Wikipedia tnwiki https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsebe_ya_konokono MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.6 first-letter Pego Faphegileng Puisano Modirisi Puisano ya modirisi Wikipedia Puisano ya Wikipedia Setshwantsho Puisano ya setshwantsho MediaWiki Puisano ya MediaWiki Tempolete Puisano ya tempolete Thuso Puisano ya thuso Karolo Puisano ya karolo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 4445 50492 30710 2026-06-11T10:32:14Z Neo Seemelo 12859 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358620163|Shoe]]" 50492 wikitext text/x-wiki Setlhako ke mofuta wa selo se rwalwang e leng gore thata thata se itsege se bona kwa bobedi e le gore se diretswe go sireletsa le go gomotsa leoto la motho, gantsi se dirilwe a tsela e leng gore se diretswe go lekana leoto la moja le la molema. oa23w4obt235zue2srs99exp6149zyf 0 13366 50462 50276 2026-06-11T02:06:09Z Lone Tirelo Kaisara 11943 #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50462 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Noka ya Congo''',<ref>[https://waterwaymap.org/river/Congo%20000060487867 Congo]</ref> e e kileng ya itsege gape e le '''Noka ya Zaire''', ke noka ya bobedi ka boleele mo [[:en:Africa|Aforika]], e latelwa fela ke '''[[:en:Nile|Noka ya Nile]]'''. Gape ke noka ya boraro e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng ka [[:en:List_of_rivers_by_discharge|bontsi jwa metsi a e a ntshang]], morago ga '''[[:en:Amazon_River|Noka ya Amazon]]''' le tsamaiso ya dinoka tsa '''[[:en:Ganges|Ganges]]–[[:en:Brahmaputra|Brahmaputra]]'''. Ke noka e e nang le boteng jo bo kwa godimo go feta tsotlhe tse di kileng tsa lekanyediwa mo lefatsheng, ka boteng jo bo lekantsweng jwa dimetara di ka nna makgolo a mabedi le masome a mabedi (720 feet).<ref>Oberg, Kevin (July 2008). [https://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf "Discharge and Other Hydraulic Measurements for Characterizing the Hydraulics of Lower Congo River, July 2008"] (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111015143546/http://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2012.</ref> Tsamaiso ya dinoka tsa Congo–Lualaba–Luvua–Luapula–Chambeshi e na le boleele jotlhe jwa dikilomethara di ka nna dikete tse nne le makgolo a a supa (2,900 miles), se se dirang gore e nne noka ya borobongwe ka boleele mo lefatsheng. [[:en:Chambeshi_River|Noka ya Chambeshi]] ke [[:en:Tributary|lekala]] la Noka ya Lualaba, mme Lualaba ke leina le le dirisiwang go bitsa Noka ya Congo mo karolong ya yone e e kwa godimo ga [[:en:Boyoma_Falls|Diphororo tsa Boyoma]], e e anametseng boleele jwa dikilometara di ka nna sekete le makgolo a robang-bobedi (1,100 miles). Fa Noka ya Congo e lekanngwa mmogo le Noka ya Lualaba, e leng lekala la yone le legolo, e na le boleele jotlhe jwa dikilometara di ka nna dikete tse nne, makgolo a mararo le masome a supa (2,720 miles). Ke yone fela noka e kgolo mo lefatsheng e e kgabaganyang '''[[:en:Equator|Equator]]''' gabedi.<ref>[[:en:Congo_River#CITEREFForbath1979|Forbath 1979]], p. [[iarchive:rivercongodiscov0000forb/page/6|6]]. "Not until it crosses the Equator will it at last turn away from this misleading course and, describing a remarkable counter-clockwise arc first to the west and then to the southwest, flow back across the Equator and on down to the Atlantic. In this the Congo is exceptional. No other major river in the world crosses the Equator even once, let alone twice."</ref> '''[[:en:Congo_Basin|Mokgatšha wa Noka ya Congo]]''' o na le bogolo jwa lefelo jo bo ka nnang dikilometara tse di khutlonne di le 4,000,000 (1,500,000 square miles), e leng 13% ya lefatshe lotlhe la kontinente ya Aforika == Leina == Leina Congo/Kongo le tswa mo '''[[:en:Kingdom_of_Kongo|Bogosing jwa Kongo]]''', jo bo neng bo le mo lotshitshing lwa borwa jwa noka eno. Bogosi joo le jone bo ne jwa bidiwa ka leina la morafe wa tlholego wa Bakongo, e leng batho ba ba buang dipuo tsa Bantu, ba ba neng ba itsege mo lekgolong la bo 17 la dingwaga e le "Esikongo"'''.'''<ref>Anderson, David (2000). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=0IwMwBVfr0sC&pg=PA79 Africa's Urban Past]''. James Currey Publishers. p. 79. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-85255-761-7|978-0-85255-761-7]]</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171222054121/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0IwMwBVfr0sC&pg=PA79 Archived] from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2017.</ref> Kwa borwa jwa Bogosi jwa Kongo go ne go le [[:en:Kakongo|Bogosi jwa Kakongo]], jo leina la jone le tshwanang le la Kongo, mme jo bo umakilweng ka ngwaga wa 1535. Mo mmapeng wa gagwe wa lefatshe wa 1564,<ref>[[:en:Manikongo|Manikongo]] was properly the title of the kings of Kongo; their capital was at the site of modern [[:en:M'banza-Kongo|M'banza-Kongo]], capital of Angola's northwestern [[:en:Zaire_Province|Zaire Province]]. Ortelius had no knowledge of the [[:en:Orography|orography]] of Africa and drew fictitious courses for its rivers; his Congo upstream of its [[:en:Estuary|estuary]] turns sharply south, flowing through what would correspond to [[:en:Angola|Angola]] and [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]].</ref> [[:en:Abraham_Ortelius|Abraham Ortelius]] o ne a supa "Manicongo" e le motse o o kwa molomong wa noka eno. Maina a merafe a a amanang le Kongo a ka tswa a simologile mo lefokong le le rayang kopano ya setšhaba kgotsa phuthego ya morafe. Leina la segompieno la batho ba Kongo, kgotsa Bakongo, le simolotse go dirisiwa mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la bo 20 la dingwaga.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed</ref> Leina ''Zaire'' le tswa mo mokgweng puo ya Sepotokisi wa lefoko la [[:en:Kongo_language|Kikongo]], ''nzere'', le le rayang "noka". Lefoko leo ke khutshwafatso ya polelwana ''nzadi o nzere'', e e rayang "noka e e metsang dinoka tse dingwe".<ref>[[:en:Congo_River#CITEREFForbath1979|Forbath 1979]], p. 19.</ref> Noka eno e ne e itsege e le ''Zaire'' mo lekgolong la bo 16 le la bo 17 la dingwaga. Le fa go ntse jalo, leina ''Congo'' le ne la simolola go emisetsa ''Zaire'' ka iketlo mo tirisong ya puo ya Seesemane mo lekgolong la bo 18 la dingwaga. Mo dikwalong tsa lekgolo la bo 19 la dingwaga, ''Congo'' e ne e setse e le leina le le neng le dirisiwa thata mo Seesemaneng, le mororo go umakiwa ga ''Zahir'' kgotsa ''Zaire'' e le leina le le neng le dirisiwa ke baagi ba lefelo leo go ne go sa ntse go tlwaelegile.<ref>James Barbot (1746). ''An Abstract of a Voyage to Congo River, Or the Zair and to Cabinde in the Year 1700''. • James Hingston Tuckey (1818). ''[[iarchive:narrativeofexped00tuck|Narrative of an Expedition to Explore the River Zaire, Usually Called the Congo, in South Africa, in 1816]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180521164926/https://archive.org/details/narrativeofexped00tuck Archived] from the original on 21 May 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2019. • John Purdy (1822). ''Memoir, Descriptive and Explanatory, to Accompany the New Chart of the Ethiopic Or Southern Atlantic Ocean''. p. 112. <q>Congo River, called ''Zahir'' or ''Zaire'' by the natives</q></ref> [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] le [[:en:Republic_of_the_Congo|Republic of the Congo]] tsotlhe di reeletswe ka leina la noka eno. Le fa go ntse jalo, leina leo le ne gape la dirisiwa ke puso ya pele ya [[:en:Republic_of_the_Congo_(Léopoldville)|Rephaboliki ya Congo]], e e neng ya bona boipuso ka ngwaga wa '''1960''' go tswa mo [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]]. Gape, Republic of Zaire (1971–1997) e ne ya reeletswa ka leina la noka eno jaaka le ne le dirisiwa mo dipuong tsa [[:en:French_language|Sefora]] le [[:en:Portuguese_language|Sepotokisi]]. == Mokgatšha wa Noka le Tsamaiso ya Yone == Mokgatšha wa metsi wa Noka ya Congo o akaretsa lefelo le le ka nnang dikilometara tse di khutlonne di le 4,014,500 (1,550,000 square miles),<ref name=":0">J.P. vanden Bossche; G. M. Bernacsek (1990). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA338 Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1]''. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. pp. 338–339. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-5-102983-1|978-92-5-102983-1]]</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160425222339/https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA338 Archived] from the original on 25 April 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2015.</ref> e leng bogolo jo bo batlang bo lekana le jwa [[:en:European_Union|European Union]]. Palo ya metsi a Noka ya Congo e a ntshang kwa molomong wa yone e farologana go tloga mo go 23,000 go ya go 75,000 dimetara tse dikhubiki ka motsotswana (m³/s), mme palogare ya yona e ka nna 41,000 dimetara tse dikhubiki ka motsotswana (m³/s).<ref name=":0" /> Noka eno e tsamaisa ditone di le dimilione di le 86 tsa [[:en:Suspended_sediment|sediment e e tlhatlogileng]] ngwaga le ngwaga go ya kwa [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Lewatleng la Atlantic]] le 6% e e oketsegileng ya metsi a a mo nokeng eno.<ref>Hanibal Lemma, and colleagues (2019). "Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia (Table 7)". ''Journal of Hydrology''. '''577''' 123968. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968|10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199099061 199099061].</ref> Noka eno le [[:en:Tributary|melatswana]] ya yone e elela go ralala [[:en:Congolian_rainforests|sekgwa sa pula sa Congo]], e leng sekgwa sa pula sa bobedi se segolo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng, fa se bapisiwa le sa [[:en:Amazon_rainforest|Amazon]] sa kwa Amerika Borwa. Ke noka ya boraro mo lefatsheng ka bontsi jwa metsi a e a ntshang kwa molomong wa yone, ka palogare ya 41,860 dimetara tse dikhubiki ka motsotswana (m³/s), morago ga [[:en:Amazon_River|Noka ya Amazon]] (219,530 m³/s) le tsamaiso ya dinoka tsa [[:en:Ganges|Ganges]]–[[:en:Brahmaputra_River|Brahmaputra]]–[[:en:Meghna_River|Meghna]] (43,950 m³/s kwa delta ya yone), <ref>Igor Alekseevich, Shiklomanov (2009). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=UAmCCwAAQBAJ Hydrological Cycle Volume III]''. EOLSS Publications. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-84826-026-9|978-1-84826-026-9]]</bdi>.</ref> Gape e na le mokgatšha wa metsi wa bobedi ka bogolo mo lefatsheng, morago ga wa Noka ya Amazon, mme ke nngwe ya dinoka tse di boteng go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng, ka mafelo mangwe a yone a fitlhelang boteng jo bo fetang makgolo a mabedi le masome a mabedi a dimetara (720 feet).<ref>Oberg, Kevin (July 2008). [https://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf "Discharge and Other Hydraulic Measurements for Characterizing the Hydraulics of Lower Congo River, July 2008"] (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111015143546/http://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2012.</ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101206040928/http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/series/explorer/3826/Overview "Monster Fish of the Congo"]. ''National Geographic Channel''. 2009. Archived from [http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/series/explorer/3826/Overview the original] on 6 December 2010.</ref> Ka ntlha ya gore mokgatšha wa metsi wa Noka ya Congo o akaretsa mafelo a a kwa bokone le kwa borwa jwa [[:en:Equator|Equator]], phororo ya metsi a yone e nna e tsitsitse. Se se bakiwa ke gore ka nako tsotlhe go nna le karolo nngwe ya mokgatšha wa yone e e leng mo pakeng ya dipula, ka jalo noka e tswelela go amogela metsi ngwaga otlhe.<ref>[http://rainforests.mongabay.com/congo/congo_river.html The Congo River] [https://web.archive.org/web/20171020093113/https://rainforests.mongabay.com/congo/congo_river.html Archived] 20 October 2017 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. Rainforests.mongabay.com. Retrieved on 29 November 2011.</ref> Metswedi ya Noka ya Congo e kwa dithabeng le dikgaolong tse di kwa godimo tsa [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]], mmogo le mo [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Letsheng la Tanganyika]] le [[:en:Lake_Mweru|Letsheng la Mweru]], tse di tshelang metsi mo [[:en:Lualaba_River|Nokeng ya Lualaba]]. Noka ya Lualaba yone e nna karolo ya Noka ya Congo fa e feta [[:en:Boyoma_Falls|Diphororo tsa Boyoma]]. [[:en:Chambeshi_River|Noka ya Chambeshi]] kwa Zambia ka kakaretso e tsewa e le motswedi wa Noka ya Congo, go ya ka mokgwa o o amogetsweng mo lefatsheng lotlhe wa go dirisa lekala le le leleele go gaisa tsotlhe jaaka motswedi wa noka, fela jaaka go dirwa ka Noka ya Nile. Noka ya Congo gantsi e elela go ya kwa bokone-bophirima go tswa kwa [[:en:Kisangani|Kisangani]] kwa tlase fela ga Boyoma Falls, go tswa foo e bo e sokologela kwa borwa-bophirima ka bonya ka bonya, e feta kwa [[:en:Mbandaka|Mbandaka]], e kopana le [[:en:Ubangi_River|Noka ya Ubangi]] mme e elela go ya kwa [[:en:Pool_Malebo|Letsha la Malebo]] (Stanley Pool). [[:en:Kinshasa|Kinshasa]] (e e kileng ya bo e le Léopoldville) le [[:en:Brazzaville|Brazzaville]] di mo matlhakoreng a a farologaneng a noka kwa Pool Malebo, koo noka e tshesane e bo e wela ka dintshi tsa metsi mo mekgokoloseng e e boteng (e e bidiwang [[:en:Livingstone_Falls|Livingstone Falls]]), e e fetang ka [[:en:Matadi|Matadi]] le [[:en:Boma,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Boma]], e bo e wela mo lewatleng kwa [[:en:Moanda,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Muanda]]. '''Lower Congo''' ke karolo e e kwa "kwa tlase" ya noka e kgolo; ke karolo ya noka e e simololang kwa [[:en:River_mouth|molomong wa noka]] kwa [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|lotshitshing lwa Atlantic]] go fitlha kwa metsemegolong ya Brazzaville le Kinshasa. Mo karolong eno ya noka, go na le melatswana e mebedi e megolo, e e ka fa molemeng kgotsa kafa borwa. ''Noka ya Kwilu'' e tswa mo dithabeng tse di gaufi le [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|molelwane]] [[:en:Angola|wa Angola]] mme e tsena mo Congo dikilometara di ka nna lekgolo go tswa kwa [[:en:Matadi|Matadi]]. E nngwe ke [[:en:Inkisi_River|Noka ya Inkisi]], e e elelang go ya ntlheng ya bokone go tswa kwa [[:en:Uíge_Province|Porofenseng ya Uíge]] kwa Angola go ya [[:en:Confluence|kwa e kopanelang teng]] le Noka ya Congo kwa ''Zongo'' e e ka nnang dikilometara di le masome a robang-bobedi go tswa kwa metsemegolong e mebedi e e bapileng. Ka ntlha ya bontsi jwa metsi a a elelang ka lobelo (rapids), segolobogolo [[:en:Livingstone_Falls|Diphororo tsa Livingstone]], karolo eno ya noka ga e dirisiwe ka botlalo kgotsa ka metlha ke dikepe tsa dinoka. == Botlhokwa mo Itsholelong == Le fa Diphororo tsa Livingstone di thibela go fitlhelela noka eno go tswa kwa lewatleng, bontsi jwa Noka ya Congo jo bo kwa godimo ga diphororo tseo bo tsamaisega bonolo ka dikepe mo dikarolong tse di farologaneng, segolobogolo magareng ga Kinshasa le Kisangani. Dikepe tse dikgolo di ne di tsamaya mo nokeng eno go fitlha bosheng jaana. Noka ya Congo e sa ntse e le selo se se botlhokwa thata mo nageng eno e e se nang ditsela tse dintsi kana diporo.<ref>See, for instance, [[:en:Thierry_Michel|Thierry Michel]]'s film [http://www.congo-river.com/ Congo River] [https://web.archive.org/web/20091129055817/http://www.congo-river.com/ Archived 29] November 2009 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]</ref> Gone jaanong go na le seporo se se fetang fa thoko ga diphororo tse tharo tse dikgolo, mme bontsi jwa kgwebo ya Afrika Bogare e feta fa thoko ga noka eno, go akaretsa [[:en:Copper|kopore]], [[:en:Palm_oil|ole ya mokolwane]] (e e dirilweng ka dipeo), [[:en:Sugar|sukiri]], [[:en:Coffee|kofi]] le cotton.<ref>[https://afca.coffee/portfolio-item/dr-congo/ DR Congo—AFRICAN FINE COFFEES ASSOCIATION (AFCA)". ''AFRICAN FINE COFFEES ASSOCIATION (AFCA)'']. 7 October 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210424160919/https://afca.coffee/portfolio-item/dr-congo/ Archived] from the original on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021.</ref> === Motlakase yo o Hethiwang ka Metsi === Noka ya Congo ke yone e e maatla go gaisa tsotlhe mo Afrika. Mo pakeng ya dipula, metsi a a fetang 50,000 dimetara tse dikhubiki ka motsotswana a elela go tswa mo nokeng eno go ya kwa Lewatleng la Atlantic. Ka jalo, Noka ya Congo le melatswana ya yone e na le ditshono tse dintsi tsa go dira motlakase ka metsi. Baitsaanape ba fopholeditse gore Mokgatšha wa Noka ya Congo o na le 13% ya bokgoni jotlhe jwa lefatshe jwa go hetlha motlakase wa metsi. Seno se ne se tla dira gore go nne le motlakase o o lekaneng go fitlhelela ditlhokego tsotlhe tsa motlakase tsa dinaga tsa Afrika tse di kwa [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|borwa jwa Sahara]].<ref name=":1">[http://weetlogs.scilogs.be/index.php?op=ViewArticle&articleId=331&blogId=27 Alain Nubourgh, Belgian Technical Cooperation (BTC)] [https://web.archive.org/web/20110902053441/http://weetlogs.scilogs.be/index.php?op=ViewArticle&articleId=331&blogId=27 Archived] 2 September 2011 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. Weetlogs.scilogs.be (27 April 2010). Retrieved on 2011-11-29.</ref> Gone jaanong go na le diteishene tsa motlakase wa metsi di ka nna 40 mo Mokgatšheng wa Noka ya Congo. E kgolo go di feta tsotlhe ke [[:en:Inga_dams|matamo a Inga]]''',''', tse di leng bokgakala jwa dikilometara di ka nna makgolo a mabedi kwa borwa-bophirima jwa Kinshasa. Porojeke eno e ne ya simololwa mo masimologong a 1970, fa go ne go wediwa go agiwa letamo la ntlha. <ref>Showers, Kate B. (1 September 2011). "Electrifying Africa: An Environmental History with Policy Implications". ''Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography''. '''93''' (3): 193–221. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1468-0467.2011.00373.x|10.1111/j.1468-0467.2011.00373]].x. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-0467 1468-0467]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145515488 145515488].</ref> Leano leno, jaaka le ne le rulagantswe kwa tshimologong, le ne le akantse go agiwa ga matamo a le matlhano a a neng a tla nna le bokgoni jwa go hetlha motlakase wa 34,500 megawatt (MW) ka kakaretso. Go fitlha jaanong, go agilwe fela matamo a Inga I le Inga II, a a hetlhang 1,776 megawatt (MW) ya motlakase.<ref name=":1" /> Ka Tlhakole 2005, Eskom, e leng khamphani ya motlakase ya puso ya '''[[:en:South_Africa|Aforika Borwa]]''', e ne ya itsise tshitshinyo ya go oketsa tlhagiso ya motlakase ka go tokafatsa didirisiwa tse di leng teng le go aga [[:en:Grand_Inga_Dam|letamo le lesha la motlakase wa metsi]]. Porojeke eno e ne e tla oketsa bokgoni jo bo kwa godimo jwa setheo seno go fitlha go 40,000 megawatt (MW) ya motlakase.<ref>Vasagar, Jeevan (25 February 2005). [[Vasagar, Jeevan (25 February 2005). "Could a $50bn plan to tame this mighty river bring electricity to all of Africa?". World news. London: The Guardian. Retrieved 30 April 2010.|"Could a $50bn plan to tame this mighty river bring electricity to all of Africa?"]]. ''World news''. London: The Guardian. Retrieved 30 April 2010.</ref> Go na le matshwenyego a gore matamo ano a masha a motlakase wa metsi a ka baka go nyelela ga mefuta e mentsi ya ditlhapi tse e leng tsa tlholego mo Nokeng ya Congo<ref name=":2">Norlander, Britt (20 April 2009). [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1590/is_13_65/ai_n31583235/ "Rough waters: one of the world's most turbulent rivers is home to a wide array of fish species. Now, large dams are threatening their future"]. Science World.</ref> == Ditso tsa Tlholego == Tsela e Noka ya Congo e e latelang gompieno e bopilwe magareng ga dingwaga di ka nna 1.5 go ya go 2 milione tse di fetileng, mo pakeng ya [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene.]]<ref>Leonard C. Beadle (1981). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=iAIUAQAAIAAJ The inland waters of tropical Africa: an introduction to tropical limnology]''. Longman. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-582-46341-7|978-0-582-46341-7]]</bdi>. Retrieved 2 April 2011.</ref><ref>Thieme et al., ''Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment Ecoregions Assessments'', Island Press, 2005, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3nkL9NqqlscC&pg=PA297 p. 297] [https://web.archive.org/web/20231110080156/https://books.google.com/books?id=3nkL9NqqlscC&pg=PA297 Archived] 10 November 2023 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. "It is hypothesized that in the late Pliocene or early Pleistocene, a coastal Lower Guinean river captured Malebo Pool, connecting the previously interior Congo Basin to the ocean."</ref> Go katswa go diregile gore mo pakeng eno, melatswana e mentsi ya kwa godimo ya Noka ya Congo e ne ya tsewa (river capture) go tswa mo dikgatšheng tsa dinoka tse di bapileng le yone, go akaretsa Noka ya Uele le karolo e e kwa godimo ya Ubangi, tse di tswang mo [[:en:Chari_River|tsamaisong ya Noka ya Chari]]<ref>Cooper, John E. and Hull, Gordon; ''Gorilla Pathology and Health: With a Catalogue of Preserved Materials'', p. 371 ISBN 9780128020395</ref> mmogo le Noka ya Chambeshi<ref>Skelton, P.H. 1994. 'Diversity and distribution of freshwater fishes in East and Southern Africa', in ''Biological diversity in African fresh and brackish water fishes'', Symposium Paradi (G.G. Teugels, J.F. Guégan, and J.J. Albaret, editors), pp. 95–131. ''Annals of the Royal Central African Museum'' (Zoology) No. 275.</ref> le melatswana e mengwe ya kwa godimo ya Noka ya Kasai, e e tswang mo tsamaisong ya Noka ya Zambezi.<ref>Gupta, Avijit (editor); ''Large Rivers: Geomorphology and Management'', p. 327 ISBN 9780470849873</ref> Go bopiwa ga Noka ya Congo go ka tswa go bakile go kgaogana ga mefuta ka mafelo (allopatric speciation) ga bonobo le chimpanzee e e tlwaelegileng, go tswa mo mogologolong wa bone yo o tshwanang.<ref>Caswell JL, Mallick S, Richter DJ, et al. (2008). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2278377 "Analysis of chimpanzee history based on genome sequence alignments"]. ''PLOS Genet''. '''4''' (4) e1000057. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000057|10.1371/journal.pgen.1000057]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2278377 2278377]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18421364 18421364].</ref> Bonobo e bonwa fela mo dikgweng tse di metsi (humid forests) tsa kgaolo eno, fela jaaka mefuta e mengwe e e itsegeng thata e e akaretsang [[:en:Allen's_swamp_monkey|kgabo ya mokgatšha ya Allen (Allen’s swamp monkey)]], [[:en:Dryas_monkey|kgabo ya dryas (dryas monkey)]], [[:en:Aquatic_genet|aquatic genet]], [[:en:Okapi|okapi]], [[:en:Congo_peafowl|Congo peafowl]].<ref>[[:en:Jonathan_Kingdon|Kingdon, Jonathan]] (1997). ''[[iarchive:kingdonfieldguid00jona|The Kingdon Guide to African Mammals]]''. London: Academic Press Limited. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-1240-8355-4|978-0-1240-8355-4]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>[[:en:BirdLife_International|BirdLife International]] (2022). [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22679430/208189646 "''Afropavo congensis''"]. ''[[:en:IUCN_Red_List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]''. '''2022''' e.T22679430A208189646. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T22679430A208189646.en|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T22679430A208189646.en]]. Retrieved 16 December 2023.</ref> Fa go tliwa mo botshelong jwa mo metsing, Letamo la Noka ya Kongo le na le mefuta e mentsi thata ya diphologolo gape ke nngwe ya mafelo a a nang le palo e e kwa godimo thata ya ditshedi tse di fitlhelwang koo fela.<ref>Dickman, Kyle (3 November 2009). [http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Evolution-in-the-Deepest-River-in-the-World.html "Evolution in the Deepest River in the World"]. ''Science & Nature''. Smithsonian Magazine. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111109072934/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Evolution-in-the-Deepest-River-in-the-World.html Archived] from the original on 9 November 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2009.</ref> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2009, mefuta e ka nna 800 ya ditlhapi e ne e begilwe mo Letamong la Noka ya Kongo (re sa bale [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Letsha la Tanganyika]], le le amanang le yone mme le sa tshwane gotlhelele ka tikologo),<ref name=":3">Frans Witte; Martien J. P. van Oijen; Ferdinand A. Sibbing (2009). "Fish Fauna of the Nile". In Henri J. Dumont (ed.). ''The Nile''. Springer. pp. 647–675. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9725-6|978-1-4020-9725-6]]</bdi>.</ref> mme dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa lone di sa ntse di ise di ithutiwe gotlhelele.<ref>Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). [http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=535 "Sudanic Congo—Oubangi"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204356/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=535 Archived] 5 October 2011 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. Accessed 2 May 2011.</ref> Ka sekai, karolo nngwe ya Phaka ya Setšhaba ya Salonga, e e ka nnang bogolo jwa Belgium, e ne e ise e ke e tlhatlhobiwe gotlhelele ka 2006.<ref>Schliewen, U.K.; Stiassny, M.L.J. (2006). "A new species of Nanochromis (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Mai Ndombe, central Congo Basin, Democratic Republic of Congo". ''Zootaxa''. '''1169''': 33–46. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1169.1.2|10.11646/zootaxa.1169.1.2]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86533120 86533120].</ref> Mefuta e mesha ya ditlhapi e nna e tlhalosiwa ka metlha go tswa kwa Congo River Basin, mme go itsiwe mefuta e le mentsi e e sa tlhalosiwang.<ref>Schwarzer, J.; Misof, B.; Schliewen, U.K. (2011). [[doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02409.x|"Speciation within genomic networks: a case study based on Steatocranus cichlids of the lower Congo rapids"]]. ''Journal of Evolutionary Biology''. '''25''' (1): 138–148. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02409.x|10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02409.x]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22070232 22070232].</ref> Congo e na le mefutafuta e e kwa godimo thata ya thulaganyo epe ya dinoka tsa Afrika; fa go bapisiwa, tse di latelang tse di humileng ke Niger, Volta le Nile tse di nang le mefuta e ka nna 240, 140 le 130 ya ditlhapi, ka go latelana.<ref name=":3" /><ref>Winemiller, K.O.; A.A. Agostinho; É.P. Caramaschi (2008). "Fish Ecology in Tropical Streams". In Dudgeon, D. (ed.). ''Tropical Stream Ecology''. Academic Press. pp. 107–146. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-12-088449-0|978-0-12-088449-0]]</bdi>.</ref> Ka ntlha ya dipharologano tse dikgolo tsa tikologo fa gare ga dikgaolo tse di mo lefelong la Congo—go akaretsa le mafelo a a jaaka dinoka tse di elelang ka bonako, dinoka tse di boteng, metlhaba le makadiba—gantsi e kgaoganngwa ka dikgaolo tse dintsi tsa tikologo (mo boemong jwa go e tsaya e le tikologo e le nngwe). Gareng ga dikgaolo tseno tsa tikologo, di-cataract tsa Livingstone Falls di na le mefuta e e fetang 300 ya ditlhapi,<ref>Weisberger, Mindy (12 January 2020). [https://www.livescience.com/congo-river-fish-with-bends.html "Dying Fish Revealed Congo Is World's Deepest River"]. ''livescience.com''. LiveScience. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200114030815/https://www.livescience.com/congo-river-fish-with-bends.html Archived] from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2020.</ref> go akaretsa le ditlhapi tse di ka nnang 80 tse di tlwaelegileng<ref name=":2" /> fa karolo e e kwa borwabophirima (Kasai River basin) e na le mefuta e e fetang 200 ya ditlhapi, e mo e ka nnang kotara ya tsone e leng ya ditlhapi tse di tlwaelegileng.<ref>Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). [http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=546 "Lower Congo Rapids"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204417/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=546 Archived] 5 October 2011 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. Accessed 2 May 2011.</ref> Malapa a ditlhapi tse dintsi— mo dikarolong dingwe tsa noka—ke [[:en:Cyprinidae|Cyprinidae]] (carp/cyprinids, jaaka [[:en:Labeo_simpsoni|Labeo simpsoni]]), [[:en:Mormyridae|Mormyridae]] (elephant fishes), [[:en:Alestidae|Alestidae]] (African tetras), [[:en:Mochokidae|Mochokidae]] (squeaker catfishes) le [[:en:Cichlidae|Cichlidae]] (cichlids).<ref name=":4">Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). [http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=545 "Upper Lualaba"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204143/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=545 Archived] 5 October 2011 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. Accessed 2 May 2011.</ref> Gareng ga ditlhapi tse di nnang mo nokeng eno go na le tlhapi e kgolo ya tigerfish e e jang nama thata. Tse tharo tsa mefuta e e sa tlwaelegang ya ditshedi tse di fitlhelwang fela mo lefelong leo (endemics) ke ''[[:en:Lamprologus_lethops|Lamprologus lethops]]'', e e tshweu (e se nang mmala) e bile e foufetse, e go dumelwang gore e tshela kwa boteng jo bo ka fitlhang go dimetara di le 160 (520 ft) ka fa tlase ga metsi,<ref name=":2" /> ''[[:en:Heterochromis|Heterochromis multidens]]'', e e amanang gaufi thata le ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa Amerika go feta tsa Afrika tse dingwe,<ref>Kullander, S.O. (1998). ''A phylogeny and classification of the South American Cichlidae (Teleostei: Perciformes).'' pp. 461–498 in Malabarba, L., et al. (eds.), Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes, Porto Alegre.</ref> le ''Caecobarbus geertsii'', e leng yone fela cavefish e e itsiweng mo Aforika Bogare.<ref>Proudlove, G. (2006). ''Subterranean fishes of the world''. International Society for Subterranean Biology. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-2-9527084-0-1|978-2-9527084-0-1]]</bdi>.</ref> Go na le dikgopa le digogwane ka go farologana tse di tlwaelegileng.<ref name=":4" /><ref>Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). [http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=549 "Lower Congo Rapids"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204434/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=549 Archived] 5 October 2011 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. Accessed 2 May 2011.</ref>Go rulagantswe matamo a le mmalwa a motlakase wa metsi mo nokeng eno, mme a ka nna a dira gore bontsi jwa ditshedi tse di anameng mo lefelong leno di nyelele.<ref name=":2" /> Mefuta e le mmalwa ya dikhudu le kwena e e nang le nko e tshesane, ya Nile le ya dwarf di tlholega kwa Congo River Basin. Di-manatee tsa Aforika di nna mo dikarolong tse di kwa tlase tsa noka.<ref>Keith Diagne, L. (2016) [errata version of 2015 assessment]. [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22104/97168578 "''Trichechus senegalensis''"]. ''[[:en:IUCN_Red_List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]''. '''2015''' e.T22104A97168578. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22104A81904980.en|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22104A81904980.en]]. Retrieved 16 December 2023.</ref> === Merwalela === Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) le Rephaboliki ya Congo (RoC) go tswa bogologolong di ile tsa itemogela merwalela e e ipoeletsang go bapa le Noka ya Congo le dinoka tsa yone tse dikgolo ka paka ya dipula, e e bakang kgogolego le go relela ga lefatshe, mme e ama mafelo a batho ba nnang mo go one, temothuo le boitekanelo jwa setšhaba ka tsela e e sa siamang.<ref>[https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/ "World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal"]. ''climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org''. Retrieved 27 October 2021.</ref> <ref name=":5">The World Bank Group (2021). [https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/2021-06/15883-WB_Congo%2C%20Democratic%20Republic%20Country%20Profile-WEB.pdf "Climate Risk Country Profile - Congo, Democratic Republic"] (PDF). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210703150625/https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/2021-06/15883-WB_Congo%2C%20Democratic%20Republic%20Country%20Profile-WEB.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 3 July 2021.</ref>Noka ya Congo e solofetswe go amiwa thata ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa jaaka fa dithemphoritšhara di tlhatloga le pula e oketsega ka maatla le ka nako ya paka.<ref name=":5" /><ref>UN Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals. [https://www.cms.int/sites/default/files/publication/fact_sheet_congo_basin_climate_change.pdf "Fact Sheet: The Congo Basin and Climate Change"] (PDF). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210421181136/https://www.cms.int/sites/default/files/publication/fact_sheet_congo_basin_climate_change.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 21 April 2021.</ref> Go tloga ka Phalane 2019 go fitlha ka Ferikgong 2020, dipula tse di maatla di amile diporofense di le 16 mo ​​go tse 26 tsa DRC le maphata a le robedi mo go a le 12 a RoC, mme seno sa baka [[:en:2019–2020_Congo_River_floods|merwalela ya Noka ya Congo ya 2019–2020]]. Dipula di ne tsa baka go penologa ga Noka ya Congo le dinoka tsa Ubangi, merwalela le go relela ga lefatshe go ralala DRC le RoC tsa dira gore batho ba le dikete di le makgolokgolo ba fuduge.<ref>[https://reliefweb.int/report/congo/republic-congo-floods-flash-update-n-1-10-december-2019 "Republic of Congo : Floods Flash Update n°1, 10 December 2019 - Congo"]. ''ReliefWeb''. 10 December 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2021.</ref> == Ditso == === Ditso tsa pele ga bokolone === Lefelo lotlhe la Congo le na le batho ba Bantu, ba ba kgaogantsweng ka merafe e le makgolo a le mmalwa. [[:en:Bantu_expansion|Katoloso ya Bantu]] e fopholediwa go fitlha kwa Congo e e fa gare ka dingwaga di ka nna 500 BC le Congo e e kwa godimo ka ngwagakgolo wa ntlha AD. Masalela a baagi ba naga ba ba fudusitsweng ke khudugo ya Bantu, Pygmies/Abatwa ba phylum ya Ubangian, ba sa ntse ba le kwa mafelong a a kgakala le ditamelo a dikgwa tsa Congo Basin. Ka lekgolo la bo 13 la dingwaga go ne go na le dikopano tse tharo tse dikgolo tsa dinaga kwa bophirima jwa Congo Basin. Kwa botlhaba go ne go na le [[:en:Seven_Kingdoms_of_Kongo_dia_Nlaza|Mebuso e Supa ya Kongo dia Nlaza]], e e neng e tsewa e le ya bogologolo le e e maatla go gaisa, e go ka diregang gore e ne e akaretsa [[:en:Nsundi|Nsundi]], [[:en:Mbata_Kingdom|Mbata]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mpangu&action=edit&redlink=1 Mpangu], mme gongwe le [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kundi_kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1 Kundi] le [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Okanga&action=edit&redlink=1 Okanga]. Borwa jwa tseno e ne e le [[:en:Mpemba|Mpemba]] e e neng e tswa kwa [[:en:Angola|Angola]] ya segompieno go ya kwa Nokeng ya Congo. E ne e akaretsa magosi a a farologaneng jaaka [[:en:Mpemba_Kasi|Mpemba Kasi]] le [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vunda&action=edit&redlink=1 Vunda]. Kwa bophirima jwa yone go kgabaganya Noka ya Congo go ne go na le kopano ya dinaga tse tharo tse dinnye; [[:en:Vungu|Vungu]] (moeteledipele wa yone), [[:en:Kakongo|Kakongo]], le [[:en:Ngoyo|Ngoyo]].<ref>Thornton, John K., ed. (2020), [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/history-of-west-central-africa-to-1850/development-of-states-in-west-central-africa-to-1540/CE71122CF8DFD7B4B188BA34F8F65BFC "The Development of States in West Central Africa to 1540"], ''A History of West Central Africa to 1850'', New Approaches to African History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 16–55, [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-107-56593-7|978-1-107-56593-7]]</bdi>, retrieved 21 September 2024</ref> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kongo|Bogosi jwa Kongo]] bo ne jwa tlhamiwa kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bo 14 la dingwaga go tswa mo go kopanyeng magosi a [[:en:Mpemba_Kasi|Mpemba Kasi]] le [[:en:Mbata_Kingdom|Bogosi jwa Mbata]] kwa lotshitshing lwa molema lwa Noka ya Congo e e kwa tlase. Taolo ya yone ya naga mo mabopong a Noka ya Congo e ne e lekanyeditswe mo lefelong le le batlang le lekana le porofense ya [[:en:Kongo_Central|Kongo Central]] ya gompieno. Go tlhotlhomisiwa ga Noka ya Congo ke Maeuropa go simolotse ka 1482, fa motlhotlhomisi wa Mopotokisi, [[:en:Diogo_Cão|Diogo Cão]], a ne a fitlhela molomo wa noka<ref name=":6">[[:en:Congo_River#CITEREFCana1911|Cana 1911]], p. 917.</ref>(go dumelwa gore seno se diragetse ka Phatwe 1482''')''' mme o ne a tshwaya go fitlha ga gagwe ka go tlhoma Padrão<ref>A '''''padrão''''' is a stone pillar left by Portuguese maritime explorers in the 15th and 16th centuries to record significant landfalls and thereby establish primacy and possession. They were often placed on promontories and capes or at the mouths of major rivers. Early markers were simple wooden pillars or crosses </ref>, e leng pilara ya leje, kwa Shark Point (pilara eno e sa ntse e le teng le gompieno, le fa gone go setse fela dikarolwana tsa yone). Cão o ne a tlhatloga noka ka sekepe sekgalanyana, a simolola go ikgolaganya le Bogosi jwa Kongo. Tsela e e feletseng ya noka e ne ya nna e sa itsiwe mo pakeng yotlhe ya bogologolo jwa segompieno. <ref>The [[:en:Dieppe_maps|Dieppe maps]] of the mid-16th century show the Congo only as a minor river while having the [[:en:Nile|Nile]] run throughout the continent, rising in Southern Africa. The same interpretation is in essence still found in Jan Blaeu's ''[[:en:File:Congo_map_1690.jpg|Atlas Maior]]'' of 1660. Jacques Bellin's [[:en:File:Congo_map_1754.jpg|map of the Congo]] in ''Histoire Generale Des Voyages'' by [[:en:Antoine_François_Prévost|Antoine François Prévost]] (1754) shows awareness of the river reaching further inland, to the provinces of ''Sundi'' and ''Pango'', but has no detailed knowledge of its course.</ref> Lefelo le le kwa godimo la Congo le tsamaya kwa bophirima jwa [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Rift ya Albertine]].<ref name=":6" /> Kgolagano ya yone le Congo e ne e sa itsiwe go fitlha ka 1877. Bokonebotlhaba jo bo feteletseng jwa lefelo la Congo le ne la fitlhelelwa ke [[:en:Nilotic_peoples|katoloso ya Nilotic]] ka nako nngwe fa gare ga lekgolo la bo 15 le la bo 18 la dingwaga, ke bagologolwane ba [[:en:Alur_people|batho ba Alur]] ba ba buang [[:en:Southern_Luo_language|Se-Luo sa Borwa]]. [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] o ne a latela Zambezi mme a fitlha kwa karolong e e kwa godimodimo ya beisine ya Congo ([[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] mo beisineng e e kwa godimo ya Luapula) ka 1796. Noka ya Congo e e kwa godimo e ne ya fitlhelelwa la ntlha ke [[:en:Indian_Ocean_slave_trade|kgwebo ya makgoba ya Maarabia]] ka lekgolo la bo 19 la dingwaga. [[:en:Nyangwe|Nyangwe]] e ne ya tlhongwa e le lefelo la makgoba ka 1860. [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] e ne e le Moyuropa wa ntlha go fitlha kwa Nyangwe ka Mopitlo 1871.<ref name=":6" /> David Livingstone o ne a ikaelela go supa gore Noka ya Lualaba e ne e gokagane le Noka ya Nile. Le fa go ntse jalo, ka 15 Phukwi, o ne a bona ka matlho a gagwe polao ya batho ba Aforika ba ka nna 400, ba ba neng ba bolawa ke bagwebi ba makgoba ba Maarabia kwa Nyangwe. Tiragalo eno e ne ya mo tshosa thata le go mo utlwisa botlhoko mo maikutlong, mo e leng gore o ne a palelwa ke go tswelela ka maikaelelo a gagwe a go batla metswedi ya Noka ya Nile. Ka ntlha eo, o ne a boela kwa Letsheng la Tanganyika.<ref>Livingstone, David (2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140905100511/http://livingstone.library.ucla.edu/1871diary/ ''Livingstone's 1871 Field Diary. A Multispectral Critical Edition''.] UCLA Digital Library: Los Angeles, CA. Archived from [http://livingstone.library.ucla.edu/1871diary/ the original] on 5 September 2014.</ref> <ref>Jeal, Tim (1973). ''Livingstone''. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. pp. 331–335.</ref> o9eq9im9245tp2r0dhi73tejrhs3k8l 50463 50462 2026-06-11T03:01:26Z Lone Tirelo Kaisara 11943 #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50463 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Noka ya Congo''',<ref>[https://waterwaymap.org/river/Congo%20000060487867 Congo]</ref> e e kileng ya itsege gape e le '''Noka ya Zaire''', ke noka ya bobedi ka boleele mo [[:en:Africa|Aforika]], e latelwa fela ke '''[[:en:Nile|Noka ya Nile]]'''. Gape ke noka ya boraro e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng ka [[:en:List_of_rivers_by_discharge|bontsi jwa metsi a e a ntshang]], morago ga '''[[:en:Amazon_River|Noka ya Amazon]]''' le tsamaiso ya dinoka tsa '''[[:en:Ganges|Ganges]]–[[:en:Brahmaputra|Brahmaputra]]'''. Ke noka e e nang le boteng jo bo kwa godimo go feta tsotlhe tse di kileng tsa lekanyediwa mo lefatsheng, ka boteng jo bo lekantsweng jwa dimetara di ka nna makgolo a mabedi le masome a mabedi (720 feet).<ref>Oberg, Kevin (July 2008). [https://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf "Discharge and Other Hydraulic Measurements for Characterizing the Hydraulics of Lower Congo River, July 2008"] (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111015143546/http://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2012.</ref> Tsamaiso ya dinoka tsa Congo–Lualaba–Luvua–Luapula–Chambeshi e na le boleele jotlhe jwa dikilomethara di ka nna dikete tse nne le makgolo a a supa (2,900 miles), se se dirang gore e nne noka ya borobongwe ka boleele mo lefatsheng. [[:en:Chambeshi_River|Noka ya Chambeshi]] ke [[:en:Tributary|lekala]] la Noka ya Lualaba, mme Lualaba ke leina le le dirisiwang go bitsa Noka ya Congo mo karolong ya yone e e kwa godimo ga [[:en:Boyoma_Falls|Diphororo tsa Boyoma]], e e anametseng boleele jwa dikilometara di ka nna sekete le makgolo a robang-bobedi (1,100 miles). Fa Noka ya Congo e lekanngwa mmogo le Noka ya Lualaba, e leng lekala la yone le legolo, e na le boleele jotlhe jwa dikilometara di ka nna dikete tse nne, makgolo a mararo le masome a supa (2,720 miles). Ke yone fela noka e kgolo mo lefatsheng e e kgabaganyang '''[[:en:Equator|Equator]]''' gabedi.<ref>[[:en:Congo_River#CITEREFForbath1979|Forbath 1979]], p. [[iarchive:rivercongodiscov0000forb/page/6|6]]. "Not until it crosses the Equator will it at last turn away from this misleading course and, describing a remarkable counter-clockwise arc first to the west and then to the southwest, flow back across the Equator and on down to the Atlantic. In this the Congo is exceptional. No other major river in the world crosses the Equator even once, let alone twice."</ref> '''[[:en:Congo_Basin|Mokgatšha wa Noka ya Congo]]''' o na le bogolo jwa lefelo jo bo ka nnang dikilometara tse di khutlonne di le 4,000,000 (1,500,000 square miles), e leng 13% ya lefatshe lotlhe la kontinente ya Aforika == Leina == Leina Congo/Kongo le tswa mo '''[[:en:Kingdom_of_Kongo|Bogosing jwa Kongo]]''', jo bo neng bo le mo lotshitshing lwa borwa jwa noka eno. Bogosi joo le jone bo ne jwa bidiwa ka leina la morafe wa tlholego wa Bakongo, e leng batho ba ba buang dipuo tsa Bantu, ba ba neng ba itsege mo lekgolong la bo 17 la dingwaga e le "Esikongo"'''.'''<ref>Anderson, David (2000). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=0IwMwBVfr0sC&pg=PA79 Africa's Urban Past]''. James Currey Publishers. p. 79. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-85255-761-7|978-0-85255-761-7]]</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171222054121/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0IwMwBVfr0sC&pg=PA79 Archived] from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2017.</ref> Kwa borwa jwa Bogosi jwa Kongo go ne go le [[:en:Kakongo|Bogosi jwa Kakongo]], jo leina la jone le tshwanang le la Kongo, mme jo bo umakilweng ka ngwaga wa 1535. Mo mmapeng wa gagwe wa lefatshe wa 1564,<ref>[[:en:Manikongo|Manikongo]] was properly the title of the kings of Kongo; their capital was at the site of modern [[:en:M'banza-Kongo|M'banza-Kongo]], capital of Angola's northwestern [[:en:Zaire_Province|Zaire Province]]. Ortelius had no knowledge of the [[:en:Orography|orography]] of Africa and drew fictitious courses for its rivers; his Congo upstream of its [[:en:Estuary|estuary]] turns sharply south, flowing through what would correspond to [[:en:Angola|Angola]] and [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]].</ref> [[:en:Abraham_Ortelius|Abraham Ortelius]] o ne a supa "Manicongo" e le motse o o kwa molomong wa noka eno. Maina a merafe a a amanang le Kongo a ka tswa a simologile mo lefokong le le rayang kopano ya setšhaba kgotsa phuthego ya morafe. Leina la segompieno la batho ba Kongo, kgotsa Bakongo, le simolotse go dirisiwa mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la bo 20 la dingwaga.