Wikipedia tnwiki https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsebe_ya_konokono MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.5 first-letter Pego Faphegileng Puisano Modirisi Puisano ya modirisi Wikipedia Puisano ya Wikipedia Setshwantsho Puisano ya setshwantsho MediaWiki Puisano ya MediaWiki Tempolete Puisano ya tempolete Thuso Puisano ya thuso Karolo Puisano ya karolo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 3243 50404 47435 2026-06-09T15:44:14Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 50404 wikitext text/x-wiki {{featured article}} [[File:Large bonfire.jpg|thumb|Molelo wa ko ntle o dirisa dikgong.]] [[File:Feu-de-paille-couverture.ogg|thumb|The ignition and extinguishing of a pile of wood shavings.]][[File:Fire 1000 fps.ogg|thumb|Slow motion fire sequence 1000 frame/s]] Molemo ke tlhakathakanyo e e diragalang ka bonako ya di gase mo tsamaisong ya combustion, e e ntshang mogote, lesedi le tse dingwe tse di farologaneng.<ref>{{Cite document | url = http://www.nwcg.gov/pms/pubs/glossary/pms205.pdf | title = Glossary of Wildland Fire Terminology | date = November 2009 | publisher = National Wildfire Coordinating Group | accessdate = 2008-12-18 | postscript = <!--None-->}}</ref> Slower oxidative processes like rusting or digestion are not included by this definition. Motuka ke bontlha bongwe jo bo bonalang jwa molemo gape o na le ditlhase. Fa digase tse di fisa thata, dikgona go nna ionized go dira plasma.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryfaqs/f/firechemistry.htm | title = What is the State of Matter of Fire or Flame? Is it a Liquid, Solid, or Gas? | publisher = About.com | accessdate = 2009-01-21 | last = Helmenstine | first = Anne Marie | postscript = <!--None--> | archive-date = 2009-01-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090124152217/http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryfaqs/f/firechemistry.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> Mmala wa motuka le bogale jwa molemo bo ya ka dilo tse dishang le dilo tse di tshelwang mo teng Ditlamorago tsa molemo ke conflagration, se se na le bokgoni jwa go senyaka mmele ka go o fisa. Molemo ke selo sa bothokwa se se amang matshelo a batho lefatshe ka bophara. Ditlamorago tse di siameng tsa molelo ke go rotloetsa kgolo le go babalela tikologo. Molemo o sa le o dirisiw ake batho go apaya, go dira mogote, sesupo le ditiro tsa propulsion. Ditlamorago tse di bosula tsa molelo di akaretsa, go leswafatsa metsi, go senya mmu, go leswafatsa loapi le kotsi mo matshelo a batho.<ref>Lentile, ''et al.'' , 319</ref> ==Ditebego== ===Maranyane=== {{Main|Combustion}} [[File:Fire tetrahedron.svg|thumb|talaletso ya dilo ts thokegang go baka molelo.]] Molelo o simolola fa selo se se thothetsang molelo, se kopane le selekanyo se se siameng sa gase ya oxygen kana sengwe se se na le oxygen, se le gaufi le motswedi wa mogote kana mogote o le kwa godimo ga flash point gore leokwane le ka kopangwa, gape gore e kgona go tshegetsa, selekanyo sa bonako jwa oxidation, e ntshang a tlhakatlhakanyo. This is commonly called the fire tetrahedron. Fire cannot exist without all of these elements in place and in the right proportions. For example, a flammable liquid will start burning only if the fuel and oxygen are in the right proportions. Some fuel-oxygen mixes may require a catalyst, a substance that is not directly involved in any chemical reaction during combustion, but which enables the reactants to combust more readily. Fa o simolola go tuka, thathakanyo ya di gase e tshwanetse go diragala, mo eleng gore molelo o kgona go tshegetsa mogote wa one, ka go ntsha nonofo ya mogote mo tiragalong ya combustion le go propagate, fela fa go nale neelano ya gase le leokwane. Molelo o ka timiwa ka go ntsha ditsetlana dingwe tse di bakang molelo. Sekaseka gase ya tholego jaaka go tswa mo letshegong la boapeelo. Molelo o ka timiwa ka tse di latelang: * • fa o tima motswedi wa gase, mo go ntsha motswedi wa leokwane. * Fa o kgorumetsa motuka gotlhelele, mo go fokotsa bogale jwa motuka, ka gonne combustion e dirisa gase ya oygen e e mo phefong le go e ntsha, lefelong le le gaufi le motuka o o nale CO2. * Go tshela metsi mo molelo go fokotsa mogote o o mo teng ka bonako go na le o molelo o ka o dirang( fa o budulela mowa mo molelong go ka fokotsa mogote, wa digase tse di shang go tswa mo leokwaneng go tshwana le ntlha e e fa godimo) kana * Go tshela sedirisiwa se se timang molelo jaaka Halon mo motukeng, se se kganelang thakathakanyo ya di gase, go fithelela selekanyo sa combation se nna bonya go babalela mola wa thakathakanyo. Molelo o ka okediwa ka go oketsaselekanyo sa combustion Mekgwa ya go dira se ke go lekalekanyo leokwane le di gase tse thokegang tsa selekanyo se se rileng, go oketsa leokwane le gase mo bokopanyong jwa selekanyo se, go oketsa mogote, gore mogote wa molelo o kgone go tshegetsa go tuka ga molelo kana go tsenya sethothetsi; sethothedi se se dirisiwang gore leokwane le digase di thakathakane ka pela. ===Motuka=== {{Main|Flame}} [[File:Candleburning.jpg|thumb|upright|Motuka wa kerese.]] [[File:Fire.JPG|thumb|Senepe se se tserweng ka metsotsonya e ka nna1/4000th.]] Motuka ke tlhakatlhakano ya digase le dilo tse di tswang mo teng, infrared, nako tse dingwe lesedi le le bonako, selekanyo sa lefelo le le ikaegileng ka ditebego tsa dilo tse dishang le tsibogo e e bonako. Mo nako tse dintsi, jaaka go sha ga dilo tsa tholego jaaka, dikgong, kana go sha mo go sa felelang ga gase, incadescent solid particles tse di bidiwang soot di ntsha o o tshwanang motuka o o phatsimang o o lephutshi. Lesedi le na le lefelo le le tsweletseng. Go sha mo go feletseng ga gase, go na le motuka wa mmala o motala, ka lobaka la go ntshiwa ga radiation ya bophara bo le bongwe go tswa mo phudugong ya electron mo di molecule tse di dirilweng ke motuka. Nako tse dinsi, go dirisiwa gase ya oxygen, mme Hydrogen e e tukang mo chloride le yone e ntsha motuka, mo go dirang gase ya Hydrogen Chloride(HCl). Thakanyo e engwe e e kgonang go ntsha motuka, mo go tse dintsi ke Fluorine le hydrogen le hydrazine le nitrogen tetroxide. Go phatsima ga motuka go thakathakane. Mogote wa mmele wa radiation o ntshiwa mo gaseng ya soot, le dikarolo tsa leokwane, le fa go ntse jaalo dikarolo tsa soot di le dinnye thata go itshola jaaka mmele e mentsho e e siameng. Gape go ntshiwa photon, e ntshiwa ke di atoms le molecules tse di seng mathagathaga mo di gaseng Bontsi jwa mogote wa radiation o ntshiwa mo dilong tse bonalan. Mmala o ikaegile mo mogoteng wa mmele o montsho wa radiation, le kago ya boranyane gore go ntshiwa go kgonagale Mmala o tlwaelesegile mo motukeng o fetoga le mogote. Sekai se se siameng ke setshwantsho sa molelo wa naga. Fa go tuka mo gontsi go diragalang teng mo lefatshe, molelo o mosweu, mmala wa fa gole mogote thata wa dilo tsa tholego ke lephutshi. Fa godimo ga lefelo le lephutshi, mmala o fetogelosa mo bosetheng, se se raya gore ga go mogote thata, morago ga mmala o ke bohibidu, fa go seng mogote. Fa godimo ga mmala o mohibidu, go tuka ga go sa thole go diragala, gape dikarolo tse di sa tukang kgotsa di sa sha, ka tebego di dintsho. Komponi ya NASA ya ko Amerika e lemogile gore gravity e tsaya karolo mo tiragalong ya motuka. Fa go nonofo ev e gogelang kwa godimo e fetolwa, se se ka baka mefuta e e farologaneng ya metuka<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100319113411/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2000/ast12may_1.htm Spiral flames in microgravity], National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2000.</ref> Kabakanyo ya metuka ka fa tlase ga diemo tsa gravity, di ikaegile ka go sutla ga dikarolwana mo metsing, jaaka soot e nna e gola go feta motuka o o tlwaelesegileng., jaaka mo kereseng mo diemong tse di tlwaelesegileng tsa go tsholetsega ga mmele, di dira gore o nne lephutshi. Fa go senang gravity, jaaka mo mafelong ka tikologong tse di mo lefaufaung, convection ca e sa thole e diragala, le mothuka o thuka ka go dikologa, le go rata go nna motala le bokgoni( lefa o ka kgona go tima fa o sa tshwarwe sentle, le gore CO2 go tswana mo go tukeng, ga e kabakangwe sentle fa go senang gravity, mme se se ka tima motuka). Go na le dithaloso tse di ntsi tsa di pharologanyo tse, mo e leng gore go ka kgonagaa gore mogote o kabakangwe ka go lekalekana, gore soot e seka ya dirwa le go tuka mo go feletseng go dirgala.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070912095009/http://microgravity.grc.nasa.gov/combustion/cfm/usml-1_results.htm CFM-1 experiment results]{{dead link|date=June 2011}}, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, April 2005.</ref> Diteko tse di dirilweng ke NASA di supa gore metuka e e thakanang fa go senang gravity, e letelela gore soot e le ntsi e thakane le digase morago e bo e dira thakanyo ya metuka mo lefatsheng, ka ntateng ya maitsholo a farologaneng a ditshidi fa go senang grafity, fa go tshwanthsangwa le fa go na le diemo tsa gravity e e tlwaelesegileng.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070312020123/http://microgravity.grc.nasa.gov/combustion/lsp/lsp1_results.htm LSP-1 experiment results]{{dead link|date=June 2011}}, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, April 2005.</ref> Ditemogo tse di ne tsa dirisiwa mo boranyane, le mo madirelong thatathata tiriso ya leokwane. Mo diegeneng tse di tukang, go na le dikgatlo tse dintsi tse di tsewang go tima motuka. Mekgwa e e ikaegile mefuta ya leokwane, jaaka mafura, dikgong, leokwane le le nale nonofo e ntsi jaaka leokwane la difofane. ===Mogote=== {{Main|Heat}} Molelo o ntsha mogote, kana ke mokgwa wa go fudusa nonofo go tswa mo mmeleng mongwe ka lobaka la go amana le taolo ya mogote. ====Megote e e etsegeng ya molelo le metuka==== * Motuka wa gase e e hemiwang le gase ya nonofo. * Motuka wa sedirisiwa sa madirelo a maranyane. * • Motuka wa sedirisiwa se se tsenyang kgatelelo e potlana<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cooperhandtools.com/europe/sales_literature/documents/WellerPyropen_GB.pdf|title=Pyropen Cordless Soldering Irons|format=PDF|access-date=2011-11-16|archive-date=2014-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321030441/http://www.cooperhandtools.com/europe/sales_literature/documents/WellerPyropen_GB.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Motuka wa kerese * Go goga motsoko ** o Mogote o o sa tshwantshiwing: lethakore le le tshubilweng {{convert|585|°C|°F|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} ** Mogote wa go tshwantshiwa: bogare jwa fa go tshubuilweng: {{convert|700|°C|°F|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} ** Go nna go le mogote thata fagare. ====Mogote wa metuka ka ditebego.==== Mogote wa metuka e e na le dikarolo tsa carbon di ntsha lesedi, di ka lemogwa ka mmala wa tsone.<ref>"A Book of Steam for Engineers", The Stirling Company, 1905</ref> * Bohibidu ** -O bonala {{convert|525|°C|°F|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} ** o sa bonale: {{convert|700|°C|°F|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} ** mmala o o sa bonaleng wa leungo: {{convert|800|°C|°F|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} ** mmala o o bonalang sentle wa leungo: {{convert|900|°C|°F|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} ** mmala wa leungo o o bonala sentle: {{convert|1000|°C|°F|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} * mmala wa namune ** Boteng: {{convert|1100|°C|°F|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} ** bonala: {{convert|1200|°C|°F|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} * Bosweu ** Bosweu: {{convert|1300|°C|°F|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} ** phatsima: {{convert|1400|°C|°F|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} ** galalela: {{convert|1500|°C|°F|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} ==Boitsaanape jwa molelo== {{Main|Fire ecology}} Naga e ngwe le ngwe ya tholego e na le molelo wa yone, gape ditshidi mo nageng ya teng di ikaegile ka one molelo o. Molelo o dira mafelo a bodulo,lengwe le lengwe e le fa seemong se se rileng.<ref>Begon, M., J.L. Harper and C.R. Townsend. 1996. ''[[Ecology: individuals, populations, and communities]]'' , Third Edition. Blackwell Science Ltd., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.</ref> Mefuta ya dithare, diphologolo le ditshidinyana di na le bokgoni jwa go dirisang seemo sengwe, gape fa o ntse o dira o ne mafelo a, molelo o letelela mefuta e mentsi go nna mo lefelong leo. ==Mekwalo e e beilweng ya ditswa mmung== {{Main|Fossil record of fire}} {{Origin of fire}} ==Taolo ya batho== {{Main|Control of fire by early humans}} [[File:Antonio Vivarini 001.jpg|thumb|right|Motholo wa molelo wa ga Moitshephi Saint Peter Marty ka ga Antonio Vivarini.]] Go laola molelo e ne e le phetogo e e neng e diragala mo matshelo a batho ba bogologolo. Go gotsa molelo, go dira mogote le lesedi, mo go ne go dira gore batho ba kgone go apaya dijo, go oketsa mefuta le go nna teng ga dikotla. Mogote o o neng o dirwa o ne o thuthafatsa batho ka mariga, o dira gore ba kgone go tshela mo fa go le tshididi. Molelo gape o ne o kgoba dibatlana. Bosupi jwa dijo tse di apeilweng, di ne tsa bonwa go tswa mo dingwageng tse didikadike tse di fetileng, le fa molelo o ne o sa dirisiwe ka mokgwa o o rileng go fithelela ka dingwaga tse 400,00 tse di fitileng. <ref name="Bowman2009">{{cite doi | 10.1126/science.1163886 }}</ref> Bosupi bo bo ne jwa anama ka dingwaga tse masome mathano go ya ko lekgolo tse di fitileng, go supa gore tiriso e ntsi nako le nako; mo go kgathisang, ka nako e lengwefela go leswafatsa phefo le gone ga simolola go anama, ka dipalo tse dintsi.<ref name="Bowman2009"></ref> Tiriso ya molelo e ne ya simolola go nna mafathatha, o ne wa dirisiwa go dira magala le go laola ditshidi tsa naga dingwaga tse makgole a lesome a a fetileng.<ref name="Bowman2009"></ref> Molelo gape o ne dirisiwa mo dingwageng tse difitileng go bogisa le go athola, e le go fisa motho a tshela le didirisiwa tsa pogiso jaaka sethako sa tshipi, se se neng se tlatswa ka metsi, mafura kana se fisiwa ka molelo gore motho a bogisege. ka nako ya diphetogo go tswa mo tsomeng go ya ko jwaleng dijalo, batho fatshe ka bophara ba ne ba dirisa molelo jaaka sedirisiwa sa go babalela lefatshe. melelo e ne laolwa ka go fisamlelo e e tsididi fa go tshwantshangwa le melelo e bogale e e senyang mmu. Melelo e e bogale e senyaka dijwalo le diphologolo gape e tsenya batho mo kotsing. Se ke mathata a matona mo nageng tsa gompieno fa go fisa melelo ya setso is thibelwa go rotloetsa kgolo ya dithare tse di dirang dilo tsa kago. Melelo e e seng bogale e diriwa thata ka paka ya dithobologo le thobo. go supa fa go tshubiwa ka nonofo ya ditshidi tse di suleng e sa gole sentle, se seka simolodisa melelo e e bogale. go na le mefuta e mentsi ya tikologo, e rotloetsang entsifalo ya diphologolo le ditlhare. Batho bo ne ba dira gore dinaga tse dikgothaganeng di atloge. Go na le dipalo tse di ntsi tsa tiriso ya molelo. Fa o ka akanya sentle molelo o dirisiwa ke mongwe le mongwe mo lefatsheng ka tsela e e laolesegang. Badirisi ba dipalamo tse di dirisa molelo, ba ditisa molelo nako le nako ba kgweetsa. Madirelo a nonofo ya motlakase e kabakanya palo e ntsi ya motlakane mo bathong. [[File:Hamburg after the 1943 bombing.jpg|thumb|left|Hamburg morago ga go thuntshiwa ka Phukwi ka ngwaga wa 1943, mo go bolaileng batho ba kanna palo e 50,000: tshenyo ya jeremane.Dkgang tsa BBC.</ref>]] Tiriso ya molelo mo dintlweng e sale e nna ditso. Molelo o ne o dirisiwa mo didirisiwa tsa ntwa. Hormer o ne a bua ka tiriso ya molelo ga baeteledipele ba ba gerika ba ba neng ba iphithile mo pitseng ya dikgong go fisa Troy ka na ya dintwa tsa trojan. Moragonya ba Byzantine ba ne ba dirisa molelo wa bagerika go thasela dikepe le banna, Ka nako ya ntwa ya ntlha ya lefatshe, batho ba ntlha ba ba ne ba tika melelo e ne e le dithopha tsa ntwa, gape go dikoloi tsa ntwa dine di agegile sentle. mo dintweng tse di neng tsa tla morago, dibetsa tsa ganyaolo di ne di dirisiwa ke Axis le Allies go tshwana, thatathata ko Tokyo, Rotterdam,lontone, Hamburg le Dresden, mo tiragalong tse pedi tse, ntwa ya melelo e ne simolodisiwa ka bomo e mo one molelo o ne o dikologa toropo, o ne wa gogelwa mo teng . Masole a difofane a Amerika le one a dirisa dibetsa tse kgathanong le Japane ka nako ya bone ya ntwa, mme se sa senyaka matlo a ne a agilwe ka dikgong le di pampiri. Tiriso ya leokwane e ne ya simolola ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ka ngwaga wa 1944, ko bofelo jwa ntwa ya bobedi, ntswa tiriso ya lone ga e a ka kgathegelwa ke sechba go fithelela ntwa ya Vietnam. Sebetsa sa kganyaqolo se se dirilweng ka leokwane le yone e ne e dirisiwa. ===Tiriso jaaka leokwane=== [[File:Fires world map - DALY - WHO2004.svg|thumb|Matshelo a tshelelwang mo bogoleng jo bo bakilweng ke molelo ka ngwaga wa 2004 mo banni ba le 100 000.<ref>[56]</ref>[57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69]]] Leokwane fa le tshubiwa le ntshang nonofo e e bothokwa Dikgong ke kgale di dirisiwa jaaka leokwane, le gompieno di a dirisiwa. Tiriso ya leokwane le tswang mo mmung jaaka petroleum, gase ya tholego le magala, mo madirelong a maokwane a kabakanya bontsi jwa motlakase lefatshe ka bophara mo bo gompienong; sethopa sa nonofo ya mafatshe e buile gore selekanyo se se masome a boferabobedi a motlakase a tswa mo metsweding e. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iea.org/statlist/index.htm|title="Share of Total Primary Energy Supply", 2002; International Energy Agency}}{{dead link|date=June 2011}}</ref> molelo mo madirelong a motlakase o dirisiwa go thuthafatsa metsi, go dira mosi o o dirisiwang ke mafetho. Mafetho a a tlaabo a dikolosa generatara ya motlakase go dira motlakase. Molelo o dirisiwa gape go dira ditiro, mo di engineng. Dilo tse di salang morago ga go sha di bidiwa masalela kana molora, fa go lora go yone go le kwa tlase ga mogote wa motuka, go e kopane le go omelela jaaka e tshidifala, lefa go lora ga molora go le fa godimo ga mogote wa motuka. ==Tshireletso le Thibelo== {{Main|Wildfire#Prevention|l1=Wildfire|Fire protection}} Mananeo a thibelo ya melelo ya naga lefatshe ka bophara, e ka dira gore go dirisiwe di tsela tsa go thibela jaakago dirisa lefelo la tholego le melelo e e laolesegang. <ref name="operations1">''Federal Fire and Aviation Operations Action Plan'' , 4.</ref><ref>{{vancite web|url=http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_561501139/backburn.html|title=Backburn|publisher=MSN Encarta|accessdate=2009-07-09}}</ref><ref>{{vancite journal|url=http://www.fire.uni-freiburg.de/iffn/country/gb/gb_1.htm |title=UK: The Role of Fire in the Ecology of Heathland in Southern Britain |journal=International Forest Fire News|volume=18|date=January 1998|pages=80–81}}</ref> Go dirisa lefelo la naga la molelo go tewa molelo mongwe le mongwe o o bakilweng ke dilo tsa tholego, tse dilaqolesegang mmele di letelelwa go sha. Melelo e e laolwang ke meloelo e simolotsweng ke makalana a goromente, ko tlase ga diemo tsa loapi tse di seng kotsi.<ref>{{vancite web | url = http://www.smokeybear.com/prescribed-fires.asp | title = Prescribed Fires | publisher = SmokeyBear.com | accessdate = 2008-11-21}}</ref> Makalana a a lwantshang melelo a teng mo mafelo a a tthabologileng go tioma le laola melelo e e sa laolesegeng Batima melelo ba ba ithuthuntshitsweng ba dirisa di dirisiwa tsa go tima molelo, dirisiwa tsa metsi jaaka polokelo ya metsi le dilo tse di timang molelo kana ba ka dirisa dilo dingwe ba lebeletse gore molelo o bakilwe ke enng. Thibelo ya molelo e diretswe go fokotsa metswedi e e thothetsang molelo. Thibelo ya melelo e akaretsa go ruta batho gore ba ka emisa go simolola molelo jaang.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081206013312/http://www.firecomm.gov.mb.ca/safety_education_nero_and_ashcan.html#6 Fire &amp; Life Safety Education]{{dead link|date=June 2011}}, Manitoba Office of the Fire Commissioner</ref> Mo dikago tse ditona thata dikole, thuthuntsho ya melelo e a diriwa go ruta botho gore ba ka itsaya jaang mo di kagong tse dishang. Go simolola molelo kana bomo ke molato ka fa tlase ga melawana mengwe. Dikago tsa maemo a ntlha di thoka di dirisiwa tsa thibelo ya molelo le thibelo e e mathagathaga go fokotsa tsenyo e e ka bakwang ke molelo. Mofuta mongwe wa thebelo ya molelo ke mafelo a gasa metsi. Go oketsa thibelo ya melelo mo dikagong, di dirisiwa tsa kago le dilwana tsa ntlo mo mafatsheng aa thabologileng di a sekwasekwa go bona gore a ga di tshabelelwe ke molelo. kago ya didirisiwa tsa ntlo, go betla le dipolaseteke tse di dirisiwang mo dipalamong le mo ditirong tse dingwe di lekilwe. Fa thibelo le tshireletso ya molelo e padiler, makalana a madi a tsa melelo ba ka thusa ka madi. == Paakanyo == Go na le mefuta le ditsela tse di farologaneng tse di dirisiwang , go ya mefuta wa molelo kaq na tshenyo ya molelo. Tsenyo ya molelo e ka dirwa ke dithopha tsa taolo ya dilwana, batho ba ba babalelang dikago, kana beng ba metse ka bo bone; mme fela go bitsa maitsaanape wa paakanyo ya tshenyo ya melelo, go thophilewe e le tsela e e siameng gape e babalesegile go baakanya dilwana tse sentsweng ke molelo. Bontsi jwa bone ba balwa kwa tlase ga paakanyo ya tshenyo ya metsi le molelo, gape ba ka kgona go thusa go paakanya ka bonako, ba baakanyetsa beng ba motse kana makalana a matona.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.randrmagonline.com/CDA/Archives/BNP_GUID_9-5-2006_A_10000000000000156172 | title=Restoration With a Capital E-P-A: A Case Study | publisher=Restoration & Remediation | date=August 23, 2007 | first=Bill | last=Begal | accessdate=2008-04-11}}</ref> Dikomponi tse di baakanyang ditshenyo tsa metsi le molelo di laolwa ke maphata a baji ba reki. Ko Calafonia, dipaakanyo tsotlhe tsa meklelo le metsi di kwadisitswe kwa tlase ga lekalana la ditumalano tsa go dira ka go bereka. <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cslb.ca.gov/ | title=California Contractors State License Board | publisher=State of California | accessdate=2010-08-29}}</ref> Mo bogompienong, lekalana le ga lena dithopha tsa paakanyo ya ditshenyo tsa metsi kana molelo. Mme ntswa lekalana le le batla setlankana e le sesupo gore ba letelelwe go paakanya ditshenyo tsa metsi le molelo.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.rapcowest.com/water.html | title=What You Should Know About Your Water Damage Or Mold Removal Company: | publisher=Rapco West Environmental Services, Inc. | accessdate=2010-08-29 | archivedate=2011-01-07 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107095411/http://www.rapcowest.com/water.html }}</ref> ==O ka tsibogela== [[File:Fire inside an abandoned convent in Massueville, Quebec, Canada.jpg|thumb|left|Kago ya molelo]] {{Portal|Fire}} {{div col|cols=3}} * Áed (leina le le leilweng) * molelo o o na le mmala * Go sha * Go tshuba moswi * Go tuka mo go rotloetswang ke mogote wa letsatsi * Molelo (Tsetlana ya maemo) * Tshekatsheko ya molelo * kelothoko ya molelo * Molete wa molelo * molelo wa phefo * kobamelo ya molelo * Teko ya motuka * Tsela ya botshelo e es sireletsegileng * Maina a melelo a ditso * maina a motswedi wa lesedi * Boitsaanape jwa go tshuba * Sedirisiwa se sesupa motuka wa melelo e metona e e laolesegang * lefoko la segerika le le rayang molelo * Go bola ga dilo tse suleng ka mogote mongwe o o rileng. * Mokgwa o sa laolesegeng wa go simolola molelo * Mosi * Letunya mosi {{div col end}} {{-}} ==Ditshwantsho tsa tlaleletso== <center> <gallery> File:Forestfire2.jpg|Melelo ya naga File:Kuwait burn oilfield.png|Matlamo a Kuwati a ne a jewa ke molelo, ka nako ya dintwa tsa Gulf. File:School burn.JPG|Melelo ya dikole ko Aberdeen, Washington File:MidsummerNightBonfire.jpg|Melelo e e laolesegang ya o ntle kwa Lappeenranta, Finland File:New Orleans Fire 2005-09-02.jpg|Kago ya molelo ko New Orleansmorago ga Hurricane Katrina File:Fire02.jpg|Molelo o o bakilweng ke go fisa thaga. File:Northwest Crown Fire Experiment.png|Melelo ya naga e e laolesegang ko Canada File:Feuerreiben.gif|Go dira molelo ka go gothana ga dikgong. File:Streichholz.jpg|Molelo go tswa mo se simolodi sa molelo. File:Ignition of a match.jpg|Molelo o simolola jang. </gallery> </center> ==Tse di latelang ke tse di dirisitsweng go batla kitso e e kwadilweng fa== {{Reflist|2}} == Tshekatsheko ya bakwadi == *{{Cite document|title=Community Involvement in and Management of Forest Fires in South East Asia|url=http://www.asiaforests.org/doc/resources/fire/pffsea/Report_Community.pdf|format=PDF|year=2002|publisher=Project FireFight South East Asia|last=Karki|first=Sameer|accessdate=2009-02-13|postscript=<!--None-->}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}} * Haung, Kai. 2009. Palo ya batho le dikago tsa dintlha tsa amang palo ya melelo ya bonno jwa batho mo ditoropong tse ditona tsa Amerika. Tshekatsheko e e dirilwe . ko mmadikole wa Texas [http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/287/ TXstate.edu] *{{vancite journal |author= Lentile, Leigh B.; Holden, Zachary A.; Smith, Alistair M. S.; Falkowski, Michael J.; Hudak, Andrew T.; Morgan, Penelope; Lewis, Sarah A.; Gessler, Paul E.; Benson, Nate C. |title=Remote sensing techniques to assess active fire characteristics and post-fire effects |url=http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/24613 |year=2006 |journal=International Journal of Wildland Fire |issue=15 |volume=3 |pages=319-­345}} * Kosman, Admiel: [https://web.archive.org/web/20151015225335/http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/magazine/sacred-fire-1.329892 Molelo o rileng]. In: Thu, Ferikgong 13, 2011. == Metswedi == {{Commons|Fire}} *[http://www.howstuffworks.com/Fire.htm Molelo o bereka jang] at Dilo di bereka jang *[http://www.straightdope.com/columns/021122.html Molelo ke eng?] go tswa ka thamalalo * {0mo molelong,Adobe Flash-go tswa mo ithuthuntshong ya maranyane koNOVA (TV series) * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3670017.stm melelo ya batho ba ntlha] BBC mekwalo ka bo itemogelo jwa baitsaanape. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040215015525/http://microgravity.grc.nasa.gov/combustion/cfm/cfm_index.htm * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPWucNgN8TQ tiriso ya molelo go ijesa monate]ka sedirisiwa sa motuka [[Category:Molelo]] g0520kg9582p9viw3wag81wpqund4rq 0 4831 50414 50179 2026-06-09T19:31:55Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 50414 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Borewell digging.jpg|thumb|Go epa sediba]] '''Sediba''' ke lehuti le lesesane le le epilweng mo lefatsheng, le epiwa go ya kwa tlase kgotsa go ya mo ditlhakoreng. Sediba se ka agelwa ditiriso tse di farologaneng, di akaretsa go gogiwa ga metsi, dilo tse dingwe (jaaka lookwane), kgotsa di gase. E ka nna bontlha jwa patlisiso ya maranyane a lefatshe, go sekaseka tikologo, go batla ditswammung, go meta mogote, e le lehuti la go tsenya didirisiwa le diphaepe kwa tlase ga lefatshe, kgotsa go baya tse di sa batliweng ka fa tlase ga lefatshe, sekai, mo go beyeng khabone. == Botlhokwa == Ba botegeniki le baitseanape ba tikologo ba dirisa lefoko sediba go tlhalosa mafuti otlhe a a epetsweng go batlisisa ka tsa lefatshe kgotsa a epetswe go sekaseka tikologo. Se se akaretsa mafuti a a epetsweng go tlhatlhoba mmu kgotsa majwe, go tokafatsa didirisiwa kgotsa go dira didiba tse di dirisediwang go ela tlhoko. Mmu o o tsewang mo didibeng o tlhatlhobiwa mo labong go ela tlhoko gore e ntse jang. kgotsa go sekaseka seelo sa dilabe le tse di mo mmung. [[Setshwantsho:Borewell digging.ogv|thumb|Go epa sediba]] Gantsi, sediba se se dirisediwang go baya metsi se felelediwa ka go tsenya phaephe e e yang kwa godimo go itsa sediba go nwela. Se se thusa gape go thibela dilabe go leswefatsa sediba le go sireletsa dipompo tse di tsentsweng go tsenya motlhaba mo metsing. Didiba tsa lookwane le gase di felelediwa ka tsela e e tshwanang mme e raraane go gaisa. Jaaka go tlhalositswe mo dithutong tsa seemo sa loapi sa pele, selekanyetso sa bothito jwa sediba mo botengnyeng jo bo farologaneng se ka thulamisiwa go thusa go akanyetsa bothito jwa lefatshe mo ditsong. [[Setshwantsho:Drilling boreholes for clean water (9084603915).jpg|thumb|Mosadi kwa [[Uganda]] o ga metsi mo sedibeng]] Didiba di le mmalwa tse dipotlana tse di tsentsweng diphaepe tsa polaseteke tse di laolang bothito di ka dirisiwa go baya bothito kgotsa botsididi ka dipaka tse di farologaneng. Go dira jaana go bidiwa go baya kgothetso ya paka. Didirisiwa tse di ka dirisediwang se di simolola ka lokgarapa go tsena kwa matlapeng a a ikadileng. Go ka nna le didiba di le mmalwa go tsena di le lekgolo, di le boteng jo bo tswang kwa masomeng a matlhano go tsena makgolo a le mararo a di mmithara.<ref>Hellström G. (2008). [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160522223418/http://www.annex29.net/ Large-Scale Applications of Ground-Source Heat Pumps in Sweden.] IEA HP Annex 29 Workshop, Zurich, May 19, 2008.</ref><ref>Stiles, Lynn (June 1998). [https://heatpumpingtechnologies.org/publications/51667/ "Underground thermal energy storage in the US".] ''IEA Heat Pump Centre Newsletter''. '''16''' (2): 22–23.</ref> == Ditso == [[Setshwantsho:Borehole 01.jpg|thumb|Sediba se se epilweng kwa Ghana; sediba se ga se bonale]] [[Setshwantsho:AlburyBoreHole.jpg|thumb|Sediba sa metsi se se kwa Enyelane kwa Albury]] Go epa didiba go tswa go o lowe. Ka nako ya bogosi jwa Han (dingwaga di le makgolo a mabedi le bobedi pele ga Keresete go tsena di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a mabedi morago ga loso lwa ga Keresete), ba lotso lwa China ba ne ba dirisa go epa didiba go dira meepo le tse dingwe. Moitseanape wa ditso le tshireletso ya tsone wa kwa [[Britain]] [[Michael Loewe]] a re mafelo a didiba a ka nna boteng jwa di mithara di le makgolo a marartaro.<ref>Loewe (1968), 194.</ref> K. S Tom o tlhalosa mokgwa wa go epa: "Mokgwa wa ma [[China]] wa go epela kwa teng o ne wa kgonwa ke setlhopha sa banna ba tlolela mo godimo ga mosipuri gangwe le gape go oketsa lefuti fa kepu e ne e tsamaisiwa ke dinare le dipoo".<ref name=":0">Tom (1989), 103.</ref> Mothale o ke one o o neng o dirisiwa go epa lookwane kwa [[California]] ka dingwaga tsa 1860.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Hobson, John M. (2004). ''The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation''. Cambridge University Press. p. 215. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0521547246|<bdi>978-0521547246</bdi>.]]</ref> Go ne go na le meepo e e boteng jwa dimithara di le lekgolo gaufi le madirelo a tshipi ya boronse ya bogosi jwa Han kwa bophirima a a neng a bonwa kwa Xinglong, Hebei; mekgatšha e le dikamore di ne di feletse ka di lere, didirisiwa tsa tshipi le logong.<ref>Loewe (1968), 191.</ref><ref>Wang (1982), 105.</ref> Ka lekgolo la ntlha la dingwaga pele ga ga Keresete, babetli ba China ba ne ba dira dikepu tsa tshipi ba kgona go epa didiba tse di boteng jwa di mithara di le sekete, le makgolo a matlhano.<ref>Hossain, M. E.; Abdullah Al-Majed, Abdulaziz (2015). ''Fundamentals of Sustainable Drilling Engineering''. Wiley-Scrivener (published March 2, 2015). [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0470878170|<bdi>978-0470878170</bdi>.]]</ref><ref>Rezende, Lisa (2007). ''[[iarchive:factsonfilechron00reze|Chronology of Science]]''. Checkmark Books (published April 1, 2007). pp. [[iarchive:factsonfilechron00reze/page/n50|40.]] ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0816071197|<bdi>978-0816071197</bdi>.]]</ref><ref name=":2">Conner, Clifford D. (2005). [[iarchive:peopleshistoryof0000conn/page/175|''A People's History of Science: Miners, Midwives, and Low Mechanicks''.]] Nation Books. pp. [[iarchive:peopleshistoryof0000conn/page/175|175.]] [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1560257486|<bdi>978-1560257486</bdi>.]]</ref> Ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le motso morago ga loso lwa ga Keresete, batho ba kwa China ba ne ba kgona go epa didiba tse di boteng jwa di mithara di le makgolo a robabongwe. Go epa didiba go ne go tsaya nako ebile go le go leele. Ka boteng jwa didiba bo ne bo farologana, go epa sediba se le sengwe go ne go kgona go tsaya dingwaga di le lesome.<ref name=":0" /> Ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabongwe, ke gone fela ba Yuropa ba neng ba simolola go kgona go padisana le ba China mo tirisong ya maranyane go epa didiba.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> Mo dingwageng di le dintsi, sediba se se neng se le seleele go gaisa mo lefatsheng ka bophara e ne e ele sa Kola kwa Russia. Go tswa ka Phatwe 2011 go tsena Phatwe 2012 seelo se se ne se tshegeditswe ke sediba sa Sakhalin se se dimithara di le dikete di le lesome le bobedi, makgolo a mararo, masome a mane le botlhano kwa lotshitshing lwa setlhaketlhake sa Sakhalin kwa [[Russia]].<ref>[http://www.ordons.com/asia/far-east/9976-sakhalin-1-project-drills-worlds-longest-extended-reach-well.html Sakhalin-1 Project Drills World's Longest Extended-Reach Well] [https://web.archive.org/web/20110131190440/http://www.ordons.com/asia/far-east/9976-sakhalin-1-project-drills-worlds-longest-extended-reach-well.html Archived] 2011-01-31 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]</ref> Sediba sa Chayvo Z-44 se se neng se okeditswe se ne sa nna sone se se mo maemong a sediba se se boteng ka Phatwe a le masome mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa 2012. Boteng jwa Z-44 ke dimithara di le dikete tse di lesome le bobedi, makgolo a mararo, masome a supa le borataro. Le fa go ntse jalo, didiba tsa ERD di boteng go gisa sediba sa Kola, ka di le sephara. K a Phukwi 2023, lefatshe la China le ne la simolola go epa didba tse di boteng, se sengwe se le kwa kgampung ya Sichuan se solofetswe go nna dimithara di le dikete di le lesome, makgolo a matlhano le masome a mabedi se sengwe se le kwa kgampung ya Tarim se le boteng kwa di mithara di le dikete di le lesome le motso, le lekgolo.<ref>Lau, Chris (2023-07-21). [https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/21/china/china-second-superdeep-borehole-intl-hnk/index.html "China is drilling some of the world's deepest holes in hunt for natural resources".] ''CNN''. Retrieved 2026-06-05</ref><ref>[https://www.nine.com.au/world-news/china-is-drilling-some-of-the-worlds-deepest-holes-in-hunt-for-natural-resources-20230723-p5ytty.html "China is drilling some of the deepest holes in hunt for natural resources".] ''www.9news.com.au''. 2023-07-23. Retrieved 2026-06-05</ref> == Mekgwa == Ba ba epang ba ka nwetsa sediba ba dirisa motšshine o o epang kgotsa sedirisa sa seatla. Didirisiwa le methale ya go oketsa sediba di a farologana go ya ka o o di dirileng, diemo tsa lefatshe le tiriso. Go epa mo lotshitshing, go dirisiwa didirisiwa tse di kokobalang kgotsa dirala tse di engweng nokeng ke lefatshe la lewatle. == Go epa ka seatla == [[Setshwantsho:Borehole-Manual-Digging-Process-2050-Paris.jpg|thumb|Ba ba epang sediba ba epa sediba ka mabogo ]] Bontsi jwa didiba bogolo jang mo mafatsheng a a santseng a tlhabologa di epiwa ka seatla. Go epa go simolola ka go dirisa didirisiwa tse e seng tsa sepe di tshwana le dikepu, dipeke le digarawe. Babereki ba epa mmu seele ka seelo, gantsi ba dira jalo ba dikologa gore lefuti le bopege sentle. Mokgwa o o bonya ebile o a lapisa, o tlhoka tirisano mmogo le go bereka ka setlhopha. Go thibela lebotana go wela le go netefatsa tlhwatlhwa ya metsi, sediba se agelelwa ka ditena, matlapa kgotsa lokgarapana. Kgagamatso e, e netefatsa go itsetsepela ga sediba gape go thusa go thibela go leswefatsa metsi. Serala sa lokgarapana se ka tsenngwa kwa tlase go itsa mmu go tsena mo metsing. Kwa goimo sediba se a khurumelwa go itsa dilabe le go kgotlhelwa ga metsi.<ref>[https://2050.paris/lander?oref=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2F "Transformative Borehole Drilling Projects: Empowering Carbon Credit Initiatives - 2050 Paris |".] 2023-08-01. Retrieved 2026-06-05</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * Sediba sa Adkam kwa Pennyslvania * Motšhine o o kgaolang diphaepe == Metswedi == pspev3vyxq4spqo2cfjtd9407tig35z 0 8733 50410 46202 2026-06-09T18:18:16Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 50410 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|image=File:2DU Kenya16 (5367334314).jpg|caption=Tea pickers in Kenya's Mount Kenya region, for the Two Degrees Up project, to look at the impact of climate change on agriculture.}} Phetogo ya seemo sa loapi ke matshosetsi a a tsweletseng ka go golela pele mo kgolong ya itsholelo<ref name=":0">[https://reliefweb.int/report/kenya/climate-change-profile-kenya "Climate Change Profile: Kenya – Kenya".] ''ReliefWeb''. Retrieved 24 November 2020.</ref> le go tshegetsa tikologo. Mafatshe a a tlhabologang ebile a le ko tlase mo go itepatepanyeng le seemo gape a tshabelelwa ke go amega, a amega thata. Phetogo ya loapi kwa [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] e tsweletse ka go ama matshelo a batho ba Kenya le tikologo.<ref name=":0" /> Phetogo ya loapi e bakile diemo tsa bosa tse di maswe thata jaaka komelelo e e tsayang lobaka go gaisa jaaka go tlwaelesegile, pula e e nang ka fa go sa tlwaelesegang ebile e na e sa solofelwa, merwalela le mogote o o tsweletseng ka go golela pele. Ditlamorago tsa phetogo e ya loapi di okeditse mathata a a ntseng a le teng a tlhomamisego ya metsi, tlhomamisego ya dijo, le kgolo ya itsholelo. Thobo le tsa temothuo tse e leng 33% <ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20201210101304/https://www.kilimo.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/ASTGS-Full-Version.pdf Agricultural Sector Transformation and Growth Strategy"] (PDF). ''Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries''. 2019. p.&nbsp;20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 December 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.</ref>ya dipoelo tsa tse di dirwang mo gae,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |url=https://www.unccd.int/sites/default/files/relevant-links/2017-06/climatechangekenya2010web.pdf |title=Climate Change in Kenya focus on Children (PDF) (Report). UNICEF. |access-date=2023-04-27 |archive-date=2023-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405211226/https://www.unccd.int/sites/default/files/relevant-links/2017-06/climatechangekenya2010web.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> le tsone di mo kotsing. Mogote o o goletseng kwa godimo, go farologana ga ka fa pula e nang ka teng mo mafelong a sekaka le a a omeletseng bontlha bongwe, le diphefo tse di nonofileng tsedi amangwang le ditsuatsue, ke maemo a a bakang go gola le go fuduga ga disenyi.<ref name=":3">Salih, Abubakr A. M.; Baraibar, Marta; Mwangi, Kenneth Kemucie; Artan, Guleid (July 2020). [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-020-0835-8 "Climate change and locust outbreak in East Africa"]. ''Nature Climate Change''. '''10''' (7): 584–585. [[:en:Bibcode|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatCC..10..584S 2020NatCC..10..584S.] [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi]]:[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-020-0835-8 10.1038/s41558-020-0835-8.] [[Wikipedia|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:1758-678X 1758-678X]. [[:en:Semantic_Scholar|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Climate-change-and-locust-outbreak-in-East-Africa-Salih-Baraibar/74da92501d14b37d69eea7ec9dfc1d4fe5f1ccbe 220290864.]</ref> Koketsego ya mogote go ya kwa go 2.5 degrees celcius ka ngwaga wa 2050, go akanyediwa fa go tla baka gore seemo sa bosa se se maswe jaaka merwalela le komelelo di direge kgapetsakgapetsa.<ref name=":0" /> Diemo tse di mogote ebile di omeletse kwa go leng sekaka le kwa go omeletseng bontlha bongwe di dira gore merwalela le komelelo tse di bakiwang ke phetgo ya seemo sa bosa e e maswe go nne diphatsa le go gaisa. Baagi ba ba nnang gaufi le metswedi ya metsi ba setse ba itemogela tlhatlogo ya metsi a lewatle le mathata a mangwe jaaka go kgotlhelwa ga metsi a a nowang ke metsi a a letswai a lewatle.<ref name=":0" /> Dinoka tsa [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Victoria,]] [[:en:Turkana_Basin|Turkana]] le tse dingwe di oketsegile ka botona ka dingwaga tsa 2010 go tsena ka 2020,<ref>Tobiko, Keriako (2021). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230402181742/https://ir-library.ku.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/123456789/22854/Rising%20Water%20Levels%20in%20Kenya%E2%80%99s%20Rift%20Valley%20Lakes....pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y "Rising Water Levels in Kenya's Rift Valley Lakes, Turkwel Gorge Dam and Lake Victoria"] (PDF). ''Kenya Government and UNDP''. Retrieved 16 March 2022.</ref> di baka merwalela mo baaging ba ba nnang go bapa le dinoka tseo.<ref>Baraka, Carey (17 March 2022). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/17/kenya-quiet-slide-underwater-great-rift-valley-lakes-east-africa-flooding "A drowning world: Kenya's quiet slide underwater".] ''the Guardian''. Retrieved 17 March 2022.</ref> Dilo tse tsotlhe di ama batho ba ab mo kotsing jaaka batho ba ba senang ditshono, jaaka bomme le basha.<ref name=":2" /> == Kgaso ya gase e e borai == {{Infobox person|image=Carbon emissions by region en.svg|caption=The annual fossil fuel carbon dioxide emissions, in million metric tons of carbon, for a variety of non-overlapping regions covering the Earth.}} Kgaso ya gase e e borai ya ngwaga le ngwaga kwa Kenya e ko tlase ga 1 tonne motho ka bongwe ka bongwe,<ref>Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max; Rosado, Pablo (11 May 2020). [https://ourworldindata.org/co2/country/kenya "CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions".] ''Our World in Data''.</ref> mme e nne kwa tlase ga 100 million tonnes ka ngwaga,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20221018132436/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.GHGT.KT.CE?locations=KE "Total greenhouse gas emissions (kt of CO2 equivalent) - Kenya | Data".] ''data.worldbank.org''. Retrieved 18 October 2022.</ref> <ref>[https://www.statista.com/statistics/1287576/annual-carbon-dioxide-co2-emissions-in-kenya/ "Kenya: annual CO2 emissions".] ''Statista''. Retrieved 18 October 2022.</ref><ref>Njugi, David. [https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/opinion/article/2001428506/clean-cooking-can-hugely-cut-kenyas-carbon-emissions "Clean cooking can hugely cut Kenya's carbon emissions"]. ''The Standard''. Retrieved 18 October 2022.</ref>boraro jwa yone bo tswa mo kgaolong ya ditlhare.<ref>[https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/kenya/ "Kenya"]. ''climateactiontracker.org''. Retrieved 18 October 2022.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2020, Lefatshe la Kenya le ne la isa selekanyo se mafatshe a mangwe a ka kopang mo go sone (Forest Reference Level) kwa [[:en:United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change|UNFCCC]].<ref>[https://redd.unfccc.int/files/697_2_lao_nrs_final_2021_eng.pdf "NATIONAL REDD+ STRATEGY" (PDF).]</ref> Sephatlho sa motlakase wa Kenya o fetlhilwe ka metsi. Le fa go ntse jalo, ka go fetlhiwa le go isiwa ga motlakase kwa bathong go sa ikanyege, dikompone ste di fetlhang motlakase di fetlha motlakase wa tlaleletso ka ditukisi tsa tlholego. Komelelo le go oketsega ga go fetoga ga metsi go nna mowa le phokotsego ya go fetlha motlakase ka metsi, mo go tla oketsang tiriso ya metswedi ya motlakase e e kgotlhelang.<ref name=":4">[https://web.archive.org/web/20230315022151/https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/2018_USAID-ATLAS-Project_Climate-Risk-Profile-Kenya.pdf "CLIMATE RISK PROFILE: KENYA"] (PDF). ''Climatelinks''. Retrieved 26 November 2020.</ref> Ditiro tsa batho di oketsa nonofo ya gase e e borai e e nang le seabe mo phetogong ya loapi, bogolo jang [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] e e tswang mo go tshubeng ditukisi tsa tlholego:magala,lookwane le gase ya tlholego. == Tlhotlheletso mo tikologong ya tlholego == === Mogote le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa === Selekanyo sa mogote se ntse se golela pele ngwaga le ngwaga fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 2000 go ya ka tshedimosetso ya satalite.<ref>Messmer, Martina; González-Rojí, Santos J.; Raible, Christoph C.; Stocker, Thomas F. (18 May 2021). [https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/14/2691/2021/ "Sensitivity of precipitation and temperature over the Mount Kenya area to physics parameterization options in a high-resolution model simulation performed with WRFV3.8.1"]. ''Geoscientific Model Development''. '''14''' (5): 2691–2711. [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi]]:[https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/14/2691/2021/ 10.5194/gmd-14-2691-2021.] [[:en:International_Standard_Serial_Number|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:1991-959X 1991-959X.]</ref> Tshekatsheko ya mekgwa ya seemo sa loapi kwa dikakeng le mafelo a a omeletseng ka nako tse dingwe kwa Kenya, e supa go ya kwa godimo ga mogote le go ya tlase ga pula go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1977 go tsena ka 2014.<ref>Kenya Markets Trust (2019). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0140196318304750 "Contextualising Pathways to Resilience in Kenya's ASALs under the Big Four Agenda"] (PDF).