, metsi a anama mo lefelong la makgobokgobo a bophara jwa 37 500 km^² (14,500 sq mi) mo dikgweding di le nne tse di latelang (Mopitlo-Seetebosigo). Mogote oo ko godimo wa makgobokgobo o baka tatlhego e ntsi ya metsi aa tsewang ke mowa oo molelo, seo se bakang kgolo le kwelotlase ya metsi ee nnileng gararo mme e sa tlhaloganyesege go fitlhela ka didikadike tse pedi tsa dingwaga (20th century). Merwalela e nna magareng ga dikgwedi tsa Seetebosigo le Phatwe, ka nako eo lefatshe la Botswana le itemogelang komelelo mo dikgweding tsa mariga, foo makgobokgobo a tlalang a penologa go ka nna gararo ga selekanyo sa one, mme se se ngoke kana se bake gore diphologolo go tswa dikilometara tse di seng kae di tle go kgobokana mo lefelong le. Makgobokgobo a ikadile, selekanyo sa dimithata dile pedi fela fa godingwana go kgabaganya 15,000 km2 (5,800 sq mi),[10] , foo a fologang kana kgokologang ka selekanyo sa dimithata di ka nna masome a marataro go tswa Mohembo go tsena mo Maun. == Kgokologo Ya Metsi == == Lecha == Fa metsi a ema kana a itsheka, one metsi a nna mo mekgacheng kana macha le melatswana , mo mahoting le bontsi jwa matcha a matoma, seo se bakang koketsego ya diphologolo. Mafelo a go itseelwang ditshwantsho le mafelo a bojanala/boetelo a le mmalwa a bonwa mo tikologong ya matcha a. A mangwe a macha a matoma a akaretsa: == Metswedi == <references /> e6e9hia3ebmp3nwnnwhxk72eodpjt2a 0 13366 50271 50251 2026-06-07T13:57:57Z Lone Tirelo Kaisara 11943 #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50271 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Noka ya Congo''',<ref>[https://waterwaymap.org/river/Congo%20000060487867 Congo]</ref> e e kileng ya itsege gape e le '''Noka ya Zaire''', ke noka ya bobedi ka boleele mo [[:en:Africa|Aforika]], e latelwa fela ke '''[[:en:Nile|Noka ya Nile]]'''. Gape ke noka ya boraro e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng ka [[:en:List_of_rivers_by_discharge|bontsi jwa metsi a e a ntshang]], morago ga '''[[:en:Amazon_River|Noka ya Amazon]]''' le tsamaiso ya dinoka tsa '''[[:en:Ganges|Ganges]]–[[:en:Brahmaputra|Brahmaputra]]'''. Ke noka e e nang le boteng jo bo kwa godimo go feta tsotlhe tse di kileng tsa lekanyediwa mo lefatsheng, ka boteng jo bo lekantsweng jwa dimetara di ka nna makgolo a mabedi le masome a mabedi '''(720 feet)'''.<ref>Oberg, Kevin (July 2008). [https://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf "Discharge and Other Hydraulic Measurements for Characterizing the Hydraulics of Lower Congo River, July 2008"] (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111015143546/http://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2012.</ref> Tsamaiso ya dinoka tsa '''Congo–Lualaba–Luvua–Luapula–Chambeshi''' e na le boleele jotlhe jwa dikilomethara di ka nna dikete tse nne le makgolo a a supa '''(2,900 miles)''', se se dirang gore e nne noka ya borobongwe ka boleele mo lefatsheng. '''Noka ya Chambeshi''' ke [[:en:Tributary|lekala]] la '''Noka ya Lualaba''', mme '''Lualaba''' ke leina le le dirisiwang go bitsa '''Noka ya Congo''' mo karolong ya yone e e kwa godimo ga '''Diphororo tsa Boyoma''', e e anametseng boleele jwa dikilometara di ka nna sekete le makgolo a robang-bobedi '''(1,100 miles)'''. Fa '''Noka ya Congo''' e lekanngwa mmogo le '''Noka ya Lualaba''', e leng lekala la yone le legolo, e na le boleele jotlhe jwa dikilometara di ka nna '''dikete tse nne, makgolo a mararo le masome a supa (2,720 miles)'''. Ke yone fela noka e kgolo mo lefatsheng e e kgabaganyang '''[[:en:Equator|Equator]]''' gabedi.<ref>[[:en:Congo_River#CITEREFForbath1979|Forbath 1979]], p. [[iarchive:rivercongodiscov0000forb/page/6|6]]. "Not until it crosses the Equator will it at last turn away from this misleading course and, describing a remarkable counter-clockwise arc first to the west and then to the southwest, flow back across the Equator and on down to the Atlantic. In this the Congo is exceptional. No other major river in the world crosses the Equator even once, let alone twice."</ref> '''[[:en:Congo_Basin|Mokgatšha wa Noka ya Congo]]''' o na le bogolo jwa lefelo jo bo ka nnang dikilometara tse di khutlonne di le '''4,000,000 (1,500,000 square miles)''', e leng '''13%''' ya lefatshe lotlhe la kontinente ya '''Aforika''' == Leina == Leina '''Congo/Kongo''' le tswa mo '''[[:en:Kingdom_of_Kongo|Bogosing jwa Kongo]]''', jo bo neng bo le mo lotshitshing lwa borwa jwa noka eno. Bogosi joo le jone bo ne jwa bidiwa ka leina la morafe wa tlholego wa '''Bakongo''', e leng batho ba ba buang dipuo tsa '''Bantu''', ba ba neng ba itsege mo lekgolong la bo 17 la dingwaga e le '''"Esikongo".'''<ref>Anderson, David (2000). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=0IwMwBVfr0sC&pg=PA79 Africa's Urban Past]''. James Currey Publishers. p. 79. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-85255-761-7|978-0-85255-761-7]]</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171222054121/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0IwMwBVfr0sC&pg=PA79 Archived] from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2017.</ref> Kwa borwa jwa '''Bogosi jwa Kongo''' go ne go le '''[[:en:Kakongo|Bogosi jwa Kakongo]]''', jo leina la jone le tshwanang le la Kongo, mme jo bo umakilweng ka ngwaga wa '''1535'''. Mo mmapeng wa gagwe wa lefatshe wa '''1564''',<ref>[[:en:Manikongo|Manikongo]] was properly the title of the kings of Kongo; their capital was at the site of modern [[:en:M'banza-Kongo|M'banza-Kongo]], capital of Angola's northwestern [[:en:Zaire_Province|Zaire Province]]. Ortelius had no knowledge of the [[:en:Orography|orography]] of Africa and drew fictitious courses for its rivers; his Congo upstream of its [[:en:Estuary|estuary]] turns sharply south, flowing through what would correspond to [[:en:Angola|Angola]] and [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]].</ref> '''[[:en:Abraham_Ortelius|Abraham Ortelius]]''' o ne a supa '''"Manicongo"''' e le motse o o kwa molomong wa noka eno. Maina a merafe a a amanang le '''Kongo''' a ka tswa a simologile mo lefokong le le rayang kopano ya setšhaba kgotsa phuthego ya morafe. Leina la segompieno la batho ba '''Kongo''', kgotsa '''Bakongo''', le simolotse go dirisiwa mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la bo 20 la dingwaga.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed</ref> Leina '''Zaire''' le tswa mo mokgweng puo ya '''Sepotokisi''' wa lefoko la '''[[:en:Kongo_language|Kikongo]]''', ''nzere'', le le rayang '''"noka"'''. Lefoko leo ke khutshwafatso ya polelwana ''nzadi o nzere'', e e rayang '''"noka e e metsang dinoka tse dingwe"'''.<ref>[[:en:Congo_River#CITEREFForbath1979|Forbath 1979]], p. 19.</ref> Noka eno e ne e itsege e le '''Zaire''' mo lekgolong la bo 16 le la bo 17 la dingwaga. Le fa go ntse jalo, leina '''Congo''' le ne la simolola go emisetsa '''Zaire''' ka iketlo mo tirisong ya puo ya Seesemane mo lekgolong la bo 18 la dingwaga. Mo dikwalong tsa lekgolo la bo 19 la dingwaga, '''Congo''' e ne e setse e le leina le le neng le dirisiwa thata mo Seesemaneng, le mororo go umakiwa ga '''Zahir''' kgotsa '''Zaire''' e le leina le le neng le dirisiwa ke baagi ba lefelo leo go ne go sa ntse go tlwaelegile.<ref>James Barbot (1746). ''An Abstract of a Voyage to Congo River, Or the Zair and to Cabinde in the Year 1700''. • James Hingston Tuckey (1818). ''[[iarchive:narrativeofexped00tuck|Narrative of an Expedition to Explore the River Zaire, Usually Called the Congo, in South Africa, in 1816]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180521164926/https://archive.org/details/narrativeofexped00tuck Archived] from the original on 21 May 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2019. • John Purdy (1822). ''Memoir, Descriptive and Explanatory, to Accompany the New Chart of the Ethiopic Or Southern Atlantic Ocean''. p. 112. <q>Congo River, called ''Zahir'' or ''Zaire'' by the natives</q></ref> [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] le [[:en:Republic_of_the_Congo|Republic of the Congo]] tsotlhe di reeletswe ka leina la noka eno. Le fa go ntse jalo, leina leo le ne gape la dirisiwa ke puso ya pele ya '''[[:en:Republic_of_the_Congo_(Léopoldville)|Rephaboliki ya Congo]]''', e e neng ya bona boipuso ka ngwaga wa '''1960''' go tswa mo '''[[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]]'''. Gape, Republic of Zaire (1971–1997) e ne ya reeletswa ka leina la noka eno jaaka le ne le dirisiwa mo dipuong tsa '''[[:en:French_language|Sefora]]''' le '''[[:en:Portuguese_language|Sepotokisi]]''' == Mokgatšha wa Noka le Tsamaiso ya Yone == '''Mokgatšha wa metsi wa Noka ya Congo''' o akaretsa lefelo le le ka nnang dikilometara tse di khutlonne di le '''4,014,500 (1,550,000 square miles)''',<ref name=":0">J.P. vanden Bossche; G. M. Bernacsek (1990). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA338 Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1]''. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. pp. 338–339. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-5-102983-1|978-92-5-102983-1]]</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160425222339/https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA338 Archived] from the original on 25 April 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2015.</ref> e leng bogolo jo bo batlang bo lekana le jwa [[:en:European_Union|European Union]]. Palo ya metsi a '''Noka ya Congo''' e a ntshang kwa molomong wa yone e farologana go tloga mo go 23,000 go ya go 75,000 dimetara tse dikhubiki ka motsotswana (m³/s), mme palogare ya yona e ka nna 41,000 dimetara tse dikhubiki ka motsotswana (m³/s).<ref name=":0" /> Noka eno e tsamaisa ditone di le dimilione di le 86 tsa [[:en:Suspended_sediment|sediment e e tlhatlogileng]] ngwaga le ngwaga go ya kwa [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Lewatleng la Atlantic]] le 6% e e oketsegileng ya metsi a a mo nokeng eno.<ref>Hanibal Lemma, and colleagues (2019). "Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia (Table 7)". ''Journal of Hydrology''. '''577''' 123968. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968|10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199099061 199099061].</ref> Noka eno le [[:en:Tributary|melatswana]] ya yone e elela go ralala [[:en:Congolian_rainforests|sekgwa sa pula sa Congo]], e leng sekgwa sa pula sa bobedi se segolo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng, fa se bapisiwa le sa [[:en:Amazon_rainforest|Amazon]] sa kwa Amerika Borwa. Ke noka ya boraro mo lefatsheng ka bontsi jwa metsi a e a ntshang kwa molomong wa yone, ka palogare ya 41,860 dimetara tse dikhubiki ka motsotswana (m³/s), morago ga [[:en:Amazon_River|Noka ya Amazon]] (219,530 m³/s) le tsamaiso ya dinoka tsa [[:en:Ganges|Ganges]]–[[:en:Brahmaputra_River|Brahmaputra]]–[[:en:Meghna_River|Meghna]] (43,950 m³/s kwa delta ya yone), <ref>Igor Alekseevich, Shiklomanov (2009). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=UAmCCwAAQBAJ Hydrological Cycle Volume III]''. EOLSS Publications. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-84826-026-9|978-1-84826-026-9]]</bdi>.</ref> Gape e na le mokgatšha wa metsi wa bobedi ka bogolo mo lefatsheng, morago ga wa Noka ya Amazon, mme ke nngwe ya dinoka tse di boteng go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng, ka mafelo mangwe a yone a fitlhelang boteng jo bo fetang makgolo a mabedi le masome a mabedi a dimetara (720 feet).<ref>Oberg, Kevin (July 2008). [https://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf "Discharge and Other Hydraulic Measurements for Characterizing the Hydraulics of Lower Congo River, July 2008"] (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111015143546/http://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2012.</ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101206040928/http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/series/explorer/3826/Overview "Monster Fish of the Congo"]. ''National Geographic Channel''. 2009. Archived from [http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/series/explorer/3826/Overview the original] on 6 December 2010.</ref> Ka ntlha ya gore mokgatšha wa metsi wa Noka ya Congo o akaretsa mafelo a a kwa bokone le kwa borwa jwa [[:en:Equator|Equator]], phororo ya metsi a yone e nna e tsitsitse. Se se bakiwa ke gore ka nako tsotlhe go nna le karolo nngwe ya mokgatšha wa yone e e leng mo pakeng ya dipula, ka jalo noka e tswelela go amogela metsi ngwaga otlhe.<ref>[http://rainforests.mongabay.com/congo/congo_river.html The Congo River] [https://web.archive.org/web/20171020093113/https://rainforests.mongabay.com/congo/congo_river.html Archived] 20 October 2017 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. Rainforests.mongabay.com. Retrieved on 29 November 2011.</ref> Metswedi ya Noka ya Congo e kwa dithabeng le dikgaolong tse di kwa godimo tsa [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]], mmogo le mo [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Letsheng la Tanganyika]] le [[:en:Lake_Mweru|Letsheng la Mweru]], tse di tshelang metsi mo [[:en:Lualaba_River|Nokeng ya Lualaba]]. Noka ya Lualaba yone e nna karolo ya Noka ya Congo fa e feta [[:en:Boyoma_Falls|Diphororo tsa Boyoma]]. [[:en:Chambeshi_River|Noka ya Chambeshi]] kwa Zambia ka kakaretso e tsewa e le motswedi wa Noka ya Congo, go ya ka mokgwa o o amogetsweng mo lefatsheng lotlhe wa go dirisa lekala le le leleele go gaisa tsotlhe jaaka motswedi wa noka, fela jaaka go dirwa ka Noka ya Nile. Noka ya Congo gantsi e elela go ya kwa bokone-bophirima go tswa kwa [[:en:Kisangani|Kisangani]] kwa tlase fela ga Boyoma Falls, go tswa foo e bo e sokologela kwa borwa-bophirima ka bonya ka bonya, e feta kwa [[:en:Mbandaka|Mbandaka]], e kopana le [[:en:Ubangi_River|Noka ya Ubangi]] mme e elela go ya kwa [[:en:Pool_Malebo|Letsha la Malebo]] (Stanley Pool). [[:en:Kinshasa|Kinshasa]] (e e kileng ya bo e le Léopoldville) le [[:en:Brazzaville|Brazzaville]] di mo matlhakoreng a a farologaneng a noka kwa Pool Malebo, koo noka e tshesane e bo e wela ka dintshi tsa metsi mo mekgokoloseng e e boteng (e e bidiwang [[:en:Livingstone_Falls|Livingstone Falls]]), e e fetang ka [[:en:Matadi|Matadi]] le [[:en:Boma,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Boma]], e bo e wela mo lewatleng kwa [[:en:Moanda,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Muanda]]. '''Lower Congo''' ke karolo e e kwa "kwa tlase" ya noka e kgolo; ke karolo ya noka e e simololang kwa [[:en:River_mouth|molomong wa noka]] kwa [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|lotshitshing lwa Atlantic]] go fitlha kwa metsemegolong ya Brazzaville le Kinshasa. Mo karolong eno ya noka, go na le melatswana e mebedi e megolo, e e ka fa molemeng kgotsa kafa borwa. ''Noka ya Kwilu'' e tswa mo dithabeng tse di gaufi le [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|molelwane]] [[:en:Angola|wa Angola]] mme e tsena mo Congo dikilometara di ka nna lekgolo go tswa kwa [[:en:Matadi|Matadi]]. E nngwe ke [[:en:Inkisi_River|Noka ya Inkisi]], e e elelang go ya ntlheng ya bokone go tswa kwa [[:en:Uíge_Province|Porofenseng ya Uíge]] kwa Angola go ya [[:en:Confluence|kwa e kopanelang teng]] le Noka ya Congo kwa ''Zongo'' e e ka nnang dikilometara di le masome a robang-bobedi go tswa kwa metsemegolong e mebedi e e bapileng. Ka ntlha ya bontsi jwa metsi a a elelang ka lobelo (rapids), segolobogolo [[:en:Livingstone_Falls|Diphororo tsa Livingstone]], karolo eno ya noka ga e dirisiwe ka botlalo kgotsa ka metlha ke dikepe tsa dinoka. == Botlhokwa mo Itsholelong == Le fa Diphororo tsa Livingstone di thibela go fitlhelela noka eno go tswa kwa lewatleng, bontsi jwa Noka ya Congo jo bo kwa godimo ga diphororo tseo bo tsamaisega bonolo ka dikepe mo dikarolong tse di farologaneng, segolobogolo magareng ga Kinshasa le Kisangani. Dikepe tse dikgolo di ne di tsamaya mo nokeng eno go fitlha bosheng jaana. Noka ya Congo e sa ntse e le selo se se botlhokwa thata mo nageng eno e e se nang ditsela tse dintsi kana diporo.<ref>See, for instance, [[:en:Thierry_Michel|Thierry Michel]]'s film [http://www.congo-river.com/ Congo River] [https://web.archive.org/web/20091129055817/http://www.congo-river.com/ Archived 29] November 2009 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]</ref> Gone jaanong go na le seporo se se fetang fa thoko ga diphororo tse tharo tse dikgolo, mme bontsi jwa kgwebo ya Afrika Bogare e feta fa thoko ga noka eno, go akaretsa [[:en:Copper|kopore]], [[:en:Palm_oil|ole ya mokolwane]] (e e dirilweng ka dipeo), [[:en:Sugar|sukiri]], [[:en:Coffee|kofi]] le cotton.<ref>[https://afca.coffee/portfolio-item/dr-congo/ DR Congo—AFRICAN FINE COFFEES ASSOCIATION (AFCA)". ''AFRICAN FINE COFFEES ASSOCIATION (AFCA)'']. 7 October 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210424160919/https://afca.coffee/portfolio-item/dr-congo/ Archived] from the original on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021.</ref> == Motlakase yo o Hethiwang ka Metsi == Noka ya Congo ke yone e e maatla go gaisa tsotlhe mo Afrika. Mo pakeng ya dipula, metsi a a fetang 50,000 dimetara tse dikhubiki ka motsotswana a elela go tswa mo nokeng eno go ya kwa Lewatleng la Atlantic. Ka jalo, Noka ya Congo le melatswana ya yone e na le ditshono tse dintsi tsa go dira motlakase ka metsi. Baitsaanape ba fopholeditse gore Mokgatšha wa Noka ya Congo o na le 13% ya bokgoni jotlhe jwa lefatshe jwa go hetlha motlakase wa metsi. Seno se ne se tla dira gore go nne le motlakase o o lekaneng go fitlhelela ditlhokego tsotlhe tsa motlakase tsa dinaga tsa Afrika tse di kwa [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|borwa jwa Sahara]].<ref name=":1">[http://weetlogs.scilogs.be/index.php?op=ViewArticle&articleId=331&blogId=27 Alain Nubourgh, Belgian Technical Cooperation (BTC)] [https://web.archive.org/web/20110902053441/http://weetlogs.scilogs.be/index.php?op=ViewArticle&articleId=331&blogId=27 Archived] 2 September 2011 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. Weetlogs.scilogs.be (27 April 2010). Retrieved on 2011-11-29.</ref> Gone jaanong go na le diteishene tsa motlakase wa metsi di ka nna 40 mo Mokgatšheng wa Noka ya Congo. E kgolo go di feta tsotlhe ke [[:en:Inga_dams|matamo a Inga]]''',''', tse di leng bokgakala jwa dikilometara di ka nna makgolo a mabedi kwa borwa-bophirima jwa Kinshasa. Porojeke eno e ne ya simololwa mo masimologong a 1970, fa go ne go wediwa go agiwa letamo la ntlha. <ref>Showers, Kate B. (1 September 2011). "Electrifying Africa: An Environmental History with Policy Implications". ''Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography''. '''93''' (3): 193–221. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1468-0467.2011.00373.x|10.1111/j.1468-0467.2011.00373]].x. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-0467 1468-0467]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145515488 145515488].</ref> Leano leno, jaaka le ne le rulagantswe kwa tshimologong, le ne le akantse go agiwa ga matamo a le matlhano a a neng a tla nna le bokgoni jwa go hetlha motlakase wa 34,500 megawatt (MW) ka kakaretso. Go fitlha jaanong, go agilwe fela matamo a Inga I le Inga II, a a hetlhang 1,776 megawatt (MW) ya motlakase.<ref name=":1" /> Ka Tlhakole 2005, Eskom, e leng khamphani ya motlakase ya puso ya '''[[:en:South_Africa|Aforika Borwa]]''', e ne ya itsise tshitshinyo ya go oketsa tlhagiso ya motlakase ka go tokafatsa didirisiwa tse di leng teng le go aga [[:en:Grand_Inga_Dam|letamo le lesha la motlakase wa metsi]]. Porojeke eno e ne e tla oketsa bokgoni jo bo kwa godimo jwa setheo seno go fitlha go 40,000 megawatt (MW) ya motlakase.<ref>Vasagar, Jeevan (25 February 2005). [[Vasagar, Jeevan (25 February 2005). "Could a $50bn plan to tame this mighty river bring electricity to all of Africa?". World news. London: The Guardian. Retrieved 30 April 2010.|"Could a $50bn plan to tame this mighty river bring electricity to all of Africa?"]]. ''World news''. London: The Guardian. Retrieved 30 April 2010.</ref> Go na le matshwenyego a gore matamo ano a masha a motlakase wa metsi a ka baka go nyelela ga mefuta e mentsi ya ditlhapi tse e leng tsa tlholego mo Nokeng ya Congo<ref>Norlander, Britt (20 April 2009). [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1590/is_13_65/ai_n31583235/ "Rough waters: one of the world's most turbulent rivers is home to a wide array of fish species. Now, large dams are threatening their future"]. Science World.</ref><ref>Thieme et al., ''Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment Ecoregions Assessments'', Island Press, 2005, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3nkL9NqqlscC&pg=PA297 p. 297] [https://web.archive.org/web/20231110080156/https://books.google.com/books?id=3nkL9NqqlscC&pg=PA297 Archived] 10 November 2023 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. "It is hypothesized that in the late Pliocene or early Pleistocene, a coastal Lower Guinean river captured Malebo Pool, connecting the previously interior Congo Basin to the ocean."</ref> == Ditso tsa Tlholego == Tsela e Noka ya Congo e e latelang gompieno e bopilwe magareng ga dingwaga di ka nna 1.5 go ya go 2 milione tse di fetileng, mo pakeng ya [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene.]]<ref>Leonard C. Beadle (1981). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=iAIUAQAAIAAJ The inland waters of tropical Africa: an introduction to tropical limnology]''. Longman. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-582-46341-7|978-0-582-46341-7]]</bdi>. Retrieved 2 April 2011.</ref> 9wk89o9k66lgseootqz0qgavczolxsm 50275 50271 2026-06-07T17:34:57Z Lone Tirelo Kaisara 11943 #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50275 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Noka ya Congo''',<ref>[https://waterwaymap.org/river/Congo%20000060487867 Congo]</ref> e e kileng ya itsege gape e le '''Noka ya Zaire''', ke noka ya bobedi ka boleele mo [[:en:Africa|Aforika]], e latelwa fela ke '''[[:en:Nile|Noka ya Nile]]'''. Gape ke noka ya boraro e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng ka [[:en:List_of_rivers_by_discharge|bontsi jwa metsi a e a ntshang]], morago ga '''[[:en:Amazon_River|Noka ya Amazon]]''' le tsamaiso ya dinoka tsa '''[[:en:Ganges|Ganges]]–[[:en:Brahmaputra|Brahmaputra]]'''. Ke noka e e nang le boteng jo bo kwa godimo go feta tsotlhe tse di kileng tsa lekanyediwa mo lefatsheng, ka boteng jo bo lekantsweng jwa dimetara di ka nna makgolo a mabedi le masome a mabedi (720 feet).<ref>Oberg, Kevin (July 2008). [https://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf "Discharge and Other Hydraulic Measurements for Characterizing the Hydraulics of Lower Congo River, July 2008"] (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111015143546/http://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2012.</ref> Tsamaiso ya dinoka tsa Congo–Lualaba–Luvua–Luapula–Chambeshi e na le boleele jotlhe jwa dikilomethara di ka nna dikete tse nne le makgolo a a supa (2,900 miles), se se dirang gore e nne noka ya borobongwe ka boleele mo lefatsheng. [[:en:Chambeshi_River|Noka ya Chambeshi]] ke [[:en:Tributary|lekala]] la Noka ya Lualaba, mme Lualaba ke leina le le dirisiwang go bitsa Noka ya Congo mo karolong ya yone e e kwa godimo ga [[:en:Boyoma_Falls|Diphororo tsa Boyoma]], e e anametseng boleele jwa dikilometara di ka nna sekete le makgolo a robang-bobedi (1,100 miles). Fa Noka ya Congo e lekanngwa mmogo le Noka ya Lualaba, e leng lekala la yone le legolo, e na le boleele jotlhe jwa dikilometara di ka nna dikete tse nne, makgolo a mararo le masome a supa (2,720 miles). Ke yone fela noka e kgolo mo lefatsheng e e kgabaganyang '''[[:en:Equator|Equator]]''' gabedi.<ref>[[:en:Congo_River#CITEREFForbath1979|Forbath 1979]], p. [[iarchive:rivercongodiscov0000forb/page/6|6]]. "Not until it crosses the Equator will it at last turn away from this misleading course and, describing a remarkable counter-clockwise arc first to the west and then to the southwest, flow back across the Equator and on down to the Atlantic. In this the Congo is exceptional. No other major river in the world crosses the Equator even once, let alone twice."</ref> '''[[:en:Congo_Basin|Mokgatšha wa Noka ya Congo]]''' o na le bogolo jwa lefelo jo bo ka nnang dikilometara tse di khutlonne di le 4,000,000 (1,500,000 square miles), e leng 13% ya lefatshe lotlhe la kontinente ya Aforika == Leina == Leina Congo/Kongo le tswa mo '''[[:en:Kingdom_of_Kongo|Bogosing jwa Kongo]]''', jo bo neng bo le mo lotshitshing lwa borwa jwa noka eno. Bogosi joo le jone bo ne jwa bidiwa ka leina la morafe wa tlholego wa Bakongo, e leng batho ba ba buang dipuo tsa Bantu, ba ba neng ba itsege mo lekgolong la bo 17 la dingwaga e le "Esikongo"'''.'''<ref>Anderson, David (2000). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=0IwMwBVfr0sC&pg=PA79 Africa's Urban Past]''. James Currey Publishers. p. 79. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-85255-761-7|978-0-85255-761-7]]</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171222054121/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0IwMwBVfr0sC&pg=PA79 Archived] from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2017.</ref> Kwa borwa jwa Bogosi jwa Kongo go ne go le [[:en:Kakongo|Bogosi jwa Kakongo]], jo leina la jone le tshwanang le la Kongo, mme jo bo umakilweng ka ngwaga wa 1535. Mo mmapeng wa gagwe wa lefatshe wa 1564,<ref>[[:en:Manikongo|Manikongo]] was properly the title of the kings of Kongo; their capital was at the site of modern [[:en:M'banza-Kongo|M'banza-Kongo]], capital of Angola's northwestern [[:en:Zaire_Province|Zaire Province]]. Ortelius had no knowledge of the [[:en:Orography|orography]] of Africa and drew fictitious courses for its rivers; his Congo upstream of its [[:en:Estuary|estuary]] turns sharply south, flowing through what would correspond to [[:en:Angola|Angola]] and [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]].</ref> [[:en:Abraham_Ortelius|Abraham Ortelius]] o ne a supa "Manicongo" e le motse o o kwa molomong wa noka eno. Maina a merafe a a amanang le Kongo a ka tswa a simologile mo lefokong le le rayang kopano ya setšhaba kgotsa phuthego ya morafe. Leina la segompieno la batho ba Kongo, kgotsa Bakongo, le simolotse go dirisiwa mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la bo 20 la dingwaga.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed</ref> Leina ''Zaire'' le tswa mo mokgweng puo ya Sepotokisi wa lefoko la [[:en:Kongo_language|Kikongo]], ''nzere'', le le rayang "noka". Lefoko leo ke khutshwafatso ya polelwana ''nzadi o nzere'', e e rayang "noka e e metsang dinoka tse dingwe".<ref>[[:en:Congo_River#CITEREFForbath1979|Forbath 1979]], p. 19.</ref> Noka eno e ne e itsege e le ''Zaire'' mo lekgolong la bo 16 le la bo 17 la dingwaga. Le fa go ntse jalo, leina ''Congo'' le ne la simolola go emisetsa ''Zaire'' ka iketlo mo tirisong ya puo ya Seesemane mo lekgolong la bo 18 la dingwaga. Mo dikwalong tsa lekgolo la bo 19 la dingwaga, ''Congo'' e ne e setse e le leina le le neng le dirisiwa thata mo Seesemaneng, le mororo go umakiwa ga ''Zahir'' kgotsa ''Zaire'' e le leina le le neng le dirisiwa ke baagi ba lefelo leo go ne go sa ntse go tlwaelegile.<ref>James Barbot (1746). ''An Abstract of a Voyage to Congo River, Or the Zair and to Cabinde in the Year 1700''. • James Hingston Tuckey (1818). ''[[iarchive:narrativeofexped00tuck|Narrative of an Expedition to Explore the River Zaire, Usually Called the Congo, in South Africa, in 1816]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180521164926/https://archive.org/details/narrativeofexped00tuck Archived] from the original on 21 May 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2019. • John Purdy (1822). ''Memoir, Descriptive and Explanatory, to Accompany the New Chart of the Ethiopic Or Southern Atlantic Ocean''. p. 112. <q>Congo River, called ''Zahir'' or ''Zaire'' by the natives</q></ref> [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] le [[:en:Republic_of_the_Congo|Republic of the Congo]] tsotlhe di reeletswe ka leina la noka eno. Le fa go ntse jalo, leina leo le ne gape la dirisiwa ke puso ya pele ya [[:en:Republic_of_the_Congo_(Léopoldville)|Rephaboliki ya Congo]], e e neng ya bona boipuso ka ngwaga wa '''1960''' go tswa mo [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]]. Gape, Republic of Zaire (1971–1997) e ne ya reeletswa ka leina la noka eno jaaka le ne le dirisiwa mo dipuong tsa [[:en:French_language|Sefora]] le [[:en:Portuguese_language|Sepotokisi]]. == Mokgatšha wa Noka le Tsamaiso ya Yone == Mokgatšha wa metsi wa Noka ya Congo o akaretsa lefelo le le ka nnang dikilometara tse di khutlonne di le 4,014,500 (1,550,000 square miles),<ref name=":0">J.P. vanden Bossche; G. M. Bernacsek (1990). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA338 Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1]''. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. pp. 338–339. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-5-102983-1|978-92-5-102983-1]]</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160425222339/https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA338 Archived] from the original on 25 April 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2015.