Wikipedia tnwiki https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsebe_ya_konokono MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.6 first-letter Pego Faphegileng Puisano Modirisi Puisano ya modirisi Wikipedia Puisano ya Wikipedia Setshwantsho Puisano ya setshwantsho MediaWiki Puisano ya MediaWiki Tempolete Puisano ya tempolete Thuso Puisano ya thuso Karolo Puisano ya karolo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 13536 50495 2026-06-11T12:07:08Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Noka ya Malibamatso #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50495 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Malibamat'so River Lesotho.jpg|thumb|Noka ya Malibatso kwa Lesotho]] [[Setshwantsho:Malibamatso1.png|thumb|Motsamao wa noka ya Malibamatso kwa bokone jwa Lesotho]] '''Noka ya Malibamatso''' ke noka e e kwa bokone jwa [[Lesotho]]. E simologa gaufi le molelwane wa [[Aforika Borwa]] kwa e tshelwang ke [[dithaba tsa Maloti.]] E elelela kwa borwa go feta motse wa Lejone, e tloge e kopane le noka ya Senqu dikhilomithara di le tlhano kwa bokone botlhaba jwa Mohlanapeng. Noka ya Malibamatso e tlhama letlhakore le le kwa bokone la sediba sa letamo la Katse, bontlha jwa porojeke ya metsi ya Lesotho. Letamo la Katse ke letamo le le kwa godimo go feta a mangwe mo Aforika ka dimithara di le sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le boraro kwa godimo ga seelo sa lewatle.<ref>Fitzpatrick, M., Blond, B., Pitcher, G., Richmond, S., and Warren, M. (2004) ''South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland.'' Footscray, VIC: Lonely Planet.</ref> Fa, noka e kopana le noka ya Bokong.Bokung. Kwa tlase dinoka tse di tshelang mo Malibamatso kwa lotshitshing lo lo mo molemeng ke tsa Matsoku le Semenanyane, pele ga e kopana le ya Senqu kgotsa Orange kwa mojeng. == Lefelo == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Lefelo !Kwa e leng teng |- |Motswedi |28.70299 kwa borwa 28.73707 kwa botlhaba |- |Letamo la Katse |29.33703 kwa borwa 28.50665 kwa botlhaba |- |Bokopano jwa noka ya Senqu |29.55315 kwa borwa 28.70649 kwa botlhaba |} == Metswedi == j1vhfo8v54alkii9j5xjf9hocsw5suk 0 13537 50496 2026-06-11T12:08:24Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Letamo la Mazvikadei 50496 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Letamo la Mazvikadei''' ke letamo kwa Zimbabwe le le tlamelang ka metsi a go nosetsa mo dipolaseng. Ke letamo la boraro ka bogolo kwa Zimbabwe. [[Setshwantsho:Mazwik Aerial.jpg|thumb|Letamo la Mazvikadei]] Go agiwa ga letamo go simolotse ka bgwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le botlhano (1985), rakonteraka yo mogolo e le CMC di Ravenna le borakonteraka ba selegae K.W.Blasting ba dira go epa le go epa ka thata. Lerako le, le le ageletsweng ka mmu, le boleele jwa dimetara di le 63,5 mme le le dira lerako la bobedi le le kwa godimo go gaisa otlhe mo Zimbabwe. Go agiwa ga lone go ne ga wediwa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi lw borobabobedi ( 1988) mme letamo leno le ne la tlala lekgetlho la ntlha ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe (1990). E agilwe mo Nokeng ya Mukwadzi kwa bokone jwa Banket mme e na le bokgoni jwa go boloka dimetara tsa dikhubiki di le dimilione di le makgolo a mararo le masome a marataro ka bogolo jwa diheketara di le dikete tse pedi le makgolo a mararo fa e tletse. Go fopholediwa gore thobo ya nako e telele e e dirisediwang go nosetsa e ka nna dikubita tsa dimetara di le dimilione di le lekgolo ka ngwaga kgotsa dikubita tsa dimetara di le lesome ka motsotswana mo setlheng sa go nosetsa sa dikgwedi di le nne. Dijalo tse di nosediwang thata fa dipolase di ne di dira e ne e le korong ya mariga, le fa go ntse jalo selekanyo se sennye se ne se dirisiwa go tlaleletsa pula mo dijalong tsa selemo jaaka mmidi le motsoko. <ref>[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ZWE/body.htm "Zimbabwe"]. www.fao.org. Retrieved 25 May 2008.