</ref> Tlhotlheletso ya phetogo ya seemo sa loapi e solofelwa fa e tla bonala thata kwa dikakeng le mafelo a a omelelang ka dinako tse dingwe (ASALs), kwa itsholelo le botshelo jwa mo gae di ikaegileng ka ditiro tse di amiwang thata ke phetogo ya loapi, jaaka go fula ga dihutshane le go tlhagolela pula. Koketsego ya mogote, go farologana ga ka fa pula e nang ka teng le diphefo tse di mashetla mo go amangwang le ditsuatsue ke maemo a a bakang go gola le go fuduga ga disenyi.Sekai, ka dingwaga tsa 2020 di simologa, mafelo mangwe kwa Kenya le mafatshe a a mabapi mo botlhaba jwa Aforika a itemogetse go thelegela ga tsie.<ref name=":3" /> Le fa go amanya ditshedi le phetogo ysa seemo sa loapi go le thata, phetogo ya seemo sa loapi e itsege ka kgonagalo ya go fetola go ja le go thelegela ga ditshedi dingwe. {{Infobox person|URL=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NASA-Satellite-sea-level-rise-observations.jpg|caption=NASA-Satellite-sea-level-rise-observations|image=NASA-Satellite-sea-level-rise-observations.jpg}} === Tlhatlogo ya metsi a lewatle === Mo nakong eno, go tlhatloga ga metsi a lewatlego kwa go 3mm ngwaga le ngwaga. Kgaolo nngwe le nngwe e farologana le e nngwe ka jaana diphefo le makhubu a lewatle di farologana, ebile di kgona go tsaya malatsi go ya kwa dikgweding kana dingwaga tse di lesome. Mafelo a a gaufi le mawatle a lebanwe ke dikgwetlho ka ntlha ya tlhatlogo ya metsi a lewatle. Tlhatlhogo e fa e kopanngwa le ditsuatsue di isa metsi kwa godimo le go gaisa. Go ya kwa godimo ga metsi mo go feteletseng ke kgwetlho e tona mo bathong ba le dibilione tse pedi le borataro kwa lewatleng la indian Ocean.<ref>Sreeraj, P.; Swapna, P.; Krishnan, R.; Nidheesh, A. G.; Sandeep, N. (2022). [https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ac97f5 "Extreme sea level rise along the Indian Ocean coastline: Observations and 21st century projections".] ''Environmental Research Letters''. '''17''' (11): 114016. [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi]]:[https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ac97f5 10.1088/1748-9326/ac97f5]. [[:en:Semantic_Scholar|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Extreme-sea-level-rise-along-the-Indian-Ocean-and-Sreeraj-Swapna/ebc0d044166d4dc892cb27f8b8882733468b0e19 252806205.]</ref> 17% wa diheketara tse di dikete di le nne le makgolo a le mararo kwa [[:en:Mombasa|Mombasa]] o lebanwe ke dikgwetlho tsa tlhatlhogo ya metsi a lewatle ya 30 centimeters.<ref name=":4" /> Tlhatlogo ya metsi a lewatle e ka nna ya baka tshenyo ya dikago go akaretsa le maemelo a dikepe le madirelo a a mo kgaolong tse di gaufi le lewatle fa go sena maano a a diriwang a go itepatepanya le seemo. E ka baka gape koketsego ya phatlhalatso ya metsi a a sa babalesegang le mathata a kgopo ya leswe, ka mafika a metsi a kgotlhelesegile. {{Infobox person|caption=River Shaba in Shaba National Reserve – one of the water resources that will be affected by climate change in Kenya|image=Shaba Kenya river.jpg}} === Tlhotlheletso mo metsweding ya metsi === Go busediwa ga metsi mo didibeng, tse e leng tsone motswedi o mogolo wa metsi mo Aforika, go tshosediwa ke phokotsego ya pula.<ref>[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/climate-change-water-en.pdf "Climate Change and water"] (PDF). ''IPCC — Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change''. June 2008. p.&nbsp;82. Retrieved 26 November 2020.</ref> Selekanyo sa pula mo dikgweding tsa Mopitlo, Motsheganong/Setebosigo se fokotsegile mo botlhaba jwa [[Aferika|Aforika]] go tswa ka dingwaga tsa 1980 go tsena gompieno, pula e e tsisiwang ke diphefo go tswa kwa mawatleng e fokotsegile go tswa ka 1948 go tsena ka 2009 kwa mafatsheng a botlhaba jwa Aforika (Horn of Africa).<ref>[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf "Africa"] (PDF). ''IPCC — Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change''. 31 March 2014. p.&nbsp;1209. Retrieved 26 November 2020.</ref> Go elela ga metsi a dinoka tse di fetang ka botlhaba jwa Aforika jaaka noka ya Nile, go tla fokotsega ka ntlha ya phetogo ya loapi. Koketsego ya komelelo le go nna sekaka go solofetswe go oketsa letlhoko la metsi a a phepa.<ref>Getachew, Birhan; Manjunatha, Busnur Rachotappa (1 October 2022). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1474706522000560 "Potential climate change impact assessment on the hydrology of the Lake Tana Basin, Upper Blue Nile River Basin, Ethiopia".] ''Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C''. '''127''': 103162. [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi:]][https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1474706522000560?via%3Dihub 10.1016/j.pce.2022.103162.] [[:en:International_Standard_Serial_Number|ISSN]][https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:1474-7065 &nbsp;1474-7065]. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Kenya?action=edit S2CID]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:1474-7065 248906177].</ref><ref>Opere, Alfred (2022). ''Research Anthology on Environmental and Societal Impacts of Climate Change''.</ref> Le fa melao ya mafatshefatshe e supa goremotho mongwe le mongwe o tlhoka bokete jwa 1000m jwa metsi, 586m fela ke ene a neng a le teng ka 2010,mme bokete bo bo ka nna jwa wela kwa go 293m ka 2050. Go gonyela ga dkgapetlana tsa kwa Mount Kenya go okeditse tlhaelo ya metsi. Dinoka tse di neng di elela ngwaga otlhe ka ntlha ya go gakologa le go elela ga metsi a dikgapetlana jaanong di elela ka dipaka, di gakatsa dintwa tsa metswedi ya metsi.<ref name=":4" /> == Tlhotlheletso mo bathong == === Itsholelo === Makalana amabedi a a botlhokwa mo itsholelong ya Kenya<ref name=":1" /> ke temothuo le bojanala,<ref name=":0" /> a ka bobedi jwa one a tshabelelwang ke go amiwa ke manokonoko a phetogo ya loapi.<ref name=":4" /> komelelo go tswa ka 2008 go tsena ka 2011 e bakile tshenyo ya $12.1 billion.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230315022144/https://www.iii.org/insuranceindustryblog/tag/drought/ "Satellite, Mobile Technologies Underpin Insurance Payout To Herders In Kenya"]. ''www.iii.org''. Retrieved 26 November 2020.</ref> Tlhoka pabalesego ya dijo e e bakilweng ke komelelo go tswa ka 2014 go tsena ka 2022 go amile batho ba le di milione di le tharo le bone, fa ka ngwaga wa 2018, batho ba le dikete di le makgolo a matlhano ba latlhegetswe ke go bona metsi.<ref>[https://www.wri.org/technical-perspectives/insider-mainstreaming-climate-adaptation-development-three-lessons-kenya "INSIDER: Mainstreaming Climate Adaptation into Development: Three Lessons from Kenya".] ''World Resources Institute''. 15 September 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.</ref> Itsholelo ya lefatshe la Kenya e feta ya mafatshe a a kwa botlhaba le legare la Aforika, mme le na le palo ya batho ba le 48.5 million.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13681341 "Kenya country profile"]. ''BBC News''. 31 January 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2020.</ref> Lefatshe le ke lone boremelelo jwa dipuisano, thekiso, le madi mo kgaolong eo.<ref>[https://www.privacyshield.gov/article?id=Kenya-Market-Overview "Kenya – Market Overview"]. ''www.privacyshield.gov''. Retrieved 26 November 2020.</ref> <ref>[https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/africas-powerhouse/ "Africa's Powerhouse".] ''Brookings''. Retrieved 26 November 2020.</ref>Tshenyo ya itsholelo e e bakilweng ke go farologana ga phetogo ya loapi le seemo sa bosa se se sa iketlang e ka lekana le 2.6% wa GDP ka 2030.<ref name=":4" /> == Bona gape == * [[Go lepalepana le seemo sa phetogo ya loapi]] * [[Phetogo ya seemo sa loapi mo Aforika]] == Metswedi == 97t6kxl44ooum0kpdlkosxwp9a3otgt 0 8737 50407 31723 2026-06-09T17:19:48Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 50407 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nyawira A. Muthiga''' ke moithuta diphologolo le tshomarelo ya tsone wa mo [[Aferika|Aforika]], yo eleng mokaedi wa lekgotla la [[:en:Western_Indian_Ocean_Marine_Science_Association|Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association]] Marine Programme kwa [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]]. Ke mankge wa tlhokomelo, pabalelo le tlhabololo ya ditsatlholego wa lekgotla la [[:en:Wildlife_Conservation_Society|wildlife Conservation Society.]] == Botshelo jwa pele le thuto == Muthiga o tsholetswe kwa lefatsheng la Kenya mme a nna dingwaga tsa gagwe tsa bongwana kwa [[:en:Dar_es_Salaam|Dar es Salaam]].<ref name=":0">[https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/magazine/Taking-care-of-ocean-habitats/434746-4614744-y4yjsfz/index.html "Taking care of ocean habitats"]. ''The East African''. Retrieved 2020-07-04.</ref> O ne a dira dithuto tsa gagwe tsa degree in [[:en:Biological_oceanography|Biological Oceanography]] kwa [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States?wprov=srpw1_0 United States.] <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200704223951/https://www.pgcruises.com/WCS-Lectures/40130 "Wildlife Discovery Series".] ''Paul Gauguin Cruises''. Retrieved 2020-07-04.</ref>O ne a fetsa master's degree kwa sekolong se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa [[:en:Florida_State_University|Florida State University]], kwa a neng a ithutela seabe sa letswai mo go direng dijo ga setlhare sa ''[[:en:Siderastrea_siderea|Siderastrea siderea]].''<ref>Muthiga, Nyawira A (1984). ''[https://www.worldcat.org/title/11880436 The effects of salinity stress on the respiration and photosynthesis of the hermatypic coral Siderastrea siderea]'' (Thesis).[[:en:OCLC#OCLC|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11880436 11880436.]</ref>Muthiga o boetse kwa Kenya go ya go dira patlisiso ya gagwe ya dithuto tsa doctoral kwa [[:en:University_of_Nairobi|University of Nairobi]]. == Patlisiso le tiro == Ka ngwaga wa 2000 Muthiga o ne a tlhophiwa go nna tautona wa Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association Board of Trustees (WIOMSA). O ne a okameste kgolo ya WIOMSA mo lefatsheng ka bophara, a aga dikgaolo le go ikgolaganya le batho.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230413005827/https://www.wiomsa.org/personnel/nyawira-muthiga/ "Nyawira Muthiga"]. ''WIOMSA''. Retrieved 2020-07-04.</ref> Muthiga o bereketse [[:en:Kenya_Wildlife_Service|Kenya Wildlife Service]] kwa a neng a eteletse pele thulaganyo ya lotshitshi lwa lewatle le mafelo a a bokgola.<ref>[https://oceanconservancy.org/blog/2014/03/31/honoring-the-women-who-fight-for-our-ocean-part-3/ "Honoring the Women Who Fight for Our Ocean (Part 3)".] ''Ocean Conservancy''. 2014-03-31. Retrieved 2020-07-04.</ref> Mo tirong e, Muthiga o ne a tlhomiwa modulasetilo wa Kenya Sea Turtle Conservation Programme.<ref>[https://oceanfdn.org/staff/nyawira-muthiga/ "Nyawira Muthiga".] ''The Ocean Foundation''. Retrieved 2020-07-04.</ref> O berekile go batlisisa makgolo a maje a a kwa tlase ga metsi kwa Western [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean.]]<ref>[https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/?redirect=404 "Expedition Madagascar: Conserving Coral Reefs with Community Conservation".] ''National Geographic Society Newsroom''. 2015-06-12. Retrieved 2020-07-04.</ref> Muthinga e ne e le mosimolodi wa lekgotla la Wildlife Conservation Society, le le batlisisang le bo le tsenya mo tirisong dithulaganyo tsa go somarela maje a a kwa tlase ga lewatle, le go batla ditsela tse di babalesegileng tsa go letla mefuta e e mo kotsing go boela mo seemong.<ref name=":1">[https://www.wildscapesfoundation.org/exception/info "ACE AWARD 2018 NOMINEE"]. ''Wildscapes Foundation''. 2018.</ref><ref>[https://global.wcs.org/Resources/Staff/projectid/-1/currentpage/1.aspx "Staff"]. ''global.wcs.org''. Retrieved 2020-07-04.</ref> Thulaganyo e thusa go babalela 90% ya maje a a kwa tlase ga lefatshe, gape ba tlhatlhobile mafelo a ka nna sekete mo mawatleng a [[:en:Indo-Pacific|Indo-Pacific]] le [[:en:Caribbean|Carribbean]].<ref>[https://www.wcs.org/our-work/species/coral "Coral - WCS.org"]. ''www.wcs.org''. Retrieved 2020-07-04.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2007, Muthiga o nnile bontlha bongwe jwa [[:en:World_Commission_on_Protected_Areas|World Commission on Protected Areas]] e le morulaganyi wa Kenya.O boletse fa go somarela maje a a kwa tlase ga lewatle, bo mankge ba matshelo a batho le ba tikologo ba tshwanetse go bereka mmogo.<ref>[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/12/191219142659.htm "Integrating social and ecological science for effective coral reef conservation: Marine scientists implement a social-ecological systems framework in 85 communities across four countries".] ''ScienceDaily''. Retrieved 2020-07-04.</ref> O dumela gore tlhapi e e mmala wa namune ya [[:en:Triggerfish|triggergish]] e le botlhokwa mo go netefatseng botsogo jwa maje a.<ref>[https://phys.org/news/2016-12-triggerfish-reefs.html "Triggerfish needed to grow reefs, new research finds".] ''phys.org''. Retrieved 2020-07-04.</ref> Muthiga o ne a fiwa seetsele sa Banovich Wildscapes Foundation Award for Conservation Excellence (ACE) ka ngwaga wa 2018, ka tiro ya gagwe mo tshomarelong ya mawatle.<ref name=":1" /> Ka ngwaga wa 2020, Eco Magazine e ne ya bitsa Muthiga mongwe wa batlisisi ba bagolo ba maje a lewatle.<ref name=":2">[http://digital.ecomagazine.com/publication/frame.php?i=664239&p=12&pn=&ver=html5 "ECO ECO-SI Coral Reefs 2020 Page 12"]. ''digital.ecomagazine.com''. Retrieved 2020-07-04.</ref> == Dietsele le ditlotla == * 2005 seetsele sa National Geographic Society/Buffett Award for Leadership<ref>Gitaa, Tom (2005-12-01). [https://mshale.com/2005/12/01/national-geographic-society-honors-kenyan-marine-conservationist/ "National Geographic Society Honors Kenyan Marine Conservationist".] ''Mshale''. Retrieved 2020-07-04.</ref> * 2018 seetsele sa Award for Conservation Excellence<ref name=":1" /> * 2020 tlotla ya go bidiwa Top Coral Reef Researcher ke ba Eco Magazine<ref name=":2" /> * 2020 seetsele sa Coral Reef Conservation Award<ref>[http://coralreefs.org/awards-and-honors/recipients/ "Awards & Honors Recipients".] ''International Coral Reef Society''. Retrieved 2020-07-04.</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Muthiga o nyalane le [[:en:Timothy_R._McClanahan|Timothy McClanahan]] o e leng mankge wa ditshedi tsa metsi wa lotso lwa Amerika.<ref name=":0" /> O kopane le ene ka dingwaga tsa 1980 fa McClanahan a ne a ile dithutong kwa Kenya.<ref>[https://www.aaas.org/tim-mcclanahan-works-save-coral-reefs-using-language-science "Tim McClanahan works to save coral reefs using the language of science"]. ''American Association for the Advancement of Science''. Retrieved 2020-07-04.</ref> == Metswedi == q7p5xggt3clzgbomsbwsfj9th6m96jn 0 12593 50396 46659 2026-06-09T13:29:30Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 50396 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lidi Kedjaka Bessi Kama-Gumedzoe''' (o belegwe ka 15 Mopitlwe 1979) ke motsamaisi wa kgwele ya diatla wa kwa [[Togo]] le ngaka yo o ntseng a direla jaaka Tona ya Metshameko le Boikhutso go tloga ka 2020. Gape o ne a direla jaaka ngaka ya sesole e bile e le leloko la dikomiti tsa bongaka tse di farologaneng tsa metshameko, a okamela tsa Togolese Handball Federation le International Handball Federation. == Kitso ka gagwe == Lidi Kedjaka Bessi Kama-Gumedzoe o belegwe ka 15 Mopitlwe 1979 kwa [[:en:Lomé|Lomé]]. O ne a rutwa kwa Notre Dame des Apôtres College kwa Lomé, kwa Lycée de Tokoin (o ne a amogela dikirii ya gagwe ka 1996), le kwa Sekolong sa Tirelo ya Boitekanelo sa Sesole sa Lomé. O ne a fetsa dithuto tsa gagwe tsa bongaka kwa [[:en:University_of_Lomé|University of Lomé]], koo a neng a bona diya bongaka jwa malwetse a bana le boitekanelo jwa bana, pele a bona dikirii ya bongaka jwa metshameko kwa [[:en:Université_Félix_Houphouët-Boigny|Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210516100926/https://sportculture.tg/?p=6452 <nowiki>[2]</nowiki>] Morago ga go tsenela komiti ya bongaka ya [[:en:Togolese_National_Olympic_Committee|Togolese National Olympic Committee]] ka 2005, o ne a nna karolo ya metshameko ya [[:en:2008_Summer_Olympics|2008 Summer Olympics]] jaaka motshwari wa folaga ya Togo ya moletlo wa go tswala le ngaka ya metshameko ya Olimpiki. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210516100926/https://sportculture.tg/?p=6452 <nowiki>[3]</nowiki>]Morago ga go direla jaaka moemedi wa Togo mo Zone II le Zone III Regional Anti-Doping Organization ka 2006, o ne a direla jaaka moporesidente go tloga ka 2015 go fitlha ka 2017. O ne gape a eteletse pele dikomisi tsa bongaka tsa Togolese Handball Federation (ka 2008) le [[:en:International_Handball_Federation|International Handball Federation]]. [http://www.alome.com/qui/profil.asp?id=124 <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210516100926/https://sportculture.tg/?p=6452 <nowiki>[2]</nowiki>] O ne gape a tsenela [[:en:African_Handball_Confederation|African Handball Confederation]] Medical Commission ka 2009. [http://www.alome.com/qui/profil.asp?id=124 <nowiki>[ 1]</nowiki>] Ke ngaka-molaodi wa sesole sa Togo, ebile ke ngaka ya ntlha ya mosadi ya parachutist mo nageng. O ne a dira jaaka ngaka ya bana kwa kokelong ya yunibesithi ya Sylvanus Olympio le jaaka morutabana kwa École nationale des auxiliaires médicaux [fr]. O ne gape a le Motlatsa Motlhankedi wa Boitekanelo wa [[:en:United_Nations_Multidimensional_Integrated_Stabilization_Mission_in_Mali|United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission]] kwa Mali go tloga ka 2017 go fitlha ka 2018. E ne e le mokomishinara wa Khomišene ya Ditshwanelo tsa Botho ya Bosetšhaba ya Togo go tloga ka Moranang 2019 go fitlha ka 2021.[https://web.archive.org/web/20241130075453/http://www.alome.com/qui/profil.asp?id=124 <nowiki>[ 1]</nowiki>] Ka 1 Phalane 2020, o ne a nna Tona ya Metshameko le Boikhutso ya Togo jaaka karolo ya mokgatlho wa Victoire Tomegah Dogbé; ke mosadi wa bobedi go nna Tona ya metshameko ya [[Togo]], wa ntlha e ne e le Angèle Bansah [fr]. O ne a tsaya maemo a fa gare ga go wa ga COVID-19 mo Togo. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240526162902/https://m.icilome.com/news.asp?reg=&idnews=886662 <nowiki>[4]</nowiki>] o ne a dirwa Knight of the [[:en:Order_of_Mono|Order of Mono]] ka 2011.[http://www.alome.com/qui/profil.asp?id=124 <nowiki>[ 1]</nowiki>] == Metswedi == [http://www.alome.com/qui/profil.asp?id=124 <nowiki>[1] "Lidi Kédéka Bessi KAMA-GUMEDZOE (Ministre des Sports et des Loisirs)"</nowiki>]. aLome. Retrieved 20 October 2023. [2] Ziggah, Donatien (2 October 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210516100926/https://sportculture.tg/?p=6452 "Togo: qui est Lidi Bessi Kama, nouveau ministre des sports du Togo ?"]. sportculture.tg. Archived from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2023. [https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/1202712 <nowiki>[3] "Lidi Bessi-Kama".</nowiki>] Olympedia. Retrieved 20 October 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240526162902/https://m.icilome.com/news.asp?reg=&idnews=886662 <nowiki>[4] "Togo - Lidi Kedjaka Gbessi débarque au ministère des Sports".</nowiki>] iciLome.com. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 20 October 2023 0qg2mse4kmoedng1ot9ijvfdw2olpva 0 13307 50411 50283 2026-06-09T18:25:38Z Stonesetswammung 12839 Ke dirile dipaakanyo tsa diele dingwe. #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50411 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Makgobokgobo a Okavango''' kgotsa '''Metswedi ya Okavango''' ke makgobokgobo a a bonwang mo [[Botswana]] kwa Noka ya Okavango e felelang teng ebo e fitlhelela bophara jwa makgolo a robabongwe le masome a le mararo go ya go sekete sa dimethara (930–1,000 m)<ref>riginal on 31 Au foo metsi a tshologang mo selekanyong se ka masome a marataro fela go ts2a Mohembo go tsena mo Maun.w</ref> (3,050–3,280 ft) mo karolong e e fa gare ya lekadiba la endorheic la Sekaka sa Kalahari. Ke lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe la [[UNESCO]] jaaka e le engwe ya makgobokgobo a fitlhelwang mo teng ga mpa ya lefatshe e e sa elelaleng kwa lewatleng, e na le naga e e bongola e gantsi e itsetletseng.<ref name=":0"> [https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting"]. ''Whc.unesco.org''. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.</ref> Go na le moo, metsi a morwalela a anamela mo mafelong a a tletseng motlhaba le mo ditlhaketlhakeng, mme karolo e kgolo ya one e elela kwa tlase mo metsing a a seng boteng a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe, pele ga dimela di a monya. Mo e ka nnang metsi otlhe a a fitlhang mo makgobokgobong, kgabagare a a mowafala a bo a fetoga mowa. Ngwaga le ngwaga, metsi a a ka nnang selekanyo sa 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) a anama mo lefelong leno la 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi). Metsi mangwe a morwalela a elela mo Letsheng la Ngami.<ref>Keen, Cecil (1997). "[http://www.greatestplaces.org/notes/okavango.htm Okavango Delta"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080116102605/http://www.greatestplaces.org/notes/okavango.htm Archived] from the original on 16 January 2008. Retrieved 27 August 2007.</ref> Kgaolo e e kile ya bo e le karolo ya Letsha la Makgadikgadi, letsha la bogologolo tala le le neng le kgadile thata kwa tshimologong ya ''Holocene''.<ref>McCarthy, T. S. (1993). "The great inland deltas of Africa". ''Journal of African Earth Sciences''. '''17''' (3): 275–291. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993JAfES..17..275M :1993JAfES..17..275M.] [[doi:10.1016/0899-5362(93)90073-Y|doi:10.1016/0899-5362(93)90073-Y.]]</ref> Moremi Game Reserve e mo ntlheng ya botlhaba tsatsi jwa makgobokgobo a. Makgobokgobo a a ne a kaiwa e le nngwe ya ''Seven Natural Wonders of Africa'', a neng ya tshwaiwa semmuso ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e malatsi a lesome le motso, ngwaga wa ketepedi lesome le bongwe ( 2013 ) kwa Arusha, Tanzania.<ref>[["Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders"]]. ''sevennaturalwonders.org''. Archived from the original on 21 December 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2013.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e tlhola malatsi ale masome a mabedi le bobedi, ngwaga wa ketepedi lesome le bone (2014) , Makgobokgobo a Okavango e ne ya nna lefelo la sekete go kwadisiwa semmuso mo Lenaaneng la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe ya UNESCO.<ref>Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. [["World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana".]] ''Whc.unesco.org''. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Leina == Leina ''Okavango'' le tswa mo Nokeng ya Okavango, e le yone e tswang mo go ''Kavango'', e e kayang batho ba Kavango ba kwa bokone jwa Namibia. Mekwalo ya bogologolo ya Seesemane e ne e akaretsa ''Okovango'', fa bakanoki bangwe ba kwa Namibia ba rata Kavango fa ba bua ka noka le kgaolo ya Namibia. Mokwala-ditso Andreas Eckl o bolela fa dipego tsa German colonial di ne di dirisa ''Okavango'', mme gore tlhaka ya ntlha ya ''O-'' ga e a tlwaelesega mo ditemeng tsa lefelo leo tsa Kavango, mme ka moo e ile ya amanngwa le tlhotlheletso ya Ba-Herero.<ref>Eckl, Andreas (2007). [["Reports from 'beyond the line': The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911"]] (PDF). ''Journal of Namibian Studies''. '''1''': 7–37. Retrieved 12 May 2026.</ref> == Popego(Motheo) == === Merwalela === Okavango e dirwa ke merwalela e etlang le dipaka tsa ngwaga. Noka ya Okavango e gelela pula ya selemo (Firikgong-Tlhakole) go tswa kwa dithabeng tsa Angola mme e elela sekgala sa 1200 km mo selekanong sa kgwedi e le nngwe. Morago ga moo, metsi a anama mo lefelong la makgobokgobo a bophara jwa 37 500 km^² (14,500 sq mi) mo dikgweding di le nne tse di latelang (Mopitlo-Seetebosigo). Mogote o o ko godimo wa makgobokgobo o baka tatlhego e ntsi ya metsi a a tsewang ke mowa o o molelo, seo se baka kgolo le kwelotlase ya metsi e e nnileng gararo<ref>C. N. Kurugundla; N. M. Moleele; K.Dikgola. [["Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management"]] (PDF). University of Botswana. pp. 8–9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021.</ref> mme e sa tlhaloganyesege go fitlhela ka ''20th century''. Merwalela e nna magareng ga dikgwedi tsa Seetebosigo le Phatwe, ka nako e lefatshe la Botswana le itemogelang komelelo mo dikgweding tsa mariga, foo makgobokgobo a tlale a penologe go ka nna gararo ga selekanyo sa one, mme se se ngoke diphologolo go tswa dikilometara tse di seng kae di dire nngwe ya kgobokana ya diphologolo tsa naga tse dintsi mo Aferika. Makgobokgobo a ikadile, selekanyo sa pharologanyo ya go tsholetsega ga dimithata tse di ko tlase ga bobedi (7 ft) go anama le 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi),<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090719112055/http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ "Okavango Delta"]. Archived from [http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ the original] on 19 July 2009.</ref> fa metsi one a kgokologe ka selekanyo sa dimithata di ka nna masome a marataro (200 ft) go tswa Mohembo go tsena mo Maun. === Go elela ga Metsi === == Lecha == Fa metsi a ema kana a itsheka, one metsi a nna mo mekgacheng kana macha le melatswana , mo mahoting le bontsi jwa matcha a matoma, seo se bakang koketsego ya diphologolo. Mafelo a go itseelwang ditshwantsho le mafelo a bojanala/boetelo a le mmalwa a bonwa mo tikologong ya matcha a. A mangwe a macha a matoma a akaretsa: == Metswedi == <references /> e7r1dr4v9q6g6elaeli36ssbc6dvyji 50413 50411 2026-06-09T19:07:21Z Stonesetswammung 12839 Ke atolositse tlhanolo ya tsebe e. #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50413 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Makgobokgobo a Okavango''' kgotsa '''Metswedi ya Okavango''' ke makgobokgobo a a bonwang mo [[Botswana]] kwa Noka ya Okavango e felelang teng ebo e fitlhelela bophara jwa makgolo a robabongwe le masome a le mararo go ya go sekete sa dimethara (930–1,000 m)<ref>riginal on 31 Au foo metsi a tshologang mo selekanyong se ka masome a marataro fela go ts2a Mohembo go tsena mo Maun.w</ref> (3,050–3,280 ft) mo karolong e e fa gare ya lekadiba la endorheic la Sekaka sa Kalahari. Ke lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe la [[UNESCO]] jaaka e le engwe ya makgobokgobo a fitlhelwang mo teng ga mpa ya lefatshe e e sa elelaleng kwa lewatleng, e na le naga e e bongola e gantsi e itsetletseng.<ref name=":0"> [https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting"]. ''Whc.unesco.org''. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.</ref> Go na le moo, metsi a morwalela a anamela mo mafelong a a tletseng motlhaba le mo ditlhaketlhakeng, mme karolo e kgolo ya one e elela kwa tlase mo metsing a a seng boteng a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe, pele ga dimela di a monya. Mo e ka nnang metsi otlhe a a fitlhang mo makgobokgobong, kgabagare a a mowafala a bo a fetoga mowa. Ngwaga le ngwaga, metsi a a ka nnang selekanyo sa 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) a anama mo lefelong leno la 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi). Metsi mangwe a morwalela a elela mo Letsheng la Ngami.<ref>Keen, Cecil (1997). "[http://www.greatestplaces.org/notes/okavango.htm Okavango Delta"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080116102605/http://www.greatestplaces.org/notes/okavango.htm Archived] from the original on 16 January 2008. Retrieved 27 August 2007.</ref> Kgaolo e e kile ya bo e le karolo ya Letsha la Makgadikgadi, letsha la bogologolo tala le le neng le kgadile thata kwa tshimologong ya ''Holocene''.<ref>McCarthy, T. S. (1993). "The great inland deltas of Africa". ''Journal of African Earth Sciences''. '''17''' (3): 275–291. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993JAfES..17..275M :1993JAfES..17..275M.] [[doi:10.1016/0899-5362(93)90073-Y|doi:10.1016/0899-5362(93)90073-Y.]]</ref> Moremi Game Reserve e mo ntlheng ya botlhaba tsatsi jwa makgobokgobo a. Makgobokgobo a a ne a kaiwa e le nngwe ya ''Seven Natural Wonders of Africa'', a neng ya tshwaiwa semmuso ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e malatsi a lesome le motso, ngwaga wa ketepedi lesome le bongwe ( 2013 ) kwa Arusha, Tanzania.<ref>[["Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders"]]. ''sevennaturalwonders.org''. Archived from the original on 21 December 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2013.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e tlhola malatsi ale masome a mabedi le bobedi, ngwaga wa ketepedi lesome le bone (2014) , Makgobokgobo a Okavango e ne ya nna lefelo la sekete go kwadisiwa semmuso mo Lenaaneng la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe ya UNESCO.<ref>Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. [["World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana".]] ''Whc.unesco.org''. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Leina == Leina ''Okavango'' le tswa mo Nokeng ya Okavango, e le yone e tswang mo go ''Kavango'', e e kayang batho ba Kavango ba kwa bokone jwa Namibia. Mekwalo ya bogologolo ya Seesemane e ne e akaretsa ''Okovango'', fa bakanoki bangwe ba kwa Namibia ba rata Kavango fa ba bua ka noka le kgaolo ya Namibia. Mokwala-ditso Andreas Eckl o bolela fa dipego tsa German colonial di ne di dirisa ''Okavango'', mme gore tlhaka ya ntlha ya ''O-'' ga e a tlwaelesega mo ditemeng tsa lefelo leo tsa Kavango, mme ka moo e ile ya amanngwa le tlhotlheletso ya Ba-Herero.<ref>Eckl, Andreas (2007). [["Reports from 'beyond the line': The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911"]] (PDF). ''Journal of Namibian Studies''. '''1''': 7–37. Retrieved 12 May 2026.</ref> == Popego (Motheo) == === Merwalela === Okavango e dirwa ke merwalela e etlang le dipaka tsa ngwaga. Noka ya Okavango e gelela pula ya selemo (Firikgong-Tlhakole) go tswa kwa dithabeng tsa Angola mme e elela sekgala sa 1200 km mo selekanong sa kgwedi e le nngwe. Morago ga moo, metsi a anama mo lefelong la makgobokgobo a bophara jwa 37 500 km^² (14,500 sq mi) mo dikgweding di le nne tse di latelang (Mopitlo-Seetebosigo). Mogote o o ko godimo wa makgobokgobo o baka tatlhego e ntsi ya metsi a a tsewang ke mowa o o molelo, seo se baka kgolo le kwelotlase ya metsi e e nnileng gararo<ref>C. N. Kurugundla; N. M. Moleele; K.Dikgola. [["Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management"]] (PDF). University of Botswana. pp. 8–9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021.</ref> mme e sa tlhaloganyesege go fitlhela ka ''20th century''. Merwalela e nna magareng ga dikgwedi tsa Seetebosigo le Phatwe, ka nako e lefatshe la Botswana le itemogelang komelelo mo dikgweding tsa mariga, foo makgobokgobo a tlale a penologe go ka nna gararo ga selekanyo sa one, mme se se ngoke diphologolo go tswa dikilometara tse di seng kae di dire nngwe ya kgobokana ya diphologolo tsa naga tse dintsi mo Aferika. Makgobokgobo a ikadile, selekanyo sa pharologanyo ya go tsholetsega ga dimithata tse di ko tlase ga bobedi (7 ft) go anama le 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi),<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090719112055/http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ "Okavango Delta"]. Archived from [http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ the original] on 19 July 2009.</ref> fa metsi one a kgokologe ka selekanyo sa dimithata di ka nna masome a marataro (200 ft) go tswa Mohembo go tsena mo Maun. === Go elela ga Metsi === === Letsha (Lecha) === Fa metsi a fokotsega ka iketlo, metsi a nna a ntse a le teng mo melapong le mo dinokeng, mo mesimeng ya metsi le mo matsheng a le mmalwa a magolo, mme seno se baka koketsego ya diphologolo. Mafelo a go itseelwang ditshwantsho le mafelo a bojanala/boetelo a le mmalwa a bonwa mo tikologong ya matsha a. Mangwe a matsha a matoma a akaretsa: * Dombo Hippo Pool (19°11′58″S 23°38′25″E) * Gcodikwe Lagoon (19°10′03″S 23°14′24″E) * Guma Lagoon (18°57′52″S 22°22′41″E) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool (19°05′17″S 23°01′12″E) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island (19°03′23″S 23°03′44″E) * Moanachira Lagoon (19°03′45″S 23°05′24″E) * Shinde Lagoon (19°06′18″S 23°09′18″E) * Xakanaxa Lagoon (19°10′48″S 23°23′42″E) * Xhamu Lagoon (19°10′03″S 23°16′12″E) * Xhobega Lagoon (19°10′39″S 23°12′36″E) * Xugana Lagoon (19°04′12″S 23°06′00″E) * Zibadiania Lagoon (18°34′12″S 23°32′06″E) == Metswedi == <references /> lc8d9kxgenshrs81qh3glxht22u1ug4 50417 50413 2026-06-09T20:07:33Z Stonesetswammung 12839 Ke tsentse Metswedi ya diele dingwe. #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50417 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Makgobokgobo a Okavango''' kgotsa '''Metswedi ya Okavango''' ke makgobokgobo a a bonwang mo [[Botswana]] kwa Noka ya Okavango e felelang teng ebo e fitlhelela bophara jwa makgolo a robabongwe le masome a le mararo go ya go sekete sa dimethara (930–1,000 m)<ref name=":1">[https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf "Ramsar Information Sheet"] (PDF). 1996. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021.</ref> (3,050–3,280 ft) mo karolong e e fa gare ya lekadiba la endorheic la Sekaka sa Kalahari. Ke lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe la [[UNESCO]] jaaka e le engwe ya makgobokgobo a fitlhelwang mo teng ga mpa ya lefatshe e e sa elelaleng kwa lewatleng, e na le naga e e bongola e gantsi e itsetletseng.<ref name=":0"> Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. [https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 "Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting"]. ''Whc.unesco.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 Archived] from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.</ref> Go na le moo, metsi a morwalela a anamela mo mafelong a a tletseng motlhaba le mo ditlhaketlhakeng, mme karolo e kgolo ya one e elela kwa tlase mo metsing a a seng boteng a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe, pele ga dimela di a monya. Mo e ka nnang metsi otlhe a a fitlhang mo makgobokgobong, kgabagare a a mowafala a bo a fetoga mowa. Ngwaga le ngwaga, metsi a a ka nnang selekanyo sa 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) a anama mo lefelong leno la 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi). Metsi mangwe a morwalela a elela mo Letsheng la Ngami.<ref>Keen, Cecil (1997). "[http://www.greatestplaces.org/notes/okavango.htm Okavango Delta"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080116102605/http://www.greatestplaces.org/notes/okavango.htm Archived] from the original on 16 January 2008. Retrieved 27 August 2007.</ref> Kgaolo e e kile ya bo e le karolo ya Letsha la Makgadikgadi, letsha la bogologolo tala le le neng le kgadile thata kwa tshimologong ya ''Holocene''.<ref>McCarthy, T. S. (1993). "The great inland deltas of Africa". ''Journal of African Earth Sciences''. '''17''' (3): 275–291. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993JAfES..17..275M :1993JAfES..17..275M.] [[doi:10.1016/0899-5362(93)90073-Y|doi:10.1016/0899-5362(93)90073-Y.]]</ref> Moremi Game Reserve e mo ntlheng ya botlhaba tsatsi jwa makgobokgobo a. Makgobokgobo a a ne a kaiwa e le nngwe ya ''Seven Natural Wonders of Africa'', a neng ya tshwaiwa semmuso ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e malatsi a lesome le motso, ngwaga wa ketepedi lesome le bongwe ( 2013 ) kwa Arusha, Tanzania.<ref>[["Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders"]]. ''sevennaturalwonders.org''. Archived from the original on 21 December 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2013.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e tlhola malatsi ale masome a mabedi le bobedi, ngwaga wa ketepedi lesome le bone (2014) , Makgobokgobo a Okavango e ne ya nna lefelo la sekete go kwadisiwa semmuso mo Lenaaneng la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe ya UNESCO.<ref>Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. [["World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana".]] ''Whc.unesco.org''. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Leina == Leina ''Okavango'' le tswa mo Nokeng ya Okavango, e le yone e tswang mo go ''Kavango'', e e kayang batho ba Kavango ba kwa bokone jwa Namibia. Mekwalo ya bogologolo ya Seesemane e ne e akaretsa ''Okovango'', fa bakanoki bangwe ba kwa Namibia ba rata Kavango fa ba bua ka noka le kgaolo ya Namibia. Mokwala-ditso Andreas Eckl o bolela fa dipego tsa German colonial di ne di dirisa ''Okavango'', mme gore tlhaka ya ntlha ya ''O-'' ga e a tlwaelesega mo ditemeng tsa lefelo leo tsa Kavango, mme ka moo e ile ya amanngwa le tlhotlheletso ya Ba-Herero.<ref>Eckl, Andreas (2007). [["Reports from 'beyond the line': The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911"]] (PDF). ''Journal of Namibian Studies''. '''1''': 7–37. Retrieved 12 May 2026.</ref> == Popego (Motheo) == === Merwalela === Okavango e dirwa ke merwalela e etlang le dipaka tsa ngwaga. Noka ya Okavango e gelela pula ya selemo (Firikgong-Tlhakole) go tswa kwa dithabeng tsa Angola mme e elela sekgala sa 1200 km mo selekanong sa kgwedi e le nngwe. Morago ga moo, metsi a anama mo lefelong la makgobokgobo a bophara jwa 37 500 km^² (14,500 sq mi) mo dikgweding di le nne tse di latelang (Mopitlo-Seetebosigo). Mogote o o ko godimo wa makgobokgobo o baka tatlhego e ntsi ya metsi a a tsewang ke mowa o o molelo, seo se baka kgolo le kwelotlase ya metsi e e nnileng gararo<ref>C. N. Kurugundla; N. M. Moleele; K.Dikgola. [["Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management"]] (PDF). University of Botswana. pp. 8–9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021.</ref> mme e sa tlhaloganyesege go fitlhela ka ''20th century''. Merwalela e nna magareng ga dikgwedi tsa Seetebosigo le Phatwe, ka nako e lefatshe la Botswana le itemogelang komelelo mo dikgweding tsa mariga, foo makgobokgobo a tlale a penologe go ka nna gararo ga selekanyo sa one, mme se se ngoke diphologolo go tswa dikilometara tse di seng kae di dire nngwe ya kgobokana ya diphologolo tsa naga tse dintsi mo Aferika. Makgobokgobo a ikadile, selekanyo sa pharologanyo ya go tsholetsega ga dimithata tse di ko tlase ga bobedi (7 ft) go anama le 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi),<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090719112055/http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ "Okavango Delta"]. Archived from [http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ the original] on 19 July 2009.</ref> fa metsi one a kgokologe ka selekanyo sa dimithata di ka nna masome a marataro (200 ft) go tswa Mohembo go tsena mo Maun.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Wehberg, Jan (31 December 2013). [[doi:10.7809/b-e.00236|"Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting"]]. ''Biodiversity & Ecology''. '''5''': 11. [[Doi:10.7809/b-e.00236|doi:10.7809/b-e.00236]].</ref><ref>Gumbricht, T. (1 September 2001). "The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications". ''South African Journal of Geology''. '''104''' (3): 243–264. [[Bibcode:2001SAJG..104..243G.]] [[Doi:10.2113/1040243.|doi:10.2113/1040243.]]</ref> === Go elela ga Metsi === === Letsha (Lecha) === Fa metsi a fokotsega ka iketlo, metsi a nna a ntse a le teng mo melapong le mo dinokeng, mo mesimeng ya metsi le mo matsheng a le mmalwa a magolo, mme seno se baka koketsego ya diphologolo. Mafelo a go itseelwang ditshwantsho le mafelo a bojanala/boetelo a le mmalwa a bonwa mo tikologong ya matsha a. Mangwe a matsha a matoma a akaretsa: * Dombo Hippo Pool (19°11′58″S 23°38′25″E) * Gcodikwe Lagoon (19°10′03″S 23°14′24″E) * Guma Lagoon (18°57′52″S 22°22′41″E) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool (19°05′17″S 23°01′12″E) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island (19°03′23″S 23°03′44″E) * Moanachira Lagoon (19°03′45″S 23°05′24″E) * Shinde Lagoon (19°06′18″S 23°09′18″E) * Xakanaxa Lagoon (19°10′48″S 23°23′42″E) * Xhamu Lagoon (19°10′03″S 23°16′12″E) * Xhobega Lagoon (19°10′39″S 23°12′36″E) * Xugana Lagoon (19°04′12″S 23°06′00″E) * Zibadiania Lagoon (18°34′12″S 23°32′06″E) == Metswedi == <references /> b927eq2dmd0vsa57sksc7zmpjzll7ti 50418 50417 2026-06-09T20:33:57Z Stonesetswammung 12839 Ke atolositse tlhanolo ya tsebe e. #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50418 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Makgobokgobo a Okavango''' kgotsa '''Metswedi ya Okavango''' ke makgobokgobo a a bonwang mo [[Botswana]] kwa Noka ya Okavango e felelang teng ebo e fitlhelela bophara jwa makgolo a robabongwe le masome a le mararo go ya go sekete sa dimethara (930–1,000 m)<ref name=":1">[https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf "Ramsar Information Sheet"] (PDF). 1996. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021.</ref> (3,050–3,280 ft) mo karolong e e fa gare ya lekadiba la endorheic la Sekaka sa Kalahari. Ke lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe la [[UNESCO]] jaaka e le engwe ya makgobokgobo a fitlhelwang mo teng ga mpa ya lefatshe e e sa elelaleng kwa lewatleng, e na le naga e e bongola e gantsi e itsetletseng.<ref name=":0"> Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. [https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 "Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting"]. ''Whc.unesco.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 Archived] from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.</ref> Go na le moo, metsi a morwalela a anamela mo mafelong a a tletseng motlhaba le mo ditlhaketlhakeng, mme karolo e kgolo ya one e elela kwa tlase mo metsing a a seng boteng a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe, pele ga dimela di a monya. Mo e ka nnang metsi otlhe a a fitlhang mo makgobokgobong, kgabagare a a mowafala a bo a fetoga mowa. Ngwaga le ngwaga, metsi a a ka nnang selekanyo sa 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) a anama mo lefelong leno la 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi). Metsi mangwe a morwalela a elela mo Letsheng la Ngami.<ref>Keen, Cecil (1997). "[http://www.greatestplaces.org/notes/okavango.htm Okavango Delta"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080116102605/http://www.greatestplaces.org/notes/okavango.htm Archived] from the original on 16 January 2008. Retrieved 27 August 2007.</ref> Kgaolo e e kile ya bo e le karolo ya Letsha la Makgadikgadi, letsha la bogologolo tala le le neng le kgadile thata kwa tshimologong ya ''Holocene''.<ref>McCarthy, T. S. (1993). "The great inland deltas of Africa". ''Journal of African Earth Sciences''. '''17''' (3): 275–291. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993JAfES..17..275M :1993JAfES..17..275M.] [[doi:10.1016/0899-5362(93)90073-Y|doi:10.1016/0899-5362(93)90073-Y.]]</ref> Moremi Game Reserve e mo ntlheng ya botlhaba tsatsi jwa makgobokgobo a. Makgobokgobo a a ne a kaiwa e le nngwe ya ''Seven Natural Wonders of Africa'', a neng ya tshwaiwa semmuso ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e malatsi a lesome le motso, ngwaga wa ketepedi lesome le bongwe ( 2013 ) kwa Arusha, Tanzania.<ref>[["Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders"]]. ''sevennaturalwonders.org''. Archived from the original on 21 December 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2013.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e tlhola malatsi ale masome a mabedi le bobedi, ngwaga wa ketepedi lesome le bone (2014) , Makgobokgobo a Okavango e ne ya nna lefelo la sekete go kwadisiwa semmuso mo Lenaaneng la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe ya UNESCO.<ref>Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. [["World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana".]] ''Whc.unesco.org''. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Leina == Leina ''Okavango'' le tswa mo Nokeng ya Okavango, e le yone e tswang mo go ''Kavango'', e e kayang batho ba Kavango ba kwa bokone jwa Namibia. Mekwalo ya bogologolo ya Seesemane e ne e akaretsa ''Okovango'', fa bakanoki bangwe ba kwa Namibia ba rata Kavango fa ba bua ka noka le kgaolo ya Namibia. Mokwala-ditso Andreas Eckl o bolela fa dipego tsa German colonial di ne di dirisa ''Okavango'', mme gore tlhaka ya ntlha ya ''O-'' ga e a tlwaelesega mo ditemeng tsa lefelo leo tsa Kavango, mme ka moo e ile ya amanngwa le tlhotlheletso ya Ba-Herero.<ref>Eckl, Andreas (2007). [["Reports from 'beyond the line': The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911"]] (PDF). ''Journal of Namibian Studies''. '''1''': 7–37. Retrieved 12 May 2026.</ref> == Popego (Motheo) == === Merwalela === Okavango e dirwa ke merwalela e etlang le dipaka tsa ngwaga. Noka ya Okavango e gelela pula ya selemo (Firikgong-Tlhakole) go tswa kwa dithabeng tsa Angola mme e elela sekgala sa 1200 km mo selekanong sa kgwedi e le nngwe. Morago ga moo, metsi a anama mo lefelong la makgobokgobo a bophara jwa 37 500 km^² (14,500 sq mi) mo dikgweding di le nne tse di latelang (Mopitlo-Seetebosigo). Mogote o o ko godimo wa makgobokgobo o baka tatlhego e ntsi ya metsi a a tsewang ke mowa o o molelo, seo se baka kgolo le kwelotlase ya metsi e e nnileng gararo<ref>C. N. Kurugundla; N. M. Moleele; K.Dikgola. [["Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management"]] (PDF). University of Botswana. pp. 8–9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021.