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed</ref> Leina ''Zaire'' le tswa mo mokgweng puo ya Sepotokisi wa lefoko la [[:en:Kongo_language|Kikongo]], ''nzere'', le le rayang "noka". Lefoko leo ke khutshwafatso ya polelwana ''nzadi o nzere'', e e rayang "noka e e metsang dinoka tse dingwe".<ref>[[:en:Congo_River#CITEREFForbath1979|Forbath 1979]], p. 19.</ref> Noka eno e ne e itsege e le ''Zaire'' mo lekgolong la bo 16 le la bo 17 la dingwaga. Le fa go ntse jalo, leina ''Congo'' le ne la simolola go emisetsa ''Zaire'' ka iketlo mo tirisong ya puo ya Seesemane mo lekgolong la bo 18 la dingwaga. Mo dikwalong tsa lekgolo la bo 19 la dingwaga, ''Congo'' e ne e setse e le leina le le neng le dirisiwa thata mo Seesemaneng, le mororo go umakiwa ga ''Zahir'' kgotsa ''Zaire'' e le leina le le neng le dirisiwa ke baagi ba lefelo leo go ne go sa ntse go tlwaelegile.<ref>James Barbot (1746). ''An Abstract of a Voyage to Congo River, Or the Zair and to Cabinde in the Year 1700''. • James Hingston Tuckey (1818). ''[[iarchive:narrativeofexped00tuck|Narrative of an Expedition to Explore the River Zaire, Usually Called the Congo, in South Africa, in 1816]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180521164926/https://archive.org/details/narrativeofexped00tuck Archived] from the original on 21 May 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2019. • John Purdy (1822). ''Memoir, Descriptive and Explanatory, to Accompany the New Chart of the Ethiopic Or Southern Atlantic Ocean''. p. 112. <q>Congo River, called ''Zahir'' or ''Zaire'' by the natives</q></ref> [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] le [[:en:Republic_of_the_Congo|Republic of the Congo]] tsotlhe di reeletswe ka leina la noka eno. Le fa go ntse jalo, leina leo le ne gape la dirisiwa ke puso ya pele ya [[:en:Republic_of_the_Congo_(Léopoldville)|Rephaboliki ya Congo]], e e neng ya bona boipuso ka ngwaga wa '''1960''' go tswa mo [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]]. Gape, Republic of Zaire (1971–1997) e ne ya reeletswa ka leina la noka eno jaaka le ne le dirisiwa mo dipuong tsa [[:en:French_language|Sefora]] le [[:en:Portuguese_language|Sepotokisi]]. == Mokgatšha wa Noka le Tsamaiso ya Yone == Mokgatšha wa metsi wa Noka ya Congo o akaretsa lefelo le le ka nnang dikilometara tse di khutlonne di le 4,014,500 (1,550,000 square miles),<ref name=":0">J.P. vanden Bossche; G. M. Bernacsek (1990). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA338 Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1]''. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. pp. 338–339. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-5-102983-1|978-92-5-102983-1]]</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160425222339/https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA338 Archived] from the original on 25 April 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2015.</ref> e leng bogolo jo bo batlang bo lekana le jwa [[:en:European_Union|European Union]]. Palo ya metsi a Noka ya Congo e a ntshang kwa molomong wa yone e farologana go tloga mo go 23,000 go ya go 75,000 dimetara tse dikhubiki ka motsotswana (m³/s), mme palogare ya yona e ka nna 41,000 dimetara tse dikhubiki ka motsotswana (m³/s).<ref name=":0" /> Noka eno e tsamaisa ditone di le dimilione di le 86 tsa [[:en:Suspended_sediment|sediment e e tlhatlogileng]] ngwaga le ngwaga go ya kwa [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Lewatleng la Atlantic]] le 6% e e oketsegileng ya metsi a a mo nokeng eno.<ref>Hanibal Lemma, and colleagues (2019). "Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia (Table 7)". ''Journal of Hydrology''. '''577''' 123968. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968|10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199099061 199099061].</ref> Noka eno le [[:en:Tributary|melatswana]] ya yone e elela go ralala [[:en:Congolian_rainforests|sekgwa sa pula sa Congo]], e leng sekgwa sa pula sa bobedi se segolo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng, fa se bapisiwa le sa [[:en:Amazon_rainforest|Amazon]] sa kwa Amerika Borwa. Ke noka ya boraro mo lefatsheng ka bontsi jwa metsi a e a ntshang kwa molomong wa yone, ka palogare ya 41,860 dimetara tse dikhubiki ka motsotswana (m³/s), morago ga [[:en:Amazon_River|Noka ya Amazon]] (219,530 m³/s) le tsamaiso ya dinoka tsa [[:en:Ganges|Ganges]]–[[:en:Brahmaputra_River|Brahmaputra]]–[[:en:Meghna_River|Meghna]] (43,950 m³/s kwa delta ya yone), <ref>Igor Alekseevich, Shiklomanov (2009). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=UAmCCwAAQBAJ Hydrological Cycle Volume III]''. EOLSS Publications. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-84826-026-9|978-1-84826-026-9]]</bdi>.</ref> Gape e na le mokgatšha wa metsi wa bobedi ka bogolo mo lefatsheng, morago ga wa Noka ya Amazon, mme ke nngwe ya dinoka tse di boteng go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng, ka mafelo mangwe a yone a fitlhelang boteng jo bo fetang makgolo a mabedi le masome a mabedi a dimetara (720 feet).<ref>Oberg, Kevin (July 2008). [https://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf "Discharge and Other Hydraulic Measurements for Characterizing the Hydraulics of Lower Congo River, July 2008"] (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111015143546/http://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2012.</ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101206040928/http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/series/explorer/3826/Overview "Monster Fish of the Congo"]. ''National Geographic Channel''. 2009. Archived from [http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/series/explorer/3826/Overview the original] on 6 December 2010.</ref> Ka ntlha ya gore mokgatšha wa metsi wa Noka ya Congo o akaretsa mafelo a a kwa bokone le kwa borwa jwa [[:en:Equator|Equator]], phororo ya metsi a yone e nna e tsitsitse. Se se bakiwa ke gore ka nako tsotlhe go nna le karolo nngwe ya mokgatšha wa yone e e leng mo pakeng ya dipula, ka jalo noka e tswelela go amogela metsi ngwaga otlhe.<ref>[http://rainforests.mongabay.com/congo/congo_river.html The Congo River] [https://web.archive.org/web/20171020093113/https://rainforests.mongabay.com/congo/congo_river.html Archived] 20 October 2017 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. Rainforests.mongabay.com. Retrieved on 29 November 2011.</ref> Metswedi ya Noka ya Congo e kwa dithabeng le dikgaolong tse di kwa godimo tsa [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]], mmogo le mo [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Letsheng la Tanganyika]] le [[:en:Lake_Mweru|Letsheng la Mweru]], tse di tshelang metsi mo [[:en:Lualaba_River|Nokeng ya Lualaba]]. Noka ya Lualaba yone e nna karolo ya Noka ya Congo fa e feta [[:en:Boyoma_Falls|Diphororo tsa Boyoma]]. [[:en:Chambeshi_River|Noka ya Chambeshi]] kwa Zambia ka kakaretso e tsewa e le motswedi wa Noka ya Congo, go ya ka mokgwa o o amogetsweng mo lefatsheng lotlhe wa go dirisa lekala le le leleele go gaisa tsotlhe jaaka motswedi wa noka, fela jaaka go dirwa ka Noka ya Nile. Noka ya Congo gantsi e elela go ya kwa bokone-bophirima go tswa kwa [[:en:Kisangani|Kisangani]] kwa tlase fela ga Boyoma Falls, go tswa foo e bo e sokologela kwa borwa-bophirima ka bonya ka bonya, e feta kwa [[:en:Mbandaka|Mbandaka]], e kopana le [[:en:Ubangi_River|Noka ya Ubangi]] mme e elela go ya kwa [[:en:Pool_Malebo|Letsha la Malebo]] (Stanley Pool). [[:en:Kinshasa|Kinshasa]] (e e kileng ya bo e le Léopoldville) le [[:en:Brazzaville|Brazzaville]] di mo matlhakoreng a a farologaneng a noka kwa Pool Malebo, koo noka e tshesane e bo e wela ka dintshi tsa metsi mo mekgokoloseng e e boteng (e e bidiwang [[:en:Livingstone_Falls|Livingstone Falls]]), e e fetang ka [[:en:Matadi|Matadi]] le [[:en:Boma,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Boma]], e bo e wela mo lewatleng kwa [[:en:Moanda,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Muanda]]. '''Lower Congo''' ke karolo e e kwa "kwa tlase" ya noka e kgolo; ke karolo ya noka e e simololang kwa [[:en:River_mouth|molomong wa noka]] kwa [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|lotshitshing lwa Atlantic]] go fitlha kwa metsemegolong ya Brazzaville le Kinshasa. Mo karolong eno ya noka, go na le melatswana e mebedi e megolo, e e ka fa molemeng kgotsa kafa borwa. ''Noka ya Kwilu'' e tswa mo dithabeng tse di gaufi le [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|molelwane]] [[:en:Angola|wa Angola]] mme e tsena mo Congo dikilometara di ka nna lekgolo go tswa kwa [[:en:Matadi|Matadi]]. E nngwe ke [[:en:Inkisi_River|Noka ya Inkisi]], e e elelang go ya ntlheng ya bokone go tswa kwa [[:en:Uíge_Province|Porofenseng ya Uíge]] kwa Angola go ya [[:en:Confluence|kwa e kopanelang teng]] le Noka ya Congo kwa ''Zongo'' e e ka nnang dikilometara di le masome a robang-bobedi go tswa kwa metsemegolong e mebedi e e bapileng. Ka ntlha ya bontsi jwa metsi a a elelang ka lobelo (rapids), segolobogolo [[:en:Livingstone_Falls|Diphororo tsa Livingstone]], karolo eno ya noka ga e dirisiwe ka botlalo kgotsa ka metlha ke dikepe tsa dinoka. == Botlhokwa mo Itsholelong == Le fa Diphororo tsa Livingstone di thibela go fitlhelela noka eno go tswa kwa lewatleng, bontsi jwa Noka ya Congo jo bo kwa godimo ga diphororo tseo bo tsamaisega bonolo ka dikepe mo dikarolong tse di farologaneng, segolobogolo magareng ga Kinshasa le Kisangani. Dikepe tse dikgolo di ne di tsamaya mo nokeng eno go fitlha bosheng jaana. Noka ya Congo e sa ntse e le selo se se botlhokwa thata mo nageng eno e e se nang ditsela tse dintsi kana diporo.<ref>See, for instance, [[:en:Thierry_Michel|Thierry Michel]]'s film [http://www.congo-river.com/ Congo River] [https://web.archive.org/web/20091129055817/http://www.congo-river.com/ Archived 29] November 2009 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]</ref> Gone jaanong go na le seporo se se fetang fa thoko ga diphororo tse tharo tse dikgolo, mme bontsi jwa kgwebo ya Afrika Bogare e feta fa thoko ga noka eno, go akaretsa [[:en:Copper|kopore]], [[:en:Palm_oil|ole ya mokolwane]] (e e dirilweng ka dipeo), [[:en:Sugar|sukiri]], [[:en:Coffee|kofi]] le cotton.<ref>[https://afca.coffee/portfolio-item/dr-congo/ DR Congo—AFRICAN FINE COFFEES ASSOCIATION (AFCA)". ''AFRICAN FINE COFFEES ASSOCIATION (AFCA)'']. 7 October 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210424160919/https://afca.coffee/portfolio-item/dr-congo/ Archived] from the original on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021.</ref> === Motlakase yo o Hethiwang ka Metsi === Noka ya Congo ke yone e e maatla go gaisa tsotlhe mo Afrika. Mo pakeng ya dipula, metsi a a fetang 50,000 dimetara tse dikhubiki ka motsotswana a elela go tswa mo nokeng eno go ya kwa Lewatleng la Atlantic. Ka jalo, Noka ya Congo le melatswana ya yone e na le ditshono tse dintsi tsa go dira motlakase ka metsi. Baitsaanape ba fopholeditse gore Mokgatšha wa Noka ya Congo o na le 13% ya bokgoni jotlhe jwa lefatshe jwa go hetlha motlakase wa metsi. Seno se ne se tla dira gore go nne le motlakase o o lekaneng go fitlhelela ditlhokego tsotlhe tsa motlakase tsa dinaga tsa Afrika tse di kwa [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|borwa jwa Sahara]].<ref name=":1">[http://weetlogs.scilogs.be/index.php?op=ViewArticle&articleId=331&blogId=27 Alain Nubourgh, Belgian Technical Cooperation (BTC)] [https://web.archive.org/web/20110902053441/http://weetlogs.scilogs.be/index.php?op=ViewArticle&articleId=331&blogId=27 Archived] 2 September 2011 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. Weetlogs.scilogs.be (27 April 2010). Retrieved on 2011-11-29.</ref> Gone jaanong go na le diteishene tsa motlakase wa metsi di ka nna 40 mo Mokgatšheng wa Noka ya Congo. E kgolo go di feta tsotlhe ke [[:en:Inga_dams|matamo a Inga]]''',''', tse di leng bokgakala jwa dikilometara di ka nna makgolo a mabedi kwa borwa-bophirima jwa Kinshasa. Porojeke eno e ne ya simololwa mo masimologong a 1970, fa go ne go wediwa go agiwa letamo la ntlha. <ref>Showers, Kate B. (1 September 2011). "Electrifying Africa: An Environmental History with Policy Implications". ''Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography''. '''93''' (3): 193–221. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1468-0467.2011.00373.x|10.1111/j.1468-0467.2011.00373]].x. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-0467 1468-0467]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145515488 145515488].</ref> Leano leno, jaaka le ne le rulagantswe kwa tshimologong, le ne le akantse go agiwa ga matamo a le matlhano a a neng a tla nna le bokgoni jwa go hetlha motlakase wa 34,500 megawatt (MW) ka kakaretso. Go fitlha jaanong, go agilwe fela matamo a Inga I le Inga II, a a hetlhang 1,776 megawatt (MW) ya motlakase.<ref name=":1" /> Ka Tlhakole 2005, Eskom, e leng khamphani ya motlakase ya puso ya '''[[:en:South_Africa|Aforika Borwa]]''', e ne ya itsise tshitshinyo ya go oketsa tlhagiso ya motlakase ka go tokafatsa didirisiwa tse di leng teng le go aga [[:en:Grand_Inga_Dam|letamo le lesha la motlakase wa metsi]]. Porojeke eno e ne e tla oketsa bokgoni jo bo kwa godimo jwa setheo seno go fitlha go 40,000 megawatt (MW) ya motlakase.<ref>Vasagar, Jeevan (25 February 2005). [[Vasagar, Jeevan (25 February 2005). "Could a $50bn plan to tame this mighty river bring electricity to all of Africa?". World news. London: The Guardian. Retrieved 30 April 2010.|"Could a $50bn plan to tame this mighty river bring electricity to all of Africa?"]]. ''World news''. London: The Guardian. Retrieved 30 April 2010.</ref> Go na le matshwenyego a gore matamo ano a masha a motlakase wa metsi a ka baka go nyelela ga mefuta e mentsi ya ditlhapi tse e leng tsa tlholego mo Nokeng ya Congo<ref name=":2">Norlander, Britt (20 April 2009). [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1590/is_13_65/ai_n31583235/ "Rough waters: one of the world's most turbulent rivers is home to a wide array of fish species. Now, large dams are threatening their future"]. Science World.</ref> == Ditso tsa Tlholego == Tsela e Noka ya Congo e e latelang gompieno e bopilwe magareng ga dingwaga di ka nna 1.5 go ya go 2 milione tse di fetileng, mo pakeng ya [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene.]]<ref>Leonard C. Beadle (1981). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=iAIUAQAAIAAJ The inland waters of tropical Africa: an introduction to tropical limnology]''. Longman. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-582-46341-7|978-0-582-46341-7]]</bdi>. Retrieved 2 April 2011.</ref><ref>Thieme et al., ''Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment Ecoregions Assessments'', Island Press, 2005, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3nkL9NqqlscC&pg=PA297 p. 297] [https://web.archive.org/web/20231110080156/https://books.google.com/books?id=3nkL9NqqlscC&pg=PA297 Archived] 10 November 2023 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. "It is hypothesized that in the late Pliocene or early Pleistocene, a coastal Lower Guinean river captured Malebo Pool, connecting the previously interior Congo Basin to the ocean."</ref> Go katswa go diregile gore mo pakeng eno, melatswana e mentsi ya kwa godimo ya Noka ya Congo e ne ya tsewa (river capture) go tswa mo dikgatšheng tsa dinoka tse di bapileng le yone, go akaretsa Noka ya Uele le karolo e e kwa godimo ya Ubangi, tse di tswang mo [[:en:Chari_River|tsamaisong ya Noka ya Chari]]<ref>Cooper, John E. and Hull, Gordon; ''Gorilla Pathology and Health: With a Catalogue of Preserved Materials'', p. 371 ISBN 9780128020395</ref> mmogo le Noka ya Chambeshi<ref>Skelton, P.H. 1994. 'Diversity and distribution of freshwater fishes in East and Southern Africa', in ''Biological diversity in African fresh and brackish water fishes'', Symposium Paradi (G.G. Teugels, J.F. Guégan, and J.J. Albaret, editors), pp. 95–131. ''Annals of the Royal Central African Museum'' (Zoology) No. 275.</ref> le melatswana e mengwe ya kwa godimo ya Noka ya Kasai, e e tswang mo tsamaisong ya Noka ya Zambezi.<ref>Gupta, Avijit (editor); ''Large Rivers: Geomorphology and Management'', p. 327 ISBN 9780470849873</ref> Go bopiwa ga Noka ya Congo go ka tswa go bakile go kgaogana ga mefuta ka mafelo (allopatric speciation) ga bonobo le chimpanzee e e tlwaelegileng, go tswa mo mogologolong wa bone yo o tshwanang.<ref>Caswell JL, Mallick S, Richter DJ, et al. (2008). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2278377 "Analysis of chimpanzee history based on genome sequence alignments"]. ''PLOS Genet''. '''4''' (4) e1000057. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000057|10.1371/journal.pgen.1000057]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2278377 2278377]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18421364 18421364].</ref> Bonobo e bonwa fela mo dikgweng tse di metsi (humid forests) tsa kgaolo eno, fela jaaka mefuta e mengwe e e itsegeng thata e e akaretsang [[:en:Allen's_swamp_monkey|kgabo ya mokgatšha ya Allen (Allen’s swamp monkey)]], [[:en:Dryas_monkey|kgabo ya dryas (dryas monkey)]], [[:en:Aquatic_genet|aquatic genet]], [[:en:Okapi|okapi]], [[:en:Congo_peafowl|Congo peafowl]].<ref>[[:en:Jonathan_Kingdon|Kingdon, Jonathan]] (1997). ''[[iarchive:kingdonfieldguid00jona|The Kingdon Guide to African Mammals]]''. London: Academic Press Limited. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-1240-8355-4|978-0-1240-8355-4]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>[[:en:BirdLife_International|BirdLife International]] (2022). [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22679430/208189646 "''Afropavo congensis''"]. ''[[:en:IUCN_Red_List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]''. '''2022''' e.T22679430A208189646. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T22679430A208189646.en|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T22679430A208189646.en]]. Retrieved 16 December 2023.</ref> Fa go tliwa mo botshelong jwa mo metsing, Letamo la Noka ya Kongo le na le mefuta e mentsi thata ya diphologolo gape ke nngwe ya mafelo a a nang le palo e e kwa godimo thata ya ditshedi tse di fitlhelwang koo fela.<ref>Dickman, Kyle (3 November 2009). [http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Evolution-in-the-Deepest-River-in-the-World.html "Evolution in the Deepest River in the World"]. ''Science & Nature''. Smithsonian Magazine. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111109072934/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Evolution-in-the-Deepest-River-in-the-World.html Archived] from the original on 9 November 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2009.</ref> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2009, mefuta e ka nna 800 ya ditlhapi e ne e begilwe mo Letamong la Noka ya Kongo (re sa bale [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Letsha la Tanganyika]], le le amanang le yone mme le sa tshwane gotlhelele ka tikologo),<ref name=":3">Frans Witte; Martien J. P. van Oijen; Ferdinand A. Sibbing (2009). "Fish Fauna of the Nile". In Henri J. Dumont (ed.). ''The Nile''. Springer. pp. 647–675. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9725-6|978-1-4020-9725-6]]</bdi>.</ref> mme dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa lone di sa ntse di ise di ithutiwe gotlhelele.<ref>Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). [http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=535 "Sudanic Congo—Oubangi"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204356/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=535 Archived] 5 October 2011 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. Accessed 2 May 2011.</ref> Ka sekai, karolo nngwe ya Phaka ya Setšhaba ya Salonga, e e ka nnang bogolo jwa Belgium, e ne e ise e ke e tlhatlhobiwe gotlhelele ka 2006.<ref>Schliewen, U.K.; Stiassny, M.L.J. (2006). "A new species of Nanochromis (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Mai Ndombe, central Congo Basin, Democratic Republic of Congo". ''Zootaxa''. '''1169''': 33–46. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1169.1.2|10.11646/zootaxa.1169.1.2]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86533120 86533120].</ref> Mefuta e mesha ya ditlhapi e nna e tlhalosiwa ka metlha go tswa kwa Congo River Basin, mme go itsiwe mefuta e le mentsi e e sa tlhalosiwang.<ref>Schwarzer, J.; Misof, B.; Schliewen, U.K. (2011). [[doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02409.x|"Speciation within genomic networks: a case study based on Steatocranus cichlids of the lower Congo rapids"]]. ''Journal of Evolutionary Biology''. '''25''' (1): 138–148. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02409.x|10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02409.x]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22070232 22070232].</ref> Congo e na le mefutafuta e e kwa godimo thata ya thulaganyo epe ya dinoka tsa Afrika; fa go bapisiwa, tse di latelang tse di humileng ke Niger, Volta le Nile tse di nang le mefuta e ka nna 240, 140 le 130 ya ditlhapi, ka go latelana.<ref name=":3" /><ref>Winemiller, K.O.; A.A. Agostinho; É.P. Caramaschi (2008). "Fish Ecology in Tropical Streams". In Dudgeon, D. (ed.). ''Tropical Stream Ecology''. Academic Press. pp. 107–146. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-12-088449-0|978-0-12-088449-0]]</bdi>.</ref> Ka ntlha ya dipharologano tse dikgolo tsa tikologo fa gare ga dikgaolo tse di mo lefelong la Congo—go akaretsa le mafelo a a jaaka dinoka tse di elelang ka bonako, dinoka tse di boteng, metlhaba le makadiba—gantsi e kgaoganngwa ka dikgaolo tse dintsi tsa tikologo (mo boemong jwa go e tsaya e le tikologo e le nngwe). Gareng ga dikgaolo tseno tsa tikologo, di-cataract tsa Livingstone Falls di na le mefuta e e fetang 300 ya ditlhapi,<ref>Weisberger, Mindy (12 January 2020). [https://www.livescience.com/congo-river-fish-with-bends.html "Dying Fish Revealed Congo Is World's Deepest River"]. ''livescience.com''. LiveScience. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200114030815/https://www.livescience.com/congo-river-fish-with-bends.html Archived] from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2020.</ref> go akaretsa le ditlhapi tse di ka nnang 80 tse di tlwaelegileng<ref name=":2" /> fa karolo e e kwa borwabophirima (Kasai River basin) e na le mefuta e e fetang 200 ya ditlhapi, e mo e ka nnang kotara ya tsone e leng ya ditlhapi tse di tlwaelegileng.<ref>Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). [http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=546 "Lower Congo Rapids"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204417/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=546 Archived] 5 October 2011 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. Accessed 2 May 2011.</ref> Malapa a ditlhapi tse dintsi— mo dikarolong dingwe tsa noka—ke [[:en:Cyprinidae|Cyprinidae]] (carp/cyprinids, jaaka [[:en:Labeo_simpsoni|Labeo simpsoni]]), [[:en:Mormyridae|Mormyridae]] (elephant fishes), [[:en:Alestidae|Alestidae]] (African tetras), [[:en:Mochokidae|Mochokidae]] (squeaker catfishes) le [[:en:Cichlidae|Cichlidae]] (cichlids).<ref name=":4">Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). [http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=545 "Upper Lualaba"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204143/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=545 Archived] 5 October 2011 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. Accessed 2 May 2011.</ref> Gareng ga ditlhapi tse di nnang mo nokeng eno go na le tlhapi e kgolo ya tigerfish e e jang nama thata. Tse tharo tsa mefuta e e sa tlwaelegang ya ditshedi tse di fitlhelwang fela mo lefelong leo (endemics) ke ''[[:en:Lamprologus_lethops|Lamprologus lethops]]'', e e tshweu (e se nang mmala) e bile e foufetse, e go dumelwang gore e tshela kwa boteng jo bo ka fitlhang go dimetara di le 160 (520 ft) ka fa tlase ga metsi,<ref name=":2" /> ''[[:en:Heterochromis|Heterochromis multidens]]'', e e amanang gaufi thata le ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa Amerika go feta tsa Afrika tse dingwe,<ref>Kullander, S.O. (1998). ''A phylogeny and classification of the South American Cichlidae (Teleostei: Perciformes).'' pp. 461–498 in Malabarba, L., et al. (eds.), Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes, Porto Alegre.</ref> le ''Caecobarbus geertsii'', e leng yone fela cavefish e e itsiweng mo Aforika Bogare.<ref>Proudlove, G. (2006). ''Subterranean fishes of the world''. International Society for Subterranean Biology. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-2-9527084-0-1|978-2-9527084-0-1]]</bdi>.</ref> Go na le dikgopa le digogwane ka go farologana tse di tlwaelegileng.<ref name=":4" /><ref>Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). [http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=549 "Lower Congo Rapids"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204434/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=549 Archived] 5 October 2011 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. Accessed 2 May 2011.</ref>Go rulagantswe matamo a le mmalwa a motlakase wa metsi mo nokeng eno, mme a ka nna a dira gore bontsi jwa ditshedi tse di anameng mo lefelong leno di nyelele.<ref name=":2" /> Mefuta e le mmalwa ya dikhudu le kwena e e nang le nko e tshesane, ya Nile le ya dwarf di tlholega kwa Congo River Basin. Di-manatee tsa Aforika di nna mo dikarolong tse di kwa tlase tsa noka.<ref>Keith Diagne, L. (2016) [errata version of 2015 assessment]. [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22104/97168578 "''Trichechus senegalensis''"]. ''[[:en:IUCN_Red_List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]''. '''2015''' e.T22104A97168578. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22104A81904980.en|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22104A81904980.en]]. Retrieved 16 December 2023.</ref> === Merwalela === Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) le Rephaboliki ya Congo (RoC) go tswa bogologolong di ile tsa itemogela merwalela e e ipoeletsang go bapa le Noka ya Congo le dinoka tsa yone tse dikgolo ka paka ya dipula, e e bakang kgogolego le go relela ga lefatshe, mme e ama mafelo a batho ba nnang mo go one, temothuo le boitekanelo jwa setšhaba ka tsela e e sa siamang.<ref>[https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/ "World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal"]. ''climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org''. Retrieved 27 October 2021.</ref> <ref name=":5">The World Bank Group (2021). [https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/2021-06/15883-WB_Congo%2C%20Democratic%20Republic%20Country%20Profile-WEB.pdf "Climate Risk Country Profile - Congo, Democratic Republic"] (PDF). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210703150625/https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/2021-06/15883-WB_Congo%2C%20Democratic%20Republic%20Country%20Profile-WEB.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 3 July 2021.</ref>Noka ya Congo e solofetswe go amiwa thata ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa jaaka fa dithemphoritšhara di tlhatloga le pula e oketsega ka maatla le ka nako ya paka.<ref name=":5" /><ref>UN Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals. [https://www.cms.int/sites/default/files/publication/fact_sheet_congo_basin_climate_change.pdf "Fact Sheet: The Congo Basin and Climate Change"] (PDF). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210421181136/https://www.cms.int/sites/default/files/publication/fact_sheet_congo_basin_climate_change.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 21 April 2021.</ref> Go tloga ka Phalane 2019 go fitlha ka Ferikgong 2020, dipula tse di maatla di amile diporofense di le 16 mo ​​go tse 26 tsa DRC le maphata a le robedi mo go a le 12 a RoC, mme seno sa baka [[:en:2019–2020_Congo_River_floods|merwalela ya Noka ya Congo ya 2019–2020]]. Dipula di ne tsa baka go penologa ga Noka ya Congo le dinoka tsa Ubangi, merwalela le go relela ga lefatshe go ralala DRC le RoC tsa dira gore batho ba le dikete di le makgolokgolo ba fuduge.<ref>[https://reliefweb.int/report/congo/republic-congo-floods-flash-update-n-1-10-december-2019 "Republic of Congo : Floods Flash Update n°1, 10 December 2019 - Congo"]. ''ReliefWeb''. 10 December 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2021.</ref> == Ditso == === Ditso tsa pele ga bokolone === Lefelo lotlhe la Congo le na le batho ba Bantu, ba ba kgaogantsweng ka merafe e le makgolo a le mmalwa. [[:en:Bantu_expansion|Katoloso ya Bantu]] e fopholediwa go fitlha kwa Congo e e fa gare ka dingwaga di ka nna 500 BC le Congo e e kwa godimo ka ngwagakgolo wa ntlha AD. Masalela a baagi ba naga ba ba fudusitsweng ke khudugo ya Bantu, Pygmies/Abatwa ba phylum ya Ubangian, ba sa ntse ba le kwa mafelong a a kgakala le ditamelo a dikgwa tsa Congo Basin. Ka lekgolo la bo 13 la dingwaga go ne go na le dikopano tse tharo tse dikgolo tsa dinaga kwa bophirima jwa Congo Basin. Kwa botlhaba go ne go na le [[:en:Seven_Kingdoms_of_Kongo_dia_Nlaza|Mebuso e Supa ya Kongo dia Nlaza]], e e neng e tsewa e le ya bogologolo le e e maatla go gaisa, e go ka diregang gore e ne e akaretsa [[:en:Nsundi|Nsundi]], [[:en:Mbata_Kingdom|Mbata]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mpangu&action=edit&redlink=1 Mpangu], mme gongwe le [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kundi_kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1 Kundi] le [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Okanga&action=edit&redlink=1 Okanga]. Borwa jwa tseno e ne e le [[:en:Mpemba|Mpemba]] e e neng e tswa kwa [[:en:Angola|Angola]] ya segompieno go ya kwa Nokeng ya Congo. E ne e akaretsa magosi a a farologaneng jaaka [[:en:Mpemba_Kasi|Mpemba Kasi]] le [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vunda&action=edit&redlink=1 Vunda]. Kwa bophirima jwa yone go kgabaganya Noka ya Congo go ne go na le kopano ya dinaga tse tharo tse dinnye; [[:en:Vungu|Vungu]] (moeteledipele wa yone), [[:en:Kakongo|Kakongo]], le [[:en:Ngoyo|Ngoyo]].<ref>Thornton, John K., ed. (2020), [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/history-of-west-central-africa-to-1850/development-of-states-in-west-central-africa-to-1540/CE71122CF8DFD7B4B188BA34F8F65BFC "The Development of States in West Central Africa to 1540"], ''A History of West Central Africa to 1850'', New Approaches to African History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 16–55, [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-107-56593-7|978-1-107-56593-7]]</bdi>, retrieved 21 September 2024</ref> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kongo|Bogosi jwa Kongo]] bo ne jwa tlhamiwa kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bo 14 la dingwaga go tswa mo go kopanyeng magosi a [[:en:Mpemba_Kasi|Mpemba Kasi]] le [[:en:Mbata_Kingdom|Bogosi jwa Mbata]] kwa lotshitshing lwa molema lwa Noka ya Congo e e kwa tlase. Taolo ya yone ya naga mo mabopong a Noka ya Congo e ne e lekanyeditswe mo lefelong le le batlang le lekana le porofense ya [[:en:Kongo_Central|Kongo Central]] ya gompieno. Go tlhotlhomisiwa ga Noka ya Congo ke Maeuropa go simolotse ka 1482, fa motlhotlhomisi wa Mopotokisi, [[:en:Diogo_Cão|Diogo Cão]], a ne a fitlhela molomo wa noka<ref name=":6">[[:en:Congo_River#CITEREFCana1911|Cana 1911]], p. 917.</ref>(go dumelwa gore seno se diragetse ka Phatwe 1482''')''' mme o ne a tshwaya go fitlha ga gagwe ka go tlhoma Padrão<ref>A '''''padrão''''' is a stone pillar left by Portuguese maritime explorers in the 15th and 16th centuries to record significant landfalls and thereby establish primacy and possession. They were often placed on promontories and capes or at the mouths of major rivers. Early markers were simple wooden pillars or crosses </ref>, e leng pilara ya leje, kwa Shark Point (pilara eno e sa ntse e le teng le gompieno, le fa gone go setse fela dikarolwana tsa yone). Cão o ne a tlhatloga noka ka sekepe sekgalanyana, a simolola go ikgolaganya le Bogosi jwa Kongo. Tsela e e feletseng ya noka e ne ya nna e sa itsiwe mo pakeng yotlhe ya bogologolo jwa segompieno. <ref>The [[:en:Dieppe_maps|Dieppe maps]] of the mid-16th century show the Congo only as a minor river while having the [[:en:Nile|Nile]] run throughout the continent, rising in Southern Africa. The same interpretation is in essence still found in Jan Blaeu's ''[[:en:File:Congo_map_1690.jpg|Atlas Maior]]'' of 1660. Jacques Bellin's [[:en:File:Congo_map_1754.jpg|map of the Congo]] in ''Histoire Generale Des Voyages'' by [[:en:Antoine_François_Prévost|Antoine François Prévost]] (1754) shows awareness of the river reaching further inland, to the provinces of ''Sundi'' and ''Pango'', but has no detailed knowledge of its course.</ref> Lefelo le le kwa godimo la Congo le tsamaya kwa bophirima jwa [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Rift ya Albertine]].<ref name=":6" /> Kgolagano ya yone le Congo e ne e sa itsiwe go fitlha ka 1877. Bokonebotlhaba jo bo feteletseng jwa lefelo la Congo le ne la fitlhelelwa ke [[:en:Nilotic_peoples|katoloso ya Nilotic]] ka nako nngwe fa gare ga lekgolo la bo 15 le la bo 18 la dingwaga, ke bagologolwane ba [[:en:Alur_people|batho ba Alur]] ba ba buang [[:en:Southern_Luo_language|Se-Luo sa Borwa]]. [[:en:Francisco_de_Lacerda|Francisco de Lacerda]] o ne a latela Zambezi mme a fitlha kwa karolong e e kwa godimodimo ya beisine ya Congo ([[:en:Kazembe|Kazembe]] mo beisineng e e kwa godimo ya Luapula) ka 1796. Noka ya Congo e e kwa godimo e ne ya fitlhelelwa la ntlha ke [[:en:Indian_Ocean_slave_trade|kgwebo ya makgoba ya Maarabia]] ka lekgolo la bo 19 la dingwaga. [[:en:Nyangwe|Nyangwe]] e ne ya tlhongwa e le lefelo la makgoba ka 1860. [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] e ne e le Moyuropa wa ntlha go fitlha kwa Nyangwe ka Mopitlo 1871.<ref name=":6" /> David Livingstone o ne a ikaelela go supa gore Noka ya Lualaba e ne e gokagane le Noka ya Nile. Le fa go ntse jalo, ka 15 Phukwi, o ne a bona ka matlho a gagwe polao ya batho ba Aforika ba ka nna 400, ba ba neng ba bolawa ke bagwebi ba makgoba ba Maarabia kwa Nyangwe. Tiragalo eno e ne ya mo tshosa thata le go mo utlwisa botlhoko mo maikutlong, mo e leng gore o ne a palelwa ke go tswelela ka maikaelelo a gagwe a go batla metswedi ya Noka ya Nile. Ka ntlha eo, o ne a boela kwa Letsheng la Tanganyika.<ref>Livingstone, David (2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140905100511/http://livingstone.library.ucla.edu/1871diary/ ''Livingstone's 1871 Field Diary. A Multispectral Critical Edition''.] UCLA Digital Library: Los Angeles, CA. Archived from [http://livingstone.library.ucla.edu/1871diary/ the original] on 5 September 2014.</ref> <ref>Jeal, Tim (1973). ''Livingstone''. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. pp. 331–335.</ref> == Bokolone jwa pele jwa Maeuropa == Bayuropa ba ne ba ise ba fitlhelele dikgaolo tse di fa gare tsa lefelo la Congo go tswa kwa botlhaba kgotsa kwa bophirima, go fitlha ka leeto la ga [[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] la 1876–77, le le neng le rotoediwa ke [[:en:Committee_for_Studies_of_the_Upper_Congo|Komiti ya Dithuto tsa Congo e e Kwa Godimo]]. Ka nako eo nngwe ya dipotso tsa bofelo tse di bulegileng tsa go batlisisa ga Yuropa mo Aforika e ne e le gore a Noka ya Lualaba e ne e fepa Nile (mogopolo wa ga Livingstone), Congo, kgotsa gongwe le [[:en:Niger_River|Noka ya Niger]].<ref>[[:en:Congo_River#CITEREFJeal2007|Jeal 2007]], pp. 188–219</ref>Ka go tsamaya ka tsela ya mo lefatsheng, o ne a fitlha kwa Nyangwe, e leng bogare jwa lefelo le le senang molao le le nang le merafe e e jang batho e [[:en:Tippu_Tip|Tippu Tip]] a neng a theile kgwebo ya gagwe ya makgoba mo go yone. Stanley o ne a kgona go thapa masole a a tswang kwa Tippu Tip gore a mo dise dikilometara di le 150 tse di latelang kgotsa go feta, malatsi a le 90. Lekoko le ne la tswa mo Nyangwe ka ka tsela ya mo lefatsheng le ralala sekgwa se se kitlaneng sa Matimba. Ka Ngwanatsele a le 19 ba goroga gape kwa Lualaba. Ka go feta mo sekgweng go ne go le bokete thata, Tippu Tip o ne a retologa le lekoko la gagwe ka Sedimonthole a le 28, a tlogela Stanley a le esi, a na le batho ba le 143, go akaretsa le bana ba le robedi le basadi ba le 16. Ba ne ba na le mekoro e le 23. Kopano ya gagwe ya ntlha le morafe wa lefelo leo e ne e le [[:en:Tumbuka_people|Wenya]], morafe o o neng o begwa gore o ja nama ya batho. Ka kakaretso, Stanley o bega gore o ne a nna le dikopano di le 32 tse di neng di se tsotlhe ka kagiso le merafe e a neng a kopana le yone mo nokeng; dingwe tsa dikopano tseo di ne tsa nna le tiriso-dikgoka, le mororo a ne a leka go buisana le bone gore a letlelelwe go feta ka kagiso. Mme merafe e ne e le kelotlhoko ka maitemogelo a bone fela a batho ba ba tswang kwa ntle e ne e le le bagwebi ba makgoba. Ka di 6 tsa Ferikgong 1877, morago ga dikilometara di le 640, ba ne ba fitlha kwa Boyoma Falls (e e neng ya bidiwa Stanley Falls ka nako nngwe morago ga moo), Diphororo tseno di na le di-cataract di le supa tse di anameng bokgakala jwa dikilometara di ka nna 100 (60 miles), mme ba ne ba tshwanelwa ke go di fapaanya ka go tsamaya ka tsela ya mo lefatsheng. Fano Stanley o ne a utlwa gore noka e ne e bidiwa Ikuta Yacongo,<ref>[[:en:Congo_River#CITEREFJeal2007|Jeal 2007]], p. 199; 7 February 1877.</ref> e e neng ya mo supetsa gore o ne a fitlheletse Congo le gore Lualaba e ne e sa fepe Nile. Go simolola mo lefelong leno, merafe e ba neng ba kopana le yone e ne e sa tlhole e begwa gore e ja nama ya batho, mme e ne e setse e na le dibetsa tsa tlhobolo, go belaelwa e le ka ntlha ya tlhotlheletso ya Bapotokisi. Dibeke di ka nna nne le dikilometara di le 1,900 (1,200 mi) morago ga moo o ne a goroga kwa Stanley Pool (e jaanong e bidiwang Pool Malebo), lefelo la ditoropo tsa gompieno tsa Kinshasa le Brazzaville. Go ya kwa tlase ga noka go ne go na le Livingstone Falls, e e neng e bidiwa ka phoso jaaka Livingstone e ne e ise e ke e nne kwa Congo: motseletsele wa diphororo di le 32 le di-rapids tse di nang le phetogo ya bogodimo jwa dimetara di le 270 (900 ft) mo godimo ga dikhilometara di le 350 (220 mi). Ka Mopitlo a le malatsi a le lesome le botlhano, ba ne ba simolola go fologa Diphororo tsa Livingstone, loeto lo lo neng lwa tsaya dikgwedi di le tlhano mme lwa baka go latlhegelwa ke matshelo a le mantsi. Fa ba fitlha kwa Diphororong tsa Isangile, tse e neng e le tsa botlhano go tloga kwa bokhutlong jwa diphororo tseo, ba ne ba gogela dikepe tsa bone le sekepe sa ''Lady Alice'' mo lotshitshing lwa noka, ba bo ba tlogela noka mme ba tsaya loeto mo lefatsheng ba lebile kwa [[:en:Boma,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Boma]], e leng boemelo jwa Bapotokisi. Ka tsatsi la boraro la Phatwe ba ne ba goroga kwa motsaneng wa Nsada. Go tswa foo Stanley o ne a romela banna ba le banè ba ba nang le makwalo go ya kwa Boma, ba kopa dijo tsa batho ba gagwe ba ba tshwerweng ke tlala. Ka tsatsi la bosupa la Phatwe thuso e ne ya goroga, e rometswe ke baemedi ba feme ya kgwebo ya [[:en:Liverpool|Liverpool]] ya Hatton & Cookson. Ka tsatsi la boroba-bongwe la Phatwe ba goroga kwa Boma, malatsi a le 1 001 fa e sale ba tswa kwa Zanzibar ka 12 Ngwanatsele 1874. Mokgatlho o ne o na le batho ba le 108, go akaretsa bana ba le bararo ba ba tshotsweng mo loetong. Gongwe (dikgatiso tsa ga Stanley ka boene di neelana ka dipalo tse di sa dumalaneng), o ne a latlhegelwa ke batho ba le 132 ka ntlha ya bolwetse, tlala, go nwela, go bolaya le go tlogela. <ref>[[:en:Congo_River#CITEREFJeal2007|Jeal 2007]], p. 217</ref><ref>Stanley, Henry M. (1988) [Originally published: London: G. Newnes, 1899]. ''Through the Dark Continent'' (Reprint ed.). Dover Publications. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-486-25667-2|978-0-486-25667-2]]</bdi>.</ref> Kinshasa e ne ya tlhongwa ke Stanley ka 1881 e le lefelo la kgwebo, mme ya bidiwa Léopoldville go tlotla [[:en:Leopold_II_of_Belgium|Leopold II wa Belgium]]. Ka 1885, Mokgatšha wa Noka ya Congo o ne wa tselwa ke Leopold II e le wa gagwe ka bonosi mme wa bidiwa [[:en:Congo_Free_State|Congo Free State]]. Ke mo pakeng eno go neng ga dirwa ditiro dintsi tsa [[:en:Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State|bosetlhogo tse di neng tsa diragala mo Congo Free State]], go fitlha kgaolo eo e bidiwa [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]]. ekkup1lusfu36uao40lugemqo07ea7v 0 13383 50464 50422 2026-06-11T05:23:43Z OtengPortia 12840 #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50464 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zambezi''' (e ka kwalawang gape ele '''Zambese''' kana '''Zambesi''') ke noka [[:en:List_of_river_systems_by_length|ya bone a kgolo]] mo Aforika, noka e kgolo e tshologelang botlhaba mo Aforika gape e leng yona oka e kgolo e tshologelang mo [[:en:Indian_Ocean|lewatleng la Indiana]] go tswa mo Aforika. Go [[:en:Drainage_basin|kgopa metsi]] ga yone go bophara jwa selekano sa 1,390,000 km ga bedi (540,000 mi ga bedi),<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Richard Beilfuss & David dos Santos: Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Monogram for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley (2001). Estimated mean flow rate 3424 m³/s"] (PDF). Archived from [http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf the original] (PDF) on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 18 October 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.riob.org/transfrontalier/Bilanglobal.PDF International Network of Basin Organisations/Office International de L'eau]: [https://web.archive.org/web/20090327102256/http://www.riob.org/transfrontalier/Bilanglobal.PDF Archived] 27 March 2009 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]] "Développer les Compétences pour mieux Gérer l'Eau: Fleuves Transfrontaliers Africains: Bilan Global." (2002). Estimated annual discharge 106 km³, equal to mean flow rate 3360 m³/s</ref> ko tlasenyana ga noka ya [[:en:Nile|Nile]]. Noka e ya bophara jwa 2,754 km (1,599 mi) e simologa mo [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] mme e fete ka botlhaba jwa [[:en:Angola|Angola]], go bapisa bokone-botlhaba jwa bodara ya [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] le bokone jwa bodara ya [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]], e boe e fete gape mo mmileng wa bodara e magareng go Zambia le [[:en:Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]] goya [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]], kwa e kgabaganyang lefatshe go tshologela mo lewatleng la Indiana.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambezi-River "Zambezi River | river, Africa".] ''Encyclopedia Britannica''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210502232720/https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambezi-River Archived] from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.</ref><ref>[https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/zambezi-river.html "Zambezi River Facts and Information"]. ''www.victoriafalls-guide.net''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230507055636/https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/zambezi-river.html Archived] from the original on 7 May 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2021.</ref> Ngwe ya ntlha tse di lemogiwang thata ka noka ya Zambezi ke [[:en:Victoria_Falls|phororo ya metsi a Victoria]]. Diphororo tse dingwe di ama [[:en:Chavuma_Falls|Chavuma]]<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Chavuma-Falls "Chavuma Falls | waterfall, Zambia | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220626032309/https://www.britannica.com/place/Chavuma-Falls Archived] from the original on 26 June 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2022.</ref> le [[:en:Ngonye_Falls|Ngonye.]]<ref>[https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/waterfalls/ngonye-falls/ "Zambia Tourism: Waterfalls"]. ''Zambia Tourism''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200407045055/https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/waterfalls/ngonye-falls/ Archived] from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2022.</ref> Ditsela tse pedi tsa konokono tsa [[:en:Hydroelectricity|metsi a motlakase]] mo nokeng e ke [[:en:Kariba_Dam|noka ya Kariba]] e e direlang Zambia le Zimbabwe motlakase e boe e direle le [[:en:Cahora_Bassa_Dam|noka ya Cahora Bassa]] mo Mozambique ee e e hetisetsang motlakase kwa Mozambique le [[:en:South_Africa|South Africa]]. Go oketsa, ditlhomo tse di potlana tsa metsi a motlakase dimo Zambia kwa diphororong tsa Victoria le [[:en:Zengamina|Zengamina.]]<ref>[http://www.nwzdt.org/?page_id=22 "Zengamina Hydro Project | North West Zambia Development Trust".] [https://web.archive.org/web/20220423080555/http://www.nwzdt.org/?page_id=22 Archived] from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2022.