</ref> e leng bogolo jo bo batlang bo lekana le jwa [[:en:European_Union|European Union]]. Palo ya metsi a Noka ya Congo e a ntshang kwa molomong wa yone e farologana go tloga mo go 23,000 go ya go 75,000 dimetara tse dikhubiki ka motsotswana (m³/s), mme palogare ya yona e ka nna 41,000 dimetara tse dikhubiki ka motsotswana (m³/s).<ref name=":0" /> Noka eno e tsamaisa ditone di le dimilione di le 86 tsa [[:en:Suspended_sediment|sediment e e tlhatlogileng]] ngwaga le ngwaga go ya kwa [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Lewatleng la Atlantic]] le 6% e e oketsegileng ya metsi a a mo nokeng eno.<ref>Hanibal Lemma, and colleagues (2019). "Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia (Table 7)". ''Journal of Hydrology''. '''577''' 123968. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968|10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199099061 199099061].</ref> Noka eno le [[:en:Tributary|melatswana]] ya yone e elela go ralala [[:en:Congolian_rainforests|sekgwa sa pula sa Congo]], e leng sekgwa sa pula sa bobedi se segolo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng, fa se bapisiwa le sa [[:en:Amazon_rainforest|Amazon]] sa kwa Amerika Borwa. Ke noka ya boraro mo lefatsheng ka bontsi jwa metsi a e a ntshang kwa molomong wa yone, ka palogare ya 41,860 dimetara tse dikhubiki ka motsotswana (m³/s), morago ga [[:en:Amazon_River|Noka ya Amazon]] (219,530 m³/s) le tsamaiso ya dinoka tsa [[:en:Ganges|Ganges]]–[[:en:Brahmaputra_River|Brahmaputra]]–[[:en:Meghna_River|Meghna]] (43,950 m³/s kwa delta ya yone), <ref>Igor Alekseevich, Shiklomanov (2009). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=UAmCCwAAQBAJ Hydrological Cycle Volume III]''. EOLSS Publications. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-84826-026-9|978-1-84826-026-9]]</bdi>.</ref> Gape e na le mokgatšha wa metsi wa bobedi ka bogolo mo lefatsheng, morago ga wa Noka ya Amazon, mme ke nngwe ya dinoka tse di boteng go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng, ka mafelo mangwe a yone a fitlhelang boteng jo bo fetang makgolo a mabedi le masome a mabedi a dimetara (720 feet).<ref>Oberg, Kevin (July 2008). [https://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf "Discharge and Other Hydraulic Measurements for Characterizing the Hydraulics of Lower Congo River, July 2008"] (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111015143546/http://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2012.</ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101206040928/http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/series/explorer/3826/Overview "Monster Fish of the Congo"]. ''National Geographic Channel''. 2009. Archived from [http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/series/explorer/3826/Overview the original] on 6 December 2010.</ref> Ka ntlha ya gore mokgatšha wa metsi wa Noka ya Congo o akaretsa mafelo a a kwa bokone le kwa borwa jwa [[:en:Equator|Equator]], phororo ya metsi a yone e nna e tsitsitse. Se se bakiwa ke gore ka nako tsotlhe go nna le karolo nngwe ya mokgatšha wa yone e e leng mo pakeng ya dipula, ka jalo noka e tswelela go amogela metsi ngwaga otlhe.<ref>[http://rainforests.mongabay.com/congo/congo_river.html The Congo River] [https://web.archive.org/web/20171020093113/https://rainforests.mongabay.com/congo/congo_river.html Archived] 20 October 2017 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. Rainforests.mongabay.com. Retrieved on 29 November 2011.</ref> Metswedi ya Noka ya Congo e kwa dithabeng le dikgaolong tse di kwa godimo tsa [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]], mmogo le mo [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Letsheng la Tanganyika]] le [[:en:Lake_Mweru|Letsheng la Mweru]], tse di tshelang metsi mo [[:en:Lualaba_River|Nokeng ya Lualaba]]. Noka ya Lualaba yone e nna karolo ya Noka ya Congo fa e feta [[:en:Boyoma_Falls|Diphororo tsa Boyoma]]. [[:en:Chambeshi_River|Noka ya Chambeshi]] kwa Zambia ka kakaretso e tsewa e le motswedi wa Noka ya Congo, go ya ka mokgwa o o amogetsweng mo lefatsheng lotlhe wa go dirisa lekala le le leleele go gaisa tsotlhe jaaka motswedi wa noka, fela jaaka go dirwa ka Noka ya Nile. Noka ya Congo gantsi e elela go ya kwa bokone-bophirima go tswa kwa [[:en:Kisangani|Kisangani]] kwa tlase fela ga Boyoma Falls, go tswa foo e bo e sokologela kwa borwa-bophirima ka bonya ka bonya, e feta kwa [[:en:Mbandaka|Mbandaka]], e kopana le [[:en:Ubangi_River|Noka ya Ubangi]] mme e elela go ya kwa [[:en:Pool_Malebo|Letsha la Malebo]] (Stanley Pool). [[:en:Kinshasa|Kinshasa]] (e e kileng ya bo e le Léopoldville) le [[:en:Brazzaville|Brazzaville]] di mo matlhakoreng a a farologaneng a noka kwa Pool Malebo, koo noka e tshesane e bo e wela ka dintshi tsa metsi mo mekgokoloseng e e boteng (e e bidiwang [[:en:Livingstone_Falls|Livingstone Falls]]), e e fetang ka [[:en:Matadi|Matadi]] le [[:en:Boma,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Boma]], e bo e wela mo lewatleng kwa [[:en:Moanda,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Muanda]]. '''Lower Congo''' ke karolo e e kwa "kwa tlase" ya noka e kgolo; ke karolo ya noka e e simololang kwa [[:en:River_mouth|molomong wa noka]] kwa [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|lotshitshing lwa Atlantic]] go fitlha kwa metsemegolong ya Brazzaville le Kinshasa. Mo karolong eno ya noka, go na le melatswana e mebedi e megolo, e e ka fa molemeng kgotsa kafa borwa. ''Noka ya Kwilu'' e tswa mo dithabeng tse di gaufi le [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|molelwane]] [[:en:Angola|wa Angola]] mme e tsena mo Congo dikilometara di ka nna lekgolo go tswa kwa [[:en:Matadi|Matadi]]. E nngwe ke [[:en:Inkisi_River|Noka ya Inkisi]], e e elelang go ya ntlheng ya bokone go tswa kwa [[:en:Uíge_Province|Porofenseng ya Uíge]] kwa Angola go ya [[:en:Confluence|kwa e kopanelang teng]] le Noka ya Congo kwa ''Zongo'' e e ka nnang dikilometara di le masome a robang-bobedi go tswa kwa metsemegolong e mebedi e e bapileng. Ka ntlha ya bontsi jwa metsi a a elelang ka lobelo (rapids), segolobogolo [[:en:Livingstone_Falls|Diphororo tsa Livingstone]], karolo eno ya noka ga e dirisiwe ka botlalo kgotsa ka metlha ke dikepe tsa dinoka. == Botlhokwa mo Itsholelong == Le fa Diphororo tsa Livingstone di thibela go fitlhelela noka eno go tswa kwa lewatleng, bontsi jwa Noka ya Congo jo bo kwa godimo ga diphororo tseo bo tsamaisega bonolo ka dikepe mo dikarolong tse di farologaneng, segolobogolo magareng ga Kinshasa le Kisangani. Dikepe tse dikgolo di ne di tsamaya mo nokeng eno go fitlha bosheng jaana. Noka ya Congo e sa ntse e le selo se se botlhokwa thata mo nageng eno e e se nang ditsela tse dintsi kana diporo.<ref>See, for instance, [[:en:Thierry_Michel|Thierry Michel]]'s film [http://www.congo-river.com/ Congo River] [https://web.archive.org/web/20091129055817/http://www.congo-river.com/ Archived 29] November 2009 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]</ref> Gone jaanong go na le seporo se se fetang fa thoko ga diphororo tse tharo tse dikgolo, mme bontsi jwa kgwebo ya Afrika Bogare e feta fa thoko ga noka eno, go akaretsa [[:en:Copper|kopore]], [[:en:Palm_oil|ole ya mokolwane]] (e e dirilweng ka dipeo), [[:en:Sugar|sukiri]], [[:en:Coffee|kofi]] le cotton.<ref>[https://afca.coffee/portfolio-item/dr-congo/ DR Congo—AFRICAN FINE COFFEES ASSOCIATION (AFCA)". ''AFRICAN FINE COFFEES ASSOCIATION (AFCA)'']. 7 October 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210424160919/https://afca.coffee/portfolio-item/dr-congo/ Archived] from the original on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021.</ref> === Motlakase yo o Hethiwang ka Metsi === Noka ya Congo ke yone e e maatla go gaisa tsotlhe mo Afrika. Mo pakeng ya dipula, metsi a a fetang 50,000 dimetara tse dikhubiki ka motsotswana a elela go tswa mo nokeng eno go ya kwa Lewatleng la Atlantic. Ka jalo, Noka ya Congo le melatswana ya yone e na le ditshono tse dintsi tsa go dira motlakase ka metsi. Baitsaanape ba fopholeditse gore Mokgatšha wa Noka ya Congo o na le 13% ya bokgoni jotlhe jwa lefatshe jwa go hetlha motlakase wa metsi. Seno se ne se tla dira gore go nne le motlakase o o lekaneng go fitlhelela ditlhokego tsotlhe tsa motlakase tsa dinaga tsa Afrika tse di kwa [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|borwa jwa Sahara]].<ref name=":1">[http://weetlogs.scilogs.be/index.php?op=ViewArticle&articleId=331&blogId=27 Alain Nubourgh, Belgian Technical Cooperation (BTC)] [https://web.archive.org/web/20110902053441/http://weetlogs.scilogs.be/index.php?op=ViewArticle&articleId=331&blogId=27 Archived] 2 September 2011 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. Weetlogs.scilogs.be (27 April 2010). Retrieved on 2011-11-29.</ref> Gone jaanong go na le diteishene tsa motlakase wa metsi di ka nna 40 mo Mokgatšheng wa Noka ya Congo. E kgolo go di feta tsotlhe ke [[:en:Inga_dams|matamo a Inga]]''',''', tse di leng bokgakala jwa dikilometara di ka nna makgolo a mabedi kwa borwa-bophirima jwa Kinshasa. Porojeke eno e ne ya simololwa mo masimologong a 1970, fa go ne go wediwa go agiwa letamo la ntlha. <ref>Showers, Kate B. (1 September 2011). "Electrifying Africa: An Environmental History with Policy Implications". ''Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography''. '''93''' (3): 193–221. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1468-0467.2011.00373.x|10.1111/j.1468-0467.2011.00373]].x. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-0467 1468-0467]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145515488 145515488].</ref> Leano leno, jaaka le ne le rulagantswe kwa tshimologong, le ne le akantse go agiwa ga matamo a le matlhano a a neng a tla nna le bokgoni jwa go hetlha motlakase wa 34,500 megawatt (MW) ka kakaretso. Go fitlha jaanong, go agilwe fela matamo a Inga I le Inga II, a a hetlhang 1,776 megawatt (MW) ya motlakase.<ref name=":1" /> Ka Tlhakole 2005, Eskom, e leng khamphani ya motlakase ya puso ya '''[[:en:South_Africa|Aforika Borwa]]''', e ne ya itsise tshitshinyo ya go oketsa tlhagiso ya motlakase ka go tokafatsa didirisiwa tse di leng teng le go aga [[:en:Grand_Inga_Dam|letamo le lesha la motlakase wa metsi]]. Porojeke eno e ne e tla oketsa bokgoni jo bo kwa godimo jwa setheo seno go fitlha go 40,000 megawatt (MW) ya motlakase.<ref>Vasagar, Jeevan (25 February 2005). [[Vasagar, Jeevan (25 February 2005). "Could a $50bn plan to tame this mighty river bring electricity to all of Africa?". World news. London: The Guardian. Retrieved 30 April 2010.|"Could a $50bn plan to tame this mighty river bring electricity to all of Africa?"]]. ''World news''. London: The Guardian. Retrieved 30 April 2010.</ref> Go na le matshwenyego a gore matamo ano a masha a motlakase wa metsi a ka baka go nyelela ga mefuta e mentsi ya ditlhapi tse e leng tsa tlholego mo Nokeng ya Congo<ref name=":2">Norlander, Britt (20 April 2009). [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1590/is_13_65/ai_n31583235/ "Rough waters: one of the world's most turbulent rivers is home to a wide array of fish species. Now, large dams are threatening their future"]. Science World.</ref> == Ditso tsa Tlholego == Tsela e Noka ya Congo e e latelang gompieno e bopilwe magareng ga dingwaga di ka nna 1.5 go ya go 2 milione tse di fetileng, mo pakeng ya [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene.]]<ref>Leonard C. Beadle (1981). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=iAIUAQAAIAAJ The inland waters of tropical Africa: an introduction to tropical limnology]''. Longman. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-582-46341-7|978-0-582-46341-7]]</bdi>. Retrieved 2 April 2011.</ref><ref>Thieme et al., ''Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment Ecoregions Assessments'', Island Press, 2005, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3nkL9NqqlscC&pg=PA297 p. 297] [https://web.archive.org/web/20231110080156/https://books.google.com/books?id=3nkL9NqqlscC&pg=PA297 Archived] 10 November 2023 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. "It is hypothesized that in the late Pliocene or early Pleistocene, a coastal Lower Guinean river captured Malebo Pool, connecting the previously interior Congo Basin to the ocean."</ref> Go katswa go diregile gore mo pakeng eno, melatswana e mentsi ya kwa godimo ya Noka ya Congo e ne ya tsewa (river capture) go tswa mo dikgatšheng tsa dinoka tse di bapileng le yone, go akaretsa Noka ya Uele le karolo e e kwa godimo ya Ubangi, tse di tswang mo [[:en:Chari_River|tsamaisong ya Noka ya Chari]]<ref>Cooper, John E. and Hull, Gordon; ''Gorilla Pathology and Health: With a Catalogue of Preserved Materials'', p. 371 ISBN 9780128020395</ref> mmogo le Noka ya Chambeshi<ref>Skelton, P.H. 1994. 'Diversity and distribution of freshwater fishes in East and Southern Africa', in ''Biological diversity in African fresh and brackish water fishes'', Symposium Paradi (G.G. Teugels, J.F. Guégan, and J.J. Albaret, editors), pp. 95–131. ''Annals of the Royal Central African Museum'' (Zoology) No. 275.</ref> le melatswana e mengwe ya kwa godimo ya Noka ya Kasai, e e tswang mo tsamaisong ya Noka ya Zambezi.<ref>Gupta, Avijit (editor); ''Large Rivers: Geomorphology and Management'', p. 327 ISBN 9780470849873</ref> Go bopiwa ga Noka ya Congo go ka tswa go bakile go kgaogana ga mefuta ka mafelo (allopatric speciation) ga bonobo le chimpanzee e e tlwaelegileng, go tswa mo mogologolong wa bone yo o tshwanang.<ref>Caswell JL, Mallick S, Richter DJ, et al. (2008). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2278377 "Analysis of chimpanzee history based on genome sequence alignments"]. ''PLOS Genet''. '''4''' (4) e1000057. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000057|10.1371/journal.pgen.1000057]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2278377 2278377]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18421364 18421364].</ref> Bonobo e bonwa fela mo dikgweng tse di metsi (humid forests) tsa kgaolo eno, fela jaaka mefuta e mengwe e e itsegeng thata e e akaretsang [[:en:Allen's_swamp_monkey|kgabo ya mokgatšha ya Allen (Allen’s swamp monkey)]], [[:en:Dryas_monkey|kgabo ya dryas (dryas monkey)]], [[:en:Aquatic_genet|aquatic genet]], [[:en:Okapi|okapi]], [[:en:Congo_peafowl|Congo peafowl]].<ref>[[:en:Jonathan_Kingdon|Kingdon, Jonathan]] (1997). ''[[iarchive:kingdonfieldguid00jona|The Kingdon Guide to African Mammals]]''. London: Academic Press Limited. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-1240-8355-4|978-0-1240-8355-4]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>[[:en:BirdLife_International|BirdLife International]] (2022). [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22679430/208189646 "''Afropavo congensis''"]. ''[[:en:IUCN_Red_List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]''. '''2022''' e.T22679430A208189646. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T22679430A208189646.en|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T22679430A208189646.en]]. Retrieved 16 December 2023.</ref> Fa go tliwa mo botshelong jwa mo metsing, Letamo la Noka ya Kongo le na le mefuta e mentsi thata ya diphologolo gape ke nngwe ya mafelo a a nang le palo e e kwa godimo thata ya ditshedi tse di fitlhelwang koo fela.<ref>Dickman, Kyle (3 November 2009). [http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Evolution-in-the-Deepest-River-in-the-World.html "Evolution in the Deepest River in the World"]. ''Science & Nature''. Smithsonian Magazine. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111109072934/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Evolution-in-the-Deepest-River-in-the-World.html Archived] from the original on 9 November 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2009.</ref> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2009, mefuta e ka nna 800 ya ditlhapi e ne e begilwe mo Letamong la Noka ya Kongo (re sa bale [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Letsha la Tanganyika]], le le amanang le yone mme le sa tshwane gotlhelele ka tikologo),<ref name=":3">Frans Witte; Martien J. P. van Oijen; Ferdinand A. Sibbing (2009). "Fish Fauna of the Nile". In Henri J. Dumont (ed.). ''The Nile''. Springer. pp. 647–675. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9725-6|978-1-4020-9725-6]]</bdi>.</ref> mme dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa lone di sa ntse di ise di ithutiwe gotlhelele.<ref>Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). [http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=535 "Sudanic Congo—Oubangi"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204356/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=535 Archived] 5 October 2011 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. Accessed 2 May 2011.</ref> Ka sekai, karolo nngwe ya Phaka ya Setšhaba ya Salonga, e e ka nnang bogolo jwa Belgium, e ne e ise e ke e tlhatlhobiwe gotlhelele ka 2006.<ref>Schliewen, U.K.; Stiassny, M.L.J. (2006). "A new species of Nanochromis (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Mai Ndombe, central Congo Basin, Democratic Republic of Congo". ''Zootaxa''. '''1169''': 33–46. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1169.1.2|10.11646/zootaxa.1169.1.2]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86533120 86533120].</ref> Mefuta e mesha ya ditlhapi e nna e tlhalosiwa ka metlha go tswa kwa Congo River Basin, mme go itsiwe mefuta e le mentsi e e sa tlhalosiwang.<ref>Schwarzer, J.; Misof, B.; Schliewen, U.K. (2011). [[doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02409.x|"Speciation within genomic networks: a case study based on Steatocranus cichlids of the lower Congo rapids"]]. ''Journal of Evolutionary Biology''. '''25''' (1): 138–148. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02409.x|10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02409.x]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22070232 22070232].</ref> Congo e na le mefutafuta e e kwa godimo thata ya thulaganyo epe ya dinoka tsa Afrika; fa go bapisiwa, tse di latelang tse di humileng ke Niger, Volta le Nile tse di nang le mefuta e ka nna 240, 140 le 130 ya ditlhapi, ka go latelana.<ref name=":3" /><ref>Winemiller, K.O.; A.A. Agostinho; É.P. Caramaschi (2008). "Fish Ecology in Tropical Streams". In Dudgeon, D. (ed.). ''Tropical Stream Ecology''. Academic Press. pp. 107–146. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-12-088449-0|978-0-12-088449-0]]</bdi>.</ref> Ka ntlha ya dipharologano tse dikgolo tsa tikologo fa gare ga dikgaolo tse di mo lefelong la Congo—go akaretsa le mafelo a a jaaka dinoka tse di elelang ka bonako, dinoka tse di boteng, metlhaba le makadiba—gantsi e kgaoganngwa ka dikgaolo tse dintsi tsa tikologo (mo boemong jwa go e tsaya e le tikologo e le nngwe). Gareng ga dikgaolo tseno tsa tikologo, di-cataract tsa Livingstone Falls di na le mefuta e e fetang 300 ya ditlhapi,<ref>Weisberger, Mindy (12 January 2020). [https://www.livescience.com/congo-river-fish-with-bends.html "Dying Fish Revealed Congo Is World's Deepest River"]. ''livescience.com''. LiveScience. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200114030815/https://www.livescience.com/congo-river-fish-with-bends.html Archived] from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2020.</ref> go akaretsa le ditlhapi tse di ka nnang 80 tse di tlwaelegileng<ref name=":2" /> fa karolo e e kwa borwabophirima (Kasai River basin) e na le mefuta e e fetang 200 ya ditlhapi, e mo e ka nnang kotara ya tsone e leng ya ditlhapi tse di tlwaelegileng.<ref>Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). [http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=546 "Lower Congo Rapids"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204417/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=546 Archived] 5 October 2011 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. Accessed 2 May 2011.</ref> Malapa a ditlhapi tse dintsi— mo dikarolong dingwe tsa noka—ke [[:en:Cyprinidae|Cyprinidae]] (carp/cyprinids, jaaka [[:en:Labeo_simpsoni|Labeo simpsoni]]), [[:en:Mormyridae|Mormyridae]] (elephant fishes), [[:en:Alestidae|Alestidae]] (African tetras), [[:en:Mochokidae|Mochokidae]] (squeaker catfishes) le [[:en:Cichlidae|Cichlidae]] (cichlids).<ref name=":4">Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). [http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=545 "Upper Lualaba"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204143/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=545 Archived] 5 October 2011 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. Accessed 2 May 2011.</ref> Gareng ga ditlhapi tse di nnang mo nokeng eno go na le tlhapi e kgolo ya tigerfish e e jang nama thata. Tse tharo tsa mefuta e e sa tlwaelegang ya ditshedi tse di fitlhelwang fela mo lefelong leo (endemics) ke ''[[:en:Lamprologus_lethops|Lamprologus lethops]]'', e e tshweu (e se nang mmala) e bile e foufetse, e go dumelwang gore e tshela kwa boteng jo bo ka fitlhang go dimetara di le 160 (520 ft) ka fa tlase ga metsi,<ref name=":2" /> ''[[:en:Heterochromis|Heterochromis multidens]]'', e e amanang gaufi thata le ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa Amerika go feta tsa Afrika tse dingwe,<ref>Kullander, S.O. (1998). ''A phylogeny and classification of the South American Cichlidae (Teleostei: Perciformes).'' pp. 461–498 in Malabarba, L., et al. (eds.), Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes, Porto Alegre.</ref> le ''Caecobarbus geertsii'', e leng yone fela cavefish e e itsiweng mo Aforika Bogare.<ref>Proudlove, G. (2006). ''Subterranean fishes of the world''. International Society for Subterranean Biology. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-2-9527084-0-1|978-2-9527084-0-1]]</bdi>.</ref> Go na le dikgopa le digogwane ka go farologana tse di tlwaelegileng.<ref name=":4" /><ref>Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). [http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=549 "Lower Congo Rapids"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204434/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=549 Archived] 5 October 2011 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. Accessed 2 May 2011.</ref>Go rulagantswe matamo a le mmalwa a motlakase wa metsi mo nokeng eno, mme a ka nna a dira gore bontsi jwa ditshedi tse di anameng mo lefelong leno di nyelele.<ref name=":2" /> Mefuta e le mmalwa ya dikhudu le kwena e e nang le nko e tshesane, ya Nile le ya dwarf di tlholega kwa Congo River Basin. Di-manatee tsa Aforika di nna mo dikarolong tse di kwa tlase tsa noka.<ref>Keith Diagne, L. (2016) [errata version of 2015 assessment]. [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22104/97168578 "''Trichechus senegalensis''"]. ''[[:en:IUCN_Red_List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]''. '''2015''' e.T22104A97168578. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22104A81904980.en|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22104A81904980.en]]. Retrieved 16 December 2023.</ref> enqlmm84dlr164oybn7huks1329mw5w 50276 50275 2026-06-07T17:57:33Z Lone Tirelo Kaisara 11943 #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50276 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Noka ya Congo''',<ref>[https://waterwaymap.org/river/Congo%20000060487867 Congo]</ref> e e kileng ya itsege gape e le '''Noka ya Zaire''', ke noka ya bobedi ka boleele mo [[:en:Africa|Aforika]], e latelwa fela ke '''[[:en:Nile|Noka ya Nile]]'''. Gape ke noka ya boraro e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng ka [[:en:List_of_rivers_by_discharge|bontsi jwa metsi a e a ntshang]], morago ga '''[[:en:Amazon_River|Noka ya Amazon]]''' le tsamaiso ya dinoka tsa '''[[:en:Ganges|Ganges]]–[[:en:Brahmaputra|Brahmaputra]]'''. Ke noka e e nang le boteng jo bo kwa godimo go feta tsotlhe tse di kileng tsa lekanyediwa mo lefatsheng, ka boteng jo bo lekantsweng jwa dimetara di ka nna makgolo a mabedi le masome a mabedi (720 feet).<ref>Oberg, Kevin (July 2008). [https://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf "Discharge and Other Hydraulic Measurements for Characterizing the Hydraulics of Lower Congo River, July 2008"] (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111015143546/http://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2012.</ref> Tsamaiso ya dinoka tsa Congo–Lualaba–Luvua–Luapula–Chambeshi e na le boleele jotlhe jwa dikilomethara di ka nna dikete tse nne le makgolo a a supa (2,900 miles), se se dirang gore e nne noka ya borobongwe ka boleele mo lefatsheng. [[:en:Chambeshi_River|Noka ya Chambeshi]] ke [[:en:Tributary|lekala]] la Noka ya Lualaba, mme Lualaba ke leina le le dirisiwang go bitsa Noka ya Congo mo karolong ya yone e e kwa godimo ga [[:en:Boyoma_Falls|Diphororo tsa Boyoma]], e e anametseng boleele jwa dikilometara di ka nna sekete le makgolo a robang-bobedi (1,100 miles). Fa Noka ya Congo e lekanngwa mmogo le Noka ya Lualaba, e leng lekala la yone le legolo, e na le boleele jotlhe jwa dikilometara di ka nna dikete tse nne, makgolo a mararo le masome a supa (2,720 miles). Ke yone fela noka e kgolo mo lefatsheng e e kgabaganyang '''[[:en:Equator|Equator]]''' gabedi.<ref>[[:en:Congo_River#CITEREFForbath1979|Forbath 1979]], p. [[iarchive:rivercongodiscov0000forb/page/6|6]]. "Not until it crosses the Equator will it at last turn away from this misleading course and, describing a remarkable counter-clockwise arc first to the west and then to the southwest, flow back across the Equator and on down to the Atlantic. In this the Congo is exceptional. No other major river in the world crosses the Equator even once, let alone twice."</ref> '''[[:en:Congo_Basin|Mokgatšha wa Noka ya Congo]]''' o na le bogolo jwa lefelo jo bo ka nnang dikilometara tse di khutlonne di le 4,000,000 (1,500,000 square miles), e leng 13% ya lefatshe lotlhe la kontinente ya Aforika == Leina == Leina Congo/Kongo le tswa mo '''[[:en:Kingdom_of_Kongo|Bogosing jwa Kongo]]''', jo bo neng bo le mo lotshitshing lwa borwa jwa noka eno. Bogosi joo le jone bo ne jwa bidiwa ka leina la morafe wa tlholego wa Bakongo, e leng batho ba ba buang dipuo tsa Bantu, ba ba neng ba itsege mo lekgolong la bo 17 la dingwaga e le "Esikongo"'''.'''<ref>Anderson, David (2000). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=0IwMwBVfr0sC&pg=PA79 Africa's Urban Past]''. James Currey Publishers. p. 79. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-85255-761-7|978-0-85255-761-7]]</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171222054121/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0IwMwBVfr0sC&pg=PA79 Archived] from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2017.</ref> Kwa borwa jwa Bogosi jwa Kongo go ne go le [[:en:Kakongo|Bogosi jwa Kakongo]], jo leina la jone le tshwanang le la Kongo, mme jo bo umakilweng ka ngwaga wa 1535. Mo mmapeng wa gagwe wa lefatshe wa 1564,<ref>[[:en:Manikongo|Manikongo]] was properly the title of the kings of Kongo; their capital was at the site of modern [[:en:M'banza-Kongo|M'banza-Kongo]], capital of Angola's northwestern [[:en:Zaire_Province|Zaire Province]]. Ortelius had no knowledge of the [[:en:Orography|orography]] of Africa and drew fictitious courses for its rivers; his Congo upstream of its [[:en:Estuary|estuary]] turns sharply south, flowing through what would correspond to [[:en:Angola|Angola]] and [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]].</ref> [[:en:Abraham_Ortelius|Abraham Ortelius]] o ne a supa "Manicongo" e le motse o o kwa molomong wa noka eno. Maina a merafe a a amanang le Kongo a ka tswa a simologile mo lefokong le le rayang kopano ya setšhaba kgotsa phuthego ya morafe. Leina la segompieno la batho ba Kongo, kgotsa Bakongo, le simolotse go dirisiwa mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la bo 20 la dingwaga.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed</ref> Leina ''Zaire'' le tswa mo mokgweng puo ya Sepotokisi wa lefoko la [[:en:Kongo_language|Kikongo]], ''nzere'', le le rayang "noka". Lefoko leo ke khutshwafatso ya polelwana ''nzadi o nzere'', e e rayang "noka e e metsang dinoka tse dingwe".<ref>[[:en:Congo_River#CITEREFForbath1979|Forbath 1979]], p. 19.</ref> Noka eno e ne e itsege e le ''Zaire'' mo lekgolong la bo 16 le la bo 17 la dingwaga. Le fa go ntse jalo, leina ''Congo'' le ne la simolola go emisetsa ''Zaire'' ka iketlo mo tirisong ya puo ya Seesemane mo lekgolong la bo 18 la dingwaga. Mo dikwalong tsa lekgolo la bo 19 la dingwaga, ''Congo'' e ne e setse e le leina le le neng le dirisiwa thata mo Seesemaneng, le mororo go umakiwa ga ''Zahir'' kgotsa ''Zaire'' e le leina le le neng le dirisiwa ke baagi ba lefelo leo go ne go sa ntse go tlwaelegile.