</ref> mme e sa tlhaloganyesege go fitlhela ka ''20th century''. Merwalela e nna magareng ga dikgwedi tsa Seetebosigo le Phatwe, ka nako e lefatshe la Botswana le itemogelang komelelo mo dikgweding tsa mariga, foo makgobokgobo a tlale a penologe go ka nna gararo ga selekanyo sa one, mme se se ngoke diphologolo go tswa dikilometara tse di seng kae di dire nngwe ya kgobokana ya diphologolo tsa naga tse dintsi mo Aferika. Makgobokgobo a ikadile, selekanyo sa pharologanyo ya go tsholetsega ga dimithata tse di ko tlase ga bobedi (7 ft) go anama le 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi),<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090719112055/http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ "Okavango Delta"]. Archived from [http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ the original] on 19 July 2009.</ref> fa metsi one a kgokologe ka selekanyo sa dimithata di ka nna masome a marataro (200 ft) go tswa Mohembo go tsena mo Maun.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Wehberg, Jan (31 December 2013). [[doi:10.7809/b-e.00236|"Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting"]]. ''Biodiversity & Ecology''. '''5''': 11. [[Doi:10.7809/b-e.00236|doi:10.7809/b-e.00236]].</ref><ref>Gumbricht, T. (1 September 2001). "The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications". ''South African Journal of Geology''. '''104''' (3): 243–264. [[Bibcode:2001SAJG..104..243G.]] [[Doi:10.2113/1040243.|doi:10.2113/1040243.]]</ref> === Go elela ga Metsi === === Letsha (Lecha) === Fa metsi a fokotsega ka iketlo, metsi a nna a ntse a le teng mo melapong le mo dinokeng, mo mesimeng ya metsi le mo matsheng a le mmalwa a magolo, mme seno se baka koketsego ya diphologolo. Mafelo a go itseelwang ditshwantsho le mafelo a bojanala/boetelo a le mmalwa a bonwa mo tikologong ya matsha a. Mangwe a matsha a matoma a akaretsa: * Dombo Hippo Pool (19°11′58″S 23°38′25″E) * Gcodikwe Lagoon (19°10′03″S 23°14′24″E) * Guma Lagoon (18°57′52″S 22°22′41″E) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool (19°05′17″S 23°01′12″E) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island (19°03′23″S 23°03′44″E) * Moanachira Lagoon (19°03′45″S 23°05′24″E) * Shinde Lagoon (19°06′18″S 23°09′18″E) * Xakanaxa Lagoon (19°10′48″S 23°23′42″E) * Xhamu Lagoon (19°10′03″S 23°16′12″E) * Xhobega Lagoon (19°10′39″S 23°12′36″E) * Xugana Lagoon (19°04′12″S 23°06′00″E) * Zibadiania Lagoon (18°34′12″S 23°32′06″E) === Ditlhaketlhake tsa letswai === Go kgobokana ga letswai go dikologa medi ya dimela go dira gore go nne le mafelo a masweu a a se nang sepe mo gare ga ditlhaketlhake di le diketekete, tse di setseng di na le letswai le lentsi thata mo dimela di se kgoneng go tshela mo go tsone, kwantle fela ga ditlhare tsa mokolane tse tle di nne teng tse di kgonang go emelana le letswai. Ditlhare le bojang di gola mo motlhabeng o o dikologileng ditlhaketlhake tseno tse di iseng di nne letswai thata. Mo e ka nnang bosupa mo lesomeng (70%) ya ditlhaketlhake e simolotse e le dithotobolo tsa ditshoswane (gantsi ''Macrotermes'' spp.), mo setlhare se neng sa mela gone mo thotobolong ya mmu.<ref>Dunford, Chris. [http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm "Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm Archived] from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</ref> === Chief's Island === Chief's Island (19°12′S 22°48′E), setlhaketlhake se segolo go di feta tsotlhe mo makgobokgobong, se ne sa bopiwa ke ''mola'' o o neng wa tlhatlosa lefelo le le boleele jwa 70 km (43 mi) le bophara jwa 15 km (9.3 mi). Mo nakong e e fetileng, e ne e le lefelo le le seelegetsweng fa thoko go nna la go tsoma ga ga kgosi fela, mme gone jaanong ke lefelo le le sireleditsweng la diphologolo tsa naga. Jaanong ke lefelo la konokono la bontsi jwa diphologolo tsa naga, fa metsi a tlhatloga.<ref>[https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ "Okavango delta Botswana | Mokoro and boating safaris"]. ''Okavango Safaris''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ Archived] from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2020</ref> == Climate == == Metswedi == <references /> hnjxelkno6sw1xs7i9jcchichi614dq 0 13313 50441 50369 2026-06-10T10:02:43Z MmaBaggio 11091 Ke ranotse dingwaga 50441 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Limpopo.jpg|thumb|Limpopo River ko Mozambique]] Noka ya Limpopo (/lɪmˈpoʊpoʊ/) e tlhoga mo Afrika Borwa<ref name=":0">[https://www.britannica.com/place/Limpopo-River "Limpopo River"], ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica|Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20180430053526/https://www.britannica.com/place/Limpopo-River archived] from the original on 30 April 2018, retrieved 29 April 2018</ref> mme e elela kwa botlhaba go ralala [[Mozambique]] go ya kwa Lewatleng la India. Noka e boleele jwa dikilometara di ka nna 1,750 (1,090 mi), e na le metsi a dikilometara di le 415,000 (160,000 mi2) ka botona. Palogare ya metsi a a tshologang mo ngwageng ke 170 m3/s (6,000 cu ft/s) go ya go 313 m3/s (11,100 cu ft/s) kwa molomong wa yone.<ref>; online at Google Books</ref> <ref name=":0" /> Noka ya Limpopo ke noka ya bobedi e tona mo Afrika e e elelang kwa Lewatleng la India, morago ga Noka ya Zambezi.<ref>Zhu, Tingju; Ringler, Claudia. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232271837 "Climate change impact on water availability and use in the Limpopo river basin".] ''Researchgate.net''. Retrieved 20 September 2021.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Limpopo River basin map.svg|thumb|Tsela le kgaolo ya metsi ya Noka ya Limpopo]] Motho wa ntlha wa kwa Yuropa yo o neng a bona noka eno e ne e le Vasco da Gama, yo o neng a emisa mo molomong wa yone ka ngwaga wa 1498 mme a e bitsa Rio do Espírito Santo (ka Sekgowa, "Noka ya Moya o o Boitshepo"). 'Noka ya Moya o o Boitshepo'). Tsela ya yone e e kwa tlase e ne ya tlhatlhobiwa ke St Vincent Whitshed Erskine ka ngwaga wa 1868 ⁇ 69, mme Kapotene J F Elton o ne a tsamaya mo tseleng ya yone e e fa gare ka ngwaga wa 1870. Noka ena e bitswa Vhembe ke baahi ba Venda ba tikolohong eo moo hona jwale lebitso leo le amohetsweng ke mmuso wa Afrika Borwa e le Masepala wa Setereke ka leboya.<ref name=":0" /> Lefelo la kgelelo ya metsi la Limpopo le fokotsegile mo nakong ya thutafatshe. Go fitlha kwa bofelong jwa Pliocene kgotsa Pleistocene, noka e e kwa godimo ya Zambezi e ne e elela mo nokeng ya Limpopo.<ref>[[:en:Andrew_Goudie_(geographer)|Goudie, A.S.]] (2005). "The drainage of Africa since the Cretaceous". ''[[:en:Geomorphology_(journal)|Geomorphology]]''. '''67''' (3–4): 437–456. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Geomo..67..437G 2005Geomo..67..437G]. doi:[[doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.11.008|10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.11.008]].</ref> Phetogo ya kgaogano ya kgogolego ke ka ntlha ya motsamao wa epeirogenic o o tsholeditseng bogodimo jwa bokone jwa Noka ya Limpopo ya gompieno, go faposa metsi go ya Noka ya Zambezi.<ref>Moore, A.E. (1999). "A reapprisal of epeirogenic flexure axes in southern Africa". ''[[:en:South_African_Journal_of_Geology|South African Journal of Geology]]''. '''102''' (4): 363–376.</ref> == Tsela == Noka eno e elela ka tsela e e itsoketsang thata, e simolola pele e ya kwa bokone e bo e ya kwa bokonebotlhaba, go tswa foo e bo e ya kwa botlhaba mme kwa bofelong e ya kwa borwabotlhaba. E dira jaaka molelwane wa dikilometara di le makgolo a marataro le masome a mane (398 mi), e kgaoganya Afrika Borwa go ya kwa borwabotlhaba go tswa Botswana go ya kwa bokone-bophirima le Zimbabwe go ya kwa bokone. Fa Noka ya Marico e kopana le Noka ya Crocodile, leina le nna Noka ya Limpopo. Go na le makhubu a le mmalwa fa noka eno e ntse e elela go tswa mo karolong e e kwa teng ya Afrika Borwa. Noka ya Notwane ke e nngwe ya dinoka tse ditona tsa Limpopo, e e tlhatlogang kwa ntlheng ya Sekaka sa Kalahari kwa Botswana mme e elela kwa ntlheng ya bokone-botlhaba. <ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm "Drought impact mitigation and prevention in the Limpopo River Basin"]. ''www.fao.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180830192830/http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm Archived] from the original on 30 August 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2021.</ref>Noka e tona ya Limpopo, Noka ya Olifants (Noka ya Tlou), e thusa ka metsi a ka nna dimilione di le 1,233 m3 ka ngwaga.<ref>Görgens, A.H.M. and Boroto, R.A. 1997. Limpopo River: flow balance anomalies, surprises and implications for integrated water resources management. In: Proceedings of the 8th South African National Hydrology Symposium, Pretoria, South Africa.</ref> Dinoka tse dingwe tse di ditona tse di tsenang mo nokeng ke Noka ya Shashe, Noka ya Mzingwane, Noka ya Crocodile, Noka ya Mwenezi le [[Noka ya Luvuvhu.]] <ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm "Drought impact mitigation and prevention in the Limpopo River Basin"]. ''www.fao.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180830192830/http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm Archived] from the original on 30 August 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2018.</ref> Kwa bokone-botlhaba jwa Afrika Borwa, noka eno e mo molelwaneng wa Kruger National Park. Toropo ya boemakepe ya Xai-Xai, kwa Mozambique, e mo nokeng eno gaufi le molomo wa yone. Fa tlase ga Olifants, noka eno e kgona go ya kwa lewatleng, le fa gone dikepe tse dikgolo di sa kgone go tsena mo go yone fa e se ka nako ya fa metsi a le mantsi. == Dithuso == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Left hand !Right hand |- | * Notwane River * Bonwapitse River * Mahalapswe River * Lotsane River * Motloutse River * Shashe River * Umzingwani River * Bubi River * Mwenezi River * Changane River | * Marico River * Crocodile River * Matlabas River * Mokolo River * Palala River * Mogalakwena River * Kolope River * Sand River * Nwanedi River * Luvuvhu River * Olifants River |} kk0tszom58j0e31bgn3yrgs2ywrl992 0 13383 50403 50378 2026-06-09T15:40:25Z OtengPortia 12840 #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50403 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zambezi''' (e ka kwalawang gape ele '''Zambese''' kana '''Zambesi''') ke noka [[:en:List_of_river_systems_by_length|ya bone a kgolo]] mo Aforika, noka e kgolo e tshologelang botlhaba mo Aforika gape e leng yona oka e kgolo e tshologelang mo [[:en:Indian_Ocean|lewatleng la Indiana]] go tswa mo Aforika. Go [[:en:Drainage_basin|kgopa metsi]] ga yone go bophara jwa selekano sa 1,390,000 km ga bedi (540,000 mi ga bedi),<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Richard Beilfuss & David dos Santos: Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Monogram for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley (2001). Estimated mean flow rate 3424 m³/s"] (PDF). Archived from [http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf the original] (PDF) on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 18 October 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.riob.org/transfrontalier/Bilanglobal.PDF International Network of Basin Organisations/Office International de L'eau]: [https://web.archive.org/web/20090327102256/http://www.riob.org/transfrontalier/Bilanglobal.PDF Archived] 27 March 2009 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]] "Développer les Compétences pour mieux Gérer l'Eau: Fleuves Transfrontaliers Africains: Bilan Global." (2002). Estimated annual discharge 106 km³, equal to mean flow rate 3360 m³/s</ref> ko tlasenyana ga noka ya [[:en:Nile|Nile]]. Noka e ya bophara jwa 2,754 km (1,599 mi) e simologa mo [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] mme e fete ka botlhaba jwa [[:en:Angola|Angola]], go bapisa bokone-botlhaba jwa bodara ya [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] le bokone jwa bodara ya [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]], e boe e fete gape mo mmileng wa bodara e magareng go Zambia le [[:en:Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]] goya [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]], kwa e kgabaganyang lefatshe go tshologela mo lewatleng la Indiana.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambezi-River "Zambezi River | river, Africa".] ''Encyclopedia Britannica''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210502232720/https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambezi-River Archived] from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.</ref><ref>[https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/zambezi-river.html "Zambezi River Facts and Information"]. ''www.victoriafalls-guide.net''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230507055636/https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/zambezi-river.html Archived] from the original on 7 May 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2021.</ref> Ngwe ya ntlha tse di lemogiwang thata ka noka ya Zambezi ke [[:en:Victoria_Falls|phororo ya metsi a Victoria]]. Diphororo tse dingwe di ama [[:en:Chavuma_Falls|Chavuma]]<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Chavuma-Falls "Chavuma Falls | waterfall, Zambia | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220626032309/https://www.britannica.com/place/Chavuma-Falls Archived] from the original on 26 June 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2022.</ref> le [[:en:Ngonye_Falls|Ngonye.]]<ref>[https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/waterfalls/ngonye-falls/ "Zambia Tourism: Waterfalls"]. ''Zambia Tourism''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200407045055/https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/waterfalls/ngonye-falls/ Archived] from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2022.</ref> Ditsela tse pedi tsa konokono tsa [[:en:Hydroelectricity|metsi a motlakase]] mo nokeng e ke [[:en:Kariba_Dam|noka ya Kariba]] e e direlang Zambia le Zimbabwe motlakase e boe e direle le [[:en:Cahora_Bassa_Dam|noka ya Cahora Bassa]] mo Mozambique ee e e hetisetsang motlakase kwa Mozambique le [[:en:South_Africa|South Africa]]. Go oketsa, ditlhomo tse di potlana tsa metsi a motlakase dimo Zambia kwa diphororong tsa Victoria le [[:en:Zengamina|Zengamina.]]<ref>[http://www.nwzdt.org/?page_id=22 "Zengamina Hydro Project | North West Zambia Development Trust".] [https://web.archive.org/web/20220423080555/http://www.nwzdt.org/?page_id=22 Archived] from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2022.</ref><ref>Pasanisi, Francesco; Tebano, Carlo; Zarlenga, Francesco (March 2016). [[doi:10.3390/environments3010006|"A Survey near Tambara along the Lower Zambezi River".]] ''Environments''. '''3''' (1): 6. doi:[[doi:10.3390/environments3010006|10.3390/environments3010006]]</ref> Noka e e simologa mo [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] e ntsho e e nang le mokgobo wa metsi mo lefatsheng le le nang le dikgwa tse di kitlaneng tsa [[:en:Miombo|miombo]] tse di nang le mekgabisa ya dithota tsa di sa lekanang, 50km kwa bokone jwa [[:en:Mwinilunga|Mwinilunga]] le 20km kwa borwa jwa Ikelenge mo [[:en:Ikelenge_District|kgaolong ya Ikelenge]] kwa [[:en:North-Western_Province,_Zambia|Porofenseng ya Bokone-Bophirima]] jwa Zambia, mo godimo ga 1,524m(maoto a le 5,000) godimo ga [[:en:Sea_level|bogodimo jwa lewatle]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150904101922/http://www.muvitv.com/dilapidated-zambezi-source-site-worry-ikelenge-dc/ "Dilapidated Zambezi Source Site Worry Ikelenge DC".] ''muvitv.com''. Muvi TV. Archived from [http://www.muvitv.com/dilapidated-zambezi-source-site-worry-ikelenge-dc/ the original] on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.</ref> Lefelo le le dikologileng motswedi ono ke segopotso sa banni, lefelo lele sireleditsweng la dikgwa, gape ke lefelo la [[:en:Important_bird_area|bothokwa mo diphologolong tsa dinonyane.]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150904101922/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=7178 "ZM002 Source of the Zambezi".] ''birdlife.org''. Birdlife International. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=7178 the original] on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.</ref> Go yeng bokone jwa motswedi, metsi a iketlileng a fa gare ga [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo]] le [[:en:Zambezi_Basin|sekgele sa Zambezi]] ke lefelo le le supilweng thata la lefatshe le le fa godingwana, le tsamaya gaufi e botlhaba-bophirima mme a wela thata kafa bokone le borwa. Se se kgaola sekgele thata go tsweng mo [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba]] (lekalana legolo godimo mo Congo) go tsweng mo Zambezi. Mo tikologong ya motswedi, metsi a iketlileng ga a bonale thata, mme dinoka tse pedi tse gadi kopane.<ref>Dorling Kindersley, pp. 84–85</ref> Lefelo lotlhe le le nosediwang ke noka ya Zambezi ke serala se segolo se se anameng, se se nang le melelwane e e sa tlhomamang, se se kwa bogodimong jwa 900km goya go 1200. Karolo e e kwa teng ga naga e bopilwe ka maje a fetogileng ka ntlha ya [[:en:Metamorphic_rock|mogote le kgatelelo,]] fa melelwane ya sona e dikaganyeditswe ke maje a a tlhodilweng ke [[:en:Igneous_rock|seretse sa molelo]] a a fitlhelwang gaufi le [[:en:Victoria_Falls|mepororo ya Victoria.]] Kwa [[:en:Chupanga|Chupanga]], mo mo karolong e e kwa tlase ga Zambezi, matlhatlaganyane a masesane a [[:en:Sandstone|maje]] a male wa serolwana le serolwana se se serolwana-bosetlha, ka dinako dingwe a na le matlhatlaganyana a [[:en:Limestone|leje la kalakala]], a bonala mo bodilong jwa noka ka paka ya komelelo. Maje ano a tswelela go feta [[:en:Tete,_Mozambique|Tete]], koo a amanang le mekgano e megolo ya magala a mashala. Mashala a a fitlhelwa gape mo kgaolong e e kwa tlase ga meproro ya Victoria. Maje a anang le gouta a bonala mo mafelong a le mmalwa.<ref>Ashton, Peter; Love, David; Mahachi, Harriet; Dirks, Paul. [https://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/G00599.pdf "An Overview of the Impacts of Mining and Mineral Processing Operations on Water Resources and Water Quality in the Zambezi, Limpopo AND Olifant Catchments in Southern Africa"] (PDF). ''International Institute for Environment and Development''. Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development Project, Southern Africa. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201114231525/https://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/G00599.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.</ref> '''Zambezi e e kwa Godimo''' Noka e e elela kwa borwa-bophirima e tsena mo Angola sebaka sa 240km (150 mi) be e kopangwa ake [[:en:Tributary|dinoka tse dingwe]] tse dikgolo jaaka [[:en:Luena_River_(Angola)|Luena]] le Chifumage, tse di tswang kwa dithabeng tse di kwa bokone-bophirima.<ref>Dorling Kindersley, pp. 84–85</ref> Go tsweng foo e tlaabo e leba kwa borwa mme e bopa [[:en:Floodplain|lefelo le le legolo la morwalela]], le bophara jwa lone bo fetogang thata agreng ga paka ya komelelo le paka ya dipula. E boa e tsena mo [[:en:Zambezian_evergreen_dry_forests|sekgweng se se kitlaneng sa ditlhare tse di nnetseng botala ruri,]] mme kafa bophirima jwa yone go na le mafulo a a bulegileng a [[:en:Western_Zambezian_grasslands|Western Zambezian grasslands.]] Fa e boelang gape mo Zambia e abo ele bophara jwa 400m(dinao di ka nna 1,300) mo pakeng ya dipula, mme e elela ka lobelo le legolo ena le ditsela tsedi matlapa le [[:en:Rapids|metsi a a phothoselang]] go fitlha kwa [[:en:Chavuma_Falls|dipororong tsa chavuma]], kwa noka e fetang mo lekhalong la matlapa. Noka e e fologa seelo e kanna 400m, (dinao di kanna 1,300) gotswa kwa motsweding wa yone o o kwa bogodimong jwa 1,500m (dinao di ka nna 4,900) goya kwa dipororong tsa Chavuma e e kwa seeleng se ka nna 1,100m (dinao di ka nna3,600), mo sekgweng sa 400km (dimaele di ka nna 250). Go tsweng foo goya kwa dipororong tsa Victoria, bogodimo jwa lefatshe mo mekgapong ya metsi tlaabo bo lekana , bo fologelela seelo sa 180m (dinao dka tshwara 590) mo sekgweng sa 800km (dimaele di ka nna 500).<ref>Page, Geology (25 November 2014). [https://www.geologypage.com/2014/11/zambezi-river.html "Zambezi River"]. ''Geology Page''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210520095950/https://www.geologypage.com/2014/11/zambezi-river.html Archived] from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.</ref> Noka yantlha e kgolo e e tsenamg mo nokeng ya Zambezi ke [[:en:Kabompo_River|Kabompo]], e e leng kwa [[:en:North-Western_Province,_Zambia|porofenseng ya bokone-bophirima]] jwa Zambia. Mafatlha a [[:en:Savanna|Savanna]] a noka e elelang mo go yone a fetoga gonna lefelo le le legolo la morwalela, le le nang le [[:en:Fan_palm|ditlhare tsa palema]] tsa [[:en:Borassus|''Borassus'']] tse di gasameng mogo lone. Go yeng kwa borwa gose sekgele sepe noka e e [[:en:Confluence|kopana]] le [[:en:Lungwebungu_River|noka ya Lungwebungu.]] Mo tlaabo ele tshimologo ya [[:en:Barotse_Floodplain|lefelo le legolo la morwalela la Barotse,]] e leng sengwe sa dilo tse di itsegeng thata mo karolong e e kwa godimo ya Zambezi. Mme lefa gontse jalo, karolo ena e e kwa bokone ga e aparelwe ke morwalela thata, mme ena le ditlhaketlhake tsa lefatshe le le kwa godimo mo gare ga yone.<ref>[https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/zambezi-river.html "Zambezi River Facts and Information".] ''www.victoriafalls-guide.net''[https://web.archive.org/web/20230507055636/https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/zambezi-river.html . Archived] from the original on 7 May 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2021.</ref> E ka nnang seelo sa 30 km fa tlasa ga noka ya Lungwebungu e kopanang le Zambezi, naga e nna sephaphathi thata mme go nne lego bonala motlhofo ga lefelo e legoo la morwalela la Barotse. Morwalela o ka namela go fitlha o nna bophara jwa 25km mo pakeng ya dipula. Mo godimo ga 200km goya kwa tlase ga nka, potologo ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya morwalela e laola tikologo ya tlhago le botshelo jwa batho, banni le setso. M o e ka nnang 80km goya pele kwa tlase, noka ya [[:en:Luanginga_River|Luanginga]] e e kopanang le dinoka tse dingwe tse di tswang kwa bophirima, e tsena mo Nokeng ya Zambezi. Go boeng gape oya kwa godimo gose sekgele kafa botlhaba, noka e kgolo e kopangwa mo pakeng ya dipula ke metsi a a tshologang gotswa mo tsamaisong ya moedi wa noka ya [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luampa_River&action=edit&redlink=1 Luampa]-[[:en:Luena_River_(Zambia)|Luena]].<ref>Dorling Kindersley, pp. 84–85</ref> Sekgele ese sa sepe fa o fologa morago ga fa noka ya Luanginga e kopang le ya Zambezi, o goroga kwa [[:en:Lealui|Lealui,]] ngwe ya metsemegolo ya [[:en:Lozi_people|batho ba Lozi]] ba ba nnang mo kgaolong ya [[:en:Lozi_kingdom|lefatshe la Barotse]] mo [[:en:Western_Province,_Zambia|porofenseng ya bophirima]] jwa Zambia. Kgosi ya batho ba Lozi e na le ngwe ya dikampa tsa gagwe kwa Lealui; e ngwe e kwa [[:en:Limulunga|Limulunga,]] ele mo lefatsheng le le kwa godimo e bile e dirisiwa jaaka motsemogolo ka nako ya dipula. Go fuduga ga ngwaga le ngwaga gotswa Lealui goya Limulunga ke tiragalo e kgolo thata, e e ketekwang jaaka ngwe ya meletlo e e itsegeng thata mo Zambia, e e bidiwang [[:en:Kuomboka|Kuomboka.]] Morago ga Lealui, noka e retologela kwa borwa-botlhaba. Go tswa kwa botlhaba, e tswelela e amogela dinoka tse dintsi tse dinnye, mme kwa bophirima ga yone ga go na dinoka tse dikgolo tse di e tsenang mo sekgweng seelong sa 240km. Pele ga foo, [[:en:Ngonye_Falls|mepororo ya Ngonye]] le matlapa a a latelang a thibela go tsamaya ga dikorwana mo nokeng. Kwa borwa jwa mepororo ya Nonye, noka e kgona go kgoma nako e khutshwane molelwane wa Namibia, mo kgaolong ya <ref>Dorling Kindersley, pp. 84–85</ref>[[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Caprivi Strip.]] Kwa tlase ga kopano ya [[:en:Cuando_River|noka ya Cuando]] le Zambezi, noka e retologa e lebana le botlhaba. Mo lefelong leo, noka e nna bophara mme e sa tsene boteng thata, e elela ka bonya. Mme fa e ntse e ya kwa botlhaba go ya molelwaneng wa setlhaba se segolo sa bokone jwa Aferika, e fitlha kwa khuting e kgolo e e tsenwang ke metsi a a elelang ka thata, e leng mepororo ya Victoria. '''Zambezi e e fa Gare''' Dipororo tsa Victoria di tsewa e le molelwane gareng ga karolo ya kwa godimo le ya bogareng ya noka ya Zambezi. Ka fa tlase ga tsone, noka e tswelela go elela ka fa botlhaba ka bokgakala jwa seelo se kanna 200km (maele a le 120), e phunyeletsa mabota a a emeng a majwe a [[:en:Basalt|basalt]] a a katogileng seelo se ka nna 20m go ya go 60m (maoto a le 66 go ya go 197), mo dithabeng tse di kwa godimo ga 200m go ya go 250m (maoto a le 660 go ya go 820). Noka e elela ka lobelo lo logolo mo Mogorogong wa Batoka, mme metsi a yona a kgorelediwa ka metlha ke mafika a a mo nokeng. Go tlhalositswe gore ke nngwe ya<ref>Edington, Sean (29 December 2020). [https://safpar.com/is-rafting-on-the-zambezi-river-below-the-victoria-falls-dangerous/ "Is rafting on the Zambezi River below The Victoria Falls Dangerous?"]. ''SAFPAR''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210520102959/https://safpar.com/is-rafting-on-the-zambezi-river-below-the-victoria-falls-dangerous/ Archived] from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.</ref> maeto a [[:en:Whitewater_kayaking|metsi a a boitshegang]] thata mo lefatsheng, e le kgwetlho e kgolo mo bathong ba ba tsamayang ka dikayake kgotsa ba ba dirisang dingwato tsa go kgweetsa mo metsing a a matlhomola. Ka kwa ntle ga mogorogo ono go na le letoto la dikarolo tsa metsi a a matlhomola tse di felelang 240km (maele a le 150) ka fa tlase ga dipororo tsa Victoria. Mo bokgakaleng jo, noka e fokotsega ka 250m (maoto a le 820). Mo ntlheng eno, noka e tsena mo [[:en:Lake_Kariba|Letsheng la Kariba]], le le bopilweng ka ngwaga wa1959 morago ga go wediwa ga kago ya [[:en:Kariba_Dam|Letamo la Kariba.]] Letsha leno ke lengwe la matsha a magolo a a dirilweng ke batho mo lefatsheng, mme ditlhamo tsa go dira motlakase wa metsi mo letamong le di direla dikarolo tse dintsi tsa Zambia le Zimbabwe motlakase. Dinoka tsa [[:en:Luangwa_River|Luangwa]] le [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue]] ke tsone ditswammung tse dikgolo tse pedi tse di tsenang mo Zambezi ka fa molemeng. Noka ya Kafue e kopana le noka e kgolo mo molatswaneng o o didimetseng le o o tseneletseng, o o ka nnang 180m (maoto a le 590) ka bophara. Go tswa mo ntlheng eno, go obega ga noka ya Zambezi go ya kwa bokone go a emisiwa, mme metsi a tswelela go elela ka tlhamalalo go ya kwa botlhaba. Kwa kopanong ya noka ya Luangwa (15°37’ S), e tsena mo Mozambique.<ref>Valkenburgh, Blaire Van; White, Paula A. (20 April 2021). [[doi:10.7717/peerj.11313/fig-1|"Figure 1: Map showing location of Luangwa Valley and Greater Kafue Ecosystem in Zambia".]] ''PeerJ''. '''9''': e11313. doi:[[doi:10.7717/peerj.11313/fig-1|10.7717/peerj.11313/fig-1.]]</ref> Karolo ya bogare ya Zambezi e felela kwa noka e tsenang mo Letsheng la [[:en:Cahora_Bassa|Cahora Bassa]], le pele e neng e le lefelo la dikgaruru tse di kotsi tse di bidiwang Kebrabassa; letsha leno le bopilwe ka ngwaga wa 1974 morago ga go agiwa ga [[:en:Cahora_Bassa_Dam|Letamo la Cahora Bassa.]]<ref>[https://archive.gramene.org/db/ontology/search?id=44313 "GAZ Term "Zambezi River" (GAZ:00044898)".] ''archive.gramene.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210520101311/https://archive.gramene.org/db/ontology/search?id=44313 Archived] from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.</ref> '''Zambezi yo kwa Tlase''' Karolo e e kwa tlase ya Noka ya Zambezi, e e ka nna 650km (maele a le 400) go tswa kwa Letsheng la Cahora Bassa go ya kwa lewatleng la Indiana, e ka tsamaiwa ka dikoloi tsa metsi, le fa noka e se boteng mo mafelong a mantsi mo pakeng ya komelelo. Go se boteng jo go bakwa ke gore noka e tsena mo mokgatšheng o o anameng mme e anama go ralala lefelo le legolo. Ke fela mo lefelong le le lengwe, e leng [[:en:Lupata_Gorge|Lupata Gorge]], le le ka nnang 320km (maele a le 200) go tswa kwa molomong wa yona, fa noka e pitlaganngwa magareng ga dithaba tse di kwa godimo. Mo lefelong le, bophara jwa yona ga bo fete 200m (maoto a le 660). Kwa mafelong a mangwe, noka e ka nna bophara jwa 5km go ya go 8km (maele a le 3 go ya go 5), e elela ka bonolo ka melatswana e mentsi. Bodilo jwa noka bo na le mmu, mme mabopo a yona a kwa tlase a bo a tletse dimela tsa leetsana. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo mafelong mangwe, segolobogolo mo pakeng ya dipula, melatswana eno e a kopana go dira noka e le nngwe e kgolo e e elelang ka lobelo. Mo seelong seka nna160km (maele a le 99) go tswa kwa lewatleng, Noka ya Zambezi e amogela metsi a a tswang mo [[:en:Lake_Malawi|Letsheng la Malawi]] ka [[:en:Shire_River|Noka ya Shire.]] Fa e atamela Lewatle la Indiana, noka e a kgaogana go dira [[:en:River_delta|delata]].<ref>Dorling Kindersley, pp. 84–85</ref> Lekala lengwe le lengwe le legolo la noka, e leng Kongone, Luabo le Timbwe, le kgorelediwa ke [[:en:Shoal|mpetle wa]] [[:en:Shoal|mmu]]. Lekala le lengwe le le kwa bokone le le bidiwang molomo wa [[:en:Chinde_River|Chinde]] le na le boteng jo bo kwa tlase jwa 2m (maoto a le 6 le 7) fa go le metsi a a kwa tlase mo tshimologong, le 4m (maoto a le 13) kwa teng. Ke lone lekala le le dirisiwang go tsamaisa dikoloi tsa metsi. Mo bokgakaleng jwa100km (maele a le 62) go ya kwa bokone, go na le noka e nngwe e bidiwang [[:en:Quelimane|Quelimane,]] e e bidiwang ka leina la toropo e e kwa molomong wa yona. Noka ena e e nang le seretse se se oketsegang e amogela metsi a a tshologang a Zambezi mo pakeng ya dipula.<ref>[https://theodora.com/encyclopedia/z/zambezi.html "Zambezi - Encyclopedia".] ''theodora.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210520105706/https://theodora.com/encyclopedia/z/zambezi.html Archived] from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.</ref> '''Delata''' Mo bogompienong, delata ya Noka ya Zambezi e ka nna sephatlo sa bophara jo e neng e na le jone pele ga go agiwa ga matamo a Kariba le Cahora Bassa, a a neng a laola diphetogo tsa paka mo selekanyong sa phororo ya metsi a noka. Pele ga matamo ano a agiwa, merwalela ya paka ya Zambezi e ne e ama tikologo ya delata ka tsela e e farologaneng thata le ya gompieno, ka gonne e ne e isa metsi a mantle a a humileng ka dikotla tsotlhe tsa phepo kwa mafelong a metsi a a bongola a lotshitshi lwa lewatle la IndianaKarolo e e kwa tlase ya Zambezi e ne e nna le koketsego e nnye ya merwalela kwa tshimologong ya paka ya komelelo, fa dipula tsotlhe tsa lefelo la [[:en:Gwembe|Gwembe]] le la bokone-botlhaba jwa Zimbabwe di ne di elela ka bonako go tsena mo nokeng. Ka nako e e tshwanang, metsi a a tswang mo mekgatšheng ya Zambezi e e kwa godimo, Kafue, Letsha la Malawi, le Luangwa (ka selekanyo se se kwa tlase) a ne a diegisiwa ke mekobo ya metsi le mafelo a merwalela. Phororo ya metsi a a tswang mo ditsamaisong tsena e dira gore go nne le morwalela o mogolo thata ka dikgwedi tsa Mopitlo kgotsa Moranang, mme selekanyo sa godimo sa phororo ya metsi se nne ka kgwedi ya Moranang kwa delateng se ka nna dimetara tse di khubiki di le 6,700 (maoto a khubiki a le 240,000) ka motsotswana. Morwalela o mogolo go feta tsotlhe o o kileng wa kwalwa o ne o feta seno ka makgetlo a le mararo, ka phororo ya dimetara tse di khubiki di le 22,500 (maoto a khubiki a le 790,000) ka motsotswana ka 1958. Ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya komelelo, phororo ya metsi e ne e le ka palogare ya dimetara tse di khubiki di le 500 (maoto a khubiki a le 18,000) ka motsotswana fela. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Richard Beilfuss & David dos Santos: Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Monogram for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley (2001). Estimated mean flow rate 3424 m³/s"] (PDF). Archived from [http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf the original] (PDF) on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 18 October 2008.</ref> Mo dingwageng tsa bo-1960 le bo-1970, kago ya matamo e ne ya fetola mokgwa ona gotlhelele. Kwa tlase ga noka, selekanyo sa phororo ya metsi sa kgwedi le kgwedi se ne se tswa mo go dimetara tse di khubiki di le 500 go ya go 6,000 (maoto a khubiki a le 18,000 go ya go 212,000) ka motsotswana; gompieno se tswa mo go dimetara tse di khubiki di le 1,000 go ya go 3,900 (maoto a khubiki a le 35,000 go ya go 138,000) ka motsotswana. Merwalela ya selekanyo sa magareng, segolobogolo mofuta o tikologo ya karolo e e kwa tlase ya Zambezi e neng e tlwaetse go ikamanya le yone, jaanong e diragala sewelo mme e tsaya nako e khutshwane. Fela jaaka ditlamorago tse di sa siamang tsa [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Letamo la Itezhi-Tezhi]] mo Mafelong a Kafue Flats, sena se bakile ditlamorago tse di latelang: -Mekgwa ya go fepa le go tsalana ga ditlhapi, dinonyane le diphologolo tse dingwe e ne ya kgorelediwa le go fetolwa. -Go setse bojang jo bonnye mo mafelong a merwalela morago ga merwalela, mo go fokotsang [[:en:Grazing|mafelo a go fulisa]] diphologolo tsa naga le dikgomo. -Mekgwa ya setso ya temo le ya go tshwara ditlhapi e ne ya kgorelediwa le go fetolwa.<ref>Knifton, Dulcie (July 2004). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=eiR_RLPB6GAC&q=traditional+farming+and+fishing+patterns+disrupted&pg=PA41 Revise AS Level Geography for Edexcel Specification B]''. Heinemann. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-435-10154-1|<bdi>978-0-435-10154-1</bdi>.]]</ref> Delata ya Zambezi e na le mafelo a magolo a bojang a a nang le merwalela ya paka nngwe le nngwe kgotsa ya tsotlhe tsotlhe, mafelo a savanna, le dikgwa tsa mekgobo ya metsi. Mmogo le mafelo a merwalela a Dinoka tsa [[:en:Buzi_River_(Mozambique)|Buzi,]] [[:en:Pungwe_River|Pungwe]] le [[:en:Save_River_(Africa)|Save,]] mafelo a merwalela a Zambezi a bopa tikologo ya tlholego e e itseweng ke [[:en:World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature|World Wildlife Fund]] (WWF) jaaka [[:en:Zambezian_coastal_flooded_savanna|Zambezian Coastal Flooded Savanna Ecoregion]] kwa Mozambique. Mafelo ano a savanna a a nang le merwalela a fitlhelwa gaufi le lotshitshi lwa Lewatle la India. Ditlhare tsa [[:en:East_African_mangroves|mangrove]] di mela mo mabopong a delata. Le fa matamo a fokoditse dingwe tsa merwalela ya ngwaga le ngwaga mo karolong e e kwa tlase ya Zambezi mme a dirile gore bogolo jwa mafelo a merwalela bo fokotsege thata, ga a a kgona go fedisa merwalela gotlhelele. Matamo ga a kgone go laola merwalela e e feteletseng, mme a fokoditse fela go diragala ga merwalela ya selekanyo sa magareng. Fa dipula tse dikgolo mo karolong e e kwa tlase ya Zambezi di kopana le metsi a mantsi a a elelang go tswa kwa godimo ga noka, merwalela e megolo e santse e diragala. Ka jalo, mafelo a metsi a a bongola a santse a le botlhokwa thata e le mafelo a bonno jwa diphologolo le dimela. Le fa go ntse jalo, go fokotsega ga mafelo ano a metsi a a bongola go ne ga baka gore go nne le go tsoma diphologolo go sa laolwe sentle, tse di jaaka [[:en:African_buffalo|nare]] le [[:en:Waterbuck|tumuga]], nakong ya [[:en:Mozambican_Civil_War|Ntwa ya Selegae ya Mozambique.]] Le fa palo ya diphologolo tse dikgolo tsa mammale mo kgaolong ena e fokotsegile, lefelo leno le santse le na le dingwe tsa tsone, go akaretsa [[:en:Reedbuck|phuduhudu ya]] [[:en:Reedbuck|mohele]] le [[:en:Common_eland|phofu]] e e fudugang go ya mafelong a mangwe ka dipaka. Diphologolo tse di jang nama tse di fitlhelwang mo lefelong leno di akaretsa [[:en:Lion|tau]], [[:en:Leopard|nkwe,]] [[:en:Cheetah|lengau,]] [[:en:Spotted_hyena|phiri ya marontho]] le [[:en:Side-striped_jackal|phokoje e e nang le methalo mo matlhakoreng.]] Mafelo a merwalela ke lefelo le le sireletsegileng la dinonyane tsa metsi tse di fudugang ka dipaka, go akaretsa [[:en:Northern_pintail|pintail,]] [[:en:Garganey|garganey,]] [[:en:African_openbill|African openbill,]] [[:en:Saddle-billed_stork|saddle-billed stork]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]], le [[:en:Great_white_pelican|great white pelican.]]<ref>[https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0906 "Zambezian coastal flooded savanna"]. ''Terrestrial Ecoregions''. World Wildlife Fund.</ref> Dikokobe tse di fitlhelwang mo lefelong leno di akaretsa [[:en:Nile_crocodile|kwena ya Nile,]] [[:en:Nile_monitor|mokwepa wa Nile]], [[:en:Python_sebae|noga ya phiri ya Afrika]], nogapodi ya Pungwe, e e fitlhelwang fela mo kgaolong eno le mefuta e mengwe e meraro ya dinoga e e batlang e fitlhelwa fela mo lefelong leno: nogametsi ya mafelo a merwalela, nogaphiri e nnye le [[:en:Proatheris|nogamaraga ya mekgobo ya metsi.]]<ref>[https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0906 "Zambezian coastal flooded savanna".] ''Terrestrial Ecoregions''. World Wildlife Fund.</ref>{{Reflist|30em}} [[Karolo:Coordinates on Wikidata]] ridc8hfjtg4syigxzaqomstt4ueubyx 50422 50403 2026-06-10T05:59:03Z OtengPortia 12840 #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50422 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zambezi''' (e ka kwalawang gape ele '''Zambese''' kana '''Zambesi''') ke noka [[:en:List_of_river_systems_by_length|ya bone a kgolo]] mo Aforika, noka e kgolo e tshologelang botlhaba mo Aforika gape e leng yona oka e kgolo e tshologelang mo [[:en:Indian_Ocean|lewatleng la Indiana]] go tswa mo Aforika. Go [[:en:Drainage_basin|kgopa metsi]] ga yone go bophara jwa selekano sa 1,390,000 km ga bedi (540,000 mi ga bedi),<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Richard Beilfuss & David dos Santos: Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Monogram for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley (2001). Estimated mean flow rate 3424 m³/s"] (PDF). Archived from [http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf the original] (PDF) on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 18 October 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.riob.org/transfrontalier/Bilanglobal.PDF International Network of Basin Organisations/Office International de L'eau]: [https://web.archive.org/web/20090327102256/http://www.riob.org/transfrontalier/Bilanglobal.PDF Archived] 27 March 2009 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]] "Développer les Compétences pour mieux Gérer l'Eau: Fleuves Transfrontaliers Africains: Bilan Global." (2002). Estimated annual discharge 106 km³, equal to mean flow rate 3360 m³/s</ref> ko tlasenyana ga noka ya [[:en:Nile|Nile]]. Noka e ya bophara jwa 2,754 km (1,599 mi) e simologa mo [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] mme e fete ka botlhaba jwa [[:en:Angola|Angola]], go bapisa bokone-botlhaba jwa bodara ya [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] le bokone jwa bodara ya [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]], e boe e fete gape mo mmileng wa bodara e magareng go Zambia le [[:en:Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]] goya [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]], kwa e kgabaganyang lefatshe go tshologela mo lewatleng la Indiana.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambezi-River "Zambezi River | river, Africa".] ''Encyclopedia Britannica''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210502232720/https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambezi-River Archived] from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.</ref><ref>[https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/zambezi-river.html "Zambezi River Facts and Information"]. ''www.victoriafalls-guide.net''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230507055636/https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/zambezi-river.html Archived] from the original on 7 May 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2021.</ref> Ngwe ya ntlha tse di lemogiwang thata ka noka ya Zambezi ke [[:en:Victoria_Falls|phororo ya metsi a Victoria]]. Diphororo tse dingwe di ama [[:en:Chavuma_Falls|Chavuma]]<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Chavuma-Falls "Chavuma Falls | waterfall, Zambia | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220626032309/https://www.britannica.com/place/Chavuma-Falls Archived] from the original on 26 June 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2022.</ref> le [[:en:Ngonye_Falls|Ngonye.]]<ref>[https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/waterfalls/ngonye-falls/ "Zambia Tourism: Waterfalls"]. ''Zambia Tourism''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200407045055/https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/waterfalls/ngonye-falls/ Archived] from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2022.</ref> Ditsela tse pedi tsa konokono tsa [[:en:Hydroelectricity|metsi a motlakase]] mo nokeng e ke [[:en:Kariba_Dam|noka ya Kariba]] e e direlang Zambia le Zimbabwe motlakase e boe e direle le [[:en:Cahora_Bassa_Dam|noka ya Cahora Bassa]] mo Mozambique ee e e hetisetsang motlakase kwa Mozambique le [[:en:South_Africa|South Africa]]. Go oketsa, ditlhomo tse di potlana tsa metsi a motlakase dimo Zambia kwa diphororong tsa Victoria le [[:en:Zengamina|Zengamina.]]<ref>[http://www.nwzdt.org/?page_id=22 "Zengamina Hydro Project | North West Zambia Development Trust".] [https://web.archive.org/web/20220423080555/http://www.nwzdt.org/?page_id=22 Archived] from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2022.</ref><ref>Pasanisi, Francesco; Tebano, Carlo; Zarlenga, Francesco (March 2016). [[doi:10.3390/environments3010006|"A Survey near Tambara along the Lower Zambezi River".]] ''Environments''. '''3''' (1): 6. doi:[[doi:10.3390/environments3010006|10.3390/environments3010006]]</ref> Noka e e simologa mo [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] e ntsho e e nang le mokgobo wa metsi mo lefatsheng le le nang le dikgwa tse di kitlaneng tsa [[:en:Miombo|miombo]] tse di nang le mekgabisa ya dithota tsa di sa lekanang, 50km kwa bokone jwa [[:en:Mwinilunga|Mwinilunga]] le 20km kwa borwa jwa Ikelenge mo [[:en:Ikelenge_District|kgaolong ya Ikelenge]] kwa [[:en:North-Western_Province,_Zambia|Porofenseng ya Bokone-Bophirima]] jwa Zambia, mo godimo ga 1,524m(maoto a le 5,000) godimo ga [[:en:Sea_level|bogodimo jwa lewatle]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150904101922/http://www.muvitv.com/dilapidated-zambezi-source-site-worry-ikelenge-dc/ "Dilapidated Zambezi Source Site Worry Ikelenge DC".] ''muvitv.com''. Muvi TV. Archived from [http://www.muvitv.com/dilapidated-zambezi-source-site-worry-ikelenge-dc/ the original] on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.</ref> Lefelo le le dikologileng motswedi ono ke segopotso sa banni, lefelo lele sireleditsweng la dikgwa, gape ke lefelo la [[:en:Important_bird_area|bothokwa mo diphologolong tsa dinonyane.]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150904101922/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=7178 "ZM002 Source of the Zambezi".] ''birdlife.org''. Birdlife International. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=7178 the original] on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.</ref> Go yeng bokone jwa motswedi, metsi a iketlileng a fa gare ga [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo]] le [[:en:Zambezi_Basin|sekgele sa Zambezi]] ke lefelo le le supilweng thata la lefatshe le le fa godingwana, le tsamaya gaufi e botlhaba-bophirima mme a wela thata kafa bokone le borwa. Se se kgaola sekgele thata go tsweng mo [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba]] (lekalana legolo godimo mo Congo) go tsweng mo Zambezi. Mo tikologong ya motswedi, metsi a iketlileng ga a bonale thata, mme dinoka tse pedi tse gadi kopane.<ref>Dorling Kindersley, pp. 84–85</ref> Lefelo lotlhe le le nosediwang ke noka ya Zambezi ke serala se segolo se se anameng, se se nang le melelwane e e sa tlhomamang, se se kwa bogodimong jwa 900km goya go 1200. Karolo e e kwa teng ga naga e bopilwe ka maje a fetogileng ka ntlha ya [[:en:Metamorphic_rock|mogote le kgatelelo,]] fa melelwane ya sona e dikaganyeditswe ke maje a a tlhodilweng ke [[:en:Igneous_rock|seretse sa molelo]] a a fitlhelwang gaufi le [[:en:Victoria_Falls|mepororo ya Victoria.]] Kwa [[:en:Chupanga|Chupanga]], mo mo karolong e e kwa tlase ga Zambezi, matlhatlaganyane a masesane a [[:en:Sandstone|maje]] a male wa serolwana le serolwana se se serolwana-bosetlha, ka dinako dingwe a na le matlhatlaganyana a [[:en:Limestone|leje la kalakala]], a bonala mo bodilong jwa noka ka paka ya komelelo. Maje ano a tswelela go feta [[:en:Tete,_Mozambique|Tete]], koo a amanang le mekgano e megolo ya magala a mashala. Mashala a a fitlhelwa gape mo kgaolong e e kwa tlase ga meproro ya Victoria. Maje a anang le gouta a bonala mo mafelong a le mmalwa.<ref>Ashton, Peter; Love, David; Mahachi, Harriet; Dirks, Paul. [https://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/G00599.pdf "An Overview of the Impacts of Mining and Mineral Processing Operations on Water Resources and Water Quality in the Zambezi, Limpopo AND Olifant Catchments in Southern Africa"] (PDF). ''International Institute for Environment and Development''. Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development Project, Southern Africa. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201114231525/https://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/G00599.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.</ref> '''Zambezi e e kwa Godimo''' Noka e e elela kwa borwa-bophirima e tsena mo Angola sebaka sa 240km (150 mi) be e kopangwa ake [[:en:Tributary|dinoka tse dingwe]] tse dikgolo jaaka [[:en:Luena_River_(Angola)|Luena]] le Chifumage, tse di tswang kwa dithabeng tse di kwa bokone-bophirima.