</ref><ref>Pasanisi, Francesco; Tebano, Carlo; Zarlenga, Francesco (March 2016). [[doi:10.3390/environments3010006|"A Survey near Tambara along the Lower Zambezi River".]] ''Environments''. '''3''' (1): 6. doi:[[doi:10.3390/environments3010006|10.3390/environments3010006]]</ref> Noka e e simologa mo [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] e ntsho e e nang le mokgobo wa metsi mo lefatsheng le le nang le dikgwa tse di kitlaneng tsa [[:en:Miombo|miombo]] tse di nang le mekgabisa ya dithota tsa di sa lekanang, 50km kwa bokone jwa [[:en:Mwinilunga|Mwinilunga]] le 20km kwa borwa jwa Ikelenge mo [[:en:Ikelenge_District|kgaolong ya Ikelenge]] kwa [[:en:North-Western_Province,_Zambia|Porofenseng ya Bokone-Bophirima]] jwa Zambia, mo godimo ga 1,524m(maoto a le 5,000) godimo ga [[:en:Sea_level|bogodimo jwa lewatle]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150904101922/http://www.muvitv.com/dilapidated-zambezi-source-site-worry-ikelenge-dc/ "Dilapidated Zambezi Source Site Worry Ikelenge DC".] ''muvitv.com''. Muvi TV. Archived from [http://www.muvitv.com/dilapidated-zambezi-source-site-worry-ikelenge-dc/ the original] on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.</ref> Lefelo le le dikologileng motswedi ono ke segopotso sa banni, lefelo lele sireleditsweng la dikgwa, gape ke lefelo la [[:en:Important_bird_area|bothokwa mo diphologolong tsa dinonyane.]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150904101922/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=7178 "ZM002 Source of the Zambezi".] ''birdlife.org''. Birdlife International. Archived from [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=7178 the original] on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.</ref> Go yeng bokone jwa motswedi, metsi a iketlileng a fa gare ga [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo]] le [[:en:Zambezi_Basin|sekgele sa Zambezi]] ke lefelo le le supilweng thata la lefatshe le le fa godingwana, le tsamaya gaufi e botlhaba-bophirima mme a wela thata kafa bokone le borwa. Se se kgaola sekgele thata go tsweng mo [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba]] (lekalana legolo godimo mo Congo) go tsweng mo Zambezi. Mo tikologong ya motswedi, metsi a iketlileng ga a bonale thata, mme dinoka tse pedi tse gadi kopane.<ref>Dorling Kindersley, pp. 84–85</ref> Lefelo lotlhe le le nosediwang ke noka ya Zambezi ke serala se segolo se se anameng, se se nang le melelwane e e sa tlhomamang, se se kwa bogodimong jwa 900km goya go 1200. Karolo e e kwa teng ga naga e bopilwe ka maje a fetogileng ka ntlha ya [[:en:Metamorphic_rock|mogote le kgatelelo,]] fa melelwane ya sona e dikaganyeditswe ke maje a a tlhodilweng ke [[:en:Igneous_rock|seretse sa molelo]] a a fitlhelwang gaufi le [[:en:Victoria_Falls|mepororo ya Victoria.]] Kwa [[:en:Chupanga|Chupanga]], mo mo karolong e e kwa tlase ga Zambezi, matlhatlaganyane a masesane a [[:en:Sandstone|maje]] a male wa serolwana le serolwana se se serolwana-bosetlha, ka dinako dingwe a na le matlhatlaganyana a [[:en:Limestone|leje la kalakala]], a bonala mo bodilong jwa noka ka paka ya komelelo. Maje ano a tswelela go feta [[:en:Tete,_Mozambique|Tete]], koo a amanang le mekgano e megolo ya magala a mashala. Mashala a a fitlhelwa gape mo kgaolong e e kwa tlase ga meproro ya Victoria. Maje a anang le gouta a bonala mo mafelong a le mmalwa.<ref>Ashton, Peter; Love, David; Mahachi, Harriet; Dirks, Paul. [https://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/G00599.pdf "An Overview of the Impacts of Mining and Mineral Processing Operations on Water Resources and Water Quality in the Zambezi, Limpopo AND Olifant Catchments in Southern Africa"] (PDF). ''International Institute for Environment and Development''. Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development Project, Southern Africa. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201114231525/https://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/G00599.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.</ref> '''Zambezi e e kwa Godimo''' Noka e e elela kwa borwa-bophirima e tsena mo Angola sebaka sa 240km (150 mi) be e kopangwa ake [[:en:Tributary|dinoka tse dingwe]] tse dikgolo jaaka [[:en:Luena_River_(Angola)|Luena]] le Chifumage, tse di tswang kwa dithabeng tse di kwa bokone-bophirima.<ref>Dorling Kindersley, pp. 84–85</ref> Go tsweng foo e tlaabo e leba kwa borwa mme e bopa [[:en:Floodplain|lefelo le le legolo la morwalela]], le bophara jwa lone bo fetogang thata agreng ga paka ya komelelo le paka ya dipula. E boa e tsena mo [[:en:Zambezian_evergreen_dry_forests|sekgweng se se kitlaneng sa ditlhare tse di nnetseng botala ruri,]] mme kafa bophirima jwa yone go na le mafulo a a bulegileng a [[:en:Western_Zambezian_grasslands|Western Zambezian grasslands.]] Fa e boelang gape mo Zambia e abo ele bophara jwa 400m(dinao di ka nna 1,300) mo pakeng ya dipula, mme e elela ka lobelo le legolo ena le ditsela tsedi matlapa le [[:en:Rapids|metsi a a phothoselang]] go fitlha kwa [[:en:Chavuma_Falls|dipororong tsa chavuma]], kwa noka e fetang mo lekhalong la matlapa. Noka e e fologa seelo e kanna 400m, (dinao di kanna 1,300) gotswa kwa motsweding wa yone o o kwa bogodimong jwa 1,500m (dinao di ka nna 4,900) goya kwa dipororong tsa Chavuma e e kwa seeleng se ka nna 1,100m (dinao di ka nna3,600), mo sekgweng sa 400km (dimaele di ka nna 250). Go tsweng foo goya kwa dipororong tsa Victoria, bogodimo jwa lefatshe mo mekgapong ya metsi tlaabo bo lekana , bo fologelela seelo sa 180m (dinao dka tshwara 590) mo sekgweng sa 800km (dimaele di ka nna 500).<ref>Page, Geology (25 November 2014). [https://www.geologypage.com/2014/11/zambezi-river.html "Zambezi River"]. ''Geology Page''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210520095950/https://www.geologypage.com/2014/11/zambezi-river.html Archived] from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.</ref> Noka yantlha e kgolo e e tsenamg mo nokeng ya Zambezi ke [[:en:Kabompo_River|Kabompo]], e e leng kwa [[:en:North-Western_Province,_Zambia|porofenseng ya bokone-bophirima]] jwa Zambia. Mafatlha a [[:en:Savanna|Savanna]] a noka e elelang mo go yone a fetoga gonna lefelo le le legolo la morwalela, le le nang le [[:en:Fan_palm|ditlhare tsa palema]] tsa [[:en:Borassus|''Borassus'']] tse di gasameng mogo lone. Go yeng kwa borwa gose sekgele sepe noka e e [[:en:Confluence|kopana]] le [[:en:Lungwebungu_River|noka ya Lungwebungu.]] Mo tlaabo ele tshimologo ya [[:en:Barotse_Floodplain|lefelo le legolo la morwalela la Barotse,]] e leng sengwe sa dilo tse di itsegeng thata mo karolong e e kwa godimo ya Zambezi. Mme lefa gontse jalo, karolo ena e e kwa bokone ga e aparelwe ke morwalela thata, mme ena le ditlhaketlhake tsa lefatshe le le kwa godimo mo gare ga yone.<ref>[https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/zambezi-river.html "Zambezi River Facts and Information".] ''www.victoriafalls-guide.net''[https://web.archive.org/web/20230507055636/https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/zambezi-river.html . Archived] from the original on 7 May 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2021.</ref> E ka nnang seelo sa 30 km fa tlasa ga noka ya Lungwebungu e kopanang le Zambezi, naga e nna sephaphathi thata mme go nne lego bonala motlhofo ga lefelo e legoo la morwalela la Barotse. Morwalela o ka namela go fitlha o nna bophara jwa 25km mo pakeng ya dipula. Mo godimo ga 200km goya kwa tlase ga nka, potologo ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya morwalela e laola tikologo ya tlhago le botshelo jwa batho, banni le setso. M o e ka nnang 80km goya pele kwa tlase, noka ya [[:en:Luanginga_River|Luanginga]] e e kopanang le dinoka tse dingwe tse di tswang kwa bophirima, e tsena mo Nokeng ya Zambezi. Go boeng gape oya kwa godimo gose sekgele kafa botlhaba, noka e kgolo e kopangwa mo pakeng ya dipula ke metsi a a tshologang gotswa mo tsamaisong ya moedi wa noka ya [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luampa_River&action=edit&redlink=1 Luampa]-[[:en:Luena_River_(Zambia)|Luena]].<ref>Dorling Kindersley, pp. 84–85</ref> Sekgele ese sa sepe fa o fologa morago ga fa noka ya Luanginga e kopang le ya Zambezi, o goroga kwa [[:en:Lealui|Lealui,]] ngwe ya metsemegolo ya [[:en:Lozi_people|batho ba Lozi]] ba ba nnang mo kgaolong ya [[:en:Lozi_kingdom|lefatshe la Barotse]] mo [[:en:Western_Province,_Zambia|porofenseng ya bophirima]] jwa Zambia. Kgosi ya batho ba Lozi e na le ngwe ya dikampa tsa gagwe kwa Lealui; e ngwe e kwa [[:en:Limulunga|Limulunga,]] ele mo lefatsheng le le kwa godimo e bile e dirisiwa jaaka motsemogolo ka nako ya dipula. Go fuduga ga ngwaga le ngwaga gotswa Lealui goya Limulunga ke tiragalo e kgolo thata, e e ketekwang jaaka ngwe ya meletlo e e itsegeng thata mo Zambia, e e bidiwang [[:en:Kuomboka|Kuomboka.]] Morago ga Lealui, noka e retologela kwa borwa-botlhaba. Go tswa kwa botlhaba, e tswelela e amogela dinoka tse dintsi tse dinnye, mme kwa bophirima ga yone ga go na dinoka tse dikgolo tse di e tsenang mo sekgweng seelong sa 240km. Pele ga foo, [[:en:Ngonye_Falls|mepororo ya Ngonye]] le matlapa a a latelang a thibela go tsamaya ga dikorwana mo nokeng. Kwa borwa jwa mepororo ya Nonye, noka e kgona go kgoma nako e khutshwane molelwane wa Namibia, mo kgaolong ya <ref>Dorling Kindersley, pp. 84–85</ref>[[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Caprivi Strip.]] Kwa tlase ga kopano ya [[:en:Cuando_River|noka ya Cuando]] le Zambezi, noka e retologa e lebana le botlhaba. Mo lefelong leo, noka e nna bophara mme e sa tsene boteng thata, e elela ka bonya. Mme fa e ntse e ya kwa botlhaba go ya molelwaneng wa setlhaba se segolo sa bokone jwa Aferika, e fitlha kwa khuting e kgolo e e tsenwang ke metsi a a elelang ka thata, e leng mepororo ya Victoria. '''Zambezi e e fa Gare''' Dipororo tsa Victoria di tsewa e le molelwane gareng ga karolo ya kwa godimo le ya bogareng ya noka ya Zambezi. Ka fa tlase ga tsone, noka e tswelela go elela ka fa botlhaba ka bokgakala jwa seelo se kanna 200km (maele a le 120), e phunyeletsa mabota a a emeng a majwe a [[:en:Basalt|basalt]] a a katogileng seelo se ka nna 20m go ya go 60m (maoto a le 66 go ya go 197), mo dithabeng tse di kwa godimo ga 200m go ya go 250m (maoto a le 660 go ya go 820). Noka e elela ka lobelo lo logolo mo Mogorogong wa Batoka, mme metsi a yona a kgorelediwa ka metlha ke mafika a a mo nokeng. Go tlhalositswe gore ke nngwe ya<ref>Edington, Sean (29 December 2020). [https://safpar.com/is-rafting-on-the-zambezi-river-below-the-victoria-falls-dangerous/ "Is rafting on the Zambezi River below The Victoria Falls Dangerous?"]. ''SAFPAR''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210520102959/https://safpar.com/is-rafting-on-the-zambezi-river-below-the-victoria-falls-dangerous/ Archived] from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.</ref> maeto a [[:en:Whitewater_kayaking|metsi a a boitshegang]] thata mo lefatsheng, e le kgwetlho e kgolo mo bathong ba ba tsamayang ka dikayake kgotsa ba ba dirisang dingwato tsa go kgweetsa mo metsing a a matlhomola. Ka kwa ntle ga mogorogo ono go na le letoto la dikarolo tsa metsi a a matlhomola tse di felelang 240km (maele a le 150) ka fa tlase ga dipororo tsa Victoria. Mo bokgakaleng jo, noka e fokotsega ka 250m (maoto a le 820). Mo ntlheng eno, noka e tsena mo [[:en:Lake_Kariba|Letsheng la Kariba]], le le bopilweng ka ngwaga wa1959 morago ga go wediwa ga kago ya [[:en:Kariba_Dam|Letamo la Kariba.]] Letsha leno ke lengwe la matsha a magolo a a dirilweng ke batho mo lefatsheng, mme ditlhamo tsa go dira motlakase wa metsi mo letamong le di direla dikarolo tse dintsi tsa Zambia le Zimbabwe motlakase. Dinoka tsa [[:en:Luangwa_River|Luangwa]] le [[:en:Kafue_River|Kafue]] ke tsone ditswammung tse dikgolo tse pedi tse di tsenang mo Zambezi ka fa molemeng. Noka ya Kafue e kopana le noka e kgolo mo molatswaneng o o didimetseng le o o tseneletseng, o o ka nnang 180m (maoto a le 590) ka bophara. Go tswa mo ntlheng eno, go obega ga noka ya Zambezi go ya kwa bokone go a emisiwa, mme metsi a tswelela go elela ka tlhamalalo go ya kwa botlhaba. Kwa kopanong ya noka ya Luangwa (15°37’ S), e tsena mo Mozambique.<ref>Valkenburgh, Blaire Van; White, Paula A. (20 April 2021). [[doi:10.7717/peerj.11313/fig-1|"Figure 1: Map showing location of Luangwa Valley and Greater Kafue Ecosystem in Zambia".]] ''PeerJ''. '''9''': e11313. doi:[[doi:10.7717/peerj.11313/fig-1|10.7717/peerj.11313/fig-1.]]</ref> Karolo ya bogare ya Zambezi e felela kwa noka e tsenang mo Letsheng la [[:en:Cahora_Bassa|Cahora Bassa]], le pele e neng e le lefelo la dikgaruru tse di kotsi tse di bidiwang Kebrabassa; letsha leno le bopilwe ka ngwaga wa 1974 morago ga go agiwa ga [[:en:Cahora_Bassa_Dam|Letamo la Cahora Bassa.]]<ref>[https://archive.gramene.org/db/ontology/search?id=44313 "GAZ Term "Zambezi River" (GAZ:00044898)".] ''archive.gramene.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210520101311/https://archive.gramene.org/db/ontology/search?id=44313 Archived] from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.</ref> '''Zambezi yo kwa Tlase''' Karolo e e kwa tlase ya Noka ya Zambezi, e e ka nna 650km (maele a le 400) go tswa kwa Letsheng la Cahora Bassa go ya kwa lewatleng la Indiana, e ka tsamaiwa ka dikoloi tsa metsi, le fa noka e se boteng mo mafelong a mantsi mo pakeng ya komelelo. Go se boteng jo go bakwa ke gore noka e tsena mo mokgatšheng o o anameng mme e anama go ralala lefelo le legolo. Ke fela mo lefelong le le lengwe, e leng [[:en:Lupata_Gorge|Lupata Gorge]], le le ka nnang 320km (maele a le 200) go tswa kwa molomong wa yona, fa noka e pitlaganngwa magareng ga dithaba tse di kwa godimo. Mo lefelong le, bophara jwa yona ga bo fete 200m (maoto a le 660). Kwa mafelong a mangwe, noka e ka nna bophara jwa 5km go ya go 8km (maele a le 3 go ya go 5), e elela ka bonolo ka melatswana e mentsi. Bodilo jwa noka bo na le mmu, mme mabopo a yona a kwa tlase a bo a tletse dimela tsa leetsana. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo mafelong mangwe, segolobogolo mo pakeng ya dipula, melatswana eno e a kopana go dira noka e le nngwe e kgolo e e elelang ka lobelo. Mo seelong seka nna160km (maele a le 99) go tswa kwa lewatleng, Noka ya Zambezi e amogela metsi a a tswang mo [[:en:Lake_Malawi|Letsheng la Malawi]] ka [[:en:Shire_River|Noka ya Shire.]] Fa e atamela Lewatle la Indiana, noka e a kgaogana go dira [[:en:River_delta|delata]].<ref>Dorling Kindersley, pp. 84–85</ref> Lekala lengwe le lengwe le legolo la noka, e leng Kongone, Luabo le Timbwe, le kgorelediwa ke [[:en:Shoal|mpetle wa]] [[:en:Shoal|mmu]]. Lekala le lengwe le le kwa bokone le le bidiwang molomo wa [[:en:Chinde_River|Chinde]] le na le boteng jo bo kwa tlase jwa 2m (maoto a le 6 le 7) fa go le metsi a a kwa tlase mo tshimologong, le 4m (maoto a le 13) kwa teng. Ke lone lekala le le dirisiwang go tsamaisa dikoloi tsa metsi. Mo bokgakaleng jwa100km (maele a le 62) go ya kwa bokone, go na le noka e nngwe e bidiwang [[:en:Quelimane|Quelimane,]] e e bidiwang ka leina la toropo e e kwa molomong wa yona. Noka ena e e nang le seretse se se oketsegang e amogela metsi a a tshologang a Zambezi mo pakeng ya dipula.<ref>[https://theodora.com/encyclopedia/z/zambezi.html "Zambezi - Encyclopedia".] ''theodora.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210520105706/https://theodora.com/encyclopedia/z/zambezi.html Archived] from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.</ref> '''Delata''' Mo bogompienong, delata ya Noka ya Zambezi e ka nna sephatlo sa bophara jo e neng e na le jone pele ga go agiwa ga matamo a Kariba le Cahora Bassa, a a neng a laola diphetogo tsa paka mo selekanyong sa phororo ya metsi a noka. Pele ga matamo ano a agiwa, merwalela ya paka ya Zambezi e ne e ama tikologo ya delata ka tsela e e farologaneng thata le ya gompieno, ka gonne e ne e isa metsi a mantle a a humileng ka dikotla tsotlhe tsa phepo kwa mafelong a metsi a a bongola a lotshitshi lwa lewatle la IndianaKarolo e e kwa tlase ya Zambezi e ne e nna le koketsego e nnye ya merwalela kwa tshimologong ya paka ya komelelo, fa dipula tsotlhe tsa lefelo la [[:en:Gwembe|Gwembe]] le la bokone-botlhaba jwa Zimbabwe di ne di elela ka bonako go tsena mo nokeng. Ka nako e e tshwanang, metsi a a tswang mo mekgatšheng ya Zambezi e e kwa godimo, Kafue, Letsha la Malawi, le Luangwa (ka selekanyo se se kwa tlase) a ne a diegisiwa ke mekobo ya metsi le mafelo a merwalela. Phororo ya metsi a a tswang mo ditsamaisong tsena e dira gore go nne le morwalela o mogolo thata ka dikgwedi tsa Mopitlo kgotsa Moranang, mme selekanyo sa godimo sa phororo ya metsi se nne ka kgwedi ya Moranang kwa delateng se ka nna dimetara tse di khubiki di le 6,700 (maoto a khubiki a le 240,000) ka motsotswana. Morwalela o mogolo go feta tsotlhe o o kileng wa kwalwa o ne o feta seno ka makgetlo a le mararo, ka phororo ya dimetara tse di khubiki di le 22,500 (maoto a khubiki a le 790,000) ka motsotswana ka 1958. Ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya komelelo, phororo ya metsi e ne e le ka palogare ya dimetara tse di khubiki di le 500 (maoto a khubiki a le 18,000) ka motsotswana fela. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Richard Beilfuss & David dos Santos: Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Monogram for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley (2001). Estimated mean flow rate 3424 m³/s"] (PDF). Archived from [http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf the original] (PDF) on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 18 October 2008.</ref> Mo dingwageng tsa bo-1960 le bo-1970, kago ya matamo e ne ya fetola mokgwa ona gotlhelele. Kwa tlase ga noka, selekanyo sa phororo ya metsi sa kgwedi le kgwedi se ne se tswa mo go dimetara tse di khubiki di le 500 go ya go 6,000 (maoto a khubiki a le 18,000 go ya go 212,000) ka motsotswana; gompieno se tswa mo go dimetara tse di khubiki di le 1,000 go ya go 3,900 (maoto a khubiki a le 35,000 go ya go 138,000) ka motsotswana. Merwalela ya selekanyo sa magareng, segolobogolo mofuta o tikologo ya karolo e e kwa tlase ya Zambezi e neng e tlwaetse go ikamanya le yone, jaanong e diragala sewelo mme e tsaya nako e khutshwane. Fela jaaka ditlamorago tse di sa siamang tsa [[:en:Itezhi-Tezhi_Dam|Letamo la Itezhi-Tezhi]] mo Mafelong a Kafue Flats, sena se bakile ditlamorago tse di latelang: -Mekgwa ya go fepa le go tsalana ga ditlhapi, dinonyane le diphologolo tse dingwe e ne ya kgorelediwa le go fetolwa. -Go setse bojang jo bonnye mo mafelong a merwalela morago ga merwalela, mo go fokotsang [[:en:Grazing|mafelo a go fulisa]] diphologolo tsa naga le dikgomo. -Mekgwa ya setso ya temo le ya go tshwara ditlhapi e ne ya kgorelediwa le go fetolwa.<ref>Knifton, Dulcie (July 2004). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=eiR_RLPB6GAC&q=traditional+farming+and+fishing+patterns+disrupted&pg=PA41 Revise AS Level Geography for Edexcel Specification B]''. Heinemann. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-435-10154-1|<bdi>978-0-435-10154-1</bdi>.]]</ref> Delata ya Zambezi e na le mafelo a magolo a bojang a a nang le merwalela ya paka nngwe le nngwe kgotsa ya tsotlhe tsotlhe, mafelo a savanna, le dikgwa tsa mekgobo ya metsi. Mmogo le mafelo a merwalela a Dinoka tsa [[:en:Buzi_River_(Mozambique)|Buzi,]] [[:en:Pungwe_River|Pungwe]] le [[:en:Save_River_(Africa)|Save,]] mafelo a merwalela a Zambezi a bopa tikologo ya tlholego e e itseweng ke [[:en:World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature|World Wildlife Fund]] (WWF) jaaka [[:en:Zambezian_coastal_flooded_savanna|Zambezian Coastal Flooded Savanna Ecoregion]] kwa Mozambique. Mafelo ano a savanna a a nang le merwalela a fitlhelwa gaufi le lotshitshi lwa Lewatle la India. Ditlhare tsa [[:en:East_African_mangroves|mangrove]] di mela mo mabopong a delata. Le fa matamo a fokoditse dingwe tsa merwalela ya ngwaga le ngwaga mo karolong e e kwa tlase ya Zambezi mme a dirile gore bogolo jwa mafelo a merwalela bo fokotsege thata, ga a a kgona go fedisa merwalela gotlhelele. Matamo ga a kgone go laola merwalela e e feteletseng, mme a fokoditse fela go diragala ga merwalela ya selekanyo sa magareng. Fa dipula tse dikgolo mo karolong e e kwa tlase ya Zambezi di kopana le metsi a mantsi a a elelang go tswa kwa godimo ga noka, merwalela e megolo e santse e diragala. Ka jalo, mafelo a metsi a a bongola a santse a le botlhokwa thata e le mafelo a bonno jwa diphologolo le dimela. Le fa go ntse jalo, go fokotsega ga mafelo ano a metsi a a bongola go ne ga baka gore go nne le go tsoma diphologolo go sa laolwe sentle, tse di jaaka [[:en:African_buffalo|nare]] le [[:en:Waterbuck|tumuga]], nakong ya [[:en:Mozambican_Civil_War|Ntwa ya Selegae ya Mozambique.]] Le fa palo ya diphologolo tse dikgolo tsa mammale mo kgaolong ena e fokotsegile, lefelo leno le santse le na le dingwe tsa tsone, go akaretsa [[:en:Reedbuck|phuduhudu ya]] [[:en:Reedbuck|mohele]] le [[:en:Common_eland|phofu]] e e fudugang go ya mafelong a mangwe ka dipaka. Diphologolo tse di jang nama tse di fitlhelwang mo lefelong leno di akaretsa [[:en:Lion|tau]], [[:en:Leopard|nkwe,]] [[:en:Cheetah|lengau,]] [[:en:Spotted_hyena|phiri ya marontho]] le [[:en:Side-striped_jackal|phokoje e e nang le methalo mo matlhakoreng.]] Mafelo a merwalela ke lefelo le le sireletsegileng la dinonyane tsa metsi tse di fudugang ka dipaka, go akaretsa [[:en:Northern_pintail|pintail,]] [[:en:Garganey|garganey,]] [[:en:African_openbill|African openbill,]] [[:en:Saddle-billed_stork|saddle-billed stork]], [[:en:Wattled_crane|wattled crane]], le [[:en:Great_white_pelican|great white pelican.]]<ref>[https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0906 "Zambezian coastal flooded savanna"]. ''Terrestrial Ecoregions''. World Wildlife Fund.</ref> Dikokobe tse di fitlhelwang mo lefelong leno di akaretsa [[:en:Nile_crocodile|kwena ya Nile,]] [[:en:Nile_monitor|mokwepa wa Nile]], [[:en:Python_sebae|noga ya phiri ya Afrika]], nogapodi ya Pungwe, e e fitlhelwang fela mo kgaolong eno le mefuta e mengwe e meraro ya dinoga e e batlang e fitlhelwa fela mo lefelong leno: nogametsi ya mafelo a merwalela, nogaphiri e nnye le [[:en:Proatheris|nogamaraga ya mekgobo ya metsi.]]<ref>[https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0906 "Zambezian coastal flooded savanna".] ''Terrestrial Ecoregions''. World Wildlife Fund.</ref> Tlelaemete Karolo e e kwa bokone ya mokgatšha wa Noka ya Zambezi e amogela palogare ya pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga e e magareng ga 1,100mm le 1,400mm. Palo eno ya pula e fokotsega fa o ya kwa borwa, mme e fitlha e le mo e ka nnang seripa sa selekanyo seo kwa karolong e e kwa borwa-bophirima. Pula e na mo pakeng ya selemo ya dipula e e tsayang dikgwedi di le 4 go ya go 6, fa [[:en:Intertropical_Convergence_Zone|Intertropical Convergence Zone]] (ITCZ) e feta mo godimo ga mokgatšha ono e tswa kwa bokone magareng ga Phalane le Mopitlo.<ref>Chaudhary, Huma (3 March 2024). [https://www.thetravelvibes.com/canoeing-on-the-zambezi-river/ "Canoeing on the Zambezi River".] ''The Travel Vibes''. Retrieved 17 March 2024.</ref> Sekgahla sa go fetoga ga metsi mouwane se kwa godimo thata, se le magareng ga 1,600mm le 2,300mm ka ngwaga. Ka ntlha ya se, metsi a mantsi a latlhega ka tsela eno mo mekgobong ya metsi le mo mafelong a merwalela, segolobogolo mo karolong e e kwa borwa-bophirima ya mokgatšha wa Zambezi.<ref>[http://www.gorongosa.net/research/research_documents/Patterns_Hydrological_Change_Zambezi_Delta.pdf Richard Beilfuss & David dos Santos: Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20080102105856/http://www.gorongosa.net/research/research_documents/Patterns_Hydrological_Change_Zambezi_Delta.pdf Archived] 2 January 2008 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]] Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley (2001)</ref> '''Diphologolo tsa naga''' Noka ya Zambezi e tshegetsa dipalo tse dikgolo tsa diphologolo tsa mefuta e mentsi. [[:en:Hippopotamus|Kubu]] di dintsi mo bontsing jwa dikarolo tsa noka tse di didimetseng, mmogo le dikwena tsa Nile. [[:en:Monitor_lizard|Mekwepa]] le yone e fitlhelwa mo mafelong a mantsi. Dinonyane di dintsi thata, mme mefuta e e jaaka [[:en:Heron|kokoko]], [[:en:Pelican|pelican,]] [[:en:Egret|egret,]] [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|flamingo e nnye]] le [[:en:African_fish_eagle|ntsu ya ditlhapi ya Afrika]] di fitlhelwa ka dipalo tse dikgolo. Dikgwa tse di melang mo mabopong a noka le tsone di tshegetsa diphologolo tse dikgolo tse dintsi, tse di akaretsang [[:en:African_buffalo|nare]], [[:en:Zebra|pitse ya naga]], [[:en:Giraffe|thutlwa,]] le [[:en:African_elephant|ditlou.]] Gape Zambezi e na le makgolo a mefuta ya ditlhapi, mme dingwe tsa tsona di fitlhelwa fela mo nokeng eno. Mefuta ya botlhokwa e akaretsa [[:en:Cichlid|cichlids,]] tse di tshwarwang thata gore di jewe, mmogo le ditlhapi tsa mofuta wa catfish, tigerfish, [[:en:Upper_Zambezi_yellowfish|yellowfish]], le mefuta e mengwe ya ditlhapi tse dikgolo. [[:en:Bull_shark|Bull shark]] ka dinako dingwe e bidiwa shaka ya Zambezi ka ntlha ya kamano ya yone le noka eno. Le fa go ntse jalo, ga e a tshwanela go tlhakatlhakanngwa le mefuta ya [[:en:River_shark|Glyphis]], e leng di-shark tsa metsi a a foreshe tse le tsone di fitlhelwang mo nokeng. '''Dinoka tse di tsenang mo Zambezi''' '''Karolo e e kwa godimo ya Zambezi''' E akaretsa lefelo la dikilometara tse di khubiki di le 507,200, mme e ntsha metsi ka selekanyo sa 1,044 m³ ka motsotswana kwa Dikgarurung tsa Victoria. E bopiwa ke dikarolo tse: 1. Mokgatšha wa Dithaba tsa Bokone 222,570 km², 850 m³/s kwa [[:en:Lukulu|Lukulu:]] -Noka ya Chifumage – e tswa mo Seraleng sa Bogare sa [[:en:Angola|Angola.]] -[[:en:Luena_River,_Angola|Noka ya Luena]] – e tswa mo Seraleng sa Bogare sa Angola. -[[:en:Kabompo_River|Noka ya Kabompo]] – 72,200 km², e tswa mo dithabeng tsa bokone-bophirima jwa Zambia. -[[:en:Lungwebungu_River|Noka ya Lungwebungu]] – 47,400 km², e tswa mo Seraleng sa Bogare sa Angola. 2. Mokgatšha wa Mabala a Bogare 284,630 km², 196 m³/s (magareng ga dipororo tsa Victoria le Lukulu): -[[:en:Luanginga_River|Noka ya Luanginga]] – 34,600 km², e tswa mo Seraleng sa Bogare sa Angola. -Noka ya Luampa (kgotsa [[:en:Luena_River,_Zambia|Luena ya Zambia]]) – 20,500 km², e mo letlhakoreng le le kwa botlhaba jwa Zambezi. -[[:en:Cuando_River|Noka ya Cuando / Linyanti / Chobe]] – 133,200 km², e tswa mo Seraleng sa Borwa sa Angola le mo Kgaolong ya [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Caprivi.]] '''Karolo ya Bogare ya Zambezi''' Ka kakaretso, Karolo ya Bogare ya Zambezi e akaretsa lefelo la 1,050,000 km², mme e na le phororo ya metsi ya 2,442 m³ ka motsotswana, e e lekantsweng kwa Mogorogong wa Cahora Bassa. Karolo ya bogare fela e akaretsa: 542,800 km², 1,398 m³/s (magareng ga Cahora Bassa le dipororo tsa Victoria) 1. Mokgatšha wa Gwembe, (Magareng ga Mogorogo wa Kariba le dipororotsa Victoria)156,600 km², 232 m³/s -[[:en:Gwayi_River|Noka ya Gwayi –]] 54,610 km², kwa bokone-bophirima jwa Zimbabwe. -[[:en:Sengwa_River|Noka ya Sengwa]] – 25,000 km², kwa bogareng jwa bokone jwa Zimbabwe. -[[:en:Sanyati_River|Noka ya Sanyati]] – 43,500 km², kwa bogareng jwa bokone jwa Zimbabwe. 2. Mokgatšha wa Kariba Gorge go ya Cahora Bassa, 386,200 km²,1,166 m³/s -[[:en:Kafue_River|Noka ya Kafue]] – 154,200 km², phororo ya metsi 285 m³/s, e elela mo karolong ya bophirima-bogare jwa Zambia le mo Kgaolong ya [[:en:Copperbelt|Copperbelt.]] -[[:en:Luangwa_River|Noka ya Luangwa]] – 151,400 km², phororo ya metsi 547 m³/s, e elela mo Mokgatšheng wa Luangwa Rift Valley le mo seraleng se se kwa bokone-bophirima jwa yone. -[[:en:Panhane_River|Noka ya Panhane]] – 23,897 km², e mo seraleng sa bogare jwa bokone jwa Zimbabwe. '''Karolo e e Kwa Tlase ya Zambezi''' '''ka kakaretso,e akaretsa lefelo la 1,378,000 km², mme e na le phororo ya metsi ya 3,424 m³ ka motsotswana, e e lekantsweng kwa Marromeu.''' Karolo e e kwa tlase fela e akaretsa: 328,000 km²,982 m³/s (magareng ga Marromeu le Cahora Bassa) -Noka ya Luia – 28,000 km², e tswa mo Seraleng sa Moravia-Angonia, kwa bokone jwa Zambezi. -Noka ya Luenha (kgotsa [[:en:Mazoe_River|Mazoe]]) – 54,144 km², phororo ya metsi ya 152 m³/s, e tswa mo Seraleng sa Manica kwa bokone-botlhaba jwa Zimbabwe. -[[:en:Shire_River|Noka ya Shire]] – 154,000 km², phororo ya metsi ya 539 m³/s, e tswa mo Mokgatšheng wa [[:en:Lake_Malawi|Letsha la Malawi.]] -Delata ya Zambezi – 12,000 km². '''[[:en:Zambezi_Basin|Mokgatšha Otlhe wa Noka ya Zambezi:]] bogolo jotlhe: 1,390,000 km²,phororo ya metsi e e tsenang mo delateng: 3,424 m³ ka motsotswana''' [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Mokgatšha wa Okavango]] ga o a akarediwa mo dipalong tseno ka gonne o elela go tsena mo Zambezi fela ka dinako tse di sa tlwaelegang le ka selekanyo se sennye. Ka ntlha ya kabo ya dipula, dinoka tse di kwa bokone di tsenya metsi a mantsi thata mo Zambezi go feta tse di kwa borwa. Ka sekai: Mokgatšha wa Dithaba tsa Bokone wa Upper Zambezi o ntsha 25% ya metsi a Zambezi, Noka ya Kafue e ntsha 8%, dinoka tsa Luangwa le Shire nngwe le nngwe e ntsha 16% tsotlhe tsotlhe, dinoka tseno di tsenya 65% ya metsi a a elelang mo Zambezi. Le fa Mokgatšha wa Cuando kwa borwa-bophirima o le mogolo thata, o tsenya metsi a ka nna 2 m³/s fela, ka gonne bontsi jwa metsi a teng bo latlhega ka ntlha ya go fetoga mouwane mo mekgobong ya metsi. Dingwaga tsa bo-1940 le bo-1950 e ne e le dinako tse dipula di neng di na thata mo mokgatšheng wa Zambezi. Le fa go ntse jalo, go tloga ka 1975, tikologo eno e ntse e omelela go feta pele, mme palogare ya phororo ya metsi e setse e le fela 70% ya e e neng e le teng magareng ga 1930 le 1958.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf "Richard Beilfuss & David dos Santos: Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Monogram for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley (2001). Estimated mean flow rate 3424 m³/s"] (PDF). Archived from [http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf the original] (PDF) on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 18 October 2008.</ref> '''Hisetori ya Jioloji''' Go fitlha mo nakong ya [[:en:Piacenzian|Late Pliocene]] kgotsa [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] (dingwaga tse di fetang dimilione di le pedi tse di fetileng), karolo e e kwa godimo ya Noka ya Zambezi e ne e elela go ya kwa borwa go ralala lefelo le gompieno le bidiwang [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Makgadikgadi Pan]], mme e felela mo [[:en:Limpopo_River|Nokeng ya Limpopo.]] Phetogo eno ya tsela ya noka e bakilwe ke metsamao ya lefatshe e e bidiwang [[:en:Epeirogenic_movement|epeirogenic movements]], e e neng ya tsholetsa bokagodimo jwa lefatshe mo lefelong le gompieno e leng karoganyo ya metsi magareng ga dinoka tse pedi tseno.<ref>Moore, A.E. (1999). "A reapprisal of epeirogenic flexure axes in southern Africa". [[:en:South_African_Journal_of_Geology|''South African Journal of Geology''.]] '''102''' (4): 363–376.</ref> Ka nako e e tshwanang, dikilometara di ka nna 1,000 kwa botlhaba, lekala la kwa bophirima la Noka ya Shire, mo katolosong ya borwa ya [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]] e e ralalang [[:en:Malawi|Malawi,]] le ne la epa mokgatšha o o boteng mo letlhakoreng la bophirima jwa lona ka ntlha ya kgogolego ya lefatshe. Ka iketlo, Karolo ya Bogare ya Zambezi e ne ya simolola go epa le go sutisetsa mokgatšha wa yona go ya kwa bophirima. Seno se ne sa thusiwa ke go bopiwa ga [[:en:Graben|dikgatšha tsa go phatloga ga lefatshe]] tse di neng di tlhagelela mo tseleng ya yona go tswa botlhaba go ya bophirima. Fa seno se ntse se diragala, Zambezi e ne ya kgona [[:en:Stream_capture|go gapa]] le go akaretsa dinoka dingwe tse di neng di elela go ya kwa borwa, tse di jaaka Noka ya Luangwa le Noka ya Kafue, mme tsa feleletsa di fetogile dikala tse di tsenang mo Zambezi. Kwa bofelong, letsha le legolo le le neng le tsentswe mo lefelong la Makgadikgadi (kgotsa lengwe la dikala tsa lone) le ne la gapiwa ke Karolo ya Bogare ya Zambezi fa e ntse e ikgoga morago e lebile kwa go lone. Ka ntlha ya seno, metsi a letsha leo a ne a simolola go elela go ya kwa botlhaba. Karolo e e Kwa Godimo ya Zambezi le yone e ne ya gapiwa ka mokgwa o o tshwanang. Karolo ya Bogare ya Zambezi e ne e le kwa tlase ka dimetara di ka nna 300 (maoto a le 980) go feta Karolo e e Kwa Godimo ya Zambezi. Ka jalo, go ne ga bopiwa phororo e kgolo kwa ntlheng ya serala sa majwe a basalt se noka e e kwa godimo e neng e se kgabaganya. Phororo eno e ne e le yone Victoria ya ntlha, e e neng e le gaufi le Batoka Gorge, mo lefelong le gompieno go nang le Letsha la Kariba.<ref>[http://www.zamsoc.org/documents/Summary%20of%20Technical%20Reviews%20Part%202.pdf AWF Four Corners Biodiversity Information Package No 2: Summary of Technical Reviews] [https://web.archive.org/web/20120217063008/http://www.zamsoc.org/documents/Summary%20of%20Technical%20Reviews%20Part%202.pdf Archived] 17 February 2012 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]] Accessed 1 March 2007.</ref> '''Hisetori''' '''Tshimologo ya Leina''' Mo-Yuropa wa ntlha go fitlhela Noka ya Zambezi e ne e le [[:en:Vasco_da_Gama|Vasco da Gama]] ka Ferikgong 1498, o ne a emisa sekepe sa gagwe mo lefelong le a neng a le bitsa Rio dos Bons Sinais (“Noka ya Matshwao a a Molemo”), le gompieno le itsewang jaaka [[:en:Quelimane|Quelimane]] kgotsa Quá-Qua. E ne e le noka e nnye kwa ntlheng ya bokone ya delata, e ka nako eo e neng e gokagane le Noka ya Zambezi ka ditselana tsa metsi tse di neng di ka tsamaiwa ka dikepe. Kgokagano eo e ne ya tswalwa ke go kokoana ga seretse mo dingwageng tsa bo-1830. Mo dimmapeng dingwe tsa bogologolo, noka yotlhe e ne e bidiwa ka leina leo. Mo lekgolong la bo-16 la dingwaga, go ne ga tlhaga leina le lesha, e leng Noka ya Cuama (ka dinako dingwe e kwalwa jaaka Quama kgotsa Zuama). Cuama e ne e le leina la selegae le le neng le dirisiwa ke baagi ba [[:en:Swahili_coast|lotshitshi lwa Baswahili]] go bitsa lefelo la kgwebo kgotsa seteišene se se neng se le mo sengwe sa ditlhaketlhake tse di kwa borwa jwa delata (gaufi le mokoro wa Luabo). Bontsi jwa dimmapa tsa bogologolo tsa mawatle bo ne bo bontsha kgoro ya Luabo jaaka Cuama, delata yotlhe jaaka “dinoka tsa Cuama”, mme Noka ya Zambezi ka boyone e bidiwa “Noka ya Cuama.” Ka 1552, mokwadi wa hisetori wa Mopotokisi, [[:en:João_de_Barros|João de Barros]], o ne a kwala gore Noka ya Cuama e e tshwanang e ne e bidiwa Zembere ke batho ba ba neng ba nna kwa teng ga naga ya [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mutapa|Monomatapa.]]<ref>Barros, ''Da Asia'', Dec. I, Lib. X, vol. 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=BJ42AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA374 p.374])</ref> Moruti wa Mopotokisi wa lekoko la Dominican, [[:en:João_dos_Santos|João dos Santos,]] yo o neng a etetse Monomatapa ka 1597, o ne a rekota leina leo jaaka Zambeze (ka gonne mo dipuong tsa Bantu ditlhaka z le r gantsi di ka fetofetoga). O ne a batlisisa ka tshimologo ya leina leo, mme a bolelelwa gore le ne le tswa mo leineng la setšhaba sengwe sa batho. "Noka ya Cuama e bidiwa ke bone Zambeze; motswedi wa yona o kwa teng thata mo nageng mo e leng gore ga go ope wa bone yo o o itseng, fa e se fela ka tsotlhe tsotlhe tse ba di utlwileng mo bagologolong ba bone, ba ba reng e tswa mo letsheng le legolo mo gare ga kontinente, le le ntshang gape dinoka tse dingwe tse dikgolo tse di elelang lewatleng ka ditsela tse di farologaneng. Ba e bitsa Zambeze ka ntlha ya setšhaba sengwe sa Bakafiri se se nnang gaufi le letsha leo, se le sone se bidiwang ka leina leo.” — J. Santos, Ethiopia Oriental, 1609.<ref>Fr. J. dos Santos (1609), ''Ethiopia Oriental e varia historia de cousas Notaveis do Oriente'', Pt. III. English translation is from [[:en:Samuel_Purchas|Samuel Purchas]]'s 1625 ''Haklyutus Posthumus'', (1905) ed., Glasgow, vol. 10: [https://books.google.com/books?id=ekIMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA220 p.220-21]</ref> Ka jalo, leina “Zambezi” le bonala le tswa mo leineng la setšhaba sengwe sa batho ba ba neng ba nna gaufi le letsha le legolo kwa bokone. Batho ba go ka tweng ke bone ba go buiwang ka bone ke Bisa (kgotsa M’biza), setšhaba sa Bantu (se mo dikwalong tsa bogologolo se neng se kwalwa ka maina a a farologaneng a a jaaka Muisa, Movisa, Abisa, kgotsa Ambios), ba nnang mo karolong e gompieno e leng bogare-botlhaba jwa Zambia, magareng ga Zambezi River le [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] (e ka nako eo, pele ga katoloso ya batho ba [[:en:Kingdom_of_Lunda|Lunda]] people, go ka direga gore Basa ba ne ba anametse go ya kwa bokone, gongwe le go fitlha kwa [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]]).Batho ba Bisa ba ne ba itsege thata mo kgaolong eo yotlhe e le bagwebi ba ba tumileng ba masela le dilwana tse di dirilweng ka letsela, mme ba ne ba nna le seabe se segolo mo kgwebong ya selegae.<ref>The connection between Santos/Monomatapa "Zambezi" and the "M'biza" is suggested in Cooley (1845).</ref> Mo pegong e e kgatlhang, mogwebi wa Mopotokisi yo o tsholetsweng kwa Goa, Manuel Caetano Pereira, yo o neng a etela naga ya batho ba Bisa ka 1796, o ne a gakgamadiwa ke go bontshiwa noka e nngwe e e farologaneng e e neng e bidiwa “Zambezi”.<ref>"Notícias dadas por Manoel Caetano Pereira, comerciante, que se entranhou pelo interior da África", as published in José Acúrsio das Neves (1830) ''Considerações Políticas e Comerciais sobre os Descobrimentos e Possessões na África e na Ásia''. Lisbon: Imprensa Regia. [https://books.google.com/books?id=01Tpl2WqoqgC&pg=PA373 p.373]</ref> “Zambezi” eno e nngwe e e neng ya mo gakgamatsa gongwe ke yone e gompieno e itsewang jaaka [[:en:Chambeshi_River|Chambeshi River]] kwa bokone jwa Zambia. Kgopolo ya Monomatapa e e begilweng ke João dos Santos ya gore Zambezi e tswa mo letsheng le legolo la mo gare ga kontinente e ka tswa e ne e kaya lengwe la [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|Matsha a Magolo a Afrika]] . Lengwe la maina a a neng a dirisiwa ke batlhotlhomisi ba ntlha ba Yuropa go bitsa [[:en:Lake_Malawi|Lake Malawi]] e ne e le “Lake Zambre”, (leina le go ka diregang gore e ne e le phetogo kgotsa tshenyo ya lefoko “Zambezi”). Seno se ka bo se bakilwe ke gore Letsha la Malawi le gokagane le Zambezi e e kwa tlase ka Shire River. Pego ya Monomatapa e ne ya tsamaisana le tumelo ya bogologolo ya Bayuropa, e e neng e tswa mo metlheng ya bogologolo, ya gore dinoka tsotlhe tse dikgolo tsa Afrika—Nile River, [[:en:Senegal_River|Senegal River]], Congo River le Zambezi—di ne tsotlhe di tswa mo letsheng le le lengwe le legolo la mo gare ga kontinente. Mapotokisi le bone ba ne ba bolelelwa gore noka ya Mozambique e e neng e bidiwa Espirito Santo (e tota e neng e le molomo wa metsi o o bopiwang ke dinoka tsa [[:en:Umbeluzi|Umbeluzi River,]] [[:en:Matola_River|Matola River]] le [[:en:Tembe_River|Tembe River]]) e ne e tswa mo letsheng. Ka ntlha ya seno, lefelo la yone la go tsena mo lewatleng le ne la itsewa jaaka [[:en:Maputo_Bay|Delagoa Bay]]. Ka jalo, dimmapa di le dintsi tsa bogologolo di bontsha Zambezi le noka ya Espirito Santo di kopana kwa teng ga kontinente mo letsheng le le lengwe le legolo, le fa gompieno go itsewa gore seno se ne se sa nepahala. Le fa go ntse jalo, kgopolo ya gore leina Zambezi le tswa mo bathong ba Bisa ga e amogelwe ke botlhe. Ka 1845, W. D. Cooley, fa a ne a sekaseka dintlha tsa Manuel Caetano Pereira, o ne a fitlhelela tshwetso ya gore lefoko “Zambezi” ga le tswe mo bathong ba Bisa, mme le tswa mo lefokong la Sebantu “mbege” kgotsa “mbeze”, le le rayang “tlhapi”. Ka jalo, go ka direga gore leina leo le raya fela “noka ya ditlhapi.”<ref>W.D. Cooley (1845) "The Geography of N'yassi, or the Great Lake of Southern Africa, investigated, with an account of the overland route from the Quanza in Angola to the Zambezi in the government of Mozambique", ''Journal of the Royal Geographical Society'', p.185-235.</ref> [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]], yo o neng a fitlha kwa Upper Zambezi ka 1853, o ne a bitsa noka eno “Zambesi”, mme gape a umaka gore [[:en:Lozi_people|batho ba Lozi]] ba ne ba dirisa leina “Leeambye.” Go ya ka Livingstone, leina leo le raya “noka e kgolo” kgotsa “noka e e gaisang tsotlhe.” Livingstone o ne a kwala gape maina a mangwe a a neng a dirisiwa mo nokeng eno, a a jaaka: Luambeji, Luambesi, Ambezi, Ojimbesi, Zambesi. Maina ano a ne a dirisiwa ke ditšhaba tse di farologaneng mo mafelong a a farologaneng a noka. O ne a dumela gore otlhe a na le bokao jo bo tshwanang, mme a bontsha tsela e batho ba selegae ba neng ba leba noka eno ka yone e le noka e kgolo e e kgobokanyang metsi a naga yotlhe.<ref>David Livingstone (1857) ''Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa'' ([[iarchive:missionarytrave00unkngoog/page/n250|p.208]])</ref> Dipego dingwe tsa hisetori di bontsha gore batho ba Tonga people ba ne ba bitsa noka eno Kasambabezi, leina le le rayang: “Ke fela ba ba itseng noka ba ba ka tlhapang mo go yone.” Leina leno le santse le dirisiwa le gompieno mo mafelong mangwe.<ref>Mawere, Munyaradzi; Awuah-Nyamekye, Samuel (20 June 2015). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=rVEqCgAAQBAJ&dq=Kasambabezi&pg=PA243 Harnessing Cultural Capital for Sustainability: A Pan Africanist Perspective]''. Langaa RPCIG. ISBN 978-9956-762-50-7</ref><ref>[https://davinajogi.com/kasambabezi/ "Kasambabezi"]. 25 November 2017.</ref>{{Reflist|30em}} [[Karolo:Coordinates on Wikidata]] rp2khb6poxndwovfgcajwfv894u38jq 0 13493 50447 2026-06-10T11:59:37Z Lucrucia98 12161 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA NOKA YA RUZIZI 50447 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:RusiziRiver.jpg|thumb|Noka ya Ruzizi]] '''Noka ya Ruzizi''' (e gape e bidiwang Rusizi, French; Rivière Ruzizi; Dutch: Ruzizi Rivier) ke noka ya boleele jwa dikilometara di le lekgolo le lesome le bosupa (117) <ref>Felton, Anna A.; Russell, James M.; Cohen, Andrew S.; Baker, Mark E.; Chesley, John T.; Lezzar, Kiram E.; McGlue, Michael M.; Pigati, Jeffrey S.; Quade, Jay; Curt Stager, J.; Tiercelin, Jean Jacques (2007). "Paleolimnological Evidence for the Onset and Termination of Glacial Aridity from Lake Tanganyika, Tropical East Africa". ''Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology''. '''252''' (3–4): 405. Bibcode:2007PPP...252..405F. doi:[[doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.04.003|10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.04.003.]]</ref>e e elelang go tswa kwa Letsheng la Kivu go ya kwa Letsheng la Tanganyika kwa Bogare jwa Afrika, e e fologang go tswa go dimetara di le sekete le makgolo a matlhano (1 500) go ya go dimetara di le 770 kwa godimo ga boalo jwa lewatle ka boleele jwa yone.<ref>Derived from geolocation with [[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth.]]</ref><ref name=":0">[https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=-3.364167,29.267778&spn=0.1,0.1&t=m&q=-3.364167,29.267778 "Google Maps"]. Google Maps. 2013. Retrieved 14 January 2013.</ref>Diphetogo tse di kwa godimo thata di diragala mo dikilometareng tse masome a mane (40) tsa ntlha (25 mi), kwa go agilweng matamo a motlakase wa metsi teng.<ref>Lamers, Alfred (1990). [http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/nzdl?a=d&c=edudev&d=HASH71e2a38183455b196e1b94.7.3&sib=1&p.a=b&p.sa=&p.s=ClassifierBrowse&p.c=edudev "Ruzizi II - A Fine Example of Regional Cooperation".] Human Info NGO Library for Education and Development. Retrieved 14 January 2013+</ref>Kwa tlase ga noka, Ruzizi Plain, kwa tlase ga Western Rift Valley, e na le dithota tse di bonolo,<ref name=":1">[http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/BURUNDI.pdf "Burundi Wetlands"] (PDF). Ramsar. pp. 2–4. Retrieved 14 January 2013</ref> mme noka e elela mo Letsha la Tanganyika ka delta, ka kanale e le nngwe kgotsa tse pedi tse dinnye tse di kgaoganang le kanale e kgolo.<ref name=":0" /> Noka ya Ruzizi ke noka e nnye, e e neng ya bopega mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dikete tse lesome (10 000) tse di fetileng fa go thunya ga lekgwamolelo go go neng go amana le go phatloga ga dikontinente go ne go bopa Dithaba tsa Virunga. Dithaba di ne tsa kganela letsha la Kivu gore le se ka la tswela kwa nokeng ya Nile mme go na le moo, le ne la dira gore letsha leno le elele kwa borwa go ela kwa Ruzizi le kwa nokeng ya Congo. == Tsela == Noka ya Ruzizi e elela mo Letsha la Tanganyika Noka eno e dira karolo ya molelwane magareng ga Rwanda kwa botlhaba le Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) kwa bophirima.<ref name=":0" />Kwa tlase ga noka, e bopa karolo ya molelwane magareng ga DRC le Burundi, mme karolo ya yone e e kwa tlase e mo teng ga Burundi.<ref name=":0" />Kwa bophirima, dithaba tsa Fizi Baraka di kwa godimo ga noka.<ref>Doyle, Mark (25 November 2004). [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4036605.stm "Retracing Che Guevara's Congo Footsteps".] ''BBC News''. Retrieved 14 January 2013</ref> Borogo jwa Concord, borogo jo boleele go gaisa mo Burundi, bo kgabaganya noka gaufi le molomo wa yone. <ref>Murison, Katharine (ed.). ''Africa South of the Sahara'' (32nd ed.). Europa Publications. p. 147. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-131-5|<bdi>978-1-85743-131-5</bdi>.]]</ref>Dinoka tsa Ruzizi di akaretsa Nyamagana, Muhira, Kaburantwa, Kagunuzi, Rubyiro le Ruhwa, gareng ga tse dingwe.<ref>[http://mapper.acme.com/?ll=-3.364167,29.267778&z=12&t=R&marker0=-3.364167,29.267778,Ruzizi%20River "Acme Mapper (terrain)".] Acme Labs. Retrieved 14 January 2013.