</ref> == Metswedi == jtlg2t0frrwfu268cj7kzb0asvfotk8 0 13538 50497 2026-06-11T12:28:29Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Noka ya Senqunyane #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50497 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river|name=Noka ya Senqunyane|image_name=Mohaledam.jpg|caption=Letamo la Mohale kwa nokeng ya Senqunyane|image_map=Lesotho rel location map.svg|map_caption=Molomo wa noka ya Senqunyane|mouth=Noka ya Senqu|right_tribs=Noka ya Bokong, Noka ya jordane Noka ya Likalaneng|length=120 km|elevation_m=1,515 m|location=Dithaba tsa Maluti|basin_countries=[[Lesotho]]}} '''Noka ya Senqunyane''' ke noka e e kwa legareng la [[Lesotho]]. Noka e, e pagamela kwa dithabeng tsa maluti kwa bokone bophirima jwa [[Lesotho]], e elelela kwa borwa e bo e ya kwa bophirima dikhilomithara di le lekgolo le masome a mabedi pele ga e kopana le [[Noka ya Orange]] (Noka ya Senqu)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131005004520/http://www.eosnap.com/tag/senqu-river/ "The Orange River, Delineating the Border between South Africa and Namibia"]. Archived from [http://www.eosnap.com/tag/senqu-river/ the original] on 2013-10-05. Retrieved 2026-06-11</ref> kwa borwa bophirima.<ref>Fitzpatrick, M., Blond, B., Pitcher, G., Richmond, S., and Warren, M. (2004) ''South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland.'' Footscray, VIC: Lonely Planet</ref> Motswedi wa Senqunyane ke kwa go kopanelang teng dikgaolo di le tharo: Kgaolo ya Thaba-Tseka, Kgaolo ya Berea le kgaolo ya Leribe. E dira molelwane gareng ga Thaba-Tseka le Berea le kgaolo ya [[Maseru]], ga mmogo le kgaolo e potlana ya kgaolo ya Mafeteng e e kgaoganeng le kgaolo ya yone e le kwa godimo ga dithaba tsa Maluti. Dinoka tse di tshelang mo go yone di akaretsa ya Bokong,<ref>van Vuuren, Sanet Janse; Walt, Nicolene van der; Swanepoel, Annelie (2007). "Changes in algal composition and environmental variables in the high-altitude Mohale Dam — an important water supply reservoir to South Africa". ''African Journal of Aquatic Science''. '''32''' (3): 265–274. [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi]]:10.2989/ajas.[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2989/AJAS.2007.32.3.6.305 2007.32.3.6.305.] [[:en:Semantic_Scholar#S2CID|S2CID]] [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/b0f639898c669200c876d0683d5ef9b4dfbcb4e0 85354207.]</ref> le ya Jordane le ya Likalaneng, e e kopanang le Senqunyane pele ga [[letamo la Mohale]].<ref>Consortium, Lahmeyer McDonald; Consortium, Olivier Shand (1986). [https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=cP9BAQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y ''Lesotho Highlands Water Project: H14-19''.] Kingdom of Lesotho, Ministry of Water, Energy and Mining.</ref> [[Letamo la Mohale]], le butswe ka ngwaga wa 2003, ke bontlha jwa porojeke ya metsi ya Lesotho, e e isang metsi kwa [[Letamo la Katse|letamong la Katse]] le kwa kgaolong ya [[Gauteng]] kwa [[Aforika Borwa]], e akaretsa ditoropo tsa [[Johannesburg]] le [[Pretoria (Pitori)|Pretoria]]. Noka e ke legae la tlhapi ya rock-catfish.<ref name=":0">BH, Niehaus (1996). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170305120537/http://nrfnexus.nrf.ac.za/handle/20.500.11892/67833 "An ecological investigation of the aquatic vertebrates below the proposed Mohale Dam wall in the Senqunyane River, Lesotho, with emphasis on the rock catfish (Austroglanis sclateri), Masters thesis".] Archived from [http://nrfnexus.nrf.ac.za/handle/20.500.11892/67833 the original] on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2026</ref> Diphororo tsa Semonkong di kganela go fuduga ga ditlhapi.<ref name=":0" /> Mokgatsha wa Senqunyane ke lefelo le le nang le majwe a a takilweng a le mantsi.<ref name=":1">Bousman, Britt (1988). "Prehistoric Settlement Patterns in the Senqunyane Valley, Lesotho". ''The South African Archaeological Bulletin''. '''43''' (147): 33–37. doi:[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3887611?origin=crossref 10.2307/3887611]. JSTOR [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3887611 3887611.]</ref> Mokgatsha o o simolotse go nna le banni ka dinako tsa lejwe.<ref name=":1" /> Mokgatsha wa majwe o o nang le dikgaga tse di boteng o dira gore go nne thata go goroga. Borogo jo bo agilweng ka 2011 go kgabaganya noka gaufi le bokopano jwa yone le ya Orange.<ref>Boshoff, Jody (1 February 1977). [https://journals.co.za/content/civeng/19/2/EJC26522 "Five new bridges to increase access to southeastern Lesotho : market contribution"]. ''Civil Engineering = Siviele Ingenieurswese''. '''19''' (2). [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:1021-2000 1021-2000.]</ref><ref>Africon Environment and Sustainability (2006). [https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US2012412512 ''Senqu and Senqunyane River Bridges and Connecting Road: Environmental Impact Assessment Report''.] The World Bank. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9789589774649|9789589774649]]</bdi>. Retrieved 11 June 2026</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Letamo la Mohale]] * [[Porojeke ya metsi ya Lesotho]] == Metswedi == pm4hiw6i0evpo09knv68oj72alcljo3 0 13539 50498 2026-06-11T13:10:47Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Letamo la Mohale #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50498 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Letamo la Mohale''' ke letamo le le agilweng ka lekgarapana kwa [[Lesotho]]. Ke letamo la bobedi ka botona mo legatong la 1B la motseletsele wa matamo a a mo porojekeng ya metsi ya Lesotho, e e tlaa akaretsang matamo a matona a le matlhano kwa mafelong a a kgakala kwa Lesotho le [[Aforika Borwa]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160916192118/http://www.lhda.org.ls/Phase1/ "Welcome to LHWP Phase I".] Lesotho Highlands Development Authority. Archived from [http://www.lhda.org.ls/Phase1/ the original] on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2026</ref> Porojeke e, e agilwe ka madi a di dolara tsa America di le bilone e le nngwe le botlhano.<ref>McDonald, David A. (1 April 2004). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=F1WdPPD15pYC&pg=PA224&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Environmental Justice in South Africa]''. Juta and Company Ltd. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-919713-66-3|<bdi>978-1-919713-66-3</bdi>.]]</ref> Letamo la Mohale le ne la atswiwa ka seetsele sa 2005 sa Fulton ke lekgotla la lekgaripana la Aforika Borwa go bo e le porojeke e e gaisitseng ya bo injineere le go dirisa mategeniki a maemo a ntlha.<ref>Haas, Lawrence J. M.; Mazzei, Leonardo; O'Leary, Donal (2010). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=z8S9d056JAQC&redir_esc=y Lesotho Highlands Water Project: Communication Practices for Governance and Sustainability Improvement]''. World Bank Publications. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-8435-0|<bdi>978-0-8213-8435-0</bdi>.]]</ref> == Popego == Letamo le, le agilwe go kgabaganya noka ya Senqunyane kwa tlase ga kwa e kopanang teng le e e tshelang mo go yone kwa bophirima ya Likalaneng.<ref name=":0">[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=cP9BAQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y Consortium & Consortium 1986,] p. 37.</ref> Tshekatsheko ya lefelo la letamo kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lesotho]] e supile mekgatsha e e boteng kwa mmu o leng motlhofo mme go tletse diphororo.<ref name=":0" /> Lefelo la letamo le supilwe ka dipopego di le pedi tsa go thubega ga majwe mo go neng go tlhoka go baakanngwa. Letamo le dikhilomithara di le lekgolo kwa botlhaba jwa [[Maseru]], toropokgolo ya Lesotho.<ref>[https://www.webuildgroup.com/en/projects/completed/dams-hydroelectric-plants/mohale-dam-highlands-water-project-phase-1b.html "Mohale Dam - highlands water project - phase 1b".] Salini Impreglio. Retrieved 11 June 2026</ref> Letamo le le tsaya metsi kwa lefelong la dikhilomithara di le makgolo a robabongwe, masome a mararo le borobabobedi mo nokeng e e boleele jwa dikhilomithara di le masome a marataro go ya kwa godimo e le dimithara di le sekete, le masome a matlhano.<ref name=":0" /> == Tse di diragetseng pele == Metswedi e metona ya metsi e botlhokwa mo lefatsheng,e le nngwe ya ditsa tlholego tsa lefatshe le le senang lotshitshi lwa lewatle. Mookamedi wa ditiro tsa selegae o ne a kopa ramaranyane go sekaseka kgonagalo ya porojeke e le tsela ya go tlatsa metsi a a tlhokafalang kwa meepong ya gouta ya Aforika Borwa.<ref>[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=2GbvAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y ''Official SADC trade, industry, and investment review''.] Southern African Marketing Company. 2003. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/9780620299190|<bdi>9780620299190</bdi>.]]</ref><ref name=":1">Dennill, Bruce (2001). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=9LIhAQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y Lesotho Highlands Water Project: partners for life]''. LHDA.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1983, World Bank e ne ya simolola go diragatsa porojeke. Leagto lantlha le ne la akaretsa dintlha dingwe tse di botlhokwa tsa porojeke, fa legato la 1B le ne le akaretsa maranyane le go okamela ditiro tse dikgolo le leano le baitseanape mo mohameng wa maranyane le tsa tikologo le selegae. Banka ya ditlhabololo ya borwa jwa Aforika, le ya Yuropa ya dipeeletso le tsone go ne go builwe le tsone go thusa porojeke e ka madi.