<ref>Dorling Kindersley, pp. 84–85</ref> Go tsweng foo e tlaabo e leba kwa borwa mme e bopa [[:en:Floodplain|lefelo le le legolo la morwalela]], le bophara jwa lone bo fetogang thata agreng ga paka ya komelelo le paka ya dipula. E boa e tsena mo [[:en:Zambezian_evergreen_dry_forests|sekgweng se se kitlaneng sa ditlhare tse di nnetseng botala ruri,]] mme kafa bophirima jwa yone go na le mafulo a a bulegileng a [[:en:Western_Zambezian_grasslands|Western Zambezian grasslands.]] Fa e boelang gape mo Zambia e abo ele bophara jwa 400m(dinao di ka nna 1,300) mo pakeng ya dipula, mme e elela ka lobelo le legolo ena le ditsela tsedi matlapa le [[:en:Rapids|metsi a a phothoselang]] go fitlha kwa [[:en:Chavuma_Falls|dipororong tsa chavuma]], kwa noka e fetang mo lekhalong la matlapa. Noka e e fologa seelo e kanna 400m, (dinao di kanna 1,300) gotswa kwa motsweding wa yone o o kwa bogodimong jwa 1,500m (dinao di ka nna 4,900) goya kwa dipororong tsa Chavuma e e kwa seeleng se ka nna 1,100m (dinao di ka nna3,600), mo sekgweng sa 400km (dimaele di ka nna 250). Go tsweng foo goya kwa dipororong tsa Victoria, bogodimo jwa lefatshe mo mekgapong ya metsi tlaabo bo lekana , bo fologelela seelo sa 180m (dinao dka tshwara 590) mo sekgweng sa 800km (dimaele di ka nna 500).<ref>Page, Geology (25 November 2014). [https://www.geologypage.com/2014/11/zambezi-river.html "Zambezi River"]. ''Geology Page''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210520095950/https://www.geologypage.com/2014/11/zambezi-river.html Archived] from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.</ref> Noka yantlha e kgolo e e tsenamg mo nokeng ya Zambezi ke [[:en:Kabompo_River|Kabompo]], e e leng kwa [[:en:North-Western_Province,_Zambia|porofenseng ya bokone-bophirima]] jwa Zambia. Mafatlha a [[:en:Savanna|Savanna]] a noka e elelang mo go yone a fetoga gonna lefelo le le legolo la morwalela, le le nang le [[:en:Fan_palm|ditlhare tsa palema]] tsa [[:en:Borassus|''Borassus'']] tse di gasameng mogo lone. Go yeng kwa borwa gose sekgele sepe noka e e [[:en:Confluence|kopana]] le [[:en:Lungwebungu_River|noka ya Lungwebungu.]] Mo tlaabo ele tshimologo ya [[:en:Barotse_Floodplain|lefelo le legolo la morwalela la Barotse,]] e leng sengwe sa dilo tse di itsegeng thata mo karolong e e kwa godimo ya Zambezi. Mme lefa gontse jalo, karolo ena e e kwa bokone ga e aparelwe ke morwalela thata, mme ena le ditlhaketlhake tsa lefatshe le le kwa godimo mo gare ga yone.<ref>[https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/zambezi-river.html "Zambezi River Facts and Information".] ''www.victoriafalls-guide.net''[https://web.archive.org/web/20230507055636/https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/zambezi-river.html . Archived] from the original on 7 May 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2021.</ref> E ka nnang seelo sa 30 km fa tlasa ga noka ya Lungwebungu e kopanang le Zambezi, naga e nna sephaphathi thata mme go nne lego bonala motlhofo ga lefelo e legoo la morwalela la Barotse. Morwalela o ka namela go fitlha o nna bophara jwa 25km mo pakeng ya dipula. Mo godimo ga 200km goya kwa tlase ga nka, potologo ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya morwalela e laola tikologo ya tlhago le botshelo jwa batho, banni le setso. M o e ka nnang 80km goya pele kwa tlase, noka ya [[:en:Luanginga_River|Luanginga]] e e kopanang le dinoka tse dingwe tse di tswang kwa bophirima, e tsena mo Nokeng ya Zambezi. Go boeng gape oya kwa godimo gose sekgele kafa botlhaba, noka e kgolo e kopangwa mo pakeng ya dipula ke metsi a a tshologang gotswa mo tsamaisong ya moedi wa noka ya [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luampa_River&action=edit&redlink=1 Luampa]-[[:en:Luena_River_(Zambia)|Luena]].<ref>Dorling Kindersley, pp. 84–85</ref> Sekgele ese sa sepe fa o fologa morago ga fa noka ya Luanginga e kopang le ya Zambezi, o goroga kwa [[:en:Lealui|Lealui,]] ngwe ya metsemegolo ya [[:en:Lozi_people|batho ba Lozi]] ba ba nnang mo kgaolong ya [[:en:Lozi_kingdom|lefatshe la Barotse]] mo [[:en:Western_Province,_Zambia|porofenseng ya bophirima]] jwa Zambia. Kgosi ya batho ba Lozi e na le ngwe ya dikampa tsa gagwe kwa Lealui; e ngwe e kwa [[:en:Limulunga|Limulunga,]] ele mo lefatsheng le le kwa godimo e bile e dirisiwa jaaka motsemogolo ka nako ya dipula. Go fuduga ga ngwaga le ngwaga gotswa Lealui goya Limulunga ke tiragalo e kgolo thata, e e ketekwang jaaka ngwe ya meletlo e e itsegeng thata mo Zambia, e e bidiwang [[:en:Kuomboka|Kuomboka.]] Morago ga Lealui, noka e retologela kwa borwa-botlhaba. Go tswa kwa botlhaba, e tswelela e amogela dinoka tse dintsi tse dinnye, mme kwa bophirima ga yone ga go na dinoka tse dikgolo tse di e tsenang mo sekgweng seelong sa 240km. Pele ga foo, [[:en:Ngonye_Falls|mepororo ya Ngonye]] le matlapa a a latelang a thibela go tsamaya ga dikorwana mo nokeng. Kwa borwa jwa mepororo ya Nonye, noka e kgona go kgoma nako e khutshwane molelwane wa Namibia, mo kgaolong ya <ref>Dorling Kindersley, pp. 84–85</ref>[[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Caprivi Strip.]] Kwa tlase ga kopano ya [[:en:Cuando_River|noka ya Cuando]] le Zambezi, noka e retologa e lebana le botlhaba. Mo lefelong leo, noka e nna bophara mme e sa tsene boteng thata, e elela ka bonya. Mme fa e ntse e ya kwa botlhaba go ya molelwaneng wa setlhaba se segolo sa bokone jwa Aferika, e fitlha kwa khuting e kgolo e e tsenwang ke metsi a a elelang ka thata, e leng mepororo ya Victoria. '''Zambezi e e fa Gare''' Dipororo tsa Victoria di tsewa e le molelwane gareng ga karolo ya kwa godimo le ya bogareng ya noka ya Zambezi. Ka fa tlase ga tsone, noka e tswelela go elela ka fa botlhaba ka bokgakala jwa seelo se kanna 200km (maele a le 120), e phunyeletsa mabota a a emeng a majwe a [[:en:Basalt|basalt]] a a katogileng seelo se ka nna 20m go ya go 60m (maoto a le 66 go ya go 197), mo dithabeng tse di kwa godimo ga 200m go ya go 250m (maoto a le 660 go ya go 820). Noka e elela ka lobelo lo logolo mo Mogorogong wa Batoka, mme metsi a yona a kgorelediwa ka metlha ke mafika a a mo nokeng. Go tlhalositswe gore ke nngwe ya<ref>Edington, Sean (29 December 2020). [https://safpar.com/is-rafting-on-the-zambezi-river-below-the-victoria-falls-dangerous/ "Is rafting on the Zambezi River below The Victoria Falls Dangerous?"]. ''SAFPAR''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210520102959/https://safpar.com/is-rafting-on-the-zambezi-river-below-the-victoria-falls-dangerous/ Archived] from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.</ref> maeto a [[:en:Whitewater_kayaking|metsi a a boitshegang]] thata mo lefatsheng, e le kgwetlho e kgolo mo bathong ba ba tsamayang ka dikayake kgotsa ba ba dirisang dingwato tsa go kgweetsa mo metsing a a matlhomola. Ka kwa ntle ga mogorogo ono go na le letoto la dikarolo tsa metsi a a matlhomola tse di felelang 240km (maele a le 150) ka fa tlase ga dipororo tsa Victoria. Mo bokgakaleng jo, noka e fokotsega ka 250m (maoto a le 820). Mo ntlheng eno, noka e tsena mo [[:en:Lake_Kariba|Letsheng la Kariba]], le le bopilweng ka ngwaga wa1959 morago ga go wediwa ga kago ya [[:en:Kariba_Dam|Letamo la Kariba.]] Letsha leno ke lengwe la matsha a magolo a a dirilweng ke batho mo lefatsheng, mme ditlhamo tsa go dira motlakase wa metsi mo letamong le di direla dikarolo tse dintsi tsa Zambia le Zimbabwe motlakase. Dinoka tsa [[:en:Luangwa_River|Luangwa]] le [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue]] ke tsone ditswammung tse dikgolo tse pedi tse di tsenang mo Zambezi ka fa molemeng. Noka ya Kafue e kopana le noka e kgolo mo molatswaneng o o didimetseng le o o tseneletseng, o o ka nnang 180m (maoto a le 590) ka bophara. Go tswa mo ntlheng eno, go obega ga noka ya Zambezi go ya kwa bokone go a emisiwa, mme metsi a tswelela go elela ka tlhamalalo go ya kwa botlhaba. Kwa kopanong ya noka ya Luangwa (15°37’ S), e tsena mo Mozambique.<ref>Valkenburgh, Blaire Van; White, Paula A. (20 April 2021). [[doi:10.7717/peerj.11313/fig-1|"Figure 1: Map showing location of Luangwa Valley and Greater Kafue Ecosystem in Zambia".]] ''PeerJ''. '''9''': e11313. doi:[[doi:10.7717/peerj.11313/fig-1|10.7717/peerj.11313/fig-1.]]</ref> Karolo ya bogare ya Zambezi e felela kwa noka e tsenang mo Letsheng la [[:en:Cahora_Bassa|Cahora Bassa]], le pele e neng e le lefelo la dikgaruru tse di kotsi tse di bidiwang Kebrabassa; letsha leno le bopilwe ka ngwaga wa 1974 morago ga go agiwa ga [[:en:Cahora_Bassa_Dam|Letamo la Cahora Bassa.]]<ref>[https://archive.gramene.org/db/ontology/search?id=44313 "GAZ Term "Zambezi River" (GAZ:00044898)".] ''archive.gramene.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210520101311/https://archive.gramene.org/db/ontology/search?id=44313 Archived] from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.</ref> '''Zambezi yo kwa Tlase''' Karolo e e kwa tlase ya Noka ya Zambezi, e e ka nna 650km (maele a le 400) go tswa kwa Letsheng la Cahora Bassa go ya kwa lewatleng la Indiana, e ka tsamaiwa ka dikoloi tsa metsi, le fa noka e se boteng mo mafelong a mantsi mo pakeng ya komelelo. Go se boteng jo go bakwa ke gore noka e tsena mo mokgatšheng o o anameng mme e anama go ralala lefelo le legolo. Ke fela mo lefelong le le lengwe, e leng [[:en:Lupata_Gorge|Lupata Gorge]], le le ka nnang 320km (maele a le 200) go tswa kwa molomong wa yona, fa noka e pitlaganngwa magareng ga dithaba tse di kwa godimo. Mo lefelong le, bophara jwa yona ga bo fete 200m (maoto a le 660). Kwa mafelong a mangwe, noka e ka nna bophara jwa 5km go ya go 8km (maele a le 3 go ya go 5), e elela ka bonolo ka melatswana e mentsi. Bodilo jwa noka bo na le mmu, mme mabopo a yona a kwa tlase a bo a tletse dimela tsa leetsana. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo mafelong mangwe, segolobogolo mo pakeng ya dipula, melatswana eno e a kopana go dira noka e le nngwe e kgolo e e elelang ka lobelo. Mo seelong seka nna160km (maele a le 99) go tswa kwa lewatleng, Noka ya Zambezi e amogela metsi a a tswang mo [[:en:Lake_Malawi|Letsheng la Malawi]] ka [[:en:Shire_River|Noka ya Shire.]] Fa e atamela Lewatle la Indiana, noka e a kgaogana go dira [[:en:River_delta|delata]].<ref>Dorling Kindersley, pp. 84–85</ref> Lekala lengwe le lengwe le legolo la noka, e leng Kongone, Luabo le Timbwe, le kgorelediwa ke [[:en:Shoal|mpetle wa]] [[:en:Shoal|mmu]]. Lekala le lengwe le le kwa bokone le le bidiwang molomo wa [[:en:Chinde_River|Chinde]] le na le boteng jo bo kwa tlase jwa 2m (maoto a le 6 le 7) fa go le metsi a a kwa tlase mo tshimologong, le 4m (maoto a le 13) kwa teng. Ke lone lekala le le dirisiwang go tsamaisa dikoloi tsa metsi. Mo bokgakaleng jwa100km (maele a le 62) go ya kwa bokone, go na le noka e nngwe e bidiwang [[:en:Quelimane|Quelimane,]] e e bidiwang ka leina la toropo e e kwa molomong wa yona. Noka ena e e nang le seretse se se oketsegang e amogela metsi a a tshologang a Zambezi mo pakeng ya dipula.<ref>[https://theodora.com/encyclopedia/z/zambezi.html "Zambezi - Encyclopedia".] ''theodora.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210520105706/https://theodora.com/encyclopedia/z/zambezi.html Archived] from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.</ref> '''Delata''' Mo bogompienong, delata ya Noka ya Zambezi e ka nna sephatlo sa bophara jo e neng e na le jone pele ga go agiwa ga matamo a Kariba le Cahora Bassa, a a neng a laola diphetogo tsa paka mo selekanyong sa phororo ya metsi a noka. Pele ga matamo ano a agiwa, merwalela ya paka ya Zambezi e ne e ama tikologo ya delata ka tsela e e farologaneng thata le ya gompieno, ka gonne e ne e isa metsi a mantle a a humileng ka dikotla tsotlhe tsa phepo kwa mafelong a metsi a a bongola a lotshitshi lwa lewatle la IndianaKarolo e e kwa tlase ya Zambezi e ne e nna le koketsego e nnye ya merwalela kwa tshimologong ya paka ya komelelo, fa dipula tsotlhe tsa lefelo la [[:en:Gwembe|Gwembe]] le la bokone-botlhaba jwa Zimbabwe di ne di elela ka bonako go tsena mo nokeng. Ka nako e e tshwanang, metsi a a tswang mo mekgatšheng ya Zambezi e e kwa godimo, Kafue, Letsha la Malawi, le Luangwa (ka selekanyo se se kwa tlase) a ne a diegisiwa ke mekobo ya metsi le mafelo a merwalela. Phororo ya metsi a a tswang mo ditsamaisong tsena e dira gore go nne le morwalela o mogolo thata ka dikgwedi tsa Mopitlo kgotsa Moranang, mme selekanyo sa godimo sa phororo ya metsi se nne ka kgwedi ya Moranang kwa delateng se ka nna dimetara tse di khubiki di le 6,700 (maoto a khubiki a le 240,000) ka motsotswana. Morwalela o mogolo go feta tsotlhe o o kileng wa kwalwa o ne o feta seno ka makgetlo a le mararo, ka phororo ya dimetara tse di khubiki di le 22,500 (maoto a khubiki a le 790,000) ka motsotswana ka 1958. Ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya komelelo, phororo ya metsi e ne e le ka palogare ya dimetara tse di khubiki di le 500 (maoto a khubiki a le 18,000) ka motsotswana fela. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Richard Beilfuss & David dos Santos: Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Monogram for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley (2001). Estimated mean flow rate 3424 m³/s"] (PDF). Archived from [http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf the original] (PDF) on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 18 October 2008.</ref> Mo dingwageng tsa bo-1960 le bo-1970, kago ya matamo e ne ya fetola mokgwa ona gotlhelele. Kwa tlase ga noka, selekanyo sa phororo ya metsi sa kgwedi le kgwedi se ne se tswa mo go dimetara tse di khubiki di le 500 go ya go 6,000 (maoto a khubiki a le 18,000 go ya go 212,000) ka motsotswana; gompieno se tswa mo go dimetara tse di khubiki di le 1,000 go ya go 3,900 (maoto a khubiki a le 35,000 go ya go 138,000) ka motsotswana. Merwalela ya selekanyo sa magareng, segolobogolo mofuta o tikologo ya karolo e e kwa tlase ya Zambezi e neng e tlwaetse go ikamanya le yone, jaanong e diragala sewelo mme e tsaya nako e khutshwane. Fela jaaka ditlamorago tse di sa siamang tsa [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Letamo la Itezhi-Tezhi]] mo Mafelong a Kafue Flats, sena se bakile ditlamorago tse di latelang: -Mekgwa ya go fepa le go tsalana ga ditlhapi, dinonyane le diphologolo tse dingwe e ne ya kgorelediwa le go fetolwa. -Go setse bojang jo bonnye mo mafelong a merwalela morago ga merwalela, mo go fokotsang [[:en:Grazing|mafelo a go fulisa]] diphologolo tsa naga le dikgomo. -Mekgwa ya setso ya temo le ya go tshwara ditlhapi e ne ya kgorelediwa le go fetolwa.<ref>Knifton, Dulcie (July 2004). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=eiR_RLPB6GAC&q=traditional+farming+and+fishing+patterns+disrupted&pg=PA41 Revise AS Level Geography for Edexcel Specification B]''. Heinemann. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-435-10154-1|<bdi>978-0-435-10154-1</bdi>.]]</ref> Delata ya Zambezi e na le mafelo a magolo a bojang a a nang le merwalela ya paka nngwe le nngwe kgotsa ya tsotlhe tsotlhe, mafelo a savanna, le dikgwa tsa mekgobo ya metsi. Mmogo le mafelo a merwalela a Dinoka tsa [[:en:Buzi_River_(Mozambique)|Buzi,]] [[:en:Pungwe_River|Pungwe]] le [[:en:Save_River_(Africa)|Save,]] mafelo a merwalela a Zambezi a bopa tikologo ya tlholego e e itseweng ke [[:en:World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature|World Wildlife Fund]] (WWF) jaaka [[:en:Zambezian_coastal_flooded_savanna|Zambezian Coastal Flooded Savanna Ecoregion]] kwa Mozambique. Mafelo ano a savanna a a nang le merwalela a fitlhelwa gaufi le lotshitshi lwa Lewatle la India. Ditlhare tsa [[:en:East_African_mangroves|mangrove]] di mela mo mabopong a delata. Le fa matamo a fokoditse dingwe tsa merwalela ya ngwaga le ngwaga mo karolong e e kwa tlase ya Zambezi mme a dirile gore bogolo jwa mafelo a merwalela bo fokotsege thata, ga a a kgona go fedisa merwalela gotlhelele. Matamo ga a kgone go laola merwalela e e feteletseng, mme a fokoditse fela go diragala ga merwalela ya selekanyo sa magareng. Fa dipula tse dikgolo mo karolong e e kwa tlase ya Zambezi di kopana le metsi a mantsi a a elelang go tswa kwa godimo ga noka, merwalela e megolo e santse e diragala. Ka jalo, mafelo a metsi a a bongola a santse a le botlhokwa thata e le mafelo a bonno jwa diphologolo le dimela. Le fa go ntse jalo, go fokotsega ga mafelo ano a metsi a a bongola go ne ga baka gore go nne le go tsoma diphologolo go sa laolwe sentle, tse di jaaka [[:en:African_buffalo|nare]] le [[:en:Waterbuck|tumuga]], nakong ya [[:en:Mozambican_Civil_War|Ntwa ya Selegae ya Mozambique.]] Le fa palo ya diphologolo tse dikgolo tsa mammale mo kgaolong ena e fokotsegile, lefelo leno le santse le na le dingwe tsa tsone, go akaretsa [[:en:Reedbuck|phuduhudu ya]] [[:en:Reedbuck|mohele]] le [[:en:Common_eland|phofu]] e e fudugang go ya mafelong a mangwe ka dipaka. Diphologolo tse di jang nama tse di fitlhelwang mo lefelong leno di akaretsa [[:en:Lion|tau]], [[:en:Leopard|nkwe,]] [[:en:Cheetah|lengau,]] [[:en:Spotted_hyena|phiri ya marontho]] le [[:en:Side-striped_jackal|phokoje e e nang le methalo mo matlhakoreng.]] Mafelo a merwalela ke lefelo le le sireletsegileng la dinonyane tsa metsi tse di fudugang ka dipaka, go akaretsa [[:en:Northern_pintail|pintail,]] [[:en:Garganey|garganey,]] [[:en:African_openbill|African openbill,]] [[:en:Saddle-billed_stork|saddle-billed stork]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]], le [[:en:Great_white_pelican|great white pelican.]]<ref>[https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0906 "Zambezian coastal flooded savanna"]. ''Terrestrial Ecoregions''. World Wildlife Fund.</ref> Dikokobe tse di fitlhelwang mo lefelong leno di akaretsa [[:en:Nile_crocodile|kwena ya Nile,]] [[:en:Nile_monitor|mokwepa wa Nile]], [[:en:Python_sebae|noga ya phiri ya Afrika]], nogapodi ya Pungwe, e e fitlhelwang fela mo kgaolong eno le mefuta e mengwe e meraro ya dinoga e e batlang e fitlhelwa fela mo lefelong leno: nogametsi ya mafelo a merwalela, nogaphiri e nnye le [[:en:Proatheris|nogamaraga ya mekgobo ya metsi.]]<ref>[https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0906 "Zambezian coastal flooded savanna".] ''Terrestrial Ecoregions''. World Wildlife Fund.</ref> Tlelaemete Karolo e e kwa bokone ya mokgatšha wa Noka ya Zambezi e amogela palogare ya pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga e e magareng ga 1,100mm le 1,400mm. Palo eno ya pula e fokotsega fa o ya kwa borwa, mme e fitlha e le mo e ka nnang seripa sa selekanyo seo kwa karolong e e kwa borwa-bophirima. Pula e na mo pakeng ya selemo ya dipula e e tsayang dikgwedi di le 4 go ya go 6, fa [[:en:Intertropical_Convergence_Zone|Intertropical Convergence Zone]] (ITCZ) e feta mo godimo ga mokgatšha ono e tswa kwa bokone magareng ga Phalane le Mopitlo.<ref>Chaudhary, Huma (3 March 2024). [https://www.thetravelvibes.com/canoeing-on-the-zambezi-river/ "Canoeing on the Zambezi River".] ''The Travel Vibes''. Retrieved 17 March 2024.</ref> Sekgahla sa go fetoga ga metsi mouwane se kwa godimo thata, se le magareng ga 1,600mm le 2,300mm ka ngwaga. Ka ntlha ya se, metsi a mantsi a latlhega ka tsela eno mo mekgobong ya metsi le mo mafelong a merwalela, segolobogolo mo karolong e e kwa borwa-bophirima ya mokgatšha wa Zambezi.<ref>[http://www.gorongosa.net/research/research_documents/Patterns_Hydrological_Change_Zambezi_Delta.pdf Richard Beilfuss & David dos Santos: Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20080102105856/http://www.gorongosa.net/research/research_documents/Patterns_Hydrological_Change_Zambezi_Delta.pdf Archived] 2 January 2008 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]] Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley (2001)</ref> '''Diphologolo tsa naga''' Noka ya Zambezi e tshegetsa dipalo tse dikgolo tsa diphologolo tsa mefuta e mentsi. [[:en:Hippopotamus|Kubu]] di dintsi mo bontsing jwa dikarolo tsa noka tse di didimetseng, mmogo le dikwena tsa Nile. [[:en:Monitor_lizard|Mekwepa]] le yone e fitlhelwa mo mafelong a mantsi. Dinonyane di dintsi thata, mme mefuta e e jaaka [[:en:Heron|kokoko]], [[:en:Pelican|pelican,]] [[:en:Egret|egret,]] [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|flamingo e nnye]] le [[:en:African_fish_eagle|ntsu ya ditlhapi ya Afrika]] di fitlhelwa ka dipalo tse dikgolo. Dikgwa tse di melang mo mabopong a noka le tsone di tshegetsa diphologolo tse dikgolo tse dintsi, tse di akaretsang [[:en:African_buffalo|nare]], [[:en:Zebra|pitse ya naga]], [[:en:Giraffe|thutlwa,]] le [[:en:African_elephant|ditlou.]] Gape Zambezi e na le makgolo a mefuta ya ditlhapi, mme dingwe tsa tsona di fitlhelwa fela mo nokeng eno. Mefuta ya botlhokwa e akaretsa [[:en:Cichlid|cichlids,]] tse di tshwarwang thata gore di jewe, mmogo le ditlhapi tsa mofuta wa catfish, tigerfish, [[:en:Upper_Zambezi_yellowfish|yellowfish]], le mefuta e mengwe ya ditlhapi tse dikgolo. [[:en:Bull_shark|Bull shark]] ka dinako dingwe e bidiwa shaka ya Zambezi ka ntlha ya kamano ya yone le noka eno. Le fa go ntse jalo, ga e a tshwanela go tlhakatlhakanngwa le mefuta ya [[:en:River_shark|Glyphis]], e leng di-shark tsa metsi a a foreshe tse le tsone di fitlhelwang mo nokeng. '''Dinoka tse di tsenang mo Zambezi''' '''Karolo e e kwa godimo ya Zambezi''' E akaretsa lefelo la dikilometara tse di khubiki di le 507,200, mme e ntsha metsi ka selekanyo sa 1,044 m³ ka motsotswana kwa Dikgarurung tsa Victoria. E bopiwa ke dikarolo tse: 1. Mokgatšha wa Dithaba tsa Bokone 222,570 km², 850 m³/s kwa [[:en:Lukulu|Lukulu:]] -Noka ya Chifumage – e tswa mo Seraleng sa Bogare sa [[:en:Angola|Angola.]] -[[:en:Luena_River,_Angola|Noka ya Luena]] – e tswa mo Seraleng sa Bogare sa Angola. -[[:en:Kabompo_River|Noka ya Kabompo]] – 72,200 km², e tswa mo dithabeng tsa bokone-bophirima jwa Zambia. -[[:en:Lungwebungu_River|Noka ya Lungwebungu]] – 47,400 km², e tswa mo Seraleng sa Bogare sa Angola. 2. Mokgatšha wa Mabala a Bogare 284,630 km², 196 m³/s (magareng ga dipororo tsa Victoria le Lukulu): -[[:en:Luanginga_River|Noka ya Luanginga]] – 34,600 km², e tswa mo Seraleng sa Bogare sa Angola. -Noka ya Luampa (kgotsa [[:en:Luena_River,_Zambia|Luena ya Zambia]]) – 20,500 km², e mo letlhakoreng le le kwa botlhaba jwa Zambezi. -[[:en:Cuando_River|Noka ya Cuando / Linyanti / Chobe]] – 133,200 km², e tswa mo Seraleng sa Borwa sa Angola le mo Kgaolong ya [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Caprivi.]] '''Karolo ya Bogare ya Zambezi''' Ka kakaretso, Karolo ya Bogare ya Zambezi e akaretsa lefelo la 1,050,000 km², mme e na le phororo ya metsi ya 2,442 m³ ka motsotswana, e e lekantsweng kwa Mogorogong wa Cahora Bassa. Karolo ya bogare fela e akaretsa: 542,800 km², 1,398 m³/s (magareng ga Cahora Bassa le dipororo tsa Victoria) 1. Mokgatšha wa Gwembe, (Magareng ga Mogorogo wa Kariba le dipororotsa Victoria)156,600 km², 232 m³/s -[[:en:Gwayi_River|Noka ya Gwayi –]] 54,610 km², kwa bokone-bophirima jwa Zimbabwe. -[[:en:Sengwa_River|Noka ya Sengwa]] – 25,000 km², kwa bogareng jwa bokone jwa Zimbabwe. -[[:en:Sanyati_River|Noka ya Sanyati]] – 43,500 km², kwa bogareng jwa bokone jwa Zimbabwe. 2. Mokgatšha wa Kariba Gorge go ya Cahora Bassa, 386,200 km²,1,166 m³/s -[[:en:Kafue_River|Noka ya Kafue]] – 154,200 km², phororo ya metsi 285 m³/s, e elela mo karolong ya bophirima-bogare jwa Zambia le mo Kgaolong ya [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt.]] -[[:en:Luangwa_River|Noka ya Luangwa]] – 151,400 km², phororo ya metsi 547 m³/s, e elela mo Mokgatšheng wa Luangwa Rift Valley le mo seraleng se se kwa bokone-bophirima jwa yone. -[[:en:Panhane_River|Noka ya Panhane]] – 23,897 km², e mo seraleng sa bogare jwa bokone jwa Zimbabwe. {{Reflist|30em}} [[Karolo:Coordinates on Wikidata]] 3ye9qckyogx731du1cz2r7fkwwug3xk 0 13386 50392 50288 2026-06-09T13:06:17Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 50392 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Botswana location map.svg|thumb|Lekadiba la Sua]] Lekadiba la Sua ke kgaolo e kgolo ya tlholego ya lefatshe mo teng ga kgaolo ya Makgadikgadi kwa bokonebotlhaba jwa [[Botswana]]. E gaufi le motse wa [[Sowa]], o leina la one le rayang letswai ka puo ya Ba-San.<ref>[http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/attractions/sowa_pan.html Sowa Pan] [https://web.archive.org/web/20110220190142/http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/attractions/sowa_pan.html Archived] 2011-02-20 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. Botswana Tourism Board.</ref><ref>Murphy, Alan (2007). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=AijmBeQ9_r8C&q=sua+sowa+pan&pg=PA99 Southern Africa]'' (4th ed.). Lonely Planet. p. 99. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-74059-745-6|978-1-74059-745-6]]</bdi>. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/156530975 156530975.]</ref> Lekadiba la letswai la Sua ke lengwe la makadiba a mararo a matona mo teng ga Makgadikgadi, ta mangwe a mab edi ke la Nxai le la Nwetwe Pan.<ref>B.R. Davies, 1986</ref> Lekadiba la Sua le ne la tlhalosiwa la ntlha mo lefatsheng la Yuropa ke David Livingstone, go ya ka dipatlisiso tsa gagwe mo kgaolong eno.<ref>D. Livingstone, 1868</ref> Diphitlhelelo tse di botlhokwa tsa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo di dirilwe mo teng ga Lekadiba ka Nwetwe, tse di nang le didirisiwa tsa Motlha wa Matlapa go tswa mo bathong ba ba neng ba nna mo lefelong leno[5] fa letsha le letona le le neng le nna mo lefelong leno<ref>Jones, Sacha C.; Stewart, Brian A., eds. (2016). [https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9789401775199 ''Africa from MIS 6-2: Population Dynamics and Paleoenvironments''.] Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Springer Netherlands. doi[[doi:10.1007/978-94-017-7520-5|:10.1007/978-94-017-7520-5]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/9789401775199|<bdi>9789401775199</bdi>.]] S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12509903 12509903.]</ref>fa letsha le letona le le neng le nna ngwaga otlhe le ne le nna mo lekadibeng la Sua le la Nwetwe.<ref>Burrough, Sallie L.; Thomas, David S.G.; Bailey, Richard M. (July 2009). "Mega-Lake in the Kalahari: A Late Pleistocene record of the Palaeolake Makgadikgadi system". ''Quaternary Science Reviews''. '''28''' (15–16): 1392–1411. Bibcode:2009QSRv...28.1392B. doi:[[doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.02.007|10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.02.007.]]</ref> Letswai la Lekadiba la Sua ke lengwe la makadiba a matona a playa mo lefatsheng e akaretsa disekwerekilometara di ka nna 24 000. Le fa sodiamo tleloraete e le karolo e e botlhokwa, go na le matswai a mangwe a mantsi a a fitlhelwang mo teng ga lefelo leno jaaka sodiamo khaboneite, sodiamo bikhaboneite, sodiamo salefeite, le selekanyo se sennye sa potasiamo tleloraete (potashe).<ref>Republic of Botswana (November 24, 1980). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170221163651/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAY142.pdf "Botswana Soda-ash Study Contract No. AID/SOD/PDC-C-0407"] (PDF). ''The Brines of Sua Pan''. United States Agency for International Development. Archived from [http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAY142.pdf the original] (PDF) on February 21, 2017.</ref> Mo bo gompienong Lekadiba la Sua ke letsha la dipaka; e tlala ka metsi ka nako ya dipula tsa selemo mme e boloka metsi a a tlisitsweng go tswa kwa Nokeng ya Nata go fitlha ka Moranang kgotsa Motsheganong.[8] Gareng ga ditiro tsa ditlhabololo tse di atlegileng thata tsa tshomarelo ya diphologolo tsa naga le ne la bulwa ka ngwaga wa 1993 mme ka ngwaga oo la newa "Kabo ya Bojanala ya Ka moso" ya Hemisefere ya Borwa.[9] E tshegediwa ke maloko a metse e le mene e e gaufi, ba ba thusitseng gore e atlege. Nngwe ya melatswana ya Lekadiba la Sua ke [[noka ya Mosetse]]. Motse wa [[Mosetse]] o biditswe ka one mme o rapaletse go bapa le noka. == Madirelo == Makadiba a a dirisediwang meepo ya khaboneite ya sodiamo Lekadiba la Sua gape ke lefelo la komponi ya meepo ya sodiamo khaboneite (molora wa soda) ya Botash. Kompone eno ke ya puso ya Botswana ka sephatlo mme e ntsha ditone di feta 300 000 tsa molora wa soda le ditone di le 450 000 tsa letswai ka ngwaga.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.botash.bw/company-history/ |title="History" |access-date=2026-06-08 |archive-date=2020-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202065435/https://botash.bw/company-history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mo godimo ga go ntsha khaboneite ya sodiamo, moepo o ntsha gape matswai a halite, sodiamo salefeite le sodiamo bikhaboneite. Moepo o dirisa pharologano ya thulaganyo ya Solvay go ntsha molora wa soda le ditlhagiswa tsa bona.<ref>Frank D.Eckardt; Robert G.Bryant; Graham McCulloch; Baruch Spiro; Warren W.Wood (2008). "The hydrochemistry of a semi-arid pan basin case study: Sua Pan, Makgadikgadi, Botswana". ''Applied Geochemistry''. '''23''' (6): 1563–1580. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ApGC...23.1563E 2008ApGC...23.1563E.] doi:1[[doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2007.12.033|0.1016/j.apgeochem.2007.12.033.]]</ref> == Dipalangwa == Lekadiba la Sua le mo bokhutlo jwa bophirima jwa seporo sa Francistown–Lekadiba la Sua le dikilometara di le 174.5. 3yncy9l113ixoe03xg3f8ndsnuosrxd 0 13388 50394 50291 2026-06-09T13:23:23Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 50394 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Lake Malombe NASA.jpg|thumb|Letsha la Malombe]] '''Letsha la Malombe''' ke letsha le le kwa karolong e e kwa borwa jwa [[Malawi]]. E mo Nokeng ya Shire,[https://web.archive.org/web/20060910134631/http://srdis.ciesin.columbia.edu/cases/malawi-002.html]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060910134631/http://srdis.ciesin.columbia.edu/cases/malawi-002.html "Community-Based Fisheries Management Lake Malombe, Malawi".] Archived from the original on 2006-09-10. Retrieved 2006-09-10.</ref> mo Kgaolong ya Borwa go dikologa 14°40′0′′S 35°15′0′′E, mo e ka nnang dikilometara di le masome mabedi (12 mi) kwa borwa jwa [[Letsha la Malawi]] le letona thata. E na le kgaolo e e ka nnang 450 km2 (170 mi2). Mo dingwageng tsa sešweng palo ya batshwaraditlhapi mo letsheng e tlhatlhogile thata, mme seno se dirile gore go nne le phokotsego ya selegae mo mefuteng mengwe ya ditlhapi, bogolosegolo di-chambo cichlid tse e leng motswedi o o botlhokwa wa dijo go ralala Malawi. Letsha leno ga le boteng thata ka palogare ya boteng jo bo ka nnang dikgato di robabobedi , mme ka dipaka tsa maemo a bosa a a omileng selekanyo sa metsi se a boela morago mme se ka nna sa nyelela. Letsha leno le ne le omile dingwaga di le makgolo a le mmalwa go fitlha le tlala gape mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga. == Metswedi == 5caf5hgznr4ql0ppzdy1qzci3q4pz11 0 13389 50405 50292 2026-06-09T16:55:00Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 50405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river|river_name=Mogalakwena|image_name=Mogalakwenarivier, stroomaf in droë seisoen, Magagamatala, b.jpg|caption=Noka e e motlhaba ka mariga, gaufi le Magagamatala kwa bokone jwa [[Limpopo]]|image_map=South Africa relief location map.svg|map_caption=Molomo wa noka ya Mogalakwena|basin_countries=[[Aforika Borwa]]|mouth=[[Limpopo River]]}} '''Noka ya Mogalakwena''' (e ka puo ya Afrikaans e bidiwang Mogalakwenarivier) ke nngwe ya metswedi ya metsi e metona kwa [[Kgaolo ya Limpopo|kgaolong ya Limpopo]], kwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. Ke nngwe ya dinoka tse di tshelang kwa [[Limpopo River|nokeng ya Limpopo]]. == Metswedi ya yone == Noka e, e elela go tswa kwa botlhaba jwa majwe a Waterberg kwa bokonebotlhaba go feta lefelo le le tletseng metsi go nna [[noka ya Nyl]]. Morago ga dikhilomitara di le masome a robabobedi e simolola go konegela kwa bokone leina la yone le bo le fetoga go nna Mogalakwena. E elelela go kgabaganya kgaolo ya Limpopo go fitlhelela e kopana le lotshitshi lo lo kwa mojeng lwa noka ya Limpopo kwa molelwaneng wa [[Aforika Borwa]] le [[Botswana|Botswana.]]<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA1Limpopo.jpg Limpopo WMA 1]</ref> Kgampu ya Mgalakwena e amiwa ke dipula tse di nang mo sebakeng sa dingwaga di le tlhano ka nako eo noka e a bo e omeletse dingwaga di le tlhano, morago dingwaga tse dingwe tse tlhano e nne le metsi a a lekaneng.<ref>[https://hsrc.ac.za/research/output/outputDocuments/3502_Roefs_Mogalakwena_Assessmentofinformation.pdf Mogalakwena municipality: assessment of information]^{[''permanent dead link'']} (PDF) Retrieved 08 June 2026</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2016, noka e ne e na le metsi a a kwa tlase thata mo banni ba motse wa Bokwidi ba neng ba tshwanelwa ke go epa motlhaba go batla metsi gore loruo lwa bone lo kgone go nwa.<ref>[https://www.news24.com/limpopo-villagers-forced-to-dig-for-water-20160118 "Limpopo villagers forced to dig for water".] ''Mokopane''. news24.com. News24. 18 January 2016. Retrieved 08 June 2026.</ref> Go na le matamo a robabobedi kwa kgampung ya Mogalakwena.<ref>[http://www.limpoporak.com/en/river/sub-basin+summaries/Mogalakwena.aspx Mogalakwena Sub-basin] [https://web.archive.org/web/20120420012244/http://www.limpoporak.com/en/river/sub-basin+summaries/Mogalakwena.aspx# Archived] 2012-04-20 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]] Retrieved 08 June 2026</ref> Dikubu tse dintsi tsa noka ya Limpopo di fitlhelwa fa gare ga noka ya Mokolo le ya Mogalakwena.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/limpopo/mokolo_06.pdf State of Rivers Report: the Mokolo River] (PDF)</ref> == Dinoka tse e di tshelelang == [[Setshwantsho:Klein-Magalakwenarivier, laatsomer-2021, Limpopo, e.jpg|left|thumb|Noka ya Little Mogalakwena (kgotsa Motse) gaufi le Marken, Limpopo, e mo lotshitshing lo lo mo molemeng wa Mogalakwena]] Kwa borwa jwa noka ya Nyl ke noka ya Mogalakwena, e e itsegeng ka dipoa, tse di itsegeng gape ka leina la makgadikgadi a Nyl. Dipoa tse di sireleditswe bontlha bongwe kwa lefelong la itloso bodutu la Nylsvley Nature Reserve,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130913020720/http://www.limpoposouth.co.za/P20050520145545229.htm# "Nylsvlei Nature Reserve".] Archived from [http://www.limpoposouth.co.za/P20050520145545229.htm# the original] on 13 September 2013. Retrieved 08 June 2026</ref> le na le mofuta mongwe o montsi thata kwa [[Aforika Borwa]] wa dinonyane tsa metsi.<ref>[https://www.wrc.org.za/Lists/Knowledge%20Hub%20Items/Attachments/5388/2007_Jan_07_1996b_ABSTRACT.pdf Hydrological and hydraulic modelling of the Nyl River floodplain] (PDF) Retrieved 08 June 2026</ref> Dingwe tsa dinoka tse di tshelang kwa Mogalakwena ke noka ya Mothlakole, noka ya Dorps, Rooisloot (kwa mojeng), Groot Sandsloot (kwa mojeng), Witrivier (kwa mojeng), Sterk (kwa molemeng), Mokamolo (kwa molemeng), Litle Mogalakwena (kwa molemeng), Matlalane (kwa mojeng), Seepabana (kwa mojeng), Ga-Mamoleka (kwa mojeng), Pholotsi le Thwathwe.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030747/https://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Other/WMA/1/optimised/LIMPOPO%20REPORT%20PART%20B%20AND%20APPENDICES.pdf Mogalakwena catchment] (PDF)</ref><ref>Walton, Christopher (ed.); O'Hagan, Tim (1984). ''Reader's Digest Atlas of Southern Africa''. Cape Town: Reader's Digest Association South Africa. pp. 190–191, 194. ISBN 0-947-008-02-0 <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[:en:Template:Cite_book|cite book]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: <code>|first1=</code> has generic name ([[:en:Help:CS1_errors#generic_name|help]])</ref> == Matamo a a mo kgampung == * [[Letamo la Glen Alpine]] * [[Letamo la Doorndraai]], mo nokeng ya Sterk * [[Letamo la Combrink]], kwa nokeng ya Dorps * [[Letamo la Donkerpoort]], kwa nokeng ya Klein Nyl == Merafe == Kgaolo e,e na le magosi a batho bantsho ba Bantu le Basarwa. Matebele a batho ba Langa ke one morafe o motona o o nwang mo nokeng eo, ba salwa morago ke Bapedi ba Puka-Phokela, Lebelo Kgomo le ba Tsonga ba kwa Nkuna. Ba Kattea, ba ba tshwanang le Basarwa, ba ne ba nna mo masimong a a bapileng le Mogalakwena. Ka ngwaga wa 1905, ba ne ba fokotsegile go nna lekgolo fela. == Metswedi == 4n4zypvcwsnwwoxnvyte5wghglx6a8x 0 13413 50406 50320 2026-06-09T17:01:14Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 50406 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river|name=Noka ya Sand|river_name=Sandrivier|image_name=10 of 'History of the Boers in South Africa ... with three maps' (11189449154), crop.jpg|caption=Noka ya Sand (legare mo mojeng) mo mmepeng wa 1887|image_map=South Africa relief location map.svg|map_caption=Molomo wa noka ya Sand|mouth=[[Noka ya Vet]]|location=gaufi le Tierfontein|basin_countries=[[Aforika Borwa]]}} '''Noka ya Sand''' (e ka teme ya Afrikaans e bidiwang '''Sandrivier''', pele e ne e bidiwa '''Zandrivier'''<ref name=":0">Raper, P. E. [https://archive.org/stream/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames/SaPlaceNames_djvu.txt ''Sand River''.] Retrieved 08 June 2026</ref>) ke noka e e kwa kgaolong ya [[Foreistata|Free State]], kwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. E gaufi le ditoropo tsa Welkom le Virginia kwa lefelong la meepo la Free State. Motswedi wa yone o gaufi le Tweefontein kwa bokone bophirima kwa Ficksburg gautshwane le molelwane wa lefatshe la Aforika borwa le [[Lesotho]]. Noka e, e itsege ka go bewa monwana ga [[tumalano ya noka ya Sand]] gautshwane, e le tiragalo e e botlhokwa mo ditsong tsa sepolotiki sa Aforika Borwa. == Dinoka tse di tshelang mo go yone le mafelo a e a nosang == Noka ya Sand e tshelwa ke Vet, yone e tshela kwa Vaal. Mafelo a e tshelang mo go one a akaretsa [[Debeerspruit]], mo go a mangwe. E bonwa e le bontlha jwa mafelo a a nosang Vaal legare.<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20170205012032/http://soer.deat.gov.za/dm_documents/Free_State_AvOCU.pdf Free State Region River Systems – 2003]'' (PDF). [[:en:Department_of_Water_and_Sanitation|Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (South Africa)]]. March 2004. p. 28. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-620-31794-9|<bdi>0-620-31794-9</bdi>.]]</ref> Letamo la yone ke la [[Letamo la Allemanskraal|Allemanskraal]] fela le le kwa lefelong la itloso bodutu la Willem Pretorius Game Reserve. == Ditso == Tumalano ya noka ya Sand e e neng ya baka go ikemela ga Transvaal Republic, e beilwe monwana mo tanteng mo lotshitshing lwa noka ya Sand ka Firikgong a le lesome le bosupa ngwaga wa 1852. Sehikantswe se se gopotsang moletlo o gompieno se fitlhelwa mo lotshitshing lwa noka eo dikhilomithara di le lesome le botlhano go tswa kwa Winburg.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20091207101420/http://www.freestatetourism.org/about-the-free-state/lejweleputswa-ventersburg/index.html Ventersburg – Lejweleputswa – Free State]". Free State Tourism. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20091207101420/http://www.freestatetourism.org/about-the-free-state/lejweleputswa-ventersburg/index.html the original] on 7 December 2009. Retrieved 08 June 2026</ref> Ka Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le botlhano ngwag wa 1900, ka nako ya ntwa ya bobedi ya Maburu, khansele ya ntwa e eteletswe pele ke Maburu e e neng e batla go tswelela ka dintwa e ne ya tshwarelwa kwa borogong jwa noka ya Sand.<ref>[https://myfundi.co.za/404 The Anglo-Boer War I: Review]</ref> Ka Motsheganonga le lesome ngwaga wa 1900, ba Britain ba ne ba lwa kgatlhanong le Maburu kwa nokeng ya Sand mo ntweng ya bobedi ya Maburu. Ka ngwaga wa 1888, noka ya Sand e ne ya thubega ya baka merwalela mo dintlheng dingwe tsa Virginia. Ka ngwaga wa 1994, masetlapelo a letamo la Merriespruit a ne a diragala kwa Virginia, ga tlhokafala batho ba le lesome le bosupa.<ref>Wagener, F (1997). "The Merriespruit slimes dam failure: Overview and lessons learnt". ''SAICE Journal''. '''39''' (3): 11–15.</ref> Noka e, e filwe leina e reelelwa ka tiragalo e kolotsana e neng ya nwela mo motlhabeng wa yone, mme ya tshwanelwa ke go olololwa pele ga mosepele o kwa tswelela.<ref name=":0" /> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Tumalano ya noka ya Sand]] * [[Ntwa ya bobedi ya Maburu]] == Metswedi == 6hwwb7g5wzywwce8plm0jd29u4ygw5s 0 13431 50421 50359 2026-06-09T21:15:37Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 50421 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Umkomaas valley.jpg|thumb|Noka ya Umkomaas]] '''Noka ya uMkhomazi''' ke noka kwa KwaZulu-Natal, Afrika Borwa.<ref>Meintjes, Malcolm (2005). ''Remarkable Flyfishing Destinations of Southern Africa''. Struik. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/1868729761|1868729761]]</bdi>.</ref> == Tsela == E tlhoga mo dithabeng tse di kwa godimo tse di lebileng kwa botlhaba tsa Drakensberg, gaufi le Thabana Ntlenyana e kgolo. Noka e elela kwa borwabotlhaba go leba kwa Lewatleng la India, e e tsenang ka noka ya Umkomaas (eMkhomazi), e e ka nnang masome a matlhano (50 km) kwa borwabophirima jwa Durban.<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160833/http://www.umgeni.co.za/projects/infra-structuremasterplans/docs/Vol1/UW_IMP_2011_Vol1_Section4_Part7.pdf "Mkomazi Region"] (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2012</ref>Dinoka tsa yone tse di kgolo ke Loteni, Nzinga, Mkomazane, Elands le Noka ya Xobho.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA11MvotuUmzimkulu.jpg Mvoti to Umzimkulu WMA 11]</ref> Ditoropo tse di mo mmung wa metsi wa uMkhomazi di akaretsa Bulwer, Impendle, Ixopo, Craigieburn le Boston. Ga jaana letamo le le nosi mo lefelong la lona ke Letamo la Ixopo, mme go na le matamo a mangwe a a rulagantsweng.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.umgeni.co.za/projects/infra-structuremasterplans/docs/Vol1/UW_IMP_2011_Vol1_Section4_Part7.pdf |title=Mkomazi Region |access-date=2026-06-09 |archive-date=2015-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160833/http://www.umgeni.co.za/projects/infra-structuremasterplans/docs/Vol1/UW_IMP_2011_Vol1_Section4_Part7.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> uMkhomazi ke karolo ya Mvoti go ya Umzimkulu Water Management Area.<ref>[http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S1816-79502009000500018&script=sci_arttext Is there a role for traditional governance systems in South Africa's new water management regime?]</ref> == Tikologo == Sekgwa sa Naga sa Mkhomazi le Kgaolo ya Sekaka sa Mkhomazi ke mafelo a a sireleditsweng mo karolong e e kwa godimo ya Noka ya Umkomazi.<ref>[http://www.lonelyplanet.com/south-africa/kwazulu-natal/activities/other/mkhomazi-wilderness-area Mkhomazi Wilderness Area]</ref> Tlhapi e e serolwana ya scaly yellowfish (Labeobarbus natalensis) ke tlhapi e e fitlhelwang mo Mokgatšheng wa Noka ya uMkhomazi mmogo le kwa Umgeni, Umzimkulu, Tukhela le Umfolozi. Ke mofuta o o tlwaelesegileng wa kwa KwaZulu-Natal mme o nna mo mafelong a a farologaneng magareng ga kwa tlase ga Drakensberg le kwa mafelong a a kwa tlase a lebopo.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170629065416/http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf "Technical Report on the State of Yellowfishes in South Africa 2007"] (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 June 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2012.</ref> == Ditiro mo nokeng == Go tshwarwa lobelo lwa malatsi a le mabedi lwa diketswana (kayak) mo nokeng eno ngwaga le ngwaga. "Umko" ke marathone wa noka wa bobedi wa bogologolo mo lefatsheng e bile ke one fela o o sa simololeng e bile o sa felele mo toropong e e rileng. E ne ya tshwarwa la ntlha ka 1966 mme kwa tshimologong e ne e tsaya malatsi a le mararo. Sekgala sotlhe se ne se farologana go tswa go dikilometara di le lekgolo le masome a mane le botlhano (145) go ya go dikilometara di le 68 tse di leng teng gompieno. E itsege jaaka lobelo lwa metsi lo lo thata go gaisa lo lo dirwang ka mekoro ya lebelo le le kwa godimo e e dirang gore go nne thata go kgabaganya diphefo tsa dikarolo tsa 1 - 4, gape e ne e na le dikarolo tse ditelele go gaisa tsa letsatsi le letsatsi fa sekgala e ne e le dikilometara di le lekgolo le masome a marara (130) mo malatsing a le mabedi. Lobelo lono lo tshwarelwa mo mokgatšheng o o kwa thoko o o makgwakgwa o o dirang gore go nne thata go tsena mo go one le go tswa mo go one ka dinao fa e le gore mokoro o ka senyega go sa tlhokege. Dikgang tsa batho ba ba kgweetsang ka mekoro ba ba nnang bosigo jotlhe mo mokgatšheng pele ga ba ka kgona go tswela kwa ntle mo letsatsing le le latelang di nna di tlhaga gangwe le gape mo metsweding ya dikgang le mo radiong ya setšhaba. Kgaisano e ya metsi a a kwa nageng e rulagantswe ke Kingfisher Canoe Club ya Durban mme e ngoka batho ba le lekgolo le masome a ferangbobedi (180) go ya go ba le masome a mararo (300) ka ngwaga.<ref name=":0" /> Ka ngwaga wa 2016 go ne ga tshwarwa dikgaisano di le masome a matlhano (50) mme se se gakgamatsang ke gore, kgaisano ya ntlha e ne ya nna ya mofenyi Charles Mason. Mason o feditse di marathone di le masome a mane le boferabongwe (49), a palelwa fela ka ngwaga wa 1970 fa a ne a kgaogana dikilometara di le lesome le boferabongwe (19) mo lobelong lwa dikilometara di le lekgolo le masome a mane le botlhano (145) (e nngwe ya "dingwaga di le nne tse ditelele" tse mo go tsone tsela e telele go di gaisa tsotlhe e neng e tsamaisiwa go tswa kwa Hella Hella go ya kwa lewatleng).