<ref>James Barbot (1746). ''An Abstract of a Voyage to Congo River, Or the Zair and to Cabinde in the Year 1700''. • James Hingston Tuckey (1818). ''[[iarchive:narrativeofexped00tuck|Narrative of an Expedition to Explore the River Zaire, Usually Called the Congo, in South Africa, in 1816]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180521164926/https://archive.org/details/narrativeofexped00tuck Archived] from the original on 21 May 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2019. • John Purdy (1822). ''Memoir, Descriptive and Explanatory, to Accompany the New Chart of the Ethiopic Or Southern Atlantic Ocean''. p. 112. <q>Congo River, called ''Zahir'' or ''Zaire'' by the natives</q></ref> [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] le [[:en:Republic_of_the_Congo|Republic of the Congo]] tsotlhe di reeletswe ka leina la noka eno. Le fa go ntse jalo, leina leo le ne gape la dirisiwa ke puso ya pele ya [[:en:Republic_of_the_Congo_(Léopoldville)|Rephaboliki ya Congo]], e e neng ya bona boipuso ka ngwaga wa '''1960''' go tswa mo [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]]. Gape, Republic of Zaire (1971–1997) e ne ya reeletswa ka leina la noka eno jaaka le ne le dirisiwa mo dipuong tsa [[:en:French_language|Sefora]] le [[:en:Portuguese_language|Sepotokisi]]. == Mokgatšha wa Noka le Tsamaiso ya Yone == Mokgatšha wa metsi wa Noka ya Congo o akaretsa lefelo le le ka nnang dikilometara tse di khutlonne di le 4,014,500 (1,550,000 square miles),<ref name=":0">J.P. vanden Bossche; G. M. Bernacsek (1990). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA338 Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1]''. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. pp. 338–339. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-5-102983-1|978-92-5-102983-1]]</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160425222339/https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA338 Archived] from the original on 25 April 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2015.</ref> e leng bogolo jo bo batlang bo lekana le jwa [[:en:European_Union|European Union]]. Palo ya metsi a Noka ya Congo e a ntshang kwa molomong wa yone e farologana go tloga mo go 23,000 go ya go 75,000 dimetara tse dikhubiki ka motsotswana (m³/s), mme palogare ya yona e ka nna 41,000 dimetara tse dikhubiki ka motsotswana (m³/s).<ref name=":0" /> Noka eno e tsamaisa ditone di le dimilione di le 86 tsa [[:en:Suspended_sediment|sediment e e tlhatlogileng]] ngwaga le ngwaga go ya kwa [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Lewatleng la Atlantic]] le 6% e e oketsegileng ya metsi a a mo nokeng eno.<ref>Hanibal Lemma, and colleagues (2019). "Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia (Table 7)". ''Journal of Hydrology''. '''577''' 123968. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968|10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199099061 199099061].</ref> Noka eno le [[:en:Tributary|melatswana]] ya yone e elela go ralala [[:en:Congolian_rainforests|sekgwa sa pula sa Congo]], e leng sekgwa sa pula sa bobedi se segolo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng, fa se bapisiwa le sa [[:en:Amazon_rainforest|Amazon]] sa kwa Amerika Borwa. Ke noka ya boraro mo lefatsheng ka bontsi jwa metsi a e a ntshang kwa molomong wa yone, ka palogare ya 41,860 dimetara tse dikhubiki ka motsotswana (m³/s), morago ga [[:en:Amazon_River|Noka ya Amazon]] (219,530 m³/s) le tsamaiso ya dinoka tsa [[:en:Ganges|Ganges]]–[[:en:Brahmaputra_River|Brahmaputra]]–[[:en:Meghna_River|Meghna]] (43,950 m³/s kwa delta ya yone), <ref>Igor Alekseevich, Shiklomanov (2009). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=UAmCCwAAQBAJ Hydrological Cycle Volume III]''. EOLSS Publications. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-84826-026-9|978-1-84826-026-9]]</bdi>.</ref> Gape e na le mokgatšha wa metsi wa bobedi ka bogolo mo lefatsheng, morago ga wa Noka ya Amazon, mme ke nngwe ya dinoka tse di boteng go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng, ka mafelo mangwe a yone a fitlhelang boteng jo bo fetang makgolo a mabedi le masome a mabedi a dimetara (720 feet).<ref>Oberg, Kevin (July 2008). [https://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf "Discharge and Other Hydraulic Measurements for Characterizing the Hydraulics of Lower Congo River, July 2008"] (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111015143546/http://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2012.</ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101206040928/http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/series/explorer/3826/Overview "Monster Fish of the Congo"]. ''National Geographic Channel''. 2009. Archived from [http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/series/explorer/3826/Overview the original] on 6 December 2010.</ref> Ka ntlha ya gore mokgatšha wa metsi wa Noka ya Congo o akaretsa mafelo a a kwa bokone le kwa borwa jwa [[:en:Equator|Equator]], phororo ya metsi a yone e nna e tsitsitse. Se se bakiwa ke gore ka nako tsotlhe go nna le karolo nngwe ya mokgatšha wa yone e e leng mo pakeng ya dipula, ka jalo noka e tswelela go amogela metsi ngwaga otlhe.<ref>[http://rainforests.mongabay.com/congo/congo_river.html The Congo River] [https://web.archive.org/web/20171020093113/https://rainforests.mongabay.com/congo/congo_river.html Archived] 20 October 2017 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. Rainforests.mongabay.com. Retrieved on 29 November 2011.</ref> Metswedi ya Noka ya Congo e kwa dithabeng le dikgaolong tse di kwa godimo tsa [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]], mmogo le mo [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Letsheng la Tanganyika]] le [[:en:Lake_Mweru|Letsheng la Mweru]], tse di tshelang metsi mo [[:en:Lualaba_River|Nokeng ya Lualaba]]. Noka ya Lualaba yone e nna karolo ya Noka ya Congo fa e feta [[:en:Boyoma_Falls|Diphororo tsa Boyoma]]. [[:en:Chambeshi_River|Noka ya Chambeshi]] kwa Zambia ka kakaretso e tsewa e le motswedi wa Noka ya Congo, go ya ka mokgwa o o amogetsweng mo lefatsheng lotlhe wa go dirisa lekala le le leleele go gaisa tsotlhe jaaka motswedi wa noka, fela jaaka go dirwa ka Noka ya Nile. Noka ya Congo gantsi e elela go ya kwa bokone-bophirima go tswa kwa [[:en:Kisangani|Kisangani]] kwa tlase fela ga Boyoma Falls, go tswa foo e bo e sokologela kwa borwa-bophirima ka bonya ka bonya, e feta kwa [[:en:Mbandaka|Mbandaka]], e kopana le [[:en:Ubangi_River|Noka ya Ubangi]] mme e elela go ya kwa [[:en:Pool_Malebo|Letsha la Malebo]] (Stanley Pool). [[:en:Kinshasa|Kinshasa]] (e e kileng ya bo e le Léopoldville) le [[:en:Brazzaville|Brazzaville]] di mo matlhakoreng a a farologaneng a noka kwa Pool Malebo, koo noka e tshesane e bo e wela ka dintshi tsa metsi mo mekgokoloseng e e boteng (e e bidiwang [[:en:Livingstone_Falls|Livingstone Falls]]), e e fetang ka [[:en:Matadi|Matadi]] le [[:en:Boma,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Boma]], e bo e wela mo lewatleng kwa [[:en:Moanda,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Muanda]]. '''Lower Congo''' ke karolo e e kwa "kwa tlase" ya noka e kgolo; ke karolo ya noka e e simololang kwa [[:en:River_mouth|molomong wa noka]] kwa [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|lotshitshing lwa Atlantic]] go fitlha kwa metsemegolong ya Brazzaville le Kinshasa. Mo karolong eno ya noka, go na le melatswana e mebedi e megolo, e e ka fa molemeng kgotsa kafa borwa. ''Noka ya Kwilu'' e tswa mo dithabeng tse di gaufi le [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|molelwane]] [[:en:Angola|wa Angola]] mme e tsena mo Congo dikilometara di ka nna lekgolo go tswa kwa [[:en:Matadi|Matadi]]. E nngwe ke [[:en:Inkisi_River|Noka ya Inkisi]], e e elelang go ya ntlheng ya bokone go tswa kwa [[:en:Uíge_Province|Porofenseng ya Uíge]] kwa Angola go ya [[:en:Confluence|kwa e kopanelang teng]] le Noka ya Congo kwa ''Zongo'' e e ka nnang dikilometara di le masome a robang-bobedi go tswa kwa metsemegolong e mebedi e e bapileng. Ka ntlha ya bontsi jwa metsi a a elelang ka lobelo (rapids), segolobogolo [[:en:Livingstone_Falls|Diphororo tsa Livingstone]], karolo eno ya noka ga e dirisiwe ka botlalo kgotsa ka metlha ke dikepe tsa dinoka. == Botlhokwa mo Itsholelong == Le fa Diphororo tsa Livingstone di thibela go fitlhelela noka eno go tswa kwa lewatleng, bontsi jwa Noka ya Congo jo bo kwa godimo ga diphororo tseo bo tsamaisega bonolo ka dikepe mo dikarolong tse di farologaneng, segolobogolo magareng ga Kinshasa le Kisangani. Dikepe tse dikgolo di ne di tsamaya mo nokeng eno go fitlha bosheng jaana. Noka ya Congo e sa ntse e le selo se se botlhokwa thata mo nageng eno e e se nang ditsela tse dintsi kana diporo.<ref>See, for instance, [[:en:Thierry_Michel|Thierry Michel]]'s film [http://www.congo-river.com/ Congo River] [https://web.archive.org/web/20091129055817/http://www.congo-river.com/ Archived 29] November 2009 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]</ref> Gone jaanong go na le seporo se se fetang fa thoko ga diphororo tse tharo tse dikgolo, mme bontsi jwa kgwebo ya Afrika Bogare e feta fa thoko ga noka eno, go akaretsa [[:en:Copper|kopore]], [[:en:Palm_oil|ole ya mokolwane]] (e e dirilweng ka dipeo), [[:en:Sugar|sukiri]], [[:en:Coffee|kofi]] le cotton.<ref>[https://afca.coffee/portfolio-item/dr-congo/ DR Congo—AFRICAN FINE COFFEES ASSOCIATION (AFCA)". ''AFRICAN FINE COFFEES ASSOCIATION (AFCA)'']. 7 October 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210424160919/https://afca.coffee/portfolio-item/dr-congo/ Archived] from the original on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021.</ref> === Motlakase yo o Hethiwang ka Metsi === Noka ya Congo ke yone e e maatla go gaisa tsotlhe mo Afrika. Mo pakeng ya dipula, metsi a a fetang 50,000 dimetara tse dikhubiki ka motsotswana a elela go tswa mo nokeng eno go ya kwa Lewatleng la Atlantic. Ka jalo, Noka ya Congo le melatswana ya yone e na le ditshono tse dintsi tsa go dira motlakase ka metsi. Baitsaanape ba fopholeditse gore Mokgatšha wa Noka ya Congo o na le 13% ya bokgoni jotlhe jwa lefatshe jwa go hetlha motlakase wa metsi. Seno se ne se tla dira gore go nne le motlakase o o lekaneng go fitlhelela ditlhokego tsotlhe tsa motlakase tsa dinaga tsa Afrika tse di kwa [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|borwa jwa Sahara]].<ref name=":1">[http://weetlogs.scilogs.be/index.php?op=ViewArticle&articleId=331&blogId=27 Alain Nubourgh, Belgian Technical Cooperation (BTC)] [https://web.archive.org/web/20110902053441/http://weetlogs.scilogs.be/index.php?op=ViewArticle&articleId=331&blogId=27 Archived] 2 September 2011 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. Weetlogs.scilogs.be (27 April 2010). Retrieved on 2011-11-29.</ref> Gone jaanong go na le diteishene tsa motlakase wa metsi di ka nna 40 mo Mokgatšheng wa Noka ya Congo. E kgolo go di feta tsotlhe ke [[:en:Inga_dams|matamo a Inga]]''',''', tse di leng bokgakala jwa dikilometara di ka nna makgolo a mabedi kwa borwa-bophirima jwa Kinshasa. Porojeke eno e ne ya simololwa mo masimologong a 1970, fa go ne go wediwa go agiwa letamo la ntlha. <ref>Showers, Kate B. (1 September 2011). "Electrifying Africa: An Environmental History with Policy Implications". ''Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography''. '''93''' (3): 193–221. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1468-0467.2011.00373.x|10.1111/j.1468-0467.2011.00373]].x. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-0467 1468-0467]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145515488 145515488].</ref> Leano leno, jaaka le ne le rulagantswe kwa tshimologong, le ne le akantse go agiwa ga matamo a le matlhano a a neng a tla nna le bokgoni jwa go hetlha motlakase wa 34,500 megawatt (MW) ka kakaretso. Go fitlha jaanong, go agilwe fela matamo a Inga I le Inga II, a a hetlhang 1,776 megawatt (MW) ya motlakase.<ref name=":1" /> Ka Tlhakole 2005, Eskom, e leng khamphani ya motlakase ya puso ya '''[[:en:South_Africa|Aforika Borwa]]''', e ne ya itsise tshitshinyo ya go oketsa tlhagiso ya motlakase ka go tokafatsa didirisiwa tse di leng teng le go aga [[:en:Grand_Inga_Dam|letamo le lesha la motlakase wa metsi]]. Porojeke eno e ne e tla oketsa bokgoni jo bo kwa godimo jwa setheo seno go fitlha go 40,000 megawatt (MW) ya motlakase.<ref>Vasagar, Jeevan (25 February 2005). [[Vasagar, Jeevan (25 February 2005). "Could a $50bn plan to tame this mighty river bring electricity to all of Africa?". World news. London: The Guardian. Retrieved 30 April 2010.|"Could a $50bn plan to tame this mighty river bring electricity to all of Africa?"]]. ''World news''. London: The Guardian. Retrieved 30 April 2010.</ref> Go na le matshwenyego a gore matamo ano a masha a motlakase wa metsi a ka baka go nyelela ga mefuta e mentsi ya ditlhapi tse e leng tsa tlholego mo Nokeng ya Congo<ref name=":2">Norlander, Britt (20 April 2009). [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1590/is_13_65/ai_n31583235/ "Rough waters: one of the world's most turbulent rivers is home to a wide array of fish species. Now, large dams are threatening their future"]. Science World.</ref> == Ditso tsa Tlholego == Tsela e Noka ya Congo e e latelang gompieno e bopilwe magareng ga dingwaga di ka nna 1.5 go ya go 2 milione tse di fetileng, mo pakeng ya [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene.]]<ref>Leonard C. Beadle (1981). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=iAIUAQAAIAAJ The inland waters of tropical Africa: an introduction to tropical limnology]''. Longman. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-582-46341-7|978-0-582-46341-7]]</bdi>. Retrieved 2 April 2011.</ref><ref>Thieme et al., ''Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment Ecoregions Assessments'', Island Press, 2005, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3nkL9NqqlscC&pg=PA297 p. 297] [https://web.archive.org/web/20231110080156/https://books.google.com/books?id=3nkL9NqqlscC&pg=PA297 Archived] 10 November 2023 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. "It is hypothesized that in the late Pliocene or early Pleistocene, a coastal Lower Guinean river captured Malebo Pool, connecting the previously interior Congo Basin to the ocean."</ref> Go katswa go diregile gore mo pakeng eno, melatswana e mentsi ya kwa godimo ya Noka ya Congo e ne ya tsewa (river capture) go tswa mo dikgatšheng tsa dinoka tse di bapileng le yone, go akaretsa Noka ya Uele le karolo e e kwa godimo ya Ubangi, tse di tswang mo [[:en:Chari_River|tsamaisong ya Noka ya Chari]]<ref>Cooper, John E. and Hull, Gordon; ''Gorilla Pathology and Health: With a Catalogue of Preserved Materials'', p. 371 ISBN 9780128020395</ref> mmogo le Noka ya Chambeshi<ref>Skelton, P.H. 1994. 'Diversity and distribution of freshwater fishes in East and Southern Africa', in ''Biological diversity in African fresh and brackish water fishes'', Symposium Paradi (G.G. Teugels, J.F. Guégan, and J.J. Albaret, editors), pp. 95–131. ''Annals of the Royal Central African Museum'' (Zoology) No. 275.</ref> le melatswana e mengwe ya kwa godimo ya Noka ya Kasai, e e tswang mo tsamaisong ya Noka ya Zambezi.<ref>Gupta, Avijit (editor); ''Large Rivers: Geomorphology and Management'', p. 327 ISBN 9780470849873</ref> Go bopiwa ga Noka ya Congo go ka tswa go bakile go kgaogana ga mefuta ka mafelo (allopatric speciation) ga bonobo le chimpanzee e e tlwaelegileng, go tswa mo mogologolong wa bone yo o tshwanang.<ref>Caswell JL, Mallick S, Richter DJ, et al. (2008). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2278377 "Analysis of chimpanzee history based on genome sequence alignments"]. ''PLOS Genet''. '''4''' (4) e1000057. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000057|10.1371/journal.pgen.1000057]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2278377 2278377]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18421364 18421364].</ref> Bonobo e bonwa fela mo dikgweng tse di metsi (humid forests) tsa kgaolo eno, fela jaaka mefuta e mengwe e e itsegeng thata e e akaretsang [[:en:Allen's_swamp_monkey|kgabo ya mokgatšha ya Allen (Allen’s swamp monkey)]], [[:en:Dryas_monkey|kgabo ya dryas (dryas monkey)]], [[:en:Aquatic_genet|aquatic genet]], [[:en:Okapi|okapi]], [[:en:Congo_peafowl|Congo peafowl]].<ref>[[:en:Jonathan_Kingdon|Kingdon, Jonathan]] (1997). ''[[iarchive:kingdonfieldguid00jona|The Kingdon Guide to African Mammals]]''. London: Academic Press Limited. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-1240-8355-4|978-0-1240-8355-4]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>[[:en:BirdLife_International|BirdLife International]] (2022). [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22679430/208189646 "''Afropavo congensis''"]. ''[[:en:IUCN_Red_List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]''. '''2022''' e.T22679430A208189646. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T22679430A208189646.en|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T22679430A208189646.en]]. Retrieved 16 December 2023.</ref> Fa go tliwa mo botshelong jwa mo metsing, Letamo la Noka ya Kongo le na le mefuta e mentsi thata ya diphologolo gape ke nngwe ya mafelo a a nang le palo e e kwa godimo thata ya ditshedi tse di fitlhelwang koo fela.<ref>Dickman, Kyle (3 November 2009). [http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Evolution-in-the-Deepest-River-in-the-World.html "Evolution in the Deepest River in the World"]. ''Science & Nature''. Smithsonian Magazine. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111109072934/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Evolution-in-the-Deepest-River-in-the-World.html Archived] from the original on 9 November 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2009.</ref> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2009, mefuta e ka nna 800 ya ditlhapi e ne e begilwe mo Letamong la Noka ya Kongo (re sa bale [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Letsha la Tanganyika]], le le amanang le yone mme le sa tshwane gotlhelele ka tikologo),<ref name=":3">Frans Witte; Martien J. P. van Oijen; Ferdinand A. Sibbing (2009). "Fish Fauna of the Nile". In Henri J. Dumont (ed.). ''The Nile''. Springer. pp. 647–675. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9725-6|978-1-4020-9725-6]]</bdi>.</ref> mme dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa lone di sa ntse di ise di ithutiwe gotlhelele.<ref>Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). [http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=535 "Sudanic Congo—Oubangi"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204356/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=535 Archived] 5 October 2011 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. Accessed 2 May 2011.</ref> Ka sekai, karolo nngwe ya Phaka ya Setšhaba ya Salonga, e e ka nnang bogolo jwa Belgium, e ne e ise e ke e tlhatlhobiwe gotlhelele ka 2006.<ref>Schliewen, U.K.; Stiassny, M.L.J. (2006). "A new species of Nanochromis (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Mai Ndombe, central Congo Basin, Democratic Republic of Congo". ''Zootaxa''. '''1169''': 33–46. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1169.1.2|10.11646/zootaxa.1169.1.2]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86533120 86533120].</ref> Mefuta e mesha ya ditlhapi e nna e tlhalosiwa ka metlha go tswa kwa Congo River Basin, mme go itsiwe mefuta e le mentsi e e sa tlhalosiwang.<ref>Schwarzer, J.; Misof, B.; Schliewen, U.K. (2011). [[doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02409.x|"Speciation within genomic networks: a case study based on Steatocranus cichlids of the lower Congo rapids"]]. ''Journal of Evolutionary Biology''. '''25''' (1): 138–148. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02409.x|10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02409.x]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22070232 22070232].</ref> Congo e na le mefutafuta e e kwa godimo thata ya thulaganyo epe ya dinoka tsa Afrika; fa go bapisiwa, tse di latelang tse di humileng ke Niger, Volta le Nile tse di nang le mefuta e ka nna 240, 140 le 130 ya ditlhapi, ka go latelana.<ref name=":3" /><ref>Winemiller, K.O.; A.A. Agostinho; É.P. Caramaschi (2008). "Fish Ecology in Tropical Streams". In Dudgeon, D. (ed.). ''Tropical Stream Ecology''. Academic Press. pp. 107–146. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-12-088449-0|978-0-12-088449-0]]</bdi>.</ref> Ka ntlha ya dipharologano tse dikgolo tsa tikologo fa gare ga dikgaolo tse di mo lefelong la Congo—go akaretsa le mafelo a a jaaka dinoka tse di elelang ka bonako, dinoka tse di boteng, metlhaba le makadiba—gantsi e kgaoganngwa ka dikgaolo tse dintsi tsa tikologo (mo boemong jwa go e tsaya e le tikologo e le nngwe). Gareng ga dikgaolo tseno tsa tikologo, di-cataract tsa Livingstone Falls di na le mefuta e e fetang 300 ya ditlhapi,<ref>Weisberger, Mindy (12 January 2020). [https://www.livescience.com/congo-river-fish-with-bends.html "Dying Fish Revealed Congo Is World's Deepest River"]. ''livescience.com''. LiveScience. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200114030815/https://www.livescience.com/congo-river-fish-with-bends.html Archived] from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2020.</ref> go akaretsa le ditlhapi tse di ka nnang 80 tse di tlwaelegileng<ref name=":2" /> fa karolo e e kwa borwabophirima (Kasai River basin) e na le mefuta e e fetang 200 ya ditlhapi, e mo e ka nnang kotara ya tsone e leng ya ditlhapi tse di tlwaelegileng.<ref>Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). [http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=546 "Lower Congo Rapids"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204417/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=546 Archived] 5 October 2011 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. Accessed 2 May 2011.</ref> Malapa a ditlhapi tse dintsi— mo dikarolong dingwe tsa noka—ke [[:en:Cyprinidae|Cyprinidae]] (carp/cyprinids, jaaka [[:en:Labeo_simpsoni|Labeo simpsoni]]), [[:en:Mormyridae|Mormyridae]] (elephant fishes), [[:en:Alestidae|Alestidae]] (African tetras), [[:en:Mochokidae|Mochokidae]] (squeaker catfishes) le [[:en:Cichlidae|Cichlidae]] (cichlids).<ref name=":4">Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). [http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=545 "Upper Lualaba"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204143/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=545 Archived] 5 October 2011 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. Accessed 2 May 2011.</ref> Gareng ga ditlhapi tse di nnang mo nokeng eno go na le tlhapi e kgolo ya tigerfish e e jang nama thata. Tse tharo tsa mefuta e e sa tlwaelegang ya ditshedi tse di fitlhelwang fela mo lefelong leo (endemics) ke ''[[:en:Lamprologus_lethops|Lamprologus lethops]]'', e e tshweu (e se nang mmala) e bile e foufetse, e go dumelwang gore e tshela kwa boteng jo bo ka fitlhang go dimetara di le 160 (520 ft) ka fa tlase ga metsi,<ref name=":2" /> ''[[:en:Heterochromis|Heterochromis multidens]]'', e e amanang gaufi thata le ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa Amerika go feta tsa Afrika tse dingwe,<ref>Kullander, S.O. (1998). ''A phylogeny and classification of the South American Cichlidae (Teleostei: Perciformes).'' pp. 461–498 in Malabarba, L., et al. (eds.), Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes, Porto Alegre.</ref> le ''Caecobarbus geertsii'', e leng yone fela cavefish e e itsiweng mo Aforika Bogare.<ref>Proudlove, G. (2006). ''Subterranean fishes of the world''. International Society for Subterranean Biology. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-2-9527084-0-1|978-2-9527084-0-1]]</bdi>.</ref> Go na le dikgopa le digogwane ka go farologana tse di tlwaelegileng.<ref name=":4" /><ref>Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). [http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=549 "Lower Congo Rapids"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204434/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=549 Archived] 5 October 2011 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. Accessed 2 May 2011.</ref>Go rulagantswe matamo a le mmalwa a motlakase wa metsi mo nokeng eno, mme a ka nna a dira gore bontsi jwa ditshedi tse di anameng mo lefelong leno di nyelele.<ref name=":2" /> Mefuta e le mmalwa ya dikhudu le kwena e e nang le nko e tshesane, ya Nile le ya dwarf di tlholega kwa Congo River Basin. Di-manatee tsa Aforika di nna mo dikarolong tse di kwa tlase tsa noka.<ref>Keith Diagne, L. (2016) [errata version of 2015 assessment]. [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22104/97168578 "''Trichechus senegalensis''"]. ''[[:en:IUCN_Red_List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]''. '''2015''' e.T22104A97168578. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22104A81904980.en|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22104A81904980.en]]. Retrieved 16 December 2023.</ref> === Merwalela === Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) le Rephaboliki ya Congo (RoC) go tswa bogologolong di ile tsa itemogela merwalela e e ipoeletsang go bapa le Noka ya Congo le dinoka tsa yone tse dikgolo ka paka ya dipula, e e bakang kgogolego le go relela ga lefatshe, mme e ama mafelo a batho ba nnang mo go one, temothuo le boitekanelo jwa setšhaba ka tsela e e sa siamang.<ref>[https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/ "World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal"]. ''climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org''. Retrieved 27 October 2021.</ref> <ref name=":5">The World Bank Group (2021). [https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/2021-06/15883-WB_Congo%2C%20Democratic%20Republic%20Country%20Profile-WEB.pdf "Climate Risk Country Profile - Congo, Democratic Republic"] (PDF). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210703150625/https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/2021-06/15883-WB_Congo%2C%20Democratic%20Republic%20Country%20Profile-WEB.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 3 July 2021.</ref>Noka ya Congo e solofetswe go amiwa thata ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa jaaka fa dithemphoritšhara di tlhatloga le pula e oketsega ka maatla le ka nako ya paka.<ref name=":5" /><ref>UN Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals. [https://www.cms.int/sites/default/files/publication/fact_sheet_congo_basin_climate_change.pdf "Fact Sheet: The Congo Basin and Climate Change"] (PDF). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210421181136/https://www.cms.int/sites/default/files/publication/fact_sheet_congo_basin_climate_change.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 21 April 2021.</ref> Go tloga ka Phalane 2019 go fitlha ka Ferikgong 2020, dipula tse di maatla di amile diporofense di le 16 mo ​​go tse 26 tsa DRC le maphata a le robedi mo go a le 12 a RoC, mme seno sa baka [[:en:2019–2020_Congo_River_floods|merwalela ya Noka ya Congo ya 2019–2020]]. Dipula di ne tsa baka go penologa ga Noka ya Congo le dinoka tsa Ubangi, merwalela le go relela ga lefatshe go ralala DRC le RoC tsa dira gore batho ba le dikete di le makgolokgolo ba fuduge.<ref>[https://reliefweb.int/report/congo/republic-congo-floods-flash-update-n-1-10-december-2019 "Republic of Congo : Floods Flash Update n°1, 10 December 2019 - Congo"]. ''ReliefWeb''. 10 December 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2021.</ref> == Ditso == q9ssvc4g1c7qoclwyiz9bufoqfrndb5 0 13379 50269 2026-06-07T12:13:40Z Lucrucia98 12161 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA DIPHORORO TSA GOUINA 50269 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Chutes Gouina3.jpg|thumb|Diphororo tsa Gouina]] '''Diphororo tsa Gouina''' kgotsa Chutes de Gouina di mo Nokeng ya [[Senegal]] kwa [[Mali]] magareng ga ditoropo tsa Bafoulabé (kwa godimo ga noka) le Diamou (kwa tlase ga noka) kwa Kgaolong ya Kayes, koo noka e elela go ya kwa bokone go tswa kwa Talari Gorges. Di bidiwa "Niagara Falls ya Mali". <ref>Geels, Jolijn (2004). ''Mali: The Bradt Travel Guide''. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 268. [[:en:Gouina_Falls#|ISBN <bdi>1841620777</bdi>]].</ref>Noka e bophara jwa makgolo a le matlhano (500 )m mo ntlheng eno, mme e wela 16 m kwa godimo ga diphororo. Selekanyo sa metsi ke 12-13 m3 ka motsotswana ka paka ya komelelo, le go fitlha go 2430 m3 ka motsotswana ka paka ya dipula.<ref>[http://www.bourlingueurs.com/mali/page_09.htm "Chutes du Gouina - Fleuve Sénégal, récit de voyage au Mali".] Bourlingueurs.com. Retrieved 2009-03-14</ref> Mmuso wa Mali le Senegal River Basin Development Authority o batlisisitse kgonagalo ya go tlhabolola maatla a motlakase a Noka ya Senegal. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090108183025/http://www.mbendi.com/indy/powr/af/ml/p0005.htm "Mali: Electrical Power - Overview".] MBendi. Archived from the original on 2009-01-08. Retrieved 2009-03-14</ref>Go ela kwa tlase ga diphororo tsa Félou, go agilwe Motlakase wa Metsi wa Félou ka ngwaga wa 2014. Kwa Gouina Falls, go agiwa ga Gouina Hydroelectric Plant ya lekgolo le masome a mane (140 MW) go simolotse ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ka ngwaga wa 2013. E ne ya bulwa ke Tonakgolo ya Malian Abdoulaye Maïga ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole wa ngwaga wa 2022, ka tlhotlhwa e e feletseng ya 283 billion FCFA, (424 million euros). <ref>[https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20221203-mali-inauguration-du-barrage-de-gouina-sur-le-fleuve-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal "Mali: inauguration du barrage de Gouina, sur le fleuve Sénégal"]. ''RFI''. Retrieved 19 June 2023</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Chutes Gouina2.jpg|thumb|Diphororo tsa Gouina]] == Metswedi == 7tsjfn81dqib3datz60jjtvt36gos0e 0 13380 50272 2026-06-07T16:30:13Z KatieKea 10150 Ke simolotse go ranola tsebe e #AWC2026 #WaterForLifeInAfrica 50272 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Morwalela''' ke go phophoma ga metsi (kgotsa ka sewelo diedi tse dingwe) tse di inelang lefatshe le gantsi le omileng.<ref>MSN Encarta Dictionary, [https://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861612277 Flood] [https://web.archive.org/web/20110204203836/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861612277 Archived] 2011-02-04 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]], Retrieved Seetebosigo a supa ka 2026.</ref> Ka tlhaloganyo ya "metsi a a elelang", lefoko le le ka dirisiwa gape le go goroga ga lekhubu la lewatle. Merwalela e tshwenya thata mo temothuong, mo boenjenering jwa loago le mo boitekanelong jwa setšhaba. Diphetogo tse batho ba di dirang mo tikologong gantsi di oketsa bogale le makgetlho a morwalela. Dikai tsa diphetogo tsa batho ke diphetogo tsa tiriso ya lefatshe jaaka go rengwa ga dikgwa le go tlosiwa ga mafelo a a metsi, diphetogo mo tseleng ya metsi kgotsa ditaolo tsa morwalela jaaka ka dikhuti. Dintlha tsa tikologo tsa lefatshe le tsone di tlhotlheletsa dilo tse di bakang merwalela, e leng phetogo ya loapi e e bakang go gakala ga modikologo wa metsi le go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle.<ref>Seneviratne, S.I., X. Zhang, M. Adnan, W. Badi, C. Dereczynski, A. Di Luca, S. Ghosh, I. Iskandar, J. Kossin, S. Lewis, F.  Otto, I.  Pinto, M. Satoh, S.M. Vicente-Serrano, M. Wehner, and B. Zhou, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter11.pdf Chapter 11: Weather and Climate Extreme Events in a Changing Climate]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I  to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R.  Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1513–1766, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.013.</ref>^{: 1517} Sekai, phetogo ya loapi e dira gore ditiragalo tse di feteletseng tsa maemo a bosa di nne teng kgapetsakgapetsa le go nna maatla.<ref>[https://www.nap.edu/read/21852/chapter/7 Attribution of Extreme Weather Events in the Context of Climate Change] (Report). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 2016. pp. 127–136. doi:10.17226/21852. ISBN <bdi>978-0-309-38094-2</bdi>. Archived from the original on 2022-02-15. Retrieved Seetebosigo a supa ka 2026.</ref> Seno se dira gore go nne le merwalela e e tseneletseng le go oketsa kotsi ya morwalela.<ref>Hirabayashi, Yukiko; Mahendran, Roobavannan; Koirala, Sujan; Konoshima, Lisako; Yamazaki, Dai; Watanabe, Satoshi; Kim, Hyungjun; Kanae, Shinjiro (September 2013). [https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate1911/ "Global flood risk under climate change"]. ''Nature Climate Change''. '''3''' (9): 816–821. Bibcode:2013NatCC...3..816H. doi:10.1038/nclimate1911. ISSN 1758-6798.</ref><ref>[https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/how-climate-change-making-record-breaking-floods-new-normal "How climate change is making record-breaking floods the new normal"]. ''United Nations Environmental Program''. 3 March 2020. Retrieved Seetebosigo a supa ka 2026.</ref> == Metswedi == gjd73qabmtazfczvq1di6ohqrniyz87 50273 50272 2026-06-07T16:56:59Z KatieKea 10150 Ke okeditse tlhanolo le go tsenya setshwantsho #AWC2026 #WaterForLifeInAfrica 50273 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Urban flooding image.jpg|thumb|Morwalela wa mo toropong mo mmileng kwa Morpeth, kwa Enyelane, ka 2008]] '''Morwalela''' ke go phophoma ga metsi (kgotsa ka sewelo diedi tse dingwe) tse di inelang lefatshe le gantsi le omileng.<ref>MSN Encarta Dictionary, [https://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861612277 Flood] [https://web.archive.org/web/20110204203836/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861612277 Archived] 2011-02-04 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]], Retrieved Seetebosigo a supa ka 2026.</ref> Ka tlhaloganyo ya "metsi a a elelang", lefoko le le ka dirisiwa gape le go goroga ga lekhubu la lewatle. Merwalela e tshwenya thata mo temothuong, mo boenjenering jwa loago le mo boitekanelong jwa setšhaba. Diphetogo tse batho ba di dirang mo tikologong gantsi di oketsa bogale le makgetlho a morwalela. Dikai tsa diphetogo tsa batho ke diphetogo tsa tiriso ya lefatshe jaaka go rengwa ga dikgwa le go tlosiwa ga mafelo a a metsi, diphetogo mo tseleng ya metsi kgotsa ditaolo tsa morwalela jaaka ka dikhuti. Dintlha tsa tikologo tsa lefatshe le tsone di tlhotlheletsa dilo tse di bakang merwalela, e leng phetogo ya loapi e e bakang go gakala ga modikologo wa metsi le go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle.<ref>Seneviratne, S.I., X. Zhang, M. Adnan, W. Badi, C. Dereczynski, A. Di Luca, S. Ghosh, I. Iskandar, J. Kossin, S. Lewis, F.  Otto, I.  Pinto, M. Satoh, S.M. Vicente-Serrano, M. Wehner, and B. Zhou, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter11.pdf Chapter 11: Weather and Climate Extreme Events in a Changing Climate]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I  to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R.  Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1513–1766, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.013.</ref>^{: 1517} Sekai, phetogo ya loapi e dira gore ditiragalo tse di feteletseng tsa maemo a bosa di nne teng kgapetsakgapetsa le go nna maatla.<ref>[https://www.nap.edu/read/21852/chapter/7 Attribution of Extreme Weather Events in the Context of Climate Change] (Report). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 2016. pp. 127–136. doi:10.17226/21852. ISBN <bdi>978-0-309-38094-2</bdi>. Archived from the original on 2022-02-15. Retrieved Seetebosigo a supa ka 2026.</ref> Seno se dira gore go nne le merwalela e e tseneletseng le go oketsa kotsi ya morwalela.<ref>Hirabayashi, Yukiko; Mahendran, Roobavannan; Koirala, Sujan; Konoshima, Lisako; Yamazaki, Dai; Watanabe, Satoshi; Kim, Hyungjun; Kanae, Shinjiro (September 2013). [https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate1911/ "Global flood risk under climate change"]. ''Nature Climate Change''. '''3''' (9): 816–821. Bibcode:2013NatCC...3..816H. doi:10.1038/nclimate1911. ISSN 1758-6798.</ref><ref>[https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/how-climate-change-making-record-breaking-floods-new-normal "How climate change is making record-breaking floods the new normal"]. ''United Nations Environmental Program''. 3 March 2020. Retrieved Seetebosigo a supa ka 2026.</ref> Mefuta ya tlhago ya merwalela e akaretsa morwalela wa dinoka, morwalela wa metsi a a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe, morwalela wa matshitshi le morwalela wa ditoropo o ka dinako dingwe o itsiweng jaaka morwalela wa tshoganyetso. Morwalela wa makhubu a lewatle o ka akaretsa ditsetla tsa dithulaganyo tsa morwalela wa noka le wa lotshitshi mo mafelong a molomo wa lewatle. Gape go na le go tlatswa ga lefatshe ka bomo le le neng le tla nna le omile. Seno se ka direga ka maikaelelo a temothuo, a sesole kgotsa a go laola dinoka. Sekai, morwalela wa temothuo o ka diragala mo go baakanyeng masimo a mmidi go jala raese e e tshelang mo metsing mo mafatsheng a le mantsi. Morwalela o ka diragala jaaka go phophoma ga metsi go tswa mo mafelong a metsi, jaaka noka, letsha kgotsa lewatle. Mo maemong ano, metsi a feta kgotsa a thuba dikhuti, mme seno se felela ka gore mangwe a metsi ao a tswe mo melelwaneng ya one e e tlwaelesegileng.<ref>Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000) [http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=flood1 Flood] [https://web.archive.org/web/20070824054504/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=flood1 Archived] 2007-08-24 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]], Retrieved Seetebosigo a supa ka 2026.</ref> Morwalela o ka diragala gape ka ntlha ya go kokoanngwa ga metsi a pula mo mmung o o tletseng. Se se bidiwa ''morwalela wa lefelo''. Bogolo jwa letsha kgotsa metsi a mangwe ka tlhago bo farologana go ya ka diphetogo tsa paka tsa pula le go nyerologa ga kapoko. Diphetogo tseo tsa bogolo le fa go ntse jalo ga di tsewe e le morwalela ntle le fa di tlatsa dithoto kgotsa di nwetsa diphologolo tsa mo gae. == Metswedi == tuodfx5efvail1zop23eoo7rxdtc39l 50274 50273 2026-06-07T17:09:38Z KatieKea 10150 Ke okeditse tlhanolo #AWC2026 #WaterForLifeInAfrica 50274 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Urban flooding image.jpg|thumb|Morwalela wa mo toropong mo mmileng kwa Morpeth, kwa Enyelane, ka 2008]] '''Morwalela''' ke go phophoma ga metsi (kgotsa ka sewelo diedi tse dingwe) tse di inelang lefatshe le gantsi le omileng.<ref>MSN Encarta Dictionary, [https://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861612277 Flood] [https://web.archive.org/web/20110204203836/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861612277 Archived] 2011-02-04 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]], Retrieved Seetebosigo a supa ka 2026.</ref> Ka tlhaloganyo ya "metsi a a elelang", lefoko le le ka dirisiwa gape le go goroga ga lekhubu la lewatle. Merwalela e tshwenya thata mo temothuong, mo boenjenering jwa loago le mo boitekanelong jwa setšhaba. Diphetogo tse batho ba di dirang mo tikologong gantsi di oketsa bogale le makgetlho a morwalela. Dikai tsa diphetogo tsa batho ke diphetogo tsa tiriso ya lefatshe jaaka go rengwa ga dikgwa le go tlosiwa ga mafelo a a metsi, diphetogo mo tseleng ya metsi kgotsa ditaolo tsa morwalela jaaka ka dikhuti. Dintlha tsa tikologo tsa lefatshe le tsone di tlhotlheletsa dilo tse di bakang merwalela, e leng phetogo ya loapi e e bakang go gakala ga modikologo wa metsi le go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle.<ref>Seneviratne, S.I., X. Zhang, M. Adnan, W. Badi, C. Dereczynski, A. Di Luca, S. Ghosh, I. Iskandar, J. Kossin, S. Lewis, F.  Otto, I.  Pinto, M. Satoh, S.M. Vicente-Serrano, M. Wehner, and B. Zhou, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter11.pdf Chapter 11: Weather and Climate Extreme Events in a Changing Climate]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I  to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R.  Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1513–1766, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.013.</ref>^{: 1517} Sekai, phetogo ya loapi e dira gore ditiragalo tse di feteletseng tsa maemo a bosa di nne teng kgapetsakgapetsa le go nna maatla.<ref>[https://www.nap.edu/read/21852/chapter/7 Attribution of Extreme Weather Events in the Context of Climate Change] (Report). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 2016. pp. 127–136. doi:10.17226/21852. ISBN <bdi>978-0-309-38094-2</bdi>. Archived from the original on 2022-02-15. Retrieved Seetebosigo a supa ka 2026.</ref> Seno se dira gore go nne le merwalela e e tseneletseng le go oketsa kotsi ya morwalela.<ref>Hirabayashi, Yukiko; Mahendran, Roobavannan; Koirala, Sujan; Konoshima, Lisako; Yamazaki, Dai; Watanabe, Satoshi; Kim, Hyungjun; Kanae, Shinjiro (September 2013). [https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate1911/ "Global flood risk under climate change"]. ''Nature Climate Change''. '''3''' (9): 816–821. Bibcode:2013NatCC...3..816H. doi:10.1038/nclimate1911. ISSN 1758-6798.</ref><ref>[https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/how-climate-change-making-record-breaking-floods-new-normal "How climate change is making record-breaking floods the new normal"]. ''United Nations Environmental Program''. 3 March 2020. Retrieved Seetebosigo a supa ka 2026.</ref> Mefuta ya tlhago ya merwalela e akaretsa morwalela wa dinoka, morwalela wa metsi a a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe, morwalela wa matshitshi le morwalela wa ditoropo o ka dinako dingwe o itsiweng jaaka morwalela wa tshoganyetso. Morwalela wa makhubu a lewatle o ka akaretsa ditsetla tsa dithulaganyo tsa morwalela wa noka le wa lotshitshi mo mafelong a molomo wa lewatle. Gape go na le go tlatswa ga lefatshe ka bomo le le neng le tla nna le omile. Seno se ka direga ka maikaelelo a temothuo, a sesole kgotsa a go laola dinoka. Sekai, morwalela wa temothuo o ka diragala mo go baakanyeng masimo a mmidi go jala raese e e tshelang mo metsing mo mafatsheng a le mantsi. Morwalela o ka diragala jaaka go phophoma ga metsi go tswa mo mafelong a metsi, jaaka noka, letsha kgotsa lewatle. Mo maemong ano, metsi a feta kgotsa a thuba dikhuti, mme seno se felela ka gore mangwe a metsi ao a tswe mo melelwaneng ya one e e tlwaelesegileng.<ref>Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000) [http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=flood1 Flood] [https://web.archive.org/web/20070824054504/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=flood1 Archived] 2007-08-24 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]], Retrieved Seetebosigo a supa ka 2026.</ref> Morwalela o ka diragala gape ka ntlha ya go kokoanngwa ga metsi a pula mo mmung o o tletseng. Se se bidiwa ''morwalela wa lefelo''. Bogolo jwa letsha kgotsa metsi a mangwe ka tlhago bo farologana go ya ka diphetogo tsa paka tsa pula le go nyerologa ga kapoko. Diphetogo tseo tsa bogolo le fa go ntse jalo ga di tsewe e le morwalela ntle le fa di tlatsa dithoto kgotsa di nwetsa diphologolo tsa mo gae. Morwalela o ka diragala gape mo dinokeng fa seelo sa kelelo se feta bokgoni jwa mosele wa noka, segolobogolo kwa dikhuting kgotsa dithapo mo tseleng ya metsi. Gantsi merwalela e baka tshenyo mo magaeng le mo dikgwebong fa dikago tseno di le mo dipoeng tsa tlholego tsa morwalela wa dinoka. Batho ba ne ba ka kgona go tila tshenyo ya morwalela wa dinoka ka go katoga dinoka. Le fa go ntse jalo, batho ba mafatshe a le mantsi ka tlwaelo ba ntse ba nna le go berekela gaufi le dinoka ka gonne gantsi naga e sephaphathi e bile e nonne. Gape, dinoka tseno di dira gore go nne motlhofo go tsamaya le go fitlhelela kgwebo le madirelo. Morwalela o ka senya dithoto mme gape wa baka ditlamorago tse dingwe. Tseno di akaretsa mo pakeng e khutshwane go anama mo go oketsegileng ga malwetse a a tshelanwang ka metsi le malwetse a a tshelanwang ke ditshidinyana, sekai malwetse ao a a anamisiwang ke menang. Morwalela gape o ka baka go fuduga ga baagi ka nako e telele.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20041231191549/http://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/ems/flood_cds/en/ "WHO | Flooding and communicable diseases fact sheet"]. ''WHO''. Archived from [https://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/ems/flood_cds/en/ the original] on December 31, 2004. Retrieved Seetebosigo a supa ka 2026.</ref> Morwalela ke karolo ya thuto ya thuto ya metsi le boenjenere jwa hydraulic. Bontsi jwa baagi ba lefatshe bo nna gaufi le matshitshi a magolo,<ref>Neumann, Barbara; Vafeidis, Athanasios T.; Zimmermann, Juliane; Nicholls, Robert J. (2015-03-11). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4367969 "Future Coastal Population Growth and Exposure to Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Flooding - A Global Assessment"]. ''PLOS ONE''. '''10''' (3) e0118571. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1018571N. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118571. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4367969. <nowiki>PMID 25760037</nowiki>.</ref> fa ditoropo tse dintsi tse dikgolo le mafelo a temothuo a le gaufi le dipoa tsa morwalela.<ref>[https://www.genevaassociation.org/research-topics/climate-change-and-emerging-environmental-topics/flood-risk-management-canada "Flood Risk Management in Canada | Research report"]. ''Geneva Association''. 2020-11-24. Retrieved Seetebosigo a supa ka 2026.</ref> Go na le kotsi e kgolo ya go oketsega ga merwalela ya matshitshi le ya melatswana ka ntlha ya maemo a loapi a a fetogang.<ref>Dieperink, C.; Hegger, D. L. T.; Bakker, M. H. N.; Kundzewicz, Z. W.; Green, C.; Driessen, P. P. J. (2016-10-01). [[doi:10.1007/s11269-016-1491-7|"Recurrent Governance Challenges in the Implementation and Alignment of Flood Risk Management Strategies: a Review"]]. ''Water Resources Management''. '''30''' (13): 4467–4481. Bibcode:2016WatRM..30.4467D. doi:10.1007/s11269-016-1491-7. ISSN 1573-1650. S2CID 54676896.</ref> == Metswedi == b1whuro9fwh8c40vfhj4r66ntop5mjk 0 13381 50277 2026-06-07T18:28:24Z KatieKea 10150 Ke simolotse go ranola tsebe e #AWC2026 #WaterForLifeInAfrica 50277 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Leuba''' ke paka ya maemo a a omeletseng go feta a a tlwaelesegileng.<ref>Douville, H., K. Raghavan, J. Renwick, R.P. Allan, P.A. Arias, M. Barlow, R. Cerezo-Mota, A. Cherchi, T.Y. Gan, J. Gergis, D.  Jiang, A.  Khan, W.  Pokam Mba, D.  Rosenfeld, J. Tierney, and O.  Zolina, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter08.pdf Water Cycle Changes] [https://web.archive.org/web/20220929084018/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter08.pdf Archived] 2022-09-29 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I  to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1055–1210, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.010.</ref>^{: 1157} Leuba le ka tsaya malatsi, dikgwedi kgotsa dingwaga. Leuba gantsi le na le ditlamorago tse dikgolo mo dithulaganyong tsa tikologo le temothuo ya dikgaolo tse di amegang, mme le baka kotsi mo itsholelong ya selegae.<ref>[http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/drought/livedrought.shtml Living With Drought] [https://web.archive.org/web/20070218192510/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/drought/livedrought.shtml Archived] 2007-02-18 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]</ref><ref>[http://www.lilith-ezine.com/articles/environmental/Australian-Drought.html Australian Drought and Climate Change] [https://web.archive.org/web/20180726021950/http://www.lilith-ezine.com/articles/environmental/Australian-Drought.html Archived] 2018-07-26 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. Retrieved Seetebosigo a supa ka 2026.</ref> Dipaka tsa komelelo tsa ngwaga le ngwaga kwa boboatsatsi di oketsa thata kgonagalo ya leuba, mme morago ga moo go nne le dikotsi tse di oketsegileng tsa molelo wa naga.<ref name=":0">Brando, Paulo M.; Paolucci, Lucas; Ummenhofer, Caroline C.; Ordway, Elsa M.; Hartmann, Henrik; Cattau, Megan E.; Rattis, Ludmila; Medjibe, Vincent; Coe, Michael T.; Balch, Jennifer (30 May 2019). [[doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010235|"Droughts, Wildfires, and Forest Carbon Cycling: A Pantropical Synthesis"]]. ''Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences''. '''47''' (1): 555–581. Bibcode:2019AREPS..47..555B. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010235. ISSN 0084-6597.</ref> Makhubu a mogote a ka gakatsa maemo a leuba thata ka go oketsa mowafatso.<ref>Merzdorf, Jessica (July 9, 2019). [https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2891/a-drier-future-sets-the-stage-for-more-wildfires/ "A Drier Future Sets the Stage for More Wildfires"]. ''Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet''. NASA.</ref> Se se omisa dikgwa le dimela tse dingwe, mme se oketsa selekanyo sa lookwane lwa melelo ya naga.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Hartmann, Henrik; Bastos, Ana; Das, Adrian J.; Esquivel-Muelbert, Adriane; Hammond, William M.; Martínez-Vilalta, Jordi; McDowell, Nate G.; [[:en:Jennifer_Sarah_Powers|Powers, Jennifer S.]]; Pugh, Thomas A.M.; Ruthrof, Katinka X.; Allen, Craig D. (20 May 2022). [[doi:10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804|"Climate Change Risks to Global Forest Health: Emergence of Unexpected Events of Elevated Tree Mortality Worldwide"]]. ''Annual Review of Plant Biology''. '''73''' (1): 673–702. Bibcode:2022ARPB...73..673H. doi:10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804. ISSN 1543-5008. <nowiki>PMID 35231182</nowiki>.</ref> Leuba ke ntlha e e ipoeletsang ya loapi mo dikarolong tse dintsi tsa lefatshe, e nna e e feteletseng le e e sa bonelwang pele ka ntlha ya phetogo ya loapi, le dithuto tsa dendrochronological di simololang ka 1900. Go na le mefuta e meraro ya ditlamorago tsa leuba, tikologo, itsholelo le loago. Ditlamorago tsa tikologo di akaretsa go oma ga mafelo a a metsi, melelo e mentsi le e megolo ya naga, tatlhegelo ya mefutafuta ya ditshedi. Ditlamorago tsa itsholelo tsa leuba di tlholwa ke dikgoreletsi tse di sa siamang mo temothuong le mo thuong ya leruo (go baka go tlhoka tshireletsego ya dijo), dikgwa, tlamelo ya metsi a setšhaba, go tsamaya mo dinokeng (ka ntlha ya sekai: maemo a a kwa tlase a metsi), tlamelo ya maatla a motlakase (ka go ama dithulaganyo tsa maatla a metsi) le ditlamorago mo boitekanelong jwa batho.<ref>Fleming-Muñoz, David A.; Whitten, Stuart; Bonnett, Graham D. (28 June 2023). [[doi:10.1111/1467-8489.12527|"The economics of drought: A review of impacts and costs"]]. ''Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics''. '''67''' (4): 501–523. doi:10.1111/1467-8489.12527. ISSN 1364-985X.</ref> == Metswedi == e84zx52xjfu0l7b7pisy6gq16gipzaz 0 13382 50278 2026-06-07T19:18:19Z Lucrucia98 12161 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE TSEBE YA LETAMO LA KATSE 50278 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Katse Dam.jpg|thumb|Letamo la Katse]] '''Letamo la Katse''', letamo la konkoreiti le le dirilweng ka arch mo Nokeng ya Malibamatšo kwa Lesotho, ke letamo la bobedi le letona la Aforika le le nang le dikhuti tse pedi morago ga Letamo la Tekezé kwa Ethiopia. E beilwe fela ka fa tlase ga kgolagano ya Noka ya Bokong, e e bopang letsogo la bophirima la letamo la Katse, letamo leno ke karolo ya porojeke e kgolwane e e tla felelang e akaretsa matamo a matlhano a magolo kwa mafelong a a kgakala a magae. Bokgoni jwa porojeke bo supilwe ke mantswitswidi wa dikago wa Aforikaborwa Ninham Shand ka ngwaga wa 1953 jaaka tsela e e ka kgonegang ya go tlaleletsa tlamelo ya metsi ya lefelo le le botlhokwa la madirelo la Aforikaborwa kwa Witwatersrand.<ref>Unknown (1970). [https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/abs/10.1680/iicep.1970.7187 "Orbituary: Ninham Shand, BSc". ''Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers''.] '''45''' (2). ICE Virtual Library: 379–380. doi:10.1680/iicep.1970.7187. Retrieved 9 October 2021. <q>In 1953, while carrying out investigations commissioned by the British Government into the rivers of the Lesotho, Shand first conceived the idea of diverting the headwaters of the Orange River from an altitude of some 10 000 ft in the Lesotho Mountains to augment the limited water supplies available for the Witwatersrand and Orange Free State. This pioneering concept became known as the Oxbox Scheme, itself a single element of a much wider plan which captured the imagination of the people of Lesotho.</q></ref>Banka ya Lefatshe e ne ya rulaganya tumalano magareng ga dipuso tsa Aforika Borwa le Lesotho, go letla gore porojeke e tswelele pele. == Kago == Letamo le agilwe ke setlhopha sa Bouygues, Concor, Setlhopha sa 5, Hochtief, Impregilo, Setlhopha sa Kier le Sterling Boditshabatshaba.<ref>[http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/item.shtml?x=52182#appendix-01-01-00-00 Corner House - LHWP review]</ref>Letamo le ne la wediwa ka ngwaga wa 1996 mme letamo le ne la tlala ka metsi ka ngwaga wa 1997. Ditshenyegelo tsotlhe tsa porojeke e ne e le US$8 bilione.<ref>[https://www.internationalrivers.org/resources/lesotho-highlands-water-project-what-went-wrong-4060 "Lesotho Highlands Water Project: What Went Wrong?"]. ''International Rivers''. Retrieved 2016-08-15.</ref>Boemafofane jwa Katse bo agilwe dikilometara di le tharo (3) kwa borwa botlhaba jwa letamo go tlhofofatsa go fitlhelela porojeke eno. == Ditlamorago tsa tikologo == Bokete jwa metsi bo ne jwa dira gore go nne le thoromo ya lefatshe.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060528150502/http://www.irn.org/programs/safrica/index.php?id=pr970210.html "Earthquakes force families to abandon village"]. Archived from the original on 2006-05-28. Retrieved 2005-08-05</ref>Balemirui ba ba latlhegetsweng ke lefatshe ka ntlha ya tiro e ba nnile le mathata a go tlhoma gape matshelo a masha. Go na le lefatshe le lennye le le ka lengwang mo dithabeng go emisetsa dilo tsotlhe tse di neng tsa latlhega, mme maiteko a go ba thusa ka ditsela tse disha tsa go itshedisa ga a ise a atlege gotlhelele jaaka ditiro tsa boenjenere. Setlhopha sa selegae se kwadile boswa jwa batho jwa porojeke mo baaging ba metseselegae ba ba amilweng ka tlhamalalo ke porojeke,<ref>[http://www.trc.org.ls/ Transformation Resource Centre]</ref>mme NPO ya tikologo le ditshwanelo tsa batho, International Rivers, e tlhagisitse pego e e feletseng ya ditlamorago.<ref name=":0">[http://www.irn.org/programs/lesotho/pdf/pipedreams.pdf Pipe Dreams, 2001, Ryan Hoover, International Rivers] Archived 2007-08-19 at the Wayback Machine</ref> == Pono ya sathalaete ya letamo == Jaaka phokotso ya tatlhegelo ya bonno, ditiro tsa go namola dimela di ne tsa dirwa mo lefelong le le neng le tlile go tlala ka metsi, mme Katse Botanical Gardens e ne ya tlhongwa go nna le go anamisa dimela tse di namotsweng.<ref>"Katse Botanic Garden". [[:en:Botanic_Gardens_Conservation_International|Botanic Gardens Conservation International.]] Retrieved 9 December 2016.</ref> == Go isa metsi == [[Setshwantsho:Katse Dam satellite.jpg|thumb|Katse Dam Satellite]] Metsi a a tswang mo letamong a tsamaya pele ka thanele ya bophara jwa dikilometara di le masome a mane le botlhano (45) (28 mi), dimitara di le nne (4) (13 ft), a tswa kwa seteisheneng sa motlakase wa metsi gaufi le Muela.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200430162435/http://ls.geoview.info/muela_dam_lesotho,51904830p "Muela Dam"]. ''Geoview''. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020. Retrieved 9 January 2019</ref>Bogodimo jo bo kwa godimo jwa letamo bo letla thulaganyo ya go isa metsi ka kelelo ya kgogedi kwa Aforika Borwa, mo godimo ga maatla a motlakase wa metsi a [[Lesotho]], mme e ne e le lebaka le legolo la go tlhopha lefelo. Thomelo ya metsi e simolotse semmuso ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e le masome a mabedi le bobedi (22) ka ngwaga wa 1998. Letamo ga jaana le tlamela ka dikhubikimetara di ka nna masome a mararo (30) ka motsotswana (1,100 cu ft/s) tsa metsi go Aforika Borwa, e e duelang Lesotho $35 milione ka ngwaga, mmogo le tuelo e e farologaneng e e ikaegileng ka melemo ya tiriso ya metsi e e badilweng. Mo dingwageng tsa gompieno jaana, metsi a a tswang mo sekemeng seno le one a ile a tshololelwa mo Nokeng ya Mohokare (Caledon) go tlamela motsemogolo wa Lesotho wa Maseru ka metsi ka dinako tsa tlhaelo. Matamo a masha a tletse jaaka go ne go solofetswe mme go tshololwa ga metsi go tswa mo matamong go tsena mo dinokeng tse di kwa tlase go tswelela ka sekema se se tlhamilweng go somarela tekatekano ya ikholoji. Metsi a a a tsholotsweng a elela kwa Nokeng ya Senqu (Orange), mme le fa a boloka boemo jwa ikholoji, a solegela fela baagi bao ba ba bapileng le dinoka molemo. Dikema tsa go tlamela ka metsi go balemirui ba Highlands ba ba fudusitsweng ga di a atlega thata.<ref name=":0" /> Porojeke ya matamo gape e nnile motswedi wa bonweenwee jo bo anameng,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927214116/http://www.irn.org/programs/lesotho/index.php?id=corruption.html "Corruption corner"]. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2006-10-27.