<ref>[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=z8S9d056JAQC&redir_esc=y Haas, Mazzei & O'Leary 2010, p. xiv.]</ref> Porojeke ya metsi a dithaba a Lesotho e ne ya tlhamiwa, ka maikaelelo a go isa metsi kwa kgaolong ya gauteng ya Aforika Borwa le go fetlha motlakase go fitlhelela letlhoko la batho ba Lesotho. Tumalano e e beilweng monwana gareng ga dipuso tsa Lesotho le Aforika Borwa e ne ya simolodisa porojeke e. setlhopha se ne sa tlhamiwa go diragatsa porojeke. Tumalano e ne e felela mo legatong la ntlha le la bobedi fela.<ref>United Nations Environment Programme (2010). [https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=qjIPf84HHnsC&pg=PA11&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Africa Water Atlas''.] UNEP/Earthprint. pp. 11–. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-807-3110-1|<bdi>978-92-807-3110-1</bdi>.]]</ref> Lekgotla la Trans-Caledon Tunnel Authority le ne la diragatsa go aga le go baakanya mo go okametsweng ke lekgotla la tlhabololo dithaba tsa Lesotho. <ref>[http://www.lhda.org.ls/lhwc/default.html "Welcome to the Lesotho Highlands Water Commission".] Lesotho Highlands Development Authority. Retrieved 11 June 2026</ref>Porojeke e ne e ikaelela go isa metsi a a kwa dithabeng tsa lefatshe kwa matamong a le mararo; a le mabedi mo legatong la ntlha (Legato A - Letamo la Katse, legato II - letamo la Mohale) le letamo la Polihali mo legato II. Kago ya legato la ntlha e feditswe ka 2003 ya bulwa semmuso ka 2003.<ref>[http://www.lhda.org.ls/lhwc/about.html "About LHWC".] Lesotho Highlands Development Authority.</ref><ref>[http://www.lhda.org.ls/phase2/index.php "The Lesotho Highlands Water Project (LHWP): Project Description".] Lesotho Highlands Development Authority. Retrieved 11 June 2026</ref> == Tse di akareditsweng == Letamo la Mohale mo legatong la I B la LHWP, le agetswe go fetisa metsi a ka nna dimithara di le masome a supa ka sephatlo sa motsotso kwa sedibeng sa letamo la Katse. Phatalalatso ya metsi e fitlhelela letlhoko la kgaoo ya Gauteng e e akaretsang ditoropo tsa meepo le madirelo tsa Johannesburg le Pretoria.<ref name=":1" /> Metsi a a laolwang go tswa kwa sedibeng a bokete jwa dimithara di robabongwe ka sephatlo sa motsotso a a fetisiwang ka mosele wa lekgarapa dikhilomithara di le masome mararo le bobedi.<ref>[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=RzzVEg1hMwEC&pg=PA13&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Lesotho Highlands Water Project''.] Thomas Telford. 1997. pp. 13–. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-7277-2621-6|<bdi>978-0-7277-2621-6</bdi>.]]</ref> Letamo la Mohale le kwa godimo, di mithara di le lekgolo, masome a mane le botlhano go ya kwa godimo, go bolelwa fa e le letamo le le kwa godimo tahta go fetisa a mangwe mo Aforika. === Pabalesego === Dintlha tsa tikologo tsa letamo le di ne di sekasekilwe. == Metswedi == 0jprybeowlwnwqeeysklroipsi6mbz0 50500 50498 2026-06-11T13:12:27Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse le go tsenya setshwantsho mo tsebeng ya Letamo la Mohale #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50500 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Letamo la Mohale''' ke letamo le le agilweng ka lekgarapana kwa [[Lesotho]]. Ke letamo la bobedi ka botona mo legatong la 1B la motseletsele wa matamo a a mo porojekeng ya metsi ya Lesotho, e e tlaa akaretsang matamo a matona a le matlhano kwa mafelong a a kgakala kwa Lesotho le [[Aforika Borwa]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160916192118/http://www.lhda.org.ls/Phase1/ "Welcome to LHWP Phase I".] Lesotho Highlands Development Authority. Archived from [http://www.lhda.org.ls/Phase1/ the original] on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2026</ref> Porojeke e, e agilwe ka madi a di dolara tsa America di le bilone e le nngwe le botlhano.<ref>McDonald, David A. (1 April 2004). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=F1WdPPD15pYC&pg=PA224&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Environmental Justice in South Africa]''. Juta and Company Ltd. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-919713-66-3|<bdi>978-1-919713-66-3</bdi>.]]</ref> Letamo la Mohale le ne la atswiwa ka seetsele sa 2005 sa Fulton ke lekgotla la lekgaripana la Aforika Borwa go bo e le porojeke e e gaisitseng ya bo injineere le go dirisa mategeniki a maemo a ntlha.<ref>Haas, Lawrence J. M.; Mazzei, Leonardo; O'Leary, Donal (2010). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=z8S9d056JAQC&redir_esc=y Lesotho Highlands Water Project: Communication Practices for Governance and Sustainability Improvement]''. World Bank Publications. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-8435-0|<bdi>978-0-8213-8435-0</bdi>.]]</ref> == Popego == Letamo le, le agilwe go kgabaganya noka ya Senqunyane kwa tlase ga kwa e kopanang teng le e e tshelang mo go yone kwa bophirima ya Likalaneng.<ref name=":0">[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=cP9BAQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y Consortium & Consortium 1986,] p. 37.</ref> Tshekatsheko ya lefelo la letamo kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lesotho]] e supile mekgatsha e e boteng kwa mmu o leng motlhofo mme go tletse diphororo.<ref name=":0" /> Lefelo la letamo le supilwe ka dipopego di le pedi tsa go thubega ga majwe mo go neng go tlhoka go baakanngwa. Letamo le dikhilomithara di le lekgolo kwa botlhaba jwa [[Maseru]], toropokgolo ya Lesotho.<ref>[https://www.webuildgroup.com/en/projects/completed/dams-hydroelectric-plants/mohale-dam-highlands-water-project-phase-1b.html "Mohale Dam - highlands water project - phase 1b".] Salini Impreglio. Retrieved 11 June 2026</ref> Letamo le le tsaya metsi kwa lefelong la dikhilomithara di le makgolo a robabongwe, masome a mararo le borobabobedi mo nokeng e e boleele jwa dikhilomithara di le masome a marataro go ya kwa godimo e le dimithara di le sekete, le masome a matlhano.<ref name=":0" /> == Tse di diragetseng pele == Metswedi e metona ya metsi e botlhokwa mo lefatsheng,e le nngwe ya ditsa tlholego tsa lefatshe le le senang lotshitshi lwa lewatle. Mookamedi wa ditiro tsa selegae o ne a kopa ramaranyane go sekaseka kgonagalo ya porojeke e le tsela ya go tlatsa metsi a a tlhokafalang kwa meepong ya gouta ya Aforika Borwa.<ref>[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=2GbvAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y ''Official SADC trade, industry, and investment review''.] Southern African Marketing Company. 2003. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/9780620299190|<bdi>9780620299190</bdi>.]]</ref><ref name=":1">Dennill, Bruce (2001). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=9LIhAQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y Lesotho Highlands Water Project: partners for life]''. LHDA.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1983, World Bank e ne ya simolola go diragatsa porojeke. Leagto lantlha le ne la akaretsa dintlha dingwe tse di botlhokwa tsa porojeke, fa legato la 1B le ne le akaretsa maranyane le go okamela ditiro tse dikgolo le leano le baitseanape mo mohameng wa maranyane le tsa tikologo le selegae. Banka ya ditlhabololo ya borwa jwa Aforika, le ya Yuropa ya dipeeletso le tsone go ne go builwe le tsone go thusa porojeke e ka madi.<ref>[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=z8S9d056JAQC&redir_esc=y Haas, Mazzei & O'Leary 2010, p. xiv.]</ref> Porojeke ya metsi a dithaba a Lesotho e ne ya tlhamiwa, ka maikaelelo a go isa metsi kwa kgaolong ya gauteng ya Aforika Borwa le go fetlha motlakase go fitlhelela letlhoko la batho ba Lesotho. Tumalano e e beilweng monwana gareng ga dipuso tsa Lesotho le Aforika Borwa e ne ya simolodisa porojeke e. setlhopha se ne sa tlhamiwa go diragatsa porojeke. Tumalano e ne e felela mo legatong la ntlha le la bobedi fela.<ref>United Nations Environment Programme (2010). [https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=qjIPf84HHnsC&pg=PA11&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Africa Water Atlas''.] UNEP/Earthprint. pp. 11–. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-807-3110-1|<bdi>978-92-807-3110-1</bdi>.]]</ref> Lekgotla la Trans-Caledon Tunnel Authority le ne la diragatsa go aga le go baakanya mo go okametsweng ke lekgotla la tlhabololo dithaba tsa Lesotho. <ref>[http://www.lhda.org.ls/lhwc/default.html "Welcome to the Lesotho Highlands Water Commission".] Lesotho Highlands Development Authority. Retrieved 11 June 2026</ref>Porojeke e ne e ikaelela go isa metsi a a kwa dithabeng tsa lefatshe kwa matamong a le mararo; a le mabedi mo legatong la ntlha (Legato A - Letamo la Katse, legato II - letamo la Mohale) le letamo la Polihali mo legato II. Kago ya legato la ntlha e feditswe ka 2003 ya bulwa semmuso ka 2003.<ref>[http://www.lhda.org.ls/lhwc/about.html "About LHWC".] Lesotho Highlands Development Authority.