<ref name=":0" /> Lobelo lono lo simolotse mo mafelong a mabedi: Josephine's Bridge mo tseleng ya Richmond-Ixopo, le Hella Hella bridge mo tseleng ya Richmond-Donnybrook. Noka e e fa gare ga Hella Hella le Number Eight Rapid masome a mabedi (20 km) go ela kwa tlase ga noka e na le tsela e e sekameng go gaisa (go wela ga 7,6m ka kilometara) mme e na le metseletsele e e bokete go gaisa ya diphefo. Karolo eno e ile ya akarediwa mo merafeng e le mentsi, mme e seng yotlhe. Mo dingwageng tse di fetileng, lobelo lo ne lo na le mafelo a le mantsi a lo neng lo felela kwa go one, mme go ne go ikaegile thata ka maemo a bosa, dilo tse di tlhokegang le tsela ya go tsena mo go lone. Lobelo lono lo ntse lo tshwarwa ka dikgakologo di le masome a matlhano (50) tse di latelanang. Ka selemo sa ngwaga wa 1971/1972 kgaisano e ne ya sutisetswa go ya go kgwedi ya Mopitlwe ka ngwaga wa 1972 mme ga go a ka ga nna le kgaisano epe mo khalendareng ya ngwaga wa 1971, mme ga go a ka ga nna le selemo se se sa tshwarwang. Mofenyi wa ga jaana wa Umko Hank McGregor le ene ke mofenyi wa ga jaana wa World Canoe Marathon, morago ga go fenya mofenyi wa lefatshe wa ngwaga wa 2016 kwa Brandenburg, Jeremane. == Ditso == Go thuma gaufi le molomo wa Noka ya uMkhomazi kwa eMkhomazi, e e tsewang e le lefelo le le babalesegileng la go thuma Loeto lwa ntlha lo lo neng lwa begiwa lwa go tsamaya mo nokeng eno e ne e le ka ngwaga wa 1951 fa Ian Player le Fred Schmidt ba ne ba tsamaya ka mokoro go tswa kwa borogong jwa Josephine go ya kwa lewatleng kwa motseng wa Umkomaas kwa noka eno e elelang kwa Lewatleng la India gone. Ka nako eo, Player o ne a tumile ka go bo a fentse kgaisano ya ntlha ya marathone ya Dusi Canoe kwa tshimologong ya ngwaga oo mme moragonyana o ne a itsege thata ka go sireletsa diphologolo tsa naga, segolobogolo ka go bo a ne a faloditse tshukudu e tshweu gore e se ka ya nyelela. Go ne ga ba tsaya malatsi a le supa go wetsa sekgala sa dikilometara di le lekgolo le lesome le boraro (113) mme ba ne ba thusiwa ke banni ba ba botsalano ba mokgatšha ono fa ba ne ba felelwa ke dilwana. Go ne ga dirwa maeto a mangwe a a farologaneng a a neng a felela ka maeto a a neng a dirwa ka ngwaga wa 1965 le ngwaga wa 1966 a a neng a lebagane thata le go dira gore go kgonege go tshwara lobelo, e leng se se neng se tlhoka gore go batlisisiwe noka le ditsela tse di fa thoko ga dintshi tsa yone go bona mafelo a mabedi a go kampa a a neng a ka fitlhelelwa. Charles Mason o ne a nna le seabe se segolo mo tirong eo, a atlega mo go tlhatlhobeng noka le ditsela tsa go tsena mo go yone le go tlhotlheletsa balaodi ba ba neng ba le teng gore ba letlelele kgaisano e ntšha mo khalendareng ya go palama diketswana ya Afrika Borwa. O ne a tswelela go fenya kgaisano ya ntlha le Tank Rogers, a fenya Paul Chalupsky le Jimmy Potgieter ka go le gonnye.<ref>Mooney, James (5 July 2017), [https://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203790038-3 "The Colonial and Revolutionary Period—1654–1784",] ''Historical Sketch of the Cherokee'', Routledge, pp. 19–50, doi:10.4324/9780203790038-3, ISBN <bdi>978-0-203-79003-8</bdi>, retrieved 30 May 2020</ref> Chalupsky o ne a tswelela go fenya lobelo lono makgetlo a le supa go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1977. Bafenyi ba bangwe ba le mmalwa ba akaretsa Tony Scott (makgetlo a le marataro go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1984); Robbie Herreveld (makgetlo a le robongwe go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 2000); Deon Bruss (makgetlo a le marataro go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 2008); Hank McGregor (makgetlo a le supa go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 2016). Go robala bosigo mo kampeng ya nakwana mo mokgatšheng o o kwa thoko e ne e le karolo e e patelesegang ya lobelo ka dingwaga di le dintsi mme mo dingwageng tsa bosheng seno se fetogile ka go ema bosigo jaanong go fitlhelelwa bonolo kwa borogong jwa Hella Hella (jaanong ke tshimologo ya letsatsi la bobedi ka tatelano e e fapogileng<ref name=":1" /> == Metswedi == i636m08hw21qchruck402bb6dg80w3z 0 13454 50388 2026-06-09T12:23:15Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Noka ya As #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50388 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river|name=Noka ya As|image_name=Asrivier naby Saulspoortdam, Bethlehem, Vrystaat.jpg|image_map=South Africa relief location map.svg|location=[[Aforika Borwa]]}} '''Noka ya As''' e tshela kwa nokeng ya Liebenbergsvlei kwa botlhaba jwa [[Foreistata|Free State]] kwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 1968 e tshela kwa letamong la Sol Plaatje kwa e kopanang teng le noka e kwa botlhaba jwa Bethlehem. E simologa dikhilomithara di le masome mararo le botlhano kwa borwa botlhaba jwa Bethlehem, mo mekgokoloseng e e kwa bokone jwa Rooiberge, gaufi le Clarens. Fa go bulwa mosele kwa bokone wa porojeke ya [[Lesotho]] ka 1998, noka e e kileng ya bo e le molatswana e, e ne ya fetolwa go nna noka e e elelang ka mašetla.<ref name=":0">Van Wyk, Francois; du Preez, Hein (2004). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924004615/http://www.ewisa.co.za/literature/files/140.pdf The environmental impact of releases from Katse Dam on the Ash and Liebenbergsvlei Rivers]'' (PDF). WISA 2004 biennial conference and exhibition of the Water Institute of Southern Africa: Water Institute of Southern Africa. pp. 304–208. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/1-920-01728-3|1-920-01728-3]]</bdi>. Archived from [https://ewisa.co.za/ the original] (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 09 June 2026</ref> == Go tsamaisiwa ga metsi == [[Setshwantsho:Asrivieruitval, noord van Clarens, b.jpg|left|thumb|Go tswa ga metsi a noka ya As ya porejeke ya Lesotho e e dikhilomithara di robabongwe kwa bokone jwa Clarens, e butswe ka 1998.]] Noka ya As ke nngwe ya mafelo a a ntshetsang porojeke ya [[Lesotho]] metsi.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150215120941/http://www.golesotho.co.za/Katse%20Dam.html "The story of Katse dam"]. ''The Highlands Journey - Lesotho''. golesotho.co.za. Archived from [https://www.sotourism-travel.com/lesotho-travel-guide.html the original] on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 09 June 2026</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2004, metsi a bokete jwa 18 cubic meters a ne a ntshiwa mo sephatlong sa motsotso,<ref name=":0" /> go elela ga noka ga go laolwe ke dipaka.<ref name=":1">Wilkins, Blake (February 2015). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20170510103246/http://www.myvirtualpaper.com/doc/brookepattrick/aej-february-2015-digital/2015020901/21.html#20 Unique contract does it for hydro delivery]". Brooke Pattrick Publications. pp. 20–21. Archived from [http://www.myvirtualpaper.com/doc/brookepattrick/aej-february-2015-digital/2015020901/21.html#20 the original] on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 09 June 2026.</ref> Letamo la Stortemelk, le le kwa tlase, ke lengwe la ditshwetso tsa lephata la metsi go ritibatsa go ela ga metsi le go fokotsa kgothego.<ref name=":1" /> Ka ngwaga wa 2004, go ne go agilwe matamo a le mane. <ref name=":0" /> == Go fetlhiwa ga motlakase == Dipitsa tsa go fetlhiwa ga motlakase wa metsi tse pedi tsa Sol Plaatje le Merino, di ne tsa simolola go bereka ka 2009 le 2012 ka tatelano, di ntsha motlakase wa di MW di supa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151020005407/http://bethlehemhydro.co.za/ "Introduction"]. Bethlehem Hydro. Archived from [http://www.bethlehemhydro.co.za/ the original] on 20 October 2015. Retrieved 09 June 2026</ref> Porojeke ya Stortemelk kwa letamong la Botterkloof e tla ntsha 4.4 MW go simolola ka Phukwi 2016.<ref name=":1" /><ref>[https://www.aurecongroup.com/ "Stortemelk Hydropower Project, South Africa"]. Aurecon Projects. Retrieved 09 June 2026</ref> == Ditlamorago mo tikologong == Go bulwa ga mosele wa kwa bokone ka 1998 go ne ga baka diphetogo tsa kago le metswako ya noka, jaaka metsi a oketsega le bothito jwa metsi bo ya kwa tlase, go gotlhega ga mosele wa mnoka go ne ga diragala, motlhaba wa tsena mo letamong la Saulspoort.<ref name=":0" /> Dipalo tsa ditshedi di tshwana le ditlhapi di ne tsa ya kwa tlase, mefuta e le supa ya ditlhapi e ne ya nyelela. Go boela ga ditshedi tse di senang lerepo la mokwatla go simolotse go lemogiwa dikhilomithara kwa tlase, matamo a seka a bereka fa metsi a ntshiwa ka bontsi. Le ntswa go santse go na le lefelo le le ka nniwang, bontsi jwa ditshedi tsa noka di fokoditswe ke go ya tlase ga bothito jwa metsi le kgonagalo ya kgothego.<ref name=":0" /> == Leina == Leina le gantsi ga le ranolwe sentle go tswa kwa temeng ya [[Seburu|Afrikaans]] go ya kwa Sekgoeng gotwe "Noka ya Ash". leina le, mme le raya kolotsana ya dipitse e go ya ka podi ya tsela e senyegetseng gaufi le noka e; ka jalo thanolo e e maleba e ka nna noka ya kolotsana ya dipitse eseng noka ya Ash. == Metswedi == 2q2j2rx1fxtzb7omznncsan9j7zykdz 0 13455 50389 2026-06-09T12:24:30Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Noka ya Tana 50389 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:DM-SD-01-06042.jpg|thumb|Noka ya Tana]] '''Noka ya Tana''' ke noka e telele go di feta tsotlhe mo [[Kenya|Kenya,]] gape e bidiwa Noka ya Sagana mo kgaolong ya Mt Kenya mme e naya leina la yona go [[Tana River County.]]<ref name=":0">Nakaegawa T., Wachana C. and KAKUSHIN Team-3 Modeling Group. (2012). "First impact assessment of hydrological cycle in the Tana River Basin, Kenya, under a changing climate in the late 21st Century," [https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/hrl/6/0/6_0_29/_pdf ''Hydrological Research Letters'', 6, pp. 29–34]</ref>E boleele jwa dikilometara di le lekgolo, e na le metsi a a ka nnang 100,000 km2 mme e ka kgaoganngwa ka ditlhogo tsa metsi le Tana e e kwa tlase e e nang le karolo e e kwa tlase ga noka ya Kora koo noka e elelang dikilometara di le makgolo a supa go ralala dipoa tse di omileng. <ref>(Omengo, Fred & Geeraert, Naomi & Bouillon, Steven & Govers, Gerard. (2016). Sediment deposition patterns in a tropical floodplain, Tana River, Kenya. Catena. 143. 57–69. 10.1016/j.catena.2016.03.024.) [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301291119_Sediment_deposition_patterns_in_a_tropical_floodplain_Tana_River_Kenya <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>]</ref> Dinoka tsa yone di akaretsa dinoka tse ditona mo Kgaolong ya Bogare jaaka Thika, Noka ya Ragati, Nyamindi, Thiba, Mathioya, Chania, Thuci le Mutonga. Noka eno e tswa kwa Thabeng ya Kenya kwa [[Nyeri]]. Kwa tshimologong e ya kwa borwabophirima pele ga e retologela kwa borwa go dikologa thaba ya [[Mount Kenya]] mme e bo e itsoketsa go fitlha kwa Lewatleng la India. Kwa tlase ga matamo, noka e ya kwa bokone mme e elela go bapa le molelwane wa bokone-botlhaba magareng ga Meru le North Kitui le Bisanadi, Kora le Rabole National Reserves. Kwa mafelong a a sireleditsweng, noka eno e ya kwa botlhaba, go tswa foo e ya kwa borwabotlhaba. E ralala ditoropo tsa Garissa, Hola le Garsen pele e tsena mo Lewatleng la India kwa lefelong la Ungwana Bay-Kipini, kwa bofelong jwa noka ya delta e e fitlhang go dikilometara tse di ka nnang 30 go tswa kwa molomong wa noka ka boyone. <ref name=":0" />E elela mo kgaolong e e omeletseng mme e nosetsa naga e e dikologileng. Go elela ga metsi ngwaga le ngwaga go feta 5,000 million cubic meters (MCM) ka palogare, fela go farologana thata ka dingwaga tse di farologaneng, mme go akaretsa dipaka tse pedi tsa merwalela ngwaga le ngwaga. Magareng ga 1944 le 1978, palogare ya go elela ga metsi (kwa Garissa) e ne e le 6,105 MCM, go farologana go tswa go 1,789 MCM ka 1949 go ya go 13,342 MCM ka 1968.<ref>Hughes, F. (1990). "The Influence of Flooding Regimes on Forest Distribution and Composition in the Tana River Floodplain, Kenya," ''J[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2404295 ournal of Applied Ecology]''[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2404295 , 27(2), pp. 475–491.]</ref> Mo pakeng ya 1982-1996, kelelo ya ngwaga le ngwaga e ne ya nna kwa godimo ga 5,000 MCM gape. <ref>Maingi, J.K. and Marsh, S.E. (2002). "Quantifying hydrologic impacts following dam construction along the Tana River, Kenya,[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140196300908607 " ''Journal of Arid Environments'', 50, pp. 53–79.]</ref>Metsi a tsewa go tswa mo nokeng ka diporojeke tse di latelang tse dikgolo tsa nosetso: Porojeke ya Nosetso ya Bura, Lenaane la Nosetso la Tana le Porojeke ya Nosetso ya Tana Delta. <ref>Government of Kenya 2007. ''Kenya Vision 2030: a Globally Competitive and Prosperous Kenya''.</ref> Go na le bosupi jo bo golang jwa gore phetogo ya tlelaemete e tla kgoreletsa noka ya Tana le mafelo a yone a a dikologileng.<ref>Jenkins, Rhosanna L. M.; Warren, Rachel F.; Price, Jeff T. (2021-07-21). "[[Addressing risks to biodiversity arising from a changing climate: The need for ecosystem restoration in https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8294490the Tana River Basin, Kenya"|Addressing risks to biodiversity arising from a changing climate: The need for ecosystem restoration in the Tana River Basin, Kenya"]]. ''PLOS ONE''. '''16''' (7) e0254879. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PLoSO..1654879J 2021PLoSO..1654879J.] doi:1[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0254879|0.1371/journal.pone.0254879.]] ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 8294490. <nowiki>PMID 34288974</nowiki>.</ref> == Letamo == Go ile ga agiwa matamo a motlakase wa metsi (a a bidiwang Seven Forks Hydro Stations kgotsa Seven Forks Scheme) go bapa le noka eno. Tseno di akaretsa (ka tatelano) Letamo la Masinga (le le tsentsweng tirisong ka 1981 ka maatla a a tlhomilweng a 40MW), Letamo la Kamburu (1974, 94.20MW), Letamo la Gitaru (1978, 225.25MW), Letamo la Kindaruma (1968, 72MW) le Letamo la Kiambere (1988, 168MW).<ref>Adams, W.M.; Hughes, F.M.R. (1986). "The environmental effects of dam construction in tropical Africa: Impacts and planning procedures". ''Geoforum''. '''17''' (3–4): 403–410. doi:[[doi:10.1016/0016-7185(86)90007-2|10.1016/0016-7185(86)90007-2]]</ref><ref>Galadin, H.; Bidault, N.; Stephen, L.; Watkins, B.; Dilley, M.; Mutunga, N. (2006). [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTDISMGMT/Resources/0821363328.pdf "Reducing the Impacts of Floods through Early Warning and Preparedness: A Pilot Study for Kenya"] (PDF). ''Arnold, Chen, Deichmann, Dilley, Lerner-Lam, Pullen, and Trohanis. Natural Disaster Hotspots Case Studies''. The World Bank. Retrieved 2012-06-23.</ref>en<ref>[https://www.kengen.co.ke/index.php/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=207:seven-forks-hydro-stations&catid=33:power-stations "KenGen"]</ref> <ref>[https://energypedia.info/wiki/Hydropower_Stations_in_Kenya "Hydropower Stations in Kenya - energypedia"]</ref>Letamo la Masinga le Letamo la Kiambere, le le tlhamilweng ke matamo a Masinga le Kiambere ka go latelana, le na le maikaelelo a mabedi: go tlhagisa motlakase ka metsi (HEP) le go nosetsa temothuo. Tse dingwe tse tharo di dirisediwa fela go tlhagisa HEP. Patlisiso nngwe ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le boraro e ne ya bega gore peditharong ya motlakase o Kenya e o tlhokang e ne e tlamelwa ke metseletsele ya matamo a a mo Nokeng ya Tana. Batho ba le bantsi ba dumela gore noka eno e na le metsi a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe, mme ga go a nna jalo. Motlakase o ne o tla romelwa kwa thulaganyong ya motlakase ya bosetšhaba mme o ne o tla abelwa naga ka bophara ka metseletsele ya diteishene, ditransformara le megala. <ref>[https://www.nation.co.ke/news/KenGen-increases-hydropower-output/1056-4521358-dtimtu/index.html "KenGen increases hydropower output".] ''Daily Nation''. Retrieved 2020-02-21.</ref> == Metswedi == qg2ha6j7dnz336rnyegt3ack9n24zo9 0 13456 50390 2026-06-09T12:52:17Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Noka ya Liebenbergsvlei #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50390 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Liebenbergsvleirivier, Bethlehem, stroomaf, b.jpg|thumb|Liebenbergsvlei kwa ntle ga Bethlehem, kwa Free State]] '''Noka ya Liebenbergsvlei''' ke noka e e tshelang kwa nokeng ya Wilge, e e elelelang kwa kgaolong ya [[Foreistata|Free State]] kwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. == Porojeke ya Lesotho ya metsi == [[Setshwantsho:Vaal Basin OSM.png|thumb|Noka ya Liebenbergsvlei kwa lefelong la Vaal]] Liebenbergsvlei ke mosele wa metsi a a isiwang kwa [[Lesotho]]. Metsi a a ntshiwa kwa nokeng ya As, e e dikhilomithara di robabongwe kwa bokone jwa Clarens, e e butsweng ka 1998. Noka ya As e isa metsi kwa letamong la Saulspoort le Liebenbergsvlei le dinoka tsa Wilge, kwa metsi morago a tlaa tsenang kwa letamong la Vaal. Letamo la Vaal le okeditswe go tswa mo go la porojeke ya Tugela-Vaal, ka go ntsha metsi kwa letamong la Sterkfontein go feta ka Nuwejaarspruit le [[Noka ya Wilde]]. == Lobelo kwa mekoro == Lobelo lwa ngwga le ngwaga lwa mekoro kwa Liebensbergvlei ke tiragalo ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya sebaka sa malatsi a mabedi. Lo simolola gautshwane le Reitz, logato lwa ntlha lo felela ka dikhilomithara di le masome mararo le boraro kwa masimong a Zorgvliet gaufi le Tweeling. Letsatsi la bobedi le simolola kwa masimong a Bruinswick kwa bokone jwa Tweeling lo felela kwa Frankfort.<ref>[https://planet.news/ VKB Liebenbergsvlei canoe marathon], Route & Maps, 2019</ref> == Metswedi == d92tncpmk9t2m06begwv05nt81vky8q 0 13457 50391 2026-06-09T12:57:48Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Noka ya Athi-Galana-Sabaki 50391 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Tsavo national park map en.png|thumb|Noka ya Athi-Galana-Sebaki]] '''Noka ya Athi-Galana-Sabaki''' ke noka ya bobedi e telele mo Kenya (morago ga Noka ya Tana). E boleele jwa dikilimetara di le makgolo a mararo le masome a robabongwe(240 mi) mme e na le kgaolo ya 58,639 square kilometres (22,641 sq mi).<ref name=":0">nick (2023-10-27). [https://tsavotrust.org/where-two-rivers-meet-battling-pollution-in-the-athi-river/ "Where two rivers meet: battling pollution in the Athi River".] ''Tsavo Trust''. Retrieved 2025-07-03.</ref>Noka e tswa kwa sekgweng sa Gatamaiyo jaaka '''Noka ya Athi''' mme e tsena mo Lewatleng la India jaaka '''Noka ya Galana''' (e e itsiweng gape jaaka Noka ya Sabaki). == Go elela ga metsi == Noka ya Athi e elela go kgabaganya dipoa tsa Kapote le Athi, go ralala toropo ya Athi River, mme e bo e leba kwa bokone-botlhaba kwa e kopanang le Noka ya Nairobi teng. Gaufi le Thika, noka eno e dira Diphororo di le Lesome le bone mme e bo e retologela kwa borwabotlhaba kafa tlase ga mekgokolosa e e nang le ditlhare ya mokgokolosa wa Yatta, o o tsenang mo mogobeng wa yone kwa botlhaba. Kwantle ga dinoka tse dinnye tse dintsi tsa noka e e kwa godimo, noka e nngwe fela e e elelang ke Noka ya Tsavo, e e tswang kwa ntlheng ya botlhaba jwa Kilimanjaro, e e tsenang mo e ka nnang ka 3° S. Go tswa foo e elela kwa botlhaba, mme fa e ntse e elela kwa tlase e bidiwa Noka ya Sabaki (kana ya Galana), e e ralalang naga e e omeletseng e e nang le quartz e e kwa ntle ga setlhaba. Molapo ono o kwa tlase e bile o sephaphathi, o apesitswe ke sekgwa le sekgwa, o na le matsha a mannye le mekgatšha e e kgokagantsweng le noka ka paka ya dipula. Ka paka ya dipula, noka e tlhatloga go fitlha go dimetara di le lesome (33 ft) mo mafelong mangwe, jaanong e elela ka maatla ka mmala o o serolwana o o tlhakatlhakaneng, go tsamaya ka dikepe go kgorelediwa ke metseletsele ya diphefo, kwa Lugard Falls. E elela kwa botlhaba, e tsena mo Lewatleng la India dikilometara di le 10 (6.2 mi) kwa bokone jwa Malindi. == Diphologolo tsa naga == Noka eno e elela go ralala Tsavo East National Park mme e na le ditlhapi tse dintsi tse di farologaneng, mmogo le dinonyane tsa naga, dikwena le dinonyane tse di jaaka ntsu ya tlhapi ya Afrika. Bontsi jwa batho ba Kenya ba ikaegile ka noka go nwa metsi le go nosetsa. <ref name=":0" /> == Tlhabololo == === Letamo la Thwake === Karolo e ke karolo e e tserweng go tswa go Letamo la Thwake. [edit] Letamo la Thwake kgotsa Thwake Multi-purpose Water Development Programme, ke letamo le le agilweng mo Nokeng ya Athi kwa Kenya. 3][4] Letamo le le ikaelela go nna letamo la maitlhomo a a farologaneng le le tlamelang ka metsi a a nowang, metsi a nosetso ya temothuo, maatla a metsi, le mafaratlhatlha a mangwe a tlamelo ya metsi.[ Poloko ya metsi ke dimilione di le makgolo a marataro le masome a robabobedi le borobabobedi tsa dikhubiki metara mme e dirisetswa magae a kwa magaeng, Konza le mafelo a mangwe a puso ya selegae. 3][4] Letamo le ja KSh. 37 billion mme le agilwe ke China Gezhouba Group Company.[ Madi a ne a tlamelwa ke African Development Fund. <ref>[https://projectsportal.afdb.org/dataportal/VProject/show/P-KE-E00-008 "Kenya - Thwake Multi-purpose Water Development Programme – Phase I"]. ''projectsportal.afdb.org''. Retrieved 2021-07-27.</ref> == Metswedi == m1o8zgw5u74ehncpf7hc3wuxd8vvl6d 0 13458 50393 2026-06-09T13:19:51Z Lucrucia98 12161 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA NOKA YA KUNENE 50393 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Cunene river, angola 01.jpg|thumb|Noka ya Kunene]] '''Noka ya Kunene''' ke noka e e kwa borwa jwa Afrika. E elela go tswa kwa dithabeng tsa Angola go ya kwa borwa go ya kwa molelwaneng wa [[Namibia|Namibia.]] Go tswa foo e elela go ya kwa bophirima go bapa le molelwane go fitlha e fitlha kwa Lewatleng la Atlantic. == Dipopego tsa lefatshe == Noka ya Cunene ke nngwe ya dinoka tse di sa feleng mo kgaolong eno, mme e boleele jwa dikilometara di ka nna 1 050 (650 mi), mme e na le metsi a a elelang a bogolo jwa dikilometara di le 106 560. Palogare ya ngwaga le ngwaga e e ntshang metsi ke 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) go ya go 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) kwa molomong wa yone.<ref>[[:en:Cunene_River#CITEREFNakayama2003|Nakayama 2003, p. 9]]</ref><ref>[https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=163&catid=325&Itemid=179 "South West Coast"]</ref>Epupa Falls e mo nokeng. Letamo la Olushandja le thiba noka e nngwe e e elelang mo nokeng ya Etaka mme le thusa go tlamela Seteishene sa Motlakase sa Ruacana ka metsi. Noka e kgolo e tlhatlogela kwa 12° 30′ S. le dikilometara tse di ka nnang lekgolo le masome a marataro (160) ka mola o o tlhamaletseng go tswa kwa lewatleng kwa Benguella, e tsamaya ka kakaretso go tswa kwa bokone go ya kwa borwa go ralala dikerii di le nne tsa latitude, mme kwa bofelong e elela kwa bophirima go ya kwa lewatleng ka go kgaogana kwa dithabeng tse di kwa ntle.<ref name=":0">[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain]]: </ref> Fa gare ga dintshi tsa dinoka tse pedi tse di elelang mo go yone, Cunene e ralala dipoa tse di tletseng ka seretse, tse di nnang di tletse ka nako ya fa metsi a le mantsi, mme di na le matsha a le mmalwa a mannye ka dinako tse dingwe tsa ngwaga. Go tswa mo kgaolong eno e e tletseng seretse go na le dikala tse di kgabaganyang go ela kwa borwabotlhaba jwa lewatle Di kgabaganya fela, fela Kwamatuo, e e tswang mo molatswaneng o mogolo mo e ka nnang 15° 8′ E., 17° 15′ S., e elela mo mogobeng o mogolo kgotsa letsha le le bidiwang Etosha, le le tsereng bogodimo jwa 3400 ft ka fa godimo ga lewatle. Go tswa kwa ntlheng ya borwa-botlhaba jwa letsha la Etosha melapo e tswa ka tsela ya Okavango, e e nnang le metsi ka dinako tsa merwalela e megolo.<ref name=":0" /> Fa o tswa mo kgaolong ya seretse noka ya Cunene e retologela kwa bophirima, mme e fologela kwa dipoeng tsa lotshitshi ka dintshi tse di mmalwa, tse kgolo ya tsone (mo 17° 25′ S., 14° 20′ E.) e na le go wela ga 330 ft. Noka eno e nna nnye fa e ntse e feta mo kgaolong e e batlileng e nna sekaka e e se nang dimela. Ka dinako tse dingwe molapo ono ga o boteng e bile o kgona go gogolega, mme ka dinako tse dingwe o kgabaganya fela mo lefelong le lennye le le nang le matlapa. Gaufi le lewatle, Cunene e ralala kgaolo ya dithota tsa motlhaba, mme fa metsi a le kwa tlase, molomo wa yone o tswalega gotlhelele. Noka eno e tsena mo Lewatleng la Atlantic ka 17° 18′ S., 11° 40′ E. Go na le ditshupo tsa gore lekala la bogologolo la noka le kile la tsena mo kgogometsong e e kwa borwa. <ref name=":0" /> == Dikganetsano tsa matamo == Puso ya Namibia e ne ya akantsha kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga wa 1990 go aga Letamo la Epupa, letamo la motlakase wa metsi mo nokeng ya Cunene. Ka ngwaga wa 2012 dipuso tsa Namibia le Angola di ne tsa itsise gore di ikaelela go aga letamo la Orokawe mmogo mo dithabeng tsa Baynes. Go ya ka Ba-Himba ba ba tlholegang koo, ba go neng go ka direga gore ba amiwe thata ke go agiwa ga letamo leno, le ne le tla tsenya tikologo ya lefelo leo mo kotsing mme ka jalo le dire gore Ba-Himba ba se ka ba kgona go itshedisa. Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa 2012, baeteledipele ba setso ba Himba ba ne ba ntsha kitsiso kwa Kopano ya Aforika le kwa Lekgotleng la Ditshwanelo tsa Botho la Ditšhaba tse di Kopaneng la Ditšhaba tse di Kopaneng, e e nang le setlhogo se se reng "Kitsiso ya Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba le Ovazemba kgatlhanong le Letamo la Orokawe kwa Dithabeng tsa Baynes", e e tlhalosang dikganetso tse di bogale kgatlhanong le letamo go tswa go baeteledipele ba setso ba Himba le baagi ba ba nnang gaufi le Noka ya Kunene.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131017232022/http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5638&giella1=eng "Indigenous Himba Appeal to UN to Fight Namibian Dam"]. galdu.org. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved April 6, 2012</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131017135555/http://newsodrome.com/native_american_news/namibian-minority-groups-demand-their-rights-29917361 "Namibian Minority Groups Demand Their Rights".] newsodrome.com. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved April 6, 2012.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse ka ngwaga wa 2012, mokwaledi yo o kgethegileng wa lekgotla la Ditšhaba Tse di Kopaneng wa Ditshwanelo Tsa Batho ba Ditso tsa Naga o ne a etela Ba-Himba mme a reetsa matshwenyego a bone. Ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele e le masome a mabedi le boraro (23) ka ngwaga wa 2012, makgolokgolo a Bahimba le Ba-Zemba go tswa kwa kgaolong ya Omuhonga le Epupa ba ne ba dira boipelaetso kwa Okanguati kgatlhanong le dithulaganyo tsa Namibia tsa go aga letamo mo Nokeng ya Kunene kwa Dithabeng tsa Baynes, kgatlhanong le go oketsa ditiro tsa moepo mo lefatsheng la bone la setso le go tlola ditshwanelo tsa botho kgatlhanong le bona. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130310002526/http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=2910=eng "Namibia: Indigenous semi-nomadic Himba and Zemba march in protest against dam, mining and human rights violations".] earthpeoples.org. Archived from the original on March 10, 2013. Retrieved November 24, 2012</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe e le masome a mabedi le botlhano (25) ka ngwaga wa 2013, batho ba ba fetang sekete ba Himba le ba Zemba ba ne ba gwantela kwa Opuwo <ref>[http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=4151 "German GIZ directly engaged with dispossessing indigenous peoples of their lands and territories in Namibia".] earthpeoples.org. Retrieved March 30, 2013</ref>go ipelaetsa gape kgatlhanong le maano a Namibia a go aga letamo la Orokawe mo nokeng ya Cunene ntle le go buisana le batho ba selegae ba ba sa dumalaneng le maano a go aga.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130329005913/http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2013/march/article/himba-zemba-reiterate-no-to-baynes-dam "Himba, Zemba reiterate 'no' to Baynes dam".] Catherine Sasman for The Namibian. Archived from the original on March 29, 2013. Retrieved March 26, 2013</ref> == Kgatlhego == Bajanala gantsi ba etela mafelo a go kampa kgotsa di-lodge kwa Epupa, tse di nayang metshameko ya metsi mo nokeng, go akaretsa go rafting le go palama mokoro.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130422001005/http://www.kaoko-namibia.com/epupa_falls.html "KaokoHimba Safaris Namibia - Kaokoland, Epupa Falls Campsite, Himba People, Tours - Epupa Falls".] Archived from the original on April 22, 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2013.</ref>Ditlhare tsa bogologolo tsa baobab di gola go bapa le mosele, mme go na le lefelo le le kgatlhang le le tlhokometsweng sentle la go leba dilo kwa godimo ga motse le diphororo. == Metswedi == 8yph8obg3msjpevau2jcjecmv616xym 0 13459 50395 2026-06-09T13:25:50Z Lucrucia98 12161 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA NOKA YA KOWIE 50395 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Kowie River, South Africa.jpg|thumb|Noka ya Kowie]] '''Noka ya Kowie''' (Coyi ka SeXhosa) ke noka e e kwa Kapa Botlhaba, Aforika Borwa. E na le motswedi wa yone mo dithabeng tsa "Grahamstown Heights" kwa e elelang kwa ntlheng ya borwa-botlhaba e gopa karolo e kgolo ya kgaolo ya Bathurst, e fitlha kwa Lewatleng la India ka molapo wa metsi kwa Port Alfred. Dinoka tsa yone tse dikgolo ke Noka ya Bloukrans, Noka ya Bak le Noka ya Lushington (kgotsa Torrens). Noka ya Kowie e nnye ke noka e nnye e e tsenang mo karolong ya noka e e leng mo molomong wa noka e e leng dikilometara di le lesome e bone (14) go tswa mo molomong. Gape go na le melatswana e mengwe e mennye e e se nang maina e e tsenang mo nokeng eno fa e ntse e elela. Noka ya Kowie ke karolo ya Fish to Tsitsikama Water Management Area. <ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA15FishTsitsikamma.jpg Fish to Tsitsikama WMA 15]</ref> == Tikologo == Go na le palo e nnye ya ditshedi tsa Eastern Province tse di mo kotsing ya go nyelela (Sandelia bainsii) mo karolong ya Noka ya Bloukrans ya Blaauwkrantz Nature Reserve.<ref>[http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/19889/all IUCN Sandelia bainsii]</ref> == Metswedi == dry9r734itbv0bwqiw7s80una9u5ihm 0 13460 50397 2026-06-09T13:35:12Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Letamo la Theewaterskloof #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50397 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Letamo la Theewaterskloof''' ke letamo le le ikagetsweng le le kwa nokeng ya Sonderend gaufi le Villierdorp, kwa [[Kapa Bophirima]], kwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. Ka tsamaiso le kwa mmasepaleng wa Theewaterskloof. Le tlhamilwe ka 1978 ebile ke letamo le letona mo marafatlhatlheng a metsi a Kapa Bophirima ka selekanyo sa di mithara di le makgolo a mane, le masome a robabobedi, 41% wa metsi a a beilweng a a teng kwa Kapa, kwa go nang le palo ya batho ba feta didikadike tse nne.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm List of South African Dams] from the [[Lephata la metsi le Kgopo leswe|Department of Water Affairs]]</ref> Letamo le le dirisediwa thata madirelo le mmasepala le go nosetsa. Borai jwa lone bo kwa godimo.<ref name=":0">[["List of Registered Dams"]]. Dam Safety Office, Department of Water and Sanitation. November 2019. Retrieved 09 June 2026</ref> == Popego ya letamo == Lebotana la letamo la Theewaterskloof le di mithara di le makgolo a marataro, masome a mane le borataro ka boleele le di mithara di le masome a mararo le botlhano go ya kwa godimo.<ref name=":0" /> Mosele o o phunyeletsang lebota o letla gore metsi a kgone go ntshediwa kwa nokeng ya Sonderend. Mosele o o ka kgona morwalela wa di mithara di le makgolo a mararo, masome a robabongwe le bone ka sephatlo sa motsotso.<ref name=":1">van Vuuren, Lani (May 2011). [https://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/10%20W%20history%20p%2022-25.pdf "Blood, sweat and tears at Riviersonderend"] (PDF). ''The Water Wheel''. '''10''' (3). Water Research Commission: 22–25. Retrieved 09 June 2026</ref> Mosele wa Charmaine o tsaya metsi kwa molatswaneng go ya kwa moseleng wa Franschhoek, go ya [[Noka ya Berg|nokeng ya Berg]] le go ya mo mafaratlhatlheng a [[Cape Town]] a metsi. Ka Mariga mosele o o ka bereka ka go boela kwa morago, o busetsa metsi a mantso go tswa kwa nokeng ya Berg go ya Theewaterskloof.<ref name=":1" /> Mosele o mongwe o isa metsi kwa Vyeboom go nosetsa maffelo a a mo tikologong ya letamo. == Dithibelo tsa metsi == [[Setshwantsho:Theewaterskloof Dam water extraction point.jpg|thumb]] Pula e e kwa tlase fa e sale ka 2015 e dirile gore seelo sa Theewaterskloof se ye kwa tlase thata. Melawana ya metsi e ne ya bewa ke toropokgolo ya Cape Town ka 2016 go fitlhelela seelo sa di lithara di le makgolo a marataro a metsi ka letsatsi,<ref>"[https://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/Residential-utility-services/Residential-water-and-sanitation-services/2016-residential-water-restrictions-explained Residential water restrictions explained]". ''www.capetown.gov.za''. Retrieved 2026-06-09</ref> baagi ba beetswe seelo sa dilithara di le lekgolo ka letsatsi, ba kganelwa go tlhatswa dikoloi, go nosetsa ditshimo le go tlatsa metsi a a thumang ka metsi a mmasepala. [[Setshwantsho:Theewaterskloof Dam 2018 02 10 (28425520089).jpg|thumb|Theewaterskloof e le mo go 12% ka Tlhakole a le lesome ngwaga wa 2018]] Fa paka ya 2017 ya komelelo e fela, Theewaterskloof e ne e wetse kwa seelong sa 12.9%, 10% wa boffelo a sa kgone go fitlhelelwa. Matsubutsubu a Seetebosigo 2017 a ne a tsisa pula e ntsi, ya oketsa seelo go nna 15%,mme pula ka 2017 e ne e le kwa tlase. Setshwantsho sa go ya tlase ga seelo sa letamo se ne sa supa botlhokwa jwa go somarela metsi.<ref>[https://www.enca.com/south-africa/western-cape-dam-levels-up-only-15-percent-after-storms "Western Cape dam levels up only 1.5% after storms".] ''www.enca.com''. Retrieved 2026-06-09</ref> Dikiletso tsa metsi kwa Cape Town di ne tsa okediwa go tswa mo legatong la bone go ya kwa go la 4b ka Phukwi a rogwa ngwaga wa 2017, go fokodiwa metsi a a dirisiwang go ya kwa dilithareng di le masome a robabobedi le bosupa motho a le mongwe ka letsatsi. Pula ka 2017 e ne ya tswelela e le kwa tlase thata, ka 2018 letamo le ne le le kwa tlase mo go sa siamang, se se baka gore dilithara tsa metsi di fokolediwe kwa go tse di masome matlhano motho a le mongwe ka letsatsi, le maano a go kgadisa metsi ga mmasepala wa Cape Town ka Moranang 2018.<ref>Watts, Jonathan (2018-02-03). [https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/feb/03/day-zero-cape-town-turns-off-taps "Cape Town faces Day Zero: what happens when the city turns off the taps?".] ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 2026-06-09</ref> Dipula tse di namagadi tsa mariga a 2019 le 2020,di ne tsa baka gore Theewaterskloof e bone seelo sa 100% ka Phalane 2020.<ref>Bhengu, Lwandile (4 October 2020). [https://www.sowetan.co.za/news/south-africa/2020-10-04-watch-western-capes-largest-dam-overflows-for-the-first-time-in-six-years/ "Western Cape's largest dam overflows for the first time in six years".] ''Sowetan''. Retrieved 09 June 2026</ref> == Pula le selekanyo == Letamo la Theewaterskloof le na le selekanyo sa di mega lithara di le dikete di le makgolo a mane, masome a robabobedi, makgolo a mane leborataro sa metsi, fa molatswana o o tletse, o apesa bophara jwa di heketara di le dikete tlhano, masome a matlhano le borobabongwe.<ref name=":0" /> Kgaolo e e nosiwang ke letamo le e bophara jwa dikhilomithara di le makgolo a matlhano, le nosiwa ke metswedi e e mo kgaolong ya dithaba tsa Hottentots Holland. Lefelo le le itemogela dipula tsa malatsi a le masome a marataro le borobabongwe ka ngwaga.<ref>institutt, NRK og Meteorologisk. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170731043904/https://www.yr.no/place/South_Africa/Western_Cape/Theewaterskloofdam/statistics.html "Weather statistics for Theewaterskloofdam".] ''yr.no''. Archived from [https://www.yr.no/place/South_Africa/Western_Cape/Theewaterskloofdam/statistics.html the original] on 2017-07-31. Retrieved 2026-06-09</ref> Mo ditsong<ref>^{[https://www.dwaf.gov.za/Hydrology/Verified/HyData.aspx?Station=H6E00110.00&DataType=Monthly&StartDT=1974-11-30&EndDT=2017-02-01&SiteType=MET&Format=Old "Rainfall History".]}</ref> dipego di supa fa re le mo nakong ya komelelo<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180115014055/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Hydrology/Provincial%20Rain/Default.aspx "Western Cape rainfall".] Archived from [https://www.dwaf.gov.za/Hydrology/Provincial%20Rain/Default.aspx the original] on 2018-01-15. Retrieved 2026-06-09</ref> 1mm wa pula o lekana le dilithara di le didikadike di le makgolo a matlhano mo lefelong leo. Ka jalo go tlhokafala methara wa pula go tlatsa letamo le le senang sepe gotlhelele, selo se go seng motlhofo gore se ka direga ka ngwaga o le mongwe. Go tsaya malatsi a le mmalwa fela gore metsi otlhe a a mo lefatsheng a goroge kwa letamong. Go tsewa ke letsatsi ga metsi le ka fa lefatshe le le bongola ka teng go ama selekanyo sa metsi a a gorogang kwa letamong. Seelo sa 9% go tsena ka 15% se dirisiwa go lekanyetsa metsi kgatlhanong le go tsewa ke phefo le letsatsi le go nowa ke mmu. Letamo le leboteng thata metsi a lone ga a tsewe ke phefo le letsatsi thata ka gore ga a phatlhalala. [[Setshwantsho:Theewaterskloof dam.png|left|thumb|312x312px|Kwa letamo le leng teng]] [[Setshwantsho:Theewaterskloof Dam catchment map.svg|center|thumb|Lefelo le le nosiwang ke letamo le]] == Ditiragalo tsa itloso bodutu == Letamo la Theewaterskloof ke lone le go tshwarelwang moletlo wa ngwaga le ngwaga wa mmino wa Synergy Live music Festival, e le mengwe ya meletlo e metona thata ya kwa ntle kwa Aforika Borwa, o gantsi o diragalang ka mafelo a beke a bofelo a kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele kgotsa mafelo a beke a ntlha a kgwedi ya Morule.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170515194213/http://synergylive.co.za/ "Synergy".] Synergy. 2015. Archived from [http://synergylive.co.za/ the original] on 15 May 2017. Retrieved 09 June 2026</ref> == Metswedi == ebqugkx6hjktll0m2misqk8ingbyeht 50419 50397 2026-06-09T21:06:22Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 50419 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Letamo la Theewaterskloof''' ke letamo le le ikagetsweng le le kwa nokeng ya Sonderend gaufi le Villierdorp, kwa [[Kapa Bophirima]], kwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. Ka tsamaiso le kwa mmasepaleng wa Theewaterskloof. Le tlhamilwe ka 1978 ebile ke letamo le letona mo marafatlhatlheng a metsi a Kapa Bophirima ka selekanyo sa di mithara di le makgolo a mane, le masome a robabobedi, 41% wa metsi a a beilweng a a teng kwa Kapa, kwa go nang le palo ya batho ba feta didikadike tse nne.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm List of South African Dams] from the [[Lephata la metsi le Kgopo leswe|Department of Water Affairs]]</ref> Letamo le le dirisediwa thata madirelo le mmasepala le go nosetsa. Borai jwa lone bo kwa godimo.<ref name=":0">[["List of Registered Dams"]]. Dam Safety Office, Department of Water and Sanitation. November 2019. Retrieved 09 June 2026</ref> == Popego ya letamo == Lebotana la letamo la Theewaterskloof le di mithara di le makgolo a marataro, masome a mane le borataro ka boleele le di mithara di le masome a mararo le botlhano go ya kwa godimo.<ref name=":0" /> Mosele o o phunyeletsang lebota o letla gore metsi a kgone go ntshediwa kwa nokeng ya Sonderend. Mosele o o ka kgona morwalela wa di mithara di le makgolo a mararo, masome a robabongwe le bone ka sephatlo sa motsotso.<ref name=":1">van Vuuren, Lani (May 2011). [https://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/10%20W%20history%20p%2022-25.pdf "Blood, sweat and tears at Riviersonderend"] (PDF). ''The Water Wheel''. '''10''' (3). Water Research Commission: 22–25. Retrieved 09 June 2026</ref> Mosele wa Charmaine o tsaya metsi kwa molatswaneng go ya kwa moseleng wa Franschhoek, go ya [[Noka ya Berg|nokeng ya Berg]] le go ya mo mafaratlhatlheng a [[Cape Town]] a metsi. Ka Mariga mosele o o ka bereka ka go boela kwa morago, o busetsa metsi a mantso go tswa kwa nokeng ya Berg go ya Theewaterskloof.<ref name=":1" /> Mosele o mongwe o isa metsi kwa Vyeboom go nosetsa maffelo a a mo tikologong ya letamo. == Dithibelo tsa metsi == [[Setshwantsho:Theewaterskloof Dam water extraction point.jpg|thumb]] Pula e e kwa tlase fa e sale ka 2015 e dirile gore seelo sa Theewaterskloof se ye kwa tlase thata. Melawana ya metsi e ne ya bewa ke toropokgolo ya Cape Town ka 2016 go fitlhelela seelo sa di lithara di le makgolo a marataro a metsi ka letsatsi,<ref>"[https://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/Residential-utility-services/Residential-water-and-sanitation-services/2016-residential-water-restrictions-explained Residential water restrictions explained]". ''www.capetown.gov.za''. Retrieved 2026-06-09</ref> baagi ba beetswe seelo sa dilithara di le lekgolo ka letsatsi, ba kganelwa go tlhatswa dikoloi, go nosetsa ditshimo le go tlatsa metsi a a thumang ka metsi a mmasepala. [[Setshwantsho:Theewaterskloof Dam 2018 02 10 (28425520089).jpg|thumb|Theewaterskloof e le mo go 12% ka Tlhakole a le lesome ngwaga wa 2018]] Fa paka ya 2017 ya komelelo e fela, Theewaterskloof e ne e wetse kwa seelong sa 12.9%, 10% wa boffelo a sa kgone go fitlhelelwa. Matsubutsubu a Seetebosigo 2017 a ne a tsisa pula e ntsi, ya oketsa seelo go nna 15%,mme pula ka 2017 e ne e le kwa tlase. Setshwantsho sa go ya tlase ga seelo sa letamo se ne sa supa botlhokwa jwa go somarela metsi.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170612184718/http://www.enca.com/south-africa/western-cape-dam-levels-up-only-15-percent-after-storms "Western Cape dam levels up only 1.5% after storms".] ''www.enca.com''. Retrieved 2026-06-09</ref> Dikiletso tsa metsi kwa Cape Town di ne tsa okediwa go tswa mo legatong la bone go ya kwa go la 4b ka Phukwi a rogwa ngwaga wa 2017, go fokodiwa metsi a a dirisiwang go ya kwa dilithareng di le masome a robabobedi le bosupa motho a le mongwe ka letsatsi. Pula ka 2017 e ne ya tswelela e le kwa tlase thata, ka 2018 letamo le ne le le kwa tlase mo go sa siamang, se se baka gore dilithara tsa metsi di fokolediwe kwa go tse di masome matlhano motho a le mongwe ka letsatsi, le maano a go kgadisa metsi ga mmasepala wa Cape Town ka Moranang 2018.<ref>Watts, Jonathan (2018-02-03). [https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/feb/03/day-zero-cape-town-turns-off-taps "Cape Town faces Day Zero: what happens when the city turns off the taps?".] ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 2026-06-09</ref> Dipula tse di namagadi tsa mariga a 2019 le 2020,di ne tsa baka gore Theewaterskloof e bone seelo sa 100% ka Phalane 2020.<ref>Bhengu, Lwandile (4 October 2020). [https://www.sowetan.co.za/news/south-africa/2020-10-04-watch-western-capes-largest-dam-overflows-for-the-first-time-in-six-years/ "Western Cape's largest dam overflows for the first time in six years".] ''Sowetan''. Retrieved 09 June 2026</ref> == Pula le selekanyo == Letamo la Theewaterskloof le na le selekanyo sa di mega lithara di le dikete di le makgolo a mane, masome a robabobedi, makgolo a mane leborataro sa metsi, fa molatswana o o tletse, o apesa bophara jwa di heketara di le dikete tlhano, masome a matlhano le borobabongwe.<ref name=":0" /> Kgaolo e e nosiwang ke letamo le e bophara jwa dikhilomithara di le makgolo a matlhano, le nosiwa ke metswedi e e mo kgaolong ya dithaba tsa Hottentots Holland. Lefelo le le itemogela dipula tsa malatsi a le masome a marataro le borobabongwe ka ngwaga.<ref>institutt, NRK og Meteorologisk. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170731043904/https://www.yr.no/place/South_Africa/Western_Cape/Theewaterskloofdam/statistics.html "Weather statistics for Theewaterskloofdam".] ''yr.no''. Archived from [https://www.yr.no/place/South_Africa/Western_Cape/Theewaterskloofdam/statistics.html the original] on 2017-07-31. Retrieved 2026-06-09</ref> Mo ditsong<ref>^{[https://www.dwaf.gov.za/Hydrology/Verified/HyData.aspx?Station=H6E00110.00&DataType=Monthly&StartDT=1974-11-30&EndDT=2017-02-01&SiteType=MET&Format=Old "Rainfall History".]}</ref> dipego di supa fa re le mo nakong ya komelelo<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180115014055/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Hydrology/Provincial%20Rain/Default.aspx "Western Cape rainfall".] Archived from [https://www.dwaf.gov.za/Hydrology/Provincial%20Rain/Default.aspx the original] on 2018-01-15. Retrieved 2026-06-09</ref> 1mm wa pula o lekana le dilithara di le didikadike di le makgolo a matlhano mo lefelong leo. Ka jalo go tlhokafala methara wa pula go tlatsa letamo le le senang sepe gotlhelele, selo se go seng motlhofo gore se ka direga ka ngwaga o le mongwe. Go tsaya malatsi a le mmalwa fela gore metsi otlhe a a mo lefatsheng a goroge kwa letamong. Go tsewa ke letsatsi ga metsi le ka fa lefatshe le le bongola ka teng go ama selekanyo sa metsi a a gorogang kwa letamong. Seelo sa 9% go tsena ka 15% se dirisiwa go lekanyetsa metsi kgatlhanong le go tsewa ke phefo le letsatsi le go nowa ke mmu. Letamo le leboteng thata metsi a lone ga a tsewe ke phefo le letsatsi thata ka gore ga a phatlhalala. [[Setshwantsho:Theewaterskloof dam.png|left|thumb|312x312px|Kwa letamo le leng teng]] [[Setshwantsho:Theewaterskloof Dam catchment map.svg|center|thumb|Lefelo le le nosiwang ke letamo le]] == Ditiragalo tsa itloso bodutu == Letamo la Theewaterskloof ke lone le go tshwarelwang moletlo wa ngwaga le ngwaga wa mmino wa Synergy Live music Festival, e le mengwe ya meletlo e metona thata ya kwa ntle kwa Aforika Borwa, o gantsi o diragalang ka mafelo a beke a bofelo a kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele kgotsa mafelo a beke a ntlha a kgwedi ya Morule.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170515194213/http://synergylive.co.za/ "Synergy".] Synergy. 