</ref> Noka ya Ruzizi, e e elelang kwa borwa go tsena mo Letsheng la Tanganyika, ke karolo ya karolo e e kwa godimo ya Noka ya Congo. Babatlisisi ba lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga ba kwa Boritane ba ba jaaka Richard Francis Burton le John Hanning Speke, ba ba neng ba sa tlhomamisege gore Ruzizi e elela kae, ba ne ba akanya gore e ka tswa e elela kwa bokone go tswa mo letsheng go ya kwa White Nile. Patlisiso ya bone le dipatlisiso tse di neng tsa dirwa morago ga moo ke David Livingstone le Henry Morton Stanley di ne tsa supa gore go ne go sa nna jalo. Noka ya Ruzizi e elela mo Letsheng la Tanganyika, le le elelang mo Nokeng ya Lukuga e e ka nnang dikilometara di le lekgolo le masome a mabedi (120) (75 mi) kwa borwa jwa Ujiji. Noka ya Lukuga e elela go ya kwa bophirima go ya kwa Nokaneng ya Lualaba, e e leng nngwe ya dinoka tse dikgolo tse di elelang go tswa kwa Congo.<ref>Ondaatje, Christoper (1998). [[iarchive:journeytosourceo00onda/page/166|''Journey to the Source of the Nile''.]] Toronto: Harper Collins. p. 166. ISBN <bdi>978-0-00-200019-2</bdi>.</ref> == Thutafatshe == Go phatloga ga matlapa a lefatshe ka iketlo go dirile gore go nne le lekgwamolelo la Afrika Botlhaba le makhubu a lone a mantsi le matsha. Thulaganyo eno e e mo molelwaneng wa Plate ya Afrika (Plate ya Nubia) le Plate ya Somalia, e na le makala a mabedi, a a lebaganeng le bokone le borwa. Go kgaogana ga karolo ya bophirima, e e bidiwang Albertine Rift, go simolotse magareng ga dingwaga di le dimilione di le masome a mabedi le botlhano (25) le di le lesome (10) tse di fetileng.<ref name=":2">Danley, Patrick D.; Husemann, Martin; Ding, Baoqing; Dipietro, Lyndsay M.; Beverly, Emily J.; Peppe, Daniel J.; et al. (2012). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3408716 "The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids".] ''International Journal of Evolutionary Biology''. '''2012''': 1–20. doi:10.1155/2012/574851. PMC 3408716. <nowiki>PMID 22888465</nowiki>.</ref>Noka ya Ruzizi e elela go bapa le kgaogano ya bophirima, e e akaretsang, go tswa kwa bokone go ya kwa borwa, matsha a Albert, George, Edward, Kivu, Tanganyika, Rukwa, Malawi, le a mangwe.<ref name=":2" /> Go tlhatloga ga metsi go go amanang le go phatloga ga metsi go ne ga fetola dikgolagano tsa metsi a a mo kgaolong eo. Mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dikete le tse lesome le boraro (13 000) go ya go di le dikete tse ferangbongwe ( 9 000) tse di fetileng, go thunya ga lekgwamolelo go ne ga thibela letsha la Kivu go tswa mo metsing a Noka ya Nile.<ref name=":2" /> Go thunya ga lekgwamolelo go ne ga dira gore go nne le dithaba, go akaretsa le Virunga, tse di neng tsa tlhatloga fa gare ga Letsha la Kivu le Letsha la Edward, kwa bokone.<ref>Clark, J. D. (1969). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume] 1''. London: Cambridge University Press. p. 34. Retrieved 16 January 2013.</ref>Metsi a a tswang kwa Letsheng la Kivu a ne a patelediwa go ya kwa borwa kwa tlase ga Ruzizi.<ref name=":2" />Seno se ne sa dira gore metsi a [[Letsha la Tanganyika]] a tlhatlogele kwa godimo, mme a ne a tshologela kwa Nokeng ya Lukuga.<ref name=":2" />Diphetogo tsa go tlhatloga le tlelaemete di dirile gore Ruzizi le Lukuga di bulege le go tswala makgetlo a le mantsi fa e sale ka nako eo.<ref name=":2" /> == Motlakase wa Metsi == Seteišene sa Motlakase sa Ruzizi I se ne sa agiwa fa Noka ya Ruzizi e tswa mo Letsha la Kivu ka ngwaga wa 1958. Seteishene sa Motlakase sa Ruzizi II se ne sa okediwa ka ngwaga wa 1989.<ref name=":3">[http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/storyprint.asp?sc=2060823 "Sizing Up African Hydro"]. ''Water Power''. 4 October 2011. Retrieved 14 January 2013</ref>Ruzizi I le II di tsamaisiwa ke khampani ya merafe e meraro (Burundi, Rwanda le Democratic Republic of Congo) e e leng ya Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries. Kopano e rulaganyetsa go aga matamo a mangwe a mabedi, Ruzizi III le Ruzizi IV.<ref name=":3" /> Ruzizi I e na le maatla a go tlhagisa motlakase wa dimekawate di ka nna masome a mararo (30) (MW) mme Ruzizi II yone e na le maatla a go tlhagisa motlakase wa dimekawate di ka nna masome a mane le bone (44). Ruzizi III, e e tla agiwang kwa tlase ga tse dingwe tse pedi, e solofetswe go nna le bokgoni jwa lekgolo le masome a mane le botlhano (145 MW) fa e simolola go dira mo e ka nnang ka ngwaga wa 2027. Jaaka karolo ya porojeke ya Ruzizi III, Ruzizi I le II di tlile go tlhabololwa. Fa e ka feleletsa e agilwe, Ruzizi IV e tla bewa magareng ga Ruzizi II le Ruzizi III mme e rulaganyeditswe go dira ka go feta makgolo a mabedi (200 MW).<ref name=":3" />Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e le lesome le borataro (16) ka ngwaga wa 2020, African Development Bank e ne ya aba €8 million go thusa mo porojekeng ya motlakase wa metsi ya Ruzizi IV.<ref name=":4">[https://www.afrik21.africa/en/east-africa-afdb-grants-e8-million-for-the-ruzizi-iv-hydropower-project/ "EAST AFRICA: AfDB grants €8 million for the Ruzizi IV hydropower project".] ''Afrik 21''. 2020-01-16. Retrieved 2020-01-16</ref> Go solofetswe go tlamela ka makgolo a mabedi le masome a ferangbobedi le bosupa (287 MW )kwa Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda le Burundi. <ref name=":4" /> == Diphologolo le dimela == Merwalela ya lotlhaka e tlwaelegile go bapa le karolo e e kwa tlase ya noka le melatswana ya yone. Gaufi le molomo wa noka, mafelo a a nang le dintshi tsa noka a bophara jwa dikilometara di le 3 (1.9 mi). Bogolo jwa mafelo a a nang le ditlhatshana kwa Burundi bo lekanyeditswe go nna diheketara di le dikete tse lesome le bobedi (12 000) (diheketara di le 30 000) ka matlhaka a a farologaneng ka bogodimo go tloga go dimetara di le bobedi (2 )go ya go di le nne (4) (6,6 go ya go 13,1 ft), go ikaegile ka selekanyo sa go khurumediwa ga metsi. Baagi ba dirisa matlhaka ano go dira bojang le dilo tse dingwe tsa mo gae. Go tswa kwa nokeng, karolo e kgolo ya mokgatšha wa noka e e kwa tlase e na le bojang, bo jewa thata ke dikgomo<ref name=":1" />. Kwena e e itsegeng thata e e jang batho e e bidiwang Gustave, e nna mo dintshing tsa Noka ya Ruzizi le mo lotshitshing lo lo kwa bokone jwa Letsha la Tanganyika. Gustave, yo go fopholediwang gore o boleele jwa dimetara di le 6 le bokete jwa dikilogerama di le lmakgolo a ferangbongwe (900), go bolelwa fa a bolaile le go ja batho ba le bantsi.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080805194947/http://adventure.nationalgeographic.com/2008/02/gustave-update/michael-mcrae-text McRae, Michael. "Gustave the Croc Surfaces to Strike Again".] ''National Geographic'' (February 2008). Archived from the original on August 5, 2008. Retrieved 14 January 2013</ref>Mo filiming e e buang ka Gustave ("Capturing the Killer Croc"), sebui se bolela gore "Ka bo1950, dinare, ditlou le di- warthogs di ne di nna mo dipoeng; mme di ne tsa nyelediwa ka iketlo ke motho. Phologolo e le nngwe fela e e neng ya falola mo go tse dingwe tse dikgolo e ne e le phologolo ya naga. Mme di tshela le dikwena tsa Nile mo nokeng eno, di tshela mmogo ka tsela e e sa itumediseng". == Metswedi == gfnb12cmezs7dtl9ez96f5c0tjy2m7d 0 13494 50448 2026-06-10T12:01:52Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Noka ya Orange #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50448 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river|name=Noka ya Orange|river_name=Kai Garib (Groote Rivier), Gariep, Senqu, Oranje, Igqili (isiZulu le isiiZhosa)|image_name=OrangeRiverUpington.jpg|caption=Letsatsi le phirima kwa nokeng ya Orange gaufi le Upington kwa [[Kapa Bokone]]|basin_countries=[[Lesotho]] [[Aforika Borwa]] [[Namibia]]|mouth=Alexander Bay|location=lewatle la Atlantic|length_km=2,432 km (1,511 mi)|discharge_m3/s=365 m3/s (12,900 cu ft/s)|right_tribs=[[Noka ya Caledon]] [[Noka ya Vaal]] [[Noka ya Fish]] (kwa [[Namibia]]|elevation_m=3,350 m (10,990 ft)}} '''Noka ya Orange ('''e ka teme ya ''Afrikaans'' kgotsa Dutch e leng: '''Oranjerivier''') ke noka e e kwa borwa jwa [[Aferika|Aforika]]. Ke noka e telele go di fitisa tsotlhe kwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. Kgampu ya Orange, e e boleele jwa dikhilomithara di le dikete pedi, makgolo a mane, masome a mararo le bobedi, e tswa kwa Lesotho e tsena mo Aforika Borwa le [[Namibia]] go ya kwa bokone. E feta ka [[dithaba tsa Drankensberg]] kwa [[Lesotho]], e elelela kwa bophirima e feta ka Aforika Borwa go ya lewatleng la Atlantic. Noka e ke bontlha bongwe jwa melelwane ya mafatshefatshe gareng ga Aforika Borwa le Lesotho le gareng ga [[Aforika Borwa]] le [[Namibia]], ga mmogo le le melelwane ya dikgaolo di le mmalwa mo Aforika Borwa. Ga e fete ka ditoropo dipe tse ditona kwa ntle ga ya [[Upington]]. Noka ya Orange e na le seabe se setona mo itsholelong ya Aforika Borwa ka go ntsha metsi a go nosetsa le go fetlha motlakase. Noka e, e reeletswe ka lolwapa lwa Dutch lwa segosi lwa House of Orange, e fiwa leina le ke motsamai wa Dutch Robert Jacob Gordon. Maina a mangwe a akaretsa lefoko le le rayang noka fela, ka puo ya Khoekhoegowab le kwalwa e le !Garib, le ka Afrikaans le ranolwang e le Gariep,<ref>Travel, Wild Africa. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161220031736/http://www.wildafricatravel.com/home/country-overview/southern-region/orange-river/ "Wild Africa Travel: Orange River".] ''www.wildafricatravel.com''. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20161220031736/http://www.wildafricatravel.com/home/country-overview/southern-region/orange-river/ the original] on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2026</ref> Noka ya Groote kgotsa noka ya Senqu (kwa Lesotho), go tswa mo lefokong bontsho.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161213081531/https://www.dwa.gov.za/orange/intro.aspx "Orange River Basin".] ''www.dwa.gov.za''. Archived from [https://www.dwa.gov.za/orange/intro.aspx the original] on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2026</ref> E itsiwe ka puo ya [[Sezulu|Se Zulu]] e le isAngqu.<ref>Doke, C.M (1972). ''Zulu-English Dictionary'' (in English and Zulu). Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press. p. 11. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-85494-027-8|<bdi>0-85494-027-8</bdi>.]]</ref> == Go tsamaya ga yone == [[Setshwantsho:Orange River basin map.svg|left|thumb|Motsamao wa noka ya Orange, noka ya Caledon le noka ya Vaal. Mmepe o o supa Molelwane wa kelelo ya metsi. Kgampu ya Kalahari ga e a akarediwa ka metswedi mengwe ere ga e ise kwa dinokeng tse dingwe. Metswedi e mengwe e supa kgampu e e akaretsa dikarolo dingwe tsa [[Botswana]] (ka jalo le tsa Kalahari).]] Noka ya Orange e ya kwa godimo kwa dithabeng tsa Drankensberg mo molelwaneng wa Aforika Borwa le Lesotho, dikhilomithara di ka nna lekgolo, masome a robabongwe le boraro kwa bophirimwa jwa lewatle la Indian, e le bo kwa godimo jwa dimithara di le dikete tharo. Lefelo le noka e e leng kwa godimo thata kwa Lesotho go bidiwa Senqu. Dintlha dingwe tsa noka ya Senqu di a gatsela ka mariga ka ntlha ya go nna kwa godimo. Se se baka komelelo kwa tlase ga noka, mo go amang thata go nna teng ga dipodi le dikgomo.<ref name=":0">[http://web.archive.org/web/20260506034950/https://www.britannica.com/place/Orange-River "Orange River | Physical Features & Exploration | Britannica".] ''Encyclopedia Britannica''. Archived from [https://www.britannica.com/place/Orange-River the original] on 6 May 2026. Retrieved 10 June 2026</ref> Noka ya Orange e tlaa bo e elelela kwa bophirima e kgabaganya Aforika Borwa, e tlhama tsela ya borwa-bophirima jwa kgaolo ya [[Foreistata|Free State]]. Mo kgaolong e, noka e elelela pele kwa [[Letamo la Gariep|letamong la Gariep]] morago e ye kwa letamong la vanderkloof. Go tswa kwa molelwaneng wa Lesotho go ya kwa tlase ga letamo la Vanderkloof, noka e epegile thata. Kwa tlase gape, lefatshe le papetla, noka e dirisiwa thata mo go nosetseng.<ref>[https://sahistory.org.za/place/orange-river "Orange River | South African History Online"]. ''sahistory.org.za''. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> Kwa bophirima jwa [[Foreistata|Free State]], kwa borwa bophirima kwa [[Kimberley]], noka ya Orange e kopana le noka e e tshelang thata mo go yone ya Vaal, e e dirang bontlha jo bogolo jwa molelwane o o kwa bokone jwa kgaolo. Go tswa fa, noka e elelela kwa bophirima e feta sekgwa se se omeletseng sa borwa jwa kgaolo ya Kalahari le Namaqualand kwa [[Kapa Bokone]] go kopana le Namibia kwa boleleeleng jwa lefatshe jwa 20 degrees kwa botlhaba. Go tswa fa, e elelela kwa bophirima dikhilomithara di le makgolo a matlhano le masome a matlhano, e tlhama molelwane wa mafatshefatshe gareng ga kgaolo e le kgaolo ya Namibia ya Karas. Noka e ka kgabaganngwa kwa Vioolsdrif kgotsa Noordoewer, kgotsa Alexander Bay kgotsa molelwane wa Orangemund fa o tlola ka tsela le kwa molelwaneng wa Sendlingsdrif fa o tlola ka sekepe. Mo dikhilomithareng tse di makgolo a robabobedi tsa bofelo tsa motsamao wa yone, noka ya Orange e amogela metsi go tswa mo melatswaneng (e tshwana le noka ya Fish), le mekgatshanyana e le mmalwa e metona e ya kwa go yone. Mo kgaolong e, [[sekaka sa Namib]] se felela kwa bokone jwa lotshitshi lwa noka, ka jalo, ka tlwaelesego, selekanyo sa metsi a a okediwang ke dinoka tse se sennye thata. Fa, moalo wa noka o epegile thata gape. [[Diphororo tsa Augrabies]] di mo ntlheng e ya noka ya Orange, kwa noka e yang kwa teng di mithara di le masome matlhano le borataro sebaka sa dikhilomithara di le lesome le borobabobedi.<ref name=":1">[https://www.cedarberg-travel.com/destination/south-africa/northern-cape/augrabies-falls-national-park/ "Augrabies Falls National Park, South Africa - Cedarberg Africa".] ''www.cedarberg-travel.com''. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> Noka ya Orange e tshela kwa lewatleng la Atlantic gareng ga ditoropo tse dipotlana tsa Oranjemund kwa Namibia le Alexander Bay kwa Aforika Borwa, sebaka se se lekanang le fa gare ga [[Walvis Bay]] le [[Cape Town]]. Molomo wa noka ya Orange ke lefelo le le tletseng dimela tse di farologaneng gape le na le mefuta ya dinonyane e le masome a matlhano le bosupa fa dinonyane ka bongwe ka bongwe tse di gatisitsweng ka ngwaga wa 1985 di le dikete di le masome mabedi, makgolo a marataro, masome a matlhano le boraro go tsena dikete di le masome a mabedi le borataro, makgolo a marataro, masome a matlhano le boraro. Ke lefelo le le makgobokgobo le le leng botlhokwa go ya ka tumalano ya mafatshefatshe ya 1971 kwa Ramsar, Iran, ka e le lengwe la mafelo a se kae a a makgobokgobo mo lotshitshing lo lo omeletseng kwa Borwa bophirima jwa [[Aferika|Aforika]].<ref>Anderson, Mark D; Kolberg, Holger; Anderson, P Corné; Dini, John; Abrahams, Abe (September 2003). [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2989/00306520309485389 "Waterbird populations at the Orange River mouth from 1980–2001: a re-assessment of its Ramsar status".] ''Ostrich''. '''74''' (3–4): 159–172. [[:en:Bibcode|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Ostri..74..159A 2003Ostri..74..159A.] doi:[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2989/00306520309485389 10.2989/00306520309485389.] [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0030-6525 0030-6525.]</ref> Dikhilomithara di le masome mararo le boraro go tswa mo molomong wa yone, e fitlhilwe ke metsi a a elelang ka bontsi le motlhaba ebile ga e tsamaege ka sebaka se seleele. Noka e, e boleele jwa dikhilomithara di le dikete pedi, makgolo a mane, masome a mararo le bobedi.<ref name=":0" /> === Dikgaolo tse e isang metsi kwa go tsone le pula === Ka paka ya komelelo, selekanyo sa metsi mo nokeng se ya kwa tlase thata ka ntlha ya go elela mo go ntsi le go tsewa ke phefo le letsatsi. Kwa motsweding wa noka ya Orange, pula e na ka bokete jwa di mili mithara di le dikete pedi ka ngwaga, mme pula e a fokotsega fa noka e elelela kwa bophirima; kwa molomong wa yone, pula e kwa tlase ga di milimithara di le masome a matlhano ka ngwaga. Dintlha tse di bakang go tsewa ke phefo le letsatsi di oketsegela kwa pele kwa bophirima. Ka paka ya metsi (selemo), noka ya Orange e nna morwalela o mosetlha. Motlhaba o montsi o o mo metsing o gomagometsa matshosetsi a lobaka lo loleele mo diporojekeng tse di mo nokeng e.<ref>[http://www.orangesenqurak.org/river/subbasins/ephemeral+rivers.aspx?print=1 The Northern Ephemeral Rivers of the Orange-Senqu River Basin^[''p'']</ref> Lefelo le noka ya Orange e isang metsi kwa go lone (le akaretsa Vaal) le sephara sa dikhilomithara di le dikete di robabongwe, makgolo a supa le boraro, ka jalo le lekana le 77% wa lefatshe kwa [[Aforika Borwa]] (dikhilomithara di le sedikadike, dikete di le makgolo mabedi, masome a mabedi le bongwe). Le fa go ntse jalo, dikhilomithara di le dikete di le tharo, makgolo a marataro le borataro jwa mafelo ao a kwa ntle ga lefatshe kwa [[Lesotho]], [[Botswana]] le [[Namibia]].<ref>[https://sahistory.org.za/place/orange-river "Orange River | South African History Online".] ''sahistory.org.za''. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> === Dinoka tse di tshelang mo Orange === * [[Noka ya Vaal]] - dikhilomithara di le sekete, makgolo a mane, masome a matlhano le borobabobedi * [[Noka ya Caledon]] - dikhilomithara di le makgolo a marataro, masome a mane le bobedi * [[Noka ya Khubelo]] - dikhilomithara di le lekgolo, masome a mane le bone === Matamo === * [[Letamo la Armenia]] * [[Letamo la Egmont]] * [[Letamo la Gariep]] * [[Letamo la Newberry]] * [[Letamo la Vanderkloof]] * [[Letamo la Welberdacht]] == Ditso == === Leina === Bangwe ba banni ba ntlha koo pele ga bokolone ba ne ba bitsa noka e Nū!arib, ba raya bontsho jwa yone, kgotsa dinako tse dingwe bare ke Kai !Arib ("Noka e kgolo"), lefoko le le tswang mo temeng ya Afrikaans ya Gariep,<ref>the surrounding area was once known as "Transgariep" ("the land across the Gariep") but the name has long been obsolete. See Karel Schoeman, ''Early White Travellers in the Transgariep, 1819-1840'', Protea Boekhuis, 2012 (ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/9781869190163|<bdi>9781869190163</bdi>)]]</ref> e ranolwa gotwe "Groote Rivier".<ref name=":1" /> Leina la teme ya Dutch la noka e la pele e ne e le thanolo eo fela, Groote Rivier, go yara noka e kgolo. Noka e biditswe Noka ya Orange ke Colonel Robert Gordon, mookamedi wa sesole wa kompone ya United East India kwa Cape Town, mo loetong lwa go ya kwa teng ga Cape Town ka 1779.<ref name=":1" /> Gordon o reeletse noka e ka William V wa Orange. Tumelo e e seng boammaruri mme e tlwaelesegile ke ya gore noka e,e reilwe leina ka ntlha ya mmala o o borokwa wa yone, o o sa tshwaneng le wa e e tshelang mo go yone ya Vaal, e e tsayang leina la yone mo go Hai!arib "noka e e phatsimang". Fa e sale ka phelelo ya puso ya tlhaolele, leina Gariep le dirisitswe thata mo dipuisanong kwa Aforika Borwa, le ntswa leina Orange le itsege thata mo mafatsheng a mangwe.<ref name=":1" /> Kwa Lesotho kwa noka e yang kwa godimo teng, e itsege ka leina la noka ya Senqu, le tswa mo leineng la pele la Khoemana. [[Setshwantsho:Orange River Panorama.jpg|thumb|Tshupo e e tserweng kwa noka e obegang teng ka godimo ga thaba, ka nako ya morwalela ka ntlha ya dipula tse di namagadi]] Komiti ya maina a tsa tikolo ya kwa [[Eastern Cape|Kapa Botlhaba]] e supile kgatlhego mo maikelelong a go fetola leina go tswa mo go la bokolone, mo bontlheng joo jwa noka jo bo dirang molelwane garenng ga kgaolo ya [[Kapa Botlhaba]] le [[Foreistata|Free State]], dikakanyetso e nnile IGqili kgotsa Senqu.<ref>"New name looms for NC River". ''Diamond Fields Advertiser''. 13 June 2013. p. 11.</ref><ref name=":2">[https://www.polity.org.za/print-version/sa-statement-by-afriforum-civil-rights-organisation-objects-to-proposed-name-change-of-orange-river-06062013-2013-06-06 "Statement by Afriforum on proposed name change of Orange River"]. ''Polity''. 6 June 2013.</ref> Kgatlhego e e tsentswe mo pampiring ya dikgang ya Aliwal Weekblad e supa fa leina la gompieno le amana thata le ditso tsa go gatelelwa mo bokoloneng ka jalo ga le a tshwanela go ka bo le ntse le dirisiwa gompieno.<ref name=":2" /> === Grootslang === Mo mainaneng a Aforika Borwa, Noka ya Orange e amanngwa le Grootslang, selo se se tshwanang le noga e tona, e gantsi e amangwang le diteemane tsa noka eo. Go tlhalosiwa fa Grootslang e tshelela mo logageng lo lo tletseng ditswammung lo lo kopaneng le noka ya Orange ka phaepe e diteemane di tsenang mo nokeng ka yone ka bonya ka bonya.<ref name=":3">Green, Lawrence G. (1948). ''[[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.54893|Where Men Still Dream]]''. Standard Press Ltd., Cape Town. pp. 125–126.</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a go bolelwang e le a go nnang setshedi se teng a akaretsa letangwana le le kwa tlase ga King George kwa diphororong tsa Aughrabies, kwa le gone go bolelwang e le motswedi wa diteemane,<ref name=":3" /> le lejwe le letona mo gare ga noka. Mo polelong e, go bolelwa fa Grootslang e e ja dikgomo mo lotshitshing lwa noka.<ref>Cornell, F. C. (1920). ''[[iarchive:glamourprospect00corngoog|The Glamour of Prospecting]]''. T. Fisher Unwin Ltd., London. p. 142.</ref> == Itsholelo == [[Setshwantsho:Orange River at Aliwal North.jpg|thumb|Borogo jwa Hertzof kwa godimo ga noka ya Orange kwa molelwaneng o o kwa borwa bophirima jwa Free State: ela tlhoko masalela a borogo jwa Frere mo molemeng]] Ka e le kwa bontsi jwa metsi a Aforika Borwa a yang teng, noka ya Orange e na le seabe se setona mo go tsa temothuo, madirelo le meepo. Go thusa ka se, go dirilwe diporojeke tse pedi tse ditona, porojeke ya Noka ya Orange le porojeke ya metsi ya Lesotho. Mo ditsong, noka e ne e na le seabe se setona mo diteemaneng tsa Aforika Borwa, diteemane tsa ntlha tsa lefatshe di bonwe mo motlhabeng wa Noka ya Orange. gompieno, meepo e e rekisang diteemane e direla mo lotshitshing lwa noka ya Orange le gaufi le molomo wa yone, fa ditetla tsa lookwane le gase di neetswe dikompone di le dintsi.<ref>Sowman, Merle; Sunde, Jackie; Lambrecht, Michael (2023). [https://oneoceanhub.org/mapping-for-justice-towards-an-accessible-transparent-database-of-mining-along-the-west-coast-of-south-africa/ "Mapping for justice: towards an accessible, transparent database of mining along the West Coast of South Africa".] ''One Ocean Hub''. Retrieved 10 June 2026</ref> Ka ntlha ya go tlhoka go nna teng ga diphologolo tse di borai le metsi a a kwa godimo ka selemo, noka e dirisiwa go itlosa bodutu ga go kgweetsa mekoro. Go kgweetsa mekoro kwa nokeng ya Orange go tumile thata mo dikompone dingwe di dirisang dikampa tsa tsone mo lotshitshing lwa noka go berekela teng. Maeto a a tumileng thata ke lwa malatsi a mane le lwa malatsi a marataro mo nokeng go bapa le mogogoro kgotsa kwa tlase ga diphororo tsa Augrabies kgotsa go bapisa lefelo la Richtersveld.<ref>[https://orangeriverrafting.com/adventures/4-day-orange-river-adventure/ "4-Day Orange River Adventure".] ''Orange River Rafting''. Retrieved 10 June 2026</ref> === Porojeke ya Noka ya Orange === Porojeke ya Noka ya Orange ke nngwe ya diporojeke tse ditona tsa mofuta oo kwa Aforika Borwa. E simolotswe ke puso ya ga Hendrik Verwoerd ka nako ya puso ya tlhaolele. Porojeke e e diretswe go dirisa metsi a noka ya Orange gotswela batho mosola - mo kwa ntle ga noka ya Vaal, e leng 14.1% fela ya metsi a Aforika borwa - mo go ne go dira gore go kgone go fitlhelelwa seelo sa letlhoko la metsi kwa Aforika Borwa. Maikaelelo magolo a porojeke e ne e le go:<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Orange-River/People-and-economy#ref418184 "Orange River - People, Economy, Borders | Britannica".] ''Encyclopedia Britannica''. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref><ref>[https://ujcontent.uj.ac.za/esploro/outputs/doctoral/To-provide-for-the-supply-and/9942601307691 "Research Portal".] ''ujcontent.uj.ac.za''. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> * go ritibatsa go ela ga noka * go fetlha motlakase wa metsi * go nna le motswedi wa metsi mo badirising ba kwa kgampung ya noka ya Orange, le * go dira gore go nne le metsi kwa mafelong a a tlhaelelwang ke metsi kwa [[Kapa Botlhaba]], jaaka mekgatsha ya Great Fish le Sundays. Letamo la Gariep gaufi le Colesberg ke kago ya boremelelo e e bayang metsi kwa nokeng ya Orange. Go tswa fa, metsi a isiwa kwa mafelong a mabedi, kwa bophirima mo lotshitshing lwa noka ya Orange go ya kwa letamong la Vanderkloof le kwa borwa go kgabaganya mosele wa Orange-Fish kwa Kapa botlhaba.<ref>[https://www.places.co.za/info/tourist-attraction/orange-river-information.html "Orange River - Tourist Information".] ''SA Places''. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> ==== Motlakase wa metsi ==== [[Setshwantsho:GariepDam.jpg|left|thumb|[[Letamo la Gariep]] ke lone le letona thata mo nokeng ya Orange kwa [[Aforika Borwa]], ke bontlha jo bo botlhokwa jwa porojeke ya Orange.]] [[Eskom]] e na le metshine e e fetlhang motlakase kwa letamong la Gariep le la Vanderkloof. Motshine o o kwa letamong la Vanderkloof ke one wa ntlha kwa Aforika Borwa go diriwa kwa tlase ga lefatshe. Ditoropo tsa Oviston le Oranjekrag di tlhametswe go dira gore nne le kago le tiriso ya dikago tse disha.<ref>[https://www.eskom.co.za/heritage/vanderkloof-power-station/ "Vanderkloof Power Station - Heritage".] ''www.eskom.co.za''. 6 November 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Scenery photo by Siloam Village Gariep.JPG|thumb|Botlhaba jwa letamo kwa Oviston]] === Go nosetsa === [[Setshwantsho:Irrigation Project along the Orange River.jpg|left|thumb|Diporojeke di le mmalwa mo lotshitshing lwa noka]] [[Setshwantsho:Orange River Wine Farm.jpg|thumb|masimo a moretlwa kwa nokeng ya Orange]] Go agiwa ga matamo a Gariep le Vanderkloof go dirile gore go kgone go nosediwa ga lefatshe la diheketara di le dikete tsa temothuo lwa letamong la Vandekloof. Diporojeke tse dikgologolo tsa go nosetsa jaaka tsa Buchuberg, Upington, [[Kakamas]] le [[Vioolsdrift]] le tsone di anywile sengwe ka ntlha ya gore go laola tsamaiso ya metsi jaanong go a kgonega. Mo letlhakoreng la Namibia la noka, masimo a Aussenkehr a ntsha meretlwa ka thuso ya metsi a a tswang mo nokeng ya Orange.<ref>[https://science.nasa.gov/earth/earth-observatory/irrigation-project-along-the-orange-river-43035/ "Irrigation Project along the Orange River - NASA Science"]. 7 March 2010. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> Mo dingwageng tse di sa tswang go feta, mafelo a a dirang mofine mo lotshitshing lwa noka ya Orange a botlhokw thata. Go nosetsa kwa Kapa Botlhaba le gone go ile magoletsa, eseng ka gore metsi a oketsegile fela, mme gape e le ka gore a oketsegile boleng. Kwa ntle ga tokafalo e, balemi ba dinamune le losika lwa yone mo lotshitshing lwa noka ya Sundays ba ka bo ba tsweletse ka go latlhegelwa.<ref>[https://news.wine.co.za/news.aspx?NEWSID=44771 "Wine in the desert"]. ''wine.co.za''. 30 January 2025. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref><ref>[https://www.gfrwua.com/scheme "The Scheme"]. ''GFRWUA''. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> === Porojeke ya metsi ya Lesotho === Porojeke ya metsi ya Lesotho e ne e tlhamelwa go tlatsa metsi a noka ya Vaal. Metsi a a isiwa kwa Aforika Borwa ka mosele o o fetang kwa tlase ga molelwane wa Lesotho le Aforika Borwa kwa nokeng ya Caledon le kwa tlase ga noka ya Little Caledon kwa borwa jwa Clarens kwa Free State, e tshela metsi kwa nokeng ya Ash dikhilomithara di le masome mararo kwa bokone. Porojeke e ne ya kgonagala fa letlhoko la metsi kwa Guateng le ya kwa seelong se se neng se sa kgone go fitlhelelwa ke diporojeke tse dingwe jaaka ya Tugela le Vaal, e e neng e dirisa letamo la Sterkfonteingaufi le Harrismith kwa Free State.<ref>[https://www.internetgeography.net/geotopics/lesotho-large-scale-water-transfer-scheme-case-study/ "Lesotho Large-Scale Water Transfer Scheme Case Study".] ''Internet Geography''. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> === Diteemane tse di kgwilweng ke metsi === Ka ngwaga wa 1867, teemane ya ntlha go bonwa kwa Aforika Borwa, [[teemane ya Eureka]],e bonwe gaufi le Hopetown mo nokeng ya Orange. Morago ga dingwaga tse pedi, teemane e kgolwane e e itsegeng e le [[naledi ya Aforika Borwa]] e ne ya bonwa mo lefelong leo, se se baka gore batho ba le bantsi ba tabogele koo. Se se ne sa ema ka ntlha ya go tabogela meepo ya diteemane kwa [[Kimberley|Kimberly]] ka 1871, le ntswa diteemane di ne di ntse di bonwa kwa nokeng ya Orange. Gompieno, meepo e e rekisang e le mmalwa e berekela kwa bofelelong jwa noka, le kwa lotshitshing lwa molomo wa yone. Meepo ya diteemane e bereka gape fa gare ga noka. === Go kgweetsa mekoro === [[Setshwantsho:OrangeRiverRafting.jpg|thumb|Go kgweetsa mekoro ko nokeng ya Orange go tlwaelesegile mo bajanaleng]] Ka nako ya dikgwedi tsa Mopitlo le Motsheganong, ka go a bo go le dipula tse di namagadi gape matamo a butswe, mokgweetsi wa mokoro o ka tsamaya sebakasa dikhilomithara di le masome mararo ka letsatsi. Boteng jwa noka bo tumile thatam ka gore go na le popego e ntle, Maeto a thekiso a teng, batho ba tswa kwa toropong ya molelwane wa Vioolsdrif. == Diphologolo tsa naga == [[Setshwantsho:Labeobarbus aeneus, Orange river, Richtersveld.jpg|thumb|Tlhapi ya smallmouth yellowfish ke tlhapi e e tlwaelesegileng thata e bonwa kwa nokeng ya Orange le Vaal fela.]] Noka ya Orange ga e na le diphologolo tse ditona. E kwa ntle ga lefelo le dikwena tsa Nile di nakwa go lone, le ntswa dikubu di kile tsa bo di le dintsi koo, di ne tsa tsomiwa go fitlhelela di fela ka lekgolo la dingwga di le lesome le borobabongwe.<ref>[[:en:Guy_C._Shortridge|Shortridge, Guy Chester]] (1934). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=aI6LyAEACAAJ&redir_esc=y The Mammals of South West Africa: A Biological Account of the Forms Occurring in that Region]''. W. Heinemann.</ref> Noka ya Orange ga e na ditshedi le dimela tse di kalo. Dipatlisiso go tswa ka 1995 go tsena 2001 kwa boteng jwa noka ya Orange di bone mefuta ya ditlhapi e le lesome le borobabongwe go tswa mo malwapeng a ditlhapi a le borobabobedi a a farologaneng. Mefuta e e seng ya lefelo leo e e gatisitsweng ke patlisiso e ke ya Cyprinus Carpio le Oreochromis mossambicus, tse tsa bofelo di oketsegile thata ka dingwaga tsa 1980<ref>Næsje, T. F.; Hay, C. J.; Nickanor, N.; Koekemoer, J.; Strand, R.; Thorstad, E. B. (2007). ''Fish populations, gill net catches and gill net selectivity in the Lower Orange River, Namibia, from 1995 to 2001''. Trondheim: NINR. pp. 5–6. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-82-426-1791-0|<bdi>978-82-426-1791-0</bdi>.]]</ref> di simologa. Mofuta o mongwe o o tswang kgakala ke wa trout, o bonwa kwa nokeng e e kwa Lesotho. [[Setshwantsho:Augrabies - Twin Falls - 001.jpg|thumb|Diphororo tsa Twin kwa Diphororong tsa Augrabies]] Mefuta e supa e bonwa fela mo mafaratlhatlheng a noka ya Vaal-Orange:<ref>Beekman, Hans E. (30 May 2006). [https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=MKWRJ7GOOM0C&pg=PA13&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Facing the Facts: Assessing the Vulnerability of Africa's Water Resources to Environmental Change''.] UNEP/Earthprint. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-807-2574-2|<bdi>978-92-807-2574-2</bdi>.]]</ref> * Rock-catfish * Maluti redfin * Namaquab barb * River Sardine * Smallmouth yellowfish * Largemouth yellowfish * Orange River mudfish == Metswedi == dxgobx82r4fm57zmo32zzkhfcppxisb 0 13495 50449 2026-06-10T12:10:50Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Black Umfolozi 50449 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Black iMfolozi Riverbed (31453687603).jpg|thumb|Noka e e batlileng e kgala ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro (2016)]] '''Noka ya Black Umfolozi''' (Zulu: Imfolozi emnyama) ke nngwe ya dinoka tse pedi tse ditona tsa Noka ya Umfolozi [[KwaZulu-Natal|KwaZulu Natal]], Afrika Borwa. E bopa karolo ya Upper Umfolozi (Zulu)  -Lower Umfolozi e le kgaolo e e kwa tlase ga motswedi wa yone le [[White Umfolozi]]. Motswedi wa yone o mogolo o kwa kgaolong ya KwaMnyathi kwa Vryheid mme e elela mo dikgaolong tse dintsi kwa Zululand go fitlha e kopana le [[White Umfolozi]] gaufi le Hlabisa. == Letshwao == [[Setshwantsho:Black Umfolozi water.jpg|thumb|Go ga metsi mo motlhabeng]] Noka eno e bidiwa "e ntsho" ka ntlha ya maje a mantsho a a fitlhelwang mo tseleng ya yone. Imfolozi e kaya "zig-zag", e e bontshang tsela e noka eno e tsamayang ka yone. == Tsela == E elela ka Swart-Mfolozi, [[Ceza]],<ref>[http://www.kznhealth.gov.za/cezahospital.htm "Ceza Hospital"]. Kznhealth.gov.za. 2017-03-15. Retrieved 2017-05-01.</ref>Nongoma mme kwa bofelong e kopana le White Umfolozi gaufi le molelwane wa borwabotlhaba wa Hluhluwe-Umfolozi Game Reserve go bopa Noka ya Umfolozi. Thangami Safari Spa le yone e mo lotshitshing lwa yone. <ref>[http://thangami.co.za/history/ "History".] Thangami. 2014-06-20. Retrieved 2017-05-01.</ref>[[Empangeni]] le [[Mtubatuba]] ke mafelo a mabedi a magolo a a amanang le kgaolo ya Lower Umfolozi. == Ditso == Zwide, kgosi ya morafe o o maatla wa BaNdwandwe o ne a na le lefatshe la gagwe kwa bokone le kwa botlhaba jwa Noka ya Black Umfolozi.<ref>[http://thangami.co.za/history/ "History"]. Thangami. 2014-06-20. Retrieved 2017-05-01.</ref> 001hhfm7rd5yyq8taaoqy5jf3qmu27a 0 13496 50450 2026-06-10T12:13:40Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Letamo la Vanderkloof #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50450 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Letamo la Vanderkloof ('''le pele le neng le bidiwa letamo la P.K Le Roux) le dikhilomithara di le lekgolo le masome a mararo kwa tlase ga [[letamo la Gariep]] le tshelwa ke [[noka ya Orange]], noka e tona thata kwa [[Aforika Borwa]].<ref>Van Aarde, Andries, ed. (2018). [https://archive.org/details/oapen-20.500.12657-25307/page/197/mode/2up?q=%22vanderkloof+dam%22+%22berg+river%22 ''South Africa’s water governance hydraulic mission (1912–2008) in a WEF-Nexus context''.] AOSIS (Pty) Ltd. pp. 198–200 – via Internet Archive.</ref> Letamo la Vanderkloof ke letamo la bobedi ka botona kwa Aforika Borwa (ka selekanyo sa metsi), le na le lebotana le letona thata mo lefatsheng leo le le dimithara di le lekgolo le borobabobedi. letamo le le butswe semmuso ka 1977; le tshwara metsi a selekanyo sa di mithara di le sedikadike, dikete di le lekgolo, masome a robabobedi le bosupa le bophara jwa 133.43 kilomiters fa le tletse. Dinoka tse dingwe tse di tshelang mo letamong le di akaretsa noka ya Berg, melatswana e mebedi e e senang maina go tswa kwa Reebokrand le noka ya Knapsak, Paaiskloofspruit, noka ya Seekoei, Kattegatspruit le noka ya Hondeblaf go dikologa. Toropo ya Vanderkloof e tlhamilwe mo lotshitshing lo lo mo molemeng wa letamo, tsela ya go tsena mo toropong e tswa kwa lebotaneng la letamo, go na le matlo a boitapoloso le a go itlosa bodutu jaaka Rolftontein Nature Reserve. == Ditshwantsho == [[Setshwantsho:VanderKloof Dam Wall 1.jpg|left|thumb|Moja wa letamo]] [[Setshwantsho:VanderKloofDamLookingLeftSideDownRiver.jpg|center|thumb]] [[Setshwantsho:VanderKloofDamLookingDownPanoramic.jpg|center|thumb]] == Metswedi == hphstky9zsljhnloo1nmnpjb6fiv3xq 0 13497 50451 2026-06-10T12:33:06Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Noka ya Caledon #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50451 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river|name=Mohokare|image_name=View from Old railway bridge..... - panoramio.jpg|image_map=South Africa relief location map.svg|map_caption=Molomo wa noka ya Caledon|basin_countries=[[Lesotho]]|location=[[Free State]]|mouth=[[Noka ya Orange]]|length_km=642 km|length_mi=399 mi|elevation=1,267 m (4,157 ft)}} '''Noka ya Caledon''' (ka Sesotho: Mohokare) ke noka e tona kwa legareng la [[Aforika Borwa]]. E boleele jwa dikhilomithara di le makgolo a marataro masome a mane le bobedi, e tlhatloga kwa dithabeng tsa Drankensberg kwa molelwaneng wa [[Lesotho]], e elelela kwa borwa bophirima le kwa bophirimwa pele ga e kopana le [[noka ya Orange]] gaufi le Bethulie kwa borwa jwa [[Foreistata|Free State]]. Noka e pele e ne e filwe leina la Prinses Wilhelminas Rivier ka 1777, ke Colonel R J Gordon.<ref>Raper, P.E. (1987). ''[https://languagecentre.sun.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/SaPlaceNamesDictionary1987.pdf Dictionary of South African Place Names]'' (PDF). p. 105.</ref> == Popego == Tlholego ya noka ya Caledon ke kwa e neng e le bonno jwa [[Qwaqwa]], gaufi lemolelwane wa [[Lesotho]], kwa borwa bophirima jwa Witsieshoek. E elelela kwa borwa bophirima kwa molelwaneng wa toropokgolo ya Lesotho ebong [[Maseru]]. E dira molelwane gareng ga Aforika Borwa le Lesotho pele ga e tsena kwa [[Foreistata|Free State]] kwa kgaolong ya Aforika Borwa. E tlaa bo e ya kwa bophirima pele ga e kopana le [[noka ya Orange]] gaufi le Bethulie kwa borwa jwa Free State pele ga e elelela kwa [[Letamo la Gariep|letamong la Gariep]]. Boleele jwa yone ke dikhilimothara di le makgolo a mane, masome a robabobedi, mokgatsha wa yone o itemogela go farologana ga bothitho.<ref name=":0">[https://www.britannica.com/place/Caledon-River "Caledon River".] ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> Lefatshe le le fa gare ga noka ya Caledon le noka ya Orange ke lefelo la itloso bodutu la Tussen-die-Riviere Reserve la diheketara di ledikete di le masome mabedi le bobedi.<ref>[https://www.places.co.za/html/tussen_die_riviere.html "Tussen Die Riviere Game Reserve"]. SA Places. Retrieved 10 June 2026</ref> == Noka == Noka e ke yone e e nosang Maseru, toropokgolo ya Lesotho, e e mo nokeng. Ka dinako tsa dipula tse d seng dintsi, go nna le tlhaelo ya metsi. Go thibela se, melatswana e le mmalwa e tlhamilwe ka dikago di tshwana le letamo la Muela le letamo la Meulspruit.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003111/http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverFSCaledon/CALEDONRiver_Dams%20.htm# "Caledon River - Dams".] Archived from [https://ewisa.co.za/ the original] on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 10 June 2026</ref> ka ngwaga wa 2003, metsi a ne a ntshiwa mo go yone go thibela komelelo.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070310201737/http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2003/03102210461001.htm# "Drought".] Archived from [https://www.gov.za/ the original] on 10 March 2007. Retrieved 10 June 2026</ref> Mokgatsha wa Caledon o botlhokwa mo ditsong tsa Basotho. Lefelo le, le ne le le lenamagadi ebile le kgona go lemiwa go sa nosediwe. Se se ne sa dira gore le eletsege la bo la nna dingwe tsa dilo tse di neng di baka kgotlhang gareng ga Basotho le Maburu.<ref>Coplan, David B. (2001). "A river runs through it: The meaning of the Lesotho‐free state border". ''African Affairs''. '''100''' (398): 81–116. doi:[https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/afraf/100.398.81 10.1093/afraf/100.398.81.]</ref> Mmidi o lemiwa ka bontsi mo mokgatsheng wa Caledon.<ref name=":0" /> == Metswedi == 52q4dq2s9ice2ufam81txnyxqhwd8ac 0 13498 50452 2026-06-10T13:20:12Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Noka ya Khubelu #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river|name=Noka ya Khubelu|mouth=[[Noka ya Senqu]]|basin_countries=[[Lesotho]]|location=Kgaolo ya Mokhotlong|length_km=101|river_system=Kgampu ya [[noka ya Orange]]}} '''Noka ya Khubelu''' ke noka e e kwa kgaolong ya Mokhotlong kwa bokone botlhaba jwa [[Lesotho]]. Ke bontlha jwa lefelo le noka ya Senqu e tshelang mo go yone mo kgampung ya [[Noka ya Orange]] gape ke nngwe ya dinoka tse di botlhokwa kwa Lesotho.<ref name=":0">[https://waterwaymap.org/river/Khubelu%20000243648796/ "Khubelu"]. ''WaterwayMap''. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref><ref name=":1">George, Maeti; Ngole-Jeme, Veronica M. (2022). [https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/3/442 "An Evaluation of the Khubelu Wetland and Receiving Stream Water Quality for Community Use".] ''Water''. '''14''' (3): 44[[:en:Bibcode|2. Bibcode:]]2022Water[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Water..14..442G ..14..442G]. [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi:]][https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/3/442 10.3390/w14030442.]</ref> Noka e e simologa kwa dithabeng tsa bokone jwa Lesotho e elela mo dithabeng pele ga e kopana le mafaratlhatlha a noka ya Senqu. E le dikhilomithara di le lekgolo le motso ka boleele, ke nngwe ya dinoka tse di mo kgaolong ya Mokhotlong.<ref name=":0" /> == Popego == Noka ya Khubelu e elela mo dithabeng tsa Maloti, lefelo le le itsegeng ka mekgatsha e e boteng, ditlhaga tse di kwa godimo le makgobokgobo. Lefelo le e isang metsi kwa go lone ke bontlha jwa noka ya Senqu, e e felelang e nna [[noka ya Orange]], noka e e telele go gaisa kwa borwa jwa [[Aferika|Aforika]].<ref name=":1" /> Melatswana le dinoka di le dintsi di tshela mo nokeng e, makgobokgobo a a mo tikologong a na le seabe se setona mo go beeng metsi le go laola motsamao wa one.<ref name=":1" /> == Botlhokwa mo tikologong == Noka ya Khubelu le makgobokgobo a e amanang le one a supiwa fa a le botlhokwa mo tikologong ka a tshela metsi kwa kgampung ya noka ya Orange le Senqu, mafaratlhatlha a go kgabaganya molelwane a a pataganetsweng ke lefatshe la [[Lesotho]], [[Aforika Borwa]], [[Botswana]] le [[Namibia]].<ref name=":1" /> Ditshekatsheko tsa makgobokgobo a Khubelu di supile botlhokwa jwa one mo go somareleng boleng jwa metsi le go ema nokeng ditshaba tse di gautshwane tse di ikaegileng ka noka e o mo ditirong tsa mo gae, go nosa diruiwa, le temothuo e potlana.<ref name=":1" /> Ba ba batlisisang ba supile gape matshwenyego a a amanang le go isa serodumo sa makgobokgobo kwa tlase, go fula tlhaga ga loruo mo go feteletseng, kgothego ya mmu, le ditiro tse dingwe tsa setho tse di ka amang boleng jwa metsi le botsogo jwa tikologo mo lefelong le metsi a isiwang kwa go lone. <ref>Shakhane, Bokang (2019). ''[https://etd.cput.ac.za/handle/20.500.11838/2992 Accumulation of Selected Nutrients and Heavy Metals in the Khubelu River Catchment, Mokhotlong, Lesotho]'' (Thesis). Cape Peninsula University of Technology.</ref> == Bojanala == Mokgatsha wa noka ya Khubelu o itsege ka bontle jwa dithaba tse di mo tikologong, e etelwa thata ke ba ba tsamayang ka maoto ka dikuta le dikoloi. Dikarolo dingwe tsa noka di supiwa fa di na le tlhapi ya trout le e serolwana, ditsela tse di salang noka morago kwa dithabeng tsa Maloti di akareditswe mo ditshupetsong tsa bojanala kwa Lesotho.<ref>[https://www.getaway.co.za/activities/routes/getaway-guide-lesotho-khubelu-river-meander/ "Getaway 4X4 Guide to Lesotho: the Khubelu River Meander".] ''Getaway Magazine''. 19 December 2017. Retrieved 10 June 2026.</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Noka ya Orange]] * [[Noka ya Senqu]] == Metswedi == anl0qllhhsv7d45focvobuzhsy3j8jd 0 13499 50453 2026-06-10T13:26:29Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Letamo la Egmont #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Letamo la Egmont''' ke letamo le le kwa Witspruit, gaufi le Van Stadensrus, kwa [[Foreistata|Free State]], [[Aforika Borwa|Aforika Borwa.]] Le tlhamilwe ka 1937 le tlhamelwa go nosetsa. Borai jwa lone bo kwa godimo. == Metswedi == 196pys5dlrg6dseb0ma7diaz36vvs15 0 13500 50454 2026-06-10T13:49:28Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Noka ya Makhaleng #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50454 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river|name=Makhaleng|image_name=Qoaling.jpg|image_map=Rivers of Lesoto OSM.png|caption=Diphororo tsa Qoaling kwa nokeng ya Makhaleng|map_caption=Makhaleng kwa kgaolong ya Lesotho|mouth=[[Noka ya Orange]]|origin=Dithaba tsa Maloti|elevation_m=2,230 m|mouth_elevation_m=1,390 m}} '''Noka ya Makhaleng''' ke noka e e kwa bophirima jwa [[Lesotho]].<ref>Fitzpatrick, M., Blond, B., Pitcher, G., Richmond, S., and Warren, M. (2004) ''South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland.'' Footscray, VIC: Lonely Planet.</ref> E pagama dithaba tsa Maloti,e elelela kwa bophirima go kopana le noka ya Orange kwa molelwaneng wa [[Foreistata|Free State]] kwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. == Motsamao wa yone == Noka e,e simolola kwa bokone bophirima kwa Machache kwa dithabeng tsa Maluti kwa go leng di mithara di le dikete pedi, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabobedi le borataro go ya kwa godimo. E elelela kwa bokone bophirima go kgabaganya dithaba tsa Lesotho go feta ditoropo le metse ya Molimo-Nthuse, makhaleng, Ramabanta le Qaba, e elelela mo nokeng ya Orange kwa molelwaneng wa mafatshefatshe wa [[Foreistata|Free State]] gaufi le borogo jwa Makhaleng.<ref name=":0">Philip's (1994). ''Atlas of the World''. Reed International. pp. 86–87. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-540-05831-9|<bdi>0-540-05831-9</bdi>.]]</ref> Molomo wa noka o kwa godimo ka dimithara di le sekete le makgolo a mane,e le lefelo le le kwa tlase thata kwa Lesotho, mme e le lefelo le le kwa godimo mo go a a kwa tlase mo mafatsheng ape fela.<ref>Alan Murphy (2007). ''Southern Africa''. Lonely Planet. p. 140. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-74059-745-6|<bdi>978-1-74059-745-6</bdi>.]]</ref> Mokgatšha wa noka o tlhama bontlha jwa ditsela tse di yang kwa dithabeng di le dintsi, bogolo jang ya God Help Me Pass le ya Gates of Paradise Pass. Diphororo tsa Qiloane ke lefelo le le kgatlhisang bojanala le le kwa godimo ga noka e. Mekgatsha e e bo kwa godimo jwa masome mararo a di mithara mme di itsege thata ka bophara jwa tsone, ka metsi a elelela go kgabaganya majwe mo diphororong tsa Bridal Veil.