</ref><ref>[http://www.lhda.org.ls/phase2/index.php "The Lesotho Highlands Water Project (LHWP): Project Description".] Lesotho Highlands Development Authority. Retrieved 11 June 2026</ref> == Tse di akareditsweng == [[Setshwantsho:Mohale Dam 2008.jpg|thumb|Letamo la Mohale]] Letamo la Mohale mo legatong la I B la LHWP, le agetswe go fetisa metsi a ka nna dimithara di le masome a supa ka sephatlo sa motsotso kwa sedibeng sa letamo la Katse. Phatalalatso ya metsi e fitlhelela letlhoko la kgaoo ya Gauteng e e akaretsang ditoropo tsa meepo le madirelo tsa Johannesburg le Pretoria.<ref name=":1" /> Metsi a a laolwang go tswa kwa sedibeng a bokete jwa dimithara di robabongwe ka sephatlo sa motsotso a a fetisiwang ka mosele wa lekgarapa dikhilomithara di le masome mararo le bobedi.<ref>[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=RzzVEg1hMwEC&pg=PA13&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Lesotho Highlands Water Project''.] Thomas Telford. 1997. pp. 13–. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-7277-2621-6|<bdi>978-0-7277-2621-6</bdi>.]]</ref> Letamo la Mohale le kwa godimo, di mithara di le lekgolo, masome a mane le botlhano go ya kwa godimo, go bolelwa fa e le letamo le le kwa godimo tahta go fetisa a mangwe mo Aforika. === Pabalesego === Dintlha tsa tikologo tsa letamo le di ne di sekasekilwe. == Metswedi == h26su1jw98odsi9yhogxn7xxbh6nfap 0 13540 50499 2026-06-11T13:11:16Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Letamo la Manyuchi 50499 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Manyuchi Sunrise.jpg|thumb|Go tlhaba ga letsatsi le go tlhaba ga letsatsi go leba botlhaba]] '''Letamo la Manyuchi''' le dira letamo mo Nokeng ya Mwenezi kwa borwa jwa [[Zimbabwe]]. E mo Kgaolong ya Mwenezi. Go agiwa ga letamo go ne ga duelelwa ke Mokgatlho wa Tlhabololo wa Mwenezi.<ref>Charles Mbohwa, The Electricity Journal, Volume 15, Issue 7, August–September 2002, pp. 82–91</ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070318115321/http://eusoils.jrc.it/esdb_archive/EuDASM/africa/images/maps/download/afr_zw3003_8to.jpg "Mwenezi (District) map showing Manychuchi Dam".] Archived from [http://eusoils.jrc.it/esdb_archive/EuDASM/Africa/images/maps/download/afr_zw3003_8to.jpg the original] on 18 March 2007. Retrieved 21 January 2008.</ref>Letamo leno le ne la agelwa go nosetsa masimo a ditlhare tsa mokolane. <ref>William Wolmer: From Wilderness Vision to Farm Invasions: Conservation & Development in South-East Lowveld, Tsehai Publishers, 2007.</ref> == Ditso == Letamo leno le agilwe ke International Construction Zimbabwe (ICZ), e leng karolo ya khampani e kgolo e e agang mo borwa jwa Afrika ya Murray and Roberts, mme le ne la wediwa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borobabobedi (1988). Letamo le le mo Mokgatšheng wa Noka ya Mwenwezi mo karolong e e fa gare ya noka. Lefelo leno le sephaphathi, le omeletse e bile le omeletse go sekae mme le na le dithaba tse dintsintsi tse di bopegileng jaaka dikgolokwe le di-kopje tse ditlhopha tsa di-baboon di kgarakgatshegang mo go tsone fa di rata. Fa e ne e agiwa, metse e le mmalwa e ne ya fudusiwa le go patelediwa go fudugela kwa mafelong a a kgakala jaaka kgaolo e e fa gare ga Ngundu le Chiredzi (District), koo ba neng ba iphitlhela ba tshwailwe jaaka baagi ba ba seng kafa molaong ke badiredi ba selegae. <ref name=":0">HM Masundire – Wetlands Ecology and Priorities for Conservation in Zimbabwe, 1994</ref><ref>The Zimbabwe Independent [http://www.zimbabwesituation.com/jul29b_2005.html <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>] accessed 21 January 2008</ref> == Dikarolo tsa mmele == Letamo leno le ne la agiwa mo mokgatšheng o Noka ya Mwenezi e o dirang fa e feta mo dithabeng tse di gaufi le motsana o montle wa Magomana. Lefelo leno le na le dithaba le dithota. Ke letamo le le motopo le le nang le tlhogo e kgolo le le bogodimo jwa dimetara di le masome a mabedi le botlhano. Selekanyo sa metsi a a mo lekadibeng leno se ne sa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lekgwamolelo ka lekgetlho la ntlha ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borataro (1996). == Tikologo == Kwena ya Nile e iketla mo letsatsing fa thoko ga letamo Noka eno e kile ya bo e na le dinonyane tsa naga, mme gone jaanong ga di tlhole di le teng. Go na le moo, letamo leno le tletse dikwena. Dikwena tsa Nile di bolaile batho ba le mmalwa ba ba neng ba tshwara ditlhapi mo letamong leno. <ref>Crocodile Attack [http://allafrica.com/stories/200704260289.html <nowiki>[2]</nowiki>] (assessed 19 February 2008)</ref> Go na le mefuta e le mmalwa ya ditlhapi tse di fitlhelwang mo letamong, bontsi jwa