2015. Archived from [http://synergylive.co.za/ the original] on 15 May 2017. Retrieved 09 June 2026</ref> == Metswedi == ocxf8cjk1md9n7fdd2hsg5gm94qwc0z 0 13461 50398 2026-06-09T13:39:32Z Lucrucia98 12161 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA NOKA YA IKOY 50398 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Gaboni jõed.svg|thumb|Gaboni Joed]] '''Noka ya Ikoy''' <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=q4NOAAAAMAAJ ''Mineral Trade Notes: Special supplement''.] U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines. 1954. p. 158. Retrieved 17 February 2013.</ref>ke noka ya bogare-bophirima jwa [[Gabon]]. Ke nngwe ya dinoka tse di tsenang mo Nokeng ya Ngounié mme e elela mo nokeng e e kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Lambaréné. E elela ka dikgaolo tsa Matèndè, Dibuwa, le Okobi mme dintshi tsa yone di nniwa ke merafe e e buang Setswana. Go dumelwa gore noka eno e na le setshedi sengwe se se sa tlwaelegang se se bidiwang N ⁇ yamala, e leng setshedi se se tshwanang le sa di-dinosaur se se fetang dimetara di le 9,1. <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=KUFxPwu5OBYC&pg=PA235 Howard, Allen M.; Shain, Richard Matthew (2005). ''The Spatial Factor In African History:''] ''The Relationship Of The Social, Material, and Perceptual''. BRILL. p. 235. ISBN <bdi>978-90-04-13913-8</bdi>. Retrieved 17 February 2013</ref>Ngaka ya boloi ya Fang Michel Obiang o begile fa a e bone ka ngwaga a 1946 gaufi le motswedi wa yone le Noka ya Ngounié.<ref>Eberhart, George M. (2002). [https://books.google.com/books?id=z9gMsCUtCZUC&pg=PA395 ''Mysterious creatures. 1. (A - M)''. ABC-CLIO.] p. 395. ISBN <bdi>978-1-57607-283-7</bdi>. Retrieved 17 February 2013</ref>Batho ba ba tswang mo go yone ba akaretsa Ba-Ikobe le Ba-Oumba. Geologically Ikoy Fault ke phoso e e tlhalositswen*g mo lefelong le la Gabon.<ref>Scanvic, Jean-Yves; Jean-Paul Deroin (1997)[https://books.google.com/books?id=UQQRw6uP1OgC&pg=PA197 . ''Aerospatial Remote Sensing In Geology''. Balkema]. p. 197. ISBN <bdi>978-90-5410-725-5</bdi>. Retrieved 17 February 2013</ref> == Metswedi == tdot14yyozwkuvc9s0wrkqh95p0bbfa 0 13462 50399 2026-06-09T13:46:13Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Noka ya Sonderend #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50399 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river|name=Noka ya Sonderend|image_name=The Sonderend River in flood.jpg|caption=Noka go le morwalela|image_map=South Africa relief location map.svg|basin_countries=[[Aforika Borwa]]|origin=[[Kapa Bophirima]]|mouth=[[Noka ya Breede]]|location=fa gare ga Stormsvlei le Swellendam|length=115 km (71 mi)|elevation=84 m (276 ft)}} '''Noka ya Sonderend''', e e itsegeng gape ka leina la Riviersondered (lefoko la [[Seburu|Afrikaans]] le le rayang noka) ke noka e e tshelang kwa nokeng ya Breede, e e kwa kgaolong ya [[Bokone Bophirima]], kwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. Motse wa Riviersondered go dumelwa fa o tsaya leina la one mo nokeng e. == Leina == Ka ngwaga wa 1673, Willem ten Rhyne o ne a re noka e e "sine fine flumen" (mafoko a puo ya Italian a a rayang noka e e sa feleng). Ka ngwaga wa 1707, Jan Hatogh, motlhokomedi wa dimela wa kompone ya Dutch kwa India botlhaba, o ne a re noka e e "Kantdydnn", mo go ka tswang go tswa mo lefokong la "Kamma-kan Kamma" le le rayang "metsi- metsi a a sa feleng". Batho ba Hessequa e ne e le morafe wa badisa ba Khoi-khoi.<ref>"[http://www.riviersonderend.co.za/ Welcome to Riviersonderend !!!]". riviersonderend.co.za. Retrieved 09 June 2026</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20050321224648/http://www.tanap.net/content/activities/documents/resolutions_Cape_of_Good_Hope/introduction_english/38.htm Intro (English) to the Resolutions of Cape of Good Hope / Place names of Khoi origi]n". Archived from the original on March 21, 2005.</ref> == Matamo a a mo nokeng == * [[Letamo la Theewaterskloof]] == Metswedi == 9ubwa6nlypikbnhh9nudkduot172toy 0 13463 50400 2026-06-09T13:47:10Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranola tsebe ya Komelelo #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE 2026 50400 wikitext text/x-wiki Komelelo ke nako e go a bong go kwakwaletse go gaisa jaaka go tlwaelesegile.<ref>Douville, H., K. Raghavan, J. Renwick, R.P. Allan, P.A. Arias, M. Barlow, R. Cerezo-Mota, A. Cherchi, T.Y. Gan, J. Gergis, D.  Jiang, A.  Khan, W.  Pokam Mba, D.  Rosenfeld, J. Tierney, and O.  Zolina, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter08.pdf Water Cycle Changes] [https://web.archive.org/web/20220929084018/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter08.pdf Archived] 2022-09-29 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I  to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1055–1210, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.010.</ref> Komelelo e ka nna sebaka sa malatsi, dikgwedi kgotsa dingwaga. Gantsi Komelelo e nna le seabe se segolo mo tikologong le temothuo ya mafelo a a amegileng, ebile e ama itsholelo ya lefelo leo.<ref>[https://www.bom.gov.au/climate/drought/livedrought.shtml Living With Drought] [https://web.archive.org/web/20070218192510/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/drought/livedrought.shtml Archived] 2007-02-18 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]</ref><ref>[http://www.lilith-ezine.com/articles/environmental/Australian-Drought.html Australian Drought and Climate Change] [https://web.archive.org/web/20180726021950/http://www.lilith-ezine.com/articles/environmental/Australian-Drought.html Archived] 2018-07-26 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 09 June 2026</ref> Dipaka tsa ngwaga le ngwaga mo mafelong a pula di oketsa kgonagalo ya gore go nne le Komelelo, e e felelang e baka kotsi mo diphologolong tsa naga. Kgotelo ya seemo sa loapi e ka oketsa seemo sa komelelo ka go oketsa go fela ga metsi mo tikologong. Se se omeletsa dikgwa le dimela tse dingwe, go bo go oketsa kgonagalo ya melelo ya naga. Komelelo ke tiragalo e e diragalang gagwe le gape mo mafelong a le mantsi lefatshe ka bophara, e e tsweletseng ka go gakala le go sa itsewe gore e tlaa nna leng ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa loapi, mo go kwadilweng ka gone go simolla ka dingwaga tsa 1900. Go na le mefuta e le meraro ya ditlamorago tsa komelelo, tikologo, itsholelo le selegae. Ditlamorago tsa tikologo di akaretsa go omelela ga mafelo a a bongola, melelo ya naga, tatlhegelo ya dimela. Ditlamorago tsa komelelo mo itsholelong di nna ka ntlha ya go kgaupetsa temothuo (se se baka go tlhoka go nna teng ga dijo), tlhokomelo ya dikgwa, phatlalatso ya metsi, go tsamaya mo dinokeng(ka ntlha ya seelo sa metsi se se kwa tlase), phatlalatso ya motlakase (ka go ama mafaratlhatlha a motlakase wa metsi) le ditlamorago mo botsogong jwa batho. Ditlamorago mo botsogong le mo selegaeng di akaretsa mo botsogong jwa batho ba ba amiwang ke dilo tse (mogote o montsi) go ya magoletsa ga ditlhwatlhwa tsa dijo, go kgoberega maikutlo mo go bakiwang ke go tlhoka go bona thobo e e lekaneng, tlhaelo ya metsi, jalo jalo. Komelelo e ka baka gape go leswefatsa phefo ka ntlha ya go oketsega ga lorole le melelo ya naga. Komelelo e e nnang sebaka se seleele e bakile go fuduga ga batho ba le bantsi le seemo se se sa iketlang sa matshelo a batho. Dikai tsa mafelo a a mo kotsing ya komelelo ke kgampu ya Amazon, Australia, kgaolo ya Sahel le India. Sekai, ka ngwaga wa 2005, bontlha jwa kgampu ya Amazon bo ne jwa itemogela komelelo e e tseneletseng mo dingwageng di le lekgolo. Lefatshe la Australia le ka itemogela komelelo e e tseneletseng e e ka nnang ya diragala kgapetsa mo isagong, pego ya puso ka Phukwi a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa 2008, e ne ya supa se. Komelelo ya kwa Australia e tlhagile ka 2010. Komelelo ya 2020 go tsena 2022 kwa bophirima jwa Aforika e ne ya feta komelelo e e neng e tseneletse ka 2010 go tsena 2011 ka sebaka le ditlamorago. Mo ditsong, batho ba bona komelelo e le petso ya tlholegoka ntlha ya ditlamorago mo go nneng teng ga dijo le mo setshabeng ka kakaretso. Batho ba bona komelelo e le petso ya tlholego kgotsa e le sengwe se se rotloeditsweng ke ditiro tsa batho, kgotsa e le maduo a tse di re fetileng. == Tlhaloso == Pego ya tshekatsheko ya borataro ya IPCC e tlhalosa komelelo e le diemo tse di kwakwaletseng go fetisa tlwaelo. Se se raya gore komelelo ke go ya tlase ga bongola go ka bo leng teng jwa metsi mo lefelong lengwe le paka nngwe. Go ya ka bokopano jwa makgotla jwa mafatshefatshe jwa komelelo, komelelo ke go latlhega ga bongola mo sebakeng se seleele (sebaka sa paka kgotsa go feta), mo go bakang tlhaelo ya metsi. Offisi ya seemo sa bosa ya NOAA e tlhalosa komelelo e le tlhaelo ya bongola e e bakang ditlamorago tse di masisi mo bathong, diphologolo, kgotsa dimela mo lefelong lengwe. Komelelo ke kgang e e marara - e e amanang le go tlhoka go nna teng ga metsi - mo go leng thata go go ela tlhoko le go go tlhalosa. Ka dingwaga tsa 1980 di simologa, ditlhaloso di feta lekgolo le masome a matlhano tsa komelelo di ne di gatisitswe. Ditlhaloso di supa dipharologanyo tsa dikgaolo, matlhoko, le ka fa batho ba rarabololang dilo ka teng. == Dikarolo == Go na le dikarolo tsa boremelelo di le tharo tsa komelelo go ya ka gore go ya tlase ga bongola mo legatong la metsi go diragala kae: komelelo ya loapi, komelelo ya legato la metsi, le komelelo ya temothuo kgotsa tikologo. Komelelo ya loapi e diragala ka ntlha ya tlhaelo ya mouwane. Komelelo ya legato la metsi e amana le go elela ga metsi mo melatswaneng, le go bewa ga metsi a melatswana, metswedi le metsi a a kwa tlase ga lefatshe. Komelelo ya temothuo e baka go omelela ga ditlhare ka ntlha ya tlhelo ya metsi mo mmung le go tsamaya ga metsi a phefo. Makgotla mangwe a tsenya karolo e nngwe: komelelo ya itsholelo e diragala fa go batla selosengwe go feta go nna teng ga selo seo ka ntlha ya go tlhaela ga metsi. Komelelo ya itsholelo e tshwana le tlhaelo ya metsi. == Metswedi == fgrymzxbrwa6h75tptkp8mm9n2m45bs 0 13464 50401 2026-06-09T13:55:57Z Lucrucia98 12161 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA NOKA YA GAMTOOS 50401 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:South Africa-Eastern Cape-Gamtoos River01.jpg|thumb|Noka ya Gamtoos]] '''Noka ya Gamtoos''' kgotsa Noka ya Gamptoos ke noka e e mo porofenseng ya Kapa Botlhaba, mo Aforika Borwa. E bopilwe ke go kopana ga noka ya Kouga le noka ya Groot mme e boleele jwa dikilometara di ka nna 645 mme e na le kgaolo ya dikilometara di le 34,635 tsa sekwere.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170630195400/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA15FishTsitsikamma.jpg "Fish to Tsitsikamma WMA 15".] Archived from the original on 2017-06-30. Retrieved 2012-03-28</ref> == Tsela == Noka ya Gamtoos e bopiwa ke dinoka tsa Groot, Kouga le Baviaanskloof. Noka eno ke nngwe ya dinoka tse di elelang mo Kouga.<ref>[http://www.ru.ac.za/static/institutes/iwr//wetland/data/GamtoosSYSTEM/GamtoosSystemReport.pdf Catchment L, the Gamtoos River System] Archived 2014-12-22 at the Wayback Machine</ref> Le fa pula e na go le gonnye mo lefelong le le nang le metsi, e tshegetsa temothuo e e nosediwang mo mafelong a a kwa tlase, go jalwa dinamune, motsoko, maungo le merogo. Noka ya Gamtoos e tsena mo Lewatleng la India e le fa gare ga Jeffreys Bay le Port Elizabeth kwa Gamtoos River Mouth Nature Reserve e leng teng. Ditoropo tsa Hankey, e leng toropo ya bogologolo go gaisa e e mo mokgatšheng wa noka ya Gamtoos, le Patensie di mo karolong e e kwa tlase ya mokgatšha ono. Kwa tengteng ga naga go na le ditoropo tsa Steytlerville, Joubertina, Uniondale, Willowmore le Murraysburg. Dinoka tse di tswang mo go tsone di akaretsa Noka ya Loerie, Noka ya Klein, Noka ya Hol, mmogo le Groot le Kouga tse di bopang Gamtoos. == Ditso == Saartjie Baartman - "Hottentot Venus" - o tshotswe mo e ka nnang ka ngwaga wa 1789 gaufi le noka ya Gamtoos. Ka ngwaga wa 1877 ka nako ya komelelo e kgolo mo kgaolong eo, Noka ya Gamtoos e ne ya kgala gotlhelele. <ref>Sellick, W.S.J. (1904). ''[[iarchive:uitenhagepastpre00sell|Uitenhage, past and present : souvenir of the Centenary, 1804-1904]]''. p. 125</ref>Ka nako ya merwalela ya kgwedi ya Lwetse ka ngwaga wa 1867, go ya ka John Croumbie Brown, metsi a noka a ne a tlhatloga go fitlha go masome a mabedi le bongwe (21 m) (70 ft).<ref>Brown, John Croumbie (1877). [https://archive.org/stream/watersupplyofsou00browrich#page/125/mode/1up "III - Supply of water as affected by rivers".] ''Water supply of South Africa, and facilities for the storage of it''. Edinburgh, Oliver & Boyd. p. 125. Retrieved 2009-11-23.</ref> Go na le marogo a mabedi a a kgabaganyang noka ya Gamtoos gaufi le molomo wa yone kwa Kouga. Borogo jwa pele jwa 180-metre (600 ft) mo R102 bo ne jwa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 1895 go emisetsa mokoro o o neng o ntse o dirisiwa go fitlha ka nako eo. <ref>Sellick, W.S.J. (1904). ''[[iarchive:uitenhagepastpre00sell|Uitenhage, past and present : souvenir of the Centenary,]] 1804-1904''. pp. 186, 187.</ref>Borogo jwa semotšhine jwa segompieno bo ne jwa agiwa ka nako ya go agiwa ga N2 kwa tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo1970. == Matamo a a mo lekadibeng == Gone jaanong noka eno ke karolo ya Fish to Tsitsikama Water Management Area. * Letamo la Kouga mo Nokeng ya Kouga == Tikologo == Ka ngwaga wa 1995 ditshwene tsa Cape galaxias (Galaxias zebratus), mofuta wa ditlhapi tsa Afrika Borwa tse di fitlhelwang kwa Cape Floristic Region, di ne tsa fitlhelwa mo Nokeng ya Krom mme morago ga moo di ne tsa fitlhelwa gape le mo tsamaisong ya Noka ya Gamtoos. Go fitlha ka nako eo go ne go akanngwa gore go anamisiwa ga yone go ne go lekanyeditswe fela mo lefelong le le fa gare ga Keurbooms le Noka ya Olifants.<ref>[http://www.ru.ac.za/static/affiliates/am/frswicthy/galaxias.htm Freshwater Ichthyology - The Cape galaxias Galaxias zebratus]</ref>Le fa kwa Aforika Borwa tlhapi eno e e bonolo e tsewa e le e e gaufi le go nyelela, kwa Australia mefuta ya mofuta o o tshwanang e ne ya nyelela ka ntlha ya go gaisana ga di-salmon le mefuta e mengwe ya ditlhapi e e tsentsweng mo nageng.<ref>[https://archive.today/20121225011025/http://www.ru.ac.za/static/affiliates/am/m&g/mg1.htm "Biodiversity, Alien trout, and the So what attitude"]</ref> == Metswedi == dq9ihunak8zyfle4nvns1l4tecjs3f9 0 13465 50402 2026-06-09T14:00:19Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse stebe ya Noka ya Palmiet #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50402 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river|name=Noka ya Palmiet|river_name=Palmietrivier|image_name=Palmiet River.jpg|caption=Borogo go kgabaganya noka ya Palmiet|mouth=Lewatle la Atlantic|location=[[Kapa Bophirima]]|elevation_m=0 m (0 ft)|origin=Kogelberg|basin_countries=[[Aforika Borwa]]}} '''Noka ya Palmiet''' ke noka e e kwa [[Bokone Bophirima]] jwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. Noka ya Palmiet ke noka e e tlwaelesegileng kwa Kapa Bophirima, e e itemogelang pula ya mariga, ebile e botlhokwa mo mafaratlhatlheng a metsi a kwa Kapa Bophirima. E nosa lefelo le lebotlana la dikhilomithara di le makgolo a matlhano,e elela kwa mokgatsheng wa Elgin, e goroge kwa lewatleng ka mosele.<ref>[http://www.overstrandestuaries.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6&Itemid=7 Palmiet River Estuary] Archived 2011-03-26 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]</ref> Noka e e na le matamo a a nsoetsang le a go fetlhiwang motlakase mo go one mo boleeleng jwa yone, e ntsha metsi a go nosetsa tsa temothuo le tsa madirelo ga mmogo le kwa toropong ya [[Cape Town]].<ref>[https://www.tehrantimes.com/ Palmiet river system]</ref> Ga goa papamala gore ke eng fa go ntse go na le koketsego ya metsi mo dingwageng tse di masome a mararo tse di fetileng. Noka e, e reeletswe ka semela se se bidiwang Palmiet, ga e a tshwanela go kopakopangwa le noka ya Palmiet e e gaufi le [[Durban]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110724141321/http://www.palmiet.za.net/flooding.htm "Palmiet Nature Reserve Flooding]". Archived from [http://www.palmiet.za.net/flooding.htm the original] on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2026-06-09</ref> kgotsa noka ya Palmiet e e tshelang kwa nokeng ya Keurbooms. [[Setshwantsho:Rivers of Cape Region RSA OSM.png|left|thumb|Dinoka tsa kgaolo ya Kapa le noka ya Palmiet]] [[Setshwantsho:Palmiet River Mouth (1 of 1).jpg|center|thumb|Setshwantsho sa molomo wa noka ya Palmiet kwa godimo jaaka e elelela kwa lewatleng la Atlantic]] == Matamo a a mo nokeng e == * [[Letamo la Eikenhof]] * [[Letamo la Kogelberg]] == Metswedi == q4g32mnc6hbly7j3t2i39f82lzslxp9 50420 50402 2026-06-09T21:15:20Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 50420 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river|name=Noka ya Palmiet|river_name=Palmietrivier|image_name=Palmiet River.jpg|caption=Borogo go kgabaganya noka ya Palmiet|mouth=Lewatle la Atlantic|location=[[Kapa Bophirima]]|elevation_m=0 m (0 ft)|origin=Kogelberg|basin_countries=[[Aforika Borwa]]}} '''Noka ya Palmiet''' ke noka e e kwa [[Bokone Bophirima]] jwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. Noka ya Palmiet ke noka e e tlwaelesegileng kwa Kapa Bophirima, e e itemogelang pula ya mariga, ebile e botlhokwa mo mafaratlhatlheng a metsi a kwa Kapa Bophirima. E nosa lefelo le lebotlana la dikhilomithara di le makgolo a matlhano,e elela kwa mokgatsheng wa Elgin, e goroge kwa lewatleng ka mosele.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110326105205/http://www.overstrandestuaries.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6&Itemid=7 Palmiet River Estuary] Archived 2011-03-26 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]</ref> Noka e e na le matamo a a nsoetsang le a go fetlhiwang motlakase mo go one mo boleeleng jwa yone, e ntsha metsi a go nosetsa tsa temothuo le tsa madirelo ga mmogo le kwa toropong ya [[Cape Town]].<ref>[https://www.tehrantimes.com/ Palmiet river system]</ref> Ga goa papamala gore ke eng fa go ntse go na le koketsego ya metsi mo dingwageng tse di masome a mararo tse di fetileng. Noka e, e reeletswe ka semela se se bidiwang Palmiet, ga e a tshwanela go kopakopangwa le noka ya Palmiet e e gaufi le [[Durban]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110724141321/http://www.palmiet.za.net/flooding.htm "Palmiet Nature Reserve Flooding]". Archived from [http://www.palmiet.za.net/flooding.htm the original] on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2026-06-09</ref> kgotsa noka ya Palmiet e e tshelang kwa nokeng ya Keurbooms. [[Setshwantsho:Rivers of Cape Region RSA OSM.png|left|thumb|Dinoka tsa kgaolo ya Kapa le noka ya Palmiet]] [[Setshwantsho:Palmiet River Mouth (1 of 1).jpg|center|thumb|Setshwantsho sa molomo wa noka ya Palmiet kwa godimo jaaka e elelela kwa lewatleng la Atlantic]] == Matamo a a mo nokeng e == * [[Letamo la Eikenhof]] * [[Letamo la Kogelberg]] == Metswedi == fb32d2gtst03nfmziujuek3o6f4n8jj 0 13466 50408 2026-06-09T17:54:20Z KatieKea 10150 Ke simolotse go ranola tsebe e #AWC2026 #WaterForLifeInAfrica 50408 wikitext text/x-wiki Phepafatso e e eteletsweng pele ke setshaba (CLTS) ke mokgwa wa go tsaya karolo o o dirisiwang thata mo mafatsheng a a tlhabologang go tokafatsa mekgwa ya phepafatso le bophepa mo baaging. CLTS e ikaelela go fitlhelela phetogo ya maitsholo ka "setlhotlheletsi" se se lebisang kwa go tlogeleng mekgwa ya go ntsha mantle mo pepeneneng ka go itiragalela fela le ka nako e telele, ka jalo go tokafatsa phepafatso ya baagi le boitsogo ka kakaretso. Lereo "go tlhotlheletsa" ke lone le le botlhokwa mo thulaganyong ya CLTS.<ref>[https://sanitationlearninghub.org/practical-support/the-community-led-total-sanitation-approach/ "The Community-Led Total Sanitation Approach"]. ''Sanitation Learning Hub''. Retrieved Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2026.</ref> E kaya mekgwa ya go tsisa kgatlhego ya baagi ya go fedisa go ntsha mantle mo pepeneneng, gantsi ka go aga matlwana a boithomelo a a motlhofo jaaka matlwana a boithomelo a dikhuti. Ditlamorago tsa CLTS di menagane gabedi: ditiro tse di oketsang go itlotla le go nna motlotlo mo setšhabeng sa motho le ditiro tse di rotloetsang go tlhabiwa ke ditlhong le go tenwa ke maitsholo a gagwe a go ntsha mantle phatlalatsa.<ref name=":0">Venkataramanan, Vidya; Crocker, Jonathan; Karon, Andrew; Batram, Jamie (2018). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6066338 "Community-Led Total Sanitation: A Mixed-Methods Systematic Review of Evidence and Its Quality"]. ''Environmental Health Perspectives''. 026001–1 (2): 026001. Bibcode:2018EnvHP.126b6001V. doi:10.1289/EHP1965. PMC 6066338. <nowiki>PMID 29398655</nowiki>.</ref> CLTS e tsaya mokgwa wa phepafatso ya kwa magaeng o o dirang kwa ntle ga dithuso tsa didirisiwa tsa maranyane ka go tlhofofaletsa baagi go amogela bothata jwa go ntsha mantle mo pepeneneng, go tsaya kgato e e kopanetsweng go nna "ba ba se nang mantle a phatlalatsa," le go tokafatsa phepafatso. Kgopolo e ne ya tlhamiwa ka 2000 ke Kamal Kar ya mafelo a magae kwa Bangladesh. CLTS e ne ya nna mokgwa o o tlhomilweng mo e ka nnang ka 2011. Dipuso tsa selegae di ka duela baagi ka go ba netefatsa ka maemo a "go tlhoka go ntsha mantle" (ODF). Kgopolo ya ntlha ya CLTS ka boikaelelo e ne e sa akaretse dithuso tsa go tsenya matlwana a boithomelo, ka gonne di ka kgoreletsa thulaganyo.<ref>Galvin, M (2015). "Talking shit: is Community-Led Total Sanitation a radical and revolutionary approach to sanitation?". ''Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water''. '''2''' (1): 9–20. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015WIRWa...2....9G 2015WIRWa...2....9G]. doi:10.1002/wat2.1055. S2CID 109255503.</ref> CLTS e dirisiwa mo mafatsheng a le masome matlhano le boraro mme e fetotswe go tsamaisana le maemo a setoropo.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Myers, Jamie; Cavill, Sue; Musyoki, Samuel; Pasteur, Katherine; Stevens, Lucy (15 June 2018). ''Innovations for Urban Sanitation''. Practical Action Publishing Ltd. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3362/9781780447360|10.3362/9781780447360]]. ISBN <bdi>978-1-78853-017-0</bdi>. S2CID 134862963.</ref> E dirisitswe gape le mo maemong a morago ga maemo a tshoganyetso le a a bokoa.<ref>Greaves, F. (2016) '[https://sanitationlearninghub.org/resource/clts-in-post-emergency-and-fragile-states-settings/ CLTS in Post-Emergency and Fragile States Settings]', Frontiers of CLTS: Innovations and Insights 9, Brighton: IDS</ref> Dikgwetlho tse di amanang le CLTS di akaretsa kotsi ya go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho mo baaging, maemo a a kwa tlase a matlwana a boithomelo, le matshwenyego ka ga dikelo tsa tiriso mo pakeng e telele. CLTS, ka molawana, e tsamaelana le mokgwa o o ikaegileng ka ditshwanelo tsa batho wa kgeleloleswe, fela go na le dikao tsa ditiro tse di sa siamang mo leineng la CLTS.[6] Katiso e e tseneletseng ya dingaka tsa CLTS, badiri ba puso ba boitekanelo jwa setšhaba, le baeteledipele ba selegae mo dintlheng tse di jaaka go tlhoka maitseo, go lemoga ditlwaelo tsa loago, le go tlhoka tekatekano go go neng go le teng pele go botlhokwa.[6] Batho ba ba tlhokileng lesego ba tshwanetse go solegelwa molemo ke mananeo a CLTS ka katlego, fela jaaka ba ba sa tlhokiwang.[7] == Metswedi == mshmtzm9c4ttoh8w2vpprt7mf6ys3ht 50409 50408 2026-06-09T18:05:03Z KatieKea 10150 Ke okeditse tlhanolo #AWC2026 #WaterForLifeInAfrica 50409 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:CLTS triggering process in the Volta Region of Ghana.jpg|thumb|Thulaganyo ya go tlhotlheletsa CLTS: Maloko a baagi kwa Ghana a rala mmepe wa go ntsha mantle mo pepeneng ga baagi ba bone.]] '''Phepafatso e e eteletsweng pele ke setshaba (CLTS)''' ke mokgwa wa go tsaya karolo o o dirisiwang thata mo mafatsheng a a tlhabologang go tokafatsa mekgwa ya phepafatso le bophepa mo baaging. CLTS e ikaelela go fitlhelela phetogo ya maitsholo ka "setlhotlheletsi" se se lebisang kwa go tlogeleng mekgwa ya go ntsha mantle mo pepeneneng ka go itiragalela fela le ka nako e telele, ka jalo go tokafatsa phepafatso ya baagi le boitsogo ka kakaretso. Lereo "go tlhotlheletsa" ke lone le le botlhokwa mo thulaganyong ya CLTS.<ref>[https://sanitationlearninghub.org/practical-support/the-community-led-total-sanitation-approach/ "The Community-Led Total Sanitation Approach"]. ''Sanitation Learning Hub''. Retrieved Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2026.</ref> E kaya mekgwa ya go tsisa kgatlhego ya baagi ya go fedisa go ntsha mantle mo pepeneneng, gantsi ka go aga matlwana a boithomelo a a motlhofo jaaka matlwana a boithomelo a dikhuti. Ditlamorago tsa CLTS di menagane gabedi: ditiro tse di oketsang go itlotla le go nna motlotlo mo setšhabeng sa motho le ditiro tse di rotloetsang go tlhabiwa ke ditlhong le go tenwa ke maitsholo a gagwe a go ntsha mantle phatlalatsa.<ref name=":0">Venkataramanan, Vidya; Crocker, Jonathan; Karon, Andrew; Batram, Jamie (2018). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6066338 "Community-Led Total Sanitation: A Mixed-Methods Systematic Review of Evidence and Its Quality"]. ''Environmental Health Perspectives''. 026001–1 (2): 026001. Bibcode:2018EnvHP.126b6001V. doi:10.1289/EHP1965. PMC 6066338. <nowiki>PMID 29398655</nowiki>.</ref> CLTS e tsaya mokgwa wa phepafatso ya kwa magaeng o o dirang kwa ntle ga dithuso tsa didirisiwa tsa maranyane ka go tlhofofaletsa baagi go amogela bothata jwa go ntsha mantle mo pepeneneng, go tsaya kgato e e kopanetsweng go nna "ba ba se nang mantle a phatlalatsa," le go tokafatsa phepafatso. Kgopolo e ne ya tlhamiwa ka 2000 ke Kamal Kar ya mafelo a magae kwa Bangladesh. CLTS e ne ya nna mokgwa o o tlhomilweng mo e ka nnang ka 2011. Dipuso tsa selegae di ka duela baagi ka go ba netefatsa ka maemo a "go tlhoka go ntsha mantle" (ODF). Kgopolo ya ntlha ya CLTS ka boikaelelo e ne e sa akaretse dithuso tsa go tsenya matlwana a boithomelo, ka gonne di ka kgoreletsa thulaganyo.<ref>Galvin, M (2015). "Talking shit: is Community-Led Total Sanitation a radical and revolutionary approach to sanitation?". ''Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water''. '''2''' (1): 9–20. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015WIRWa...2....9G 2015WIRWa...2....9G]. doi:10.1002/wat2.1055. S2CID 109255503.</ref> CLTS e dirisiwa mo mafatsheng a le masome matlhano le boraro mme e fetotswe go tsamaisana le maemo a setoropo.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Myers, Jamie; Cavill, Sue; Musyoki, Samuel; Pasteur, Katherine; Stevens, Lucy (15 June 2018). ''Innovations for Urban Sanitation''. Practical Action Publishing Ltd. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3362/9781780447360|10.3362/9781780447360]]. ISBN <bdi>978-1-78853-017-0</bdi>. S2CID 134862963.</ref> E dirisitswe gape le mo maemong a morago ga maemo a tshoganyetso le a a bokoa.<ref>Greaves, F. (2016) '[https://sanitationlearninghub.org/resource/clts-in-post-emergency-and-fragile-states-settings/ CLTS in Post-Emergency and Fragile States Settings]', Frontiers of CLTS: Innovations and Insights 9, Brighton: IDS</ref> Dikgwetlho tse di amanang le CLTS di akaretsa kotsi ya go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho mo setshabeng, maemo a a kwa tlase a matlwana a boithomelo, le matshwenyego ka ga dikelo tsa tiriso mo pakeng e telele. CLTS, ka molawana, e tsamaelana le mokgwa o o ikaegileng ka ditshwanelo tsa setho wa phepafatso, fela go na le dikai tsa ditiro tse di sa siamang mo leineng la CLTS.<ref name=":1">Musembi and Musyoki (2016). [https://sanitationlearninghub.org/resource/clts-and-the-right-to-sanitation/ "CLTS and the Right to Sanitation, Frontiers of CLTS issue 8"]. Brighton: IDS. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201210105009/https://sanitationlearninghub.org/resource/clts-and-the-right-to-sanitation/ Archived] from the original on 10 December 2020.</ref> Katiso e e tseneletseng ya badiri ba CLTS, badiri ba puso ba boitekanelo jwa setšhaba, le baeteledipele ba selegae mo dintlheng tse di jaaka kgetlhololo, go lemoga ditlwaelo tsa loago, le go tlhoka tekatekano mo go neng go le teng pele go botlhokwa.<ref name=":1" /> Batho ba ba tlhokileng lesego ba tshwanetse go solegelwa molemo ke mananeo a CLTS ka katlego, fela jaaka ba ba sa tlhokeng.<ref>House, S., Cavill, S. and Ferron, S. (2017) '[https://sanitationlearninghub.org/resource/equality-and-non-discrimination-eqnd-in-sanitation-programmes-at-scale-part-1-of-2/ Equality and non-discrimination (EQND) in sanitation programmes at scale]', Part 1 of 2, Frontiers of CLTS: Innovations and Insights 10, Brighton: IDS</ref> == Metswedi == a9k0f4zphyebk053kazp4jp4eo4m4sr 0 13467 50412 2026-06-09T19:04:25Z KatieKea 10150 Ke simolotse go ranola tsebe e #AWC2026 #WaterForLifeInAfrica 50412 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kgotlelesego ya metsi''' (kgotsa kgotlelesego ya tsa metsi) ke kgotlelo ya metsi, e e nang le ditlamorago tse di sa siamang mo tseleng e a ka dirisiwang ka yone.<ref>Von Sperling, Marcos (2007). [[doi:10.2166/9781780402086|"Wastewater Characteristics, Treatment and Disposal"]]. ''Water Intelligence Online''. Biological Wastewater Treatment. '''6'''. IWA Publishing. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2166/9781780402086|10.2166/9781780402086]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-78040-208-6|978-1-78040-208-6]]</bdi>.</ref>^{: 6} Gantsi e bakwa ke ditiro tsa batho. Metsi a akaretsa makadiba, dinoka, mawatle, di-aquifer, matangwana le metsi a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe. Kgotlelesego ya metsi e nna teng fa dikgotleledi di tlhakana le metsi ano. Dikgotleledi di ka tswa mo go nngwe ya metswedi e mene e megolo. Tseno ke go tshololwa ga leswe, ditiro tsa madirelo, ditiro tsa temothuo, le metsi a a elelang mo ditoropong go akaretsa le metsi a pula.<ref>Eckenfelder Jr WW (2000). ''[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/0471238961 Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology]''. [[:en:John_Wiley_&_Sons|John Wiley & Sons]]. doi:10.1002/0471238961.1615121205031105.a01. ISBN <bdi>978-0-471-48494-3</bdi>.</ref> Kgotlelesego ya metsi e ka ama metsi a a kwa godimo kgotsa a a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe. Mofuta ono wa kgotlelo o ka baka mathata a le mantsi. Nngwe ya tsone ke go senyega ga ditshedi tse di mo metsing. Se sengwe ke go anamisa malwetse a a tshelanwang ka metsi fa batho ba dirisa metsi a a kgotletsweng go nwa kgotsa go nosetsa.<ref>[https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ehep/82-2/ "Water Pollution"]. ''Environmental Health Education Program''. Cambridge, MA: [[:en:Harvard_T.H._Chan_School_of_Public_Health|Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health]]. July 23, 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210918005228/https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ehep/82-2/ Archived] from the original on September 18, 2021. Retrieved Seetebosigo a ferabongwe ka 2026.</ref> Kgotlelesego ya metsi gape e fokotsa ditirelo tsa thulaganyo ya tikologo jaaka metsi a a nowang a a tlamelwang ke motswedi wa metsi. Metswedi ya kgotlelesego ya metsi e ka nna metswedi ya dintlha kgotsa metswedi e e senang dintlha.<ref>Schaffner, Monika; Bader, Hans-Peter; Scheidegger, Ruth (August 15, 2009). "Modeling the contribution of point sources and non-point sources to Thachin River water pollution". ''Science of the Total Environment''. '''407''' (17): 4902–4915. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ScTEn.407.4902S 2009ScTEn.407.4902S]. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.05.007. ISSN 0048-9697. <nowiki>PMID 19501876</nowiki>.</ref> Metswedi ya dintlha e na le lebaka le le lengwe le le ka lemogiwang, jaaka mosele wa kgopo ya metsi, lefelo la go phepafatsa metsi a a leswe, kgotsa go tshologa ga ole. Metswedi e e seng ya ntlha e aname thata. Sekai ke metsi a a tswang mo temothuong.<ref>Moss B (February 2008). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2610176 "Water pollution by agriculture"]. ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences''. '''363''' (1491): 659–666. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2176. PMC 2610176. <nowiki>PMID 17666391</nowiki>.</ref> Kgotlelesego ke ditlamorago tsa phelelo e e kokoaneng fa nako e ntse e tsamaya. Kgotlelesego e ka nna ya nna ka ditsela tse dintsi. E nngwe e ne e tla nna dilo tse di botlhole jaaka ole, ditshipi, dipolasetiki, dibolaya-diji, dikgotleledi tse di sa feleng tsa ditshedi le dilo tse di latlhilweng tsa madirelo. E nngwe ke maemo a a gatelelang jaaka diphetogo tsa pH, hypoxia kgotsa anoxia, selekanyo sa mogote se se oketsegileng, go nna le motlhaba o o feteletseng, kgotsa diphetogo tsa letswai). Go tsenngwa ga ditshedi tse di bakang malwetse ke selo se sengwe. Dikgotleledi di ka akaretsa dilo tsa ditshedi le tse di sa tsheleng. Selo se se tlwaelesegileng se se bakang kgotlelesego ya mogote ke tiriso ya metsi jaaka setsidifatsi ke dipolante tsa motlakase le batlhagisi ba madirelo. Taolo ya kgotlelesego ya metsi e tlhoka mafaratlhatlha a a maleba le maano a taolo, mmogo le molao. Ditharabololo tsa maranyane di ka akaretsa go tokafatsa phepafatso, go phepafatsa leswe, go phepafatsa metsi a a leswe a madirelo, go phepafatsa metsi a a leswe a temothuo, taolo ya kgogolego, taolo ya magweregwere le taolo ya go elela ga metsi a toropo (go akaretsa le taolo ya metsi a pula). == Metswedi == ftuyokpm7tn6axdk5i2jue3exqevwir 0 13468 50415 2026-06-09T19:46:17Z MmaBaggio 11091 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1500092|Abortion]] to:tn #mdwikicx 50415 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical intervention|name=Induced abortion|synonyms=Induced miscarriage, termination of pregnancy|image=Mysimpleshow Abortion.webm|caption=Video summary|specialty=[[Obstetrics]] and [[gynecology]]|alt=|pronounce=|indications=Unintended pregnancy,<ref name=WHOFact2023/> health concerns for the mother or fetus<ref>{{cite web |title=Should I Get An Abortion? {{!}} Information to Help You Decide |url=https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/abortion/considering-abortion |website=www.plannedparenthood.org |access-date=7 December 2023 |language=en |archive-date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026171028/https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/abortion/considering-abortion |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026171028/https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/abortion/considering-abortion |date=26 October 2023 }}</ref>|contraindications=|types=[[Medical abortion|Medical]], surgical<ref name="1st_Methods"/>|steps=|success=|complications=|outcome=|alternatives=[[Parenting]], [[adoption]]<ref name=Mac2021>{{cite journal |last1=Macnaughton |first1=H |last2=Nothnagle |first2=M |last3=Early |first3=J |title=Mifepristone and Misoprostol for Early Pregnancy Loss and Medication Abortion. |journal=American family physician |date=15 April 2021 |volume=103 |issue=8 |pages=473-480 |pmid=33856168 |url=https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0415/p473.html |access-date=6 December 2023 |archive-date=19 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019171655/https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0415/p473.html |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019171655/https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0415/p473.html |date=19 October 2023 }}</ref>|cost=|frequency=73 million/year<ref name=WHOFact2023/>|video1=}} '''Go senya mpa''' ke go fedisa boimana ka go ntsha kgotsa go leleka lesea le le mo popelong . Go senya mpa go go diragalang kwa ntle ga tsereganyo go itsege jaaka go senyegelwa ke mpa kgotsa "go senya mpa ka go itiragalela fela" mme go diragala mo go ka nnang 30% go ya go 50% ya boimana. Fa go tsewa dikgato ka boomo go fedisa boimana, go bidiwa go senya mpa go go tlhotlhelediwang, kgotsa gantsi "go senyegelwa ke mpa go go tlhotlhelediwang". Lefoko ''go senya mpa le'' le sa fetolwang ka kakaretso le kaya go senya mpa go go tlhotlhelediwang. Mokgwa o o tshwanang morago ga gore lesea le nne le bokgoni jwa go tshela kwa ntle ga popelo o itsege jaaka " go fedisa boimana morago ga nako " kgotsa ka nepo jaaka " go senya mpa morago ga nako". Fa go senya mpa go dirwa ka tshwanelo, ke nngwe ya mekgwa e e babalesegileng thata mo kalafing, {{r|lancet-grimes|p=1|q=Unsafe abortion is a persistent, preventable pandemic. ... By contrast, legal abortion in industrialised nations has emerged as one of the safest procedures in contemporary medical practice, with minimum morbidity and a negligible risk of death.}} {{r|Ray2014|p=1|q=Results: The abortion-related mortality rate in 2000-2009 in the United States was 0.7 per 100,000 abortions. Studies in approximately the same years found mortality rates of 0.8-1.7 deaths per 100,000 plastic surgery procedures, 0-1.7 deaths per 100,000 dental procedures, 0.6-1.2 deaths per 100,000 marathons run and at least 4 deaths among 100,000 cyclists in a large annual bicycling event. The traffic fatality rate per 758 vehicle miles traveled by passenger cars in the United States in 2007-2011 was about equal to the abortion-related mortality rate. Conclusions: The safety of induced abortion as practiced in the United States for the past decade met or exceeded expectations for outpatient surgical procedures and compared favorably to that of two common nonmedical voluntary activities.}} mme go senya mpa go go sa babalesegang ke selo se segolo se se bakang dintsho tsa baimana, segolobogolo mo mafatsheng a tlhabologang . Go dira gore go senya mpa go go babalesegileng go nne kafa molaong le go fitlhelelwa go fokotsa dintsho tsa baimana. E babalesegile go feta pelegi, e e nang le kotsi e e kwa godimo ya loso makgetlo a le lesome le bone keta United States. Mekgwa ya segompieno e dirisa melemo kgotsa learn . Setlhare sa mifepristone fa se kopantswe le prostaglandin se lebega se babalesegile e bile se dira sentle fela jaaka go dirwa Loago mo kgweding ya ntlha le ya bobedi ya boimana. Mokgwa o o tlwaelegileng thata wa Loaro o akaretsa go atolosa molomo wa popelo le go dirisa sediriswa se se gogang . Dithibelapelegi, jaaka dipilisi kgotsa didiriswa tsa mo teng ga popelo, di ka dirisiwa ka bonako morago ga go senya mpa . Fa go senya mpa ka tsela e e tlhotlhelediwang go dirwa ka fa molaong le ka tsela e e babalesegileng mo mosading yo o go eletsang, ga go oketse kotsi ya gore motho a nne le mathata a nako e telele a tlhaloganyo kana a mmele. Go farologana le seo, go senya mpa go go sa babalesegang (go go dirwang ke batho ba ba se nang bokgoni, ka didirisiwa tse di kotsi, kana mo mafelong a a seng phepa) go baka dintsho di le 47 000 le go robadiwa ga batho ba le dimilione di le tlhano kwa bookelong ngwaga le ngwaga. [[World Health Organisation|Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe Lotlhe wa Boitekanelo]] o akantsha gore basadi botlhe ba kgone go senya mpa ka tsela e e babalesegileng le e e kafa molaong. Go senya mpa go ka nna dimilione di le Madome a supa le boarding go dirwa ngwaga le ngwaga mo lefatsheng (30% ya boimana jotlhe), mme bo ka nna 45% bo dirwa ka tsela e e sa babalesegang. Dikelo tsa go senya mpa di ne tsa fetoga go le gonnye fa gare ga ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le boraro le ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bone, pele ga moo di ne tsa fokotsega bonnye dingwaga di le masome a mabedi fa phitlhelelo ya thulaganyo ya lelapa le taolo ya pelegi e ntse e oketsega. {{as of|2018}} , 37% ya basadi ba lefatshe ba ne ba kgona go senya mpa ka fa molaong kwantle ga melelwane malebana le go akanya. mafatshe a letlang go senya mpa a na le melelwane e e farologaneng ya gore go senya mpa morago ga nako go le kana kang mo boimaneng go letleletswe. Go ya ka ditson, go senya mpa go ile ga lekwa ka go dirisa melemo ya ditlhare, didirisiwa tse di bogale, go sidila ka maatla, kgotsa ka mekgwa e mengwe ya setso . Melao ya go senya mpa le dipono tsa setso kana tsa bodumedi ka go senya mpa di farologane mo lefatsheng lotlhe. Mo mafelong a mangwe go senya mpa go kafa molaong fela mo dikgetseng tse di rileng tse di jaaka petelelo, mathata a lesea le le mo popelong, lehuma, kotsi mo boitekanelong jwa mosadi, kgotsa tlhakanelodikobo ya motho wa losika . Go na le kganetsano ka dikgang tsa boitsholo, tsa boitsholo le tsa semolao tsa go senya mpa. Batho ba ba leng kgatlhanong le go senya mpa gantsi ba bolela gore lesea le le mo popelong ke motho yo o nang le tshwanelo ya go tshela, mme ba ka nna ba bapisa go senya mpa le polao . Batho ba ba tshegetsang gore go senya mpa go nne kafa molaong gantsi ba re ke karolo ya tshwanelo ya mosadi ya go itirela ditshwetso ka mmele wa gagwe . Ba bangwe ba rata go senya mpa go go kafa molaong le go go fitlhelelwang jaaka kgato ya botsogo jwa setšhaba. == Dintlha == {{Reflist|group="note"|refs=<ref name="definition" group="note">[[Definitions of abortion]], as with many words, vary from source to source. Language used to define abortion often reflects societal and political opinions (not only scientific knowledge).<!-- {{cite web|url = http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199756797/obo-9780199756797-0090.xml?rskey=tygpVh&result=1|title = Abortion|publisher = [[Oxford Bibliographies]]|accessdate = 9 April 2014|author = Kulczycki, Andrzej|url-status = live|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140413132203/http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199756797/obo-9780199756797-0090.xml?rskey=tygpVh&result=1|archivedate = 13 April 2014|df = dmy-all}} --> For a list of definitions as stated by [[obstetrics and gynecology]] (OB/GYN) textbooks, dictionaries, and other sources, please see [[Definitions of abortion]].</ref>}} [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 0k05ro4rvws31s5mcx1tnsxpdd1ejs0 0 13469 50416 2026-06-09T20:02:07Z MmaBaggio 11091 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1501319|Common cold]] to:tn #mdwikicx 50416 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Common cold|synonym=Cold, acute viral nasopharyngitis, nasopharyngitis, viral rhinitis, rhinopharyngitis, acute coryza, head cold<ref>{{cite book|title=Textbook of Oral Medicine|year=2008|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Publishers|isbn=978-81-8061-562-7|page=336|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8_jWY8wOGEsC&pg=PA336|author=John, Pramod R. John|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529132044/https://books.google.com/books?id=8_jWY8wOGEsC&pg=PA336|archive-date=29 May 2016}}</ref>|image=Rhinovirus isosurface.png|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=A representation of the molecular surface of one variant of human [[rhinovirus]]|pronounce=|specialty=[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=Cough, sore throat, runny nose, fever<ref name=CDC2015/><ref name=Eccles2005/>|complications=[[Otitis media]], [[sinusitis]]<ref name=Ben2014>{{cite book|last1=Bennett|first1=John E.|last2=Dolin|first2=Raphael|last3=Blaser|first3=Martin J.|title=Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1-4557-4801-3|page=750|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BseNCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA750|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908184148/https://books.google.com/books?id=BseNCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA750|archive-date=8 September 2017}}</ref>|onset=~2 days from exposure<ref name=CMAJ2014/>|duration=1–3 weeks<ref name=CDC2015/><ref name=Heik2003/>|types=|causes=[[virus|Viral]]<ref name=CE11/>|risks=|diagnosis=|differential=[[Allergic rhinitis]], [[bronchitis]], [[pertussis]], [[sinusitis]]<ref name=Ben2014/>|prevention=Hand washing, covering coughs, [[face masks]], avoiding sick people<ref name=CDC2015/><ref name=E209/>|treatment=[[symptomatic treatment|Symptomatic therapy]],<ref name=CDC2015/> [[zinc]]<ref name=NIH2016Zinc/>|medication=[[Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug|NSAIDs]]<ref name=Kim2015/>|prognosis=|frequency=2–4 per year (adults); 6–8 per year (young children)<ref name=AFP07/>|deaths=|named after=}} '''Mofikela o o tlwaelegileng''', o o itsegeng gape jaaka '''mofikela''', ke bolwetse jo bo tshelanwang ke megare ka tsela e e kwa godimo ya go hema jo bo amang thata nko . Mometso, di-sinus, le larynx le tsone di ka amega.<ref name="CMAJ2014" /> dikai le ditshupo di ka tlhagelela mo malatsing a a kwa tlase ga a mabedi morago ga go tlhagelela mo mogareng ono.<ref name="CMAJ2014">{{Cite journal|last=Allan|first=GM|last2=Arroll|first2=B|title=Prevention and treatment of the common cold: making sense of the evidence|journal=CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association Journal|date=18 February 2014|volume=186|issue=3|pages=190–99|pmid=24468694|doi=10.1503/cmaj.121442|pmc=3928210}}</ref> Tseno di ka akaretsa go gotlhola, mometso o o botlhoko, nko e e elelang, go ethimola, go opiwa ke tlhogo le letshoroma.<ref name="CDC2015">{{Cite web|title=Common Colds: Protect Yourself and Others|url=https://www.cdc.gov/features/rhinoviruses/|website=CDC|access-date=4 February 2016|date=6 October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205062000/http://www.cdc.gov/features/rhinoviruses/|archive-date=5 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="Eccles2005">{{Cite journal|last=Eccles R|title=Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza|journal=Lancet Infect Dis|volume=5|issue=11|pages=718–25|date=November 2005|pmid=16253889|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70270-X|pmc=7185637}}</ref> Gantsi batho ba fola mo malatsing a le supa go ya go a le lesome,<ref name="CDC2015" /> mme dikai ding we di ka nna tsa tsaya dibeke di le tharo.