<ref>[https://www.sotourism-travel.com/lesotho-travel-guide.html Tourist Website of Lesotho] [https://web.archive.org/web/20151222134935/http://www.golesotho.co.za/Other%20Pages/Qiloane%20falls.html Archived] 2015-12-22 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]</ref> Kwa Lesotho noka e kwa godimo ga e na dipoa tsa morwalela. Metsi a elela ka bonya, noka e ya kwa godimo ka bofefo morago ga dipula tse dintsi kwa dithabeng le ka nako ya go oma ga dikgakololo. Lefelo le noka e isang metsi kwa go lone le botona jwa di heketara di le dikete di le makgolo mararo, go elela ga metsi ke di mithara di le lesome le botlhano ka sephatlho sa motsotso. Ga go na melatswana e metona mo nokeng, mme go na le e e mennye le e e fa gare e e agetsweng go somarela mmu le go baya metsi. Melatswana e,e tshabelelwa ke go tlala mmu le go tsewa ke metsi.<ref>J.-P. vanden Bossche; G. M. Bernacsek (1990). ''[[iarchive:bub_gb_WLZRxM9vfXoC|Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa]]''. Food & Agriculture Org. p. 93. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-5-102983-1|<bdi>978-92-5-102983-1</bdi>.]]</ref> == Dinoka tse di tshelang mo go yone == Noka ya Makhaleng e na le dinoka di le tharo tse di tshelang mo go yone, noka ya Qhoqhoane, ya Makhaleng le ya Khibiting. Tsotlhe di elelela mo go yone go tswa kwa mojeng ka di tsaya metsi kwa dithabeng tsa Maluti.<ref name=":0" /> == Metswedi == 8ocf4b3isg67ro3shz8yotsn4g54n5d 0 13501 50455 2026-06-10T13:52:55Z Lucrucia98 12161 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA NOKA YA NYABARONGO 50455 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:An aerial of Nyabarongo River from Nyungwe National Park to River Nile. Emmanuel Kwizera.jpg|thumb|Noka ya Nyabarongo]] '''Noka ya Nyabarongo''' (pronounced) ke noka e kgolo kwa Rwanda, karolo ya metsi a a kwa godimo a noka ya Nile. Ka boleele jwa makgolo a mararo le masome a matlhano le bogwe (351 km) (218 mi), ke noka e telele go gaisa tsotlhe mo Rwanda. E atolositswe ka makgolo a mane le masome a mabedi le bongwe (421) km (262 mi) kwa Letsheng la Rweru go akaretsa masome a marataro le boferabongwe (69 km) (43 mi) kwa godimo ga Noka ya Kagera pele e kopana le Noka ya Ruvuvu go bopa Noka ya Kagera. Noka eno e simolola go elela fa dinoka tsa Mbirurume le Mwogo di kopanelang teng kwa borwabophirima jwa naga eno. Dinoka tseno tse pedi di simologa kwa Sekgweng sa Nyungwe, mme bangwe ba di tsaya e le motswedi o o kgakala thata wa Nile. Go tloga kwa e simololang teng, Noka ya Nyabarongo e elela go ya kwa bokone ka sekgala sa dikilometara di le masome a ferangbobedi le botlhano (85), mme e dira molelwane fa gare ga Diporofense tsa Bophirima le tsa Borwa. Fa e kopana le noka ya Mukungwa, noka eno e fetola tsela ya yone mme e elela go ya kwa botlhaba ka dikilometara di le lesome le bobedi (12), go tswa foo e elela go ya kwa borwabotlhaba ka dikilometara di le makgolo a mabedi (200) tsa bofelo. Mo karolong e telele ya tsela eno, noka eno e dira jaaka molelwane magareng ga Diporofense tsa Bokone le tsa Borwa, go tswa foo e dira jaaka molelwane magareng ga Toropo ya Kigali le Porofense ya Borwa, mme kwa bofelong e dira jaaka molelwane magareng ga Toropo ya Kigali le Porofense ya Botlhaba. Noka eno e tsena mo porofenseng ya Botlhaba mme e bo e felela gaufi le molelwane wa Burundi. Noka ya Nyabarongo e tshologela mo Letsha la Rweru le mo nokeng ya Kagera (kgotsa Akagera) e le noka e nnye mme e raraane. Noka ya Kagera e tswa mo Letsheng la Rweru, le le bokgakala jwa 1 km go tswa mo mokgatšheng wa Nyabarongo. Mo e ka nnang dikalana tsotlhe tsa noka ya Nyabarongo di elela mo letsheng leno, le fa go ntse jalo, karolo e le nngwe ya noka eno e elela ka tlhamalalo mo nokeng e e sa tswang go bopega ya Kagera. Kgabagare Noka ya Kagera e elela mo Letsheng la Victoria mme e bo e bopa Noka ya Nile. == Tshimologo == Noka ya Nyabarongo e simologa kwa borwabophirima jwa Rwanda kwa botlhaba jwa Letsha la Kivu.<ref name=":0">[[:en:Nyabarongo_River#CITEREFHughesHughesBernacsek1992|Hughes, Hughes & Bernacsek 1992]], p. 97.</ref> Motswedi wa noka o simologa mo kgaolong ya dithaba e e akaretsang karolo ya boraro ya bophirima jwa Rwanda, kwa botlhaba jwa Albertine Rift. <ref name=":1">[[:en:Nyabarongo_River#CITEREFHughesHughesBernacsek1992|Hughes, Hughes & Bernacsek 1992]], p. 199.</ref>Dinoka tse di kgolo mo nageng e e dithaba e e nang le dikgwa, tse di simololang kwa bogodimong jwa dimetara di le dikete tse pedi le makgolo a marataro (2,600) go ya go 2,750 (8,530 go ya go 9,020 ft) godimo ga lewatle, ke dinoka tsa Mbirurume le Mwogo.<ref name=":2">[[:en:Nyabarongo_River#CITEREFHughesHughesBernacsek1992|Hughes, Hughes & Bernacsek 1992]], p. 201.</ref>Noka e telele go di feta tsotlhe e e tlamelang Mwogo ke Rukarara, e e simololang kwa sekgweng sa Nyungwe.<ref name=":3">[[:en:Nyabarongo_River#CITEREFITMB_Publishing2007|ITMB Publishing 2007]]</ref>Noka ya Rukarara e elela go ya kwa borwa mme e bo e elela go ya kwa botlhaba, e elela mo Nokeng ya Mwogo. Noka ya Mwogo e elela kwa bokone, e kopana le Noka ya Mbirurume kwa borwa jwa Bwakira.<ref name=":3" /> Go tswa mo motsweding ono, noka e tsaya leina la Nyabarongo. Motswedi wa Rukarara ke motswedi o mogolo wa noka ya Nile, e leng motswedi o o kgakala thata wa noka.<ref>[[:en:Nyabarongo_River#CITEREFGrainger2006|Grainger 2006.]]</ref> == Tsela == Go tsamaya ka mokoro mo Nokeng ya Nyabarongo Noka ya Nyawarungu e elela go ya kwa bokone go kgabaganya dithaba mo mokgatšheng o o boteng o o batlang o tshwana le Letsha la Kivu mme o ka nna bogodimo jo bo tshwanang jwa dimetara di le sekete le makgolo a matlhano (1 500). Fa e fitlha kwa Muramba e retologela kwa borwabotlhaba. Mo lebopong la yone la molema, Noka ya Nyabugogo e elela go tswa kwa Letsheng la Muhazi.<ref name=":2" />Go dikologa Kigali noka e dirisetswa go apaya, go nwa le go tlhapa. Gape e amogela metsi a a leswe le matlakala go tswa kwa madirelong le temothuong. Mo e ka nnang dikilometara di le masome a mararo le botlhano (35) kwa tlase ga noka, noka ya Akanyaru e tsena mo lobopong lwa yone lwa moja, kwa borwabophirima jwa Kigali.<ref name=":2" /> Noka e e kopaneng e elela kwa botlhaba mme e bo e elela kwa borwabotlhaba go ralala mokgatšha o o sephara o o tletseng ka seretse. Kwa molelwaneng wa Burundi e nosetsa Letsha la Rweru. Go tswa foo e elela go ya kwa botlhaba go bapa le molelwane wa Rwanda le Burundi, go tswa foo e elela go kgabaganya Rwanda le Tanzania, go fitlha e kopana le Noka ya Ruvuvu. Go tloga foo go ya pele e bidiwa Noka ya Kagera, e e leng motswedi o mogolo wa Letsha la Victoria, le le elelang mo Nokeng ya Nile.<ref name=":0" /> Noka e elela kwa botlhaba jwa dithaba le bontsi jwa bogare jwa plateau ya Rwanda.<ref name=":1" /> == Mafelo a a nang le metsi == Ka bonako morago ga go kopanngwa le noka ya Akanyaru, noka e e kopaneng e elela go ya kwa botlhaba mme morago kwa borwa go ralala matsha le mafelo a a bongola mo mokgatšheng o o sephaphathi o o tsamayang mo ntlheng ya SSE, o o bophara jwa dikilometara di le masome a mararo le botlhano (35), o o tlalang go bopa lefelo la merwalela le matsha a a sa feleng. Letsha la Mugesera le mo lotshitshing lo lo kwa botlhaba jwa noka, mme ke letsha le legolo go a gaisa otlhe mo Rwanda. Matsha a Birara le Sake le one a mo lotshitshing lo lo kafa molemeng lwa noka. <ref>[[:en:Nyabarongo_River#CITEREFHughesHughesBernacsek1992|Hughes, Hughes & Bernacsek 1992]], p. 205.</ref>Matsha a a mo lobopong lwa moja, go tswa kwa bokone go ya kwa borwa, ke Gashanga, Kidogo, Rumira, Maravi, Kilimbi, Gaharwa, Rweru le Kanzigiri.<ref>[[:en:Nyabarongo_River#CITEREFHughesHughesBernacsek1992|Hughes, Hughes & Bernacsek 1992]], p. 206.</ref> Letsha la Rweru, le bontsi jwa lone le leng kwa Burundi, le elela kwa ntlheng ya bokone-botlhaba go tsena mo nokeng ka karolo e khutshwane ya seretse. <ref>[[:en:Nyabarongo_River#CITEREFHughesHughesBernacsek1992|Hughes, Hughes & Bernacsek 1992]], p. 125.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110727233630/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/print.php?issue=14072&print&article=5219 "Exploring the Nyabarongo river".] Archived from the original on 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2010-09-09.</ref> Le fa gone e le gaufi le ekhweitha, tlelaemete ya teng e tsiditsana ka ntlha ya bogodimo jwa yone. Dipaka tsa dipula di simolola ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe go fitlha ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong mme gape go tloga ka kgwedi ya Lwetse go fitlha ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole.<ref>[[:en:Nyabarongo_River#CITEREFStreissguth2008|Streissguth 2008,]] p. 13.</ref>Kwa mafelong a a kwa godimo a mafelo a a nang le metsi, sekgwa se nna fela se na le metsi ka dinako dingwe. Kwa tlase, dimela tse di tlwaelegileng ke Ficus verruculosa, Myrica kandtiana, Phoenix reclinata le Cyperus papyrus.<ref>[[:en:Nyabarongo_River#CITEREFRWANDA|RWANDA]]</ref>Metsi a teng gantsi a nna 25 °C (77 °F).[ Ditlhapi di dintsi, mme go na le mefuta e mentsi ya dinonyane tsa metsi. Diphologolo tse dingwe di akaretsa di-water turtle, dikwena, di-monitor, dinoga le di-otter.<ref>[[:en:Nyabarongo_River#CITEREFHughesHughesBernacsek1992|Hughes, Hughes & Bernacsek 1992, p]]. 207</ref> The Nyabarongo River Wetlands ke lefelo le le sa sirelediwang le le dikologileng noka ya Nyabarongo,<ref>[[:en:Nyabarongo_River#CITEREFNyabarongo:_Rwanda|Nyabarongo: Rwanda.]]</ref>le le akaretsang 142.62 square kilometres (55.07 sq mi). E botlhokwa thata mo tshireletsong ya ditshedi tse di farologaneng, bogolo jang dinonyane, ka mefuta e e jaaka kgama ya letamo ya Madagascar e e mo kotsing ya go nyelela (Ardeola idae), papyrus gonolek e e gaufi le go nyelela (Laniarius mufumbiri), kgama e e nang le serwalo se se pududu (Balearica regulorum), le sitatunga (Tragelaphus spekii).[ Mafelo a a nang le metsi a a bongola a mo kgatelelong e kgolo go tswa temothuong.<ref name=":4">[[:en:Nyabarongo_River#CITEREFBirdLife_IBA_Factsheet|BirdLife IBA Factsheet]].</ref><ref>Nsengimana, Venuste; Weihler, Simeon; Kaplin, Beth A. (2016-08-24). "Perceptions of Local People on the Use of Nyabarongo River Wetland and Its Conservation in Rwanda". ''Society & Natural Resources''. '''30''' (1): 3–15. [[doi:10.1080/08941920.2016.1209605]]. ISSN 0894-1920. S2CID 157257014.</ref> Mefuta e e latelang ya ditshedi tse di mo mafelong a noka ya Nyabarongo e mo lenaaneng le lehibidu jaaka tse di mo kotsing ya go nyelela: papyrus gonolek (Laniarius mufumbiri), Carruthers's cisticola (Cisticola carruthersi), white-winged scrub-warbler (Bradypterus carpalis), papyrus yellow warbler (Chloropeta gracilirostris), Sharpe's pied-babbler (Turdoides sharpei), northern brown-throated weaver (Ploceus castanops), white-collared oliveback (Nesocharis ansorgei), le papyrus canary (Serinus koliensis).<ref name=":4" /><ref>Meierhenrich, Jens (October 2009). "The transformation oflieux de mémoire: The Nyabarongo River in Rwanda, 1992-2009". ''Anthropology Today''. '''25''' (5): [[doi:10.1111/j.1467-8322.2009.00687.x|13–19. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8322.2009.00687.]]<nowiki/>x. ISSN 0268-540X</ref> == Metswedi == a8uksismv7fam7oy3sxmb4m2kggn7hq 0 13502 50456 2026-06-10T14:07:49Z Lucrucia98 12161 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA NOKA YA UELE 50456 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Ubangirivermap.png|thumb|Noka ya Uele]] '''Noka ya Uele''', e e itsegeng gape ka leina la yone le le tshwanang le la yone la Uélé, '''Ouélé,''' kgotsa Noka ya '''Welle''',<ref>"Ubangi River". [[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica|Encyclopædia Britannica.]] 2010. Archived from the original on 4 May 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2010</ref><ref>[https://geonames.nga.mil/geon-ags/rest/services/RESEARCH/GIS_OUTPUT/MapServer/0/query?outfields=*&where=full_name%3D+%27Uele%27 Uele] at GEOnet Names Server</ref>ke noka e e mo Democratic Republic of the Congo. == Tsela == Noka ya Uele e bopega kwa Dungu, fa dinoka tsa Dungu le Kibali di kopanelang teng, tse ka bobedi jwa tsone di simololang mo dithabeng tse di gaufi le Letsha la Albert. Dinoka tseno di elela go ya kwa bophirima mo sekgaleng sa dikilometara di le sekete le makgolo a mabedi le lesome (1,210) (750 mi), go fitlha Uele e kopana le Noka ya Mbomou kwa Yakoma. Dinoka tse dikgolo tse di tsenang mo nokeng ya Uele ke Noka ya Bomokandi (ka fa molemeng) le Noka ya Uere (ka fa mojeng). Motswedi wa Uele ⁇ Mbomou kwa Yakoma o supa tshimologo ya Noka ya Ubangi, e e elelang mo Nokeng ya Congo. Noka ya Uele ke nngwe ya dinoka tse ditelele tse di tsenang mo nokeng ya Ubangi. Boleele jo bo kopaneng jwa Ubangi ⁇ Uele ke dikilometara di ka nna dikete tse pedi le makgolo a mabedi le bosupa (2,270).<ref>Bossche, J.P. vanden; G. M. Bernacsek (1990). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA338 Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1]''. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. p. 338. ISBN <bdi>978-92-5-102983-1</bdi>. Retrieved 8 August 2010.</ref> Go tswa mo ditshwantshong tsa sathalaete, dikarolo tsa noka di lebega di le dikhibidu ka ntlha ya kgotlelo ya iron oxide mo nokeng. == Metswedi == sjbvsjfqhs8zznskrr1kijicgvdxatz 0 13503 50457 2026-06-10T14:09:49Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Noka ya Sankuru 50457 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Noka ya Sankuru''' (Swahili: Mto Sankuru) ke noka e tona kwa [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo.]] Boleele jwa yone jwa dikilometara tse di ka nnang sekete le makgolo a mabedi<ref name=":0">"Sankuru River" in [[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica|''The New Encyclopædia Britannica''.]] Chicago: [[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Inc.|Encyclopædia Britannica Inc]]., 15th edn., 1992, Vol. 10, p. 278.</ref> bo e dira noka e telele go di gaisa tsotlhe e e tsenang ka Noka ya Kasai. [[Setshwantsho:Sankuru River entering Kasai River NASA.jpg|thumb|Noka ya Sankuru (kwa godimo kafa mojeng) e tsena mo Nokeng ya Kasai, e bonwa go tswa kwa lefaufaung]] Kwa godimo ga motswedi wa yone le noka ya Mbuji-Mayi e itsege gape jaaka '''Lubilash''' kgotsa '''Lubilanji'''. <ref name=":0" />E elela go ya kwa bokone mme morago go ya kwa bophirima e kgabaganya metse e le mmalwa, segolo thata Lusambo. Go tswa foo e tsena mo Nokeng ya Kasai gaufi le Bena-Bendi, kwa 4°17′S 20°25′E. == Metswedi == [[Setshwantsho:Sankuru River DRC.svg|thumb|Noka ya Sankuru]] fel7pfrh02rdfc9960sbmbsgka62rvn 0 13504 50458 2026-06-10T14:11:13Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Noka ya Vaal #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50458 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Noka ya Vaal''' ke noka e e tshelang thata kwa nokeng ya Orange kwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. Noka e, e na le motswedi gaufi le Breyten kwa kgaolong ya Mpumalanga, kwa botlhaba jwa Johannesburg dikhilomithara di ka nna masome a mararo kwa bokone jwa Ermelo le di ka nna makolog a mabedi le masome a mane fela go tswa kwa lewatleng la Indian.<ref>Times Comprehensive Atlas, 12th ed. Times Books, London, 2007</ref> E elelela kwa bophirima kwa e kopanang teng le noka ya Orange kwa borwa bophiirma jwa Kimberley kwa Kapa Bokone. E dikhilomithara di le sekete, makgolo a mane, masome a matlhano le borobabobedi ka boleele, e dira molelwane fa gare ga dikgaolo tsa mpumalanga, Gauteng le Bokone Bophirima mo lotshitshing lwa yone lo lo kwa bokone, le Free State kwa borwa. Ke noka ya boraro ka botona kwa Aforika Borwa morago ga noka ya Orange (e e boleele jwa dikhilomithara di le dikete pedi le makgolo a mabedi) le noka ya Limpopo (e e boleele jwa sekete, makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano) e ne e tlhamelwa go nna motswedi wa boremelelo wa metsi kwa kgaolong ya Witswatersrand morago ga go kgatlhegela gouta mo go golo ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabongwe.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190918163332/http://www.sa9.co.za/category/9-longest-rivers/ "9 longest rivers. SA9. Accessed 2 April 2018]". Archived from [http://www.sa9.co.za/category/9-longest-rivers/ the original] on 18 September 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2026</ref> Letamo la Vaal le mo nokeng ya Vaal kwa Deneysville kwa borwa jwa molelwane wa Gauteng le Free State. Noka ya Vaal ke yone e telele mo molelwaneng wa Aforika Borwa. Lefoko Vaal ke lefoko la puo ya Dutch, le le fetolwang ke Maburu kgotsa Griquas<ref>Thompson, G. (1827). ''Travels and Adventures in Southern Africa I''. Henry Colburn, London. p. 74.</ref> ka nako ya pele ya morafe wa Khoekhoe, ka dinako tse dingwe le kwalwa gotwe Tky-Gariep.<ref name=":0">du Plessis, E.J. (1973). ''Suid-Afrikaanse berg- en riviername''. Tafelberg-uitgewers, Cape Town. pp. 326, 221. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-624-00273-X|<bdi>0-624-00273-X</bdi>.]]</ref> Mafoko a Vaal le a Tky a raya go tlhjoka go kgatlhisa, mo go neng go tewa mmala wa metsi, o bonala thata ka nako ya paka ya merwalela fa noka e tletse ka motlhaba. Kwa godimo ga noka go ne go bididwa iLigwa (ka Se Ndebele), Ikwa kgotswa Igwa ka seZulu, ilikwa (ka SeSwatui), lekwa (ka Sesotho), kgotsa Cuoa ke ba Khoekhoe, mafoko a otlhe a raya dipoa tse e fetang ka tsone.<ref name=":0" /> == Ditso == [[Setshwantsho:SA1899 pg136 A Pont . Vaal River.jpg|left|thumb|Mokoro mo nokeng ya Vaal]] Mo ditsong, noka e ne e tlhama bokone jwa molelwane wa bogosi jwa Basotho jwa Moshoeshoe I ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome leborobabongwe, ya tloga ya nna molelwane gareng ga magosi a mabedi a Maburu: South African Republic le Orange Free State. Leina Transvaal le tswa mo leineng la noka e, le raya go feta noka ya Vaal. Se e ne e le go supa tlotla mo dikoloneng tsa Kapa le Natal, tse e neng e le tsone boremelelo jwa batho ba Yuropa ka nako eo, kwa borwa jwa Vaal. == Metswedi == 7zbux8xru4rikqikhihvzovg76yio7g 50477 50458 2026-06-11T08:16:33Z JudithShe 9421 Ke okeditse thanolo ya tsebe ya Noka ya Vaal #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50477 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river|name=Vaal / IHai|river_name=Lekwa, IIiKwa|image_name=VaalFromN3.jpg|caption=Noka ya Vaal go tswa mo tseleng ya N3, kwa godimo ga [[letamo la Vaal]]. E dira molelwane wa [[Mpumalanga]] le [[Free State]]|image_map=South Africa relief location map.svg|map_caption=Molomo wa noka ya Vaal|basin_countries=[[Aforika Borwa]]|location=[[Free State]] [[Gauteng]] [[Kapa Bokone]] [[Mpamalanga]]|mouth=[[Noka ya Orange]]|length_km=1,458|elevation_m=1,241|left_tribs=[[Noka ya Vet]]}} '''Noka ya Vaal''' ke noka e e tshelang thata kwa nokeng ya Orange kwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. Noka e, e na le motswedi gaufi le Breyten kwa kgaolong ya [[Mpumalanga]], kwa botlhaba jwa [[Johannesburg]] dikhilomithara di ka nna masome a mararo kwa bokone jwa Ermelo le di ka nna makgolo a mabedi le masome a mane fela go tswa kwa lewatleng la Indian.<ref>Times Comprehensive Atlas, 12th ed. Times Books, London, 2007</ref> E elelela kwa bophirima kwa e kopanang teng le [[noka ya Orange]] kwa borwa bophirima jwa [[Kimberley]] kwa [[Kapa Bokone]]. E dikhilomithara di le sekete, makgolo a mane, masome a matlhano le borobabobedi ka boleele, e dira molelwane fa gare ga dikgaolo tsa Mpumalanga, [[Gauteng]] le [[Bokone Bophirima]] mo lotshitshing lwa yone lo lo kwa bokone, le [[Foreistata|Free State]] kwa borwa. Ke noka ya boraro ka botona kwa [[Aforika Borwa]] morago ga noka ya Orange (e e boleele jwa dikhilomithara di le dikete pedi le makgolo a mabedi) le [[noka ya Limpopo]] (e e boleele jwa sekete, makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano) e ne e tlhamelwa go nna motswedi wa boremelelo wa metsi kwa kgaolong ya [[Witswatersrand]] morago ga go kgatlhegela gouta mo go golo ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabongwe.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190918163332/http://www.sa9.co.za/category/9-longest-rivers/ "9 longest rivers. SA9. Accessed 2 April 2018]". Archived from [http://www.sa9.co.za/category/9-longest-rivers/ the original] on 18 September 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2026</ref> Letamo la Vaal le mo nokeng ya Vaal kwa Deneysville kwa borwa jwa molelwane wa Gauteng le Free State. Noka ya Vaal ke yone e telele mo molelwaneng wa Aforika Borwa. Lefoko Vaal ke lefoko la puo ya Dutch, le le fetolwang ke Maburu kgotsa Griquas<ref>Thompson, G. (1827). ''Travels and Adventures in Southern Africa I''. Henry Colburn, London. p. 74.</ref> ka nako ya pele ya morafe wa Khoekhoe, ka dinako tse dingwe le kwalwa gotwe Tky-Gariep.<ref name=":0">du Plessis, E.J. (1973). ''Suid-Afrikaanse berg- en riviername''. Tafelberg-uitgewers, Cape Town. pp. 326, 221. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-624-00273-X|<bdi>0-624-00273-X</bdi>.]]</ref> Mafoko a Vaal le a Tky a raya go tlhjoka go kgatlhisa, mo go neng go tewa mmala wa metsi, o bonala thata ka nako ya paka ya merwalela fa noka e tletse ka motlhaba. Kwa godimo ga noka go ne go bididwa iLigwa (ka Se Ndebele), Ikwa kgotswa Igwa ka [[Sezulu|seZulu]], ilikwa (ka SeSwati), lekwa (ka [[Sesotho]]), kgotsa Cuoa ke ba Khoekhoe, mafoko a otlhe a raya dipoa tse e fetang ka tsone.<ref name=":0" /> == Ditso == [[Setshwantsho:SA1899 pg136 A Pont . Vaal River.jpg|left|thumb|Mokoro mo nokeng ya Vaal]] Mo ditsong, noka e ne e tlhama bokone jwa molelwane wa bogosi jwa Basotho jwa Moshoeshoe I ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome leborobabongwe, ya tloga ya nna molelwane gareng ga magosi a mabedi a Maburu: South African Republic le Orange Free State. Leina Transvaal le tswa mo leineng la noka e, le raya go feta noka ya Vaal. Se e ne e le go supa tlotla mo dikoloneng tsa Kapa le Natal, tse e neng e le tsone boremelelo jwa batho ba Yuropa ka nako eo, kwa borwa jwa Vaal. Ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabongwe, go ne ga nna le phudugo e ntsi ya batho ba fudugela kwa Witwatersrand go batla gouta. Noka ya Vaal e ne ya felela e nna one motsweei mogolo wa metsi kwa Witwatersrand. Batho pele ba ne ba dirisa metsi a a tswang kwa didbeng tsa Zuurbekom kwa Gauteng. Didiba tse di ne tsa felela di kgala batho ba tlhoka motswedi o mosha o ba ka o dirisang mo go tsa selegae, temothuo le madirelo.<ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924084656/http://www.randwater.co.za/CorporateResponsibility/WWE/Pages/WaterOrigination.aspx "Water Origination"]. ''Home''. [[:en:Rand_Water|Rand Water.]] 7 February 2019. Archived from [http://www.randwater.co.za/CorporateResponsibility/WWE/Pages/WaterOrigination.aspx the original] on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2026.</ref> Diporojeke tsa metsi di ne tsa simololwa ke mohama o o ikemetseng go mekamekana le go golela pele ga palo ya batho ba ba tlhokang metsi. Diporojeke tse di ne di akaretsa ya Braamfontein ya 1893 le Sivewright Concession ka 1887 e e neng e diriwa ke ba kompone ya Johannesburg ya metsi. Metsi a ne a tura ka jalo go se motlhofo go a bona o baaging ba le bantsi.<ref name=":2">Crooks, J. (2004). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124346/http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx Background / History of Rand Water"]. ''Home''. [[:en:Rand_Water|Rand Water.]] Archived from [http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx the original] on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2026.</ref> === Lekgotla la Rand Water === Lekgotla la Rand Water le tlhamilwe ka 1903 go okamela ditsamaiso tsa mohama o o ikemetseng ka maikaelelo a go sekaseka go phatlaladiwa ga metsi le kgopo leswe. Lekgotla le ne la simolola go bereka semmuso ka 1905, le isa metsi ka bontsi kwa Witwatersrand. Malokoa lekgotla a ne a akaretsa matona a puso go tswa kwa khanseleng ya [[Johannesburg]], baokamedi ba meepo le baeteledipele ba bangwe kwa Witwatersrand.<ref name=":2" /> Rand Water e ne ya tsibogela go tlhoka metsi ka go direla banni ba Witwatersrand melao ka ngwaga wa 1913. E ne ya dira diporojeke tse ditona go tsibogela letlhoko le le tsweletseng ka go golela pele la metsi. Ka ngwaga wa 1914 go tsena 1998, lekgotla le ne la ikgolaganya le maphata a puso le mohama o o ikemetseng go kgarametsa porojeke ya noka ya Vaal le didiba (1914 go tsena 1924). Porojeke ya Noka ya Vaal e ne e le lenaneo la go okamela phatlalatso ya metsi. Lekgotla la Rand Water le ne gape la tlhama motshine o o pompang metsi wa Vereeniging ka 1924, wa Zwartkopies, letamo la Vaal ka 1938, motshine wa Zuikerbosch ka 1949 le porojeke ya metsi ya Lesotho ka 1998.<ref name=":2" /> == Kgampu ya noka == [[Setshwantsho:Vaal Basin OSM.png|thumb|Kgampu ya noka ya Vaal. Kgampu ya Vaal e mo mmaleng o o serolwana, kgampu ya Orange e mo mmaleng o morokwa]] Metsi a pula le metsi a a kwa tlase ga lefatshe a tsena mo makgobokgobong, makadiba le melatswana, kwa dikopanang teng,noka ya Vaal e simolola teng. Noka e, e elelela kwa bophirima kwa letamong la Grootdraai gaufi le Standerton kwa Mpumalanga. Mo tsamaong ya yone go ya letamong la Vaal kwa Vereeniging, noka e kopana le metswedi e mengwe. [[Noka ya Little Vaal]] e simolola kwa mokgatsheng gaufi le Ermelo, gaufi le Memel kwa Free State kwa [[noka ya Klip]] e simologang teng. Noka ya Watervals e simolola kwa Secunda, kwa Mpumalanga. [[Noka ya Wilge]] e kile ya boe kopana le noka ya Vaal pele ga go agiwa letamo la Vaal ka 1938; gompieno metsi a tlhamalalela kwa letamong.<ref name=":1" /> Noka ya Kromelmboogspruit e kopana le Vaal gaufi le sediba sa Vaal. === Letamo la Vaal === ''Tsebe kgolo: [[Letamo la vaal|Letamo la Vaal]]'' [[Setshwantsho:Vaal River near Venterskroon.jpg|thumb|Noka ya Vaal kwa Venterskroon]] Ka metsi a noka ya Vaal a tshologa ka bontsi, matamo a matona a agilwe mo tseleng ya yone go baya metsi. Pele ga noka e tlhomamisiwa go nna motswedi mogolo wa bontlha jwa Gauteng, matangwana a le mmalwa a ne a agiwa ke balemi barui go nosetsa. Fa kago ya letamo la Vaal e fediwa ka 1938, letamo le ne la dira gore go nne le metsi ngwaga otlhe le fa noka e sa tlala. Letamo le ne le amogela metsi go tswa mo mafelong a a farologaneng le diporojeke tse di farologaneng.<ref name=":1" /> === Porojeke ya Tugela-Vaal === [[Setshwantsho:Vaal Dam full 2010.jpg|thumb|[[Letamo la vaal]] e tletse ka 2010]] Diporojeke di le pedi tsa neelano a metsi di ne tsa simolodisiwa go isa metsi kwa itsholelo ya lefatshe e neng e remeletse teng (kwa go neng go bidiwa Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeniging pele) ka go isa metsi kwa nokeng ya Vaal go tswa kwa mafelong a mangwe ka dingwaga tsa 1970 go tsena 1990. Tse di akaretsa porojeke ya Lesotho le ya KwaZuluNatal ya Tugela-Vaal.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20191101102132/http://www.waterwise.co.za/export/sites/water-wise/downloads/fun/Manzi_News_May_2016_-_Final.pdf "Rivers of South Africa. Manzi's News. Accessed 31 March 2018"] (PDF). Archived from [http://www.waterwise.co.za/export/sites/water-wise/downloads/fun/Manzi_News_May_2016_-_Final.pdf the original] (PDF) on 1 November 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2026</ref> Porojeke ya Tugela-Vaal e feditswe ka 1974 go ntsha metsi kwa nokeng ya Tugela kwa Kwazulu Natal ka mesele, diphaepe le matamo go isa mo mafaratlhatlheng a noka ya Vaal.<ref name=":1" /> === Porojeke ya metsi ya Lesotho === [[Setshwantsho:LHWP map resized.jpg|left|thumb|Mmepe wa porojeke ya metsi ya Lesotho]] Porojeke ya metsi ya kwa Lesotho e simolodisitswe semmuso ka 1997 e akaretsa tsamaiso ya kago ya dikarolo tse tharo e e tlaa ntshang metsi kwa Lesotho e isa kwa nokeng ya Vaal, e akaretsa matamo a matona a le mane. Go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1954, khansele e e tlhabololang ditswammung e ne ya ntsha molao kakanyetso wa gore lefatshe la Aforika Borwa le tseye metsi kwa Lesotho. Dipuisano gareng ga mafatshe o o mabedi di simolotse ka dingwaga tsa 1970 di ya fifing. Tumalano ya ditlhabololo tsa porojeke e ne ya bewa monwana ka Phalane a le masome mabedi lebone ngwaga wa 1987 ke baemedi ba Lesotho, Aforika Borwa, lekgotla la European union, lekgotla la [[United Nations General Assembly|United Nations]] le [[World Bank]]. Go ne ga akanyediwa fa go tlaa lopa di bilone di robabongwe le motso go dira setlha sa ntlha sa porojeke.<ref name=":2" /> Lefatshe la Aforika Borwa le duela la Lesotho didikadike di le lekgolo le masome a matlhano ngwaga le ngwaga go sa kgathalesege gore a ba dirisitse metsi otlhe kgotsa nnyaa.<ref name=":2" /> === Tlholego kwa kgampung === Go ya ka Hogan karolo e e kwa molomong wa kgampu e na le digagabi tse di fitlhelwang mo lefelong leo fela, kwa tlase go na le diphologolo tsa maoto a mane tse di bonwang koo fela.<ref>C. Michael Hogan. 2013. ''[https://editors.eol.org/eoearth_redirect_sys//article/Vaal_River?topic=78166 Vaal River]''. ed. P. Saundry. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC</ref> == Madirelo le temothuo == Metsi a giwa kwa Vaal go kgona go emelelana le letlhoko la madirelo la lefelo la Johannesburg le mafelo a a mabapi le bontlha jwa Free State. Ka ngwaga wa 1881, kompone ya Kimberley ya metsi e ne ntsha metsi kwa Vaal e a isa kwa masimong a Kapa ka madi a sheleng e le nngwe dilithara di le lekgolo.<ref>"The Kimberley Waterworks". ''The Cornishman''. No. 155. 30 June 1881. p. 6.</ref><ref>"The Kimberley Waterworks". ''The Cornishman''. No. 156. 7 July 1881. p. 4.</ref> Ka e le bontlha jwa porojeke ya Vaal-Hartz, ke motswedi o o botlhokwa thata mo go nosetseng. Metsi a a giwang kwa Vaal a nosa batho ba le didikadike di le lesome le bobedi kwa Gauteng le mafelo a a mabapi.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120209084811/http://www.ngo.grida.no/soesa/nsoer/issues/water/state2.htm "State of the Environment of South Africa (SOESA), Annual National State of the Environment Report".] Archived from [http://www.ngo.grida.no/soesa/nsoer/issues/water/state2.htm the original] on 9 February 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2026</ref> == Tiriso ya nako eno == Bontsi jwa metsi a noka ya Vaal kwa letamong la Vaal a dirisediwa tsa meepo le madirelo jaaka meepo ya magala le ditirelo tsa kgothetso tsa Sasol, ga mmogo le tiriso mo ditoropong le go fetlha motlakase. Kwa tlase ga letamo, metsi a diisiwa mo ditoropong, le ntswa a se mantsi,a dirisiwa gape mo meepong le mo madirelong, go nosetsa le go fetlha motlakase.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180430181645/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Other/WMA/8/optimised/overview/UPPER%20VAAL%20REPORT.pdf "Upper Vaal WMA: Overview of water resources availability and utilisation. Department of Water Affairs. Accessed 2 April 2018"] (PDF). Archived from [http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Other/WMA/8/optimised/overview/UPPER%20VAAL%20REPORT.pdf the original] (PDF) on 30 April 2018. Retrieved 11 June 2026</ref> Gangwe le gape noka e itemogela kgotlhelesego kwa godimo,s e se bo se ama metsi kwa tlase. Ka 2019, lefelo la go tlhatswa metsi kwa mmasepaleng wa Lekwa kwa Standerton le ne le mo seemong se se sa nnang sentle se baka kgotlhelesego. Go thusa badirisi ba metsi a a kwa tlase, metsi a a phepha a ne a pompelwa mo nokeng go tswakanya seelo sa letswai, ka jalo go ne go senngwa metsi a mantsi a a neng a nste a tlhokiwa.<ref>Saba, Athandiwe (11 November 2019). [https://mg.co.za/news/south-africa/2019-11-11-tens-of-millions-spent-on-repairs-but-sewage-still-flows-in-the-vaal/ "Tens of millions spent on repairs but sewage still flows in the Vaal"]. Mail&Guardian. Retrieved 11 June 2026</ref> Ka 2021, pego e e ntshitsweng ke komiti ya Aforika Borwa ya ditshwanelo tsa setho e ne ya lemoga fa noka e kgotlhelesegile mo go feteletseng, go akaretsa le go tsena ga metsi a a leswe mo nokeng.<ref>Mnguni, Elkington Sibusiso (2022). [https://www.witpress.com/Secure/elibrary/papers/WMEI22/WMEI22002FU1.pdf "Pollution of the Vaal River System in South Africa: A Case Study"] (PDF). ''WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment''. '''257''': 17 – via Wits Press.</ref><ref>Bhengu, Lwandile. [https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/flow-of-raw-sewage-into-vaal-river-a-violation-of-human-rights-sahrc-rules-20210217 "Flow of raw sewage into Vaal River a violation of human rights, SAHRC rules"]. ''News24''. Retrieved 11 June 2026</ref> == Bojanala == [[Setshwantsho:Vaal Dam at Deneysville.jpg|thumb|[[Letamo la vaal]] kwa Deneysville]] Noka ya Vaal e na le metsi a dikhilomithara di le masome matlhano, a go kgonwang go tsamaiwa mo go one ka mekoro. Kgampu ya noka ka jalo e itemogela ditiragalo tsa metsi tsa itloso bodutu tse di kgatlhang bajanala ba mo gae le ba batswakwa mo ngwageng. Ditiragalo di akaretsa go pagama mekoro le metshameko. Deneysville ke toropo kwa [[Foreistata|Free State]] kwa letlhakoreng la noka ya Vaal e e itsegeng ka go thuma, go pagama dikepe, go tshwara ditlhapi le metshameko e mengwe ya metsi. == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Noka ya Orange]] * [[Letamo la vaal|Letamo la Vaal]] * [[Kgampu ya Witwatersrand]] == Metswedi == eu65qsu59v6md44gl3b98h4kno72fr3 0 13505 50459 2026-06-10T14:25:36Z Lucrucia98 12161 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA NOKA YA TSHUAPA 50459 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Tshuapa River DRC.svg|thumb|Noka ya Tshupa]] '''Noka ya Tshuapa''' kgotsa Rivière Tshwapa ke noka kwa [[Democratic Republic of Congo]], e e leng noka e kgolo ya Noka ya Busira. == Tsela == Noka e tswa kwa borwa jwa Sankuru Nature Reserve mme e elela kwa bokone-bokone-bophirima go ya kwa Elinga-Mpango le go ya kwa Bondo, go tswa foo e elela kwa bophirima-bokone-bophirima go ya kwa Boende, kwa godimo ga motswedi wa yone le Noka ya Lomela go bopa Noka ya Busira.<ref>[[:en:Tshuapa_River#CITEREFRelation:_Tshwapa_(385008)|Relation: Tshwapa (385008).]]</ref>Ke dikilometara di le makgolo a mane le masome a boferabobedi(408) go tswa mo ntlheng eno go ya kwa Nokeng ya Congo. <ref>[[:en:Tshuapa_River#CITEREFLederer1973|Lederer 1973,]] p. 13</ref>Toropo ya Boende e dikilometara di le masome a mabedi le boferabongwe (29) (18 mi) go tswa kwa motsweding wa noka le dikilometara di le makgolo a mane le masome a mane le bone (444) (276 mi) go tswa kwa Mbandaka. mo Nokeng ya Congo.<ref name=":0">[[:en:Tshuapa_River#CITEREFLederer1973|Lederer 1973,]] p. 14.</ref> == Tikologo == Lefelo le dinoka tsa Tshuapa le Lomela di kopanelang mo go lone le mo bogareng jwa kgogometso e e fa gare ya Mokgatšha wa Congo. <ref name=":0" />Palogare ya pula e e nang ngwaga le ngwaga ke dimilimetara di le dikete tse pedi (2,000) (79 in), mme ga go na setlha sa komelelo. Mo dikarolong tsotlhe tsa kgaolo ya Tshuapa, diperesente di le masome a mabedi (20) go ya go di le masome a mabedi le botlhano (25) tsa lefatshe di ka nna tsa khurumediwa ke merwalela. Sekgwa sa motlhaba se se sa feleng se atologa sekgala sa dikilometara di le 156 (97 mi) go bapa le Tshuapa, ka bogolo jwa diheketara di le 160,000 (400,000 acres) magareng ga 20°33'E le 22°00'E.<ref>[[:en:Tshuapa_River#CITEREFHughes1992|Hughes 1992,]] p. 548</ref> == Go tsamaya ka sekepe == Tshuapa e na le boleele jwa dikilometara di le makgolo a ferabobedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano (825) (513 mi) go tloga fa e kopanngwang teng le Lomela go fitlha kwa Elinga-Mpango. Karolo ya noka go tswa mo molomong wa yone go ya kwa Ikela, e e leng dikilometara di le makgolo a matlhano le botlhano (555) e ka tsamaisiwa ngwaga otlhe ka mekoro ya ditone di le makgolo a mararo le masome a matlhano (350), le fa gone go na le dikhutlo di le mmalwa tse di thata tse di tshwanetseng go kgabaganngwa. Go tswa kwa Ikela go ya kwa Bondo ka dikilometara di le 696 (432 mi) e ka kgona go rwala dikepe tsa ditone di le masome a mane (40) ngwaga otlhe. Go na le letlapa le le dikilometara di le tharo (3) go tswa kwa Bondo. Go tswa kwa Bondo go ya kwa Elinga-Mpango noka e a tshesane e bo e foka thata, mme ga e tsamaege ngwaga otlhe.<ref>[[:en:Tshuapa_River#CITEREFLederer1973|Lederer 1973,]] p. 15.</ref> == Metswedi == eko0cd9r0xn8s8l4hyodqardyufob4x 0 13506 50460 2026-06-10T14:30:00Z Lucrucia98 12161 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA NOKA YA LOPORI 50460 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Noka ya Lopori''' ke noka ya kwa Democratic Republic of the Congo. Noka ya Lopori le ya Maringa kwa borwa, di kopana gaufi le Basankusu go bopa Noka ya Lulonga, e leng nngwe ya dinoka tse di elelang mo nokeng ya Congo. Lebopo la Lopori / Maringa le bidiwa Maringa-Lopori-Wamba Forest Landscape, lefelo le le botlhokwa thata mo tikologong.<ref>Jef Dupain; Janet Nackoney; Jean-Paul Kibambe; Didier Bokelo & David Williams. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205354/http://www.observatoire-comifac.net/docs/edf2008/EN/SOF_23_Maringa.pdf "Maringa-Lopori-Wamba Landscape"] (PDF). L'Observatoire des Forêts d'Afrique Centrale. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2011-10-14.</ref> == Metswedi == 01qybw78lyrbz1ryff75k8xgotnw4r6 0 13507 50461 2026-06-10T19:35:45Z Lucrucia98 12161 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE BAAKANTSE TSEBE GO TLAMELWA KA METSI LE GO TLHATSWA LESWE KWA NIGERIA 50461 wikitext text/x-wiki Maikarabelo a go tlamela ka metsi kwa Nigeria a abelanwa ke maphata a le mararo a puso  ⁇  ya bosetšhaba, ya porofense le ya selegae. Puso ya selegae e na le maikarabelo a go laola metswedi ya metsi; dipuso tsa diporofense di na le maikarabelo a magolo a go tlamela metse ka metsi; mme dipuso tsa selegae mmogo le baagi di na le maikarabelo a go tlamela metse ka metsi kwa magaeng. Boikarabelo jwa go phepafatsa ga bo tlhalosiwe sentle.<ref>[https://www.africaportal.org/documents/8111/Joe_Goldface_en.pdf Goldface–Irokalibe, Joe. Water Management In Federal And Federal –Type Countries: Nigerian Perspectives] (PDF) (Report). pp. 14–15. Retrieved 28 May 2021.</ref> Boleng jwa tirelo ya metsi le go busediwa ga ditshenyegelo tsa one go kwa tlase. Ditheko tsa metsi di kwa tlase mme batho ba le bantsi ba ba dirisang metsi ga ba duele dikoloto tsa bone. Ka jalo batlamedi ba ditirelo ba ikaega thata ka dithuso tsa nakwana go duelela ditshenyegelo tsa bona tsa tiragatso. <ref>[http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=ENV/WKP(2020)13&docLanguage=En "Addressing the social consequences of tariffs for water supply"]</ref> Dipholisi tsa Bosetšhaba le Maitlhomo di rotloetsa go nna le seabe ga lephata la poraefete le go fetola pholisi kwa maemong a Puso.<ref name=":0">USAID: [https://web.archive.org/web/20090730015346/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADO937.pdf Nigeria Water and Sanitation Profile, ca]. 2007</ref>Tlamelo ya metsi le kgeleloleswe ya bosetšhaba e lemoga botlhokwa jwa tlamelo ya metsi le kgeleloleswe jaaka e le botlhokwa mo setšhabeng se se itekanetseng le tlhabololo ya bosetšhaba.<ref>Adeoti, O. (2007-02-01). "Challenges to managing water resources along the hydrological boundaries in Nigeria". ''Water Policy''. '''9''' (1): 105–118. Bibcode:[[doi:10.2166/wp.2006.002|2007WaPol...9..105A]]. doi:10.2166/wp.2006.002. ISSN 1366-7017.</ref> Mo dipotsolotsong, Olukemi Badenoch, moeteledipele wa Conservative Party, o ne a bolela gore fa a ne a sa le ngwana kwa Nigeria, ba lelapa la gaabo ba ne ba na le mathata a go se nne le metsi le motlakase, mme seo se ne sa ama tsela e a lebang dipolotiki ka yone. O ne a tsopola maitemogelo a gagwe jaaka karolo ya lebaka la go bo a tsaya botsitso jwa mafaratlhatlha le mebaraka e e gololesegileng e le botlhokwa, ka a bone ka matlho dikgwetlho tsa go tshela ntle le go fitlhelela ditirelo tsa motheo. == Go tsena == Baithaopi ba phepafatsa mesele ya metsi kwa Ilorin, Nigeria ka letsatsi la boithatelo. Tota le fa go na le mafaratlhatlha a a lekaneng a go boloka le go dira gore go nne le thulaganyo ya go tlosa leswe le go thibela malwetse, go ka nna ga se ka ga nna jalo kwa [[Nigeria]]. Go kgotlelwa ga polasetiki go kgoreletsa go dirisiwa ga metsi a a leswe mo lefatsheng lotlhe. Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2015, 67% ya baagi ba Nigeria ba ne ba kgona go bona metsi a motheo.<ref>[https://www.waterwide.org/water-nigerians-deserves/ "Water Nigerians Deserves".] Retrieved 2023-03-20</ref><ref name=":1">[https://www.washwatch.org/en/countries/nigeria/summary/statistics/ "Nigeria"]. ''WASHWatch''. Retrieved 21 March 2017</ref>Palo eno e ne e le 82% ya batho ba ba nnang mo ditoropong le 54% ya batho ba ba nnang kwa magaeng. Bontsi jwa batho kwa Nigeria ga ba na metsi a a phepa, segolo thata kwa mafelong a magae.<ref>[https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/262663-69-million-nigerians-lack-access-to-safe-water-unicef.html "69 million Nigerians lack access to safe water- UNICEF | Premium Times Nigeria".] 2018-03-22. Retrieved 2022-03-01</ref> Dipalopalo tsa lefatshe ka bophara tsa metsi le boitekanelo di supa gore 79% ya batho ba Nigeria ba na le mathata a tlhaelo ya metsi. <ref>[https://tribuneonlineng.com/hazards-of-contaminated-water/ "Hazard of contaminated water".] ''Nigerian Tribune''. 27 January 2022.</ref>Ka ngwaga wa 2015, batho ba ka nna dimilione di le 60 ba ne ba sa kgone go bona metsi a "bonnye". Malebana le go tlosa leswe le go thibela malwetse, ke 33% fela ya baagi ba ba neng ba kgona go fitlhelela "bonnye" jwa go tlosa leswe le go thibela malwetse. Palo eno e ne e le 39% ya batho ba ba nnang mo ditoropong le 27% ya batho ba ba nnang kwa magaeng. Batho ba ba ka nnang dimilione di le lekgolo le masome a mabedi le bobedi (122) ba ne ba sa ntse ba sa kgone go fitlhelela "bonnye jwa motheo" jwa go nna phepa.<ref>[https://www.washwatch.org/en/countries/nigeria/summary/statistics/ "Nigeria"]. ''WASHWatch''. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref><ref>[[:en:Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Nigeria#cite_note-12|WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation.]]</ref> Mo mafelong a ditoropo, go fitlhelela diphaepe tsa metsi go ne ga emisetsa go fitlhelela metsi ka diphaepe.<ref>"UNU World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU/Wider)". ''Poverty and Undernutrition'': ii. 2000-10-05. doi:[[doi:10.1093/0198292686.001.0001.002.002|10.1093/0198292686.001.0001.002.002.]] ISBN <bdi>0-19-829268-6</bdi>.</ref> Go nna le thulaganyo e e lekaneng ya go tlosa leswe gantsi go dirwa ka ditanka tsa septic, ka gonne ga go na thulaganyo ya go tsamaisa leswe. Dipalopalo tse di malebana le go fitlhelela metsi le kgeleloleswe di a ganetsana ka ntlha ya ditlhaloso tse di sa tshwaneng, ditshupo le mekgwa e e farologaneng e e dirisiwang ke ditheo tse di farologaneng. Ga go na le fa e le go lekola lephata lepe fela. <ref>[[:en:Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Nigeria#cite_note-14|John Gambo Laah, Ph.D., Water and Sanitation Monitoring Platform (WSMP),]] Nigeria: Nigeria Water and Sanitation Summary Sheet, no date</ref> Go ya ka Guardian News: "Mookamedi wa Advocacy, Policy and Communication, Water Aid Nigeria, Kolawole Banwo, o rile mo dikgaolong tsa puso ya selegae di le makgolo a supa le masome a supa le bone (774) mo Nigeria, ke di le masome a supa le borataro (76) fela tse di senang maemo a go ntsha mantle mo nageng, bothata jono jwa boitekanelo e sa ntse e le bothata jo bo masisi jo bo tlhokang kgato e e potlakileng".<ref name=":2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220301105621/https://editor.guardian.ng/news/40-of-fct-residents-into-open-defecation/ "40% of FCT residents into open defecation".] ''The Guardian''. Lagos, Nigeria. 2022-02-06. Archived from the original on 2022-03-01. Retrieved 2022-03-01</ref> Go ya ka pego e e gatisitsweng ke Amnesty International ka kgwedi ya Lwetse , khampani ya oli ya Shell le puso ya Rivers State, kwa borwa jwa Nigeria ga di dire go le gontsi go tlamela metsi a a phepa kwa Ogale, lefelo le le kwa ntle ga motsemoshate. Banni ba patelesega go reka metsi ka ditlhwatlhwa tse di sa kgonegeng kgotsa go nwa metsi a a tswang mo didibeng tse di kgotletsweng ka benzene.<ref name=":3">[https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/AFR4491722018ENGLISH.pdf "COMMUNITY IN NIGERIA DRINKING POLLUTED WATER"] (PDF). Amnesty International. Retrieved 27 September 2018.</ref><ref>[https://www.usgs.gov/mission-areas/water-resources/science/common-water-issues "Common Water Issues | U.S. Geological Survey"]. ''www.usgs.gov''. Retrieved 2022-02-27</ref> == Boleng jwa tirelo tsa metsi == Go ya ka World Bank, ka ngwaga wa 2010, "ditirelo tsa ntshokuno ya metsi kwa Nigeria di ne di sa dire ka bokgoni jo bo siameng ka ntlha ya didiriso tse di senyegileng, kgotsa go tlhoka motlakase kgotsa mafura a go pompa".<ref>[https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2010/04/22/new-project-to-bring-clean-water-to-50000-households "New Project to Bring Clean Water to 50,000 Households".] ''World Bank''. Retrieved 2020-05-29.</ref> Ditshenyegelo tsa go dira tsa ditheo tsa metsi di okediwa ke tlhokego ya go ikaega ka dijenereitara tsa disele kgotsa le e leng go ikagela dimela tsa tsone tsa motlakase, ka gore motlakase ga o tle ka metlha. Didiriswa le diphaepe di tlhokomelwa sentle, go isa kwa go tlamelweng ga metsi ka dinako tse di rileng le kwa maemong a a kwa godimo a metsi a a senang lotseno.<ref>World Bank:[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/NIGERIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:22553025~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:368896,00.html New Project to Bring Clean Water to 50,000 Households], 22 April 2010</ref> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2000, mo e ka nnang selekanyo sa masome a ferangbobedi (80% )ya ditsamaiso tsa metsi tse di neng di le mo mmusong (tse di neng di tsamaisiwa ke setšhaba) mo ditoropong tse dinnye di ne di sa dire.