</ref>jo bo sa tlwaelegang mo diporojekeng tse dikgolo tsa matamo. Dikgotlatshekelo tsa Lesotho di tsere kgato e e sa tlwaelegang ya go sekisa dikhamphani tse dikgolo tse di amegang mo matlhabisaditlhong ano mo godimo ga motlhankedi wa Lesotho yo o tsereng pipamolomo. Go fitlha ga jaana, go nnile le dikatlholo di le mmalwa mme bobotlana khamphani e le nngwe e e kganetsweng ke Banka ya Lefatshe ka ntlha ya seabe sa yona mo matlhabisaditlhong ano. == Phetiso ya metsi ya tora ya tsenyo == Tora ya go tsenya metsi e ka nna dikilometara di le lesome le boferabobedi (18) (11 mi) kwa bokone jwa Letamo la Katse mme e diretswe go amogela dikhubikimitara di le masome a supa (70) ka motsotswana (2,500 cu ft/s) e e neng e le phetiso e e kwa godimo e e neng e akanyeditswe kwa tshimologong go tsenngwa tirisong ka botlalo ga LHWP. Tora ya go tsenya metsi ke dimitara di le masome a mararo (23) (75 ft) ka bophara le dimitara di le masome a boferabongwe le borobabobedi (98) (322 ft) ka bogodimo go amogela mofuta o motona mo bogodimong jwa polokelo ya letamo mmogo le go tlhofofatsa go goga mo maemong a mane a a farologaneng a letsha. Se se tla dira gore boleng jwa metsi a a fetisiwang bo laolwe ka dinako tsotlhe. Ka ntlha ya boemo le moakanyetso wa tora ya go tsenya metsi, go na le selekanyo se se rileng sa metsi mo letamong se se ka se fitlhelelweng ka dithanele tsa phetiso. Polokelo e e suleng e e ka nna dikhubikimetara di le 430,000,000 (350,000 acre⋅ft), ka ditlamorago tsa gore polokelo e e tshelang e e atlegang ka fa morago ga Letamo la Katse e fokoditswe go tswa mo bokgoning jotlhe jwa polokelo jwa dimilione di le 1,950 m3 go ya go dimilione di le 1,520 m3. == Metswedi == 7pytmh7ctzwcolwlb409xxvmihqguve 0 13383 50285 2026-06-08T06:55:35Z OtengPortia 12840 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350727696|Zambezi]]" 50285 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zambezi''' (e ka kwalawang gape ele '''Zambese''' kana '''Zambesi''') ke noka ya bone a kgolo mo Aforika, noka e kgolo e tshologelang botlhaba mo Aforika gape e leng yona oka e kgolo e tshologelang mo lewatleng la Indiana go tswa mo Aforika. Go kgopa metsi ga yone go bophara jwa selekano sa 1,390,000 km ga bedi (540,000 mi ga bedi), ko tlasenyana ga noka ya Nile. Noka e ya bophara jwa 2,754 km (1,599 mi) e simologa mo Zambia mme e fete ka botlhaba jwa Angola, go bapisa bokone-botlhaba jwa bodara ya Namibia le bokone jwa bodara ya Botswana, e boe e fete gape mo mmileng wa bodara e magareng go Zambia le Zimbabwe goya Mozambique, kwa e kgabaganyang lefatshe go tshologela mo lewatleng la Indiana. Ngwe ya ntlha tse di lemogiwang thata ka noka ya Zambezi ke phororo ya metsi a Victoria. Diphororo tse dingwe di ama Chavuma le Ngonye.{{Reflist|30em}} [[Karolo:Coordinates on Wikidata]] 7tv684i7qii6esbfqk6cpj5un2ddbbo 50297 50285 2026-06-08T09:42:05Z OtengPortia 12840 50297 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zambezi''' (e ka kwalawang gape ele '''Zambese''' kana '''Zambesi''') ke noka [[:en:List_of_river_systems_by_length|ya bone a kgolo]] mo Aforika, noka e kgolo e tshologelang botlhaba mo Aforika gape e leng yona oka e kgolo e tshologelang mo [[:en:Indian_Ocean|lewatleng la Indiana]] go tswa mo Aforika. Go [[:en:Drainage_basin|kgopa metsi]] ga yone go bophara jwa selekano sa 1,390,000 km ga bedi (540,000 mi ga bedi),<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Richard Beilfuss & David dos Santos: Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Monogram for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley (2001). Estimated mean flow rate 3424 m³/s"] (PDF). Archived from [http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf the original] (PDF) on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 18 October 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.riob.org/transfrontalier/Bilanglobal.PDF International Network of Basin Organisations/Office International de L'eau]: [https://web.archive.org/web/20090327102256/http://www.riob.org/transfrontalier/Bilanglobal.PDF Archived] 27 March 2009 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]] "Développer les Compétences pour mieux Gérer l'Eau: Fleuves Transfrontaliers Africains: Bilan Global." (2002). Estimated annual discharge 106 km³, equal to mean flow rate 3360 m³/s</ref> ko tlasenyana ga noka ya [[:en:Nile|Nile]]. Noka e ya bophara jwa 2,754 km (1,599 mi) e simologa mo [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] mme e fete ka botlhaba jwa [[:en:Angola|Angola]], go bapisa bokone-botlhaba jwa bodara ya [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] le bokone jwa bodara ya [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]], e boe e fete gape mo mmileng wa bodara e magareng go Zambia le [[:en:Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]] goya [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]], kwa e kgabaganyang lefatshe go tshologela mo lewatleng la Indiana.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambezi-River "Zambezi River | river, Africa".] ''Encyclopedia Britannica''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210502232720/https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambezi-River Archived] from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.</ref><ref>[https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/zambezi-river.html "Zambezi River Facts and Information"]. ''www.victoriafalls-guide.net''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230507055636/https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/zambezi-river.html Archived] from the original on 7 May 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2021.</ref> Ngwe ya ntlha tse di lemogiwang thata ka noka ya Zambezi ke [[:en:Victoria_Falls|phororo ya metsi a Victoria]]. Diphororo tse dingwe di ama [[:en:Chavuma_Falls|Chavuma]]<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Chavuma-Falls "Chavuma Falls | waterfall, Zambia | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220626032309/https://www.britannica.com/place/Chavuma-Falls Archived] from the original on 26 June 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2022.</ref> le [[:en:Ngonye_Falls|Ngonye.]]<ref>[https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/waterfalls/ngonye-falls/ "Zambia Tourism: Waterfalls"]. ''Zambia Tourism''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200407045055/https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/waterfalls/ngonye-falls/ Archived] from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2022.</ref> Ditsela tse pedi tsa konokono tsa [[:en:Hydroelectricity|metsi a motlakase]] mo nokeng e ke [[:en:Kariba_Dam|noka ya Kariba]] e e direlang Zambia le Zimbabwe motlakase e boe e direle le [[:en:Cahora_Bassa_Dam|noka ya Cahora Bassa]] mo Mozambique ee e e hetisetsang motlakase kwa Mozambique le [[:en:South_Africa|South Africa]]. Go oketsa, ditlhomo tse di potlana tsa metsi a motlakase dimo Zambia kwa diphororong tsa Victoria le [[:en:Zengamina|Zengamina.]]<ref>[http://www.nwzdt.org/?page_id=22 "Zengamina Hydro Project | North West Zambia Development Trust".] [https://web.archive.org/web/20220423080555/http://www.nwzdt.org/?page_id=22 Archived] from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2022.</ref><ref>Pasanisi, Francesco; Tebano, Carlo; Zarlenga, Francesco (March 2016). [[doi:10.3390/environments3010006|"A Survey near Tambara along the Lower Zambezi River".]] ''Environments''. '''3''' (1): 6. doi:[[doi:10.3390/environments3010006|10.3390/environments3010006]]</ref> Noka e e simologa mo [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] e ntsho e e nang le mokgobo wa metsi mo lefatsheng le le nang le dikgwa tse di kitlaneng tsa [[:en:Miombo|miombo]] tse di nang le mekgabisa ya dithota tsa di sa lekanang, 50km kwa bokone jwa [[:en:Mwinilunga|Mwinilunga]] le 20km kwa borwa jwa Ikelenge mo [[:en:Ikelenge_District|kgaolong ya Ikelenge]] kwa [[:en:North-Western_Province,_Zambia|Porofenseng ya Bokone-Bophirima]] jwa Zambia, mo godimo ga 1,524m(maoto a le 5,000) godimo ga [[:en:Sea_level|bogodimo jwa lewatle]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150904101922/http://www.muvitv.com/dilapidated-zambezi-source-site-worry-ikelenge-dc/ "Dilapidated Zambezi Source Site Worry Ikelenge DC".] ''muvitv.com''. Muvi TV. Archived from [http://www.muvitv.com/dilapidated-zambezi-source-site-worry-ikelenge-dc/ the original] on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.</ref> Lefelo le le dikologileng motswedi ono ke segopotso sa banni, lefelo lele sireleditsweng la dikgwa, gape ke lefelo la [[:en:Important_bird_area|bothokwa mo diphologolong tsa dinonyane.]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150904101922/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=7178 "ZM002 Source of the Zambezi".] ''birdlife.org''. Birdlife International. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=7178 the original] on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.</ref> Go yeng bokone jwa motswedi, metsi a iketlileng a fa gare ga [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo]] le [[:en:Zambezi_Basin|sekgele sa Zambezi]] ke lefelo le le supilweng thata la lefatshe le le fa godingwana, le tsamaya gaufi e botlhaba-bophirima mme a wela thata kafa bokone le borwa. Se se kgaola sekgele thata go tsweng mo [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba]] (lekalana legolo godimo mo Congo) go tsweng mo Zambezi. Mo tikologong ya motswedi, metsi a iketlileng ga a bonale thata, mme dinoka tse pedi tse gadi kopane.<ref>Dorling Kindersley, pp. 84–85</ref> Lefelo lotlhe le le nosediwang ke noka ya Zambezi ke serala se segolo se se anameng, se se nang le melelwane e e sa tlhomamang, se se kwa bogodimong jwa 900km goya go 1200. Karolo e e kwa teng ga naga e bopilwe ka maje a fetogileng ka ntlha ya [[:en:Metamorphic_rock|mogote le kgatelelo,]] fa melelwane ya sona e dikaganyeditswe ke maje a a tlhodilweng ke [[:en:Igneous_rock|seretse sa molelo]] a a fitlhelwang gaufi le [[:en:Victoria_Falls|mepororo ya Victoria.]] Kwa [[:en:Chupanga|Chupanga]], mo mo karolong e e kwa tlase ga Zambezi, matlhatlaganyane a masesane a [[:en:Sandstone|maje]] a male wa serolwana le serolwana se se serolwana-bosetlha, ka dinako dingwe a na le matlhatlaganyana a [[:en:Limestone|leje la kalakala]], a bonala mo bodilong jwa noka ka paka ya komelelo. Maje ano a tswelela go feta [[:en:Tete,_Mozambique|Tete]], koo a amanang le mekgano e megolo ya magala a mashala. Mashala a a fitlhelwa gape mo kgaolong e e kwa tlase ga meproro ya Victoria. Maje a anang le gouta a bonala mo mafelong a le mmalwa.<ref>Ashton, Peter; Love, David; Mahachi, Harriet; Dirks, Paul. [https://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/G00599.pdf "An Overview of the Impacts of Mining and Mineral Processing Operations on Water Resources and Water Quality in the Zambezi, Limpopo AND Olifant Catchments in Southern Africa"] (PDF). ''International Institute for Environment and Development''. Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development Project, Southern Africa. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201114231525/https://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/G00599.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.</ref>{{Reflist|30em}} [[Karolo:Coordinates on Wikidata]] pshmd8tvj6hw6vg7m5c6trng317ze3k 50313 50297 2026-06-08T11:41:34Z OtengPortia 12840 50313 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zambezi''' (e ka kwalawang gape ele '''Zambese''' kana '''Zambesi''') ke noka [[:en:List_of_river_systems_by_length|ya bone a kgolo]] mo Aforika, noka e kgolo e tshologelang botlhaba mo Aforika gape e leng yona oka e kgolo e tshologelang mo [[:en:Indian_Ocean|lewatleng la Indiana]] go tswa mo Aforika. Go [[:en:Drainage_basin|kgopa metsi]] ga yone go bophara jwa selekano sa 1,390,000 km ga bedi (540,000 mi ga bedi),<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Richard Beilfuss & David dos Santos: Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Monogram for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley (2001). Estimated mean flow rate 3424 m³/s"] (PDF). Archived from [http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf the original] (PDF) on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 18 October 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.riob.org/transfrontalier/Bilanglobal.PDF International Network of Basin Organisations/Office International de L'eau]: [https://web.archive.org/web/20090327102256/http://www.riob.org/transfrontalier/Bilanglobal.PDF Archived] 27 March 2009 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]] "Développer les Compétences pour mieux Gérer l'Eau: Fleuves Transfrontaliers Africains: Bilan Global." (2002). Estimated annual discharge 106 km³, equal to mean flow rate 3360 m³/s</ref> ko tlasenyana ga noka ya [[:en:Nile|Nile]]. Noka e ya bophara jwa 2,754 km (1,599 mi) e simologa mo [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] mme e fete ka botlhaba jwa [[:en:Angola|Angola]], go bapisa bokone-botlhaba jwa bodara ya [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] le bokone jwa bodara ya [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]], e boe e fete gape mo mmileng wa bodara e magareng go Zambia le [[:en:Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]] goya [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]], kwa e kgabaganyang lefatshe go tshologela mo lewatleng la Indiana.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambezi-River "Zambezi River | river, Africa".] ''Encyclopedia Britannica''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210502232720/https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambezi-River Archived] from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.</ref><ref>[https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/zambezi-river.html "Zambezi River Facts and Information"]. ''www.victoriafalls-guide.net''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230507055636/https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/zambezi-river.html Archived] from the original on 7 May 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2021.</ref> Ngwe ya ntlha tse di lemogiwang thata ka noka ya Zambezi ke [[:en:Victoria_Falls|phororo ya metsi a Victoria]]. Diphororo tse dingwe di ama [[:en:Chavuma_Falls|Chavuma]]<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Chavuma-Falls "Chavuma Falls | waterfall, Zambia | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220626032309/https://www.britannica.com/place/Chavuma-Falls Archived] from the original on 26 June 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2022.</ref> le [[:en:Ngonye_Falls|Ngonye.]]<ref>[https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/waterfalls/ngonye-falls/ "Zambia Tourism: Waterfalls"]. ''Zambia Tourism''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200407045055/https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/waterfalls/ngonye-falls/ Archived] from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2022.</ref> Ditsela tse pedi tsa konokono tsa [[:en:Hydroelectricity|metsi a motlakase]] mo nokeng e ke [[:en:Kariba_Dam|noka ya Kariba]] e e direlang Zambia le Zimbabwe motlakase e boe e direle le [[:en:Cahora_Bassa_Dam|noka ya Cahora Bassa]] mo Mozambique ee e e hetisetsang motlakase kwa Mozambique le [[:en:South_Africa|South Africa]]. Go oketsa, ditlhomo tse di potlana tsa metsi a motlakase dimo Zambia kwa diphororong tsa Victoria le [[:en:Zengamina|Zengamina.]]<ref>[http://www.nwzdt.org/?page_id=22 "Zengamina Hydro Project | North West Zambia Development Trust".] [https://web.archive.org/web/20220423080555/http://www.nwzdt.org/?page_id=22 Archived] from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2022.</ref><ref>Pasanisi, Francesco; Tebano, Carlo; Zarlenga, Francesco (March 2016). [[doi:10.3390/environments3010006|"A Survey near Tambara along the Lower Zambezi River".]] ''Environments''. '''3''' (1): 6. doi:[[doi:10.3390/environments3010006|10.3390/environments3010006]]</ref> Noka e e simologa mo [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] e ntsho e e nang le mokgobo wa metsi mo lefatsheng le le nang le dikgwa tse di kitlaneng tsa [[:en:Miombo|miombo]] tse di nang le mekgabisa ya dithota tsa di sa lekanang, 50km kwa bokone jwa [[:en:Mwinilunga|Mwinilunga]] le 20km kwa borwa jwa Ikelenge mo [[:en:Ikelenge_District|kgaolong ya Ikelenge]] kwa [[:en:North-Western_Province,_Zambia|Porofenseng ya Bokone-Bophirima]] jwa Zambia, mo godimo ga 1,524m(maoto a le 5,000) godimo ga [[:en:Sea_level|bogodimo jwa lewatle]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150904101922/http://www.muvitv.com/dilapidated-zambezi-source-site-worry-ikelenge-dc/ "Dilapidated Zambezi Source Site Worry Ikelenge DC".] ''muvitv.com''. Muvi TV. Archived from [http://www.muvitv.com/dilapidated-zambezi-source-site-worry-ikelenge-dc/ the original] on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.</ref> Lefelo le le dikologileng motswedi ono ke segopotso sa banni, lefelo lele sireleditsweng la dikgwa, gape ke lefelo la [[:en:Important_bird_area|bothokwa mo diphologolong tsa dinonyane.]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150904101922/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=7178 "ZM002 Source of the Zambezi".] ''birdlife.org''. Birdlife International. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=7178 the original] on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.</ref> Go yeng bokone jwa motswedi, metsi a iketlileng a fa gare ga [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo]] le [[:en:Zambezi_Basin|sekgele sa Zambezi]] ke lefelo le le supilweng thata la lefatshe le le fa godingwana, le tsamaya gaufi e botlhaba-bophirima mme a wela thata kafa bokone le borwa. Se se kgaola sekgele thata go tsweng mo [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba]] (lekalana legolo godimo mo Congo) go tsweng mo Zambezi. Mo tikologong ya motswedi, metsi a iketlileng ga a bonale thata, mme dinoka tse pedi tse gadi kopane.<ref>Dorling Kindersley, pp. 84–85</ref> Lefelo lotlhe le le nosediwang ke noka ya Zambezi ke serala se segolo se se anameng, se se nang le melelwane e e sa tlhomamang, se se kwa bogodimong jwa 900km goya go 1200. Karolo e e kwa teng ga naga e bopilwe ka maje a fetogileng ka ntlha ya [[:en:Metamorphic_rock|mogote le kgatelelo,]] fa melelwane ya sona e dikaganyeditswe ke maje a a tlhodilweng ke [[:en:Igneous_rock|seretse sa molelo]] a a fitlhelwang gaufi le [[:en:Victoria_Falls|mepororo ya Victoria.]] Kwa [[:en:Chupanga|Chupanga]], mo mo karolong e e kwa tlase ga Zambezi, matlhatlaganyane a masesane a [[:en:Sandstone|maje]] a male wa serolwana le serolwana se se serolwana-bosetlha, ka dinako dingwe a na le matlhatlaganyana a [[:en:Limestone|leje la kalakala]], a bonala mo bodilong jwa noka ka paka ya komelelo. Maje ano a tswelela go feta [[:en:Tete,_Mozambique|Tete]], koo a amanang le mekgano e megolo ya magala a mashala. Mashala a a fitlhelwa gape mo kgaolong e e kwa tlase ga meproro ya Victoria. Maje a anang le gouta a bonala mo mafelong a le mmalwa.<ref>Ashton, Peter; Love, David; Mahachi, Harriet; Dirks, Paul. [https://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/G00599.pdf "An Overview of the Impacts of Mining and Mineral Processing Operations on Water Resources and Water Quality in the Zambezi, Limpopo AND Olifant Catchments in Southern Africa"] (PDF). ''International Institute for Environment and Development''. Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development Project, Southern Africa. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201114231525/https://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/G00599.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.</ref> '''Zambezi e e kwa Godimo''' Noka e e elela kwa borwa-bophirima e tsena mo Angola sebaka sa 240km (150 mi) be e kopangwa ake [[:en:Tributary|dinoka tse dingwe]] tse dikgolo jaaka [[:en:Luena_River_(Angola)|Luena]] le Chifumage, tse di tswang kwa dithabeng tse di kwa bokone-bophirima.<ref>Dorling Kindersley, pp. 84–85</ref> Go tsweng foo e tlaabo e leba kwa borwa mme e bopa [[:en:Floodplain|lefelo le le legolo la morwalela]], le bophara jwa lone bo fetogang thata agreng ga paka ya komelelo le paka ya dipula. E boa e tsena mo [[:en:Zambezian_evergreen_dry_forests|sekgweng se se kitlaneng sa ditlhare tse di nnetseng botala ruri,]] mme kafa bophirima jwa yone go na le mafulo a a bulegileng a [[:en:Western_Zambezian_grasslands|Western Zambezian grasslands.]] Fa e boelang gape mo Zambia e abo ele bophara jwa 400m(dinao di ka nna 1,300) mo pakeng ya dipula, mme e elela ka lobelo le legolo ena le ditsela tsedi matlapa le [[:en:Rapids|metsi a a phothoselang]] go fitlha kwa [[:en:Chavuma_Falls|dipororong tsa chavuma]], kwa noka e fetang mo lekhalong la matlapa. Noka e e fologa seelo e kanna 400m, (dinao di kanna 1,300) gotswa kwa motsweding wa yone o o kwa bogodimong jwa 1,500m (dinao di ka nna 4,900) goya kwa dipororong tsa Chavuma e e kwa seeleng se ka nna 1,100m (dinao di ka nna3,600), mo sekgweng sa 400km (dimaele di ka nna 250). Go tsweng foo goya kwa dipororong tsa Victoria, bogodimo jwa lefatshe mo mekgapong ya metsi tlaabo bo lekana , bo fologelela seelo sa 180m (dinao dka tshwara 590) mo sekgweng sa 800km (dimaele di ka nna 500).<ref>Page, Geology (25 November 2014). [https://www.geologypage.com/2014/11/zambezi-river.html "Zambezi River"]. ''Geology Page''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210520095950/https://www.geologypage.com/2014/11/zambezi-river.html Archived] from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.</ref> Noka yantlha e kgolo e e tsenamg mo nokeng ya Zambezi ke [[:en:Kabompo_River|Kabompo]], e e leng kwa [[:en:North-Western_Province,_Zambia|porofenseng ya bokone-bophirima]] jwa Zambia. Mafatlha a [[:en:Savanna|Savanna]] a noka e elelang mo go yone a fetoga gonna lefelo le le legolo la morwalela, le le nang le [[:en:Fan_palm|ditlhare tsa palema]] tsa [[:en:Borassus|''Borassus'']] tse di gasameng mogo lone. Go yeng kwa borwa gose sekgele sepe noka e e [[:en:Confluence|kopana]] le [[:en:Lungwebungu_River|noka ya Lungwebungu.]] Mo tlaabo ele tshimologo ya [[:en:Barotse_Floodplain|lefelo le legolo la morwalela la Barotse,]] e leng sengwe sa dilo tse di itsegeng thata mo karolong e e kwa godimo ya Zambezi. Mme lefa gontse jalo, karolo ena e e kwa bokone ga e aparelwe ke morwalela thata, mme ena le ditlhaketlhake tsa lefatshe le le kwa godimo mo gare ga yone.<ref>[https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/zambezi-river.html "Zambezi River Facts and Information".] ''www.victoriafalls-guide.net''[https://web.archive.org/web/20230507055636/https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/zambezi-river.html . Archived] from the original on 7 May 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2021.</ref> E ka nnang seelo sa 30 km fa tlasa ga noka ya Lungwebungu e kopanang le Zambezi, naga e nna sephaphathi thata mme go nne lego bonala motlhofo ga lefelo e legoo la morwalela la Barotse. Morwalela o ka namela go fitlha o nna bophara jwa 25km mo pakeng ya dipula. Mo godimo ga 200km goya kwa tlase ga nka, potologo ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya morwalela e laola tikologo ya tlhago le botshelo jwa batho, banni le setso. M o e ka nnang 80km goya pele kwa tlase, noka ya [[:en:Luanginga_River|Luanginga]] e e kopanang le dinoka tse dingwe tse di tswang kwa bophirima, e tsena mo Nokeng ya Zambezi. Go boeng gape oya kwa godimo gose sekgele kafa botlhaba, noka e kgolo e kopangwa mo pakeng ya dipula ke metsi a a tshologang gotswa mo tsamaisong ya moedi wa noka ya [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luampa_River&action=edit&redlink=1 Luampa]-[[:en:Luena_River_(Zambia)|Luena]].<ref>Dorling Kindersley, pp. 84–85</ref> Sekgele ese sa sepe fa o fologa morago ga fa noka ya Luanginga e kopang le ya Zambezi, o goroga kwa [[:en:Lealui|Lealui,]] ngwe ya metsemegolo ya [[:en:Lozi_people|batho ba Lozi]] ba ba nnang mo kgaolong ya [[:en:Lozi_kingdom|lefatshe la Barotse]] mo [[:en:Western_Province,_Zambia|porofenseng ya bophirima]] jwa Zambia. Kgosi ya batho ba Lozi e na le ngwe ya dikampa tsa gagwe kwa Lealui; e ngwe e kwa [[:en:Limulunga|Limulunga,]] ele mo lefatsheng le le kwa godimo e bile e dirisiwa jaaka motsemogolo ka nako ya dipula. Go fuduga ga ngwaga le ngwaga gotswa Lealui goya Limulunga ke tiragalo e kgolo thata, e e ketekwang jaaka ngwe ya meletlo e e itsegeng thata mo Zambia, e e bidiwang [[:en:Kuomboka|Kuomboka.]] Morago ga Lealui, noka e retologela kwa borwa-botlhaba. Go tswa kwa botlhaba, e tswelela e amogela dinoka tse dintsi tse dinnye, mme kwa bophirima ga yone ga go na dinoka tse dikgolo tse di e tsenang mo sekgweng seelong sa 240km. Pele ga foo, [[:en:Ngonye_Falls|mepororo ya Ngonye]] le matlapa a a latelang a thibela go tsamaya ga dikorwana mo nokeng. Kwa borwa jwa mepororo ya Nonye, noka e kgona go kgoma nako e khutshwane molelwane wa Namibia, mo kgaolong ya <ref>Dorling Kindersley, pp. 84–85</ref>[[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Caprivi Strip.]] Kwa tlase ga kopano ya [[:en:Cuando_River|noka ya Cuando]] le Zambezi, noka e retologa e lebana le botlhaba. Mo lefelong leo, noka e nna bophara mme e sa tsene boteng thata, e elela ka bonya. Mme fa e ntse e ya kwa botlhaba go ya molelwaneng wa setlhaba se segolo sa bokone jwa Aferika, e fitlha kwa khuting e kgolo e e tsenwang ke metsi a a elelang ka thata, e leng mepororo ya Victoria.{{Reflist|30em}} [[Karolo:Coordinates on Wikidata]] kczw50cv2s97ag6t4k33xfopdfnmm1h 0 13384 50286 2026-06-08T06:57:25Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA LETSHA LA MALAWI 50286 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Lake Malawi seen from orbit.jpg|thumb|setshwantsho go tswa mo modikologong. Bokone bo mo sekhutlong se se kwa godimo sa moja]] '''Letsha la Malawi''', le le itsegeng gape jaaka Letsha la Nyasa kwa [[Tanzania]] le Letsha la Niassa kwa Mozambique, (Seswahili: Ziwa Nyasa) ke Letsha le letona la Aforika le letsha le le kwa borwa thata mo thulaganyong ya Rift ya Aforika Botlhaba, le le fa gare ga Malawi, [[Mozambique]] le Tanzania. Ke letsha la bone le letona la metsi a a phepa mo lefatsheng ka bolumu, letsha la borobongwe le letona mo lefatsheng ka botona le letsha la boraro le letona le la bobedi le le boteng mo Afrika. Letsha la Malawi ke legae la mefuta e mentsi ya ditlhapi go feta letsha lepe le lengwe mo lefatsheng,<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080511101010/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/data/wh/lakemal.html "Protected Areas Programme]". United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, UNESCO. October 1995. Archived from the original on 2008-05-11. Retrieved 2008-06-26.</ref> go akaretsa le bonnye mefuta e le makgolo a supa ya di-cichlid.<ref name=":1">Turner, Seehausen, Knight, Allender, and Robinson (2001). "How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes?" ''Molecular Ecology'' 10: 793–806.</ref>Karolo ya Mozambique ya letsha e ne ya itsisiwe semmuso jaaka lefelo la polokelo ke Puso ya Mozambique ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le lesome, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le motso,<ref>WWF (10 June 2011). [http://wwf.panda.org/?uNewsID=200583 "Mozambique's Lake Niassa declared reserve and Ramsar site"] Retrieved 17 July 2014.</ref>fa kwa Malawi karolo ya letsha e akareditswe mo [[Malawi|Phakeng ya Bosetšhaba ya Letsha la Malawi.]]<ref name=":0" /> Letsha la Malawi ke letsha la meromictic, se se rayang gore dikarolo tsa lone tsa metsi ga di tlhakane. Go aroganngwa ga metsi a Letsha la Malawi le molelwane wa phefo ya oksijene le oxic-anoxic go tlhokomelwa ke dikhemikhale tse dinnye tse di magareng le tsa mogote.<ref>Pilskaln, C. H. (2004). "Seasonal and Interannual Particle Export in an African Rift Valley Lake: A 5-Yr Record from Lake Malawi, Southern East Africa". ''Limnology and Oceanography'', 49(4), 964–977. <nowiki>{{doi:10.2307/3597647}}</nowiki>.</ref> == Thutafatshe == Letsha la Malawi le fa gare ga dikilometara di le makgolo a mathano le masome a marataro(350 mi)<ref name=":2">[http://www.aquaticcommunity.com/cichlid/malawi.php "Malawi Cichlids".] ''AC Tropical Fish''. Aquaticcommunity.com. Retrieved 2007-04-02.</ref>le dikilometara di le makgolo a matlhano le masome a robabobedi (360 mi) ka boleele,<ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Lake_Nyasa.aspx#1-1E1:Nyasa-La-full "Lake Nyasa".] [[:en:Columbia_Encyclopedia|''Columbia Encyclopedia Online''.]] [[:en:Columbia_University_Press|Columbia University Press.]] Retrieved 2011-08-02</ref> le bophara jwa dikilometara di ka nna masome a supa le botlhano (47 mi) kwa lefelong la lone le le bulegileng thata. Letsha leno le na le botona jotlhe jwa disekwerekilometara di ka nna 29 600.<ref name=":2" /> Letsha le le boleele jwa makgolo a supa le borataro m (2,316 ft) kwa ntlheng ya lone e e kwa teng thata, le le mo lefelong le le kwa tlase thata mo karolong e e kwa bokone-bogare.<ref name=":3">[[:en:Ad_Konings|Konings, Ad]] (1990). ''Ad Konings' Book of Cichlids and all the other Fishes of Lake Malawi.'' [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0866225274|<bdi>978-0866225274</bdi>.]]</ref> Mogogoro o mongwe o monnye kwa bokone jo bo kgakala o fitlha kwa boteng jwa di metara dile makgolo a matlhano,masome a mabedi le boferabobedi (1,732 ft).<ref name=":3" /> Sephatlo se se kwa borwa sa letsha leno ga se boteng; kwa tlase ga dimetara di le makgolo a ,mane(1,300 ft) mo karolong e e kwa borwa-bogare le kwa tlase ga dimethara dile makgolo a mabedi (660 ft) kwa borwa jo bo kgakala.<ref name=":3" /> Letsha leno le na le mabopo kwa bophirima jwa Mozambique, kwa botlhaba jwa Malawi le kwa borwa jwa Tanzania. Noka e tona e e elelang mo go yone ke Noka ya Ruhuhu, mme go na le lefelo le le tswang kwa ntlheng ya yone e e kwa borwa, e leng Noka ya Shire, e leng noka e e elelang mo Nokeng ya Zambezi kwa Mozambique.<ref name=":1" />Mowafatso e dira go feta 80% ya tatlhegelo ya metsi go tswa mo letsheng, go feta thata Noka ya Shire e e elelang.