<ref name="Heik2003">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Heikkinen T, Järvinen A|title=The common cold|journal=Lancet|volume=361|issue=9351|pages=51–59|date=January 2003|pmid=12517470|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12162-9|pmc=7112468}}</ref> Gangwe le gape, ba ba nang le mathata a mangwe a boitekanelo ba ka nna le [[nyumonia]].<ref name="CDC2015" /> Mefuta e e fetang makgolo a mabedi ya megare e amega mo go bakeng serame se se tlwaelegileng, mme megare ya ditshukudu ke yone e e tlwaelegileng thata.<ref name="CDC2015Full">{{Cite web|title=Common Cold and Runny Nose|url=https://www.cdc.gov/getsmart/community/for-patients/common-illnesses/colds.html|website=CDC|access-date=4 February 2016|format=17 April 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201101449/http://www.cdc.gov/getsmart/community/for-patients/common-illnesses/colds.html|archive-date=1 February 2016}}</ref> Di anama ka mowa, gantsi ka nako ya go kopana gaufi le batho ba ba amegileng, kgotsa ka tsela e e sa tlhamalalang ka go kopana le dilo tse di mo tikologong, mme morago ga moo di fetisediwa kwa molomong kgotsa mo nkong.<ref name="CDC2015" /> Dintlha tsa kotsi di akaretsa go ya kwa mafelong a tlhokomelo ya bana, go sa robale sentle, le kgatelelo ya tlhaloganyo.<ref name="CMAJ2014" />Dikai tsa bolwetse jo di bakiwa thata ke tsela e masole a mmele a tsibogelang tshwaetsego ka yone go na le go senngwa ga dithishu ke megare ka boyone. Dikai tsa Mhikela di tshwana le tsa serame, le fa gantsi di le maswe thata e bile di sa akaretse go elela ga nko.<ref name="CMAJ2014" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cold Versus Flu|date=11 August 2016|url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/qa/coldflu.htm|access-date=5 January 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106173600/https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/qa/coldflu.htm|archive-date=6 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ga go na mokento wa serame se se tlwaelegileng.<ref name="CDC2015" /> Mekgwa ya konokono ya thibelo ke go tlhapa diatla ; go se ame matlho, nko kgotsa molomo ka diatla tse di sa tlhapiwang; le go nna kgakala le batho ba ba lwalang.<ref name="CDC2015" /> Bosupi bongwe bo tshegetsa tiriso ya dibipamelomo kgotsa sefatlhego . Ga go na selekanyo se se khutshwafatsang nako ya bolwetse, fela dikai tsa bolwetse di ka alafiwa.<ref name="BMJ2024">{{Cite journal|last=Gill|first=PJ|last2=Onakpoya|first2=IJ|last3=Buchanan|first3=F|last4=Birnie|first4=KA|last5=Van den Bruel|first5=A|title=Treatments for cough and common cold in children.|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=25 January 2024|volume=384|pages=e075306|doi=10.1136/bmj-2023-075306|pmid=38272497}}</ref><ref name="CDC2015" /> Zinki e ka fokotsa bokete jwa dikai fa e ka simololwa ka bonako fela morago ga go simolola ga Dikai.<ref name="NIH2016Zinc">{{Cite web|title=Zinc – Fact Sheet for Health Professionals|url=https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Zinc-HealthProfessional|publisher=Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health|date=10 July 2019|access-date=27 December 2019|quote=Although studies examining the effect of zinc treatment on cold symptoms have had somewhat conflicting results, overall zinc appears to be beneficial under certain circumstances.... In September of 2007, Caruso and colleagues published a structured review of the effects of zinc lozenges, nasal sprays, and nasal gels on the common cold [69]. Of the 14 randomized, placebo-controlled studies included, 7 (5 using zinc lozenges, 2 using a nasal gel) showed that the zinc treatment had a beneficial effect and 7 (5 using zinc lozenges, 1 using a nasal spray, and 1 using lozenges and a nasal spray) showed no effect. More recently, a Cochrane review concluded that “zinc (lozenges or syrup) is beneficial in reducing the duration and severity of the common cold in healthy people, when taken within 24 hours of onset of symptoms” [73]. The author of another review completed in 2004 also concluded that zinc can reduce the duration and severity of cold symptoms [68]. However, more research is needed to determine the optimal dosage, zinc formulation and duration of treatment before a general recommendation for zinc in the treatment of the common cold can be made [73]. As previously noted, the safety of intranasal zinc has been called into question because of numerous reports of anosmia (loss of smell), in some cases long-lasting or permanent, from the use of zinc-containing nasal gels or sprays [17–19].|archive-date=25 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325180015/https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Zinc-HealthProfessional/|url-status=live}}</ref> Dipilisi tse di sa diriseng di-steroid tse di lwantshang thurugo (NSAIDs) tse di jaaka ibuprofen di ka thusa mo ditlhabing.<ref name="Kim2015">{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=SY|last2=Chang|first2=YJ|last3=Cho|first3=HM|last4=Hwang|first4=YW|last5=Moon|first5=YS|title=Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the common cold|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=21 September 2015|volume=9|issue=9|pages=CD006362|pmid=26387658|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006362.pub4}}</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, dibolayamegare, ga di a tshwanela go dirisiwa,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Harris|first=AM|last2=Hicks|first2=LA|last3=Qaseem|first3=A|last4=High Value Care Task Force of the American College of Physicians and for the Centers for Disease Control and|first4=Prevention|title=Appropriate Antibiotic Use for Acute Respiratory Tract Infection in Adults: Advice for High-Value Care From the American College of Physicians and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|date=19 January 2016|pmid=26785402|doi=10.7326/M15-1840|volume=164|issue=6|pages=425–34|doi-access=free}}</ref> mme ga go na bosupi jo bo siameng jwa gore melemo ya go gotlhola e a thusa.<ref name="CMAJ2014" /><ref name="Mal2017">{{Cite journal|last=Malesker|first=MA|last2=Callahan-Lyon|first2=P|last3=Ireland|first3=B|last4=Irwin|first4=RS|last5=CHEST Expert Cough|first5=Panel.|title=Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic Treatment for Acute Cough Associated With the Common Cold: CHEST Expert Panel Report|journal=Chest|date=November 2017|volume=152|issue=5|pages=1021–37|doi=10.1016/j.chest.2017.08.009|pmid=28837801|pmc=6026258|quote=A suggestion for the use of zinc lozenges in healthy adults with cough due to common cold was considered by the expert panel. However, due to weak evidence, the potential side effects of zinc, and the relatively benign and common nature of the condition being treated, the panel did not approve inclusion of this suggestion.}}</ref> Mofikela o o tlwaelegileng ke bolwetse jo bo tshelanwang kgapetsakgapetsa mo bathong. Mogolo yo o tlwaelegileng o tsenwa ke serame gabedi go ya go gararo ka ngwaga, fa ngwana yo o tlwaelegileng a ka tsenwa ke tse thataro go ya go tse robedi. Ditshwaetso di diragala thata ka nako ya mariga.<ref name="CDC2015" /> Ditshwaetso tseno di ntse di le teng mo ditsong tsothe tsa batho. == Dintlha == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 285zhdevfmi7l51aw6eeaidzdjtnt3i 0 13470 50423 2026-06-10T07:22:59Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Letamo la Boegoeberg #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50423 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Letamo la Boegoeberg''' ke letamo le le agilweng ka lograrapana kwa [[Noka ya Orange|nokeng ya Orange]], gaufi le Prieska, kwa [[Kapa Bokone]], [[Aforika Borwa]].<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Boegoebergdam "Boegoebergdam | Nature Reserve, Limpopo, Wildlife | Britannica".] ''Encyclopedia Britannica''. Retrieved 2026-06-10.</ref> Kago e simolotswe ka ngwaga wa 1926 ya fediwa ka 1933.<ref name=":0">[https://mindtrip.ai/attraction/south-africa/boegoeberg-dam/at-VNDk41xk "mindtrip".] ''Mindtrip''. Retrieved 2026-06-10.</ref> Noka e, e reeletswe ka setlhatshana sa Croton gratissimus, se gape se bidiwang Bergboegoe.<ref>''Medicinal Plants of South Africa'' - van Wyk et al.</ref> Tiriso ya yone ya mmangmang kee go nosetsa,e na le kgonagalo ya borai e e kwa tlase. == Ditso == Groblershoop pele go ne go itsege ka Sternham, e reeletswe ka Mr. Stern o o agileng motshine o o fetlhang metsing kwa nokeng ya Orange ka dingwaga tsa 1920 mme wa tloga wa senngwa ke merwalela ya 1925. Mr. Litchfield o ne a setse a dirile motshine wa motlkase wa metsi le pompo kwa Orange ka dingwaga tsa 1890, ka a ne a itse bokgoni jwa go nosetsa mo lotshintshing kwa balemi barui ba neng ba isa metsi kwa masimong a bone ka bothata fa e sale ka 1872. Mr. Litchfield o ne a ntsha mogopolo wa gore go diriwe leano la go nosetsa, mme se se ne sa seka sa diragala fa e sale ka 1895. Ka ngwaga wa 1902, moemedi W. D Gordon, o e nenge le moinjeneere kwa koloneng ya Kapa kwa lephateng la ditiro tsa setshaba a nna kwa Kapa, o ne a dumalana le mogopolo wa ga Litchfield, mme se sea seka sa kgonagala. Ka Tlhakole 1911, Alfred Dale Lewis, mo injeneere wa kgaolo wa Cape Town mo lephateng la nosetso, o ne a dira patlisiso e e tseneletseng ya boteng jwa noka ya Orange. Ka e ne e le mosimolodi wa go nosetsa kwa Aforika Borwa o o berekileng e le mookamedi wa nosetso go tswa ka 1921 go tsena 1941, o ne a dira patlisiso mo nokeng ya Orange a tsamaya ka dinao mme ka dinako tse dingwe a dirisa koloi ya dipitse. Go ya ka moitseanape wa ditso T.V Bulpin, go sokola mo a go itsemogetseng ga mogote o o feteletseng le tsela e e seng motlhofo go tsamaiwa ga go fetiwe ke sepe mo ditsong tsa dipatlisiso kwa Aforika Borwa. Lewis o ne a ntsha mogopolo wa gore go agiwe letamo gaufi le Boegoeberg le mosele o o nosetsang o o dikhilomithara di le lekgolo le masome a mararo go isa metsi kwa lefatsheng le le tlhokang go nosediwa la di heketara di le dikete di le nne. Leano le ne la emisiwa ke letlhoko la madi, mme le ne la tsosolosiwa e le porojeke ya tiro ya madi a a kwa tlase mo go ba ba sa berekeng ka nako ya matlhotlhapelo a a kwa godimo. Leano e ne e se go dira tiro fela ka bofefo mme gape le ne le akaretsa go batlela ba ba berekang lefelo le ba ka nnang mo go lone go ba imolola lehuma. Porojeke e ne ya simolodisiwa semmuso ke ba lephata la tsa pereko. Tiro e simolotse ka Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le boraro ngwaga wa 1929, e simolola ka go aga lebotana la dikhilomithara di le makgolo a marartaro, masome a mabedi le bobedi ka boleele, lo le di mithara di le lesome go ya kwa godimo. Mesele e le masome a marataro le borobabobedi e ne ya isiwa kwa godimo go tlhotlha metsi a morwalela le go tsaya motlhaba, lebotana le ne le isa metsi kwa msoelelng le molatswana se se letla gore go knone go nosediwa go stwa kwa nokeng go ya go tsena kwa [[Diphororo tsa Augrabies|diphororong tsa Augrabies]]. Kampa e ne ya agiwa kwa lefelong le le kwa thoko, e akaretsa ditante le matlo a mmu gore babereki ba nne mo go one, mabentlele, sekolo le kokelo le tsone di ne di le teng. Babereki ba ne ba duelwa madi a disheleng di le supa, di pence di le thataro ka oura ka bokete jo ba neng ba bo tsholetsa.<ref>"Boegoeberg se dam is 'n doodlekker plan". ''Rapport''. June 3, 2012.</ref> Babereki ba ne ba kwala maboko, ba bina ebile ba opela go supa ditsholofelo tsa bone tsa gore tiro ya bone e tlaa ntsha masimo, madirelo le matlo fa e fela. Mmino o o bidiwang Boegoeberg's Dam o tswa kwa nako e, e le sekai. Ma injineere ba tshwana le Adolf Aslasken, Sven Eklund, Gordon Allen le D.F Kokot ba ne ba okametse tiro e ya babereki ba ba neng ba sa nyala ba le makgolo mabedi le masome a matlhano ba malwapa a bone a neng a ikemiseditse tiragalo e e thata e. Letamo le feditswe ka ngwaga wa 1933,<ref>[https://www.groblershoop.co.za/listing/boegoeberg-dam "Boegoeberg Dam"]. ''Groblershoop Accommodation, Business & Tourism Portal''. Retrieved 2026-06-10.</ref> ngwaga o o latelang, metsi a ntlha a ne a elela go tswa kwa mseleng wa dikhilomithara di le lekgolo masome mabedi le motso go ya kwa lefelong la diheketara di le dikete thataro, le makgolo a marataro le kgaogantswe ka ditsha tsa diheketara di le tlhano senngwe le senngwe, sengwe le sengwe se agilwe ntlo ya matlapa. Pulo ya noka e ne e le moletlo o motona o go neng go na le dipuo, dithapelo, peso nama, ba ba neng ba tseneletse botlhe ba ne kopilwe go ntsha letlapa go dira sehikantswe sa babereki, se se neng se tlaa seke se agiwe ka pele. Ka Morule a le lesome le borataro ngwaga wa 1938, fa dikolotsana tsa dipitse tse go neng go ipelelwa dingwaga di le lekgolo tsa mosepele wa ba lotso lwa Dutch di ne tsa goroga kwa Pretoria go simolodisa segopotso sa Voortrekker, go ne ga tsewa tshwetso ya go aga segopotso sa letamo la Boegoeberg ka matlapa a pele, go ipelela kago ya letamo le mosepele. Groblershoop e tlhamiwle ka 1936 mo lefatsheng le pele e nenge le Sternham, le biditswe ka P.G.W Grobler, Tona wa ditsha mo pusong ya ga J.B.M Hertzog go tswa ka 1924 go stena 1933. Molatswana morago o ne wa nna lefelo le le tlwaelesegileng ka go thuma, go tshameka metshameko ya metsi le go tshwara ditlhapi, go ne ga agiwa le lefelo la itloso bodutu la RV Park.<ref name=":0" /> == Metswedi == c8905svvvp423o2urphr32f76ygcogk 0 13471 50424 2026-06-10T07:29:07Z Lucrucia98 12161 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA NOKA YA SEZIBWA 50424 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Ssezibwa Falls.jpg|thumb|Diphororo tsa Sezibwa]] [[Setshwantsho:Sezibwa falls.jpg|thumb|Noka ya Sezibwa]] '''Noka ya Sezibwa''' ke noka e e mo Bogare jwa Uganda, mo Afrika Botlhaba. Leina leno le tswa mo lefokong la Se-Luganda le le reng "sizibirwa kkubo", le le rayang gore "tsela ya me ga e ka ke ya thibelwa". == Lefelo == Noka ya Sezibwa e kwa borwa-bogare jwa Uganda. E simologa kwa mafelong a a nang le metsi a a fa gare ga Letsha la Victoria le Letsha la Kyoga, kwa bophirima jwa Victoria Nile mme e elela e lebile kwa bokone go fitlha e tsena mo Letsha la Kyoga. Motswedi wa Noka ya Sezibwa o kwa Kgaolong ya Buikwe, gaufi le toropo ya Ngogwe, ka dikopano: Latitude: 0.2700; Longitude:33.0050. Noka ya Sezibwa e tsena mo Letsha la Kyoga mo Kgaolong ya Kayunga, gaufi le toropo ya Galilaya, e e nang le dinomore tsa: Latitude:1.3700; Longitude:32.8150. Boleele jwa Noka ya Sezibwa ke bokana ka lekgolo le masome a matlhano (150 kilometres) (93 mi) go tswa motsweding go ya molomong.<ref>[http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Ngogwe%20(Mukono)&toplace=Galiraya%20(Nakasongola)&fromlat=0.2391667&tolat=1.3130556&fromlng=32.9708333&tolng=32.8675 Approximate Distance between Ngogwe and Galilaya with Map]</ref>Fa gare ga motswedi wa yone mo Kgaolong ya Buikwe, mme pele ga e tsena mo Kgaolong ya Kayunga, noka e elela go ralala Kgaolo ya Mukono. == Tlhamane == Go ya ka ditlhamane, Noka ya Ssezibwa ga se selo sa tlholego, mme ke losika lwa mosadi yo o neng a imile yo o neng a bidiwa Nakangu, yo o neng a tshela dingwaga di le makgolokgolo a a fetileng mme e le wa setlhopha sa Kibe (phokoje). Go ne go solofetswe gore o tla tshola mawelana, mme se se neng sa tswa mo popelong ya gagwe e ne e le dinoka tse di mawelana. Mewa ya bana ba ba iseng ba tsholwe ba ga Nakangu - Ssezibwa le Mubeeya go dumelwa gore e thibela dinoka tse pedi ka lebaka leo e neng e le tlwaelo gore Muganda mongwe le mongwe yo o fetang motswedi wa noka kwa Namukono, dikilometara di ka nna masome a mabedi (20) go ya kwa botlhaba, a latlhele bojang kgotsa maje mo nokeng gore a nne le lesego. Tota le gompieno, setlhabelo sa tebogo sa letsela, biri le mokoko se dirwa kwa motsweding wa noka ngwaga le ngwaga, gantsi se eteletswe pele ke Ssalongo (rraagwe mawelana).<ref>Briggs, Philip (2020). ''Uganda: The Bradt Travel Guide''. England: Bradt Travel Guides Ltd. p. 180. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/9781784776428|<bdi>9781784776428</bdi>.]]</ref> == Diphororo tsa Sezibwa == Diphororo tsa Sezibwa di dikilometara di ka nna masome a mararo le bobedi (32) kwa botlhaba jwa Kampala, motsemogolo wa Uganda, go bapa le tsela e kgolo ya Kampala-Jinja. Lefelo leno ke lefelo la Ngwao-Boswa jwa Buganda. E na le matlapa a magolo a a motopo le modumo o o monate wa metsi a a elelang go tswa mo matlapeng a a motopo. Diphororo tseno di kwa Kgaolong ya Mukono. Go ya ka ditlhamane tsa setso, dinoka tse pedi tse di bidiwang Ssezibwa le Bwanda, di tshotswe ke mosadi yo o neng a le mo tseleng go ya kwa Kavuma Bukunja. Mosadi yoo, e bong Nakangu Tebateesa, yo monna wa gagwe a neng a bidiwa Nsubuga Ssebwaato, o ne a tshola mawelana a a bopegileng jaaka metsi, mme morago ga moo Sezibwa e ne ya elela go ya kwa bophirima, e feta dikgoreletsi di le dintsi mme ya bidiwa ka leina la yone, fa Bwanda yone e ne e elela go ya kwa botlhaba, go ya kwa Nyenga. Batho ba le bantsi ba tla mo lefelong leno go tla go bona dikgakgamatso ka gonne ba dumela gore lefelo leno le na le maatla a a fetang a tlholego. Diphororo tseno di boleele jwa dimetara di le supa (7). Go palama maje le go lebelela dinonyane ke dilo tse di dirwang thata mo lefelong leno. Baithutajioloji le baitsesaense ba bangwe le bone ba a tle ba etele lefelo leno. Diphologolo tsa naga mo sekgweng se se dikologileng di akaretsa ditshwene tsa sekgwa, ditshwene tsa mogatla o mohibidu le ditshwene tse dingwe le dinonyane.<ref>[http://www.huntingconcepts.net/stories/the-hidden-tresure-of-uganda-s-sezibwa-falls The Hidden Treasures of Sezibwa Falls] Archived 2011-07-23 at the Wayback Machine</ref> == Metswedi == mmoyg29qitye9ryvprcfjdu43ertqbj 0 13472 50425 2026-06-10T07:55:09Z Lucrucia98 12161 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA NOKA YA JUBBA 50425 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Juba river downstream Jamaame.jpg|thumb|Noka ya Juba]] '''Noka ya Jubba''' kgotsa Noka ya Juba (Somali: Webiga Jubba, Italian: fiume Giuba) ke noka kwa borwa jwa Somalia e e elelang mo kgaolong ya Jubaland. E simologa kwa molelwaneng wa [[Ethiopia]], kwa dinoka tsa Dawa le Ganale Dorya di kopanang teng, mme e elela ka tlhamalalo kwa borwa go ya kwa Lewatleng la Somalia, kwa e elelang teng kwa Goobweyn. Jubba basin e na le bogolo jwa 749,000 km2 (289,000 mi2).<ref>[http://www.hrpub.org/download/201309/nrc.2013.010203.pdf Managing Shared Basins in the Horn of Africa – Ethiopian Projects on the Juba and Shabelle Rivers and Downstream Effects in Somalia]</ref>Naga ya kgaolo ya Jubaland ya Somalia, eo pele e neng e bidiwa Trans-Juba, e reeletswe ka noka eno.<ref>[https://www.dcstamps.com/oltre-giuba-italian-colony/ "Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba), Italian Colony (1924-1926)".] Dead Country Stamps and Banknotes. Retrieved 28 May 2026. <q>Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba) was a short lived Italian colony in the south-western part of what is now Somalia. The territory was located on the far side of the Juba River from the existing borders of Italian Somaliland, hence the name 'Trans Juba' or Oltre Giuba in Italian.</q></ref> == Ditso == Mmusomogolo wa Ajuran Noka ya Jubba e na le hisitori e e humileng ya tlhabologo e e raraaneng e e kileng ya bo e le teng le ya kgwebo e e neng e tsamaisiwa ke Ba-Somalia ba ba maatla ba ba neng ba laola Noka ya Jubba. Ka nako ya Dingwaga tsa Bogare Jubba e ne e le ka fa tlase ga Ajuran Empire ya Lenaka la Afrika e e neng e dirisa Jubba River go lema dijalo tsa yona mme e ne e le yone fela mmuso wa metsi mo Afrika. Ajuran e ne e le mmusomogolo wa metsi o o neng wa simologa mo lekgolong la bo lesome le boraro (13) la dingwaga AD, mme o ne o laola metsi a Noka ya Jubba le Shebelle. Ka go dirisa boenjeniri jwa metsi, e ne ya aga le didiba tse dintsi tsa leje la letsopa le didiba tsa metsi tse di sa ntseng di dirisiwa le gompieno. Babusi ba yone ba ne ba tlhama mekgwa e mesha ya temothuo le lekgetho, e e neng ya tswelela go dirisiwa kwa dikarolong tsa Horn of Africa go fitlha ka lekgolo la bo lesome le boferabongwe (19) la dingwaga.<ref>Njoku, Raphael Chijioke (2013). [https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C ''The History of Somalia''.] p. 26. ISBN <bdi>9780313378577</bdi>. Retrieved 2014-02-14.</ref> Ka go laola didiba tsa kgaolo eo, babusi ba Ba-Garen ba ne ba laola batho ba ba neng ba ba busa ka gonne e ne e le nngwe ya dipuso di le mmalwa tsa metsi mo Afrika. Go ne ga agiwa didiba tse dikgolo tse di dirilweng ka matlapa a kalaka go ralala naga, tse di neng tsa ngoka Ba-Somalia ba ba neng ba fuduga le leruo la bone. E re ka go ne go na le melao e e laolang go dirisiwa ga didiba, go ne go le motlhofo gore batswakwa ba rarabolole dikgotlhang tsa bone ka go isa dipotso tsa bone kwa badireding ba puso ba ba neng ba tla ba tsereganya. Kgwebo ya dikharabane e e neng e tsamaya sekgala se seleele, e e neng e sa bolo go nna e dirwa mo Horn of Africa, e ne ya tswelela e sa fetoge mo metlheng ya Ba-Ajuran. Gompieno, matlotla a le mantsi le ditoropo tse di tlogetsweng go ralala bogare jwa Somalia le Lenaka la Afrika ke bosupi jwa gore go kile ga bo go na le kgwebisano ya kgwebo e e golang ka lobelo lo logolo go tswa mo motlheng wa bogare.<ref>[[:en:Jubba_River#CITEREFCassanelli1982|Cassanelli (1982),]] p. 149.</ref> Ka ntlha ya go laolwa ga Ajuran, dipolasi tsa kwa Afgooye, Bardhere le kwa mafelong a mangwe kwa mekgatšheng ya Jubba le Shebelle di ne tsa oketsa thobo ya tsone. Mokgwa wa go nosetsa o o bidiwang Kelliyo o ne o tswa ka tlhamalalo kwa Nokeng ya Shebelle le Jubba go ya kwa masimong a mo go one go neng go jalwa sorghum, mmidi, dinawa, mabele le katune ka paka ya gu (Spring ka Se-Somalia) le xagaa (Summer ka Se-Somalia) ya khalentara ya Se-Somalia. Thulaganyo eno ya go nosetsa e ne e tshegediwa ke matamo a le mantsi. Go bona bogolo jwa polase, go ne ga tlhamiwa mokgwa wa go lekanya lefatshe o mo go one go neng go dirisiwa mafoko a a jaaka moos, taraab le guldeed. Mafelo a ditoropo a Mogadishu, Merca, Barawa, Kismayo le Hobyo le maemakepe a mangwe a ne a nna mafelo a kgwebo a a nang le poelo ya dithoto tse di tswang mo teng ga naga. Balemirui ba kwa Somalia ba ba neng ba nna kwa Jubba le kwa Shebelle ba ne ba isa dijalo tsa bone kwa metseng e e gaufi le lotshitshi lwa Somalia, koo di neng di rekisediwa bagwebi ba mo lefelong leo ba ba neng ba dira kgwebo e e duelang ya dinaga di sele ka dikepe tse di neng di ya le go tswa kwa Arabia, Persia, India, Venice[[Egypt|, Egypt]], Portugal, le go fitlha kwa Java le [[China]].<ref>[[:en:Jubba_River#cite_note-7|''Journal of African History'' pg. 50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver.]]</ref> === Motlha wa Segompieno === Go ne ga feta makgolo a le mabedi a dingwaga go fitlha mmatlisisi wa Mojeremane e bong Baron Karl Klaus von der Decken a tlhatlogela kwa tlase ga noka ka sekepe se sennye sa Welf ka ngwaga wa 1863. O ne a thubaganya sekepe sa gagwe sa sekepe mo metsing a a kwa godimo ga Bardhere, koo setlhopha sa gagwe se neng sa tlhaselwa ke Basomali ba lefelo leo, se se neng sa felela ka gore Baron le ba bangwe ba le bararo mo setlhopheng sa gagwe ba bolawe. Motho wa ntlha wa kwa Yuropa yo o neng a tlhatlhoba noka eno le go e feleletsa e ne e le mmatlisisi wa kwa Italy e bong Vittorio Bottego le Molaodi F. G. Dundas wa Sesole sa Lewatle sa Boritane. Bottego le setlhopha sa gagwe ba ne ba tsamaya sekgala sa dikilometara di le makgolo a marataro le masome a mane (640) mo nokeng eno ka ngwaga wa 1891. Ka nako ya gagwe ya go dira dipatlisiso, Bottego o ne a fetola leina la noka e kgolo ya Jubba - noka ya Ganale - go nna Ganale Doria ka leina la moitsesaense yo o itsegeng wa Italy e bong Giacomo Doria.<ref>[[:en:Jubba_River#cite_note-8|1892; ''Il Giuba esplorato'', 1895.]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Jubba_River#cite_note-9|F. G. Dundas, "Expedition up the Jub River through Somali-Land, East Africa", ''Geographical Journal'', 1 (March 1893), pp. 209–222.]]</ref> == Kakaretso == Borogo jo bo fetang noka ya Jubba kwa Bardhere. Kgaolo ya Jubba basin ke savanna, mme fa go buiwa ka ikholoji, ke karolo e e humileng go gaisa ya naga ka ntlha ya lefatshe la temo le le nonneng. Diphologolo tse di nnang koo di akaretsa ditshukudu, di-cheetah, ditau, mangau, diphiri, dinare, dipitse tsa naga, dikwena, di-oryx, dikgama, dikamela, dinonyane tsa naga, di-jackal le diesele tsa naga tsa kwa Somalia. Noka ya Jubba e naya leina la yone kwa dikgaolong tsa tsamaiso tsa Somalia tsa Upper Juba (Gedo, Bay, Bakool), Middle Juba le Lower Juba, mmogo le kgaolo e kgolo ya histori ya Jubaland. Ditoropo tse dikgolo tse Noka ya Jubba e fetang ka tsone di akaretsa Dolow, Luuq, Burdhubo, Beled'hawo, Bardhere, Buale, le Goobweyn gaufi le Kismaayo. == Metswedi == h8i5p554ift4l1uxu6doguuuoy8moh7 0 13473 50426 2026-06-10T07:55:18Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Diphororo tsa Augrabies #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50426 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Diphororo tsa Augrabies''' ke diphororo tse di kwa [[Noka ya Orange|nokeng ya Orange]], noka e tona go di feta tsotlhe kwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. Fa e sale ka 1966, diphororo tse di mo tikologong e e senang batho mo lefelong la itloso bodutu la Augrabies Falls National Park. Diphororo di dimithara di le masome a matlhano le borataro go ya kwa godimo.<ref name=":0">[https://www.worldwaterfalldatabase.com/waterfall/Augrabies-Falls-116 "Augrabies Falls | World Waterfall Database".] ''www.worldwaterfalldatabase.com''. Retrieved 21 February 2017.</ref> Metswedi mengwe e supa fa e le dimithara di le lekgolo, masome a mane le borataro go ya kwa godimo; mme ke boleele go tswa kwa tlase ga mangope go ya kwa godimo ga mabotana, eseng jwa diphororo ka bo tsone.<ref name=":0" /> == Dipatlisiso == Banni ba ntlha ba morafe wa Khoikhoi ba biditse diphororo tse lefelo la modumo o montsi - Maburu ba pele ba ba neng ba thibelela koo morago, ba ne ba di bitsa Augrabies.<ref>Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980). ''Natural Wonders of the World''. United States of America: Reader's Digest Association, Inc. p. 62. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-89577-087-3|<bdi>0-89577-087-3</bdi>.]]</ref> Moeteledipele wa bofelo wa beng gae e ne e le Klaas Pofadder o a neng a nna mo setlhaketlhakeng sa diphororo tseo, se gompieno se bidiwang setlhaketlhake sa Klaas. Mo Yuropa wa ntlha go bona diphororo tse e ne e le mogwebiwa kwa Sweden Hendrik Jako Wikar.<ref name=":1">[https://www.wondermondo.com/augrabies-falls/ "Augrabies Falls"]. ''WonderMondo''. 9 February 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2026</ref> o gorogile kwa diphororong ka Phalane ngwaga wa 1778, morago ga go tsamaya dingwaga tse dintsi mo sekgweng. Fa motsamai o mongwe George Thompson, a ne a isiwa kwa diphororong ke bakaedi ba morafe wa Koranna ka 1826, o ne a di bitsa King George IV. Ka dingwaga tsa 1920 di simologa, lesole, motsamai gape e le mopolotiki Deneys Reitz o ne a thuma kwa morago ga diphororo, a re ke ene motho wa ntlha go dira jalo a bo a tshela.<ref>Reitz, Deneys (1999). ''Adrift on the Open Veld''. Cape Town: Stormberg. pp. 589–590. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-6202-4380-3|<bdi>978-0-6202-4380-3</bdi>.]]</ref> == Bogolo == Diphororo tsa Augrabies di gatisitse dimithara di le dikete di supa, makgolo a robabobedi a metsi ka sephatlo sa motsotso ka merwalela ya 1988 (le di mithara di le dikete di le thataro, makgolo a robabobedi mo merwaleleng ya 2006. Metsi a, a feta a Diphororo tsa Niagara ga raro ka nako ya pula e ntsi ka sephatlosa motsotso, a feta a Niagara gane a ngwaga. Mogogoro o o kwa diphororong tsa Augrabies o di mithara di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a mane go ya kwa teng le dikhilomithara di le lesome le borobabobedi ka boleele, ke sekai se se makatsang sa kgothego ya maje a mantsho. == Borai == Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 1966, batho ba feta masome mabedi ba wetse mo mogogorong o, mme ba tlhokafala, ba le batlhano ba tserwe ke metsi a diphororo. Mojanala wa lotso lwa Scandinavia le fa go ntse jalo o ne a falola go wela mo mogogorong ka 1979, jaaka monna o a neng a tserwe ke metsi a diphoror ka Phalane 1981. Mebele ya ba bangwe e ne e tshwerwe ke mogobe o o kwa tlase, ya se ka ya tlhola e bonwa. Ka mo go tshwanang, diphologolo di akaretsa dikgomo le dikubu di tserwe ke diphororo tse.<ref name=":1" /> ==== Diphororo tsa Augrabies ==== [[Setshwantsho:Augrabies Falls 1.JPG|left|thumb|150x150px|Diphororo mo seraleng se di bonelwang mo go sone]] [[Setshwantsho:Augrabie 01.jpg|thumb|150x150px|Diphororo go le morwalela]] [[Setshwantsho:Augrabies Falls.jpg|center|thumb|150x150px|Diphororo tsa Augrabies ka mariga]] == Mainane == Mainane a a neng a bolelwa ke batho ba Aforika Borwa ba century ya masome mabedi a ne atlhalosa mogobe o o kwa tlase ga King George fa o tletse diteemane, tse di tsewang ke makhubu go ya nokeng ya Orange. Ba bolela gape fa mogobe e le lefelo la bonno la noga e tona e e bidiwang Grootslang.<ref>Green, Lawrence G. (1948). [[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.54893|''Where Men Still Dream''.]] Standard Press Ltd., Cape Town. p. 125-126.</ref> == Metswedi == 4cn7umbza0486i0bixx09zp9ce8agu2 0 13474 50427 2026-06-10T08:00:51Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse stebe ya Diphororo tsa Bawa #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50427 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Diphororo tsa Bawa''' ke diphororo tsa popego ya mogatla wa pitse, tse di kwa kgaolong ya [[Transkei]] kwa [[Kapa Botlhaba]], kwa [[Aforika Borwa|Aforika Borwa.]] Diphororo di dimithara tsa lekgolo le boraro ka bophara jwa mithara o le mongwe le botlhano.<ref>[https://www.worldwaterfalldatabase.com/waterfall/Bawa-Falls-495 "Bawa Falls, South Africa"]. ''World Waterfall Database''. 19 March 2017. Retrieved 10 June 2026</ref> Di bapile le motse wa KwaNdotshanga, gaufi le Butterworth, kwa bophirima jwa noka ee tshelang kwa nokeng ya Gcuwa e yone e tshelang kwa nokeng ya Great Kei kwa bokone. == Metswedi == 1uxy09uhm7uav847sz0e6wuo82obhmu 0 13475 50428 2026-06-10T08:15:32Z Lucrucia98 12161 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA NOKA YA ATHI 50428 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Athi River''' ke toropo kwa ntle ga Nairobi, Kenya kwa Machakos County. Toropo eno e reeletswe ka Noka ya Athi, e e fetang mo go yone. E itsege gape e le Mavoko. [[Setshwantsho:Athi River town.jpg|thumb|Noka ya Athi]] Noka ya Athi e na le Khansele ya Mmasepala wa Mavoko mme ke ntlokgolo ya kgaolo ya Mavoko, e e leng karolo ya Kgaolo ya Machakos. Toropo e na le batho ba le 81,302 (2019 census), mme e ntse e gola ka ntlha ya go nna gaufi le motse mogolo wa Kenya wa Nairobi.<ref name=":0">[https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-ii-distribution-of-population-by-administrative-units&wpdmdl=5728&ind=MT12f0IDWVM-a0J2dc3Xi42qelbruMwR0a7XIWb0iAwnedEVNBjd_1FEwMun_eI5 "2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume II: Distribution of Population by Administrative Units".] ''Kenya National Bureau of Statistics''. Retrieved 28 March 2020</ref> == Lefelo la ditoropokgolo == Noka ya Athi ke karolo ya Greater Nairobi Metropolitan area. == Ditso == Noka ya Athi, e gape e itsegeng e le Mavoko, e ne ya kgaoganngwa le Lekgotla la Kgaolo la Nairobi ka ngwaga wa 1963, fa Lekgotla leno la Kgaolo le ne le fedisiwa. Mmasepala wa Mavoko o na le diwate di le nne (Noka ya Athi, Mlolongo /Syokimau, Kinanie / Mathatani, Muthwani). Diwate tseno tsotlhe ke tsa kgaolo ya Mavoko, e e nang le diwate di le nne. Diwate tse nne tse di setseng di mo Masaku County Council.<ref>[http://www.eck.or.ke/downloads/pollingcentres.pdf Electoral Commission of Kenya: ''Registration centres by electoral area and constituency''] Archived 28 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine</ref> == Madirelo == Toropo eno e na le madirelo a mantsi go feta kwa Kenya. Go na le difeketiri di le thataro tsa samente tse di leng mo toropong: Bamburi Cement, Mombasa Cement, East Africa Portland Cement Company, Savannah Cement, National Cement, Kenya Meat Commission le Athi River Mining. Toropo eno e na le madirelo a go tlhafuna mariki a a leng a Khampani ya Wrigley. Gape go na le dikompone tse dingwe tse di itsegeng kwa ntle ga toropo tse di jaaka Doshi Steel, Mabati Rolling Mills, Seed Co., Kapa Oil Refineries le Devki Steel. == Kgwebo == Noka ya Athi e tletse ka dikgwebo tse di golang. Dingwe tsa dikgwebo tse di itsegeng thata di akaretsa Coloho Mall, Crystal Rivers Safaricom Mall, Trailink Logistics, le Wattle Blossom Retreat Centre. Dingwe tsa dilo tse di tlhotlheletsang kgolo e e bofefo ya dikgwebo mo lefelong leno di akaretsa go oketsega ga go agiwa ga matlo mo kgaolong eno le go nna gaufi le Toropo ya Nairobi le dikhampani tsa meepo. == Thuto == Sekolo sa ithutelo tiro sa Daystar e na le dikago mo toropong eno. Meat Training Institute le yone e teng mo toropong eno. == Dipalangwa == Noka ya Athi e na le seteishene sa terena se se agilweng ka ngwaga wa 1920 go bapa le Uganda Railway, go tswa kwa Mombasa go ya kwa Kisumu. Gape go na le seteishene se sesha sa terena sa Mombasa-Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway. Noka ya Athi e golagane gape le Nairobi ka tsela ya Nairobi-Mombasa Highway (e e itsegeng ka leina la Mombasa Road), e e nang le ditsela tse pedi, le go ya Kitengela e e gaufi ka Namanga Road, e e nang le tsela e le nngwe. Banni ba Athi River ba direlwa ke ditsela tsa bo lekgolo le lesome (110) le lekgolo le masome a mabedi (120) go ya kwa Nairobi CBD<ref name=":0" />. == Metswedi == 1d2738tznt9hp92z3e5pt7400xpd2us 0 13476 50429 2026-06-10T08:24:15Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranoste tsebe ya Diphororo tsa Berlin #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50429 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Diphororo tsa Berlin''' ke diphororo tse di kwa [[Mpumalanga]], [[Aforika Borwa|Aforika Borwa.]] Di gaufi le God's Window ga mmogo le diphororo tse ditona thata kwa kgaolong ya Mpumalanga kwa Aforika Borwa tsa Lisbon.<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110927011936/http://www.southafrica.net/sat/content/en/us/full-article?oid=10048&sn=Detail&pid=7014 "Mpumalanga Attraction - Berlin Falls"]. Mpumalanga Tourism and Parks Agency. Archived from [https://www.southafrica.net/sat/content/en/us/full-article?oid=10048&sn=Detail&pid=7014 the original] on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> Di dinnye go gaisa bo lesome jwa boleele jwa diphororo tse ditona thata kwa Aforika Borwa tsa Tugela, di itsege ka bontle jwa tsone. Diphororo tsa Berlin, di tlhama bontlha jwa mokgatsha wa [[noka ya Blyde]] mo tseleng ya Panorama, ke dingwe tsa diphororo tse di ka fitlhelwang kwa kgaolong ya Sabie, tse dingwe e le [[diphororo tsa Horseshoe]], [[diphororo tsa Lone Creek]], [[diphororo tsa Bridal Veil]], [[diphororo tsa Mac-Mac]] le diphorororo tse ditona kwa Mpumalanga tsa Lisbon. Diphororo tsa Berlin di tshologa go tswa kwa bogareng jwa logaga lo lo boleele jwa di mithara di le makgolo a robabobedi. Popego ya diphororo tse, e tshwantshangwa le kerese e tona. Mosele o mosesane kwa godimo ga diphororo o dira mogala wa kerese, metsi fa a tshologa go tswa foo, a a phatlalala a dira kerese pele ga a tshologela kwa mogobeng o o kwa tlase.<ref name=":0" /> Diphororo tsa Berlin, di tsaya leina la tsone mo babereking ba meepo ba ba neng ba ile Aforika Borwa go tswa kwa Yuropa ka nako ya gouta, ba ne ba fa diphororo tsotlhe tse di mo kgaolong eo maina a ditoropo tse ba tswang kwa go tsone, kgotsa mafelo a a teng kwa mafatsheng a bone. Baeti ba ba yang diphororong tsa Berlin ba ka bona lefelo ba tsamaya ka dinao, ba ka iketla ba ja dijonyana gaufi le diphororo, ba ka tsenya maoto mo mogobeng o o kwa tlase. Baeng ba ka eletsa go bona noka ya Blyed Protea, e e mo kgaolong e ya Mpumalanga. Diphororo tse di mo nokeng ya Sabine, di tshologa sekgele sa dimithara di le masome a robabobedi, metsi a a tshologela mo kgampung e e dikaganyeditsweng ke dikgaga tse dikhibidu.<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110927011936/http://www.southafrica.net/sat/content/en/us/full-article?oid=10048&sn=Detail&pid=7014 "Berlin Falls"]. South African Tourism. Archived from [https://www.southafrica.net/sat/content/en/us/full-article?oid=10048&sn=Detail&pid=7014 the original] on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2026</ref> == Leina == Diphororo tse di filwe leina di reelelwa ka mokgatšha wa Berlyn le Fram Beryln, kwa diphororo di leng teng. == Metswedi == t1y7lkcvxqlz9m04wbjbamupn39rlvq 0 13477 50430 2026-06-10T08:27:10Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Noka ya Gamtoos 50430 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:South Africa-Eastern Cape-Gamtoos River01.jpg|thumb|Noka ya Gamtoos gaufi le molomo wa yone go ya kwa Lewatleng la India magareng ga Port Elizabeth le Jeffreys Bay, ka borogo jwa R102 kwa pele le borogo jwa N2 kwa morago.]] '''Noka ya Gamtoos''' kgotsa '''Noka ya Gamptoos''' ke noka e e mo porofenseng ya Kapa Botlhaba, mo Aforika Borwa. E bopilwe ke go kopana ga [[noka ya Kouga]] le [[noka ya Groot]] mme e boleele jwa dikilometara di ka nna makgolo a marataro le masome a mane le botlhanoo mme e na le kgaolo ya dikilometara di le 34,635 tsa sekwere<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170630195400/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA15FishTsitsikamma.jpg "Fish to Tsitsikamma WMA 15".] Archived from [http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA15FishTsitsikamma.jpg the original] on 2017-06-30. Retrieved 2012-03-28.</ref>. == Tsela == Noka ya Gamtoos e bopiwa ke dinoka tsa Groot, Kouga le [[Baviaanskloof.]] Noka eno ke nngwe ya dinoka tse di elelang mo Kouga.<ref>[http://www.ru.ac.za/static/institutes/iwr//wetland/data/GamtoosSYSTEM/GamtoosSystemReport.pdf Catchment L, the Gamtoos River System] A[https://web.archive.org/web/20141222080910/http://www.ru.ac.za/static/institutes/iwr/wetland/data/GamtoosSYSTEM/GamtoosSystemReport.pdf rchived] 2014-12-22 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]</ref> Le fa pula e na go le gonnye mo kgaolong e e nang le metsi, e thusa mo temothuong e e nosediwang mo kgaolong e e kwa tlase, go jalwa [[dinamune]], [[motsoko]], [[maungo]] le [[merogo]]. Noka ya Gamtoos e tsena mo Lewatleng la India e le fa gare ga Jeffreys Bay le [[Port Elizabeth]] kwa Gamtoos River Mouth Nature Reserve e leng teng. Ditoropo tsa Hankey, e leng toropo e kgologolo e e mo molapong wa noka ya Gamtoos, le Patensie di mo karolong e e kwa tlase ya molapo ono. Kwa tengteng ga naga go na le ditoropo tsa [[Steytlerville, Joubertina,]] [[Uniondale, Willowmore]] le [[Murraysburg]]. Dinoka tse di tswang mo go tsone di akaretsa Noka ya Loerie, Noka ya Klein, Noka ya Hol, mmogo le Groot le Kouga tse di bopang Gamtoos. == Ditso == Saartjie Baartman - "Hottentot Venus" - o tshotswe ka bo ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a supa le masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe gaufi le noka ya Gamtoos. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabonedi le masome a supa le bosupa ka nako ya [[komelelo]] e tona mo kgaolong eo, Noka ya Gamtoos e ne ya kgala gotlhelele.<ref>Sellick, W.S.J. (1904). ''[[iarchive:uitenhagepastpre00sell|Uitenhage, past and present : souvenir of the Centenary, 1804-1904]]''. p. 125.</ref> Ka nako ya merwalela ya kgwedi ya Lwetse ,ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro le bosupa, go ya ka John Croumbie Brown, metsi a noka a ne a tlhatloga go fitlha go di metara di le masome a mabedi le bongwe (70 ft).<ref>Brown, John Croumbie (1877). [https://archive.org/stream/watersupplyofsou00browrich#page/125/mode/1up "III - Supply of water as affected by rivers".] ''Water supply of South Africa, and facilities for the storage of it''. Edinburgh, Oliver & Boyd. p. 125. Retrieved 2009-11-23.</ref> Go na le marogo a mabedi a a kgabaganyang noka ya Gamtoos gaufi le molomo wa yone kwa [[Kouga]]. Borogo jwa pele jwa dimetara di le lekgolo le masome a robabobedi (600 ft) mo R102 bo ne jwa bulwa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le botlhano go emisetsa mokoro o o neng o ntse o dirisiwa go fitlha ka nako eo. <ref>Sellick, W.S.J. (1904). ''[[iarchive:uitenhagepastpre00sell|Uitenhage, past and present : souvenir of the Centenary, 1804-1904]]''. pp. 186, 187.</ref>Borogo jwa sesha jwa segompieno bo ne jwa agiwa ka nako ya go agiwa ga N2 kwa tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa. == Matamo a a mo lekadibeng == Gone jaanong noka eno ke karolo ya [[Fish to Tsitsikama Water Management Area.]] * [[Letamo la Kouga]] mo Nokeng ya Kouga == Tikologo == Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le botlhano ditshwene tsa Cape galaxias (Galaxias zebratus), mofuta wa ditlhapi tsa Afrika Borwa tse di fitlhelwang kwa [[Cape Floristic Region,]] di ne tsa fitlhelwa kwa Nokeng ya Krom mme morago ga moo di ne tsa fitlhelwa gape le mo tsamaisong ya Noka ya Gamtoos. Go fitlha ka nako eo go ne go akanngwa gore e ne e anamisiwa fela mo kgaolong e e fa gare ga [[Keurbooms]] le [[Noka ya Olifants]]. <ref>[http://www.ru.ac.za/static/affiliates/am/frswicthy/galaxias.htm Freshwater Ichthyology - The Cape galaxias Galaxias zebratus]^{[''permanent dead link'']}</ref> Le fa kwa Aforika Borwa tlhapi eno e e bonolo e tsewa e le e e gaufi le go nyelela, kwa [[Australia]] mefuta ya mofuta o o tshwanang e ne ya nyelela ka ntlha ya go gaisana ga di-salmon le mefuta e mengwe ya ditlhapi. <ref>[https://archive.today/20121225011025/http://www.ru.ac.za/static/affiliates/am/m&g/mg1.htm "Biodiversity, Alien trout, and the So what attitude"]</ref> == Metswedi == hd3ivd688vaaf5gah95jupvm0dfvypr 0 13478 50431 2026-06-10T08:32:12Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Diphororo tsa Lisbon #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50431 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Diphororo tsa Lisbon''' ke diphororo tse di kwa dikgageng tsa Lisbon, di tshela kwa lotshitshing lo lo kwa moja wa [[noka ya Blyde]]. Di sekgala se se kae kwa bokone jwa Graskop go bapa le tsela ya R532, ebile ke tsone tse ditona thata kwa [[Mpumalanga]], kwa [[Aforika Borwa]].<ref>[https://showme.co.za/tourism/panorama-route-waterfalls-sabie-graskop/ "Panorama Route Waterfalls, Sabie & Graskop"]. ''ShowMe South Africa''. 24 April 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2026</ref> Diphororo tse di dimithara di le masome a robabongwe le bone go ya kwa godimo<ref>[https://www.worldwaterfalldatabase.com/waterfall/Lisbon-Falls-590 "Lisbon Falls"]. ''World Waterfall Database''. 21 May 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2026</ref> di biditswe leina le ka ntlha ya dikgaga tsa Lisbon le Farm Lisbon, kwa diphororo tse di leng teng. Di gaufi le God's Windon, mme di kwa ntle fela ga lefelo la itloso bodutu la noka ya Blyde, jaaka diphororo tsa Berlin, Diphororo tsa Lone Creek le tsa Mac-Mac. Diphororo tse di mo tseleng ya Panorama. == Metswedi == fej23yv3sige5o9cfs0xmgtxzpl2a9x 0 13479 50432 2026-06-10T08:42:01Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Diphororo tsa Horseshoe #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50432 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Horseshoe Falls - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Diphororo mo mosong wa mariga (paka ya komelelo)]] '''Diphororo tsa Horseshoe''' tsa [[Aforika Borwa]] di dikhilomithara di le nne go tswa kwa tseleng e kgologolo ya [[Lydenburg]] fa nokeng ya Sabie kwa [[Mpumalanga]]. Diphororo tse, le ntswa di se kwa godimo thata, di bopegile jaaka tlhako ya pitse ebile di tlhomilwe segopotso sa lefatshe. Go tsamaya sekgalanyana fela mo tikologong e e kgatlhisang go tsisa moeng kwa diphororong tse. Motho o na le tshono ya go lebelela dinonyane le diphologolo tse dingwe. Le ntswa go le motlhofo go goroga kwa go tsone, go lopiwa madiyana a eseng a sepe go tsena kwa lefelong la itloso bodutu kwa tlholego e, e ka itumelelwang teng.<ref>[https://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsmpl/horse-shoe-falls.php "Horse Shoe Falls in Sabie, Mpumalanga".]</ref> Diphorororo tsa Horseshoe ke lefelo le le tlwaelesegileng ka go tshwara ditlhapi tsa trout. == Tse dingwe tse di kgatlhisang == Lobala lo lo kwa lefelong la itloso bodutu la uKhahlamba Drankensberg, kwa Aforika Borwa, lo na le dikgaga tse ditona tse le tsone di bopegileng jaaka tlhako ya pitse ka jalo motho a ka tsietsega a re ke diphororo tsa Horseshoe.<ref>STEVE, D. (n.d). Best that man and nature can provide. Sunday Times, The Perth</ref> == Metswedi == rg9utdxefg2o7hnxrh9s1jfp5ep7v45 0 13480 50433 2026-06-10T08:50:43Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse stebe ya Diphororo tsa Lone Creek #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50433 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Lone Fall, Blyde River Canyon, South Africa 1.JPG|left|thumb|Dikgaga tsa Lone Creek, dikhilomithara di robabongwe go tswa kwa Sabie]] '''Diphororo tsa Lone Creek''' di gaufi le Sabie kwa [[Mpumalanga|Mpumalanga,]] kwa [[Aforika Borwa|Aforika Borwa.]] Diphororo tse di tshologa dimithara di le masome a supa mo dikgageng.<ref>Mapstudio TouristGuide. Mpumalanga/Lowveld 2003 ISBN 1-86809-653-X</ref><ref>"[https://www.safcol.co.za/ecotourism-4/waterfalls/lone-creek-falls-and-picnic Lone Creek Falls and Picnic]". ''SAFCOL''. Retrieved 2026-06-10.</ref> Diphororo tse segopotso sa bosetshaba.