<ref name=":4">World Bank/Federal Republic of Nigeria:[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/NIGERIAEXTN/Resources/wss_1100.pdf Water Supply & Sanitation Interim Strategy Note,] November 2000, retrieved on April 11, 201</ref> Ka go dira dipeeletso le go aga bokgoni jwa baagi, tiriso ya mafelo a metsi e ka okediwa mo nakong e khutshwane. Ka sekai, mo metseng e e neng e tshegediwa ke UNICEF kwa Kwara State, tiro e ne ya tokafala go tswa go masome ma matlhano le boraro (53%) go ya go 98%, mme kwa Kebbi state, tiro ya go epa e ne ya tokafala go tswa go 12% go ya go 88%. Le fa go ntse jalo, ga go itsege sentle gore didirisiwa tseno di tla tswelela go dira sentle jang mo nakong e telele, morago ga gore ditsereganyo tsa boditšhabatšhaba di fele. Mo ngwagasomeng wa bobedi wa dingwaga tsa bo-2000, e ne ya lekanngwa ka go nna teng ga di-metalloid mo go tlameleng metsi a a dirisediwang batho le temothuo, mo mabakeng a mangwe ka boleng jo bo fetang melelwane ya boditšhabatšhaba ya WHO (sekao, mo mafelong a a dikologileng Zaria, <ref name=":5">Philip Njoku Obasi; Bennard Benedict Akudinobi (2020). [[doi:10.1007/s13201-020-01233-z|"Potential health risk and levels of heavy metals in water resources of lead–zinc mining communities of Abakaliki, southeast Nigeria".]] ''Applied Water Science''. '''10''' (article number 184): 184. Bibcode:2020ApWS...10..184O. doi:10.1007/s13201-020-01233-z. S2CID 220375764.</ref>Abakaliki, <ref name=":5" />Ibadan <ref>Effiong Ukorebi Etim (March 1, 2017). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6236527 "Occurrence and Distribution of Arsenic, Antimony and Selenium in Shallow Groundwater Systems of Ibadan Metropolis, Southwestern Nigerian".] ''Journal of Health and Pollution''. '''7''' (13): 32–41. doi:10.5696/2156-9614-7-13.32. ISSN 2156-9614. PMC 6236527. <nowiki>PMID 30524812</nowiki>. S2CID 54448087.</ref> <ref>Christiana Ndidi Egbinolacorresponding; Amobichukwu Chukwudi Amanambu (2014). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4447718 "Groundwater contamination in Ibadan, South-West Nigeria"]. ''SpringerPlus''. '''3''' 448. doi:10.1186/2193-1801-3-448. PMC 4447718. <nowiki>PMID 26034666</nowiki></ref>le Onitsha). Kgotlelo ya dimetaloid le segolo thata ya arsenic- e farologana ka selekanyo se se maleba mo setlheng sa komelelo le sa pula, ka ntlha ya go ntshiwa ga diminerale mo metsing a sediba le a diforo le ka bontlhabongwe mo ditirong tsa madirelo a meepo.<ref>. Citation: [http://jett.dormaj.com/docs/Volume3/Issue%201/html/Level%20of%20arsenic%20in%20potable%20water%20sources%20in%20Nigeria%20and%20their%20potential%20health%20impacts%20A%20review.htm ''High arsenic concentrations can occur locally in surface waters (as well as ground waters) in areas of bedrock sulphide mineralization or mining activity, industrial contaminations, or areas affected by geothermal activity and in surface waters that are fed by high-arsenic groundwater''.]</ref><ref name=":5" />Boemo jo bo tshwanang jwa setlha sa arsenic bo lemogilwe mo dithishung tsa mesifa ya mefuta ya ditlhapi tsa kwa tlase ga lewatle.<ref>Citation: ''[https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201700277593 This calls for continuous monitoring and enforcement of regulations to ensure safety of fishery resources from Lagos Lagoon.]''</ref>Ka jalo, bothata jwa kgotlelo ga bo a rarabololwa ka botlalo le fa e le mo indasetering ya ditlhapi ya Nigeria mme go tlhokega dipatlisiso tse dingwe (kgotsa melawana). == Bokgoni == Metsi le kgelelo-leswe ga di a tlamelwa sentle mo Nigeria. <ref>Obeta, Michael Chukwuma; Nwankwo, Cletus Famous (2015). [https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/jengeo.2015.8.issue-3-4/jengeo-2015-0009/jengeo-2015-0009.xml "Factors Responsible For Rural Residential Water Supply Shortage In Southeastern Nigeria"]. ''Journal of Environmental Geography''. '''8''' (3–4): 21–32. doi:10.1515/jengeo-2015-0009 – via De Gruyter.</ref>Ka sekai, ditheo tsa metsi tsa puso di na le badiri ba bantsi thata. Ka ngwaga wa 2000, go ne go na le badiri ba ka nna masome a supa (70) mo badirising ba le sekete (1 000) mo ditheong tsa metsi tsa puso, fa go bapisiwa le kelo ya tiragatso e e gaisang ya 3.5.<ref name=":4" />Metsi a e seng a lotseno gantsi a feta 50%.<ref name=":0" /> === Abuja === Millennium Park e e kwa Abuja, e metsi a yone a tlamelwang ka metsi a ntseng a okediwa Motsemogolo wa Nigeria, Abuja, o bona karolo ya metsi a one a a nowang mo letamong la Lower Usuma Dam. Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse ka ngwaga wa 2013, Federal Capital Territory Water Board (FCTWB) e leng setheo se se rweleng maikarabelo a go tlamela metsi a a nowang mo Federal Capital Territory se ne sa simolola go dira karolo ya boraro le ya bone ya porojeke ya Lower Usman Dam Treatment Plant (LUDWTP) e e simolotseng ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 2011. Dikarolo tsotlhe tsa porojeke (karolo 1, 2, 3, le 4) le letamo la letamo la Gurara ke motswedi wa metsi a a sa tlhotlhiwang go tswa mo letamong la letamo la Lower Usuma le fa le kopantswe, le na le bokgoni jwa go dira dilitara di le dimilione di le makgolo a supa le masome a mabedi (720) tsa metsi a a phepa ka letsatsi go ya kwa Abuja le baagisani ba gagwe.<ref>[https://dailytrust.com/ "Dailytrust News, Sports and Business, Politics | Dailytrust".] ''Daily Trust''. Retrieved 2022-02-16.</ref><ref>[https://www.water-technology.net/projects/lower-usuma-dam-water-treatment-plant-expansion-abuja/ "Lower Usuma Dam Water Treatment Plant Expansion, Abuja - Water Technology".] ''www.water-technology.net''. Retrieved 2022-03-13.</ref> Metsi a a leswe a phepafadiwa kwa Federal Capital Territory Sewage Treatment Plant e e leng kwa kgaolong ya Wupa kwa Abuja, e agilwe ke SCC Nigeria Limited mme e laetswe ke Moporesitente Olusegun Obasanjo.<ref>[https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/01/abuja-sewage-treatment-plant-runs-on-generators-for-13-years/ "Abuja Sewage Treatment Plant runs on generators for 13 years".] ''Vanguard''. Lagos, Nigeria. 2021-01-23. Retrieved 2022-03-13</ref> === Enugu === Kakaretso ya toropo ya Enugu Enugu ke porofense e e kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Nigeria. Enugu State Water Corporation ke setheo se se rweleng maikarabelo a go tlamela ka metsi mo Enugu State, se eteletswe pele ke motsamaisi-mogolo. Go se nne teng ga metsi a a lekaneng e ntse e le nngwe ya dikgwetlho tse dikgolo tsa puso ya Enugu e e ka nnang ya bo e le ka ntlha ya go sa tsamaisiweng sentle ga mafaratlhatlha le kgogolego kwa Ajali Water Works e e tlamelang 77,000 m3 ya metsi letsatsi le letsatsi. <ref name=":6">[https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/11/03/changing-the-narrative-on-enugu-water-problem-from-the-root/ "Changing the Narrative on Enugu Water Problem from the Root"]. ''This Day''. 2021-11-03. Retrieved 2022-03-13.</ref>Ntlo ya Palamente ya Enugu State ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ka ngwaga wa 2021 e fetisitse molao o o tshwailweng ka "tshwanelo ya go fitlhelela metsi le ditirelo tsa boitekanelo". Molaotlhomo ono o ne wa tlisiwa ka maiteko a go tokafatsa tlamelo ya metsi le ditirelo tsa boitekanelo mo nageng. <ref>[https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/07/enugu-assembly-passes-bill-to-improve-water-supply-sanitation/ "Enugu Assembly passes bill to improve water supply, sanitation".] ''Vanguard''. Lagos, Nigeria. 2021-07-28. Retrieved 2022-02-17.</ref> Puso ya Enugu State e simolotse go tsosolosa 9th Mile Crash Programme ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 2021 morago ga gore porojeke eno e emisiwe dingwaga tse di fetang masome a mararo (30). Porojeke eno e dirilwe ke FordMarx Nigeria Limited. <ref name=":6" /> === Lagos === Motse o mogolo go gaisa otlhe mo Nigeria ka palo ya baagi, Lagos o dikologilwe ke metsi a lewatle le lekadiba. Phesente e e fopholediwang ya metsi a a phepa mo toropong e ka nna 81.32%. <ref>Lagos Water Corporation. [http://www.lagoswater.org/about_us.php "Organisation History"]. Retrieved 12 April 2012.</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, e re ka metsi a a seng phepa a a mo letsheng a kgotletswe thata, motse o bona metsi a one go tswa mo dinokeng tsa Ogun le Owo. Lefelo la bogologolo la go phepafatsa metsi mo toropong eno, le le kwa Iju mo Nokeng ya Ogun, le ne la agiwa ka ngwaga wa 1910. E ne ya okediwa ka dikgato go nna digalase di le dimilione di le masome a mane le botlhano (45) ka letsatsi. Semela se sengwe se sennye se ne sa agiwa kwa Ishashi mo Nokeng ya Owo ka ngwaga tsa bo1970. Motšhine o mogolo go gaisa o o kileng wa agiwa o ne wa tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa1991 kwa Adiyan ka bokgoni jwa digalase di le dimilione di le masome a supa (70) ka letsatsi. Gape e tswa mo Nokeng ya Owo. Gape go na le di-mini-waterworks di le supa tse di tserweng go tswa mo metsweding ya selegae tse di nang le bokgoni jo bo kopaneng jwa lesome le boferabobedi (18m) gallons ka letsatsi. <ref>[http://watercorporation.lagosstate.gov.ng/ "Lagos State Water Corporation".] ''Lagos State Water Corporation''. Retrieved 2022-03-01.</ref>Lekgotla la Metsi la Lagos le bolela gore metsi a a tlhagisitsweng mo semeleng a fitlhelela maemo a a kwa godimo, le gore a tlamela "metsi a a bolokesegileng a go nwa ka selekanyo se se lekaneng le ka metlha go batho ba ba fetang dimilione di le 12,5 kwa Legos State". <ref>Lagos State Water Corporation. [http://www.lagoswater.org/index.php "Welcome to the Official Website of the LSWC".] Retrieved 12 April 2012.</ref> LASWARCO (Lagos Water Corporation) le yone e simolotse loeto lwa go ya go ithuta kwa Lekgotleng la Bosetšhaba la tlamelo ya metsi le kgeleloleswe mo Zambia gore go tle go rarabololwe mabaka a motheo a a bakang bothata jwa tlamelo ya metsi le kgeleloleswe le ditsela tse di tlhokegang tsa go rarabolola bothata jono.Le fa go ntse jalo, metsi a kgotlelwa gantsi mo kgwebong ya kabo mme batho ga ba tshepe boleng jwa metsi a pompo. Go kgaoga ga motlakase go kgoreletsa ditlamelo tsa go phepafatsa go dira go sa kgaotse. Le fa go ntse jalo, semela sa motlakase sa 12.15 MW se ne se ntse se agiwa ka ngwaga wa 2012 go tlamela ka motlakase kwa mafelong a go phepafatsa metsi a Adiyan, Iju le Akute. <ref name=":7">[http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/04/lagos-water-everywhere-but-not-to-drink/ "Lagos: Water everywhere but none to drink".] ''Vanguard''. Lagos, Nigeria. 3 April 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2012.</ref> Malapa le one a bona metsi go tswa mo didibeng tse di seng boteng tsa poraefete. <ref name=":7" />Kgotsa malapa a ikaega ka barekisi ba mo mebileng, ba dira mmaraka o o atlegileng wa "metsi a kgetsana", metsi a a phepafaditsweng a a phuthetsweng mo dikgetsaneng tsa polyethylene.Barekisi ba metsi ba ba bidiwang Mairuwa ba rekisa metsi go tswa mo ditankeng le mo dirotong mo dikareng, tse ka dinako tse dingwe di rekisetswang barekisi ba bangwe ba ba rwalang metsi ka dikgamelo kgotsa ka dinkgwana. <ref name=":7" /> Go fitlhelela metsi a a tlamelwang ke State Water Corporation ke 'metropocentric' ke gore, go dikologilwe ke metropolis. Ka ntlha ya go se nne teng ga metsi a a lekaneng mo setšhabeng, batho ba ne ba gana go dirisa metsi go tswa mo motsweding mongwe le mongwe go a dirisa mo malapeng. 40% ya matlo a ikaegile ka sediba go a dirisa mo malapeng; 32% e ikaegile ka barekisi go bona metsi; 7% ya matlo a ikaegile ka megogoro ya setšhaba le 19% ka ditanka, dinoka le metsi a pula a a sa bonweng mo setlheng se se omeletseng. == Benue == Noka ya Benue (Makurdi) Kwa Makurdi, motsemoshate wa Benue State, ke fela 25-30% ya baagi ba ba direlwang mme baagi ba tsaya metsi a a sa tlhotlhiwang ka dikgamelo go tswa kwa nokeng e e kgotletsweng ya Benue. <ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326449662 "The contending issues with domestic water supply in makurdi"]</ref>Ka ngwaga wa 2008, go agiwa ga lefelo la go phepafatsa metsi go ne ga tlogelwa go ise go wediwe mme badiredi ba ne ba sa kgone go tlhalosa US$6 million. Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2012, go ne go ntse go agiwa lefelo la go phepafatsa metsi jaaka karolo ya Greater Makurdi Waterworks Project. Go ya ka Nat Apir, mogakolodi wa metsi yo o ikemetseng, go tlhoka ga marangrang a a tsamaisang metsi a segompieno go tla dira gore diphaepe di phatloge mme bokgoni jwa semela bo mo kotsing ya go sa dirisiwe ka botlalo. <ref name=":8">PBS / Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting (15 March 2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120316045356/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/globalhealth/jan-june12/westafrica_03-15.html "What's Causing Water Shortages in Ghana, Nigeria?".] ''PBS''. pp. Minutes 1–4 of the video. Archived from the original on March 16, 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2012</ref> Melatswana/dinoka di tsenya 27.89% mo setlheng se se omeletseng le 24.16% mo setlheng se se metsi, metsi a pula e le 0.00% mo setlheng se se omeletseng le 27.22% mo setlheng se se metsi. Kwa motseng wa Ugbokolo, tlhokego ya metsi e kwa godimo (155,788 lpd) go feta se se leng teng (113,249 lpd) go ralala motse.[ 43] === Imo === Morago ga dingwaga di le masome a mabedi le bone (24) tsa go dira ntle le metsi a a tsamaisiwang, ka ngwaga wa 2020, puso ya Imo ka fa tlase ga tsamaiso ya ga Senator Hope Uzodinma, Mmusi wa Imo, o ne a ntsha madi go tsosolosa lephata la metsi a a phepa mo metsesetoropong, mme seo sa dira gore baagi ba Imo ba kgone go bona metsi a a bolokesegileng, ditirelo tsa boitekanelo le tsa boitekanelo. Ka fa tlase ga Engr Emeka Celestine Ugoanyanwu, Imo State Water and Sewerage Corporation e ne ya dira diphetogo tse dikgolo tsa setheo, pholisi le taolo, tse di neng tsa isa kwa go tsosoloseng Otammiri Waterworks le dithulaganyo tse dingwe tsa metsi tse di neng di le ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Setlamo. <ref name=":9">[https://www.sunnewsonline.com/uzodimma-revives-adapalm-restores-public-water-supply-to-owerri/ "Uzodimma revives Adapalm, restores public water supply to Owerri"]. ''The Sun''. Lagos, Nigeria. 2020-04-22. Retrieved 2022-03-12.</ref>Ka jalo mmusi gape o ne a laela gore go dirwe tsosoloso e e akaretsang mo lephateng la WASH go tsamaelana le thekenoloji ya segompieno. Go ya ka USAID, Imo State Water and Sewerage Corporation (ISWSC) e tlamela ka metsi go batho ba le dimilione di le tharo ( 3) ba kwa Imo. <ref>Ngene, Ben U.; Nwafor, Christiana O.; Bamigboye, Gideon O.; Ogbiye, Adebanji S.; Ogundare, Jacob O.; Akpan, Victor E. (2021-01-01). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7820563 "Assessment of water resources development and exploitation in Nigeria: A review of integrated water resources management approach".] ''Heliyon''. '''7''' (1) e05955. Bibcode:2021Heliy...705955N. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e05955. ISSN 2405-8440. PMC 7820563. <nowiki>PMID 33521352</nowiki>.</ref> === Oyo === Letamo la Asejire Letamo la Erelu le le neng la tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1963 ke motswedi o mogolo wa metsi go baagi ba Oyo le tikologo ya yona mme le na le bokgoni jwa go tlamela ka dilitara di le dimilione di le 7,5 tsa metsi ka letsatsi mme gape le na le bokgoni jwa bobolokelo jwa 10cm3.<ref>Ufoegbune, G. C; Oparinde, O. C; Eruola, A. O. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280082127 "Municipal water supply planning in Oyo metropolis, Oyo State, South Western Nigeria".] ''Journal of Geography and Regional Planning''. '''4''' (7): 9 – via ResearchGate.</ref>Le fa go ntse jalo, go na le diporojeke di le tharo tsa go tlamelwa ka metsi kwa Ibadan: Eleyele Water Works, Asejire Water Works le Osegere Water Works. Go tlhaela ga metsi, diphaepe tse di thubegileng ke dingwe tsa dikgwetlho tse banni ba kwa Oyo ba lebaneng le tsone malebana le metsi. Mafelo a ditoropo a Oyo a tlamelwa ka metsi ke Oyo State Water Corporation. === Edo === Motswedi o le mongwe fela wa metsi kwa motseng wa Itsukwi, kwa Edo Thulaganyo ya metsi kwa Benin City, e e ikaegileng ka Letamo la Noka ya Ikpoba, e tlamela fela mo e ka nnang 30% ya baagi. Bo Tautona ba bangwe ba le masome a supa (70) ba di bona metsi a tsone go tswa mo didibeng tse dintsi tse di epetsweng gore di dirisediwe merero ya motho ka namana, ya temothuo le ya madirelo. === Borno === Kwa Borno State, go thata go bona metsi a a phepa le go nna le thulaganyo e e siameng ya go tlosa leswe le go thibela malwetse ka ntlha ya dikgotlhang tse di ntseng di tsweletse ka dingwaga di le dintsi tse di sentseng diphaepe tsa metsi, dikhuti le matlwana a boithomelo. Batho ba le bantsi mo metseng le mo dikampeng tsa batshabi ba ga metsi ba a gelela mo dinokeng, mo matamong kgotsa mo didibeng tse di bulegileng, tse gantsi di leswe e bile go se motlhofo go di nwa. Go ya ka pego ya ngwaga wa 2021 ya UNICEF, ke mo e ka nnang nngwetharong fela ya batho ba kwa Borno ba ba nang le metsi a a phepa, mme bontsi jwa bone ba sa ntse ba dirisa metsi a a nang le megare. Matlo a le mantsi ga a na matlwana a boithomelo, ka jalo go ntshetsa mantle kwa ntle go sa ntse go tlwaelegile mo mafelong mangwe. Go thusa go tokafatsa seemo, puso ya porofense ya Borno le mekgatlho e e jaaka UNICEF, WaterAid,<ref>[https://www.wateraid.org/ng/media/the-coca-cola-foundation-and-wateraid-bring-life-transforming-water-and-hygiene-to-four "The Coca-Cola Foundation and WaterAid bring life-transforming water and hygiene to four communities in Borno State | WaterAid Nigeria"]. ''www.wateraid.org''. Retrieved 2025-11-10</ref>le Red Cross (ICRC) ba ntse ba baakanya dikhuti, ba aga matlwana a boithomelo, le go tlamela ka metsi a a phepa, segolo thata kwa Maiduguri le metse e e gaufi.Le fa go na le maiteko ano otlhe, go tlhoka tshireletsego, tlhokomelo e e bokoa, le go tlhoka madi a a lekaneng go dira gore go nne thata gore malapa a le mantsi kwa Borno a nne le metsi a a phepa le thulaganyo e e siameng ya go tlosa leswe le go thibela malwetse. == Kaduna == Kwa Kaduna State, batho ba le bantsi ba sa ntse ba kgaratlhela go bona metsi a a phepa le a a phepa. Pego ya puso ya ngwaga wa 2021 e bontshitse gore batho ba ba kwa tlase ga halofo ya batho mo nageng eno ba na le metsi a a nowang ka metlha, mme ke ba le mmalwa fela ba ba nang le metsi a a phepafaditsweng sentle le a a bolokesegileng. Mo mafelong a mantsi a kwa magaeng, batho ba ga metsi go tswa mo didibeng kgotsa mo didibeng, mme dingwe tsa tsone di a omelela ka paka ya komelelo kgotsa di emisa go bereka. Gape dipatlisiso di fitlhetse gore bontsi jwa metsi a a dirisiwang mo malapeng ga a babalesega, ka gonne a na le megare e e ka bakang malwetse. Go rarabolola bothata jono Kano e tlamelwa ka metsi a a tswang mo dinokeng tsa lefelo leo le a a tswang mo metsing a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe a a dirisitsweng thata. Tlamelo ya metsi ya setšhaba e tlhaela, ka jalo mafelo a poraefete a go rekisa metsi a ntse a ntsifala le go dira dipoelo tsa bathapi ba poraefete. <ref name=":7" />Letamo la Asa le dira jaaka motswedi o mogolo wa metsi wa toropo ya Ilorin. === Noka ya Kaduna === Dipolotiki le maiteko Pholisi ya Bosetšhaba ya Tlamelo ya Metsi le Kgeleloleswe ya Nigeria, e e amogetsweng ka ngwaga wa 2000, e rotloetsa go nna le seabe ga lekala la poraefete mme e lebeletse gore go dirwe diphetogo mo ditheong le mo melaong ya puso. Le fa go ntse jalo, ga go ise go direge sepe se se kalo mo dintlheng tseno ka bobedi. Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2007, ke di state di le nne fela mo go tse masome a mararo le bosupa (37) - Lagos, Cross River, Kaduna le Ogun states[39] tse di simolotseng go tsenya tirisanommogo ya setšhaba le poraefete (PPP) ka mokgwa wa dikonteraka tsa ditirelo,[6] mofuta wa PPP o mo go ona maikarabelo a lephata la poraefete a lekanyeditsweng mo go tsamaiseng mafaratlhatlha ntle le go rotloetsa tiragatso. Le fa gone puso e na le pholisi ya go dira gore dilo di nne ka tsela e di leng ka yone, go dira gore dilo di nne ka tsela e di leng ka yone ga go ise go direge. Bokgoni jwa dipuso tsa selegae jwa go rulaganya le go diragatsa dipeeletso, kgotsa go tsamaisa le go tlhokomela ditsamaiso, bo santse bo le kwa tlase le fa go na le maiteko a go tlhabolola bokgoni. Mo godimo ga moo, pholisi ya bosetšhaba e tsepamisitse maikutlo mo go tlameleng ka metsi mme e itlhokomolosa bophepa. <ref name=":1" /> Ka ngwaga wa 2003, "Presidential Water Initiative (PWI): Metsi a Batho, Metsi a Botshelo" e ne ya simololwa ke Moporesidente wa nako eo Olusegun Obasanjo. Thulaganyo eno e ne e na le mekgele e megolo ya go oketsa go nna le metsi, go akaretsa go fitlhelela selekanyo sa lekgolo(100) lekgolong sa go nna le metsi mo metsemegolong ya diporofense, 75 lekgolong ya go nna le metsi mo mafelong a mangwe a ditoropo le 66 lekgolong ya go nna le metsi mo mafelong a magae. Go dirilwe go le gonnye fela go tsenya letsogo mo maitlhomong a mme ga go ise go fitlhelelwe dilo tse di ikaeletsweng go dirwa.<ref name=":1" /> Ka ngwaga wa 2011, puso e ne ya bouta kwa lekgotleng la Ditšhaba Tse di Kopaneng e buelela maitlamo a go dira gore metsi le bophepa e nne ditshwanelo tsa batho. Le fa go ntse jalo, ga e ise e tlhome molao o o tlhalosang gore batho ba na le tshwanelo ya go nna le metsi le go nna le thulaganyo ya go tlosa leswe le go thibela malwetse. Naga ga e mo tseleng ya go fitlhelela Maitlhomo a Tlhabololo a Mileniamo a metsi le kgeleloleswe. <ref name=":9" /> Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 2008, go ile ga tsenngwa thulaganyo ya go tlosa leswe le go thibela malwetse mo dinageng di le thataro ka thuso ya UNICEF le EU. Le fa gone e se molao wa setšhaba, go bonala fa maiteko ano a a dirwang ke batho ba maemo a a kwa tlase a ile a atlega ka tsela nngwe. Go agilwe matlwana a boithomelo a feta 17 000 mo metseng e le makgolo a ferangbobedi le masome a mararo le borataro (836), mme metse e e fetang lekgolo (100) mo go yone e fitlheletse mokgele wa go bolelwa gore ga e na bothata jwa go ntsha mantle mo pepeneneng. <ref name=":8" />Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2022, 18% ya batho ba Nigeria ba dirisa go ntsha mantle mo pepeneneng. == Maikarabelo == Makala a mararo a puso a na le maikarabelo a go tlamela ka ditirelo tsa metsi. Ka sekai, puso ya bosetšhaba e na le maikarabelo a go okamela tsamaiso ya metswedi ya metsi, puso ya porofense e tlamela metse ya ditoropo ka metsi fa dipuso tsa selegae tsone di dirisana mmogo le baagi go tlamela metse ya magae ka metsi. Boikarabelo jwa go phepafatsa ga se ka metlha bo leng mo pepeneneng, fela go phepafatsa mo ditoropong ke boikarabelo jwa puso.<ref name=":7" /> === Puso ya Federal === Tona ya Lefapha la Metswedi ya Metsi, e e neng e le karolo ya Tona ya Temothuo go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 2010, e na le maikarabelo a diporojeke tse dikgolo tsa go tlhabolola metswedi ya metsi le go abela diporofense metsi. Go na le Ditheo di le lesome le bobedi (12) tsa Tlhabololo ya Metsi a Dinoka tse di leng ka fa tlase ga Lefapha, tse di rweleng maikarabelo a go rulaganyetsa le go tlhabolola metswedi ya metsi, tiro ya go nosetsa le go kokoanya tshedimosetso ya hydrological, hydro-geological. Gape di tlamela metse ka metsi a mantsi go tswa mo matamong. Khomišene ya Dituelo tsa Ditirelo e ne ya tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1992 go tlhokomela le go laola dituelo tsa ditirelo, go akaretsa le tsa Mekgatlho ya Metsi ya Puso. <ref name=":2" /> == Dipuso tsa diporofense == Boikarabelo jwa go tlamela ka metsi a a nowang bo neetswe State Water Agencies (SWAs) kgotsa mafapha a metsi a puso mo dinageng di le masome a mararo le borataro (36) tsa Nigeria. DWA di ikarabela mo dipusong tsa diporofense tsa bone, gantsi ka Lefapha la Diporofense la Metswedi ya Metsi. DWA e na le maikarabelo a go tlamela metse ka metsi mo ditoropong, mme mo dinageng dingwe gape e na le maikarabelo a go tlamela metse ka metsi kwa magaeng. Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2000, diporofense di le masome a mabedi le bobedi (22) di ne di na le ditheo tse di farologaneng tsa metsi le kgeleloleswe ya metsi, tse bontsi jwa tsona di tlhomilweng go diragatsa lenaneo la UNICEF. <ref name=":3" />Ka ngwaga wa 2010, puso ya Lagos e ne ya tlhoma Ofisi ya Puso ya Tsamaiso ya Metsi a a Leswe ka fa tlase ga Lekgotla la Naga la Metsi la Lagos. E ne ya tsaya maikarabelo a tsa boitekanelo go tswa go Lefapha la Tikologo la Puso. == Dipuso tsa selegae == Mekgatlho ya Puso ya Selegae (LGAs), e e nang le maloko a le 774, e na le maikarabelo a go tlamela ka metsi a metsemagae le ditlamelo tsa kgeleloleswe mo mafelong a yona le fa e le gore ke ba le mmalwa fela ba ba nang le didiriswa le bokgoni jwa go rarabolola bothata jono. Ke dilegae di le mmalwa fela tse di nang le mafapha a a tlamelang ka metsi kwa magaeng. == Ditšhaba tse di Kopaneng == Mo metseng mengwe ya selegae, go ile ga tlhomiwa dikomiti tsa metsi le tsa kgeleloleswe (WASCOs) go tlhokomela le go tlhokomela mafelo a metsi. Dikomiti tseno di tshwanetse go duelela metsi a tsone. Baabi ba ba jaaka African Development Bank ba beile tlhokego ya gore bonnye 30% ya maloko a WASCO e tshwanetse go nna basadi. 59] Ka 1993, Puso e ne ya itlama go nonotsha seabe sa baagi mo tlamelong ya metsi kwa magaeng mo tokomaneng ya pholisi. Ka ngwaga wa 2000, pholisi e e ne e ise e anamisiwe kgotsa e tsenywe tirisong mo mananeong otlhe a a neng a duelelwa ke puso kgotsa ke baabi. 20] == Setshaba sa baagi == Lefapha la metsi le kgeleloleswe ya metsi la kwa Nigeria le na le setšhaba se se matlhagatlhaga se se tsayang dikgato tse di farologaneng go rarabolola mathata a lefapha leno. Mokgatlho wa Metsi le Kgeleloleswe (NEWSAN) ke mokgatlho o o kopaneng wa mekgatlho e e seng ya puso ya WASH, fa Water and Sanitation Media Network[60] e akaretsa babegadikgang ba ba begang ka lephata leno. Mokgatlho o o eteletseng pele o e seng wa mmuso mo lephateng le ke Bread of Life Development Foundation e e tsamaisang weblog ya eWASH ka ga dikgang tsa metsi le kgeleloleswe mo Nigeria. 61] === Dintlha tsa madi === Ditheko le go busediwa Ditefiso tse di tlhomameng tsa dikgolagano tse di sa lekanyediwang. Bontsi jwa metswedi ya metsi ya kwa Nigeria ga e na dimetara. Palo ya go lekanya e farologana go tswa go 7% kwa Katsina go ya go 16% kwa Kaduna le 24% kwa Lagos ka 2007. Bareki ba ba sa diriseng metara ba duedisiwa tlhwatlhwa e e tlhomameng e e sa amaneng le selekanyo se ba se dirisang. Mo badirising ba matlo ba ba sa diriseng metara, tlhwatlhwa ya kgwedi le kgwedi e ne e le US$3 kwa Lagos, US$5 kwa Katsina le US$11 kwa Kaduna. Kwa Yobe state e ne e le Naira 100 (US$0.60) ka kgwedi, e leng selekanyo se se kwa tlase go gaisa mo nageng go ya ka Yobe State Water Corporation. Lotseno lwa ditefiso lo ne lwa duelela fela 2% ya ditshenyegelo tsa go tlamela metsi.[ 62] Dithekesi tsa dikgokagano tse di nang le dimetara. Bareki ba ba dirisang dimetara ba duedisiwa tlhwatlhwa e e rileng, jaaka go ntse kwa Lagos, kgotsa tlhwatlhwa e e rileng e e oketsegang, jaaka go ntse kwa Katsina le Kaduna. Mo thulaganyong ya go oketsa tlhotlhwa ya ditshipi, tlhotlhwa ya metara ya dikhubiki e oketsega ka iketlo ka go simolola ka go dirisa 30 m3 ka kgwedi ka palogotlhe ya ditshipi di le 3 go ya go di le 6. Tlhwatlhwa ya matlo a ntlha a a rekisiwang ke US$0.19 ka m3 kwa Kaduna le US$0.44 ka m3 kwa Katsina. Ditheko tsa badirisi ba kgwebo le ba intaseteri di kwa godimo.[ Tekanyetso ya metsi e ne e le Naira 50 ka m3 (US$0.30) kwa Oyo state le Naira 16 ka m3 (US$0.10) kwa Taraba state ka 2009. 63] Go kokoanya makgetho. Ditsamaiso tsa tshedimosetso tse di feletsweng ke nako le mekgwa e e sa dumalaneng ya go duedisa di baka ditshenyegelo tse di oketsegileng tsa lotseno. Selekanyo sa madi a a amogelwang se kwa tlase thata. Mo dikarolong dingwe e kwa tlase ga 10% ya madi a a duelwang. Go na le dikoloto tse dintsi tse di saletseng kwa morago, segolobogolo tsa ditheo tsa puso. Go baakanya ditlhwatlhwa. Naga nngwe le nngwe e itlhomela tlhwatlhwa ya yone ya metsi. Diphetogo tsa ditefiso di tshwanetse go dumelwa ke Khansele ya Puso ya Khuduthamaga ka tsela e e tsayang lobaka lo loleele. E re ka ba sa kgone go duelela ditshenyegelo tsa bone tsa tiragatso, le go kgona go tlhomamisa diphetogo tsa ka metlha tsa tlhotlhwa, Mekgatlho ya Metsi ya Puso e amogela thuso ya madi go tswa go dipuso tsa puso. 20] Ditlhwatlhwa tsa barekisi. Dipatlisiso tse di dirilweng mo barekising ba mo mebileng kwa Lagos, Kaduna le Katsina di bontsha gore ba duedisa madi a a fetang a a duelwang ke Mekgatlho ya Metsi ya Puso ka makgetlo a le masome a mabedi (20). Madi a a duelwang, mo palong e e lekanyeditsweng thata ya tlamelo go tswa kwa barekising ba poraefete ba metsi, a ka nna ga nne go ya go ga lesome go feta ya kgwedi e le nngwe ya tlamelo e kgolo thata ya pompo. 20] == Dipeeletso == Gore Nigeria e kgone go fitlhelela Maitlhomo a Mileniamo a Tlhabololo a go tlamelwa ka metsi ka ngwaga wa 2015, naga eno e tlhoka go tsenya madi a a ka nnang dibilione di le makgolo a mabedi le lesome le botlhano (215) tsa diranta ka ngwaga. Nigeria ga jaana ga e tsenye madi a a fetang N82.5 billion (US$0.5 billion) mo lekaleng leno. 3] Bontsi jwa dipeeletso tseno di tlhokega go tsosolosa mafaratlhatlha a a sa tlhokomelweng sentle. Ga go a tlhomama gore a tekanyetso eno e akaretsa le go tlosa leswe le go thibela malwetse. == Tlamelo ka madi == Le fa gone go lebeletswe gore mephato yotlhe e meraro ya puso e nne le seabe ka botlalo mo go tshegetseng ka madi dipeeletso tse di dirwang mo ditirelong tsa metsi le tsa go tlosa leswe le go thibela malwetse, gantsi dipuso tsa selegae ga di na madi a go dira jalo. Puso ya porofense le ya puso ya selegae le tsone di tlamela ka madi a mannye fela. Ka jalo, bontsi jwa metsi a setšhaba le ditlamelo tsa boitekanelo kwa Nigeria di duelelwa ke baabi. 64] Go kgaoganya lotseno lwa oli le lekgetho magareng ga maemo a a farologaneng a puso ke kgang e e masisi mo dipolotiking kwa Nigeria, e e kgaogantsweng magareng ga Bokone jwa Bamoseleme le Borwa jo bontsi jwa yone e leng jwa Sekeresete mme kwa kgaolo e le nngwe kwa Borwa e na le lotseno lotlhe lwa oli. Magareng ga ngwaga wa 1948 le ngwaga wa 2001, dikhomishene di le robongwe, ditaolo di le thataro tsa sesole, molao o le mongwe wa lekgotla la molao le dikatlholo di le pedi tsa Kgotlatshekelo ya Makgaolakgang di lekile go tlhalosa dikamano tsa madi magareng ga dikarolo tsa lekgotla la koporasi ntle le go rarabolola bothata. 65] Madi a puso a a amogelang a akaretsa mo e ka nnang diperesente di le masome a ferangbongwe(90). Tirisanommogo ya kwa ntle Banka ya Tlhabololo ya Aforika Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa 2012, African Development Bank e dumetse kadimo e e sa tureng ya diranta di le dimilione di le lekgolo (100) go tokafatsa metsi le go phepafatsa mo toropong e e kwa bokone ya Zaria. Porojeke e tla tsenngwa tirisong ke Lekgotla la Metsi la Naga la Kaduna. 67] Gape e dumetse porojeke ya go tlamelwa ka metsi le go phepafatsa mo metsesetoropong kwa metseng ya Ibadan le Jalingo kwa Oyo le Taraba ka ngwaga wa 2009. Diporojeke tseno tse pedi tsa mo ditoropong di akaretsa go tsenngwa ga dimetara tsa metsi, go rotloetsa bophepa mmogo le go aga matlwana a boithomelo kwa dikolong, kwa ditleliniking tsa boitekanelo, kwa marekisetsong le kwa diparakeng. Go farologana le porojeke e ntšhwa ya kwa Zaria, porojeke e kgologolo e tshegetsa diphetogo mo maemong a puso go kgaoganya ditiro tsa taolo le tsa tiragatso, le go tsenngwa tirisanong ya puso le poraefete. Banka ya Tlhabololo ya Aforika le yona e ne ya duelela diporojeke tsa metsi le tsa kgeleloleswe ya metsi kwa metseselegaeng kwa dikgaolong tsa Yobe le Osun tse di neng tsa amogelwa ka ngwaga wa 2007. Porojeke e ne e ikaeletse go oketsa tiriso ya metsi a metsemagae le ditlamelo tsa kgeleloleswe mo diporofenseng tse pedi, e go neng go fopholediwa gore e kwa tlase ga 50% ka ngwaga wa 2006, go fitlha go 100% ka ngwaga wa 2012. Ditirelo tsa boitekanelo tse di agilweng ke matlwana a boithomelo a sanplat le matlwana a boithomelo a a ntlafaditsweng a a nang le phefo. 59] African Development Bank e duelela ditshenyegelo tsotlhe tsa diporojeke tseno e sa tlhoke gore puso ya Nigeria e nne le seabe. African Development Bank e tsentse madi a le dimilione di lemakgolo a ferangbongwe le botlhano( 905) tsa didolara tsa Amerika mo lekaleng leno fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 1971.[ 59] === China === Ka ngwaga wa 2005, China e ne ya saena tumalano ya thuso le Nigeria go epa diforo di le makgolo a matlhano le masome a ferangbongwe le boferabobedi (598) kwa dinageng di le 18 le FCT. 68] Ga go a tlhalosiwa gore thuso eno e tla nna bokae le gore e tla newa ke setheo sefe. == Lekgotla la Ditšhaba Tse di Kopaneng == EU e tshegetsa Lenaneo la Diphetogo tsa Lefapha la Metsi le Kgeleloleswe mo diporofenseng di le thataro (Anambra, Cross River, Jigawa, Kano, Osun le Yobe) ka thuso ya madi ya di-euro di le dimilione di le masome a ferangbobedi le bosupa(87). Mmuso wa Nigeria, mo maemong otlhe a mararo a puso, le baagi ba selegae ba solofetswe go tsenya letsogo ka di-Euro di le dimilione di le 31 tse dingwe.[ 69] === JICA === JICA ke khutshwafatso ya Japan International Cooperation Agency[70] mme e tlamela ka dithuso tsa metsi a a phepa le tsa boitekanelo kwa dikgaolong tse tharo, Oyo, Kano le Yobe.[ 71] === UNICEF === UNICEF ((United Nations Children's Fund) e e kileng ya bo e itsiwe jaaka United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund[72] e tshegeditse tlamelo ya metsi kwa magaeng, tlhweko le bophepa mo metseng le dikolong go ralala naga go tloga ka 2002. Ditsereganyo tsa yone di ne tsa duelelwa ke DFID le European Commission. Go ile ga agiwa metswedi e mesha ya metsi a a phepa e le 6 960 (megogoro, didiba tse di epilweng le metswedi e e sireleditsweng) le matlwana a boithomelo a le 19 100. Dikolo tse di fetang 400 di tlametswe ka matlwana a boithomelo a a nang le ditlamelo tse di farologaneng tsa basimane le basetsana le mafelo a go tlhapa diatla. 73] === USAID === USAID ((United States Agency for International Development) [1] e tshegetsa tlamelo ya metsi kwa magaeng, boitekanelo le thuto ya boitekanelo kwa bokone jwa Nigeria, mo metseng e le masome a mane le borataro (46) kwa Bauchi, Kano le kwa Sokoto. USAID e dira mmogo le mokgatlho o e seng wa puso wa Nigeria wa Women Farmers Advancement Network (WOFAN), Action Against Hunger (NGO) le WaterAid. 75][76] === WaterAid === WaterAid, e leng mokgatlho o e seng wa puso wa kwa Boritane, o ne wa rotloetsa go kopanngwa ga thulaganyo ya go tlosa leswe le go thibela malwetse, go tlamela ka metsi le go ruta batho ka tsa boitekanelo ka go dirisa mokgwa wa go dira dilo mo setšhabeng le go dirisa dithekenoloji tse di sa jeng madi a mantsi. E dira mmogo le mekgatlho e e seng ya puso ya Nigeria, go akaretsa Benue NGO Network (BENGONET), Mokgatlho wa Metsi le Kgeleloleswe mo Nigeria (NEWSAN), Justice Development and Peace Initiative (JDPI), Community Based Development  ⁇  NGO (CBD-NGO), Women Empowerment In Nigeria (WEIN) le Bol Development Association (BOLDA). E dira mo ditoropong tse di fetang lekgolo (100) mo dinageng tsa Bauchi, Benue le Plateau. E tlhomile lenaane la maemo a a kwa tlase, le le theilweng mo dintlheng tse di akantshiwang ke baagi ka bobone, go thusa baagi go itlhophela ka bobone gore ke kae koo ba tshwanetseng go abela didirisiwa teng. Tsamaiso e e ntseng jalo ya go tsaya ditshwetso e e tsayang karolo e bile e le mo pontsheng e botlhokwa thata mo maemong a go se tshepane le puso e e bokoa. 77] Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong ka ngwaga wa 2012, e ne ya fiwa tiro ke puso ya go thusa go lekola le go sekaseka diporojeke tsa metsi, tsa boitekanelo le tsa boitekanelo tsa puso kwa Nigeria. Go ya ka Tona ya Metswedi ya Metsi, Moporesitente Goodluck Jonathan o na le kgatlhego mo tshekatshekong e e ikemetseng ya tiragatso ya lephata mme mekgatlho e e seng ya puso e beilwe sentle go dira tiro e. 78] Banka ya Lefatshe Banka ya Lefatshe e weditse diporojeke di le supa tsa metsi fa e sa le ka ngwaga wa 1985 mme e ne e na le diporojeke di le tharo tse di ntseng di tsweletse ka ngwaga wa 2010. Palogotlhe ya madi a a dirisitsweng mo diporojekeng tseno tse 10 e ka nna diranta di le dimilione di le dikete di le 2,4. Porojeke ya Ntlha ya Diphetogo tsa Metsesetoropo ya Metsi (US$120 million) e lebile ditoropo di le 13 kwa diporofenseng tsa Kaduna, Ogun le Enugu. Porojeke gape e ikaeletse go tlhoma dipholisi tsa metsi tsa puso, le go rotloetsa tirisanommogo le lekala la poraefete. Porojeke ya bobedi ya Urban Water Reform Project ya boleng jwa didolara di le dimilione di le 200, e tshegetsa katoloso ya mafaratlhatlha a diphaepe kwa Calabar, le tsosoloso ya dimela tsa go phepafatsa metsi le ditsamaiso tsa kabo kwa Lagos mmogo le ditoropo tse dingwe tse tharo kwa Cross River State. == Metswedi == onzubg0mseeqjengf6xudz2axh4jtdn 0 13508 50465 2026-06-11T05:53:19Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Noka ya Xufexufe 50465 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rio Xufexufe''' ke noka e e mo setlhaketlhakeng sa Sao Tomé, Sao Tomé le Príncipe. Noka e elela kwa borwa go ralala karolo e e kwa borwa ya Kgaolo ya Lembá mme e tshologela mo Lewatleng la Atlantic fa gare ga mabopo a Palma le Pipa, dikilometara di le lesome kwa bokonebophirima jwa Vila Malanza. Kgaolo ya yone ya kgobokanyo ya metsi ke 16.5 km2 (6.4 sq mi).<ref>[http://www.aler-renovaveis.org/contents/activitieseventsspeakersdocuments/belizardo-neto_recursos-e-projectos-er_dgrne_8716.pdf Recursos e Projectos de Energias Renováveis,] Associação Lusófona de Energias Renováveis, p. 6</ref>Dinonyane tse di mo kotsing ya go nyelela e leng lephoi la motlhware la [[São Tomé]] (Columba thomensis)<ref>[[:en:BirdLife_International|BirdLife International]] (2016). [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22690138/93262041 "''Columba thomensis''".] [[:en:IUCN_Red_List|''IUCN Red List of Threatened Species''.]] '''2016''' e.T22690138A93262041. doi[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22690138A93262041.en|:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22690138A93262041.en.]]</ref> le lephoi la ditlhale la São Tomé (Lanius newtoni) di lemogilwe mo lefelong le noka e kokoanyang metsi mo go lone.<ref /> == Metswedi == 70b5jvuag0x8f943twkzbmkdvi9c38c 0 13509 50466 2026-06-11T06:14:04Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Noka ya Ewaso Ng'iro 50466 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:EwasoNgiroRiverKenya.jpg|thumb|Ewaso Ng'iro kwa Shaba National Reserve, kwa Kenya]] '''Ewaso Ng'iro''', e e bidiwang gape Ewaso Nyiro, ke noka kwa Kenya e e tlhatlogang kwa letlhakoreng la bophirima la Thaba ya Kenya mme e elela kwa bokone, morago kwa botlhaba mme kwa bofelong kwa borwa-botlhaba, e feta kwa Somalia kwa e kopanang le Noka ya Jubba teng.<ref>''Rough Guide Map Kenya'' (Map) (9 ed.). 1:900,000. Rough Guide Map. Cartography by World Mapping Project. Rough Guide. 2006. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/1-84353-359-6|<bdi>1-84353-359-6</bdi>.]]</ref>Leina la noka eno le tswa mo puong ya Maasai ya baagi ba lefelo leo, mme le kaya noka ya metsi a a borokwa kgotsa a a seretse. Kwa tlase, molatswana o o kgaogang kwa Somalia gape o bidiwa '''Lagh Dera.''' Lefelo le le kwa godimo la Noka ya Ewaso Ng'iro ke dikilometara di le 15 200.<ref>Makali, Samuel; Boniface Kiteme (September 2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070524041456/http://www.netwas.org/newsletter/articles/2005/09/5 "The Upper Ewaso Ng'iro Basin, Kenya".] Network for Water and Sanitation. Archived from [http://www.netwas.org/newsletter/articles/2005/09/5 the original] on 2007-05-24. Retrieved 2007-06-21.</ref> Noka e na le metsi a a tswelelang ka ntlha ya dikgalase tse di mo Thabeng ya Kenya. Ewaso Ng'iro e fepa mo Letsheng la Ol Bolossat, letsha le le lengwe fela mo Kgaolong ya Nyandarua le Kenya e kgolo ya Bogare,<ref>Mulli, Thorn. [https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000172240/discovering-central-kenya-s-only-natural-lake "Discovering Central Kenya's only natural lake".] ''The Standard''. Retrieved 2019-02-23.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190223134934/https://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/1190-156772-ghtyy1z/index.html "A wreath for Ewaso Ng'iro".] ''Daily Nation''. Archived from [https://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/1190-156772-ghtyy1z/index.html the original] on 2019-02-23. Retrieved 2019-02-23.</ref> <ref>[https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2018/02/20/why-lake-that-feeds-ewaso-was-declared-protected-area_c1708470 "Why lake that feeds Ewaso was declared protected area"]. ''The Star, Kenya''. Retrieved 2019-02-23.</ref>mme e kgabaganya naga e le supa e e omileng go ya go e e omileng go sekae. E tlhomololwa ke diponagalo tse di farologaneng thata tsa fisiokerafi le mefuta mme e fetogile karolo ya motheo ya go tshela ga diphologolo tsa naga, mmogo le katoloso ya palo ya batho le ditlhabololo tsa loago le ikonomi. Metsi, motswedi o o lekanyeditsweng wa lefatshe o o tlametsweng ke kgaolo ya metsi ya Ewaso Ng’iro, ga a abiwe ka go sa lekalekane mo dikgaolong tsotlhe tse di kwa godimo le tse di kwa tlase tsa kgobokanyo ya metsi ka ntlha ya phesente e kgolo e e tlhokegang go tshegetsa mekgwa ya temothuo le diphetogo tsa tlelaemete.[citation needed] Ewaso Ng'iro kwa Lefelong la Bosetšhaba la Shaba, kwa Kenya Noka eno e gogela diphologolo tsa naga ka bontsi kwa mabopong a yone, mme seno se dira gore go nne le lefelo le le tala. Dipolokelo tsa Bosetšhaba tsa Samburu, Shaba le Buffalo Springs kwa Bokone jwa Kenya di tletse ka diphologolo tsa naga mo lefatsheng le le omileng, ka ntlha ya metsi a noka. Ka fa tlase ga Saricho, noka e atologa go tsena mo Motlhabeng wa Lorian, lefelo le legolo la mafelo a a metsi.<ref>R. H. Hughes, J. S. Hughes (1992). [https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA194 ''A directory of African wetlands''.] IUCN. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/2-88032-949-3|<bdi>2-88032-949-3</bdi>.]]</ref> Mefutafuta ya ikholoji go ralala kgobokanyo ya metsi e tlhomologile mo kgaolong ya metsi ya Ewaso Ng’iro ka tlhamalalo, ka e simolola kwa mafatsheng a a kwa godimo a a nang le maatla a temothuo a Thaba ya Kenya, gone kwa Lefelong la Thome la Kgaolo ya Nanyuki-Laikipia, se se rayang gore ntlha e e tlhomameng ya tshimologo ya noka eno e kwa motseng wa Thome o o kokoanyang Noka ya Naromorugen, kwa e bopilweng teng. Kenya, le Noka ya Ngarinyiru e e batlang metsi go tswa kwa Aberdares mme e elela mo godimo ga dikgaolo tse di latelang tse supa tse di omileng go ya go tse di omileng go sekae tsa Meru, Laikipia, Samburu, Isiolo, Wajir, Marsabit, le Garissa (Said le ba bangwe 14). Morago ga boipuso jwa Kenya, dikarolo tsa lefatshe tse di khurumeditsweng ke kgaolo ya metsi ya Ewaso Ng’iro di ne tsa sutisa bong go tswa mo baleming ba bokoloniale go ya kwa baleming ba bannye.[citation needed] Lefelo la kgobokanyo ya metsi le ne la nna motswedi o mogolo wa balemirui ba bannye go tshegetsa mekgwa ya bona ya temothuo le go tlhabolola tlhokego ya matshelo. == Go nna teng ga metswedi == African Development Fund (African Development Fund 6) e bolela jaana: "Metsi a a phepa a Kenya a a kgonang go dirisiwa gape a kwa tlase ga dikubita tsa dimetara di le makgolo a marataro le masome a matlhano ka ngwaga, mme seno se dira gore e nne nngwe ya ya mafatshe a a tlhaelang metsi thata mo lefatsheng". Le fa Ewaso Ng - iro e le yone e tona go feta tse dingwe tse tlhano tse di nang le metsi kwa Kenya, mo dingwageng di le mmalwa tse di fetileng go nnile le tlhaelo ya metswedi ya tlholego. 