<ref>Park, L.E.; and A.S. Cohen (2011). Paleoecological response of ostracods to early Late Pleistocene lake-level changes in Lake Malawi, East Africa. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 303: 71–80. doi:[[doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.02.038|10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.02.038]]</ref> Metsi a a tswang kwa Letsheng la Malawi go tsena mo Nokeng ya Shire a botlhokwa mo itsholelong ka gonne metswedi ya metsi e tshegetsa maatla a metsi, nosetso le mefutafuta ya ditshedi e e kwa tlase.<ref>Bhave, A., Vincent, K. and Mkwambisi, D. (2019) Projecting future water availability in Lake Malawi and the Shire River basin, Future Climate for Africa Brief, Cape Town: CDKN. [https://futureclimateafrica.org/resource/brief-projecting-future-water-availability-inlake-malawi-and-the-shire-river-basin/ https://futureclimateafrica.org/resource/brief-projecting-future-water-availability-inlake-malawi-and-the-shire-river-basin]</ref> Go tlhagisitswe matshwenyego ka ga ditlamorago tsa isago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa loapi tsa Letsha la Malawi ka ntlha ya phokotsego ya bošeng ya maemo a letsha le tlwaelo ya go oma ka kakaretso.<ref>Bhave, Ajay G.; Bulcock, Lauren; Dessai, Suraje; Conway, Declan; Jewitt, Graham; Dougill, Andrew J.; Kolusu, Seshagiri Rao; Mkwambisi, David (2020-05-01). [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169420301311 "Lake Malawi's threshold behaviour: A stakeholder-informed model to simulate sensitivity to climate change".] ''Journal of Hydrology''. '''584''' 124671. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020JHyd..58424671B 2020JHyd..58424671B.] doi:10.[[doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124671|1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124671.]] ISSN 0022-1694. S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213751778 213751778].</ref> seemo sa loapi mo kgaolong ya letsha e setse e itemogela diphetogo, ka dithemphoritšhara tse di bonelwang pele go oketsega go ralala lefatshe.<ref>[https://futureclimateafrica.org/resource/how-can-we-improve-the-use-of-information-for-a-climate-resilient-malawi/ "How can we improve the use of information for a climate-resilient Malawi?".] ''fcfa''. Retrieved 2026-06-05.</ref> Letsha le le ka nna dikilometara di le makgolo a mararo le masome a matlhano kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Letsha la Tanganyika, le lengwe la makadiba a magolo a Rift ya Aforika Botlhaba.<ref>Aghaindum, Ajeagah Gideon (2017-06-15). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=8F0nDwAAQBAJ Water as a weapon of international confrontations]''. Editions L'Harmattan. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-2-14-003961-4|<bdi>978-2-14-003961-4</bdi>.]]</ref> Phaka ya Bosetšhaba ya Letsha la Malawi e kwa ntlheng e e kwa borwa jwa letsha.<ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/289/ "Lake Malawi National Park"]. ''World Heritage List''. [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]]. Retrieved 24 October 2015.</ref> 4gi6cwqyb1tcdfdiv6be4lttbxutzo3 0 13385 50287 2026-06-08T07:49:30Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Noka ya Mokolo #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50287 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river|name=Noka ya Mokolo|image_map=South Africa relief location map.svg|map_caption=Molomo wa noka ya Mokolo|basin_countries=[[Aforika Borwa]]|mouth=[[Noka ya Limpopo]] kwa molelwaneng wa [[Aforika Borwa]] le [[Botswana]]}} '''Noka ya Mokolo''' ke motswedi wa metsi o o kwa [[Kgaolo ya Limpopo|kgaolong ya Limpopo]] kwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. Noka e, e tshelwa ke mogolagano wa dithaba tsa Waterberg yone e bo e tshela [[Limpopo River|noka ya Limpopo]]. Noka e e nosa lefelo la bophara jwa dikhilomithara di le dikete di robabobedi, makgolo a mararo, masome a robabobedi le bosupa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071020215118/http://www.eskom.co.za/content/AppKDWAFBriefingFinal.pdf "Mokolo River Data"] (PDF). Archived from [https://www.eskom.co.za/content/AppKDWAFBriefingFinal.pdf the original] (PDF) on 2007-10-20. Retrieved 2026-06-08</ref> == Metswedi ya yone == [[Setshwantsho:Almasign.JPG|thumb|Letshwao la tsela kwa ntle ga Laerskool Alma, gaufi le bokopano jo bo tshwanyang tshimologo ya noka ya Mokolo]] Noka ya Mokolo ga mmogo le di noka tse di e tshelang di kwa borwa bophirima jwa Waterberg, di mithara di le fa gare ga sekete le makgolo a mabedi go tsena sekete le makgolo a marataro kwa godimo ga lewatle. Mokolo o tlholegile khilomithara e le nngwe le botlhano kwa bokone nwa Alma kwa noka ya Sand e kopanang teng le ya Grootspruit, mo lefelong le le anameng ebile le bulegile le na le dithaba di le mmalwa. Go tswa foo e elelela kwa bokone ka mogogoro o o boteng o o tlhagang kwa godimo ga toropo ya Vaalwater.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA1Limpopo.jpg Limpopo WMA 1]</ref> Fa e leba kwa bokone, e itsoketsa ka bokone jwa Waterberg, kwa e leng majwe a a agilweng ke go kgothega ga noka mo dingwageng di le didikadike di le makgolo, go dira dithaba.<ref>[http://www.luminatechnologies.org/lumaw.html C.Michael Hogan, Mark L. Cooke and Helen Murray, ''The Waterberg Biosphere'', Lumina Technologies, May 22, 2006.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20120301133927/http://www.luminatechnologies.org/lumaw.html Archived] March 1, 2012, at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]</ref> Noka e, e tlaa bo e elelela kwa [[Letamo la Mokolo|letamong la Mokolo]]. Go tswa koo, e elela ka mogogoro o mongwe pele ga e tsena kwa sebatleng sa Limpopo, gaufi le bokopano jwa Rietspruit. Fa e le foo, noka ya Mokolo e elela mo lefelong le le ikadileng le le motlhaba go fitlhelela e goroga kwa lotshitshing lwa Limpopo lo lo kwa botlhaba. === Dinoka tse di tshelang le matamo === Noka ya Sand, ya Klein Sand, Sandspruit, Sondagsloop, Loubadspruit, Grootspruit, Sterkstroom, Brakspruit, Malmanies, Bulspruit, Rietspruit, Sandloop, Poer se Loop le ya Tambotie, ke tsone tse di tshelang kwa Mokolo. [[Letamo la Mokolo]] ke lone fela le letona mo mafaratlhatlheng ao.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/limpopo/mokolo_06.pdf State of Rivers Report: the Mokolo River]</ref> == Tikologo == 87% ya metsi a noka e a dirisediwa tsa temothuo. Go dirilwe lefelo la itloso bodutu kwa lefelong le le bokgolo kwa Moloko kwa godimo, mme maiteko ao a ne a atlega.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070822004545/http://www.psybergate.com/wetfix/Progress/Progress5/Progress.htm "Wetlands restoration projects of the Limpopo Basin and other South African watersheds"]. Archived from [https://www.psybergate.com/wetfix/Progress/Progress5/Progress.htm the original] on 2007-08-22. Retrieved 2026-06-08</ref> Lefelo le, le le bidiwang Mokolo Dam Nature Reserve le kwa botlhaba le borwa jwa letangwana la Letamo la Mokolo.<ref>[https://www.sa-venues.com/game-reserves/mokololo-dam.php Mokolo Dam Nature Reserve, Limpopo]</ref> Bontsi jwa dikubu tsa noka ya Limpopo di bonwa kwa molomong wa dinoka tsa Mokolo le Mogalakwena. == Metswedi == jjxqgumm3sbhl8notefn5uzaz4n4xo7 0 13386 50288 2026-06-08T08:02:04Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA LEKADIBA LA SUA 50288 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Botswana location map.svg|thumb|Lekadiba la Sua]] Lekadiba la Sua ke kgaolo e kgolo ya tlholego ya lefatshe mo teng ga kgaolo ya Makgadikgadi kwa bokonebotlhaba jwa [[Botswana]]. E gaufi le motse wa [[Sowa]], o leina la one le rayang letswai ka puo ya Ba-San.<ref>[http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/attractions/sowa_pan.html Sowa Pan] [https://web.archive.org/web/20110220190142/http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/attractions/sowa_pan.html Archived] 2011-02-20 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. Botswana Tourism Board.</ref><ref>Murphy, Alan (2007). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=AijmBeQ9_r8C&q=sua+sowa+pan&pg=PA99 Southern Africa]'' (4th ed.). Lonely Planet. p. 99. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-74059-745-6|978-1-74059-745-6]]</bdi>. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/156530975 156530975.]</ref> Lekadiba la letswai la Sua ke lengwe la makadiba a mararo a matona mo teng ga Makgadikgadi, ta mangwe a mab edi ke la Nxai le la Nwetwe Pan.<ref>B.R. Davies, 1986</ref> Lekadiba la Sua le ne la tlhalosiwa la ntlha mo lefatsheng la Yuropa ke David Livingstone, go ya ka dipatlisiso tsa gagwe mo kgaolong eno.<ref>D. Livingstone, 1868</ref> Diphitlhelelo tse di botlhokwa tsa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo di dirilwe mo teng ga Lekadiba ka Nwetwe, tse di nang le didirisiwa tsa Motlha wa Matlapa go tswa mo bathong ba ba neng ba nna mo lefelong leno[5] fa letsha le letona le le neng le nna mo lefelong leno<ref>Jones, Sacha C.; Stewart, Brian A., eds. (2016). [https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9789401775199 ''Africa from MIS 6-2: Population Dynamics and Paleoenvironments''.] Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Springer Netherlands. doi[[doi:10.1007/978-94-017-7520-5|:10.1007/978-94-017-7520-5]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/9789401775199|<bdi>9789401775199</bdi>.]] S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12509903 12509903.]</ref>fa letsha le letona le le neng le nna ngwaga otlhe le ne le nna mo lekadibeng la Sua le la Nwetwe.<ref>Burrough, Sallie L.; Thomas, David S.G.; Bailey, Richard M. (July 2009). "Mega-Lake in the Kalahari: A Late Pleistocene record of the Palaeolake Makgadikgadi system". ''Quaternary Science Reviews''. '''28''' (15–16): 1392–1411. Bibcode:2009QSRv...28.1392B. doi:[[doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.02.007|10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.02.007.]]</ref> Letswai la Lekadiba la Sua ke lengwe la makadiba a matona a playa mo lefatsheng e akaretsa disekwerekilometara di ka nna 24 000. Le fa sodiamo tleloraete e le karolo e e botlhokwa, go na le matswai a mangwe a mantsi a a fitlhelwang mo teng ga lefelo leno jaaka sodiamo khaboneite, sodiamo bikhaboneite, sodiamo salefeite, le selekanyo se sennye sa potasiamo tleloraete (potashe).<ref>Republic of Botswana (November 24, 1980). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170221163651/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAY142.pdf "Botswana Soda-ash Study Contract No. AID/SOD/PDC-C-0407"] (PDF). ''The Brines of Sua Pan''. United States Agency for International Development. Archived from [http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAY142.pdf the original] (PDF) on February 21, 2017.</ref> Mo bo gompienong Lekadiba la Sua ke letsha la dipaka; e tlala ka metsi ka nako ya dipula tsa selemo mme e boloka metsi a a tlisitsweng go tswa kwa Nokeng ya Nata go fitlha ka Moranang kgotsa Motsheganong.[8] Gareng ga ditiro tsa ditlhabololo tse di atlegileng thata tsa tshomarelo ya diphologolo tsa naga le ne la bulwa ka ngwaga wa 1993 mme ka ngwaga oo la newa "Kabo ya Bojanala ya Ka moso" ya Hemisefere ya Borwa.[9] E tshegediwa ke maloko a metse e le mene e e gaufi, ba ba thusitseng gore e atlege. Nngwe ya melatswana ya Lekadiba la Sua ke [[noka ya Mosetse]]. Motse wa [[Mosetse]] o biditswe ka one mme o rapaletse go bapa le noka. == Madirelo == Makadiba a a dirisediwang meepo ya khaboneite ya sodiamo Lekadiba la Sua gape ke lefelo la komponi ya meepo ya sodiamo khaboneite (molora wa soda) ya Botash. Kompone eno ke ya puso ya Botswana ka sephatlo mme e ntsha ditone di feta 300 000 tsa molora wa soda le ditone di le 450 000 tsa letswai ka ngwaga.<ref>[http://www.botash.bw/company-history/ "History"]</ref> Mo godimo ga go ntsha khaboneite ya sodiamo, moepo o ntsha gape matswai a halite, sodiamo salefeite le sodiamo bikhaboneite. Moepo o dirisa pharologano ya thulaganyo ya Solvay go ntsha molora wa soda le ditlhagiswa tsa bona.<ref>Frank D.Eckardt; Robert G.Bryant; Graham McCulloch; Baruch Spiro; Warren W.Wood (2008). "The hydrochemistry of a semi-arid pan basin case study: Sua Pan, Makgadikgadi, Botswana". ''Applied Geochemistry''. '''23''' (6): 1563–1580. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ApGC...23.1563E 2008ApGC...23.1563E.] doi:1[[doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2007.12.033|0.1016/j.apgeochem.2007.12.033.]]</ref> == Dipalangwa == Lekadiba la Sua le mo bokhutlo jwa bophirima jwa seporo sa Francistown–Lekadiba la Sua le dikilometara di le 174.5. cr1u3k3fnd0gxh5ciidp2mnzqoc541t 0 13387 50289 2026-06-08T08:28:00Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE TSENTSE TSEBE YA Noka ya Shire 50289 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Shire fluss nsanje.jpg|thumb|Noka ya Shire go bapa le Nsanje,Malawi]] <ref>[https://worldsenz.blogspot.com/2010/12/shire-river-malawi.html "The Ruins of the Moment: Shire River, Malawi — Photos by Pete McGregor".] December 20, 2010.</ref>Noka ya '''Shire''' ke noka e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe kwa [[Malawi]].[3] Ke yone fela e e tswang mo [[Letsha la Malawi]] mme e elela mo Nokeng ya Zambezi kwa [[Mozambique]]. Boleele jwa yone ke dikilometara di le makgolo a mane le bobedi (250 mi). Noka e e kwa godimo ya Shire e elela go tswa mo Letsheng la Malawi mme e tsamaya mo e ka nnang dikilometara di le lesome le borobabongwe pele ga e tsena mo Letsheng le le seng boteng la Malombe. Morago ga moo e ntsha metsi mo [[Letsha la Malombe]] mme e elela kwa borwa go ralala [[Liwonde National Park]] kwa go tlwaelegileng go nna le dikubu tse dintsi go bapa le mabopo a lone. Magareng ga ditoropo tsa Matope le [[Chikwawa]], noka e e fa gare e wela mo e ka nnang di metara di le makgolo a mane(1,300 ft) ka motseletsele wa diphororo le diphororo, go akaretsa le [[Diphororo tsa Kapachira.]] Go agilwe matamo a mabedi a motlakase wa metsi go bapa le Shire kwa bokonebophirima jwa [[Blantyre.]] Ka kwa ga Chikwawa, noka e e kwa tlase e retologela kwa borwabotlhaba mme e tsene mo lebaleng le le kwa tlase la Mozambique. Noka ya yone e tona thata e bile e le nngwe ya dinoka tsa yone di le mmalwa tse di sa feleng, e leng Noka ya Ruo, e kopana le Shire gaufi le toropo ya Chiromo kwa Malawi. Metsi ano a a seretse a feta mo lefelong le legolo le le emeng fela le le bidiwang [[Elephant Marsh]] pele ga a fitlha kwa a kopanang teng le [[Noka ya Zambezi]] kwa borwa jwa toropo ya Sena, kwa [[Mozambique|Mozambique.]] Ka ngwaga wa 1859, leeto la Bobedi la ga [[David Livingstone]] la Zambezi le ne la tlhatloga noka ya Shire.<ref>Briggs, Philip (2016). [https://books.google.com/books?id=CQueDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 ''Malawi''.] Bradt Travel Guides. p. 9. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/9781784770143|<bdi>9781784770143</bdi>.]]</ref> Molapo wa noka ke karolo ya thulaganyo ya East African Rift.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071203211025/http://mappoint.msn.com/(rddmzdbprlpfsl5504qmz245)/map.aspx?C=0%2C0&A=100000&L=WLD0409 "Live Search Maps"]. Archived from [https://mappoint.msn.com/(rddmzdbprlpfsl5504qmz245)/map.aspx?C=0%2c0&A=100000&L=WLD0409 the original] on 2007-12-03. Retrieved 2007-08-09.</ref> == Metswedi == [[Setshwantsho:Ferry over Shire River in Mozambique.JPG|thumb|Pantuni e tlola noka ya Shire mo Mozambique]] 5uitx93yarrk2su0s99218h8av5s5d1 0 13388 50291 2026-06-08T08:41:06Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE TSENTSE TSEBE YA Letsha la Malombe 50291 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Lake Malombe NASA.jpg|thumb|Letsha la Malombe]] '''Letsha la Malombe''' ke letsha le le kwa karolong e e kwa borwa jwa [[Malawi]]. E mo Nokeng ya Shire,[http://srdis.ciesin.columbia.edu/cases/malawi-002.html]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060910134631/http://srdis.ciesin.columbia.edu/cases/malawi-002.html "Community-Based Fisheries Management Lake Malombe, Malawi".] Archived from the original on 2006-09-10. Retrieved 2006-09-10.</ref> mo Kgaolong ya Borwa go dikologa 14°40′0′′S 35°15′0′′E, mo e ka nnang dikilometara di le masome mabedi (12 mi) kwa borwa jwa [[Letsha la Malawi]] le letona thata. E na le kgaolo e e ka nnang 450 km2 (170 mi2). Mo dingwageng tsa sešweng palo ya batshwaraditlhapi mo letsheng e tlhatlhogile thata, mme seno se dirile gore go nne le phokotsego ya selegae mo mefuteng mengwe ya ditlhapi, bogolosegolo di-chambo cichlid tse e leng motswedi o o botlhokwa wa dijo go ralala Malawi. Letsha leno ga le boteng thata ka palogare ya boteng jo bo ka nnang dikgato di robabobedi , mme ka dipaka tsa maemo a bosa a a omileng selekanyo sa metsi se a boela morago mme se ka nna sa nyelela. Letsha leno le ne le omile dingwaga di le makgolo a le mmalwa go fitlha le tlala gape mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga. == Metswedi == d2cr0glqdtqzlwdpxnn85mbcpn5wpqh 0 13389 50292 2026-06-08T08:58:27Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Noka ya Mogalakwena #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA 50292 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river|river_name=Mogalakwena|image_name=Mogalakwenarivier, stroomaf in droë seisoen, Magagamatala, b.jpg|caption=Noka e e motlhaba ka mariga, gaufi le Magagamatala kwa bokone jwa [[Limpopo]]|image_map=South Africa relief location map.svg|map_caption=Molomo wa noka ya Mogalakwena|basin_countries=[[Aforika Borwa]]|mouth=[[Limpopo River]]}} '''Noka ya Mogalakwena''' (e ka puo ya Afrikaans e bidiwang Mogalakwenarivier) ke nngwe ya metswedi ya metsi e metona kwa [[Kgaolo ya Limpopo|kgaolong ya Limpopo]], kwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. Ke nngwe ya dinoka tse di tshelang kwa [[Limpopo River|nokeng ya Limpopo]]. == Metswedi ya yone == Noka e, e elela go tswa kwa botlhaba jwa majwe a Waterberg kwa bokonebotlhaba go feta lefelo le le tletseng metsi go nna [[noka ya Nyl]]. Morago ga dikhilomitara di le masome a robabobedi e simolola go konegela kwa bokone leina la yone le bo le fetoga go nna Mogalakwena. E elelela go kgabaganya kgaolo ya Limpopo go fitlhelela e kopana le lotshitshi lo lo kwa mojeng lwa noka ya Limpopo kwa molelwaneng wa [[Aforika Borwa]] le [[Botswana|Botswana.]]<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA1Limpopo.jpg Limpopo WMA 1]</ref> Kgampu ya Mgalakwena e amiwa ke dipula tse di nang mo sebakeng sa dingwaga di le tlhano ka nako eo noka e a bo e omeletse dingwaga di le tlhano, morago dingwaga tse dingwe tse tlhano e nne le metsi a a lekaneng.<ref>[https://hsrc.ac.za/research/output/outputDocuments/3502_Roefs_Mogalakwena_Assessmentofinformation.pdf Mogalakwena municipality: assessment of information]^{[''permanent dead link'']} (PDF) Retrieved 08 June 2026</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2016, noka e ne e na le metsi a a kwa tlase thata mo banni ba motse wa Bokwidi ba neng ba tshwanelwa ke go epa motlhaba go batla metsi gore loruo lwa bone lo kgone go nwa.<ref>[https://www.news24.com/limpopo-villagers-forced-to-dig-for-water-20160118 "Limpopo villagers forced to dig for water".] ''Mokopane''. news24.com. News24. 18 January 2016. Retrieved 08 June 2026.</ref> Go na le matamo a robabobedi kwa kgampung ya Mogalakwena.<ref>[http://www.limpoporak.com/en/river/sub-basin+summaries/Mogalakwena.aspx Mogalakwena Sub-basin] [https://web.archive.org/web/20120420012244/http://www.limpoporak.com/en/river/sub-basin+summaries/Mogalakwena.aspx# Archived] 2012-04-20 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]] Retrieved 08 June 2026</ref> Dikubu tse dintsi tsa noka ya Limpopo di fitlhelwa fa gare ga noka ya Mokolo le ya Mogalakwena.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/limpopo/mokolo_06.pdf State of Rivers Report: the Mokolo River] (PDF)</ref> == Dinoka tse e di tshelelang == [[Setshwantsho:Klein-Magalakwenarivier, laatsomer-2021, Limpopo, e.jpg|left|thumb|Noka ya Little Mogalakwena (kgotsa Motse) gaufi le Marken, Limpopo, e mo lotshitshing lo lo mo molemeng wa Mogalakwena]] Kwa borwa jwa noka ya Nyl ke noka ya Mogalakwena, e e itsegeng ka dipoa, tse di itsegeng gape ka leina la makgadikgadi a Nyl. Dipoa tse di sireleditswe bontlha bongwe kwa lefelong la itloso bodutu la Nylsvley Nature Reserve,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130913020720/http://www.limpoposouth.co.za/P20050520145545229.htm# "Nylsvlei Nature Reserve".] Archived from [http://www.limpoposouth.co.za/P20050520145545229.htm# the original] on 13 September 2013. Retrieved 08 June 2026</ref> le na le mofuta mongwe o montsi thata kwa [[Aforika Borwa]] wa dinonyane tsa metsi.<ref>[https://www.wrc.org.za/Lists/Knowledge%20Hub%20Items/Attachments/5388/2007_Jan_07_1996b_ABSTRACT.pdf Hydrological and hydraulic modelling of the Nyl River floodplain] (PDF) Retrieved 08 June 2026</ref> Dingwe tsa dinoka tse di tshelang kwa Mogalakwena ke noka ya Mothlakole, noka ya Dorps, Rooisloot (kwa mojeng), Groot Sandsloot (kwa mojeng), Witrivier (kwa mojeng), Sterk (kwa molemeng), Mokamolo (kwa molemeng), Litle Mogalakwena (kwa molemeng), Matlalane (kwa mojeng), Seepabana (kwa mojeng), Ga-Mamoleka (kwa mojeng), Pholotsi le Thwathwe.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Other/WMA/1/optimised/LIMPOPO%20REPORT%20PART%20B%20AND%20APPENDICES.pdf Mogalakwena catchment] (PDF)</ref><ref>Walton, Christopher (ed.); O'Hagan, Tim (1984). ''Reader's Digest Atlas of Southern Africa''. Cape Town: Reader's Digest Association South Africa. pp. 190–191, 194. ISBN 0-947-008-02-0 <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[:en:Template:Cite_book|cite book]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: <code>|first1=</code> has generic name ([[:en:Help:CS1_errors#generic_name|help]])</ref> == Matamo a a mo kgampung == * [[Letamo la Glen Alpine]] * [[Letamo la Doorndraai]], mo nokeng ya Sterk * [[Letamo la Combrink]], kwa nokeng ya Dorps * [[Letamo la Donkerpoort]], kwa nokeng ya Klein Nyl == Merafe == Kgaolo e,e na le magosi a batho bantsho ba Bantu le Basarwa. Matebele a batho ba Langa ke one morafe o motona o o nwang mo nokeng eo, ba salwa morago ke Bapedi ba Puka-Phokela, Lebelo Kgomo le ba Tsonga ba kwa Nkuna. Ba Kattea, ba ba tshwanang le Basarwa, ba ne ba nna mo masimong a a bapileng le Mogalakwena. Ka ngwaga wa 1905, ba ne ba fokotsegile go nna lekgolo fela. == Metswedi == 3vmsnrwn9z6vhlkkwas7y6xena27i70 0 13390 50293 2026-06-08T09:19:55Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Noka ya Kagera 50293 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:KageraRuvubu.jpg|thumb|Noka ya Kagera le Ruvubu gaufi le Diphororo tsa Rusumo]] '''Noka ya Kagera''', e e itsegeng gape jaaka '''Noka ya Akagera''', kgotsa '''Alexandra Nile''', ke noka ya Aforika Botlhaba, e e bopang karolo ya ditlhogo tse di kwa godimo tsa Nile mme e rwala metsi go tswa kwa motsweding wa yone o o kgakala thata.<ref>Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, ISBN 0486256677</ref>: 167 Ka boleele jotlhe jwa dikilometara di le masome a matlhano,masome a robabongwe le bosupa (371 mi) go tswa kwa motsweding wa yone kwa Landawa Rru. Karolo ya noka e e bidiwang Kagera e simolola kwa Burundi, e elela go tswa kwa Letsheng la Rweru. Go tswa mo letsheng leno, le elela kwa botlhaba go bapa le melelwane ya [[Rwanda]] le [[Burundi]] le Rwanda le [[Tanzania]] go ya kwa e kopanang teng le [[Noka ya Ruvubu]]. Ka jalo metsi a Kagera a tlamelwa ke melatswana e mebedi e metona, e leng Nyabarongo ya Rwanda, e e fepang [[Letsha la Rweru]], le Ruvubu ya Burundi. Ga go itsiwe gore ke efe ya dinoka tseno tse pedi tse di tshwlang e telele mme ka jalo e le motswedi wa bofelo wa Nile. Go tswa kwa kgolaganong, Kagera e elela kwa bokone go bapa le molelwane wa Rwanda le Tanzania, go feta Diphororo tsa Rusumo le go ralala Phaka ya Bosetšhaba ya Akagera. Go tswa foo e retologela kwa botlhaba, e latela molelwane wa Tanzania le Uganda mme e tshologela mo Letsheng la Victoria kwa Uganda. Ka ngwaga wa 1898, Richard Kandt e ne e le Moyuropa wa ntlha go fitlha kwa motsweding wa Kagera.<ref>[https://icaci.org/files/documents/ICC_proceedings/ICC2003/Papers/110.pdf "GERMAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE CARTOGRAPHY OF SOUTH WEST AND EAST AFRICA FROM MID 19th CENTURY TO WORLD WAR I"] (PDF). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304124657/http://icaci.org/files/documents/ICC_proceedings/ICC2003/Papers/110.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2019-09-21.</ref> Noka eno e ile ya tlhagelela thata mo ditiragalo tsa mafatshe a e fetang mo go tsone, segolobogolo Rwanda. Ka ngwaga wa1894, Mojeremane Gustav Adolf von Götzen o ne a kgabaganya Kagera kwa Diphororo tsa Rusumo, a tshwaya motlha wa bokoloniale wa Rwanda o o neng wa simolola semmuso ka ngwaga wa 1899. Mme ka ngwaga wa 1916, ka nako ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe I, Ba-Belgium ba ne ba fenya Bajeremane, ba tsena mo Rwanda ka tsela e e tshwanang. Noka eno e ne ya itsege thata mo mafatsheng a mangwe ka ngwaga wa 1994 ka go rwala ditopo tsa polao ya batho ba kwa Rwanda go tsena mo Letsheng la Victoria, mme seno sa dira gore go itsisiwe maemo a tshoganyetso mo mafelong a Uganda, koo ditopo tseno di neng tsa feleletsa di tlhatswitswe gone. == Thutafatshe == Noka ya Kagera e tlhatloga kwa Burundi mme e elela kwa Letsheng la Victoria. Ke kelelo e tona go gaisa tsotlhe e e tsenang gangwe fela mo letsheng, e e nang le seabe mo go ka nnang dikhubikimetara di le dibilione di le 6.4 tsa metsi ka ngwaga (mo e ka nnang diperesente di le 28 tsa kelelo e e tswang mo letsheng).<ref>Rangeley, p. 54</ref> Kagera e bopilwe ke go kopana ga Ruvuvu le Nyabarongo, gaufi le ntlha e e kwa bokone thata ya [[Letsha la Tanganyika]].<ref>Dumont, p. 341</ref>E bopa dikarolo tsa melelwane ya Burundi–[[Tanzania]], [[Rwanda]]–Tanzania, Burundi–Rwanda le Tanzania–Uganda. E adima leina la yone ke Phaka ya Bosetšhaba ya Akagera kwa bokone jwa Rwanda, mmogo le Kgaolo ya Kagera kwa Tanzania. Mo nokeng eno go na le Diphororo tsa Rusumo, e leng lefelo le le botlhokwa la go kgabaganya Rwanda le Tanzania. E gaufi le toropo ya Rusumo. == Tlhapi == Kgaolo ya Noka ya Kagera e humile ka ditlhapi. Go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le motso, go ne go na le bonnye mefuta e le masome a matlhano le botlhano e e itsiweng go tswa mo karolong ya Rwanda fela mme palo ya nnete e ka tswa e le kwa godimo.<ref name=":0">De Vos, L; J. Snoeks; D.T. van den Audenaerde (2001). [https://doi.org/10.2982%2F0012-8317%282001%2990%5B41%3AAACOTF%5D2.0.CO%3B2 "An Annotated Checklist of the Fishes of Rwanda (East Central Africa), With Historical Data on Introductions of Commercially Important Species".] ''Journal of East African Natural History''. '''90''' (1): 41–68. doi:[https://doi.org/10.2982%2F0012-8317%282001%2990%5B41%3AAACOTF%5D2.0.CO%3B2 <nowiki>10.2982/0012-8317(2001)90[41:AACOTF]2.0.CO;2.</nowiki>]</ref> Mefuta e mengwe e le supa e kwadilwe mo dipatlisisong tse dingwe.<ref>Olokotum, Mark (2022)[https://www.gbif.org/dataset/949cff8a-d15c-4213-86f4-3804e8f5fea8 , ''Fish Biodiversity Assessments for Conservation and Hydropower Developments'',] Mark Olokotum, Laban Musinguzi, National Fisheries Resources Research Institute, doi:[[doi:10.15468/JS65TH|10.15468/JS65TH]], retrieved 2025-06-1</ref><ref>Olokotum, Mark (2022), [https://www.gbif.org/dataset/5a53f318-2cba-42ea-ab8c-01335c2ac646 ''Fish species observations from a monitoring survey of two Lake Victoria affluent rivers (Rivers Kagera and Sio)'',] Mark Olokotum, Laban Musinguzi, National Fisheries Resources Research Institute, doi:[[doi:10.15468/WSXMK6|10.15468/WSXMK6,]] retrieved 2025-06-14</ref>Mo godimo ga moo, go na le bonnye mefuta e le lesome le bosupa e e sa tlhalosiwang ya di-haplochromine cichlid tse di fitlhelwang mo makadibeng mangwe a a mo dikarolong tse di kwa godimo tsa noka.<ref>Sayer, C.A.; L. Máiz-Tomé; W.R.T. Darwall (2018). ''Freshwater biodiversity in the Lake Victoria Basin: Guidance for species conservation, site protection, climate resilience and sustainable livelihoods''. Cambridge, UK and Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. doi:[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.CH.2018.RA.2.en|10.2305/IUCN.CH.2018.RA.2.en]]. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/9782831718965|<bdi>9782831718965</bdi>.]]</ref> Ka ntlha ya diphororo tse dintsi le diphororo tse di bofefo, dikarolo tse di farologaneng tsa lefelo la Noka ya Kagera di kgaogane sentle, mme seno se dira gore go nne thata kgotsa le eleng go sa kgonege go tsamaya ga ditlhapi fa gare ga tsone.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Berakhi, Robel Ogbaghebriel; Oyana, Tonny J.; Adu-Prah, Samuel (2014-05-23). "Land use and land cover change and its implications in Kagera river basin, East Africa". ''African Geographical Review''. '''34''' (3): 209–231. doi:[[doi:10.1080/19376812.2014.912140|10.1080/19376812.2014.912140]]. ISSN 1937-6812. S2CID 153931262</ref> Mofuta mongwe o o itsiweng o ne o nna mo beisineng, e leng Labeobarbus microbarbis, jaanong o tsewa o sa tlhole o le teng. == Polao ya semorafe == Ka nako ya polao ya semorafe ya Rwanda ka ngwaga wa 1994, Kagera e ne e dirisiwa go latlha ditopo jaaka diketekete tsa [[Matutsi]] le [[Bahutu]] ba ba itekanetseng mo dipolotiking ba ne ba bolawa mo letshitshing la noka.