<ref>[https://www.sa-venues.com/things-to-do/mpumalanga/lone-creek-falls/ "Lone Creek Falls in Sabie, Mpumalanga"]. ''www.sa-venues.com''. Retrieved 2026-06-10.</ref> == Metswedi == sds8pqj7hralqrsdvh7jn0ck5iofzdf 0 13481 50434 2026-06-10T08:57:03Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Noka ya Jukskei 50434 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:South Africa-Johannesburg-Jukskei river-001.jpg|thumb|Noka ya Jukskei]] '''Noka ya Jukskei''' <ref>[http://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/2679538 "Exact location of Juksei River"]. OpenStreetMap</ref>ke nngwe ya dinoka tse ditona mo Johannesburg, Afrika Borwa. Ke noka e e kwa borwa go gaisa mo molapong wa Noka ya Crocodile. <ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA3CrocMarico.jpg Crocodile/Marico WMA 3]</ref> == Tsela == Jukskei e simologa kwa [[Ellis Park]] kwa Johannesburg. Motswedi wa yona wa kwa tshimologong o ne o le mo polaseng ya Doornfontein, e e neng e lekanya dilitara di le 18 000 ka oura, fela e ne ya nyelela ka ntlha ya tlhabololo ya ditoropo e e neng ya latela. <ref name=":0">Christie, Sean (3 January 2014). [http://mg.co.za/article/2014-01-02-searching-for-the-soul-of-the-jukskei "Searching for the soul of the Jukskei".] ''Mail and Guardian''. South Africa. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140103215935/http://mg.co.za/article/2014-01-02-searching-for-the-soul-of-the-jukskei Archived] from the original on 3 January 2014.</ref> Jaanong tsela ya ntlha e Jukskei e bonalang ka yone e kwa Bertrams kwa kgaolong ya Queen Street le Sports Avenue kwa e tswang teng mo mogobeng wa metsi a pula. Go tswa foo noka eno e elela go ralala Molapo wa Bezuidenhout le Bruma. Go tswa foo e elela kwa bokone go ralala Bedfordview le Edenvale pele e elela go ralala [[Alexandra Townshi]]<nowiki/>p. E bo e retologela kwa bokone bophirima mme e elela ka Modderfontein, [[Buccleuch,]] Leeuwkop Prison, [[Lone Hill,]] Dainfern le Steyn City pele e kopana le [[Noka ya Crocodile]] kwa ntle ga Lanseria. <ref name=":0" /> == Dithuso == Noka ya Jukskei e kopanngwa ke dinoka tse dintsi go bapa le tsela ya yona le dinoka tse di kgolo tsa yona e leng [[Modderfontein Spruit,]] [[Braamfontein Spruit]] le Klein-Jukskei. Noka ya Jukskei ke yone e e ntshang metsi a mantsi mo nokeng ya Crocodile. <ref name=":0" /> == Botho == [[Setshwantsho:South Africa-Johannesburg-Jukskei river-002.jpg|thumb|Mosetsana wa mo Afrika Borwa a ntse mo koteng ya logong gaufi le Noka ya Jukskei]] Mosetsana wa mo Afrika Borwa a ntse mo koteng ya logong gaufi le Noka ya Jukskei Jukskei e boteng jo bo kwa tlase e bile ga e boteng mo go lekaneng gore e ka tsamaisiwa. Gape e kgotletswe thata ke metsi a a elelang go tswa mo ditoropong. Go sa tlhokomelwe ga dikago tsa motheo go dirile gore matlakala a a sa tlhotlhiwang a elele mo nokeng letsatsi le letsatsi. Ka dinako tse dingwe go ne go fitlhelwa dibakateria tse di bakang kholera mo nokeng eno. <ref>[https://www.news24.com/xArchive/Archive/Cholera-found-in-Jukskei-river-20010118 "Cholera found in Jukskei river"]</ref><ref>[https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/cholera-found-in-city-river-438069 "Cholera found in city river"]</ref>Noka e amogela metsi a mantsi go tswa kwa Northern Waste Water Treatment Plant kwa bokone jwa Johannesburg. Noka ya Jukskei ke nngwe ya dilo tse dikgolo tse di bakang mathata a eutrophication a a lebaneng le Letamo la Hartbeespoort kwa tlase ga noka. Ditone tsa matlakala a a jaaka polasetiki, tshipi le rabara di elela mo nokeng ngwaga le ngwaga. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110604093758/http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2001/010119145p1001.htm "Statement by minister Ronnie Kasrils, Minister of water affairs and forestry".] South African Government. Archived from [http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2001/010119145p1001.htm the original] on 2011-06-04. Retrieved 2008-06-20.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070313092320/http://www.dispatch.co.za/2001/01/19/southafrica/CHOLERA.HTM "Cholera found in Alexandra's Jukskei River".] Daily Dispatch. Archived from [http://www.dispatch.co.za/2001/01/19/southafrica/CHOLERA.HTM the original] on 2007-03-13. Retrieved 2008-06-20.</ref><ref>Olukunle, Olubiyi; Okonkwo, Jonathan; Kefeni, Kebede; Lupankwa, Mlindelwa (2011-12-10). "Concentrations of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Sediments from Jukskei River, Gauteng, South Africa". ''Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology''. '''88''' (3): 461–466. doi:[[doi:10.1007/s00128-011-0481-y|10.1007/s00128-011-0481-y.]] ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-4861 0007-4861]. <nowiki>PMID 22160134</nowiki>. S2CID 31382677.</ref> Di-bank di na le go thunya,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060923103015/http://www.gpg.gov.za/docs/nz/2006/nz0112a.html "Gauteng residents warned to be cautious in floods"]. Gauteng Provincial Government. 2006-01-12. Archived from [http://www.gpg.gov.za/docs/nz/2006/nz0112a.html the original] on 2006-09-23. Retrieved 2008-06-20.</ref> segolo thata ka selemo fa dipula di le maatla thata mo ngwageng mo kgaolong. Se se kaya masetlapelo mo baaging ba ba humanegileng ba Alexandra Township ba gantsi ba agang matlo a nakwana go bapa le dintshi tsa noka ka ntlha ya go tlala thata le tlhokego ya go bona metsi a go tlhapa, go nwa le go apaya. <ref>Pather, Ra'eesa. [http://mg.co.za/article/2016-11-10-still-no-shelter-for-alex-flood-victims-foreign-nationals-search-for-lost-documents "Still no shelter for Alex flood victims, foreign nationals search for lost documents"]. ''The M&G Online''. Retrieved 2017-01-09.</ref> == Metswedi == 6qdrw909w3cohuruj2nvw0rp7kodxug 0 13482 50435 2026-06-10T08:57:12Z Lucrucia98 12161 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA NOKA YA WOURI 50435 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Embouchure du Wouri.jpg|thumb|Noka ya Wouri]] '''Noka ya Wouri''' (e e bidiwang Vouri kgotsa Vuri) ke noka ya kwa Cameroon. Cameroon e na le metsi a le mantsi mme mo gare ga one go na le dinoka tse pedi tse dikgolo, Sanaga, e leng noka e telele go di feta tsotlhe ka boleele jwa dikilometara di le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mabedi le botlhano (525)<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Sanaga-River "Sanaga River | river, Cameroon"]. ''Encyclopedia Britannica''. Retrieved 2018-09-18</ref>le Wouri, e leng noka e kgolo go di feta tsotlhe. Noka ya Wouri e tlhakatlhakana le dinoka tsa Nkam le Makombé, dikilometara di le masome a mararo le bobedi (32) kwa bokonebotlhaba jwa toropo ya Yabassi. Go tswa foo e elela dikilometara di le lekgolo le masome a matataro (160) go ya kwa borwabotlhaba go ya kwa molomong wa Wouri kwa Douala, boemakepe jo bogolo le toropo ya madirelo kwa borwabophirima jwa Cameroon kwa Kgogometsong ya Guinea. Noka eno e kgona go tsamaya ka dikepe mo e ka nnang dikilometara di le masome a marataro le bone (64) go tswa kwa Douala.<ref name=":0">Rubin, Don (1994)[https://books.google.com/books?id=TIgS_Eij8SEC&q=river+of+prawns+cameroon&pg=PA76 . ''The World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre: Africa''.] Taylor & Francis. ISBN <bdi>9780415059312</bdi>.</ref> == Dipatlisiso == Go dumelwa gore motsamaisi wa dikepe wa Mopotokisi le mmatlisisi Fernão do Pó kgotsa Fernando Pó, e ne e le Mo-Yuropa wa ntlha go ya go batlisisa lekadiba la noka ya Wouri, mo e ka nnang ka ngwaga wa 1472. Babatlisisi ba ne ba lemoga gore go na le lobster e ntsi ya seretse e e bidiwang Lepidophthalmus turneranus mo Nokeng ya Wouri mme ba e bitsa "Rio dos Camarões", e leng Sepotokisi se se rayang "Noka ya Dikgapetla", e leng polelwana e leina Cameroon le tswang mo go yone. Mafoko a a reng "Rio dos Camarões" moragonyana a ne a fetoga go nna Camarones fa Ba-Spain ba goroga mo kgaolong eo. Morago ga moo, ka nako ya fa go ne go laolwa ke Jeremane ka ngwaga wa 1884, leina la naga le ne la fetolwa go nna Kamerun pele ga Tumalano ya Versailles e tsenya naga eo ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Fora le Boritane ka ngwaga wa 1919 e e neng ya isa kwa leineng la bofelo la "Cameroon".<ref name=":0" /> Seme beach limbe kwa Cameroon == Marogo == === Borogo jwa Ntlha === Ka dingwaga tsa bo1950, ka nako ya bokoloniale, Mafora a ne a aga borogo jwa 1 km go kgabaganya noka, jo boleele go gaisa mo kgaolong ya bogare jwa Afrika. E golaganya Douala le toropo ya Bonabéri mme ga e botlhokwa fela mo ikonoming ya bophirima jwa [[Cameroon]], e rwala dikoloi, dilori, le seporo mme gape ke sediriswa sa bogareng sa go ananya boditšhabatšhaba le dinaga tse di sa tseneng mo lewatleng jaaka Chad le Central African Republic.<ref name=":1">Kindzeka, Moki Edwin. [https://www.voanews.com/a/second-major-bridge-to-be-built-over-cameroon-wouri-river/1793073.html "Second Major Bridge to be Built over Cameroon's Wouri River".] ''VOA''. Retrieved 2018-09-18.</ref>Fa e sa le ka ngwaga wa 2004, borogo jono bo ntse bo tlhabololwa thata. Ka bokgoni jwa kwa tshimologong jwa dikoloi di le dikete tse pedi(2 000) ka letsatsi, borogo jono jaanong bo tshegetsa dikoloi di feta 45 000 letsatsi le letsatsi bo dira pharakano e e boitshegang kwa kgorong ya pelo ya Douala.<ref>Kindzeka, Moki Edwin. [https://www.voanews.com/a/second-major-bridge-to-be-built-over-cameroon-wouri-river/1793073.html "Second Major Bridge to be Built over Cameroon's Wouri River".] ''VOA''. Retrieved 2018-09-20.</ref> === Borogo Jwa Bobedi === Borogo jwa bobedi (jo bo sa tswang go agiwa) jo bo kgabaganyang Noka ya Wouri Ka tlhwatlhwa ya CFA 141.6 billion, borogo jwa bobedi mo nokeng ya Wouri bo boleele jwa makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano le borataro (756 m) le bophara jwa masome a mararo le bone (34 m) mme bo na le seporo sa 746 m.<ref name=":2">[https://www.businessincameroon.com/infrastructures/0806-8099-cameroon-the-second-bridge-on-the-wouri-partially-commissioned <code><nowiki>{{cite news}}</nowiki></code>: <code>|first=</code> has generic name (help)]</ref>E agilwe ke khampani ya boditšhabatšhaba ya go aga ditsela SOGEA SATOM mme e duetswe ke puso ya Cameroon le kadimo go tswa go puso ya Fora, borogo jono bo tla thusa go fokotsa pharakano mo borogong jwa ntlha. Go agiwa ga borogo jono go botlhokwa mo ikonoming ya Cameroon mme go tla dira gore go nne le dikgolagano mo kgaolong ya bogare jwa Afrika e e bulegelang lefatshe ka Cameroon le go nna gaufi le Lewatle la Atlantic. <ref name=":1" />Borogo bo tshwanetse go tsenngwa tirisong pele ga bokhutlo jwa ngwaga wa 2018.<ref name=":2" /> == Metswedi == ciigqs4s2rmfyji18vpry6uf3j5adph 0 13483 50436 2026-06-10T09:10:00Z Lucrucia98 12161 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA NOKA YA MBOMOU 50436 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Forward, forward.jpg|thumb|Noka ya Mbomou]] '''Noka ya Mbomou''' kgotsa Bomu (e gape e bidiwang M'bomou ka Sefora) ke karolo ya molelwane magareng ga Central African Republic (CAR) le Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Bomu-River "Bomu River"]. ''Britannica''. Retrieved 2022-09-25.</ref><ref>Shelley, Fred M. (2013-04-23). [https://books.google.com/books?id=5qlXatHRJtMC&pg=PA273 ''Nation Shapes: The Story Behind the World's Borders''.] ABC-CLIO. p. 273. ISBN <bdi>978-1-61069-106-2</bdi>.</ref> Noka ya Mbomou e kopana le Noka ya Uele go bopa Noka ya Ubangi.<ref>Org, Glob Ener Interconn Deve &Coop (2020-04-06). [https://books.google.com/books?id=j6jbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 ''Research on Hydropower Development and Delivery in Congo River''.] Springer Nature. p. 26. ISBN <bdi>978-981-15-3428-7</bdi>.</ref>Noka ya Ubangi, e e leng nngwe ya dinoka tse di elelang kwa Congo, gape e dira jaaka karolo ya molelwane magareng ga CAR le DRC. == Metswedi == fyu9kpj51l9gmduqp9gy1ggl0fez1xu 0 13484 50437 2026-06-10T09:10:17Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Diphororo tsa Bridal Veil #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50437 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:SA04103-Wodospad Bridal Veil.jpg|thumb|Diphororo tsa Bridal Veil, kwa Sabie]] [[Setshwantsho:Bridal Veil Falls Sabie.jpg|thumb|Diphororo o di bonela kgakala]] '''Diphororo tsa Bridal Veil''' di dikhilomithara di le thataro kwa ntle ga Sabie, kwa [[Mpumalanga]], kwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. E bo kwa godimo jwa dimithara di le masome a supa. Diphororo tse di tsholola metsi ka bonya se se dira gore go tshwane le losire, ke sone se di filweng leina le.<ref>[https://www.safcol.co.za/what-we-offer/ecotourism/bridal-veil-falls/ "Bridal Veil Falls | SAFCOL".] 9 November 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2026</ref> Ke nngwe ya diphororo tse dintsi mo lefelong leo kwa nokeng ya Sabie ebile ke lefelo la bojanala. Batho ba kgona go goroga koo ka koloi, go na le lefelo la go ema ga dikoloi le lefelo la go itlosa bodutu mo lobaleng lwa SAFCOL. Go tswa kwa dikoloi di emang teng, tselana ya dinao e feta sekgwa dimithara di ka nna makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano (sekgele sa metsotso e le lesome le botlhano) go ya kwa diphororong.<ref name=":0">[https://www.sabie.co.za/tour/sabie-route.html#bidal%20veil%20falls "Sabie River Route".] ''www.sabie.co.za''. Retrieved 10 June 2026</ref> == Bojanala == [[Setshwantsho:The Bridal Veil Falls in Sabie, South Africa..jpg|thumb|Diphororo tsa Bridal Veil ka nako ya dipula tse dintsi ka Tlhakole 2019]] Diphororo tsa Bridal Veil di mo tseleng ya Panorama mo lefelong le le nang le diphororo tse di fetang tsa lefelo lepe fela mo borwa jwa [[Aferika|Aforika]].<ref>[https://www.southafrica.net/na/en/travel/article/the-sabie-waterfalls-route-a-waterfall-wonderland "The Sabie Waterfalls Route - A Waterfall Wonderland | Mpumalanga (NA)".] ''www.southafrica.net''. Retrieved 10 June 2026</ref> Bajanala ba letsatsi ba etela diphororo tse gangwe le gape ba duela tlhwatlhwa e e kwa tlase go di bona.<ref name=":0" /> Diphororo tsa Bridal Veil ke lefelo le le kgatlhisang gape mo tseleng ya Loerie Trail e e dikhilomithara di le lesome ka boleele mme gape go na le e e khutshwane ya dikhilomithara di le thataro e e simololang e bo e felela kwa diphororong tse.<ref>[https://greater.krugerpark.co.za/Activities_Guide-travel/hiking-trails-sabie-valley.html "Hiking Trails in the Sabie Valley, near Kruger National Park".] ''greater.krugerpark.co.za''. Retrieved 10 June 2026</ref> Diphororo tse ke bontlha jwa tsela e e tsamaiwang ka maoto ya Fanie Botha e e tsamaiwang malatsi a le matlhano, mme go na le ditsela tse dikhutshwane gape.<ref>[https://sabie.co.za/about/hiking/#bridal "Walks and Hikes - Sabie".] ''sabie.co.za''. Retrieved 10 June 2026</ref> [[Setshwantsho:The Bridal Veil Falls - Sabie, South Africa..jpg|thumb|Diphororo tsa Bridal Veil le bajanala ba babedi kwa tlase]] [[Setshwantsho:Bridal Veil Falls - Sabie in South Africa. .jpg|thumb|Diphororo tsa Bridal Veil le mojanala a ntse mo lentsweng ]] == Metswedi == 3fo5yji8rkwx4jk2emdpig6x3jwhgwf 0 13485 50438 2026-06-10T09:23:58Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Noka ya Kuiseb 50438 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Kuiseb Namibia anagoria.JPG|thumb|Noka ya Kuiseb ka nako tsa dipula]] Noka ya Kuiseb ke noka ya nakwana e e kwa bophirima-bogare jwa [[Namibia]]. Motswedi wa yone o kwa Khomas Highland kwa bophirima jwa [[Windhoek.]] Go tswa foo e elela go ya kwa bophirima go ralala Namib-Naukluft National Park le sekaka sa Namib go ya kwa [[Walvis Bay]]. Metse e le mmalwa ya batho ba Topnaar e mo dintshing tsa noka ya Kuiseb e e kwa tlase, jaaka Homeb, [[Sandfontein,]] Rooibank, le Utuseb. <ref>[[:en:Kuiseb_River#CITEREFMalan1998|Malan 1998]], p. 120–125.</ref><ref>[[:en:Kuiseb_River#CITEREFMoritz1997|Moritz 1997,]] pp. 4–5.</ref> Dinoka tse di tsenang mo nokeng ya Kuiseb ke Gomab, Ojab, Chausib, Gaub, Koam, Nausgomab le Goagos. <ref name=":0">Jacobson, Peter J.; Jacobson, Kathryn M.; Seely, Mary K. (1995). ''[http://www.the-eis.com/data/literature/Ephemeral%20rivers%20and%20their%20catchments_1995.pdf Ephemeral rivers and their catchments: Sustaining people and development in western Namibia]'' (PDF 8.7MB). [[:en:Windhoek|Windhoek:]] Desert Research Foundation of Namibia. pp. 140–141. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/9991670947|<bdi>9991670947</bdi>.]]</ref> Lefelo le go elelang metsi la noka ya Kuiseb (go akaretsa le dinoka tse di e tsenang) go lekanyetswa gore le magareng ga 15,500[3] le 16,692 km2 (6,445 sq mi).<ref>Strohbach, B.J. (2008)[http://www.nbri.org.na/sites/default/files/Mapping%20the%20Major%20Catchments%20of%20Namibia_draft.pdf . "Mapping the Major Catchments of Namibia"] (PDF 1.0MB). ''Agricola''. '''2008''': 63–73. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780353358164|9780353358164]]</bdi>. ISSN 1015-2334. OCLC [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/940637734 940637734.]</ref>E na le palogare ya go elela ga metsi e e ka nnang 20 million cubic metres ka ngwaga (710×106 cu ft/a).<ref>[http://www.newera.com.na/article.php?articleid=14109 "ELECTIONS 2010: Erongo regional profile".] [[:en:New_Era_(Namibia)|New Era.]] 16 November 2010.</ref>[[Letamo la Friedenau]], le le agilweng ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bobedi, le mo nokeng.<ref>[http://www.namwater.com.na/data/dams/friedenau.html Friedenau] [https://web.archive.org/web/20081121140523/http://www.namwater.com.na/data/dams/friedenau.html Archived] 2008-11-21 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]] at NamWater</ref>Ka kgwedi ya Herikgong ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le botlhano, e ne e le la ntlha morago ga dingwaga di le dintsi, noka ya Kuiseb e elela go ya kwa lewatleng. Fa gare ga Naukluft le Namib, Kuiseb e ne ya dira molapo mo lefelong le le omeletseng le le sa fitlhelegeng. Ka nako ya Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Lefatshe, lefelo le le dikologileng Kuiseb Canyon le ne la nna lefelo la botshabelo la ga [[Henno Martin]] le Hermann Korn ba ba neng ba fudugela koo go letela ntwa gore e fele.<ref>Martin, Henno (2006). ''The Sheltering Desert''. Hamburg: Two Books. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/9783935453035|<bdi>9783935453035</bdi>.]]</ref>Morago ga moo go ne ga gatisiwa dibuka tse pedi le baesekopo e e buang ka dingwaga tse pedi tse ba neng ba nna koo ka tsone; o ka kgona go etela matlotla a lefelo la bone la bonno. Mo tseleng ya yone e e ralalang Namib, Kuiseb e dikologilwe ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe ke dithabana tsa motlhaba tse di kwa godimo go gaisa mo lefatsheng, mme ka fa go le lengwe ke lentswe le le omeletseng.<ref name=":0" /> Dithota tsa motlhaba o mohibidu tse di kwa borwa jwa noka di fitlha bogodimo jwa dimetara di feta lekgolo le masome a matlhano. Diphefo tse di maatla di fokisa dithotana tseno tsa matlapa go ya kwa bokone, mme di thibelwa ke noka. Mo tiragalong e, motlhaba le seretse se se ntsi di bewa mo Kuiseb gore di fitlhe fela kwa lewatleng fa di le mo merwaleleng. <ref>Morin, Efrat; Grodek, Tamir; Dahan, Ofer; Benito, Gerardo; Kulls, Christoph; Jacoby, Yael; Langenhove, Guido Van; Seely, Mary; Enzel, Yehouda (April 2009). "Flood routing and alluvial aquifer recharge along the ephemeral arid Kuiseb River, Namibia". ''Journal of Hydrology''. '''368''' (1–4): 262–275. doi:[[doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.02.015|10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.02.015]]. ISSN [[0022-1694.]]</ref> Ka ngwag wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le bosupa , kgaolo e e fa gare ga [[Noka ya Swakop]] le Noka ya Kuiseb e ne ya tlhophiwa ke puso ya kolone ya Jeremane gore e nne lefelo le go sireleditsweng diphologolo tsa naga mo go lone. Gone jaanong lefelo leno ke karolo ya [[Namib-Naukluft National Park]]. The Desert Research Foundation of Namibia (DRFN) e kwa Gobabeb mo dintshing tsa noka.<ref>[https://www.namibweb.com/drfn.htm "Desert Research Foundation of Namibia".] namibweb.com. Retrieved 3 October 2019.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Kuiseb River Nears the Ocean.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa noka ya Kuiseb se se tserweng ka sathalaete.]] == Metswedi == latrqkysgsrvkaa89rl39rh46giczwi 0 13486 50439 2026-06-10T09:32:58Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Letamo la Friedenau 50439 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Letamo la Friedenau''' ke letamo la konkereite le le agilweng ka maatla a kgogedi kwa kgaolong ya Khomas, kwa [[Namibia]]. E bokgakala jwa dikilometara di le masome a mararo le borobabobedi go ya kwa borwabophirima jwa [[Windhoek,]] e thiba Noka ya Kuiseb mme e tlamela ka metsi go ya kwa Meepo e e gaufi ya Matchless. E na le bokgoni jwa dimetara tsa dikhubiki di le dimilione di le 6.723 (8,793,000 cu yd) mme e weditswe ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bobedi, fa kgaolo e ne e thopiwa ke Afrika Borwa. <ref>[http://www.namwater.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=68 Omatako Dam] at NamWater.com.na</ref> == Metswedi == kcgthojrdl0txsmtn5q1w96w1l67k3f 0 13487 50440 2026-06-10T09:59:22Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Noka ya Swakop 50440 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Swakop Valley.jpg|thumb|Tsela e molapo wa Noka ya Swakop o lebegang ka yone gaufi le Richthofen]] '''Noka ya Swakop''' (Khoekhoe: Tsoaxaub) <ref>Malan, Johan S (1998). ''Die Völker Namibias'' [''The Tribes of Namibia''] (in German). Windhoek, Göttingen: Klaus Hess. pp. 134–135.</ref> ke noka e tona kwa bophirima jwa [[Namibia]]. Motswedi wa yone o kwa Khomas Highland. Go tswa foo e elela go ya kwa bophirima go ralala toropo ya Okahandja, seteishene sa ditso sa borongwa kwa Gross Barmen, le bothibelelo jwa Otjimbingwe. Go tswa foo e kgabaganya sekaka sa Namib mme e bo e fitlha kwa [[Lewatleng la Atlantic]] kwa [[Swakopmund]] ("Lefelo la Swakop"). Noka ya Swakop ke noka ya nakwana; e e elelang e ka nna 40 million cubic metres ka ngwaga.<ref>"Elections 2010: Erongo regional profile". [[:en:New_Era_(Namibia)|New Era.]] 24 June 2005</ref> E fitlhile kwa [[Lewatleng la Atlantic]] bosheng jaana ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bongwe ,le bobedi le botlhano (2011, 2022,<ref>Cindy van Wyk, Ellanie Smit (17 Feb 2022). [https://www.namibiansun.com/news/swakop-river-reaches-ocean-after-more-than-a-decade2022-02-17 "Swakop River reaches ocean after more than a decade"]. ''Namibian Sun''. Namibia Media Holdings. Retrieved 2 Apr 2025.</ref>le 2025).<ref><code><nowiki>{{cite web}}</nowiki></code>: Missing or empty <code>|title=</code> (help)</ref> Noka ya Swakop, mmogo le molatswana wa yone o mogolo wa Khan, ke nngwe ya dinoka tse dikgolo tse di nang le metsi a nakwana mo karolong e e omileng ya bophirima jwa Namibia. Ke sekgele sa dikilometara di le makgolo a mane le masome a marataro(290 mi) ka boleele mme e na le 30,100 km2 (11,600 sq mi) lefelo le letona le le nang le metsi (go akaretsa le melatswana ya yone).<ref>Jacobson, Peter J.; Jacobson, Kathryn M.; Seely, Mary K. (1995). ''[http://www.the-eis.com/data/literature/Ephemeral%20rivers%20and%20their%20catchments_1995.pdf Ephemeral rivers and their catchments: Sustaining people and development in western Namibia]'' (PDF 8.7MB). [[:en:Windhoek|Windhoek]]: Desert Research Foundation of Namibia. pp. 138–139. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/9991670947|<bdi>9991670947</bdi>.]]</ref> Lefelo le le dikologileng molomo wa noka le dithotana tse di e dikologileng gape di itsege ka dinonyane tse dintsi le mefuta mengwe e e sa tlwaelegang ya dimela (jaaka Welwitschia) tse di dirisang mouwane o o tlang ka metlha go tswa kwa lewatleng go itshedisa fa go se na bongola jo bongwe. Metsi a a kwa tlase ga lefatshe mo lefelong leo a fokotsegile ka 0.3 m gape ka ntlha ya go nna teng ga matamo a mabedi a magolo a a agilweng mo Nokeng ya Swakop. <ref name=":0">''[http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=16477&no_cache=1 Uranium in groundwater 'not serious': Roessing]'' - The Namibian, Friday 24 June 2005</ref> Le fa gone noka eno e elela ka tsela e e sa tlwaelegang, go na le temothuo e e dirwang mo mokgatšheng wa Noka ya Swakop. Ka jalo, kgaolo eno e itsege thata ka maungo a yone a a phepa segolobogolo [[ditamati,]] [[asparagus]] le motlhware. Go na le dipoifo dingwe tsa letswai le uranium (gongwe tsa tlholego, gongwe go tswa kwa moepong wa uranium wa Rössing) tse di tshosetsang madirelo ano a temothuo.<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061230060907/http://www.rossing.com/erongo.htm "''Rössing in the Erongo Region''".] Rössing Uranium Limited. Archived from [http://www.rossing.com/erongo.htm the original] on 2006-12-30. Retrieved 2007-01-06.</ref> == Metswedi == scwsaha1qk00qghf4op90xj23l6fkis 0 13488 50442 2026-06-10T10:33:13Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Noka ya Luangwa 50442 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Luangwa river02.jpg|thumb|Noka ya Luangwa, kwa ntlheng ya borwa gaufi le Ndevu]] '''Noka ya Luangwa''' ke nngwe ya dinoka tse di tona tsa Noka ya [[Zambesi|Zambezi,]] le nngwe ya dinoka tse nne tse ditona tsa [[Zambia]]. Gantsi noka eno e penologa ka paka ya dipula (Sedimontlhole go ya go Mopitlo) mme e bo e wela kwa tlase thata ka paka ya komelelo. Ke nngwe wa dinoka tse ditona tse di sa fetolwang mo Borwa jwa Afrika mme dikilometara di le 52,000 tsa sekwere (20,000 sq mi) tse di bopang molapo o o e dikologileng ke legae la diphologolo tse dintsi tsa naga. Lefelo la Nsefu kwa South Luangwa le itsege ka go nna teng ga dinkwe le naga e e sa senyegang. <ref>Christine Eckstrom (May 2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20071124115332/http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0705/feature4/index.html "Waiting for thunder".] [[:en:National_Geographic_(magazine)|''National Geographic''.]] Archived from [http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0705/feature4/index.html the original] on 2007-11-24. Retrieved 2007-04-30.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Luangwa River Course.png|thumb|Tsela ya Noka ya Luangwa]] == Motswedi le karolo e e kwa godimo ya bogare == Ela tlhoko: sekgala se se bontshitsweng ke sekgala se se tlhamaletseng go tswa kwa motsweding. Noka ya Luangwa e elela kwa Lilonda le Mafinga Hills kwa bokone-botlhaba jwa Zambia kwa bogodimong jwa dimetara di ka nna 1,500 (4,900 ft), gaufi le molelwane le Tanzania le Malawi, mme e elela kwa ntlheng ya borwa-bophirima go ralala molapo o o sephara. Mo e ka nnang dikilometara di le lekgolo le masome a matlhano (93 mi) go tswa mo motsweding wa yone e wetse kwa bogodimong jwa dimetara di le makgolo a marataro le masome a robabobngwe (2,260 ft) mme e nna noka e e itsoketsang e e nang le lebala la merwalela le le bophara jwa dikilometara di le mmalwa. Mo sekgaleng se se latelang sa dikilometara di le makgolo a mararo (190 mi) di-meander di a oketsega, ka matsha a le mantsi a oxbow le di-meander tse di latlhilweng. Gaufi le Mfuwe, bogodimo jwa noka bo wela kwa go di mitareng di le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mabedi (1,710 ft), lefelo le le nang le merwalela le bophara jwa dikilometara di le lesome (6.2 mi) mme molapo o fitlha ko dikilometareng di le lekgolo (62 mi) bophara, le lekgabana la bokone-bophirima (Muchinga Escarpment) le boleele jwa dimetara di le makgolo a supa(2,300 ft), le lekgabana la borwa-bophirima le boleele jwa dimetara di le makgolo a mane le masome a matlhano4 (1,480 ft). Mo setlheng sa komelelo dikarolo dingwe, segolo thata mo karolong e e kwa godimo, di a omelela gotlhelele, di tlogela matamo a a kwa thoko. <ref>Gilvear, David; Winterbottom, Sandra; Sichingabula, Henry (April 2000). "Character of channel planform change and meander development: Luangwa River, Zambia". ''Earth Surface Processes and Landforms''. '''25''' (4): 421–436. doi:[https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28sici%291096-9837%28200004%2925%3A4%3C421%3A%3Aaid-esp65%3E3.0.co%3B2-q 10.1002/(sici)1096-9837(200004)25:4<421::aid-esp65>3.0.co;2-q]. ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0197-9337 0197-9337.]</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Luangwa river.jpg|thumb|Noka ya Luangwa, 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) borwa jwa Luangwa Bridge]] Karolo e e kwa godimo le e e fa gare ga molapo e na le North Luangwa National Park le South Luangwa National Parks tsa Zambia. Noka eno ka boyone e na le bontsintsi jwa dinonyane tsa naga le dikwena. Bontsi jwa dinonyane tsa naga tse di nnang mo lefatsheng lotlhe di nna kwa Molapong wa Luangwa. Ka setlha sa komelelo di thibelwa ke noka e e fokotsegileng le matamo, mme di bonwa bonolo segolo thata mo matamong a a kwa thoko. Kwantle ga go nna motswedi wa metsi, matsha ano a a nang le metsi a a tswang mo dinokeng le matamo a a nang le metsi a a tswang mo dinokeng a oketsa mefutafuta ya ditshedi tsa kwa mokgatšheng ka ditsela tse dingwe. Dipitse tsa noka tse di nnang mo go tsone di ja dimela tsa naga bosigo. Matlakala a tsona a fepa ditlhapi tse dingwe le go nontsha matamo, go oketsa botshelo jwa ditlhapi tse di fepang dikwena le dinonyane.[4][citation needed]<ref>[https://africageographic.com/stories/hooray-for-hippos/ "Hooray for hippos"]. ''Africa Geographic''. 2016-02-12. Retrieved 2021-05-22.</ref> Ka paka ya komelelo, diphologolo tsa naga tse di fulang le dibatana tsa tsone di phuthega gaufi le noka le matamo, mme di bonwa motlhofo. Ka paka ya dipula di fudugela kgakala mme di kgona go iphitlha motlhofo mo dimeleng tse disha tse di tlhogang. Mo e ka nnang dikilometara di le makgolo a matlhano (310 mi) molapo o pitlagana go nna dikilometara di le masome a matlhano(31 mi) mme o kgaoganngwa ke mokgokolosa go nna melapo e le mebedi e e tsamaelanang, e e nang le noka e nngwe, e leng Noka ya Lukusashi e e mo molapong o o bophara jwa dikilometara di le masome a mabedi le botlhano (16 mi) go ya kwa bokonebophirima, le Noka ya Luangwa e e mo molapong o o bophara jwa dikilometara di le lesome le botlhano (9.3 mi) go ya kwa borwabotlhaba. Noka eno ga e tlhole e elela thata, mme lebala le le tletseng metsi le a fokotsega. Motse o mogolo mo Middle le Upper Luangwa Valley ke Mfuwe o o direlang indaseteri ya bojanala mme o na le boemafofane jwa boditšhabatšhaba. Go na le batho ba le mmalwa fela ba ba nnang mo molapong ono.<ref>[https://www.victoriafalls-zambiatravel-safaris.com/country-info/rivers/luangwa-river "Luangwa River In Zambia"]. ''AfricanMecca Safaris''. Retrieved 2021-05-22.</ref> == Tsela e e kwa tlase == Ka dikilometara di le makgolo a marataro noka e tsena ka bonako mo molapong o o tshesane o o fa gare ga dithaba tse di tlhatlogang dimetara di le makgolo a mabedi go tswa kwa molapong o o atlhameng, e nna mo e ka nnang mosima. Mo e ka nnang dikilometara di le makgolo a supa go tswa kwa motsweding wa yone, Luangwa e kopana le noka e nngwe e e elelang mo go yone, e leng Lukusashi, morago ga gore noka eno ya bofelo e kopane le Noka ya Lunsemfwa e e tswang kwa ntlheng e sele, mme e bo e retologela kwa borwa ka molapo o o pitlaganeng o o tshesane: eno ke tsela e e tswang ka yone go tswa kwa Luangwa Rift Valley. Morago ga dikilometara di le masome a mabedi fela (12 mi) e tswa mo dithabeng e tsena mo molapong o o atlhameng wa Zambezi mme e ralala dipoa tsa motlhaba tse di bophara jwa dikilometara di ka nna 1.5 (0.93 mi) mo lefelong le le nang le merwalela le le bophara jwa dikilometara di le tharo go ya go tse tlhano (1.9 go ya go 3.1 mi). E kopana le noka e e boteng ya Zambezi kwa [[toropong ya Luangwa]].<ref>[https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/rivers/luangwa/ "Luangwa River".] ''Zambia Tourism''. Retrieved 2021-05-22.</ref>Karolo e e kwa tlase ya noka e dira molelwane magareng ga Zambia le [[Mozambique]].<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Luangwa-River "Luangwa River".] ''Britannica''. Retrieved 2021-12-04.</ref> == Metswedi == ld13jpah1ui7hevr3qdjwzpe0ubufsi 0 13489 50443 2026-06-10T10:41:23Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Noka ya Mania 50443 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Noka ya Mania''' ke noka ya kwa [[Madagascar]] e e elelang go tswa kwa dithabeng tse di fa gare ga setlhaketlhake, e tshologela mo Mozambique Channel. Kgaolo ya Amoron'i Mania e reeletswe ka noka eno. Dinoka tse ditona tse di elelang go tswa kafa molemeng ke [[Ivato, Imorona, Ikoly, Menala]], le [[Sakeny,]] mme kafa mojeng ke Fitanamaria, Sakorendrika, noka ya Manandona, noka ya Isakely le ya Iandratsay. [[Setshwantsho:Mania river-01.jpg|thumb|Noka ya Mania kwa borwa jwa Antsirabe]] Go na le porojeke e e tsweletseng ya seteišene sa motlakase wa metsi mo Nokeng ya Mania, gaufi le lefelo la Antetezambato. <ref>[http://www.ore.mg/Publication/AMI/DAOANTETEZAMBATO.pdf DAO HYDRO SITE DE ANTETEZAMBATO AOIR N°002] Wikimedia Commons has media related to '''''Mania river (Madagascar)'''''.</ref> == Metswedi == q1rkz4zlalbosqutslpw7bp1ic58fyd 0 13490 50444 2026-06-10T10:46:45Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Noka ya Mooi 50444 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Noka ya Mooi''' ke noka mo porofenseng ya [[KwaZulu-Natal]], mo Aforika Borwa. E tlhoga kwa Mkomazi Nature Reserve kwa Dithabeng tsa Drakensberg, mme e tshologela mo Nokeng ya Tugela gaufi le Muden. Toropo ya Mooi River e mo nokeng eno.<ref><code><nowiki>{{cite journal}}</nowiki></code>: Cite journal requires <code>|journal=</code> (help)</ref> == Leina == [[Setshwantsho:Mooi River Falls.JPG|thumb|Diphororo tsa Noka ya Mooi mo kgaolong ya Rosetta kwa KwaZulu-Natal.]] Leina leno le tswa mo lefokong la Se-Dutch la Mooirivier, le le kayang noka e ntle, jaaka le ne la bidiwa ke batho ba kwa Voortrekkers mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga. Leina la noka la Sezulu, Mpofana, le raya 'lefatshe le leša'.<ref>du Plessis, E.J. (1973). ''Suid-Afrikaanse berg- en riviername''. Tafelberg-uitgewers, Cape Town. pp. 280–281. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-624-00273X|<bdi>0-624-00273X</bdi>.]]</ref> == Metswedi == ls4txoo7njl5s9tty8hc7g3esix9nfb 2 13491 50445 2026-06-10T11:35:52Z CeylonChingu 12789 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1457410|Propofol]] to:tn #mdwikicx 50445 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=456484691|drug_name=Propofol|image=Propofol.svg|image2=Propofol molecule ball.png|alt2=Ball-and-stick model of propofol <!-- Names -->|pronounce=|tradename=Diprivan, others<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/international/propofol.html|title=Propofol|website=Drugs.com|access-date=2019-01-02|archive-date=3 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103055703/https://www.drugs.com/international/propofol.html|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103055703/https://www.drugs.com/international/propofol.html |date=3 January 2019 }}</ref>|synonyms=|IUPAC_name=2,6-diisopropylphenol <!-- Clinical data -->|class=|uses=[[General anesthesia]], sedation for [[mechanical ventilation|mechanically ventilated]] adults, [[procedural sedation]]<ref name=AHFS2016/>|side_effects=[[Arrhythmia|Irregular heart rate]], [[hypotension|low blood pressure]], burning sensation at the site of injection, [[apnea|cessation of breathing]]<ref name=AHFS2016/>|interactions=<!-- notable interactions -->|pregnancy_AU=C|pregnancy_US=B|breastfeeding=|routes_of_administration=[[Intravenous therapy|Intravenous]]|onset=15–30 seconds<ref name=AHFS2016/>|duration_of_action=~5–10 minutes<ref name=AHFS2016/>|defined_daily_dose=|typical_dose=|dependency_liability=Physical: very low ([[seizures]])<!-- {{cite journal | pmid = 21393090 | doi=10.1684/epd.2011.0404 | volume=13 | title=Propofol withdrawal seizures: non-epileptic nature of seizures in a patient with recently controlled status epilepticus | year=2011 | journal=Epileptic Disord | pages=107–10 | last1 = Zubair | first1 = S | last2 = Patton | first2 = T | last3 = Smithson | first3 = K | last4 = Sonmezturk | first4 = HH | last5 = Arain | first5 = A | last6 = Abou-Khalil | first6 = B}}--><br />Psychological: no data|addiction_liability=Moderate<ref name="What the ΔFosB?">{{cite journal | author = Ruffle JK | title = Molecular neurobiology of addiction: what's all the (Δ)FosB about? | journal = Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse | volume = 40 | issue = 6 | pages = 428–437 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25083822 | doi = 10.3109/00952990.2014.933840 | quote=Propofol is a general anesthetic, however its abuse for recreational purpose has been documented (120). Using control drugs implicated in both ΔFosB induction and addiction (ethanol and nicotine), similar ΔFosB expression was apparent when propofol was given to rats. Moreover, this cascade was shown to act via the dopamine D1 receptor in the NAc, suggesting that propofol has abuse potential (119)}}</ref> <!-- External links -->|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|monograph|Propofol}}|MedlinePlus=<!-- Legal data -->|legal_AU=S4|legal_CA=Rx-only|legal_UK=POM|legal_US=Rx-only|legal_status=Rx-only <!-- Pharmacokinetic data -->|bioavailability=NA|protein_bound=95–99%|metabolism=[[Liver]] [[glucuronidation]]|elimination_half-life=1.5–31 hours<ref name=AHFS2016/>|excretion=[[Liver]] <!-- Chemical and physical data -->|C=12|H=18|O=1|SMILES=CC(C)c1cccc(c1O)C(C)C|StdInChI=1S/C12H18O/c1-8(2)10-6-5-7-11(9(3)4)12(10)13/h5-9,13H,1-4H3|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=OLBCVFGFOZPWHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}}}'''Propofol''', e e rekisiwang jaaka '''Diprivan''', gareng ga maina a mangwe, ke melemo e e dirang ka bonako e e felelang ka go fokotsega ga selekanyo sa go itharabologelwa le go tlhoka go gakologelwa ditiragalo.<ref name="AHFS2016">{{Cite web|title=Propofol|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/Propofol.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=21 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009184353/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/propofol.html|archive-date=9 October 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ditiriso tsa yone di akaretsa go simolola le go tlhokomela go idibatsa ka kakaretso, go ritibatsa bagolo ba ba tsenngwang mowa ka metšhini, le go ritibatsa maikutlo.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> E dirisiwa gape mo bolwetseng jwa sethoathoa fa melemo e mengwe e sa bereka.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> E tsenngwa ka go tlhabelwa mo tshikeng, mme phelelo e e kwa godimo e tsaya metsotso e ka nna mebedi go diragala mme gantsi e tsaya metsotso e le metlhano go ya go e le lesome.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Ditlamorago tse di tlwaelegileng tsa propofol di akaretsa go itaya ga pelo go go sa tlhomamang, kgatelelo e e kwa tlase ya madi, go utlwa go tuka mo lefelong la tlhabelo le go kgaotsa go hema.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Ditlamorago tse dingwe tse di masisi di ka akaretsa go thuthumela, ditshwaetsego ka ntlha ya tiriso e e sa siamang, go tshwakgolwa, le bolwetse jwa go tshelwa propofol fa motho a dirisa nako e telele.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Setlhare seno se lebega se babalesegile go ka dirisiwa ka nako ya boimana mme ga se ise se ithutiwe sentle gore se ka dirisiwa mo kgannyeng eno.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Ga e atlanegisiwe go dirisiwa ka nako ya karo ya mpa.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Ga se setlhare sa botlhoko, ka jalo di-opioid tse di jaaka morphine le tsone di ka dirisiwa,<ref name="cpaedpap">{{Cite journal|last=Miner|first=JR|last2=Burton|first2=JH|date=August 2007|title=Clinical practice advisory: Emergency department procedural sedation with propofol|url=|journal=Annals of Emergency Medicine|volume=50|issue=2|pages=182–7|doi=10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.12.017|pmid=17321006}}</ref> le fa go ntse jalo gore a di tlhokega ka metlha kgotsa nnyaa ga go tlhaloganyesege sentle.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wakai|first=A|last2=Blackburn|first2=C|last3=McCabe|first3=A|last4=Reece|first4=E|last5=O'Connor|first5=G|last6=Glasheen|first6=J|last7=Staunton|first7=P|last8=Cronin|first8=J|last9=Sampson|first9=C|last10=McCoy|first10=SC|last11=O'Sullivan|first11=R|last12=Cummins|first12=F|title=The use of propofol for procedural sedation in emergency departments.|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=29 July 2015|volume=7|issue=7|pages=CD007399|pmid=26222247|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007399.pub2|pmc=6517206}}</ref> Go dumelwa gore propofol e dira bonnye ka bontlhabongwe ka seamogedi sa GABA.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Propofol e ne ya ribololwa ka 1977 mme ya dumelelwa go dirisiwa kwa United States ka 1989.<ref name="AHFS2016" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Miller's Anesthesia|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323280112|page=920|edition=8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L2ckBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA920|df=dmy-all}}</ref> E mo Lenaaneng la Melemo e e Botlhokwa ya Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe Lotlhe wa Pholo <ref name="WHO21st">{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}</ref> mme e ka bonwa jaaka melemo e e tlwaelegileng.<ref name="AHFS2016" /> Tlhwatlhwa ya thekiso mo dinageng tse di tlhabologang e fa gare ga 0.61 le 8.50 USD ka vial.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Propofol|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=670&searchYear=2014|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|access-date=23 January 2016|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829012947/https://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=670&searchYear=2014|url-status=live}}</ref> E ntse e bitswa '''mashi a amnesia''' (motshameko wa ' mashi a magnesia '), ka ntlha ya ponagalo e e tshwanang le mashi ya paakanyo ya mo ditshikaneng.<ref name="Euliano">{{Cite book|vauthors=Euliano TY, JS|chapter=A brief pharmacology related to anesthesia|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cn1_2UwilycC&pg=PA173|title=Essential anesthesia: from science to practice|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|year=2004|page=173|isbn=978-0-521-53600-4|access-date=2 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=MD|first=David M. Novick|title=A Gastroenterologist's Guide to Gut Health: Everything You Need to Know About Colonoscopy, Digestive Diseases, and Healthy Eating|date=2017|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781442271999|page=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N-ElDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA15|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Propofol e dirisiwa gape mo kalafing ya diphologolo go bolaya bogatsu.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Veterinary Dentistry for the Small Animal Technician|date=2013|publisher=Wiley|location=Hoboken|isbn=9781118694800|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ykU2BVvPaTgC&pg=PT129|chapter=Anesthesia Medications|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/vet/propoflo-propofol.html|title=PropoFlo (propofol) for Animal Use|website=Drugs.com|language=en|access-date=2019-02-13|archive-date=14 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214115618/https://www.drugs.com/vet/propoflo-propofol.html|url-status=live}}</ref> == Ditshupiso == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] ewm8x8yrxb6pl0q22av0rpsqsqgefcx 0 13492 50446 2026-06-10T11:58:59Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Noka ya Onilahy 50446 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Onilahy''' ke noka kwa Atsimo-Andrefana le Anosy (Toliara Province), borwa jwa Madagascar. E elela go tswa kwa dithabeng tse di gaufi le Betroka go ya kwa Mozambique Channel. E felela kwa St. Augustin (23.5666667°S 43.75°E), le go tsena mo Bay of Saint-Augustin. Mefuta e mebedi ya di-cichlids e fitlhelwa fela mo nokeng eno, mme Ptychochromis onilahy e ka tswa e setse e nyeletse<ref>Stiassny, M., and Sparks, J. S. (2006). ''Phylogeny and Taxonomic Revision of the Endemic Malagasy Genus Ptychochromis (Teleostei: Cichlidae), with the Description of Five New Species and a Diagnosis for Katria, New Genus.'' [[:en:American_Museum_Novitates|American Museum Novitates]] 3535</ref> mme lefelo le le setseng la Ptychochromoides betsileanus le akaretsa bogolo jo bo kwa tlase ga 10 square kilometres (3.9 mi2).<ref>Ravelomanana, T.; Sparks, J.S. (2020). [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18832/177066640 "''Ptychochromoides betsileanus''".] ''[[:en:IUCN_Red_List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]''. '''2020''' e.T18832A177066640. doi[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18832A177066640.en|:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18832A177066640.en]]. Retrieved 12 November 2021.</ref> == Dipopego tsa lefatshe == Motswedi wa noka ya Onilahy o gaufi le Beadabo. E elela go ralala Ankilimary, go ya kwa Benenitra, Ehara, Bezaha le Antanimena. E kgabaganngwa ke RN 10 gaufi le Tameantsoa. Molomo wa noka ya Onilahy o mo Lewatleng la India kwa Saint Augustin, Madagascar, dikilometara di le masome a mararao le botlhano kwa borwa jwa Toliara (Tuléar). Metsi a magolo a a e tsenang go tswa kwa borwa ke [[noka ya Sakamena, noka]] ya [[Evasy, noka ya Ianapera, noka ya Isoanala le noka ya Ihazofotsy.]] Go tswa kwa bokone ke dinoka tsa [[Sakondry, Taheza, Sakamare le Imatoto.]] == Metswedi == irz4z1n1fuwvkj011chel0dkyj7hykm