5). === Phetogo ya Tlelaemete === Melatswana e e elelang mo lefelong leno e simolotse go omelela ka iketlo, segolobogolo ka dipaka tse di omileng tsa ngwaga (Mutiga, Su, le Woldai 102). Diphetogo tse dingwe tse di jaaka "diphetogo tse di sa tlhomamang tsa pula le selekanyo sa yone le go fokotsega ga metsi a a tshologang ka nako ya fa go na le metsi a mannye" le tsone di na le ditlamorago tse di masisi mo dikarolong tsotlhe tsa kgaolo ya metsi ya Ewaso Ng ⁇ iro (Aeschbacher, Liniger le Weingartner 155,156). Lefelo la go gelela metsi le fitlhelwa thata mo mafelong a a omeletseng go ya go a seka-omileng mo go bonalang pula e fokotsegile mo dingwageng tse di fetileng. Ka ntlha ya gore go se lekalekane ga metsi go fetogile bothata jo bo raraaneng, bokgoni jwa go tshegetsa dimela le diphologolo tsa naga tsa tikologo bo tla fokotsega, mme batho le ditlhabololo ba tla lebana le dikgwetlho tse di tsweletseng tsa go tsweletswa. Evapotranspiration Tiragalo e e umakilweng fa godimo e ka nna ya golaganngwa le maemo a evapotranspiration mo sedibeng, le fa go ntse jalo, go bona tekanyetso e e tlhamaletseng ya phapanyetsano ya maatla e itshupile e le tiro e e thata le e e raraaneng. [ citation needed ] == Tikologo e e sireletsegileng == Kgaolo ya metsi ya Ewaso Ng ⁇ iro e na le mefutafuta ya ditshedi go tloga kwa mafelong a a kwa godimo a Thaba ya Kenya go ya kwa mafelong a a omileng go ya kwa mafelong a a omileng go le gonnye. Thulaganyo nngwe le nngwe ya ikholoji e na le seabe se se tlhomologileng mo lefatsheng le mo bathong ba Kenya fa ba ntse ba dirisana mmogo go fitlhelela tekatekano e e tla nnelang ruri. === Lefelo le le bongola === Di-ecosystem tsa mafatshe a metsi tse di leng mo dikgaolong tse di kwa godimo tsa Thaba ya Kenya di tlamela ka thulaganyo ya tlholego ya go sefa metsi, mefuta e e farologaneng ya dimela le diphologolo, le dikotla tsa mefuta e mengwe yotlhe le di-ecosystem. Ka ntlha ya go oketsega ga batho, mafatshe a metsi a Kenya a senyegile, mme ditheo di fetogile sekgoreletsi se segolo mo ditirelong tsa tikologo. Agro-ecosystem Di-agro-ecosystems di tlwaelegile mo ditlhabololong mo dikgaolong tse di kwa godimo tsa Ewaso Ng ⁇ iro mme di thusa ka dijo tse di tlhokegang go tshegetsa diphologolo tsa naga, leruo, gammogo le batho. Ka go tshegetsa le go tshegetsa ditikologo tsotlhe tse di farologaneng go ralala Ewaso Ng ⁇ iro, e tla letla tikologo go gola ka tlhago ka fa go ka kgonegang ka teng. Dikhuduego mo dithulaganyong tsa tikologo di tla ama kgolo le tswelelo ya mefuta e mengwe. == Metswedi == jtq0chy50r0k84jgk2ykhco52tnx744 0 13510 50467 2026-06-11T06:27:04Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Noka ya Ruvu 50467 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Noka ya Ruvu''' ke noka e e kwa botlhaba jwa Tanzania. [[Setshwantsho:Ruvu River Basin.jpg|thumb|Noka ya Ruvu e e kwa tlase le molomo wa yone, mme toropo ya Bagamoyo e kafa mojeng.]] Noka ya Ruvu e simologa kwa borwa jwa Dithaba tsa Uluguru mme e elela go ya ntlheng ya botlhaba go tsena mo Lewatleng la India gaufi le Bagamoyo. Noka ya yone e kgolo ke Noka ya Ngerengere, e e simololang kwa Ulugurus e e kwa bokone mme e elela go ralala toropo ya Morogoro pele e kopana le ya Ruvu. Noka ya Ruvu e na le metsi a a ka nnang 11,789 km2,<ref>Alphayo, Stephano M. and M. P. Sharma (2018). "Water Quality Assessment of Ruvu River in Tanzania Using NSFWQI". ''Journal of Scientific Research & Reports'', 20(3): 1-9, 2018; Article no.JSRR.44324 ISSN: 2320-0227. Published 08 October 2018.</ref> e e akaretsang dikarolo tsa dikgaolo tsa Morogoro le Pwani. Lefelo la noka ya Wami le kwa bokone le kwa bophirima, mme lefelo la noka ya Rufiji le kwa borwa. Noka ya Ruvu ke motswedi o o botlhokwa wa metsi mo malapeng, mo dipolasing tse di nosediwang le mo madirelong a a mo mafelong a a bapileng le noka eno. Gape ke motswedi o mogolo wa metsi a Dar es Salaam, toropo e kgolo go gaisa kwa Tanzania, e e leng kwa lotshitshing lo lo kwa botlhaba jwa lefelo la go gelela metsi la Ruvu. <ref>"Managing water for Dar es Salaam". ''UN Habitat''. Accessed 30 September 2019. [https://mirror.unhabitat.org/content.asp?cid=3221&catid=237&typeid=13 <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>]</ref> E na le maemo a a oketsegang a kgotlelo go tswa mo go ntshiweng ga metsi a a leswe a a tswang mo malapeng a a sa phepafadiwang le a a tswang mo madirelong a a sa phepafadiwang mo nokeng.<ref>Alphayo, Stephano M. and M. P. Sharma (2018). "Water Quality Assessment of Ruvu River in Tanzania Using NSFWQI". ''Journal of Scientific Research & Reports'', 20(3): 1-9, 2018; Article no.JSRR.44324 ISSN: 2320-0227. Published 08 October 2018.</ref> == Metswedi == dquc36t8w8pks09hdnecoyxfd92rcfq 0 13511 50468 2026-06-11T07:08:21Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Noka ya Shebelle 50468 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:ATMIS Support in Beletweyne.jpg|thumb|Noka ya Shebelle kwa Hirshabelle State]] [[Setshwantsho:Jubbarivermap.png|thumb]] '''Noka ya Shebelle''' (Oromo: Laga Shabeellee, Somali: Webi Shabeelle, Amharic: እደላ, Italian: fiume Uebi Scebeli) e e itsiweng gape jaaka '''Nile ya Mogadishu''',<ref>Philips, John Edward (2006). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC Writing African History]''. University Rochester Press. p. 221. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-256-3|<bdi>978-1-58046-256-3</bdi>.]]</ref><ref>Fage, J. D.; Oliver, Roland (1975). ''The Cambridge History of Africa''. Cambridge University Press. p. 137. [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20981-6|ISBN <bdi>978-0-521-20981-6</bdi>.]]</ref><ref>ʻAlī, Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn (1848). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud Géographie d'Aboulféda]'' (in French). Imprimerie nationale. pp. 232–233.</ref> e simologa kwa dithabeng tsa Ethiopia mme e elela kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Somalia go leba Mogadishu. Gaufi le Mogadishu, e retologela kwa borwabophirima, kwa e latelang lotshitshi teng. Kwa tlase ga Mogadishu, noka eno e nna e ntse e elela ka dinako tse di farologaneng. Mo dingwageng di le dintsi, noka eno e a kgala gaufi le molomo wa Noka ya Jubba, mme ka dinako tsa dipula tse dikgolo, tota noka eno e fitlha kwa Jubba mme ka jalo e bo e tsena mo lewatleng. Ka dinako tsa dipula tse dintsi kwa Ethiopia, Noka ya Shebelle le ya Jubba di a kopana, mme metsi a tsone a a kopaneng kgabagare a fitlha kwa Lewatleng la India. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo dingwageng tse di omileng, Noka ya Shebelle e a fokotsega e bo e fetoga mafelo a a bongola le dipoa tse di tletseng motlhaba tse di kwa bokonebotlhaba jwa fa e kopanelang le Jubba. Noka ya Shebelle e boleele jwa dikilometara di le sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mabedi. Lefelo le le e dikologileng le nniwa ke batho ba Arsi Oromo, batho ba Somali mo Kgaolong ya Somali ya Ethiopia, le batho ba Somali kwa Somalia. Mo kgaolong e e kwa tlase ya noka, temothuo e emisitse mokgwa wa botshelo wa setso wa go fuduga, mme temo ya dipanana go bapa le dikarolo tsa borwa tsa dinoka tsa Shebeli le Jubba e na le seabe se segolo mo indasetering ya thomelontle ya Somalia. <ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River "Shebeli River | Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia | Britannica".] ''www.britannica.com''. Retrieved 2023-12-02.</ref> == Dithuso == Noka ya Shebelle e na le melatswana e le mmalwa, e le ya paka ka paka le e e sa kgaotseng. Tseno di akaretsa: * [[Noka ya Erer]] * [[Noka ya Galetti]] * [[Noka ya Wabe]] Fafen e fitlha kwa Shebelle fela ka dinako tsa dipula tse dikgolo; gantsi molapo wa yone o a fela pele ga o fitlha kwa nokeng e kgolo. == Ditso == === Mmusomogolo wa Ajuran === Mo Metlheng ya Bogare, Noka ya Shebelle e ne e le kafa tlase ga taolo ya Mmusomogolo wa Ajuran mme e ne e dirisiwa thata mo masimong a yone. Ba ne ba simolola go itsege thata ka lekgolo la bo lesome leboraro la dingwaga AD, mme Ba-Ajur ba ne ba nna le taolo ya metsi a dinoka tsa Jubba le Shebelle. Ba ne ba dirisa boenjeniri jwa metsi go aga didiba le didiba tse dintsi tse di dirilweng ka kapoko tse di sa ntseng di dirisiwa le gompieno. Babusi ba yone ba ne ba tlhama mekgwa e mesha ya temothuo le lekgetho, e e neng ya tswelela go dirisiwa kwa dikarolong tsa Horn of Africa go fitlha ka lekgolo la bo lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga. <ref>Njoku, Raphael Chijioke (2013). [https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C ''The History of Somalia''.] Bloomsbury Academic. p. 26. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780313378577|9780313378577]]</bdi>. Retrieved 2014-02-14.</ref> Ka go laola didiba tsa kgaolo eo, babusi ba Ba-Garen ba ne ba laola batho ba ba neng ba ba busa ka gonne e ne e le bone fela ba ba neng ba laola metsi mo Afrika ka nako ya puso ya bone. Go ne ga agiwa didiba tse dikgolo tse di dirilweng ka matlapa a kalaka go ralala naga, tse di neng tsa ngoka Ba-Somalia le Ba-Oromo ba ba neng ba fuduga le leruo la bone. E re ka go ne go na le melao e e tlhomameng e e laolang didiba, go ne go le motlhofo gore batswakwa ba rarabolole dikgotlhang ka go isa dipotso tsa bone kwa badiredibagolong ba puso ba ba neng ba tla ba tsereganya. Kgwebo ya dikharabane e e neng e tsamaya sekgala se seleele, e e neng e sa bolo go nna e dirwa kwa Sekhutlong sa Afrika, e ne ya tswelela e sa fetoge mo metlheng ya Ba-Ajuran. Gompieno, metse e mentsi e e sentsweng le e e latlhilweng mo teng ga Somalia le kwa Horn of Africa ke bosupi jwa gore go kile ga nna le kgwebo e e golang ya go gweba ka dilo tse di tswang kwa dinageng tse dingwe go tloga ka nako ya bogare. <ref>cassanelli, Lee V. (1982). ''The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900''. Ethnohistory. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 149. ISBN [[978-0-8122-7832-3.|<bdi>978-0-8122-7832-3</bdi>.]]</ref> Ka ntlha ya go laolwa ke puso ya Ajuran, dipolasi tsa kwa Afgooye, Bardhere le kwa mafelong a mangwe a Jubba le Shabelle di ne tsa oketsa thobo ya tsone. Go ne go na le thulaganyo ya mesele ya go nosetsa e e bidiwang kelliyo e e neng e elela ka tlhamalalo go tswa kwa Nokeng ya Shebelle le Jubba go ya kwa masimong a mo go one go neng go jalwa sorghum, mmidi, dinawa, mabele le katune ka paka ya gu (seruthwane ka Se-Somalia) le xagaa (selemo ka Se-Somalia) ya khalendara ya Se-Somalia. Thulaganyo eno ya go nosetsa e ne e tshegediwa ke matamo a le mantsi. Go bona gore polasi e ne e le bogolo jo bo kana kang, go ne ga tlhamiwa mokgwa wa go lekanya lefatshe o mo go one go neng go dirisiwa mafoko a a reng moos, taraab le guldeed. Mafelo a ditoropo a Mogadishu, Merca, Barawa, Kismayo, Hobyo le maemakepe a mangwe a ne a nna mafelo a kgwebo a a nang le poelo ya dithoto tse di tswang mo teng ga naga. Balemirui ba kwa Somalia ba ba neng ba nna kwa mafelong a a kwa morago ga naga go tswa kwa dinokeng tsa Ubba le Shebelle ba ne ba tlisa dijalo tsa bone kwa metseng e e gaufi le lotshitshi lwa Somalia, koo di neng di rekisediwa bagwebi ba lefelo leo ba ba neng ba dira kgwebo e e tswelang madi a mantsi ka dikepe tse di neng di ya le go tswa kwa Arabia, Persia, India, Venice, Egepeto, Portugal, le go fitlha kwa Java le [[China]]. <ref>Journal of African History pg.50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver</ref> == Motlha wa segompieno == Go ya ka Thomas Wakefield, yo o neng a etetse kgaolo eno, noka eno gape e ne e itsege e le "Noka ya Adari". <ref>Wakefield, Thomas. ''[https://everythingharar.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/1884Expedition.pdf Somal and Galla Land; Embodying Information Collected by the Rev. Thomas Wakefield]'' (PDF). Blackwell Publishing. p. 261.</ref>Motswedi wa Noka ya Shebelle o lengwa ke Ba-Arsi Oromo. E dikologilwe ke lefelo le le boitshepo le le nang le ditlhare tsa juniper, tse di neng di le ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya leloko la Bamoseleme la Arsi go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le bongwe(1951). <ref>J. Spencer Trimingham, ''Islam in Ethiopia'' (Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952), p. 260.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe , ka thuso ya baenjenere ba Soviet, go ne ga agiwa Letamo la Melka Wakena mo karolong e e kwa godimo ya Noka ya Shebelle kwa Dithabeng tsa Bale. E na le maatla a dimekawate di le lekgolo le masome a matlhano le boraro, mme ke yone e e dirang motlakase o mogolo go gaisa mo Ethiopia. <ref>Lulseged Ayalew, [http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Engineering/Lulseged_on_hydroelectric.htm "Something that We Need to Know about Our River’s Hydropower Potential"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20060522223124/http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Engineering/Lulseged_on_hydroelectric.htm Archived] 2006-05-22 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. Accessed 20 April 2006</ref> Ditso tsa bosheng jaana ya Shabelle e ile ya tshwaiwa ke merwalela e e neng e nna gone gangwe le gape. Go bolelwa fa noka ya Shabelle e ne e khurumetse ngwaga mongwe le mongwe pele ga dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro; mo lesomeng leo la dingwaga go ne ga nna le merwalela e le mebedi fela e e neng ya baka tshenyo, hidigsayley ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le botlhano(1965) le soogudud ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le borataro( 1966). Ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,masome a robabongwe le masome a supa (1970), morwalela o o neng wa baka tshenyo e kgolo go gaisa e ne e le morwalela wa kabahay wa ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le borobabobedi (1978).<ref name=":0">Ayele Gebre-Mariam, ''[http://www.nccr-north-south.unibe.ch/publications/Infosystem/On-line%20Dokumente/Upload/AGM_CriticalIssueLand.pdf The Critical Issue of Land Ownership]'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20200303173436/http://www.nccr-north-south.unibe.ch/publications/Infosystem/On-line%2520Dokumente/Upload/AGM_CriticalIssueLand.pdf Archived] 2020-03-03 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine,]] Working Paper No. 2 (Bern: NCCR North-South, 2005), pp. 35f (accessed 19 January 2009)</ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borataro ( 1996), merwalela e ne ya senya di-woreda di le tharo kwa Ethiopia. Ka di kgwedi ya Phalane e le masome a mabedi le boraro ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe ( 1999), noka e ne ya khurumetsa metsi mo gare ga bosigo, mme ya senya matlo le dijalo mo mafelong a le lesome le bone go tswa mo go a le lekgolo le lesome le bosupa mo kgaolong ya Kelafo, le mo mafelong a le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe go tswa mo go a le masome a mane le borataro mo kgaolong e e gaufi ya Mustahil. Go ya ka balaodi ba selegae, batho ba le masome a mararo le bone le leruo le le fopholediwang go makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano le ne la swa, mme ba le 70,000 ba amilwe ke merwalela mme ba tlhoka thuso. <ref>[http://www.africa.upenn.edu/eue_web/som1199.htm "Drought and Floods: Stress Livelihoods and Food Security in the Ethiopian Somali Region"] UNDP Emergencies Unit for Ethiopia report, dated November 1999 (accessed 28 December 2008)</ref>Merwalela e mebedi e e diragetseng bosheng jaana e ne e le ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le boraro( 2003), fa leruo le le ka nnang lekgolo le batho ba le lekgolo le lesome le borobaongwe ba ne ba gogolwa ke metsi, le morwalela wa kgwedi ya Moranang ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le botlhano( 2005), fa batho ba ka nna 30 000 ba ne ba dikaganyeditswe ke metsi a morwalela mme dikamela di le dikete tse pedi le dikgomo di le dikete tse nne di ne tsa gogolwa ke metsi a morwalela; bangwe ba batho ba lefelo leno ba tsaya gore eno ke morwalela o o maswe go gaisa mo dingwageng di le masome a mane.<ref name=":0" /> == Metswedi == 856dlbjpvgva7niigq2q05av9s0sfe4 0 13512 50469 2026-06-11T07:15:21Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Noka ya Erer 50469 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Jubbarivermap.png|thumb|Moalo wa kgaolo ya Jubba/Shebelle]] '''Noka ya Erer''' ke noka ya botlhaba jwa Ethiopia. <ref>[https://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-861038&fid=1720&c=ethiopia "Erer River, Ethiopia - Geographical Names, map, geographic coordinates"]. ''geographic.org''. Retrieved 2022-10-14.</ref> E tswa gaufi le toropo ya Harar, mo Kgaolong ya Harari, mme e elela go ya kwa borwa go ya kwa e kopanelang teng le Shabelle. Noka eno ke karolo ya Jubba Basin mme e na le boleele jwa dikilometara di le makgolo a mabedi le masome e marataro le bone(164 mi). == Metswedi == s7316oquf3yhwl4uliikh3bx6holwb5 0 13513 50470 2026-06-11T07:17:22Z Lucrucia98 12161 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA NOKA YA DORING 50470 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Noka ya Doring''' (Afrikaans: Doringrivier) ke noka e e mo [[Western Cape Province]], mo [[Aforika Borwa]]. Ke karolo ya Olifants/Doring River system.<ref>[http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverWCDoring/DoringRiver.htm Rivers in South Africa - Doring River]</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Dore.jpg|thumb|Noka ya Doring]] Leina 'Doring' le dirisiwa gape le karolo ya Noka ya Sout, e leng nngwe ya dinoka tse di tsenang mo nokeng ya Olifants, e e mo bogareng jwa tsela ya yone.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA17OlifantsDoorn.jpg Olifants/Doorn WMA 17]</ref> == Tsela == Noka ya Doring e simologa kwa bokone-botlhaba jwa Ceres mme e kopana le Noka ya Olifants gaufi le toropo ya Klawer jaaka Noka ya Oudrif morago ga go kopana le Noka ya Koebee. Dinoka tse di tsenang mo go yone di akaretsa noka ya Tankwa, noka ya Riet, noka ya Wolf le noka ya Brandewyn.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA17OlifantsDoorn.jpg Olifants/Doorn WMA 17]</ref> == Tikologo == Clanwilliam Yellowfish (Labeobarbus capensis), mofuta wa selegae o o aroganngwang jaaka o o leng mo kotsing ke IUCN, o fitlhelwa mo Doring le dinokeng tse dingwe tsa mogogoro wa yone.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170629065416/http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf "Technical Report on the State of Yellowfishes in South Africa 2007"] (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 June 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2012.</ref> == Metswedi == jweex6ikvxlpqu0cuuhak9t4wggn26a 0 13514 50471 2026-06-11T07:30:10Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Noka ya Maringa 50471 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Noka ya Maringa''' ke noka ya kwa [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo.]] Noka ya Maringa le [[Noka ya Lopori]] kwa bokone, di kopana kwa Basankusu go bopa [[Noka ya Lulonga]], e e leng nngwe ya dinoka tse di dikologileng [[Noka ya Congo]]. Mokgatsha wa Maringa/Lopori o na le Maringa-Lopori-Wamba Landscape, e leng lefelo le le botlhokwa thata mo tikologong. <ref>Jef Dupain; Janet Nackoney; Jean-Paul Kibambe; Didier Bokelo & David Williams. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205354/http://www.observatoire-comifac.net/docs/edf2008/EN/SOF_23_Maringa.pdf "Maringa-Lopori-Wamba Landscape"] (PDF). L'Observatoire des Forêts d'Afrique Centrale. Archived from [http://www.observatoire-comifac.net/docs/edf2008/EN/SOF_23_Maringa.pdf the original] (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2011-10-14.</ref>Batho ba Ngando ba nna mo kgaolong ya Noka ya Maringa kwa bokone jwa Ikela. <ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=nxd "Ngando"]. ''Ethnologue''. Retrieved 2011-10-14.</ref> == Metswedi == j0h46wusqwsgp2zl0widmyhj66kl5v0 0 13515 50472 2026-06-11T07:39:27Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Letamo la Glassblock 50472 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Mzingwane-river-glassblock.jpg|thumb|Noka ya Mzingwane mo lefelong la Glassblock, mo Kgaolong ya Insiza. Lefelo le go agilweng matamo mo go lone le kwa dithabeng tse di kwa morago.]] Letamo la Glassblock ke [[letamo]] le le akantshiwang mo nokeng ya Mzingwane, kwa bokone jwa [[Gwanda]], Zimbabwe, le le tla dirang letamo la dikhubiki metara di le dimilione di le lekgolo le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe.<ref>Chibi, T., Kandori, C. and Makone, B.F. 2005. Mzingwane Catchment Outline Plan. Zimbabwe National Water Authority, Bulawayo.</ref> Ditshenyegelo tsa porojeke ya Letamo la Bopoma Glassblock ke US$100 million. Letamo leno le ne le dirilwe ke baenjenere ba ZINWA mme le rulagantswe jaaka lefelo le le tletseng ka mmu le le boleele jwa dikilometara di le dikete tse pedi le makgolo a matlhano le bogodimo jwa dimetara di le masome a mane. Metsi a a tswang mo letamong a tla pompelwa dikilometara di le masome a mararo le boraro go ya kwa madirelong a metsi a a leng teng kwa Ncema, koo go nang le kgokagano e e leng teng go ya kwa Criterion Waterworks kwa ntle ga [[Bulawayo]].<ref>Goddard J.R, 2024. Glassblock Dam and Pipeline for Bulawayo, Executive Summary, J R Goddard Contracting Pvt. Ltd., Bulawayo.</ref> Go agiwa ga letamo ke maiteko a go rarabolola mathata a metsi a Bulawayo mo pakeng e e fa gare. Letamo le tla nna la Bulawayo, fa Letamo lone le tla nna la ZINWA go ya ka Molao wa Metsi. Go akanngwa gore Letamo leno le tla fokotsa kgatelelo e e tswang mo matloleng a puso le go naya puso sebaka sa go hema gore e kgone go tlhoma mogopolo mo porojekeng e e boima ya Gwayi-Shangani. Letamo leno le tla kgona go tlamela toropo ka dilitara di le dimilione di le masome a supa ka letsatsi. <ref>Hon. Tshuma. J (Chairperson) et al., 2024. The State of Water Supply in Bulawayo, Report by Joint Portfolio Committee on Local Government, Public Works, National Housing and the Thematic Committee on Sustainable Development Goals, Parliament of Zimbabwe, Harare.</ref> == Mestwedi == ehqbab7leh26zfp4yail72r6cmtweqe 0 13516 50473 2026-06-11T08:00:31Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Noka ya Mzingwane 50473 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Mzingwane above Fultons Drift 02 03 07.JPG|thumb|Noka ya Mzingwane kwa godimo ga Fulton's Drift (tsela e e kgabaganyang), gaufi le Beitbridge, Zimbabwe]] '''Noka ya Mzingwane''', e e neng e itsege jaaka '''Noka ya Umzingwane''' kgotsa '''Noka ya Umzingwani,''' ke nngwe ya dinoka tse di tona tse di fa thoko ga [[noka ya Limpopo]] kwa Zimbabwe. E elela gaufi le Fort Usher, Matobo District, borwa jwa [[Bulawayo]] mme e elela mo Nokeng ya Limpopo gaufi le Beitbridge, kwa tlase ga molomo wa [[Noka ya Shashe]] le kwa godimo ga molomo wa [[Noka ya Bubye.]] == Maranyane a metsi == Noka ya Mzingwane ke noka ya nakwana e e elelang fela mo dikgweding tse pula e nang ka tsone (November go ya go March), mme bontsi jwa metsi a elela magareng ga kgwedi ya Sedimonthole le ya Tlhakole, kwa ntle ga fa e fetotswe ke ditiro tsa matamo. <ref>Love, D., Uhlenbrook, S., Nyabeze, W., Owen, R.J.S., Twomlow, S., Savenije, H., Woltering, L. and van der Zaag, P. 2005. Modelling of hydrological change for IWRM planning: case study of the Mzingwane River, Limpopo Basin, Zimbabwe. In: Abstract Volume, 6th WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Symposium, Ezulwini, Swaziland, November 2005, p31.[http://www.uniswa.sz/water2005/papers.htm <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>]</ref>Noka e na le seabe sa 9.3% ya palogare ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya metsi a a elelang go tswa mo Limpopo Basin, e e dirang gore e nne noka ya boraro e kgolo go feta e e elelang go tswa mo Limpopo Basin. <ref>Görgens, A.H.M.; Boroto, R.A. (1997). ''Limpopo River: flow balance anomalies, surprises and implications for integrated water resources management''. Proceedings of the 8th South African National Hydrology Symposium. Pretoria.</ref> Dinoka tse di ditona sa Noka ya Mzingwane di akaretsa Insiza, Inyankuni, Ncema, Umchabezi (e se ke ya tlhakatlhakanngwa le Mtshabezi) le dinoka tsa Mtetengwe Noka e e kwa tlase ya Mzingwane ke mosele o o tletseng motlhaba, o o nang le mafelo a mantsi a a nang le metsi a a kwa tlase mo moseleng wa noka le ka fa tlase ga dipoa tse di nang le metsi a a kwa tlase. Go fopholediwa gore metswedi ya metsi e e ka nnang teng mo mafelong ano a a nang le metsi a mantsi e ka nna magareng ga 175 000 le 5 430 000 ya dikhubiki metara (6,200 000 le 191,800 000 ya dikhubiki metara) mo ditseleng le magareng ga 80 000 le 6 920 000 ya dikhubiki metara (2 800 000 le 244 400 000 ya dikhubiki metara) mo dipoeng. Ga jaana, dingwe tsa di aquifers tse di dirisiwa go tlamela metsi a a dirisediwang mo gae, go nosetsa leruo le ditanka tsa go ina, nosetso ya kgwebo le go dira ditshingwana. <ref>Moyce, W., Mangeya, P., Owen, R. and Love, D. 2006. Alluvial aquifers in the Mzingwane Catchment: their distribution, properties, current usage and potential expansion. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 31, 988–994. [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2006.08.013 <nowiki>[2]</nowiki>]</ref> == Ditoropo == Metse e e fa tlase e rulagantswe go tloga kwa noka e simololang teng go ya kwa e felelang teng: * Motsana wa Mbalabala * Toropo ya Gwanda * Motse wa West Nicholson Toropo ya Beitbridge e dikilometara di ka nna thataro kwa botlhaba jwa motswedi wa Noka ya Bubye le Noka ya Limpopo mo molelwaneng wa Aforika Borwa. E ne ya tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe ( 1929).<ref>"Beitbridge". Archived from [http://www.zimbabwe.8m.com/zimbei.html the original] on 2016-11-06. Retrieved 2012-03-18.</ref> == Marogo le dikgogedi == [[Setshwantsho:Bertie Knott Bridge.jpg|thumb|Bertie Knott Bridge mo nokeng ya Mzingwane gaufi le Beitbridge.]] Go na le marogo a le mane a matona mo nokeng ya Mzingwane: * Borogo jo bo mo tseleng e kgolo ya Bulawayo - Beitbridge, magareng ga Esigodini le Mbalabala, kwa tlase ga letamo la Mzingwane. Gape go na le borogo jwa seporo. * Borogo jo bo mo tseleng e tona ya Mbalabala - Masvingo. * Borogo jo bo mo tseleng e tona ya Bulawayo - Beitbridge kwa West Nicholson, kwa tlase ga noka ya Insiza. Gape go na le borogo jwa seporo. * Bertie Knott Bridge, mo tseleng go tswa kwa Beitbridge go ya kwa Shashe Irrigation Scheme, gaufi le molomo. Gape go na le diforo di le mmalwa, tse di akaretsang: * Ditselana tse pedi tse di kwa godimo ga West Nicholson mo ditseleng tsa Silalabuhwa le Mosholomoshe. * Doddieburn ford, e e kwa tlase ga West Nicholson. * Gems Drift, gaufi le Beitbridge. * Fulton's Drift, gaufi le Beitbridge. == Tlhabololo == Lefelo le go tshologang metsi mo go lone la letamo la Zhovhe, gaufi le Beitbridge. Mo godimo ga matamo a mannye, go na le matamo a mabedi a magolo mo nokeng ya Mzingwane: * Letamo la Mzingwane, le le agilweng ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bobedi, le na le bokgoni jwa go tlamela ka metsi jwa MCM di le masome a mane le bobedi (dimilione tsa dikhubiki metara). E gaufi le motswedi wa noka mme e tlamela motse wa Bulawayo ka metsi. * Letamo la Zhovhe, le le agilweng ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le botlhano (1995), le na le bokgoni jwa go tlamela ka lekgolo le masome a mararo le borataro MCM. E gaufi le motswedi wa Noka ya Limpopo mme e tlamela metsi a go nosetsa kwa Beitbridge. Mafelo a mangwe a matamo a lemogilwe kwa Glassblock le Oakley Block, fela ga go ise go rulaganngwe gore a tla agiwa. <ref>Chibi, T.; Kandori, C.; Makone, B.F. (2005). ''Mzingwane Catchment Outline Plan''. Bulawayo: Zimbabwe National Water Authority.</ref> Go na le porojeke e e ntseng e tsweletse ya go aga phaephe go tswa kwa godimo ga Noka ya Mtshabezi (e se ka ya tlhakatlhakanngwa le Noka ya Umchabezi) go ya kwa [[Letamong la Mzingwane.]] == Metswedi == fklmz3wikcyhiddegnale68wr9n8cuz 0 13517 50474 2026-06-11T08:00:37Z Lucrucia98 12161 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA NOKA YA OLIFANTS (WESTERN CAPE) 50474 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Olifants River (Western Cape).jpg|thumb|Noka ya Olifants]] '''Noka ya Olifants''' (Afrikaans: Olifantsrivier) ke noka e e kwa bokone-bophirima jwa Porofense ya Kapa Bophirima ya Aforika Borwa. Lefelo le le kwa godimo le le legolo la noka ya Olifants le dikologa dithaba tsa Ceres le Cederberg. Matamo a Clanwilliam le a Bulshoek a mo nokeng eno mme a tlamela metse le dipolasi tse di bapileng le yone ka metsi. Noka eno e boleele jwa dikilometara di ka nna 285 mme e na le kgaolo e e nang le metsi e e ka nnang dikilometara di le 46,220. E elela mo Lewatleng la Atlantic kwa Papendorp, e makgolo a mabedi le masome a matlhano (250 km) kwa bokone jwa Cape Town. == Kgaolo ya metsi == Noka ya Olifants e tswa mo Dithabeng tsa Winterhoek tse di kwa bokone jwa Ceres. Setlhare se segolo se boleele jwa dikilometara di ka nna makgolo a mabedi le masome a marataro le botlhano (265). Noka eno e elela go ya kwa bokonebophirima go ralala mokgatšha o o boteng, o o pitlaganeng o o atlhamang le go nna o o sephaphathi go nna lebala le legolo le le nang le merwalela kafa tlase ga Clanwilliam. Kgabagare noka eno e tshologela mo Lewatleng la Atlantic gaufi le Papendorp. Kwa molomong wa noka ya Olifants e kgaogantswe ka bobedi ke setlhaketlhake se se nang le matlapa a a kgatlhisang. <ref>Cornel Truter, ''West Coast tourist guide'', University of Cape Town Press, ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781919713243|9781919713243]]</bdi></ref> === Dithuso === Noka ya yone e kgolo ke Noka ya Doring, e e fetolang leina go nna Melkboom/Oudrif pele e kopana le Noka ya Olifants. Dinoka tse di elelang go tswa kwa botlhaba, jaaka Noka ya Thee, Noka ya Noordhoek, Noka ya Boontjies, Noka ya Rondegat le Noka ya Jan Dissels gantsi ke tse di sa feleng, ntle le Noka ya Sout. Tse di elelang go tswa kwa bophirima, jaaka Noka ya Ratel, Noka ya Elandskloof le Noka ya Seekoeivlei di dinnye ebile di na le dipaka, ga di thuse go le kalo mo tsamaisong ya metsi.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA17OlifantsDoorn.jpg Olifants/Doorn WMA 17]</ref> == Matamo == Matamo a a mo kgaolong ya Olifants River: * Letamo la Clanwilliam, le le nang le bokgoni jwa go boloka metsi a le dikubita tsa dimetara di le 127 000 000 * Letamo la Bulshoek, le le nang le bokgoni jwa go boloka dimetara tsa dikhubiki di le 7 500 000 Ditoropo tse dikgolo tse di kwa tlase ga Olifants/Doring di akaretsa Lutzville, Vredendal le Vanrhynsdorp tse di leng kwa karolong e e kwa tlase ya kgaolo ya metsi le Clanwilliam le Citrusdal mo mafelong a a fa gare. == Tikologo == Go na le mefuta e le robedi ya ditshedi mo nokeng ya Olifants/Doring e e sa tlwaelegang mo Afrika Borwa. Noka e e kwa godimo ya Olifants ke nngwe ya mafelo a a botlhokwa a go nna a di-sawfin tse di godileng (Pseudobarbus serra). <ref>Impson, D.; Van der Walt, R.; Jordaan, M. (2017). [[:en:IUCN_Red_List|"''Pseudobarbus serra''". ''I'']]''UCN Red List of Threatened Species''. '''2017''' e.T2569A100148283. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T2569A100148283.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021</ref>Setlhopha se se nnang mo lefelong leno se tlhalosiwa e le se se mo Kotsing ya go Nyelela ke IUCN. Ga jaana e bonwa sewelo thata mo e leng gore e ka nna mo kotsing ya go bolawa kgotsa go tshwarwa ka go tshwara ditlhapi; ke mofuta o o tshelang lobaka lo loleele e bile o gola ka bonya, o tlhoka dingwaga di le mmalwa gore o gole o sa tshwenngwe mme o gola go nna mogolo wa disentimetara di ka nna masome a mane (40) morago ga dingwaga di le lesome. CapeNature e ile ya dira diteko tsa go e dirisetsa temo ya metsi kgotsa go tshwara ditlhapi, mme seno se tlhoka gore go sirelediwe tikologo ya noka eno botoka. Clanwilliam redfin ("P." calidus) <ref>Van der Walt, R.; Jordaan, M.; Impson, D. (2017). [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/2562/100139530 "''Pseudobarbus calidus''".] ''IUCN Red List of Threatened Species''. '''2017''' e.T2562A100139530. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T2562A100139530.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021</ref>ke mofuta o mongwe o o tshosediwang le o o sireleditsweng semolao o o fitlhelwang mo Nokaneng ya Olifants; e feta Clanwilliam yellowfish (Labeobarbus seeberi) ke cyprinid e nngwe e kgolo e e leng teng mo sedibeng seno e e fitlhelwang kwa kgaolong ya Kapa Bophirima. E ile ya godisiwa ka tsela e e rileng e bo e nna e le mo maemong a a botoka. Le fa go ntse jalo, e ka tswa e nyeletse mo Nokeng ya Olifants, e bile e batla e nyeletse go tswa magareng ga Olifants Gorge le Clanwilliam Dam. <ref>Impson, D.; Van der Walt, R.; Jordaan, M. (2017). [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/63290/100163027 "''Labeobarbus seeberi''".] ''IUCN Red List of Threatened Species''. '''2017''' e.T63290A100163027. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T63290A100163027.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.</ref>Ga go itsege sentle gore a e tla busetswa gape, ka ge sawfin le Clanwilliam yellowfish tse di godileng di ka tswa e le dikganetsano tsa ikholoji, mme go fitlha Noka ya Olifants e busediwa sentle ka ikholoji ka bobedi ba ka nna ba se ka ba kgona go gola ka nako e le nngwe.<ref>[[:en:Olifants_River_(Western_Cape)#cite_note-7|Impson & Swartz (2007b)]]</ref> Noka ya Olifants e tshwaya molelwane o o kwa bokone wa Cape galaxias (Galaxias zebratus), mofuta wa ditlhapi tsa Aforika Borwa tse di arolelanang tikologo e e tshwanang le ya mefuta ya di-trout tse di rekwang kwa dinageng tse dingwe mme di nna mo lefelong le le fa gare ga Noka ya Olifants le Noka ya Keurbooms. Le fa e le gore mo Aforika Borwa tlhapi eno e e bonolo e batla e le mo kotsing ya go nyelela, kwa Australia mefuta ya mofuta o o tshwanang e ne ya nyelela ka ntlha ya go gaisana ga di-salmon. <ref>[http://www.ru.ac.za/static/affiliates/am/m&g/mg17.htm Albany Museum - Freshwater Ichthyology]</ref>Mefuta e mengwe e e fitlhelwang mo tsamaisong ya dinoka tsa Olifants e akaretsa Tweed River redfin, (Pseudobarbus erubescens), Fiery redfin (Pseudobarbus phlegethon), Austroglanis barnardi, Clanwilliam rock-catfish (Austroglanis gilli), Chubbyhead barb (Enteromius anoplus), le Clanwilliam sandfish (Labeo seeberi). == Metswedi == s0m8c6v83wffp70ct970npnt2iw2b0g 0 13518 50475 2026-06-11T08:04:47Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Letamo la Mzingwane 50475 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Mzingwanedam.jpg|thumb|Letamo la Mzingwane ka nako ya komelelo, 2005]] '''Letamo la Mzingwane''' ke letamo le le mo nokeng ya Mzingwane, gaufi le [[Esigodini]], [[Zimbabwe]], le le nang le bokgoni jwa dimetara tsa dikhubiki di le dimilione di le masome a mane le bobedi. E tlamela metsi kwa toropong ya Bulawayo. <ref>Chibi, T., Kandori, C. and Makone, B.F. 2005. Mzingwane Catchment Outline Plan. Zimbabwe National Water Authority, Bulawayo.</ref> == Metswedi == sb76qswahskd9gkudn81s9p8b3utwly 0 13519 50476 2026-06-11T08:09:42Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Letamo la Oakley Block 50476 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Oakley Block.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa sathalaete sa mmala wa maaka se se bontshang noka ya Mzingwane e e fa gare. 1] Lefelo la Oakley Block Dam ke dithaba tse di mo gare ga setshwantsho.]] Letamo la Oakley Block ke letamo le le akantshiwang mo nokeng ya Mzingwane, kwa borwa jwa West Nicholson, kwa Zimbabwe le le nang le bokgoni jwa dimetara tsa dikhubiki di le dimilione di le masome a mane le bongwe.<ref /><ref>Chibi, T., Kandori, C. and Makone, B.F. 2005. Mzingwane Catchment Outline Plan. Zimbabwe National Water Authority, Bulawayo.</ref> == Metswedi == fmsbo8utguhi8zohblm5l6l8p4gkucn 0 13520 50478 2026-06-11T08:17:29Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Letamo la Zhovhe 50478 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Letamo la Zhovhe''' ke letamo le le mo nokeng ya Mzingwane, [[Zimbabwe]] le le nang le bokgoni jwa go dira dimetara di le dikhubiki di le dimilione di le 133.<ref>Chibi, T., Kandori, C. and Makone, B.F. 2005. Mzingwane Catchment Outline Plan. Zimbabwe National Water Authority, Bulawayo.</ref> E tlamela metsi a go nosetsa kgwebo le toropo ya Beitbridge. <ref>Love D, Love F, Owen RJ, Uhlenbrook S, van der Zaag P (2008). "Impact of the Zhovhe Dam on the lower Mzingwane River channel". In Humphreys E, Bayot RS, van Brakel M, Gichuki F, Svendsen M, Wester P, Huber-Lee A, Cook S, Douthwaite B, Hoanh CT, Johnson N, Nguyen-Khoa S, Vidal A, MacIntyre I (eds.). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110726171656/http://www.ifwf2.org/addons/download_presentation.php?fid=1036 Fighting Poverty Through Sustainable Water Use: Proceedings of the CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food 2nd International Forum on Water and Food, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, November 10 – 14 2008, '''IV''']''. Colombo: The CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food. pp. 46–51. ISBN <bdi>978-92-990053-2-3</bdi>. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2009.</ref> == Tlhabololo == Letamo la Zhovhe le kwa kgaolong ya Beitbridge kwa botlhaba jwa tsela ya Beitbridge Bulawayo mo Kgaolong ya botlhano ya Zimbabwe. <ref>[[google:Natural+Region+5|"Natural Region 5 - Google Search"]]. ''www.google.com''. Retrieved 11 April 2021.</ref>Letamo leno ke lengwe la matamo a magolo go gaisa a le lesome mo nageng mme le fetotse lefelo le le omileng go nna le le letala ka diporojeke tsa nosetso.<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210411144732/https://www.zimbabwetourism.net/listing/zhovhe-dam/ "Zhovhe Dam".] ''Zimbabwe A World Of Wonders''. Archived from [https://www.zimbabwetourism.net/listing/zhovhe-dam/ the original] on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2021.</ref> Letamo leno gape le na le ntlwana ya borobalo ya diphaposi di le masome a mararo e e kgonang go tshola batho ba le lekgolo.<ref name=":0" /> == Metswedi == e8sgpa95ub6ebagmn4abyz807mepwux 0 13521 50479 2026-06-11T08:35:52Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranoste tsebe ya Leatmo la Grootdraai #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50479 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Letamo la Grootdraai''' ke letamo le le agilwe ka lokgarapana le mmu kwa nokeng ya Vaal, gaufi le Standeron kwa [[Mpumalanga]], [[Aforika Borwa]].<ref>[https://www.surftribe.it/spot_view.php?sn=3&sd=&vn=194&vd=&id=7069 "Grootdraai Dam".] ''SurfTribe.it''. Retrieved 2026-06-11.</ref> le agilwe ka 1981. == Tse di diragetseng pele == Letamo la Grootdraai ke kago ya lokgarapana kwa gare dimithara di le makgolo a mararo le masome a marataro ka boleele, kwa tlhakoreng le agilwe ka mmu, ka jalo le boleele jwa dimithara di le dikete pedi lekgolo le masome a robabobedi le boleele jwa kwa godimo bo le di mithara di le masome mane le bobedi. Letamo le feditswe ka 1982 le agelwa go ema nokeng letlhoko la metsi la SASOL II le III la magala le lookwane kwa Secunda, Tutuka kwa go nang dipompo tsa eskom le kwa Matla, Duvha, Kendal le kriel kwa masimo a magala kwa kgampung ya [[noka ya Olifants]].<ref>"[https://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsmpl/grootdraai.php Grootdraai Dam in Standerton, Mpumalanga]". ''www.sa-venues.com''. Retrieved 2026-06-11.</ref> Letamo le gae le bereka go fokotsa metsi a morwalela kwa Standerton le baya selekanyo sa metsi a apompetsweng mo golone a le dimithara di le didikadike di le lekgolo ka ngwaga kwa kgampung ya noka ya Vaal go tswa kwa letamong la Heyshope kwa kgampung ya [[noka ya Usutu]]. Borai jwa kgao ya letamo le bo kwa godimo thata. Ka nako ya komelelo e e neng e tlhwaafetse ka 1983, metswedi ya metsi ya dinoka tse di gautshwane tsa Komati le Usutu e ne e kgadile, se sa baka matshwenyego a gore go isa metsi kwa madirelong mangwe a motlakase go tlaa amega. Tlhaelo ya metsi go ya kwa madirelong a motlakase ke seemo se se sa nnang sentle kwa Aforika Borwa ka gore 80% ya lefatshe e ikaegile ka motlakasewa metsi go tswa mo mafaratlhatlheng a Komati-Usutu. Go ne ga akanyediwa fa letamo le le neng le sa tswa go fediwa la Grootdraai le tlaa fela metsi mo sebakeng sa dikgwedi, ka jalo porojeke ya tshoganyetso e ne ya simololwa go pompa metsi kwa godimo mo sekgeleng sa dikhilomithara di le makgolo a mabedi le bobedi go ya kwa letamong la Grootdraai go tswa kwa [[Letamo la vaal|letamong la Vaal]]. Porojeke ya tshoganyetso e ne e akaretsa matangwana a le supa, lenwge le lengwe le tsentswe dipompo tse di kgonang go pompa metsi a bokete jwa sedikadike ka letsatsi. Le ntswa porojeke e, ya tshoganyetso e ne ya seka ya dirisiwa, e ne ya fediwa ya bo ya amogela seetsele sa porojeke ya kago e e tlhomogileng ka 1983 go tswa kwa lekgotleng la South African Institute of Civil Engineers. == Metswedi == 7dc025ch3tofsmut1m8matf652psxby 0 13522 50480 2026-06-11T09:09:58Z KatieKea 10150 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349402460|Zimbabwe Women's Bureau]]" 50480 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Zimbabwe Women's Bureau''' ('''ZWB''') ke mokgatlho o o seng wa puso wa kwa lefatsheng la Zimbabwe (NGO) o o tlhomilweng ka 1978. O tlhomilwe ke barutegi ba bantsho ba Rhodesia, balweladitshwanelo, le basadi ba dikgwebo go lemosa basadi, mme o fetogile go nna mokgatlho wa bosetšhaba. Mananeo a one a tsepamisitse mogopolo mo matshelong, temothuo e e tswelelang, phetogo ya loapi, le tshiamiso ya loago.<ref name="IUCN">{{Cite web |title=Zimbabwe Women's Bureau |url=https://iucn.org/our-union/members/iucn-members/zimbabwe-womens-bureau |access-date=19 February 2025 |website=IUCN}}</ref> == Ditso == ZWB e tlhomilwe ka 1978 jaaka maiteko a go "lemosa basadi mo lefatsheng, segolobogolo basadi ba bantsho".<ref name="Sheldon2005" /> Go falola go tlhotlhomisiwa ke [[Rhodesian Front]], e ne ya dirisa dikereke jaaka mafelo a bokopano, e bontsha tiro ya yone jaaka ditlhopha tsa thapelo. Morago ga boipuso, patlisiso ya yone ya maitemogelo a basadi e ne ya gatisiwa jaaka buka ya ''We Carry A Heavy Load''.<ref name="Sylvester20022">{{Cite book |last=Sylvester |first=Christine |year=2002 |title=Feminist International Relations: An Unfinished Journey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mHnlEO5x3PcC&pg=PA238 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-79627-9 |pages=238–}}</ref> Gape e ne e dira jaaka lekala la Mokgatlho wa Bosetšhaba wa Balemibarui wa Zimbabwe, e tshegetsa dithutopuisano tsa balemibarui ba basadi.<ref name="Sheldon2005">{{Cite book |last=Kathleen E. Sheldon |year=2005 |title=Historical Dictionary of Women in Sub-Saharan Africa |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-5331-7 |page=275 |chapter=Zimbabwe Women's Bureau |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=36BViNOAu3sC&pg=PA275}}</ref> == Mokgatlho == ZWB e kwadisitswe le Lephata la Badiri le Boitekanelo jwa Loago jaaka Mokgatlho wa Boithaopo o o ikemetseng (PVO 45/23). E bega maloko a basadi le basetsana ba feta dikete di le masome a mabedi le botlhano, ba ba dirang mo dikgaolong di le masome a mararo le botlhano go ralala dikgaolo tsotlhe di le lesome tsa Zimbabwe.<ref name="IUCN">{{Cite web |title=Zimbabwe Women's Bureau |url=https://iucn.org/our-union/members/iucn-members/zimbabwe-womens-bureau |access-date=19 February 2025 |website=IUCN}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://iucn.org/our-union/members/iucn-members/zimbabwe-womens-bureau "Zimbabwe Women's Bureau"]. ''IUCN''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ka 2024, mokgatlho o ne wa tlhabolola polelo ya one ya boikaelelo jwa konokono mme wa tlhama leano le lesha la go kokoanya didirisiwa, e leng thulaganyo e e neng e tshegediwa ke Mokgatlho wa Oak.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Purpose-Driven Transformation: The Zimbabwe Women's Bureau's Journey to Sustainability |url=https://community.resource-alliance.org/news/2562175 |access-date=19 February 2025 |website=Resource Alliance}}</ref> == Dikgatiso == * ''Black Women in Zimbabwe''. Harare, June 1980 * Kate McCalman, ''We Carry a Heavy Load: Rural Women in Zimbabwe Speak Out''. Harare: Zimbabwe Women's Bureau, 1981 * ''We Carry a Heavy Load, Part II''. Harare: Zimbabwe Women's Bureau, 1992 == Metswedi == igkf8l8g5nysii21588npr905299u8u 0 13523 50481 2026-06-11T09:10:28Z Lucrucia98 12161 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA LEUBA LA KWA SOMALIA (2021-2023) 50481 wikitext text/x-wiki Ka ngwaga wa 2021 go ya ko ngwageng wa 2023, Somalia e ne ya lebana le komelelo e e maswe thata mo dingwageng di le masome a mane tse di amileng batho ba ba fetang dimilione di le 7,8 - mo e ka nnang halofo ya baagi ba Somalia. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250207000848/https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/africacan/partnerships-and-data-sharing-enhance-delivery-of-somalia-drought-relief-afe-0624 "Partnerships and Data Sharing Enhance Delivery of Somalia Drought Relief".] World Bank. 2024-06-24. Archived from the original on February 7, 2025.</ref>Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2024, ditlamorago tse di amanang le komelelo di santse di tswelela go ama batho ba le dimilione di le 4,4 go ralala Somalia, ba ba lebaneng le go tlhoka tshireletsego ya dijo. Se se akaretsa batho ba ba fopholediwang go nna 724,000 ba ba mo Integrated Food Security phase 4 (Emergency).<ref>[https://www.ipcinfo.org/ipc-country-analysis/details-map/en/c/1157952/?iso3=SOM "Somalia: Acute Food Insecurity Situation July to September 2024 and Projection October to December 2024"]. IPC (Integrated Food Security Phase Classification). 2024-09-23. Retrieved 2024-11-21</ref><ref>[https://www.rescue.org/article/crisis-somalia-what-you-need-know-and-how-help "Crisis in Somalia: What You Need to Know and How to Help".] International Rescue Committee. April 29, 2024. Retrieved 2024-11-21</ref> [[Setshwantsho:20220321 SO Report CS HA.png|thumb|setshwatsho se se supang lelhoko la dijo]] Dimpho tse di fetang makgolo a ferangbobedi (80) tsa naga eno di ne di le mo lehumeng le legolo. Mo dikgaolong tse di amilweng, go fitlha go masome a mabedi (20%) ya baagi ba itemogetse tlhaelo ya metsi, dijo le mafulo. <ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/19/un-sounds-alarm-on-somalias-rapidly-worsening-drought "UN sounds alarm on Somalia's 'rapidly worsening' drought"]. ''Al Jazeera''. 19 Nov 2021. Retrieved 2024-11-21</ref>Batho ba ba fetang milione o le mongwe ba ne ba fudusiwa ka ngwaga wa 2022,<ref>[https://www.sipri.org/publications/2023/partner-publications/climate-peace-and-security-fact-sheet-somalia-2023 "Climate, Peace and Security Fact Sheet: Somalia 2023"]. ''Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI)''. 2023. Retrieved 21 November 2024</ref> mme batho ba ba fetang 300 000 ba ne ba santse ba fudusiwa ka ngwaga wa 2023.