<ref>January, p. 83</ref>Noka e ne ya tlisa ditopo tse di bolailweng mo Letsheng la Victoria, mme ya baka kotsi e e masisi mo botsogong kwa Uganda.<ref>Lorch, Donatella (21 May 1994), [https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/21/world/thousands-of-rwanda-dead-wash-down-to-lake-victoria.html "Thousands of Rwanda Dead Wash Down to Lake Victoria",] ''The New York Times'', [[archived]] from the original on 17 March 2013, retrieved 26 February 2010</ref> == Metswedi == 7jzwr3eplvrs5e9t5e63lvflgvyvccw 0 13391 50294 2026-06-08T09:21:43Z Lucrucia98 12161 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE TSENTSE TSEBE YA LETAMO LA VAAL 50294 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Letamo la Vaal''' le ko Aferika Borwa le agilwe ka ngwaga wa 1938 letamo le le masome a supa le bosupa(77 km) kwa borwa jwa Lebala la Difofane jwa OR Tambo, Johannesburg. Letsha le le ka fa morago ga lebota la letamo le na le bogolo jwa dikilometara di ka nna makgolo a mararo le masome a mabedi (320) (120 sq mi)<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/orange/Vaal/vaaldam.htm "VAAL DAM"]. Department of Water Affairs. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2009</ref> mme le boteng jwa dimitara di le masome a mabedi le bosupa (47). Letamo la Vaal le mo Nokeng ya Vaal, e e leng nngwe ya dinoka tse di elelang thata mo Aferika Borwa. Dinoka tse dingwe tse di elelang mo letamong ke Noka ya Wilge, Molspruit le Grootspruit.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/vaal.htm Vaal (reservoir)] Archived 22 June 2004 at the Wayback Machine</ref>E na le dikilometara di feta makgolo a ferabobedi (800) (500 mi) tsa lebopo mme ke letamo la bobedi le letona mo Aferika Borwa ka botona le la bone ka botona. == Ditso == Kago ya Letamo la Vaal e simolotse ka nako ya kgatelelo ya maikutlo ya ntlha ya dingwaga tsa bo masome a mararo(30), mme letamo le ne la fela ka ngwaga wa 1938 ka godimo lebota le dimitara di le 54.2 (178 ft) kwa godimo ga motheo o o kwa tlase le bokgoni jo bo tletseng jwa tlamelo jwa dikhukimetara di le 994,000,000 (3.51×1ft). Letamo ke sebopego sa kgogedi sa konkoreite se se nang le karolo ya go tlatsa mmu mo letlhakoreng le le siameng. E agilwe jaaka kgwebo e e kopanetsweng ke Rand Water le Lefapha la Nosetso (le jaanong le itsegeng jaaka Lefapha la Merero ya Metsi). Morago ga moo letamo le ne la tlhatlosiwa mo tshimologong ya di ngwaga tsa bo masome a matlhano (50) go ya kwa bogodimong jwa dimitara di le 60.3 (198 ft) jo bo neng jwa oketsa bokgoni go nna 2,188,000,000 (7.73×1010 cu ft). Go tlhatlosiwa ga bobedi go ne ga diragala ka ngwaga wa 1985 fa lebota le ne le tlhatlosiwa ka dimitara tse dingwe gape di le 3.05 (10.0 ft) go ya go dimitara di le 63.4 (208 ft) kwa godimo ga motheo o o kwa tlase. Bokgoni jwa letamo ga jaana ke 2,609,799,000 (9.21642×1010 dikhubiki ft) mme dikhubikimitara tse dingwe di le 663,000,000 (2.34×1010 dikhubiki ft) kgotsa 26% di ka bolokwa ka nakwana go tladiwa ka metsi. Letamo leno le na le setlhaketlhake sa lone se se ka nnang boleele jwa dikilometara di le tlhano(5). Setlhaketlhake se se ne se dirisiwa jaaka lefelo la kopano la sephiri ke puso ya tlhaolele mme jaanong se tshwara lebelo la ngwaga le ngwaga la Round the Island Yacht, e leng setlhogo sa Guinness Book of World Records sa lobelo le letoa la dikepe tsa kwa nageng.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101219034532/http://www.gauteng.net/attractions/entry/vaal_dam/ "Vaal Dam – Attractions – Gauteng Tourism Authority]". Archived from the original on 19 December 2010</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ka ngwaga wa 1948 BOAC e ne ya tlhagisa dikepe tse di fofang tsa Short Solent mo tirelong ya UK (Southampton) go ya kwa Aforika Borwa (Vaaldam).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081227103220/http://www.bamuseum.com/museumhistory40-50.html "Museum History 1940–1950"]. British Airways Museum. Archived from the original on 27 December 2008. Retrieved 10 July 2009</ref>Motse o monnye wa Deneysville o ne o dirisiwa jaaka lefelo la go ema ke dikepe tsa bogologolo tsa BOAC tse di fofang. == Metshameko ya metsi == Letamo la Vaal ke lefelo la go tshwara ditlhapi tsa carp le catfish tsa metsi a a phepa. Mabopo a yone a tletse ka batshwaraditlhapi ngwaga otlhe. Ditiragalo tse dintsi tsa metshameko ya metsi ya maemo a a kwa godimo di tshwarwa go kwa go akaretsa le lebelo la ngwaga le ngwaga la "Round The Island" la dikepe le le rulagantsweng ke Lake Deneys Yacht Club—<ref>[http://www.ldyc.co.za/ "There's much more to LDYC than Sailing"]. Lake Deneys Yacht Club. Retrieved 10 July 2009</ref> lebelo le le ntseng le le mo Bukeng ya Direkoto ya Guinness ka ntlha ya go nna "Dikepe tse dintsi mo Lebelong la Dikepe tsa Naga mo Lefatsheng", le mo go lone dikepe di le makgolo a mararo le masome a ferangbobedi le boferabongwe (389) di neng tsa kgabaganya mola wa bofelo. Direkoto tsa dikepe tse dintsi mo lebelong la dikepe tsa mo mafatsheng. Ditiragalo di le dintsi tse ditona di diragala go ne kwa go akaretsa Beke ya Keelboat le lebelo la jetski la Bayshore la dikilometara di le makgolo a mabedi (200), mme jaanong ke Tsomo ya Letlotlo la Letamo la Bayshore Marina Vaal. Lake Deneys Yacht Club le Pennant Nine Yacht Club partnered di ne tsa dirisana mmogo go rulaganya sekepe se se neng sa tsaya karolo mo "Bart's Bash" ya mafatshefatshe ya ntlha ya ngwaga wa 2014 le ya bobedi ya ngwaga wa 2015. == Tlholego == Mefuta e metona ya ditlhapi tse di tshwarang tsa letamo la Vaal ke barbel, carp e e tlwaelegileng, carp ya seipone, carp ya bojang, tlhapi e tshetlha ya molomo o monnye, tlhapi e tshetlha ya molomo o mogolo le tlhapi ya seretse.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304173140/http://www.favisa.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=87&Itemid=226 "Vaal Dam / Vaaldam (FS)".] ''Fishing and Venues in South Africa''. favisa. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 26 February 2016</ref>Dinonyane tsa Egyptian geese le di-blacksmith lapwing ke dinonyane tse dintsi tsa mo lebopong, mme di-tern tsa Caspian le tsone di tlhagelela ka bontsi. Flamingo e kgolo ke nonyane e e tsamayang ka metlha, ka flamingo e nnye e e leng teng ka dipalo tse di kwa tlase, mme go bonwe di-openbill tse di tsamayatsamayang. Dintsu tsa ditlhapi di le mmalwa di teng, fa osprey e tlhagelela ka sewelo.<ref>[http://cwac.adu.org.za/sites.php?province=Free%20State "Registered CWAC Sites: Free State".] ''Coordinated Waterbird Counts''. ADU. Retrieved 26 February 2016</ref> == Metswedi == ih0psefgle7dxin3clg48u2jpz5be5u 0 13392 50295 2026-06-08T09:25:11Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Noka ya Nyl #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50295 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river|name=Noka ya Nyl|river_name=Nylrivier|image_name=Nylrivier, stroomop van bruggie, a.jpg|caption=E elelela mo matlapeng|map_caption=Molomo wa noka ya Nyl|image_map=South Africa relief location map.svg|mouth=[[Noka ya Mogalakwena]]|basin_countries=[[Aforika Borwa]]|elevation_m=1,200 m|location=Gaufi le Bela-Bela|mouth_elevation=1,060 m}} '''Noka ya Nyl''' ke motswedi wa metsi kwa [[Kgaolo ya Limpopo|Limpopo]], kwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. E elelela kwa tlhogong ya [[noka ya Mogalakwena]], kwa e leng borwa jwa yone.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120420012244/http://www.limpoporak.com/en/river/sub-basin+summaries/Mogalakwena.aspx# "Mogalakwena Sub-basin".] Archived from [http://www.limpoporak.com/en/river/sub-basin+summaries/Mogalakwena.aspx# the original] on 2012-04-20. Retrieved 2026-06-08</ref> E gaufi le [[Mookgophong]] (Naboomspruit) kwa bokone jwa dikago tsa matlhatlhaganyane tsa Springbok.<ref>[https://www.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/rsa1923wagnergeologyofspringbokflats.pdf The Geology of the North-Eastern part of the Springbok Flats and Surrounding Country]</ref> Leina la noka ya Nyl le tlhaga mo lefokong Nile. K a dingwaga tsa 1860, setlhopha sa batsamai ba lotso lwa Dutch ba ba neng ba itsege ka leina la Jerusalemgangers, ba ne ba bona poa e tona e e ikadileng ka noka e kgolo e elela kwa bokone ba akanya gore ba gorogile kwa nokeng ya Nylrivier. Ba ne ba thibelela mo lefelong leo ba tlhama toropo e e neng e bidiwa Nylstroom ka ngwaga wa 1866.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130913020720/http://www.limpoposouth.co.za/P20050520145545229.htm# "Nylsvlei Nature Reserve".] Archived from [http://www.limpoposouth.co.za/P20050520145545229.htm# the original] on 2013-09-13. Retrieved 2026-06-08</ref> == Metswedi ya yone == Noka ya Nyl e tshelwa ke dinokana tse dipotlana tse di tshologang go stwa kwa majweng a Waterberg go ya bokone botlhaba. Molatswana o motona o bidiwa Groot Nyl o o nang le metswedi e e yang kwa botlhaba jwa Bela-Bela (Warmbad). Metswedi ya yone e metona ke Olifantspruit le Tobiasspruit. Metswedi e mengwe ke Klein Nyl, Middelfonteinspruit, Hessie-se-Water, De Wet Zyn Loop, Bad se Loop, Andriesspruit, Kotjie se Loop le Dorpspruit.<ref>[https://www.wrc.org.za/Lists/Knowledge%20Hub%20Items/Attachments/5387/2007_Jan_07_1996a_ABSTRACT.pdf Hydrological and hydraulic modelling of the Nyl River floodplain]</ref> Poa ya Nyl e elella metsi go ya ka dipaka e tletse lotlhaka le dimela tse dingwe tsa metsi. E itsege ka leina la Nylsvlei, go tswa mo lefokong la Clei le gantsi le dirisiwang go raya makadiba a a sa kgaleng, ka gore e elelela kwa bokone botlhaba ka bonya. Kwa pele e sokamela kwa bokone. Morago e nna noka ya Mogalakwena pele ga noka ya Dorps e kopana le lotshitshi lo lo kwa mojeng lwa molatswana.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA1Limpopo.jpg Limpopo WMA 1]</ref> === Matamo a a mo kgampung === [[Setshwantsho:Oorstroomde land langs Nylrivier-boloop, a.jpg|left|thumb|Lefelo le le kwa tlase gaufi le noka le le kgatlhang dinonyane]] Letamo la Donkerpoort ke letamo le le kwa Klein Nyl gaufi le Modimolle, kwa e neng e le Nylstroom pele. Molatswana o o tlaelesegile ka go tshwara ditlhapi kwa go one.<ref>[https://www.places.co.za/html/nylstroom.html SA Places - Modimolle]</ref> == Tikologo == Poa ya Nyl, e e itsegeng gape ka leina la makgadikgadi a Nyl ke lefelo le le bokgola ka dipaka tse di farologaneng, ka kgampu ya Mogalakwena e amiwa ke go na ga pula ga dingwaga tse tlhano mo go bakang gore noka e omelele sebaka sa dingwaga di le tlhano mme e elele metsi mo sebakeng se sengwe sa dingwaga tse tlhano.<ref>[https://hsrc.ac.za/research/output/outputDocuments/3502_Roefs_Mogalakwena_Assessmentofinformation.pdf Mogalakwena municipality: assessment of information]^{[''permanent dead link'']}</ref> Ke nngwe ya mafratlhatlha a matona thata kwa Aforika Borwa a a nnang dinonyane tsa metsi.<ref>[https://www.wrc.org.za/Lists/Knowledge%20Hub%20Items/Attachments/5388/2007_Jan_07_1996b_ABSTRACT.pdf Hydrological and hydraulic modelling of the Nyl River floodplain]</ref> Poa e, jaanong ke lefelo la itloso bodutu la Nylsvley Nature Reserve<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20130913020720/http://www.limpoposouth.co.za/P20050520145545229.htm# Nylsvlei Nature Reserve]". Archived from [http://www.limpoposouth.co.za/P20050520145545229.htm# the original] on 2013-09-13. Retrieved 2026-06-08</ref>, e le lefelo le le bokgola la botlhokwa mo mafatsheng ka bophara. == Metswedi == 2rhw4qx3kkd3h929uo0l6hel5gpx8fn 0 13393 50296 2026-06-08T09:33:38Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Noka ya Rurubu 50296 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:KageraRuvubu.jpg|thumb|Nokay ya Ruvubu]] '''Noka ya Ruvubu''' (e gape e kwalwang '''Rurubu''' le '''Ruvuvu''') ke noka e e mo bogareng jwa Afrika e metsi a yone a kgobokanang go tswa kwa karolong e e kgakala thata, e e kwa borwa jwa lefelo la Nile. E na le boleele jotlhe jwa dikilometara di le makgolo a mane,lesome le borataro (dimaele di le 258) le sediba sa kelelo ya metsi sa dikilometara di le 14 000 (sekwere sa dimaele di le 5 400). Go tswa foo e tabogela kwa bokonebotlhaba, go feta kwa Ruvubu National Park, go fitlha kwa molelwaneng wa Tanzania. Morago ga go otlolla go bapa le molelwane, Ruvubu e kgabaganya sentle go tsena mo Tanzania, pele ga e kopana le Noka ya Kagera mo molelwaneng wa Tanzania–Rwanda mo e ka nnang dikilometara di le pedi (1.2 mi) kwa godimo ga Diphororo tsa Rusumo.<ref>The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (5 April 2025). [https://www.britannica.com/place/Ruvubu-River "Ruvubu River]". ''Encyclopedia Britannica''. Retrieved 3 July 2025.</ref><ref>Nzeyimana, Lazare (August 2003). ''R[https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A22853&dswid=932 usumo Dam-Social Challenge in Kagera River Basin: Participation of Affected People]'' [https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A22853&dswid=932 (MSc thesis). Linköping, Sweden: Linköping University. diva2] 22853. Retrieved 3 July 2025 – via Digitala Vetenskapliga Arkivet.</ref> Ruvubu e tsere leina la yone go tswa mo lefokong la Sekirundi le le kayang [[kubu]], imvubu, ka gonne noka eno e na le dikubu tse dintsi.<ref>INECN (1990). ''La Preservation de Notre Patrimoine Naturel''. Les Presses Lavigerie, Bujumbura.</ref> == Motlhala == Noka ya Ruvubu e simolola mo tlhogong ya Congo-Nile kwa Ngoga, kwa bogodimong jwa dimitara di le dikete tse pedi le makgolo a mararo (7 500 ft). E elela go tswa kwa bokonebophirima go ya kwa borwabotlhaba go ya kwa [[Mugera,]] mme go tswa foo, e tsaya ntlha ya bokonebotlhaba. E elela dikilometara di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a robabobedi le botlhano go ralala Burundi, mme e ntsha bontsi jwa karolo ya Burundi ya metsi a Nile. Kgaolo ya yone ya metsi e akaretsa disekwerekilometara di le dikete dile masome le makgolo a mabedi (3 900 sq mi) mme e akaretsa bogare jwa Burundi.<ref>[[:en:Rurubu_River#CITEREFProjet_de_developpement_local_pour_l%E2%80%99emploi|Projet de developpement local pour l’emploi,]] pp. 25–26.</ref> Dinoka tse di elelang mo mabopong ka bobedi di akaretsa Noka ya Kinyankuru, Noka ya Ndurumu, Noka ya Nyakigezi, Noka ya Nkoma, Noka ya Mubarazi, Noka ya Ruvyironza, Noka ya Nyabaha le Noka ya Kayongozi.[6] Bontsi jwa dinoka tseno di na le motswedi wa tsone mo tlhogong ya Congo Nile. Ruvubu e feta mo dikgaolong tsa tlholego tsa [[Buyenzi]], [[Kirimiro]] le [[Bweru]]. Ditlhatsana tsa Ruvubu di tletse thata ka metsi mme di tletse ka ditlhatsana tsa leruri.<ref>[[:en:Rurubu_River#CITEREFIgirukwishakaBararunyeretseHabonayoBangirinama2023|Igirukwishaka et al. 2023,]] p. 48</ref> == Metswedi == tix4dww003y064lwsbk48682nfcb5cb 0 13394 50298 2026-06-08T09:53:37Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Noka ya Palala #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50298 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river|river_name=Noka ya Palala|name=Noka ya Lephalala|image_name=Palala-River.jpg|caption=Mogororo wa Palala kgotsa noka ya Lephalala kwa Waterberg|map_caption=Molomo wa noka ya Lephalala|image_map=South Africa relief location map.svg|mouth=Noka ya Limpopo|basin_countries=[[Aforika Borwa]]}} '''Noka ya Palala''' kgotsa Lephalala, e gape e bidiwang [[noka ya Rhooebok]] ke [[Thomas Baines]],<ref>Kennedy, R.F. (1964) [1961]. ''Journal of Residence in Africa by Thomas Baines''. Van Riebeeck Society, Cape Town. p. 162.</ref> ke noka e e kwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. Kgampu e e tshelwang ke noka e, e mo [[Limpopo River|nokeng ya Limpopo]]. Ke motswedi wa botlhokwa kwa lefelong la Waterberg kwa kgaolong ya Limpopo. Noka e, e tshelwa ke naga ya Lapalala le mafelo a mangwe a a nnang diphologolo tsa naga kwa go tsweletsweng ka go tsosolosa sekgwa. Lefelo le le omeletseng ebile le le sekgwa le e leng bontlha jwa noka ya Palala le nniwa ke diphologolo tse ditona tsa Aforika di akaretsa dithutlwa, dinare tse ditshweu, dikgokong le losika lwa kgomo le podi. Noma ya Palala e supilwe fa e na le metsi a seemo se se kwa godimo e le metsi a a phatsimang, bogolo jang kwa mafelong a a kwa godingwana; go supilwe fa a siametse botsogo ga dirisiwa tlhapi ya katse go tshwaya. Go na le majwe a a takilweng go tswa kwa ditsong gaufi le lefelo la sekgwa sa Lapalala. == Dimela le diphologolo tse di fitlhelwang kwa nokeng == Go na le diphologolo tse di farologaneng kwa nokeng ya Palala di akaretsa ditlhapu, dikwena, ditlhware tsa maje le dikubu. Mo patlisisong ya ngwaga wa 2004 ya tshekatsheko ya botsogo jwa noka, go ne ga tsewa ditekeletso tsa tlhapi ya babore ya bokone jwa Aforika ga mmogo le mofuta o mongwe wa ditlhapi kwa sekgweng sa Lapalala.<ref>Maxwell Barson, ''Endoparasites of the sharptooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell), from the Rietvlei Dam, Sesmyl Spruit system, South Africa.'', Masters thesis, [[:en:University_of_Johannesburg|University of Johannesburg]] (2004)</ref> Go fitlhetswe ditlhapi tsa banna le tsa basadi tse di itekanetseng kwa sekgweng seo tse di bokete jwa khilogram e le nngwe; fa godimo ga foo; ditlhapi tse di ne tsa fitlhelwa di sena dilabe dipe gape di sa bolawe ke sebete.<ref>[http://etd.uj.ac.za/theses/available/etd-07052005-113515/restricted/Chapter5.pdf University of Johannesburg Palala River analysis of ''C. Gariepinus''^[]</ref> Botsogo jwa lefelo jo bo ne jwa baka gore go diriwe dipatlisiso go bo tshwantshanya le jwa dinoka tse dingwe kwa Aforika Borwa tse di neng di leswafetse ka ntlha ya kgopo ya metsi a a leswe le leswe la tsa temothuo. == Go takiwa ga majwe mo ditsong == Kwa Lapalala go na le mafelo a majwe a a itsegeng a le lesome le boraro, mangwe a gaufi le noka ya Lephalala, fa a mangwe a le gaufi le noka ya Blocklands. Bontsi jwa mafelo a a takilweng a, a mo maobong a majwe, mangwe a mo matlapeng a a borethe. Ditlhopha tse pedi di tlhamile batho ba kwa Waterberg mo dingwageng tse di sekete ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi ke tsone di dirileng metako mo majeng a Lapalala. Batsomi, ba ba neng ba tshela botshelo jwa go nna ba tsoma-ba phutha, ba ne ba dira ditshwantsho tsa mola o o tlhamaletseng, ba dirisa boratshe jo bo tshwanang le moriri wa diphologolo, le pente e e bophutshe le e e khibidu e e tswang mo matlapeng a a thubegang a tlhakantswe le metsi, madi kgotsa mafura. Penet e tshweu e tswa mo moloreng kgotsa mmopa, e ne e sa nne lobaka jaaka e khibidu e e nwelang mo letlapeng. Ditshwantsho tsa batsomi di supa mefuta ya ditshephe, bogolo jang diphala le dikgama. Mo go tse dingwe diphologolo di bonala sentle fa mo go tse dingwe go dirilwe kakanyetso ya phologolo eo e na le popego ya setho. Se ke ka gore ditshwantsho tsa batsomi ke tshupo ya tumelo ebile motaki a ne a leka go supa ditumelo tsa semoya, le maitemogelo a baalafi ka dinako tse difarologaneng. Ditshwantsho tsa batho tse di taolotsweng di ne di ka dirisiwa go supa maitemogelo a go taologa a moalafi fa a alafa. Setlhopha sa bobedi sa batho ba ba neng ba nna kwa Lapalala se ne se na le batho ba ba buang diteme tsa Batho bantsho ba e neng e le balemi barui ba nako ya tshipi ba ba neng ba itshetletse kwa mekgatšheng e e neng e na le mmu o o nonneng wa mabele le mmidi, ebile go na le tlhaga e ntsi go ka fulwa ke dikgomo, dinku le dipodi. Batho ba, ba ne ba aga metsana e e gaufi le go nna ya sennela ruri, mme go simolola ka dingwaga tsa didikadike di lelesome le bosupa go ne ga simololwa go agiwa masaka a maje kwa Lapalala. Balemi barui ba dinako tsa tshipi ba ne ba rupisa basimane, ditlhopha tsa makawana di ne di isiwa kwa mafelong a a kgakajana, jaaka a a ageletsweng ka lorako, lobaka lwa kgwedi. Ka nako eo ba tlaa kgaolwa letlalo la bonna ba rutiwa ditumelo tsa setso. Mo go bone,ba tla a ithuta ka diphologolo tse di emetseng mephato e e farologaneng. Makawana a tlaa tshwantsha diphologolo tse mo matlapeng. Ba ne ba dirisa menwana e tsentswe mo mmopeng o mosweu, ka jalo ditshwantsho tsa bone ke ditshupo tsa diphologolo tse gantsi go sa kgonneng go lemogiwa gore ke dife. Ditshwantsho tse ga di nne lobaka. Bbatho ba ne ba nna kwa Lapalala ka nako ya dingwaga tsa lejwe ka gore didirisiwa tsa lejwe tse di nnileng dingwaga di ledikete di le masome a mararo tse di fitileng di fitlhelwa mo mafelong a a ageletsweng a a farologanneg. Morago ga foo go supa fa go ne ga nna le sebaka pele ga le nniwa gape ebile ga go na bosupi jwa gore batho ba ne ba boela Lapalala pele ga dingwaga tse di sekete tse di fitileng. == Majwe a Waterberg == Bontsi jwa noka ya Palala bo feta ka majwe a Waterberg, bo e leng majwe a dikhilomithara di le dikete di le lesome le botlhano. Waterberg ke kgaolo ya ntlha kwa bokone jwa Aforika Borwa go bidiwa lefelo la itloso bodutu le go nna le mefuta ee farologaneng ya ditshidi le dimela ke lekgotla la UNESCO. Majwe a, a bopilwe ke kgothego ya mmu le noka mo dingwageng di le didikadike tsa dingwaga di le makgolo.<ref>C.Michael Hogan, Mark L. Cooke and Helen Murray, ''The Waterberg Biosphere'', Lumina Technologies, May 22, 2006. Retrieved 08 June 2026</ref> Tikologo e ke sekgwa se se omeletseng. Kwa Waterberg go na le marope a a tswang bogologolong jwa nako ya lejwe, gautshwane go na le tse di bonweng tse di supang tshimologo ya setho. == Metswedi == t2tid8l9983m3qce7pjgjy61hjlvbig 0 13395 50299 2026-06-08T09:59:58Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya letamo la Tshakhuma #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50299 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Letamo la Tshakuma''' ke letamo le le ikagetsweng gaufi le Tshakuma kwa [[Kgaolo ya Limpopo|Limpopo]], kwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. Le feditswe ka ngwaga wa 1990 le isa metsi kwa porojekeng ya go nosetsa kwa Tshakuma. Molatswana o ka tsenya metsi a selekanyo sa dibilone di le pedi, le sedikadike.<ref>[https://ewisa.co.za/ "Tshakhuma Dam"]. eWisa. Retrieved 08 June 2026</ref> == Metswedi == ot540tams1r25squjnxrq6qxrbf5y2w 0 13396 50300 2026-06-08T10:08:35Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Letamo la Rietvlei #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50300 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Letamo la Rietvlei''' ke letamo le le ikepetsweng ebile ke lengwe la matamo a a isang metsi kwa kgaolong ya [[Pretoria (Pitori)|Pretoria]] kwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. Le ntsha metsi a a ka nnang di lithara di le didikadike di le masome a mane le motso ka letsatsi,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061001063326/http://www.tshwane.gov.za/documents/RietvleiBrochure.pdf "Rietvlei Water Treatment Plant"] (PDF). City of Pretoria. Archived from [https://www.tshwane.gov.za/documents/RietvleiBrochure.pdf the original] (PDF) on 1 October 2006. Retrieved 08 June 2026</ref> a e leng 5.9% ya metsi a a tlhokafalang kwa [[Pretoria (Pitori)|Pretoria]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060924053309/http://www.tshwane.gov.za/documents/state_of_the_environment_2004.pdf "State of the Environment Report for the City of Tshwane 2001-2002"] (PDF). City of Pretoria. Archived from [https://www.tshwane.gov.za/documents/state_of_the_environment_2004.pdf the original] (PDF) on 24 September 2006. Retrieved 08 June 2026</ref> Letamo leo le dirisediwa thata ditiro tsa mmasepala le tsa madirelo. E supiwa fa e le borai jo bo kwa godimo. Le agilwe ka ditena ka 1932 kgotsa 1934, le ne la okediwa ka dingwaga tsa 1988 go tsena 1990 ka go isa lebota la letamo kwa godimo le go oketsa lokgarapa lwa maje le go aga lebota le le kganelang mo godimo ga lebota la pele. Letamo le le tshelwa ke noka ya [[Noka ya Rietvlei|Rietvlei]], e e leng ya kgampu ya [[noka ya Crocodile (Limpopo)]], ga mmogo le metswedi e metlhano le didiba tse tlhano. Lefelo la itloso bodutu la Rietvlei Nature Reserve le mo lefelong le le dikaganyeditseng letamo. == Metswedi == 6p8itz4vz3g9tgf3la8e5u0grzopser 0 13397 50302 2026-06-08T10:13:20Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Noka ya Mubarazi 50302 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Noka ya Mubarazi''' (Sefora: Rivière Mubarazi) ke noka e e kwa Burundi, e leng molatswana o tona wa [[Noka ya Ruvubu]].<ref name=":0">[[:en:Mubarazi_River#CITEREFNahimanaNtakarutimanaHabonimanaNyandwi2010|Nahimana et al. 2010]], p. 3</ref> == Motlhala == Noka ya Mubarazi e tlhatloga kwa Porofenseng ya Magae ya Bujumbura kwa botlhaba jwa Rukina. E elela kwa borwabotlhaba, morago ga moo kwa bokonebotlhaba, morago ga moo kwa bokone go tsena mo Porofenseng ya Muramvya go ya kwa letlhakoreng la bophirima jwa Muramvya, kwa e retologelang kwa botlhaba go dikologa bokone jwa toropo.<ref>[[:en:Mubarazi_River#CITEREFWay:_Mubarazi_(308663637)|Way: Mubarazi (308663637)]].</ref> Fela kwa botlhaba jwa Muramvya e naya Seteišene sa Motlakase wa Metsi sa Gikonge maatla.<ref>[[:en:Mubarazi_River#CITEREFWay:_Centrale_hydro%C3%A9lectrique_Gikonge_(304015929)|Way: Centrale hydroélectrique Gikonge (304015929).]]</ref>E tswelela kwa borwabotlhaba mme morago kwa botlhaba go ya kwa molelwaneng le Porofense ya Gitega, e tlhalosa molelwane wa Muramvya-Gitega sekgala se se rileng. E elela kwa bokonebotlhaba go ralala Porofense ya Gitega go feta Murongwe go kopana le [[Noka ya Ruvubu]].<ref>[[:en:Mubarazi_River#CITEREFWay:_Mubarazi_(526451722)|Way: Mubarazi (526451722).]]</ref> == Tikologo == Tikologo ya Mubarazi e e kwa tlase ke mosaic wa lefatshe la temothuo le dimela tsa tlholego.<ref>[[:en:Mubarazi_River#CITEREFnasalandcover|nasalandcover.]]</ref>Lefelo le le na le batho ba le bantsi, ka banni ba le makgolo a mararo le masome a marataro le borobabongwe mo sekwere sa kilometara.<ref>[[:en:Mubarazi_River#CITEREFnasapop|nasapop.]]</ref> Seemo sa bosa sa Savanna e rena mo lefelong leno.<ref name=":1">[[:en:Mubarazi_River#CITEREFnasa|nasa]]</ref> Palogare ya themperetšha ya ngwaga le ngwaga mo lefelong leno ke 20 °C (68 °F). Kgwedi e e bothitho thata ke kgwedi ya Phatwe, fa themperetšha e e magareng e le 22 °C (72 °F), mme e e tsididi thata ke Moranang, ka 18 °C (64 °F).<ref name=":1" />Palogare ya pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga ke dimilimitara di le 1 149 (45.2 in). Kgwedi e e metsi thata ke kgwedi ya Sedimonthole, ka palogare ya dimilomitara di le lekgolo le masome a supa le botlhano (6.9 in) tsa pula, mme e e omileng thata ke kgwedi ya Phukwi, ka pula ya dimilimitara di le 1 (0.039 in).<ref>[[:en:Mubarazi_River#CITEREFnasarain|nasarain.]]</ref> == Dikgaolo tsa tlhago == Lefelo la kgobokanyo ya karolo e e kwa godimo ya noka le mo kgaolong ya tlholego ya Mugamba le kgaolo ya tlholego ya Bututsi, mme le akaretsa dinoka tse di elelang jaaka dinoka tsa Karuyenzi le Kigezi. E tshekeletsa thata go fologa tlhogo ya Congo-Nile go ya kwa setlhoeng se se fa gare, kwa e fokotsang lobelo gone.<ref name=":0" />Go ya kwa tlase e elela mo kgaolong ya tlholego ya Kirimiro.<ref name=":2">[[:en:Mubarazi_River#CITEREFNahimanaNtakarutimanaHabonimanaNyandwi2010|Nahimana et al. 2010]], p. A-2.</ref>Mo karolong ya yone e e kwa tlase e kopantswe ke noka ya Munyinya. Kgaolo e e lengwa thata.<ref name=":2" /> Letamo la nosetso mo nokeng le na le ditlhatsana tsa raese tsa Mubarazi-Kaniga, tse di akaretsang diheketara di ka nna lekgolo le masome a mararo (diheketara di le 320) mme di ka ntsha ditone di ka nna lekgolo tsa raese.<ref>[[:en:Mubarazi_River#CITEREFLes_travaux_de_sarclage|Les travaux de sarclage.]]</ref> == Ditiragalo == Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ngwaga wa dikete tse pedile lesome le borataro Jean Bigirimana, mmegadikgang wa dipatlisiso le Iwacu, o ne a tshwarwa ke baemedi ba ba neng ba akanngwa gore ba tswa kwa Setheong sa Bosetšhaba sa Botlhodi mme a nyelela. Ka kgwedi ya Phatwe ngwaga oo, go ne ga fitlhelwa ditopo tse pedi tse di neng di bodile thata mo Nokeng ya Mubarazi gaufi le lefelo le Bigirimana a neng a timelela kwa go lone. Le fa go ntse jalo, mosadi wa gagwe o ne a tlhomamisa gore ope wa bone ga se Bigirimana.<ref>[[:en:Mubarazi_River#CITEREFBurundi:_Two_years_on_and_no_word...|Burundi: Two years on and no word...]]</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe dipula tse di maatla di ne tsa dira gore Noka ya Mubarazi e thubege letshitshi la yone le go tlala ditsela le dijalo.<ref>[[:en:Mubarazi_River#CITEREFBurundi_%E2%80%93_Heavy_Rain_Triggers_Deadly_Landslides|Burundi – Heavy Rain Triggers Deadly Landslides.]]</ref> == Metswedi == szr4eb50ksk5adum87btkpfal5bwrt8 0 13398 50303 2026-06-08T10:18:32Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya noka ya Rietvlei #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50303 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river|name=Noka ya Rietvlei|image_name=Rietvleirivier, vloedvlakte in Rietvlei NR, a.jpg|caption=Makgobokgobo a noka ya Rietvlei|image_map=South Africa relief location map.svg|map_caption=Molomo wa noka ya Rietvlei|mouth=[[Noka ya Hennops]]|mouth_elevation_m=1,480 m|elevation=1,540 m}} '''Noka ya Rietvlei''' ke noka e potlana kwa legare la kgaolo ya [[Gauteng]], kwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. E tshela mo makgobokgobong a lefelo la itloso bodutu la Rietvlei, pele ga e elelela kwa [[Letamo la Rietvlei|letamong la Ritevlei]],<ref>[https://www.sa-venues.com/game-reserves/rietvlei.php Rietvlei Nature Reserve, Gauteng]</ref> le e leng lengwe la metswedi e metona ya metsi kwa [[Pretoria (Pitori)|Pretoria]]. Molatswana wa letamo le o bdiwa Sesmylspruit, o o tshelang kwa [[nokeng ya Hennops]] le bontlha jwa kgampu ya [[noka ya Crocodile]] (Limpopo).