<ref>[https://www.unhcr.org/news/press-releases/over-1-million-people-internally-displaced-somalia-record-time#:~:text=312,000%20people%20by%20ravaging%20drought. "Over 1 million people internally displaced in Somalia in record time"]. ''UNHCR''. 24 May 2023. Retrieved 2024-11-21.</ref> == Mabaka == Phetogo ya tlelaemete ke lebaka le legolo la dikotsi tse di amanang le tlelaemete tse di oketsegang.<ref>[https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/11/1106222 "Worsening drought affects 2.3 million people in Somalia"]. ''UN News''. 2021-11-19. Retrieved 2021-11-20</ref> == Tlhotlheletso == * Leuba le nnile le ditlamorago tse di maswe mo lekaleng la temothuo la Somalia, le le dirang masome a mabedi le borataro (6% )ya GDP ya naga, le thapa masome a ferangbongwe (90%) ya badiri ba ba sa thapiwang, mme le na le seabe sa makgolo a feragongwe (90%) mo diromelwantle. Fa e sale go tloga mo bogareng jwa ngwaga wa 2021, nngwetharong ya leruo mo dikgaolong tse di amegileng thata di sule.<ref>[https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somalia-humanitarian-needs-overview-2023-february-2023 "Somalia Humanitarian Needs Overview 2023 (February 2023) - Somalia | ReliefWeb"]. ''reliefweb.int''. 2023-02-08. Retrieved 2024-11-21</ref> * Go tlhaela ga metsi a a mo godimo ga lefatshe go dirisiwa ke diphologolo le batho, mmogo le go tlhaela ga mafulo, go amile thata batho ba ba dirang temothuo mo kgaolong eno. Dikarolo dingwe di bone go fokotsega ga thobo ya dijalo ka masome a supa (70%).<ref>[https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/drought-horn-africa-regional-analysis-february-2023 "Drought in the Horn of Africa - Regional analysis (February 2023) - Somalia | ReliefWeb"]. ''reliefweb.int''. 2023-02-15. Retrieved 2024-11-21.</ref> * Segolobogolo kwa dikgaolong tsa bogare le kwa Puntland, batho ba ikaegile ka go epa diforo ka gonne bontsi jwa didiba tse di seng boteng le di-bercad di kgadile. * Dipula tse di kwa tlase ga tse di tlwaelegileng tsa kwa Deyr, di kopane le pula e e sa lekaneng mo mafelong a a kwa godimo a dinoka tsa dithaba tsa Ethiopia, di dirile gore metsi a dinoka tsa Juba le Shabelle a fokotsege.<ref>[https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somalia-drought-situation-report-no3-20-january-2022 "Somalia: Drought Situation Report No.3 (As of 20 January 2022) - Somalia | ReliefWeb"]. ''reliefweb.int''. 2022-01-20. Retrieved 2024-11-21.</ref> == Maemo a batho == Ka ngwaga wa 2022, makgolo a supa le bongwe (71%) ya batho ba Somalia ba ne ba tshela ka fa tlase ga molelwane wa lehuma. <ref>[https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/somalia/2022-somalia-humanitarian-needs-overview "2022 Somalia Humanitarian Needs Overview | OCHA".] ''www.unocha.org''. 2021-10-24. Retrieved 2024-11-21</ref>Palo ya batho ba ba tlhokang thuso e ne ya fitlha kwa setlhoeng ka ngwaga wa 2023 mme ya fitlha go dimilione di le 8,25.<ref>[https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/somalia/somalia-humanitarian-needs-overview-2023-february-2023 "Somalia Humanitarian Needs Overview 2023 (February 2023) | OCHA".] ''www.unocha.org''. 2023-02-08. Retrieved 2024-11-21.</ref>Le fa maemo a tokafetse fa e sale ka nako eo, ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa 2024:<ref>[https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/somalia/somalia-monthly-humanitarian-update-february-2024 "Somalia Monthly Humanitarian Update, February 2024 | OCHA".] ''www.unocha.org''. 2024-03-17. Retrieved 2024-11-21.</ref> * Ba le dimilione di le 6,9 ba sa ntse ba tlhoka thuso ya namolo. * Batho ba le dimilione tse 4 ba lebane le go tlhoka dijo ka tsela e e masisi * Bana ba le dimilione di le 1,7 ba lebane le bothata jwa phepelotlase e e masisi == Thulaganyo ya go Thusa Batho ba ba Tlhokang Thuso ya Namolo Kwa Somalia == Thulaganyo ya Thuso ya Batho (Humanitarian Response Plan [HRP]) ya kwa Somalia e ile ya tokafadiwa thata mo dingwageng tse di fetileng go itebaganya le ditlhokego tse di ntseng di fetoga tsa baagi ba yone. Fano ke tshobokanyo ya dikopo le dikarabo go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2021 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 2023: * 2021 HRP: Leano la ngwaga wa 2021 le ne le ikaeletse go tshegetsa batho ba le nne (4) mo go ba le dimilione di le 5.9 ba ba tlhokang thuso ya botho, go tlhoka tekanyetsokabo ya $1.09 billion.<ref>[https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somalia-humanitarian-response-plan-2021-february-2021#:~:text=The%202021%20HRP%20requires%20US,5.2%20million%20persons%20in%202020. "Somalia: Humanitarian Response Plan 2021 (February 2021) - Somalia | ReliefWeb".] ''reliefweb.int''. 2021-02-15. Retrieved 2024-11-21.</ref>Madi otlhe a a amogetsweng e ne e le 79% ya $1.09 billion e e kopilweng.<ref>[https://fts.unocha.org/plans/1011/summary "Somalia Humanitarian Response Plan 2021 | Financial Tracking Service"]. ''fts.unocha.org''. Retrieved 2024-11-21.</ref> * 2022 HRP: Ditlhokego tsa ngwaga wa 2022 HRP di oketsegile thata, ka ntlha ya maemo a komelelo a a tsweletseng le go oketsega ga go fudusiwa ga batho. E ne e batla go thusa batho ba le dimilione di le 5,5 ka kopo ya madi a ntlha a $1.46 billion. <ref>[https://library.alnap.org/help-library/somalia-humanitarian-response-plan-2022-december-2021 "Somalia Humanitarian Response Plan 2022 (December 2021)".] ''library.alnap.org''. Retrieved 2024-11-21.</ref>Karabo e ne ya tlhatlogela go $2.1 billion,<ref>[https://fts.unocha.org/plans/1063/summary "Somalia Humanitarian Response Plan 2022 | Financial Tracking Service"]. ''fts.unocha.org''. Retrieved 2024-11-21</ref>go fitlha go batho ba le dimilione di le 7.3 le fa go na le dikgwetlho tsa madi le tshireletsego<ref>[https://somalia.un.org/en/218500-humanitarian-partners-seek-us26-billion-assist-76-million-people-somalia#:~:text=7.3%20million%20people%20in%202022 "Humanitarian partners seek US$2.6 billion to assist 7.6 million people in Somalia | United Nations in Somalia".] ''somalia.un.org''. Retrieved 2024-11-21</ref> * 2023 HRP: Ka ngwaga wa 2023, palo ya batho ba ba tlhokang thuso e e potlakileng e ne ya tlhatloga, ka batho ba le dimilione di le 8,25 ba tlhoka thuso ya botho. Leano la ngwaga wa 2023 le ne le batla $2.6 billion go arabela ditlhokego, ka ntlha ya gore kotsi ya leuba e ne e le kwa godimo. Le fa go ntse jalo, kemasome a mae le borataro (46%) fela ya tekanyetsokabo e e kopilweng e e neng ya abelwa kwa bofelong. <ref>[https://fts.unocha.org/plans/1133/summary "Somalia Humanitarian Response Plan 2023 | Financial Tracking Service".] ''fts.unocha.org''. Retrieved 2024-11-21</ref> == Metswedi == ekwrj8uxg04rtn81epuq6c5kj502u4v 0 13524 50482 2026-06-11T09:10:30Z KatieKea 10150 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349402460|Zimbabwe Women's Bureau]]" 50482 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Zimbabwe Women's Bureau''' ('''ZWB''') ke mokgatlho o o seng wa puso wa kwa lefatsheng la Zimbabwe (NGO) o o tlhomilweng ka 1978. O tlhomilwe ke barutegi ba bantsho ba Rhodesia, balweladitshwanelo, le basadi ba dikgwebo go lemosa basadi, mme o fetogile go nna mokgatlho wa bosetšhaba. Mananeo a one a tsepamisitse mogopolo mo matshelong, temothuo e e tswelelang, phetogo ya loapi, le tshiamiso ya loago.<ref name="IUCN">{{Cite web |title=Zimbabwe Women's Bureau |url=https://iucn.org/our-union/members/iucn-members/zimbabwe-womens-bureau |access-date=19 February 2025 |website=IUCN}}</ref> == Ditso == ZWB e tlhomilwe ka 1978 jaaka maiteko a go "lemosa basadi mo lefatsheng, segolobogolo basadi ba bantsho".<ref name="Sheldon2005" /> Go falola go tlhotlhomisiwa ke [[Rhodesian Front]], e ne ya dirisa dikereke jaaka mafelo a bokopano, e bontsha tiro ya yone jaaka ditlhopha tsa thapelo. Morago ga boipuso, patlisiso ya yone ya maitemogelo a basadi e ne ya gatisiwa jaaka buka ya ''We Carry A Heavy Load''.<ref name="Sylvester20022">{{Cite book |last=Sylvester |first=Christine |year=2002 |title=Feminist International Relations: An Unfinished Journey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mHnlEO5x3PcC&pg=PA238 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-79627-9 |pages=238–}}</ref> Gape e ne e dira jaaka lekala la Mokgatlho wa Bosetšhaba wa Balemibarui wa Zimbabwe, e tshegetsa dithutopuisano tsa balemibarui ba basadi.<ref name="Sheldon2005">{{Cite book |last=Kathleen E. Sheldon |year=2005 |title=Historical Dictionary of Women in Sub-Saharan Africa |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-5331-7 |page=275 |chapter=Zimbabwe Women's Bureau |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=36BViNOAu3sC&pg=PA275}}</ref> == Mokgatlho == ZWB e kwadisitswe le Lephata la Badiri le Boitekanelo jwa Loago jaaka Mokgatlho wa Boithaopo o o ikemetseng (PVO 45/23). E bega maloko a basadi le basetsana ba feta dikete di le masome a mabedi le botlhano, ba ba dirang mo dikgaolong di le masome a mararo le botlhano go ralala dikgaolo tsotlhe di le lesome tsa Zimbabwe.<ref name="IUCN">{{Cite web |title=Zimbabwe Women's Bureau |url=https://iucn.org/our-union/members/iucn-members/zimbabwe-womens-bureau |access-date=19 February 2025 |website=IUCN}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://iucn.org/our-union/members/iucn-members/zimbabwe-womens-bureau "Zimbabwe Women's Bureau"]. ''IUCN''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ka 2024, mokgatlho o ne wa tlhabolola polelo ya one ya boikaelelo jwa konokono mme wa tlhama leano le lesha la go kokoanya didirisiwa, e leng thulaganyo e e neng e tshegediwa ke Mokgatlho wa Oak.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Purpose-Driven Transformation: The Zimbabwe Women's Bureau's Journey to Sustainability |url=https://community.resource-alliance.org/news/2562175 |access-date=19 February 2025 |website=Resource Alliance}}</ref> == Dikgatiso == * ''Black Women in Zimbabwe''. Harare, June 1980 * Kate McCalman, ''We Carry a Heavy Load: Rural Women in Zimbabwe Speak Out''. Harare: Zimbabwe Women's Bureau, 1981 * ''We Carry a Heavy Load, Part II''. Harare: Zimbabwe Women's Bureau, 1992 == Metswedi == igkf8l8g5nysii21588npr905299u8u 0 13525 50483 2026-06-11T09:11:14Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Noka ya Klip #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50483 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river|name=Noka ya Klip|river_name=Kliprivier|image_name=Henley on Klip - Klip River.jpg|image_map=South Africa Gauteng relief location map.svg|basin_countries=[[Aforika Borwa]]|mouth=[[Noka ya Vaal]]|elevation_m=1,414}} '''Noka ya Klip''' (e ka Afrikaans e bidiwang Kliprivier) ke yone noka ya boremelelo e e tshelwang ke borwa jwa [[Johannesburg]] kwa Witwatersrand kgampu ya yone e akaretsa Johannesburg CBD le [[Soweto]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050505170929/http://ceroi.net/reports/johannesburg/csoe/images/scan/KLIPRIVE.GIF "Klip Basin map"]. Archived from [https://www.ceroi.net/reports/johannesburg/csoe/images/scan/KLIPRIVE.GIF the original] on 2005-05-05. Retrieved 2026-06-11</ref> Molomo wa noka e, o kwa Vereeniging kwa e tshelang kwa nokeng ya Vaal,<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA8UpperVaal.jpg Upper Vaal Basin map, Government of South Africa]</ref> e e tshelang kwa nokeng ya Orange. Kwa ntle ga Vereeniging, ditorpo tse dingwe mo lotshitshing lwa noka e ke Henley on Klip, Lenasia le Meyerton. == Letangwana la Kidson == Letangwana la Kidson le kwa motseng wa Henley on klip kwa nokeng ya Klip kwa Aforika Borwa, le filwe leina le morago ga ga Fenning Kidson, ngwana wa ngwana wa mothibeledi wa 1820.<ref>[https://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM9GNT_Kidson_Weir_Henley_on_Klip "Kidson Weir - Henley on Klip - Water Dams on Waymarking.com".] Groundspeak, Inc. Retrieved 11 June 2026</ref> === Ditso === Fenning o tsene sekolo kwa England, mme a boela Aforika Borwa e le lekawana a nna mopagami wa koloi,o tshedile ka nako e le nngwe le Sir Percy FitzPatrick. Morago ga go tlhagoga ga ntwa ya Maburu le Makgoa, dikgang di ne tsa tla kwa go Kidson di supa fa ramasole a le mo tseleng go tla go mo tshwara. O ne a falola mo ponong ya Maburu,a pagame pitse ya gagwe, le mosadi wa gagwe. O ne a ya kwa Natal, mme a boela kwa Transvaa; morago ga ntwa,a nna kwa Henley on Klip le mosadi wa gagwe Edith. Lolwapa lo ne lwa fana ka Tilham, kwa e leng ntlo e e kwa lotshithsing lwa noka kwa sekhutlwaneng sa distela tsa Regatta le Shillingford.<ref>[https://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/read/SOUTH-AFRICA/2004-09/1095156939 "Henley on Klip".] The South Entertainment, September 2004, Issue No.59. Retrieved 11 June 2026</ref> === Gompieno === Ka Morule 2010, motse wa Henley on Klip o ne wa itemogela merwalela e megolo, morago go ne ga tsewa tshwetso ya go tlhabolola letangwana. Ka Firikgong 2012 tiro e ne e simolotse mo go baakanyeng diphaepe kwa bophirima jwa letangwana. Ka Mopitlo 2012 maano a ne a diriwa a go aga borogo jo bosha go kgabaganya letangwana.<ref>^{[http://www.henleyherald.co.za/.cm4all/iproc.php/November.pdf?cdp=a "Henley on Klip"] (PDF). The Henley Herald. Retrieved 11 June 2026}</ref><ref>[https://www.midvaal.gov.za/files/newsletters/Newsletter%20Final%20-%20individual%20pages%20(3rd%20edition%202012).pdf "MIDVAAL APPROVES A BUDGET OF R930 MILLION FOR 2012/2013"] (PDF). Midvaal Local Municipality. Retrieved 11 June 2026</ref> == Matshwenyego a tsa tikologo == [[Setshwantsho:Kidson Wier in Henley on Klip.jpg|thumb|Letangwana la Kidson]] [[Setshwantsho:Flooding at the Kidson Weir - January 2010.JPG|thumb|Morwalela kwa letamong la Kidson - Firikgong 2010]] [[Setshwantsho:Flooding at the Kidson Weir, Dec 2010.JPG|thumb|Morwalela kwa letangwaneng la Kidson - Morule 2010]] Makgobokgobo a noka ya Klip kwa Lenasia, Soweto le mafelo a a mabapi a fitlhetswe a na le kgotlhelesego e e bakilweng ke metsi a temothuo le madirelo ga mmogo le metsi a a leswe a toropo.<ref>Mabuza, Ernest. [https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2025-03-25-university-researchers-uncover-toxic-legacy-in-klip-river/ "University researchers uncover toxic legacy in Klip River".]</ref> Dipego ka 2016<ref name=":0">[https://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/2242-1-16.pdf "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the aquatic ecosystems of Soweto/Lenasia"] (PDF). ''Water Research Commission''. '''2242''' (16). 2016-06-01. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-4312-0801-2|<bdi>978-1-4312-0801-2</bdi>.]]</ref> le 2025<ref name=":1">Makobe, Samuel; Seopela, Mathapelo P.; Ambushe, Abayneh A. (2025-02-08). [https://idp.springer.com/authorize?response_type=cookie&client_id=springerlink&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs10661-025-13724-0 "Seasonal variations, source apportionment, and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments from Klip River, Johannesburg, South Africa".] ''Environmental Monitoring and Assessment''. '''197''' (3): 257. doi:[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10661-025-13724-0 10.1007/s10661-025-13724-]0. ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:1573-2959 1573-2959]. [[:en:PubMed_Central#PMCID|PMC]] 11807025. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39921783/ 39921783.]</ref> di supile fa seelo sa kgotlhelesego eo se le kwa godimo mo ditlhaping, dimela le mmu mo go ka bakang borai mo matshelong a batho.<ref name=":0" /> Ditlhapi tsa mofuta wa Zebrafish di fetogile popego, go diega go thuab mae le go swa.<ref name=":1" /> == Metswedi == 75ht5aob9mea92l4o1rk8h3h4f7gujg 0 13526 50484 2026-06-11T09:15:12Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Letamo la Kariba 50484 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Kariba dam.jpg|thumb|Letamo le le bonwang go tswa kwa Zimbabwe]] '''Letamo la Kariba''' ke letamo la semente se se obegileng gabedi mo Mokgatšheng wa Kariba wa noka ya Zambezi magareng ga Zambia le Zimbabwe. Mogorogoro wa letamo o boleele jwa di metara di le lekgolo le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi (420 ft) le boleele jwa dimetara di le makgolo a matlhano le masome a supa le borobaongwe (1,900 ft). <ref>[https://www.questia.com/library/encyclopedia/kariba-dam.jsp?l=K&p=1 "Kariba Dam".] Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th Ed. Retrieved 2007-07-31.</ref> Letamo le dira Letsha la Kariba, le le boleele jwa dikilometara di le masome a mabedi le masome a robabobedi mme le na le metsi a dikubita tsa dikilometara di le lekgolo le masome a robabobedi le botlhano . == Dikago == Letamo leno le ne la agiwa go ya ka ditaelo tsa Puso ya Federation of Rhodesia le Nyasaland, e leng 'kolone ya semmuso' ya Mmusomogolo wa Boritane. Baenjenere ba ba neng ba le bagakolodi e ne e le Gibb, Coyne, Sogei (Kariba) (PVT.) Limited, e ne e le kgwebo e e kopanetsweng ya baenjenere ba ba gakololang, e e neng e akaretsa Sir Alexander Gibb & Partners, yo setlhopha sa gagwe se neng se eteletswe pele ke Sir Angus Paton,<ref>[https://www.newcivilengineer.com/archive/obituary-sir-angus-paton-15-04-1999/ "Obituary Sir Angus Paton"]. ''New Civil Engineer''. 15 April 1999. Retrieved 12 May 2025.</ref>le Coyne et Bellier, yo setlhopha sa gagwe se neng se eteletswe pele ke André Coyne.<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20091105204805/http://www.spurwing.co.zw/facts_kariba.htm "Kariba Dam"]. Spurwing facts. Archived from [http://www.spurwing.co.zw/facts_kariba.htm the original] on 5 November 2009.</ref>Letamo le le neng le dirilwe ka konkoreite le le neng le na le bogodimo jo bo menaganeng gabedi le ne la agiwa magareng ga 1955 le 1959 ke Cogefar-Impresit ya Italy<ref name=":0" /> ka tlhotlhwa ya $135,000,000 ya legato la ntlha le le neng le na le khuti ya maatla ya Kariba South fela. Kago ya bofelo le tlaleletso ya logaga lwa Kariba North Power ke Mitchell Construction<ref>Indictment: Power & Politics in the Construction Industry, David Morrell, Faber & Faber, 1987, ISBN 978-0-571-14985-8</ref> ga e a ka ya wediwa go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bosupa (1977), ka ntlha ya mathata a sepolotiki, ka tlhwatlhwa ya $480,000,000. Ka nako ya go aga, badiri ba le masome a robabobedi le borataro ba ne ba latlhegelwa ke matshelo a bone. <ref name=":0" /><ref>[http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090719030742/http://www.industcards.com/hydro%2Dafrica%2Dsouthern.htm "Hydroelectric Power Plants in Southern Africa"]. ''Power Plants Around the World Photo Gallery''. Industry Cards. Archived from the original on 19 July 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2014.</ref> Letamo le ne la bulwa semmuso ke Kgosigadi Elizabeth wa Mma-Kgosigadi ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong e le lesome le bosupa ,ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro .<ref>[https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C2039917 "Opening of Kariba Dam by HM The Queen Mother, May 1960".] National Archives. Retrieved 10 September 2021.</ref><ref>[https://phmuseum.com/news/the-double-spiritual-nature-of-lake-kariba "PHmuseum: The Double Spiritual Nature of Lake Kariba".] 19 July 2021. Retrieved 10 September 2021.</ref> == Pompo ya motlakase == Letamo la Kariba le tlamela dikarolo tsa Zambia (Copperbelt) le Zimbabwe ka dimekawate di le 2.010 tsa motlakase mme le ntsha di-gigawatt-hour di le 6.400 ka ngwaga. Naga nngwe le nngwe e na le madirelo a yone a motlakase kwa bokone le kwa borwa jwa letamo leno. Seteishene sa borwa sa Zimbabwe se ntse se dira go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro mme se na le dijenereitara di le thataro tsa 125 megawatts (168,000 hp) nngwe le nngwe ya tsona e na le palogotlhe ya 750 megawatts (1,010,000 hp).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100613111114/http://dams.org/docs/kbase/studies/cszzmain.pdf "Kariba Dam, Zambia and Zimbabwe; Final Report: November 2000"] (PDF). World Commission on Dams. 2000. p. VI. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-13. Retrieved 2010-11-17.</ref><ref>[http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090719030742/http://www.industcards.com/hydro%2Dafrica%2Dsouthern.htm "Hydroelectric Power Plants in Southern Africa".] IndustCards. Archived from the original on 19 July 2009. Retrieved 17 July 2014.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ele lesome le motso, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro( 2013) go ne ga itsisiwe ke Tona ya Matlotlo ya Zimbabwe, Patrick Chinamasa gore bokgoni jwa kwa Zimbabwe (South) Kariba hydropower station bo tla okediwa ka dimekawate di le makgolo a mararo. Ditshenyegelo tsa go tlhabolola lefelo leno di ne tsa tshegediwa ke kadimo ya diranta di le dimilione di le masome a mararo le lesome le borobabongwe go tswa kwa China. Tumalano e ke sekai se se bonalang sentle sa "Look East" ya Zimbabwe, e e neng ya amogelwa morago ga go se utlwane le mebuso ya Bophirima.<ref>[http://www.thezimbabwemail.com/zimbabwe/18478-no-more-relations-with-the-west-zimbabwe.html 'No talks with the West' - Zimbabwe] Archived 2013-12-15 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]] Zimbabwe Mail,10 May 2013</ref>Kago ya katoloso ya Kariba South e simolotse mo bogareng jwa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone ( 2014) mme kwa tshimologong go ne go solofetswe gore e tla wediwa k a ngwaga wa dikete tse pedid le lesome le borobabongwe (2019).<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/201508170583.html "Zimbabwe: Kariba South Power Expansion On Course".] The Herald. 17 August 2015. Retrieved 31 December 2015.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobaobedi (2018), TautonaEmmerson Mnangagwa o ne a laela gore go atolosiwe Seteishene sa Motlakase sa Kariba South. Go tsenngwa ga diterekere tse pedi tse disha tsa motlakase tsa dimekawate di le 150 (200 000 hp) go ne ga oketsa maatla a motlakase a seteišene seno go nna dimekawate di le sekete le masome a matlhano (1 410 000 hp). Tiro ya katoloso e ne ya dirwa ke Sinohydro, ka tlhwatlhwa ya US$533 million. Tiro e simolotse ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone , mme e weditswe ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi ( 2018). Seteišene sa kwa bokone sa Zambia se ntse se dira go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a supa le borataro, mme se na le dijenereitara di le nne tsa 150 megawatts (200,000 hp) nngwe le nngwe e le palogotlhe ya 600 megawatts (800,000 hp); tiro ya go oketsa bokgoni jono ka di-megawatts tse dingwe gape di le 360 (480,000 hp) go ya go di-megawatts di le 960 (1,290,000 hp) e weditswe ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro (2013). Go ne ga okediwa ka dijenereitara tse dingwe tse pedi tsa 180 MW. 13][14][15] == Metswedi == 9cxtombjzrht1ugya4e2j8fsonxdyzb 0 13527 50485 2026-06-11T09:33:52Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Letsha la Mutirikwe 50485 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Lake Kyle00.jpg|thumb|Letsha la Mutirikwe]] '''Letsha la Mutirikwi''', le kwa tshimologong le neng le bidiwa Letsha la Kyle kgotsa Letamo la Kyle, le kwa borwabotlhaba jwa [[Zimbabwe]], borwabotlhaba jwa [[Masvingo.]] Go akanngwa gore e ne ya reelelwa ka Kyle Farm e e neng e tsere bontsi jwa lefatshe le le tlhokegang mo letsheng, le le neng la reelelwa ka kgaolo ya Kyle kwa Scotland e mmulatsela wa Lowveld, Tom Murray MacDougall a neng a tswa kwa go yone. Letsha le le bogolo jwa 90 km2 mme le tlhodilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro ( 1960) ka go agiwa ga letamo la Kyle mo nokeng ya Mutirikwi. Letamo le ne la agiwa ke Concor go tlamela masimo a temothuo ka metsi mo lowveld go ya kwa borwabophirima, go dikologa toropo ya Triangle, koo thobo e kgolo e ntseng e le mmidi wa sukiri. 1] [[Lefelo la Boitlosobodutu la Letsha la Kyle]] le mo lotshitshing lo lo kwa bokone lwa letamo leno, fa go na le lefelo le lennye la boitlosobodutu mo lotshitshing lo lo kwa borwa. Lefelo le le itsegeng e le Great Zimbabwe National Monument le gaufi le koo. Dinoka tse di nosetsang letsha di akaretsa [[Noka ya Mbebvi]], [[Noka ya Matare]], Noka ya Pokoteke, Noka ya Umpopinyani, Noka ya Makurumidze le Noka ya Mushagashe. Ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi (1980), leuba le ne la dira gore metsi a letsha leno a fokotsege thata, mme ka bo ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe (1990) a ne a boa a nna le metsi gape. Selekanyo sa yone se a fetofetoga ka ntlha ya go nosetsa le dipula tsa paka ya ngwaga. == Metswedi == t6azbn2illsqvgji0tddyfapaqz4dz1 0 13528 50486 2026-06-11T09:42:12Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Noka ya Wildge #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50486 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river|name=Noka ya Wildge|image_name=Wilgerivier, Harrismith, stroomop.jpg|caption=Noka gaufi le Harrismith|image_map=South Africa relief location map.svg|map_caption=Molomo wa noka ya Wildge|mouth=[[Noka ya Vaal]]|location=[[Letamo la Vaal]]|elevation_m=1,499|left_tribs=Noka ya Nuwejaarspruit, Noka ya Elands|right_tribs=Noka ya Meul, Noka ya Cornelis|basin_countries=[[Aforika Borwa]]}} '''Noka ya Wilge''' (e ka teme ya [[Seburu|Afrikaans]] e bidiwang Wildgerivier) ke noka e e tshelelang [[noka ya Vaal]] kwa [[Aforika Borwa]] legare. Noka e e botlhokwa ka e le bontlha jwa porojeke ya Tugela-Vaal kwa metsi a isiwang kwa kgampung ya [[noka ya Vaal]] go tswanwa kgampung ya [[noka ya Tugela]]. Tlhapi e e molomo motona ya yellowfish e teng kwa metsing a noka ya Wildge,e gola ka botona. == Motsamao wa noka == Metswedi ya yone e dikhilomithara di le masome matlhano kwa bokone kwa Harrismith, kwa molelwaneng le [[KwaZulu-Natal]]. Kwa godimo, noka e elela ka mashetla kwa borwabophirima go tswa kwa motsweding wa yone, e tlaa bo e tswelela kwa bophirima fa e konega kwa bokone go ya Harrismith, e ya kwa borw kwa bofelong jwa Platbergh kwa bokopanong le Nuwejaarspruit go tswa kwa molemeng. Kwa bokone noka ya Elands e kopana le lotshitshi lo lo kwa moleleng. Noka ya Meul le ya Cornelis di kopana le yone kwa mojeng. E tswelela ka go elelela kwa bokone bophirima e kopana le noka ya Liebenbergsvlei kwa molemeng, fa e feta gaufi le Frankfort e ya kwa bokone bophirima go fitlhelela e kopana le noka ya Vaal kwa [[Letamo la vaal|letamong la Vaal]]. == Matamo a a mo kgampung ya yone == * Leatmo la Sterkfontein le letamo la Driekloof, kwa Nuwejaarspruit - Letamo la Sterkfonteinke lone la boraro ka botona kwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. Metsi otlhe a a mo go loe a pompelwa kwa [[KwaZulu-Natal]]. E agilwe pele ga porojeke ya Lesotho ya metsi e tlhamiwa, e ne e le motswedi wa botlhokwa kwa Gauteng * [[Letamo la Fika-Patso]], kwa nokeng ya Namahadi == Ditshwantsho == [[Setshwantsho:11 of 'History of the Boers in South Africa ... with three maps' (11191958004), crop2.jpg|left|thumb|223x223px|Noka ya Wildge le matangwana a a tshelang mo go yone mo mmepeng wa 1887]] [[Setshwantsho:The Second Boer War, 1899-1902 Q72297.jpg|center|thumb|Terena ya dipitse e kgabaganya noka ka nako ya ntwa ya bobedi ya Maburu]] == Metswedi == s515dk8p5gtnbcwvxxkrm1o6ij2hj9i 0 13529 50487 2026-06-11T09:51:32Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Letamo la Osborne 50487 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Osborne spillway.jpg|thumb|Mosele wa Osborne]] Lefelo la '''Letamo la Osborne''' mo Nokeng ya Odzi, kwa Zimbabwe, le ne la lemogiwa ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano (1950) kebo maitsaanape ba ba rulaganyang ba Lefapha la Metsi. Dipatlisiso tsa go epolola mo go ka kgonagalang go ne ga wediwa ka dingwageng tsa bo sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro ,o ya madi ya Italy, madi a mangwe a ne a nna teng mo porojekeng mme fa diheketara tse 10 000 tsa lefatshe le le ka nosediwang le ne le lemogiwa kwa tlase ga noka, Tiro e ne ya amogelwa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe (1989) ke komiti ya nosetso ya mafapha a le mantsi ya Puso ya Zimbabwe. == Dintlha tsa botegeniki == Letamo la Osborne ke letamo la mmu, le le dirang letamo la bogolo jwa diheketara di le dikete tse pedi le makgolo a marataro, le le bolokang di-megalitre di le 400,000 mo Nokeng ya Odzi, e e leng nngwe ya dinoka tsa Save, kwa Zimbabwe. Lefelo le le nang le metsi ke 1,392 km2. Letamo le le bogodimo jwa dimetara di le masome a marataro le borataro, le boleele jwa dimetara di le sekete le bosupa mme selekanyo sa mmu mo letamong ke dimetara di le dikhubiki di le dimilione di le 5,1. Tsela ya go tshololela metsi ke ya mofuta wa "drop inlet" e e nang le radius ya dimetara di le 15,7, kgogedi e e bophara jwa dimetara di le 6 e tsamaisa go tshololela metsi go ya kwa kgamelong ya go tshololela metsi. Lefelo le le nang le metsi le le bogolo jwa disekwerekilometara di le dikete tse pedi le makgolo a mane le fitlha kwa motsweding wa noka ya Odzi mo lefelong le le nang le pula e ntsi le le kwa borwa jwa Juliasdale. Kago e ne ya duelelwa ka thuso e e neng ya tlamelwa ke Puso ya Italy, rakonteraka yo mogolo e ne e le Salini Costuttori SpA, le borakonteraka ba selegae K.W.Blasting ba dira go epa le go epa ka thata. <ref>Symphorian, G.R., Madamombe, E., van der Zaag, P. (2003). "Dam operation for environmental water releases; the case of Osborne dam, Save catchment, Zimbabwe". ''Physics and Chemistry of the Earth''. '''28''' (20–27): 985–993. doi:10[[doi:10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.012|.1016/j.pce.2003.08.012.]]</ref>E dirisetswa go tlamela ka metsi a go nosetsa kwa dikgaolong tsa Chimanimani le Chipinge. <ref>Love, F., Madamombe, E., Marshall, B., Kaseke, E. (2006). "Preliminary estimate of environmental flow requirements of the Rusape River, Zimbabwe". ''Physics and Chemistry of the Earth''. '''31''' (15–16): 864–869. doi:10.1016/j.pce.2006.08.005.</ref> == Lefelo la boitapoloso == Letsha leno le boleele jwa dikilometara di le lesome le borataro ya kwa Nokeng ya Odzi le dikilometara di le lesome le botlhano go ya kwa nokeng ya yone ya Nyatande. Letsha leno le bophara jwa dikilometara di le thataro le boteng jwa dimetara di le masome a marataro le borataro . Lefelo leno le na le tlelaemete e e tsiditsana e e nang le themperetšha e e tlwaelegileng ya didikirii tsa Celsius di le masome a mabedi le bone. Go na le mafelo a go ikhutsa le lefelo la go kampa kwa Osborne Dam. Go na le kampa ya boikhutso e e nang le matlwana a go ikapeelang mo go one e e mo lefelong le le siameng le le lebang kwa letsheng. Lefelo le letona la go kampa le kgona go tshola batho ba le makgolo a mararo le na le didirisiwa tsa braai le mafelo a motlakase a a anameng mo lefelong lengwe le lengwe mme ke lefelo le le siametseng metshameko ya go tshwara ditlhapi le go palama mekoro. === Ditiro === * Go tshwara ditlhapi ke nngwe ya ditiro tse di rategang thata. Mekgatlho ya Bass Masters e leba letamo leno e le lefelo le le ka kgonang go tshwara ditlhapi tse dintsi. Batshwaraditlhapi ba tla itumelela go tshwara ditlhapi mo mafelong ano a a tsiditsana. * Go palama mekoro  -  metsi a magolo a dira gore batho ba ba ratang go palama mekoro ba nne le lefelo le le bulegileng le ba ka tabogang mo go lone kgotsa ba ka tsamayatsamaya fela mo go lone. * Go lebelela dinonyane  - ke tiro e e rategang thata ka gonne serapa seno e setse e le legae la dinonyane tse dintsi tsa mo metsing le tsa mo lefatsheng. * Go tsamaya ka dinao ka go tsamaya ka dinao ka dinao ka dinao go bapa le lobota lwa letamo le go dikologa dintshi, go ralala Noka ya Odzi le mo dithabeng tse di gaufi (Thaba ya Jenya) go naya batho ba ba ratang go tsamaya ka dinao mafelo a a farologaneng. * Motshameko-   go na le tsela ya dikilometara di le lekgolo le bobedi go dikologa letsha e e akaretsang go tsena kwa mafelong a le mmalwa a a gaufi a magae. * Go palama dipitse  -  Go palama dipitse go dikologa lotshitshi lwa letsha go ka rulaganngwa le ofisi ya bojanala * Go palama  - Maemo a a siameng le phefo e e tswang kwa bophirima * Go palama mokoro  -  Mafelo a mantle a go palama mokoro o o tsamayang mo go one le ditsela tsa one tsa metsi di siametse batho ba ba ratang mokoro. == Metswedi == 3yhjmqlrq8oecqbfj2ogj0vvrit1nor 0 13530 50488 2026-06-11T09:55:50Z Neo Seemelo 12859 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358177735|School]]" 50488 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:First_primary_school_building_in_Nigeria_in_Badagry,_Nigeria.jpg|alt=|thumb|Sekolo sa ntlha sa poraemari kwa [[Nigeria]], se se agilweng ka 1845 <ref>{{Cite book |last=Kuhlmann |first=Stefan |date=27 January 2017 |title=Research Handbook on Innovation Governance for Emerging Economies: Towards Better Models |publisher=Edward Elgar |isbn=978-1-78347-191-1 |location=Cheltehnham, UK |oclc=971520924}}</ref>]] '''Sekolo''' ke setheo sa thuto ( mme , mo thutong e e dirwang ka go nna teng ka senama, ke moago) se diretswe go naya baithuti tikologo ya go ithuta, gantsi e le ka kaelo ya barutabana. Dinaga di le dintsi di na le ditsamaiso tsa thuto ya semmuso, mme ka dinako dingwe thuto eo e a patelediwa. Mo di tsamaisong tsotlhe tsotlhe tseo, baithuti ba tswelela go ralala leloto la dikolo tse di agiwang le go tsamaisiwang ke puso kgotsa mekgatlo ya poraefete. Maina a dikolo tseo a farologana go ya ka naga, mme ka kakaretso a akaretsa dikolo tse di potlana le tse di golwana. Setheo se segolo se rutang thuto e e kgolo se itsege thata jaaka Yunibesithi kana 'college'. 4qrhak4izgoae7vkip7bdc1zri458tr 0 13531 50489 2026-06-11T10:02:18Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Letamo la Vaal Barrage #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50489 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sediba sa noka ya Vaal Barrage''' ke letamo le le mo nokeng ya Vaal gaufi le molelwane wa Vanderbijlpark, wa [[Gauteng]] le [[Foreistata|Free State]] kwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. Letamo le le dirilwe ka dikgoro tse dintsi go kgabaganya [[noka ya Vaal]], le agilwe ke [[Rand Water]] kwa [[Letamo la vaal|letamong la Vaal]] ka 1923. Sediba se boleele jwa dikhilomithara di le masome marataro le bone se na le seelo sa dilithara di le didikadike di le masome marataro le boraro, bophara jwa dikhilomithara di le sekete le borataro, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a mararo le botlhano, e boteng jwa di mithara di le nne. Dinoka tsa Suikerbosrand, klip le Rietspruit tse di tshelang mo nokeng ya Vaal di tswa kwa madirelong le mafelo a a nnang batho ba le bantsi jaak [[Johannesburg]], Vereeniging le Sasolburg. Sediba se, se ne se dirisediwa go isa metsi kwa Witwatersrand mme ga se sa tlhole se a isa ka boleng jwa metsi bo ile tlase ka ntlha ya kgotlhelesego. Sediba se,se se okametsweng ke Ran Water, se dirisediwa ditiragalo tsa itloso bodutu jaak go pagama dikepe, go thuma le go tshwara ditlhapi, go na le mafelo a itloso bodutu le boitapoloso a le mantsi mo lotshitshing lwa sone.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924084656/http://www.randwater.co.za/CorporateResponsibility/WWE/Pages/WaterOrigination.aspx "Water Origination: The Vaal River System"]. Rand Water. Archived from [http://www.randwater.co.za/CorporateResponsibility/WWE/Pages/WaterOrigination.aspx the original] on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2026</ref> == Metswedi == cgyyhrcs8yufnhbmmsu50b5m3a59657 0 13532 50490 2026-06-11T10:16:05Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Letamo la Sedumo #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50490 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Letamo la Setumo''' ke letamo le le ikagetsweng le le kwa [[Noka ya Molopo|nokeng ya Molopo]] gaufi le Mmabatho, kwa [[Bokone Bophirima]] jwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. Le agilwe ka 1997, le berekesiwa thata go baya metsi le go tsamaisa metsi. Borai jwa lone bo kwa godimo.<ref>[https://www.bluegreenwatertech.com/post/success-story-setumo-dam-africa "BlueGreen Water Technologies"]. ''www.bluegreenwatertech.com''. Retrieved 11 June 2026.</ref> == Metswedi == tu0dmjvxylrkahpjf36cjqvq4ipz06u 0 13533 50491 2026-06-11T10:25:31Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Letamo la Disaneng #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50491 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Letamo la Disaneng''' ke letamo le le agilweng ka mmu kwa [[Noka ya Molopo|nokeng ya Molopo]] kwa mmasepaleng wa Ratlou gaufi le molelwane wa mmasepala wa [[Mahikeng]] go se kgakala le Mmabatho kwa [[Bokone Bophirima]] jwa [[Aforika Borwa]].<ref>[https://www.fishangler.com/fishing-waters/za/north-west/disaneng-dam/34199438 "Fishing at Disaneng Dam, North West → Explore Fishing Spots & Catches"]. ''FishAngler''. Retrieved 11 June 2026.</ref> Le agilwe ka 1980, tirisokgolo ya lone e le go nosetsa. Batho ba kgona go tshwara ditlhapi kwa go lone<ref>Khakhau, Sellwane (1 January 2024). [https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/dismay-over-deteriorating-state-of-mahikengs-disaneng-dam/ "Concern over deteriorating state Mahikeng's Disaneng Dam"]. ''SABC News''. Retrieved 11 June 2026.</ref> di tshwana le carp, King carp, catfish, tilapia le bass e e sa tswang go simolola go bonala thata kwa letamong leo. Kwa lebotaneng la letamo, go na le dinonyane tse di tswang kwa mafelong a sele di le dintsi. == Metswedi == sjpp3dbw1iv6aeitke1qfsvnadz7hx3 0 13534 50493 2026-06-11T10:54:26Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Noka ya Buffels #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFFRICA 50493 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river|name=Noka ya Buffels|image_name=South Africa Northern Cape location map.svg|caption=Noka ya Bufffels kwa Kapa Bophirima kwa Aforika Borwa|image_map=South Africa relief location map.svg|mouth=Lewatle la Atlantic|location=[[Kapa Bophirima]]|basin_countries=[[Aforika Borwa]]|river_system=Buffels River System}} '''Noka ya Buffels''' ke noka e e elelang fela ka lobaka lo lo khutshwane morago ga pula, mo gare ga ngwaga e omeletse. E kwa [[Kapa Bophirima]] kwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. E elela go kgabaganya kgaolo e e omeletseng ya [[Namaqualand]] e tshela kwa bophirima kwa lewatleng la Atlantic gaufi le Kleinzee. Noka e e tlwaelesegile ka go elela mo go sa itshetlelang, e ikaegile ka pula ya paka mo lefelong le e le nosang.<ref name=":0">[https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-Buffels-River-catchment-illustrating-the-drainage-network-and-rainfall-isohyets-The_fig1_49608860 "The Buffels River catchment illustrating the drainage network and rainfall isohyets".] ''ResearchGate''. Retrieved 11 June 2026.</ref><ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 "The Evolution of Estuaries".] doi:[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/quaternary-research/article/hydrological-response-of-a-dryland-ephemeral-river-to-southern-african-climatic-variability-during-the-last-millennium/48E33629D80EA5A7F2D8BF002C20BF60 10.1016/j.yqres.2011.01.004.]</ref> == Motsamao wa yone le kgampu == Noka ya Buffels e simolola kwa dithabeng tsa Kapa Bophirima e elelela kwa bophirima e kgabagnya namaqualand, e feta ka mafelo a bonno a Springbok, Nababeep le Okiep pele ga e goroga kwa lotshitshing lwa Atlantic gaufi le Kleinzee, kwa e tlhamang kgokgometso ya nakwana ka nako ya merwalela. Motsamao wa noka e otlhe ke dikhilomithara di le makgolo a mabedi masome a matlhano ka boleele.<ref name=":1">Benito, G.; Botero, B. A.; Thorndycraft, V. R.; Rico, M.; Sánchez-Moya, Y.; Sopeña, A.; Machado, M. J.; Dahan, O. (2011-04-08). [https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1185/2011/ "Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers".] ''Hydrology and Earth System Sciences''. '''15''' (4): 1185–1196. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011HESS...15.1185B 2011HESS...15.1185B]. doi:[https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1185/2011/ 10.5194/hess-15-1185-2011]. ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:1607-7938 1607-7938.]</ref> Kwa tlase, noka e nna e omeletse e elela fela fa pula e na ka bontsi. Ke noka e e sa nneleng ruri, e elela ka nako ya merwalela ya nakwana le dipula tse dintsi, e nna e omeletse mo gare ga ngwaga.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Van Gend, J.; Francis, M. L.; Watson, A. P.; Palcsu, L.; Horváth, A.; Macey, P. H.; Le Roux, P.; Clarke, C. E.; Miller, J. A. (2020). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969720366705 "Impacts of climate change and human activities on water resources and water quality"]. ''The Science of the Total Environment''. '''762'''. doi:[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969720366705?via%3Dihub 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143140]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33131834/ 33131834.]</ref><ref name=":2">[http://web.archive.org/web/20240421184612/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 "Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium"]. ''Quaternary Research''. '''75''' (3). 2011-05-01. doi:[[doi:10.1016/j.yqre|10.1016/j.yqre]] (inactive 8 June 2026). ISSN [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33131834/ 0033-5894]. Archived from the original on 2024-04-21.</ref> == Botshelo jwa yone == Noka ya Buffels ke noka e e sa eleleng ka dinako tsotlhe e e elelang fela morago ga pula e sena go na. E tsaya metsi mo lefelong la dikhilomithara di le dikete di robabongwe go ya kwa go di le dikete di robabongwe le makgolo a matlhano,e ikaegile ka pula e e nang kwa borwa ka dikgwedi tsa mariga, go tswa ka Motsheganong go tsena Lwetse, le ntswa kgaolo e ekwa botlhaba e itemogela pula ya selemo e e amangwang le dikgadima.<ref name=":1" /> pula mo kgaolong e, e ka nna selekanyo sa di milimithara di le lekgolo go tsena di le makgolo a mararo ngwaga le ngwaga, se se dira gore noka e tshabelelwe ke merwalela le nakoe telele ya komelelo.<ref name=":0" /> Bontsi jwa merwalela e nan ka paka ya mariga, le ntswa pula ya selemo e baka merwalela gangwe le gape.<ref name=":1" /> == Tikologo le Majwe == Noka e elela go kgabaganya Namaqualand, kwa go nang le lokgrapana lwa maje a mantsho, matlapa a gneiss le a metamorphic. Kgaolo e e omeletse ka dinako tse dingwe ka dimela tse di sa kitlanang tse di tlwaetseng komelelo. Ka mmu o le matlapa, ga o kgonne go tshwara metsi ka lobaka, ka jalo metsi a tsamaya ka pele morago ga pula.<ref>[https://ujcontent.uj.ac.za/esploro/outputs/graduate/The-provenance-of-the-Buffels-River/9911142007691 "Research Portal".] ''ujcontent.uj.ac.za''. Retrieved 2026-06-11.</ref><ref name=":2" /> == Metswedi == 2w7cbo7sg307jh7j64vonbxtly65ef7 0 13535 50494 2026-06-11T11:55:29Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Noka ya Eerste #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50494 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Eerste River from De Oewer.JPG|thumb|Noka ya Eerste kwa Stellenbosch morago ga dipula tse dintsi]] [[Setshwantsho:Rivers of Cape Region RSA OSM.png|thumb|Dinoka tsa kgaolo ya Kapa le noka ya Eerste]] '''Noka ya Eerste''', e kwa [[Kapa Bophirima]] jwa [[Aforika Borwa]], e pagamela kwa Dwarsberg dikhilomithara di le masome a marataro kwa botlhaba kwa [[Cape Town]] kwa molomong wa mokgatsha wa Jonkershoek. Lefelo le noka ya Eerste e tsayang metsi mo go lone le mo botlhaba jwa Cape Flats kwa bophirima jwa dithaba tsa Hottentots Holland le kwa borwa kwa Tygerberg kwa noka e e tshelang mo nokeng ya Kuils e pagamelang teng kwa botlhaba jwa Kanonkop. Noka ya Eerste ke noka e khutshwane, e boleele jwa dikhilomithara di le masome mane. Noka e, e e tshelelang ya Kuils, e boleele jwa dikhilomithara di le masome a mararo go fitlhelela kwa e kopanang teng le noka ya Eerste.<ref name=":0">Murray, Tony; Brown, Cate; Dollar, Evan; Day, Jenny; Beuster, Hans; Haskins, Candice; Boucher, Charlie; Turpie, Jane; Wood, Julia; Thompson, Martin; Lamberth, Steve; van Niekerk, Lara; Impson, Dean; Magoba, Rembu; Petersen, Chantel; Davey, Denis; Noffke, Mandy; Hay, Rowena; Hartnady, Chris; Ewart-Smith, Justine; Burger, Marius; Fairburn, Emily; Ractliffe, Geordie; Day, Liz; Luger, Mike; Lannas, Katy; Ndiitwani-Nyamande, Tovhowani (2009). Brown, Cate; Magoba, Rembu (eds.). [https://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/TT-376-08_Part%202.pdf Rivers and Wetlands of Cape Town] (Part 2) (PDF). ''Project No: K5/1691'' (Report). Water Research Commission. pp. 179–380.</ref> Noka e e feta ka toropo ya [[Cape Town]].<ref name=":0" /> Ditlhapi tse di gomagomediwang ke go nyelela tse di bonwang fela kwa lefelong leo tsa Redfin di ne di fitlhelwa ka bontsi kwa nokeng ya Eerste, mme di ka tswa di sa tlhole di le teng mo mafaratlhatlheng a noka eo. == Dinoka tse di tshelang mo go yone == Go tswa kwa tsebeng ya "dinoka le makgobokgobo a Cape Town", go tswa kwa motsweding go ya lewatleng:<ref name=":0" /> * Noka ya Jonkershoek * Noka ya Plankenbrug * Noka ya Sanddrif * Noka ya Kleinvlei * Noka ya Kuils * Noka ya Bonte * Noka ya Blouklip * Noka ya Bottelary == Marogo == * Borogo jwa tsela ya N2<ref name=":0" /> * Kwa Kramat kwa Macassar<ref name=":0" /> == Kgokgometso le molomo wa yone == Molomo wa noka o kwa Macassar, kwa lotshitshing lo lo kwa bokone jwa False Bay. Kgokgometso e kwa botlhaba jwa thotobolo e tona, ke bontlha jwa molelwane wa lefelo le le sireleditsweng la dikepe tsa Heldergberg. Seemo sa molomo se ne se laolwa ke go elela ga noka. Fa molomo o tswala, noka e tlaa ganelela kwa Kramat go ya masimo a Zandvliet.<ref name=":0" /> == Metswedi == nv5lvw4q0n6wixsd0g0qvttf2km59r1