<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA3CrocMarico.jpg Crocodile/Marico WMA 3]</ref> [[Setshwantsho:South Africa-Tshwane-Rietvlei-Long-tailed Widowbird-01.jpg|left|thumb|Mmakgobokgobo a noka ya Rietvlei]] == Metswedi == nbcecl0vxysifqsfcbwhh349x04z3nb 0 13399 50304 2026-06-08T10:28:27Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Letamo la Albasini #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50304 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Letamo la Albasini''' ke letamo le le kwa ntle ga toropo ya [[Louis Trichardt]], kwa [[Kgaolo ya Limpopo|kgaolong ya Limpopo]], kwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. Letamo le le tshwara metsi a selekanyo sa didikadike di le masome a mabedi le botlhano le dikete di le makgolo mabedi a di mithara, le lefatshe le le bophara jwa dikhilomithara di le tharo. Lebotana le boleele jwa di mithara di le masome mararo le bone.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001557/https://www.dwa.gov.za/DSO/ "Dam Safety Office".] Archived from [https://www.dwa.gov.za/DSO/ the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 08 June 2026</ref><ref>Odiyo, J.O.; Phangisa, J.I.; Makungo, R. (2012). "Rainfall–runoff modelling for estimating Latonyanda River flow contributions to Luvuvhu River downstream of Albasini Dam". ''Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C''. 50–52: 5–13. [[:en:Bibcode|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PCE....50....5O 2012PCE....50....5O.] doi:[https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1474706512001167 10.1016/j.pce.2012.09.007]. ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:1474-7065 1474-7065.]</ref> Letamo le le reeletswe ka mosekaseki wa pele wa Italy Joao Albasini (wa 1813 go tsena 1888).<ref>[https://www.krugerpark.co.za/joao-albasini-kruger-national-park.html João Albasini]</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Lephata la metsi la Aforika Borwa|Lephata la metsi kwa Aforika Borwa]] * [[Matamo kwa Aforika Borwa]] * [[Dinoka kwa Aforika Borwa]] == Metswedi == s9jprcjvm8mmejs2n2o0852pfi8oidj 50307 50304 2026-06-08T10:50:10Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ntshitse tsebe e nngwe e e golaganang le tsebe e #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50307 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Letamo la Albasini''' ke letamo le le kwa ntle ga toropo ya [[Louis Trichardt]], kwa [[Kgaolo ya Limpopo|kgaolong ya Limpopo]], kwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. Letamo le le tshwara metsi a selekanyo sa didikadike di le masome a mabedi le botlhano le dikete di le makgolo mabedi a di mithara, le lefatshe le le bophara jwa dikhilomithara di le tharo. Lebotana le boleele jwa di mithara di le masome mararo le bone.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001557/https://www.dwa.gov.za/DSO/ "Dam Safety Office".] Archived from [https://www.dwa.gov.za/DSO/ the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 08 June 2026</ref><ref>Odiyo, J.O.; Phangisa, J.I.; Makungo, R. (2012). "Rainfall–runoff modelling for estimating Latonyanda River flow contributions to Luvuvhu River downstream of Albasini Dam". ''Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C''. 50–52: 5–13. [[:en:Bibcode|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PCE....50....5O 2012PCE....50....5O.] doi:[https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1474706512001167 10.1016/j.pce.2012.09.007]. ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:1474-7065 1474-7065.]</ref> Letamo le le reeletswe ka mosekaseki wa pele wa Italy Joao Albasini (wa 1813 go tsena 1888).<ref>[https://www.krugerpark.co.za/joao-albasini-kruger-national-park.html João Albasini]</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Matamo kwa Aforika Borwa]] * [[Dinoka kwa Aforika Borwa]] == Metswedi == ov3pusrurwss6c67311acqghktv6lem 0 13400 50305 2026-06-08T10:29:17Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Noka ya Ruvyironza 50305 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Burundi rel location map.svg|thumb|Noka ya Ruvyironza]] '''Noka ya Ruvyironza''' (kgotsa Luvironza) (ka Sefora: rivière Ruvyironza) ke noka e e kwa Burundi, e leng noka e tona ya [[Noka ya Rurubu|Noka ya Ruvubu.]] Ditlhogo tsa yone ke motswedi o o kgakala thata wa Nile fa o lekanngwa ka boleele jwa noka go tswa kwa molomong wa Nile. == Motlhala == Ruvyironza e tlhatloga kwa botlhaba jwa [[Porofense ya Bururi]] go ya kwa bophirima jwa Thaba ya Kikizi (dimitara di le 2 145).<ref name=":0">[[:en:Ruvyironza_River#CITEREFRelation:_Ruvyironza_(5392957)|Relation: Ruvyironza (5392957).]]</ref> E bopega gaufi le Kiryama le kgolagano ya RIG6 / RP83, kwa dinoka tsa yona tsa Nyabuyugi le Kibazwa di kopanang teng.<ref>[[:en:Ruvyironza_River#CITEREFBururi_USDMA|Bururi USDMA.]]</ref> E elela kwa bokonebophirima go ya kwa molelwaneng le [[Porofense ya Gitega.]] E latela karolo ya molelwane magareng ga diporofense tse pedi tse, morago ga moo e elele go ralala Porofense ya Gitega go ya kwa molelwaneng le [[Porofense ya Mwaro]], mme e latele molelwane wa Mwaro-Gitega kwa bokone pele e retologela kwa botlhaba mme gape e kgabaganye Porofense ya Gitega go ya kwa molomong wa yona mo Nokeng ya Ruvubu.<ref name=":0" />Bontsi jwa dinoka tse di mo karolong ya Nile Basin ya Burundi di elela mo Ruvubu kgotsa mo molatswaneng wa yone o mogolo, e leng Ruvyironza.<ref>[[:en:Ruvyironza_River#CITEREFDocument_d%E2%80%99orientation_strategique|Document d’orientation strategique,]] p. 11.</ref> == Motswedi wa Nile == Noka ya Luvironza ke motswedi wa Nile ka tlhaloganyo ya gore e mo sedibeng sa Nile, mme sekgala ka noka go tswa kwa tlhogong ya yone go ya kwa molomong wa Nile ke dikilometara di le <ref name=":1">[[:en:Ruvyironza_River#CITEREFRiver_Nile_Geocities|River Nile Geocities]]</ref>,671 (4,145 mi), e leng boleele go feta sekgala go tswa kwa tlhogong epe e nngwe mo metsi a a elelang mo Nokeng ya Rugera, e e elelang ka noka e e elelang ka . Letsha la Victoria. Go tswa foo, noka e tsaya maina a a farologaneng fa e ntse e elela kwa bokone: Nile ya Victoria, Nile ya Albert, Bahr al Jabal, Nile e Tshweu le kwa bokone jwa Khartoum Nile.<ref>[[:en:Ruvyironza_River#CITEREFNile_Encarta|Nile Encarta]]</ref><ref name=":1" /> == Metswedi == i8nf7f4xnipub0ubtdw08ekjzabt3lm 0 13401 50306 2026-06-08T10:47:48Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Lephata la metsi le Kgopo leswe #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50306 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox government agency|name=Lephata la metsi le kgopo leswe|type=Lephata|logo=Department of Water and Sanitation logo.svg|formed={{Start date and age|1912}} (as the Department of Irrigation in the [[Union of South Africa]])|jurisdiction=Puso ya Aforika Borwa|minister1_name=Pemmy Majodina|deputyminister1_name=David Mahlobo|deputyminister1_pfo=Mothusa tona wa metsi le kgopo leswe|minister1_pfo=Tona wa metsi le kgopo leswe|deputyminister2_name=Judith Tshabalala|deputyminister2_pfo=Mothusa tona wa metsi le kgopo leswe|website=https://www.dws.gov.za/}} '''Lephata la metsi le kgopo leswe''' ke lengwe la maphata a puso ya [[Aforika Borwa]]. Le okametse seemo sa metsi le kgopo leswe kwa Aforika Borwa. Ka Motsheganong ngwaga wa 2009, morago ga go tlhophiwa ga ga [[Jacob Zuma]], lephata la metsi le dikgwa le ne la kgaoganngwa, mohama wa dikgwa o isiwa kwa lephateng la temothuo, dikgwa le go tshwara ditlhaphi. Lephata la metsi le kgopo leswe le ne la tlhamiwa ka Motsheganong 2014 ke tautona Jacob Zuma, moeteledipele wa gauteng [[Nomvula Mokonyane]] e nna ene tona wa lone wa pele (go tswa ka Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le borataro ngwaga wa 2014 go tsena Firikgong a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa 2018). O ne a tlhatlhamiwa ke [[Gugile Nkwinti]].<ref>Phillips, Lloyd (7 May 2019). [https://www.farmersweekly.co.za/agri-news/south-africa/nkwinti-in-hot-water-over-public-protectors-findings/ "Nkwinti in hot water over Public Protector's findings".] ''Farmer's Weekly SA''. Retrieved 08 June 2026</ref> == Tshenyetso setšhaba le go tlhoka go dira tiro == Lephata le, le itsege ka tsietso, tshenyetso setšhaba le go tlhoka go tsamaisa ditheko sentle.<ref>[https://www.businessday.co.za/bd/national/2021-06-10-lindiwe-sisulu-holds-water-and-sanitation-officials-to-account/ "Lindiwe Sisulu holds water and sanitation officials to account".] ''BusinessLIVE''. Retrieved 08 June 2026</ref> Pego ya madi ya 2019/2020 e ne ya supa fa lephata le dirisitse dibilione tsa diranta di le lesome,<ref>[https://mg.co.za/news/2021-06-10-lindiwe-sisulu-to-sweep-clean-her-corruption-ridden-department/ "Sisulu to 'sweep' clean her corruption-ridden department".] ''The Mail & Guardian''. 10 June 2021. Retrieved 08 June 2026</ref> fa pego ya 2020 go tsena 2021 ya madi yone e supile fa go dirisitswe dibilone tse dingwe di le lesome botlhaswa.<ref>[https://iol.co.za/news/politics/2021-06-10-water-and-sanitation-department-reveals-almost-r10bn-in-irregular-expenditure/ "Water and Sanitation Department reveals almost R10bn in irregular expenditure".] ''www.iol.co.za''. Retrieved 08 June 2026</ref> Ka ntlha ya tshenyo e e anameng e, lephata le supile fa le ka se kgone go diragatsa diporojeke dingwe tsa dikago tsa metsi.<ref>Felix, Jason. [https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dried-up-water-dept-does-not-have-capacity-to-fund-mega-projects-says-lindiwe-sisulu-20210724 "Dried up: Water dept does not have capacity to fund mega projects, says Lindiwe Sisulu".] ''News24''. Retrieved 08 June 2026</ref> Pego ka [[Corruption Watch]] le mafaratlhatlha a tsamaiso sentle ya metsi ka 2020 e begile fa tshenyetso setšhaba mo lephateng la metsi le kgopo leswe e isa letlhoko la metsi kwa godimo kwa [[Aforika Borwa]], jaaka go diragala kwa [[Kapa Botlhaba]].<ref>Gagné-Acoulon, Sandrine. [https://www.occrp.org/en/news/report-corruption-fuels-water-shortage-in-south-africa? "Report: Corruption fuels Water Shortage in South Africa".] ''www.occrp.org''. Retrieved 08 June 2026</ref> == Tshireletsego ya metsi == Ka ngwaga wa 2022, lephata le ne la supa fa makalana a bo masepala a metsi otlhe a na le dikago tse di onetseng ka jalo di sa bereke. Go tlhoka go tlhokomelwa sentle le ditsamaiso mo mohameng wa selegae go bakile gore 40% wa metsi a latlhege pele ga a goroga kwa badirising ba one.<ref>Fisher, Shamiela (19 February 2022). [https://www.ewn.co.za/2022/02/19/mchunu-says-sa-municipalities-lose-up-to-40-of-water-to-aging-infrastructure "Mchunu says SA municipalities lose up to 40% of water to aging infrastructure".] ewn.co.za. Eyewitness News. Retrieved 08 June 2026</ref> == Metswedi == a7rrj0ojdqo0ufzp6lulehqn6b1chnn 0 13402 50308 2026-06-08T11:08:28Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Noka ya Nyabaha 50308 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Noka ya Nyabaha''' (Sefora: Rivière Nyabaha) ke noka e e kwa Burundi, e leng noka e e tshelang ka fa mojeng wa [[Noka ya Rurubu|Noka ya Rurubu.]] == Motlhala == Noka ya Nyabaha ke nngwe ya dinoka tse dikgolo tse di elelang mo [[Nokeng ya Rurubu]].<ref>[[:en:Nyabaha_River#CITEREFProjet_de_developpement_local_pour_l%E2%80%99emploi|Projet de developpement local pour l’emploi,]] pp. 25–26.</ref> E bopega kwa Porofenseng ya [[Ruyigi kwa Noka]] ya Nyakijanda go tswa kwa borwa e kopanang le [[Noka ya Sanzu]] go tswa kwa botlhaba.<ref>[[:en:Nyabaha_River#CITEREFRuyigi_DMA|Ruyigi DMA.]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Nyabaha_River#CITEREFInvestment_opportunities_in_renewable_energy|Investment opportunities in renewable energy,]] p. 14</ref>E elela ka ntlha ya bokonebophirima go bapa le molelwane magareng ga Porofense ya Gitega kwa bophirima le [[Porofense ya Ruyigi k]]<nowiki/>wa botlhaba go kopana le [[Noka ya Rurubu|Noka ya Ruvubu]].<ref>[[:en:Nyabaha_River#CITEREFWay:_Nyabaha_(124128954)|Way: Nyabaha (124128954).]]</ref> Dikgaolo tsa yona tse di kwa godimo di tsamaya fa gare ga mafelo a bodulo a Mubira kwa Porofenseng ya Ruyigi le Mubuga kwa Porofenseng ya Gitega.<ref>[[:en:Nyabaha_River#CITEREFRapport_sur_la_situation_des_droits_humains|Rapport sur la situation des droits humains]], p. 13.</ref> E kopana le Ruvubu fela kwa godimo ga Phaka ya Bosetšhaba ya Ruvubu.<ref>[[:en:Nyabaha_River#CITEREFParc_National_de_la_Ruvubu|Parc National de la Ruvubu.]]</ref> == Tikologo == Tikologo ya Nyabaha ke mosaic wa lefatshe la temothuo le dimela tsa tlholego.<ref>[[:en:Nyabaha_River#CITEREFnasapop|nasalandcover]].</ref>Lefelo le le na le batho ba bantsi, ka banni ba le lekgole le masome a robabongwe le bosupa ka sekwere sa kilometara go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2016.<ref>[[:en:Nyabaha_River#CITEREFnasapop|nasapop]]</ref>Palogare ya themperetšha ya ngwaga le ngwaga mo lefelong leno ke 20 °C (68 °F). Kgwedi e e bothitho thata ke Lwetse, fa themperetšha e e magareng e le 22 °C (72 °F), mme e e tsididi thata ke Moranang, ka 18 °C (64 °F).<ref>[[:en:Nyabaha_River#CITEREFnasa|nasa.]]</ref> Palogare ya pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga ke dimilimitara di le 1 321 (52.0 in). Kgwedi e e nang le pula thata ke Sedimonthole, ka palogare ya dimilimitara di le makgolo a mabedi le lesome le botlhano (8.5 in) tsa pula, mme e e omileng thata ke kgwedi ya Phukwi, ka pula ya dimilimitara di le 1 (0.039 in).<ref>[[:en:Nyabaha_River#CITEREFnasarain|nasarain.]]</ref> == Dikgwa == Lefelo la Nyabaha le na le diheketara di le 2,957 (diheketara di le 7,310) tsa ditlhatsana, tse diheketara di le 2,431 (diheketara di le 6,010), kgotsa 82%, di dirisediwang temothuo.<ref>[[:en:Nyabaha_River#CITEREFStrategie_Agricole_Nationale|Strategie Agricole Nationale]], p. 24</ref> == Seteišene sa metsi == Seteišene sa metsi se ne sa tsenngwa mo Nyabaha gaufi le Mubuga ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ngwaga wa 1974 ke Porojeke ya Hydromet, e e neng e sa dire go lekanya. E ne e na le dikala di le tharo mo lotshitshing lwa molema. Setheo sa Thutafatshe sa Burundi (IGEBU) se ne sa simolola go lekanya ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ngwaga wa1982. Borogo jono bo ne jwa phutlhama ka kgwedi ya Lwetse,ngwaga wa1985 mme jwa senya dikala. Go ne ga tsenngwa dikala tse disha ka kgwedi ya Lwetse ngwana wa 1985 mo lotshitshing lo lo kafa mojeng kwa godimo ga borogo. Seteišene seno se ne sa tlhabololwa ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe . Se ntse se fudusiwa nako le nako. Jaanong go lekanya go dirwa go tswa kwa tlase ga borogo.<ref>[[:en:Nyabaha_River#CITEREFAnnuaire_Hydrologique_2021-2022|Annuaire Hydrologique 2021-2022,]] pp. 13–14</ref> pcavj9kauj8wzuwg1puorvitt9ml5gx 0 13403 50309 2026-06-08T11:09:53Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Letamo la Albert Falls #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50309 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Letamo la Albert Falls''' ke letamo le le kwa nokeng ya Umgeni, kwa ntle ga [[Pietermaritzburg|Pietermatitzburg]], [[KwaZulu-Natal]] kwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. le agilwe ka 1976, letamo le le na le bokgoni jwa go tsenya metsi a selekanyo sa 290.1 million cubic meters le bophara jwa 23.521 square kilometers. Lebotana la letamo le le boleele jwa di mithara di le masome mararo le boraro. Go gola ga setlhatshana sa dinoflagellate Ceratium hirundinella mo go lemogilweng kwa letamong la Albert Falls ka Phalane 2006, go ne ga upolola phetogo e e botlhokwa e e supang go ya tlase ga boleng jwa metsi mo molatswaneng o. Go anama ga setlhatshana se go ne ga sekasekiwa ka Phalane 2006 le ka Firikgong 2007.<ref>Hart, RC; Wragg, PD (23 May 2009). [https://www.ajol.info/index.php/wsa/article/view/76807 "Recent blooms of the dinoflagellate ''Ceratium'' in Albert Falls Dam (KZN): History, causes, spatial features and impacts on a reservoir ecosystem and its zooplankton".] ''Water SA''. '''35''' (4). doi:[https://www.ajol.info/index.php/wsa/article/view/76807 10.4314/wsa.v35i4.76807]. ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0378-4738 0378-4738.]</ref> == Metswedi == 90ghehj2yoqqbn1e3e3kxhoa2u2id82 0 13404 50310 2026-06-08T11:32:13Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Letamo la Woodhead #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50310 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Letamo la Woodhead''' ke letamo le le kwa [[Table Mountain]], kwa [[Kapa Bophirima]], jwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. Le agilwe ka ngwaga wa 1897 le nosa toropo ya Kapa. Letamo le, le e neng e le lone la ntlha la matlapa le le tona kwa Aforika Borwa, le ne la tshwaiwa e le lefelo la mafatshefatshe la boinjineere la ditso ke mokgatlho wa kwa America wa ma injineere ka 2008.<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110725021441/http://content.asce.org/international/SouthAfricaDam.html "Led by ASCE President, Delegation Visits S. Africa To Honor Dam as Civil Engineering Landmark".] ''ASCE International Page''. [[:en:American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers|American Society of Civil Engineers]]. Archived from [http://content.asce.org/international/SouthAfricaDam.html the original] on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 08 June 2026</ref> == Ditso == [[Setshwantsho:PSM V68 D012 Table mountain kopjes and reservoirs.png|left|thumb|Letamo la Woodhead fa o le lebile go tswa kwa godimo ka 1906]] Ka ngwaga wa 1870, go gola ga Kapa go ne ga baka tlhaelo ya metsi a a nowang. Go ne ga tsewa tshwetso ya go aga molatswana mo godimo ga Table Mountain go isa metsi kwa toropong. Moinjineere wa lotso lwa Scottish Thomas Steward o ne a fiwa marapo a go aga molatswana oo.<ref name=":0" /> Mosele wa Woodhead o ne wa agiwa ka dingwaga tsa 1888 go tsena 1891. O ne o diriisiwa go fapotsa molatswana wa Disa, o o neng o tshela kwa nokeng ya Hout Bay, kwa bophirima go isa metsi kwa molatswaneng, Megala e ne ya agiwa go isa banna le didirisiwa kwa lefelong la kago. Letamo le agilwe go tswa ka 1894 go tsena 1897. Letamo le le ne la salwa morago ke a mangwe a le mane mo lefelong leo.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Murray, Tony. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110725015259/http://email.asce.org/international/documents/05.MurrayStewartTWoodhead.pdf "Thomas Steweart - First South African Consulting Engineer"] (PDF). [[:en:American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers|American Society of Civil Engineers.]] Archived from [http://email.asce.org/international/documents/05.MurrayStewartTWoodhead.pdf the original] (PDF) on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 08 June 2026</ref> Letamo la Hely Hutchinson le molatswana di agilwe ka 1904 kwa godimo ga molatswana wa Woodhead. Letamo la Alexandra le la Victoria a agilwe mo motsweding wa Disa ka 1903. Letamo la bofelo la botlhano e ne e le la De Villiers ka 1907. Le agilwe kwa tlase ga matamo a Alexandra le Victoria. Gompieno, matamo a matlhano a, a isa metsi a selekanyo sa 0.4% kwa Kapa.<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20100214233017/http://www.environment.gov.za/soer/reports/rivers/diep/Diep_HB_L_P.pdf River Health Programme (2003). State-of-Rivers Report: Diep, Hout Bay, Lourens and Palmiet River Systems]'' (PDF), [[:en:Pretoria|Pretoria:]] Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, 2003, pp. 17–18, archived from [http://www.environment.gov.za/soer/reports/rivers/diep/Diep_HB_L_P.pdf the original] (PDF) on 2010-02-14, retrieved 2026-06-08</ref> == Kago == Mosele wa Woodhead o boleele jwa di mithara di le makgolo a maratrao, masome a mane. Letamo la Woodhead ke letamo le le agilweng ka mtalapa a a boleele jwa di mithara di le makgolo a mabedi masome a supa le bosupa le boleele jwa go ya kwa godimo jwa di mithara di le masome a matlhano. Le na le kwa le tshololelang metsi teng kwa go di mithara di le masome mabedi. Molatswana o ka tsenya metsi a selekanyo sa dikete di le makgolo a robabongwe, masome a mabedi lebosuap jwa di mithara le bophara jwa lefatshe jwa di heketara di le lesome le boraro.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090705103748/http://www.sancold.org.za/dams-register.php "South African Large Dams".] ''South African Large Dams-1-2009 v3.0.xls''. SANCOLD. January 2009. Archived from [http://sancold.org.za/dams-register.php the original] (zip) on 5 July 2009. Retrieved 08 June 2026</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Table Mountain reservoirs panoramic view.jpg|left|thumb|Molatswana wa Hely-Hutchinson (mo molemeng) le molatswana wa Woodhead (mo mojeng), kwa Table Mountain, kwa Kapa, [[Aforika Borwa]]]] == Metswedi == 5vl6hac8ts4h77z65p1kxv56y9d7cl2 0 13405 50311 2026-06-08T11:37:37Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Letamo la Allemanskraal 50311 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Letamo la Allemanskraal''' ke letamo le le kwa kgaolong ya [[Free State]] kwa [[Aforika Borwa]], mo nokeng ya Sand. Le agilwe ka 1960. Molatswana wa lone o boteng jwa di mithara di le dikete di le lekgolo, masome a supa le bone le bophara jwa 26.481 m, lebotana la letamo le bo godimo jwa di mithara di le masome a mararo le borobabobedi. Letamo le dikaganyeditswe, ebile le dira bontlha kwa lefelo la itloso bodutu la Willem Pretorius Game Reserve.<ref>Vuren, J. H. J.; Hattingh, J. (September 1978). "A seasonal study of the haematology of wild freshwater fish". ''Journal of Fish Biology''. '''13''' (3): 305–313. [[:en:Bibcode|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978JFBio..13..305V 1978JFBio..13..305V]. [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi]]:[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1978.tb03438.x 10.1111/j.1095-8649.1978.tb03438].x. ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0022-1112 0022-1112].</ref> == Metswedi == 42ktyt1xdb617ol55egnnhcctmrwii7 0 13406 50312 2026-06-08T11:40:33Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Letamo la Alphen #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50312 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Letamo la Alphen''' ke letangwana le le mo nokeng ya Bonte gaufi le [[Stellenbosch]], kwa [[Kapa Bophirima]] kwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. Le agilwe ka ngwaga wa 1990. == Metswedi == 3qmfr3euqsmodnkmw3q33jbxabj5zar 0 13407 50314 2026-06-08T11:46:07Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Letamo la Armenia #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50314 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Letamo la Armenia''' ke letamo le le kgabaganyang noka ya Leeu, gaufi le Hobhouse, kwa kgaolong ya [[Foreistata|Free State]] kwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. Le agilwe ka ngwaga wa 1954.<ref>"[https://structurae.net/en/structures/armenia-dam Armenia Dam (Free State, 1954)]". ''Structurae''. Retrieved 8 June 2026.</ref> Le boteng jwa di mithara di le sekete le boraro, bophara kwa 3.933 cubic meters, lebotana la lone le bo kwa godimo jwa di mithara di le masome mabedi le bobedi. == Metswedi == 7atyr4texjgrty3w2f8b5ypvrvhn0ok 0 13408 50315 2026-06-08T11:56:16Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Letamo la Beervlei #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50315 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Letamo la Beervlei''' ke letamo le le kgabaganyang [[noka ya Groot]], kwa [[Kapa Botlhaba]] kwa [[Aforika Borwa|Aforika Borwa.]]<ref name=":0">admin (22 February 2023). [https://www.karooheartland.com/listings/beervlei-dam/ "Beervlei Dam - Karoo Heartland".] ''www.karooheartland.com''. Retrieved 8 June 2026.</ref> Le agilwe ka 1957,<ref name=":1">[https://www.baviaans.co.za/listing/the-beervlei-dam_15_2017 "The Beervlei Dam"]. ''Baviaans Tourism''. Retrieved 8 June 2026.</ref> le boteng jwa di mithara di le didikadike di le masome a robabobedi le botlhano, dikete di le makgolo a robabobedi, bophara jwa 23.145 meters, fa lobotana lo le bo kwa godimo jwa di mithara di le masome mararo le motso.<ref name=":0" /> Tiriso ya letamo le ke go thibela merwalela.<ref name=":1" /> Seretse se se mo lefelong leo le na le matswai a mantsi, go lemogilwe gore se se bakiwa ke go baya metsi ka lobaka. Metsi a morwalela a dirisiwa ka bofefo jo bo kgonagalang mo go nosetseng, molatswana o bewa o sena metsi ka lobaka.<ref>[https://www.mountainpassessouthafrica.co.za/tags/beervlei-dam.html "beervlei dam - Mountain Passes South Africa".] ''www.mountainpassessouthafrica.co.za''. Retrieved 8 June 2026.</ref> == Metswedi == r54yiysht4dzpyuou2nsguufipq0tuy 0 13409 50316 2026-06-08T11:58:02Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Noka ya Kayongozi 50316 wikitext text/x-wiki Noka ya Kayongozi (Sefora: Rivière Kayongozi) ke noka e e kwa Burundi, e leng noka e e tshelang ka fa mojeng wa Noka ya Rurubu./ == Motlhala == Noka ya Kayongozi e bopega gaufi le molelwane wa Tanzania kwa bokone jwa Porofense ya Cankuzo, morago ga moo e elela kwa borwabophirima go tsena mo Porofenseng ya Ruyigi. E tswelela kwa borwabophirima, morago ga moo e bo e retologa go elela kwa bokonebophirima go ya kwa molomong wa yone mo Nokeng ya Ruvubu.<ref>[[:en:Kayongozi_River#CITEREFWay:_Kayongozi_(343213021)|Way: Kayongozi (343213021).]]</ref>Dinoka tse di elelang di akaretsa Nyamashishi le Rugasari.<ref>[[:en:Kayongozi_River#CITEREFInvestment_opportunities_in_renewable_energy|Investment opportunities in renewable energy,]] p. 14.</ref> == Tikologo == Tikologo ya Noka ya Kayongozi e khurumeditswe thata ke sekgwa sa savana.<ref>[[:en:Kayongozi_River#CITEREFnasalandcover|nasalandcove]]</ref> Lefelo le le na le batho ba bantsi thata, ka banni ba le lekgolo le lesome le motso mo sekwere sa kilometara go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2016.<ref>[[:en:Kayongozi_River#CITEREFnasapop|nasapop]]</ref> Palogare ya themperetšha ya ngwaga le ngwaga mo lefelong leno ke 19 °C (66 °F). Kgwedi e e bothitho thata ke Lwetse, fa themperetšha e e magareng e le 22 °C (72 °F), mme e e tsididi thata ke Moranang, ka 18 °C (64 °F).<ref>[[:en:Kayongozi_River#CITEREFnasa|nasa]]</ref>Palogare ya pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga ke dimilimitara di le 1 321 (52.0 in). Kgwedi e e nang le pula thata ke Sedimonthole, ka palogare ya dimilimitara di le makgolo a mabedi le lesome le botlhano (8.5 in) tsa pula, mme e e omileng thata ka kgwedi ya Phukwi, ka pula ya dimilimitara di le 1 (0.039 in).<ref>[[:en:Kayongozi_River#CITEREFnasarain|nasarain]]</ref> == Dikgwa == Lefelo la Kayongozi le na le diheketara di le 3,410 (diheketara di le 8,400) tsa lefatshe le le motlhaba, mme diheketara di le 1,979 (diheketara di le 4,890), kgotsa 58%, di ne di tlhabolotswe go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1998.<ref>[[:en:Kayongozi_River#CITEREFSchema_directeur_d%E2%80%99amenagement|Schema directeur d’amenagement,]] p. 20.</ref> == Motlakase wa metsi == Sefeme se sennye sa Motlakase wa Metsi sa Kayongozi kwa Ruyigi se se nang le 500kW se simolotswe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro, go dirisiwa ke Setheo sa Motlakase wa Magae (ABER).<ref>[[:en:Kayongozi_River#CITEREFWorld_Small_Hydropower_Development|World Small Hydropower Development]], p. 14.</ref> Sefetlhamotlakase se sennye sa metsi sa Kayongozi kwa Ruyigi se ne sa tlhongwa ka tlhogo ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e le lesome le borobabingwe ,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone.<ref>[[:en:Kayongozi_River#CITEREFPolitique,_%C3%89conomie,_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9|Politique, Économie, Société.]]</ref>Pegelo ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi e ne ya kwala mafelo a mangwe a mararo a a ka nnang le motlakase wa metsi mo nokeng: KAYO 028, ka 2.5MW, KAYO 027 ka 2.5MW le KAYO 002 ka 1.8MW.<ref>[[:en:Kayongozi_River#CITEREFInvestment_opportunities_in_renewable_energy|Investment opportunities in renewable energy,]] p. 35.</ref> == Ditiragalo == Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masone a mabedi le bone borogo jwa dikota jo bo fetang Noka ya Kayongozi jo bo golaganyang di-colline tsa Kavumu le Murehe tsa Commune ya Cankuzo, Porofense ya Cankuzo, bo ne bo batlile bo sa tlhole bo dirisiwa. Kgwebo e ne e kgoreletsegile mme bana ba ne ba tlogetse sekolo. Mmusi wa porofense o ne a itse ka bothata jono, mme o ne a sena tekanyetsokabo ya borogo jwa segompieno. Fa go ntse jalo o ne a gakolola gore banni ba dire se ba ka se kgonang go baakanya borogo ba dirisa dikgong.<ref>[[:en:Kayongozi_River#CITEREFLe_pont_de_la_rivi%C3%A8re_Kayongozi|Le pont de la rivière Kayongozi.]]</ref> == Metswedi == knifl1fyuqk6l517wes9d3ildplffjs