tsone e le tsa lelapa la tigerfish tse di fitlhelwang mo [[Letsheng la Kariba]]. Botshelo jwa letamo bo mo kotsing ka ntlha ya banni ba ba nnang kwa godimo ga noka, segolobogolo ba ba nnang kwa Mataga le kwa dikgaolong tsa Zvishavane ba ba lemang mo lefelong le letamo le elelang mo go lone ba bo ba ntsha seretse. == Ditiriso == === Go Tlhagisa Motlakase === Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority (ZESA) ga e bolo go nna le maano a go tlhagisa motlakase go tswa mo mogorogorong mme ga go sepe se se diragetseng ka ntlha ya tlhaelo ya madi. Le fa go ntse jalo, dipatlisiso di bontsha gore go nna teng ga metsi go tshwanetse ga dira gore go kgonege go kgweetsa diterekere tse pedi tsa di-kilowatt di le makgolo a mararo le masome a matlhano diura di le dikete tse thataro ka ngwaga, gore di kgone go tlhagisa di-gigawatt-hour di le 4,2 ka ngwaga.<ref name=":0" /><ref>(299 KiB)</ref> === Go nosetsa === Letamo la Manyuchi kwa Zimbabwe le ne le diretswe go nosetsa madirelo a temothuo le madirelo (diheketara di le 2 000 tsa mmidi wa sukiri), dikilometara di le masome a mane kwa tlase ga noka go tswa mo letamong. Letamo leno le tla dirisediwa go nosetsa. Batho ba selegae ba lekile go simolola diporojeke tsa go nosetsa ba dirisa metsi a a tswang mo letamong, mme tlhaelo ya madi e kgoreleditse maiteko a bone, segolo thata ba ba mo motseng o o gaufi wa Magomana. <ref>Manyanhaire, I.O, Svotwa, E., Sango, I. and Munasirei, D. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa (Volume 9, No.2, 2007)</ref> E ne ya agiwa go tlamela metsi a go nosetsa a kgwebo le a go nosetsa kwa metseselegaeng. Go tla go fitlha jaanong, ke balemirui ba kgwebo fela ba ba ileng ba solegelwa molemo. Ga go na le fa e le nngwe ya diheketara di le 3 476 tse di neng di tshwanetse go nosetswa balemi ba bannye e e ileng ya tlhabololwa. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le botlhano (1995), ka nako ya komelelo e kgolo mo kgaolong le mo nageng, letamo le ne le tletse ka diperesente tse di fetang masome a robabobedi mme le ne le solegela balemirui ba le mmalwa fela ba kgwebo molemo. <ref>Ammon Mutembwa, UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE, Global Security Fellows Initiative, Occasional Paper No. 3: Water and the Potential for Resource Conflicts in Southern Africa, February 1998</ref> Bosheng jaana go ile ga buiwa ka Lapache Irrigation Scheme, e leng porojeke e e tshegediwang ka madi ke puso, Triangle Sugar Ltd le setlhopha sa mekgatlho e e seng ya puso. Thulaganyo e ke kgato ya ntlha e kgolo ya go dirisa metsi a letamo go solegela baagi ba selegae molemo. Baamogeladitshiamelo e tla nna balemirui ba ba buseditsweng mo polaseng ya Lapache. === Boitlosobodutu === Mo nakong e e fetileng bajanala ba ne ba ya go tshwara ditlhapi le go dira ditiro tse dingwe mo lefelong leno. Mme mo malatsing ano, go thata go fitlha koo, ditsela di sentswe, mme motho o tlhoka koloi e e gogang ka maotwana a manè gore a fitlhe koo. == Metswedi == 3v5rxg3y98ddvqv0hlk6yk86n0fk30e 0 13541 50501 2026-06-11T13:25:05Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranola tsebe ya Rand Water #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50501 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rand Water''' (pele e ne e itsege ka leina la lekgotla la Rand Water) ke lephata la metsi kwa [[Aforika Borwa]] le le isang metsi a a nowang kwa kgaolong ya [[Gauteng]] le mafelo a mangwe a lefatshe, ke lephata le letona la metsi mo [[Aferika|Aforika.]] Metsi a tswa mo metsweding e e farologaneng a tlhatswiwe pele ga a isiwa kwa madirelong, meepo le bo mmasepala, le na le seabe gape mo kgopong ya metsi a a leswe. == Ditso == Witwatersrand e kwa nageng e e kwa godimo kwa Aforika Borwa e na le tlhaga e ntsi le dipula tsa selemo tse di nang ka di milimithara di le makgolo a supa, masome a robabobedi le bone mo ngwageng. <ref>Petterson, Donald R. (July 1951). "The Witwatersrand a Unique Gold Mining Community". ''Economic Geography''. '''27''' (3): 209–221. doi:[https://www.jstor.org/stable/141095?origin=crossref 10.2307/141095]. [[:en:JSTOR#Content|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/141095 141095.]</ref> == Metswedi == 6kg6r4w89g7qh9x0ghvhyk9hevmie61 0 13542 50502 2026-06-11T13:29:07Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Letamo la Tono 50502 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Letamo la Tono''' ke lengwe la matamo a magolo a temothuo kwa bophirima jwa Afrika, le le kwa Kgaolong ya Kassena-Nankana ya Upper East Region, kwa bokone jwa Ghana. Letamo le le boleele jwa 2km le nosetsa diheketara di le 2,490 tsa lefatshe. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170730205814/http://www.ghanaexpeditions.com/regions/highlight_detail.asp?rdid=311 "ghanaexpeditions.com - Navrongo-Tono Irrigation Dam".] ''www.ghanaexpeditions.com''. Archived from [http://www.ghanaexpeditions.com/regions/highlight_detail.asp?rdid=311 the original] on 2017-07-30.</ref><ref>[https://ghana.peacefmonline.com/pages/tourism/other_sites/navrongo_tono_irrigation_dam/ "Navrongo-Tono Irrigation Dam | About Ghana".] ''ghana.peacefmonline.com''. Retrieved 2021-06-22.</ref><ref>[https://siga.gov.gh/sector/irrigation-company-of-upper-region/ "Irrigation Company of Upper Region".] ''SIGA: State Interests and Governance Authority''. Retrieved 2021-06-22.</ref> == Ditso == Go agiwa ga letamo leno go simolotse ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le botlhano (1975) mme ga wediwa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le botlhano (1985) ke Taysec, e leng khampani ya boenjenere ya kwa Boritane. E ne ya tlhomiwa ke Puso ya Ghana go rotloetsa go jalwa ga dijalo tsa dijo ngwaga otlhe ke balemirui ba sekale se sennye mo thulaganyong e e rulagantsweng le e e laolwang ya nosetso. Khampani ya go nosetsa ya Upper Region (ICOUR) e ne ya tlhomiwa go laola Letamo. <ref name=":0">[http://satgeo.zum.de/infoschul/information/Navrongo/johnston/tono.htm "ICOUR Tono Dam"]. ''satgeo.zum.de''. Retrieved 2021-06-22.</ref> == Go baakanya == Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi (2008), matlapana a konkoreite mo mogogorong o mogolo wa kgogedi wa letamo o ne wa tsosolosiwa. <ref>[https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/ru/261981551366998141/pdf/Final-Dam-Assessment-Report-Tono.pdf "World Bank Document - Final Dam Assessment Report -Tono"] (PDF)</ref>Mmuso wa Ghana ka fa tlase ga The Ghana Commercial Agriculture Project (GCAP) o ne wa bona madi go tswa kwa World Bank le USAID go tsosolosa Letamo. <ref>[https://www.arbapexbank.com/details.cfm?U/East%20Regional%20Minister%20pays%20working%20visit%20to%20Tono%20Irrigation%20Dam&corpnews_catid=7&corpnews_scatid=40&corpnews_scatlinkid=82 "U/East Regional Minister pays working visit to Tono Irrigation Dam".] ''www.arbapexbank.com''. Retrieved 2021-06-22.</ref> == Tlhotlheletso == Letamo leno le thusa batho ba ka nna supa, mme go kgona ga lone go tlamela batho ka metsi a go nosetsa ngwaga otlhe go dirile gore go jalwe reisi, dinawa tsa soya le ditamati. Seno se tokafaditse botshelo jwa balemirui ba mo lefelong leo. Letamo leno le dirile letsha le le nang le lefelo le le itsegeng la dinonyane. === Bolwetse === Boemo jwa letamo leno bo dira gore le nne lefelo le le siametseng go tsadisa pharasaete ya schistosomiasis. Leroborobo leno le tsena mo mmeleng ka letlalo mme le bo le nna mo maleng kgotsa mo maleng a kgeleswa ya metsi. E ka baka go dutla ga madi go go botlhoko le go nna moopa, fa e sa alafiwe. <ref name=":0" /> == Metswedi == m7ffcvw0hc3fy8auh4h9ukl45ku9cbf 0 13543 50503 2026-06-11T13:36:37Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya letamo la Bongolo #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50503 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Letamo la Bongolo''' (le gape le kwalwang gotwe Bokolo) le kwa nokeng ya Komani, gaufi le Queenstown, kwa [[Eastern Cape|Kapa Botlhaba]], kwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. letamo le na le selekanyo sa dimithara di le didkadike di supa. Letamo la Bongolo, le dikhilomithara di le tlhano go tswa kwa toropong mo tseleng ya Dordrecht, ke lengwe la metswedi e metona ya metsi kwa Queenstown, tiriso ya lone e tona ke mo madirelong le mo go bo mmasepala.<ref>Londt, J.G.H. (July 2014). [https://bioone.org/journals/african-entomology/volume-22/issue-2/003.022.0213/A-Revision-of-Millenarius-Londt-2005-with-Descriptions-of-Two/10.4001/003.022.0213.short "A Revision ofMillenariusLondt, 2005 with Descriptions of Two New Species from Southern Africa and the Transfer ofNeolophonotus dichaetusHull, 1967 to the Genus (Diptera: Asilidae)".] ''African Entomology''. '''22''' (2): 377–387. doi:[https://bioone.org/journals/african-entomology/volume-22/issue-2/003.022.0213/A-Revision-of-Millenarius-Londt-2005-with-Descriptions-of-Two/10.4001/003.022.0213.short 10.4001/003.022.0213]. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:1021-3589 1021-3589]. [[:en:Semantic_Scholar#S2CID|S2CID]] [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-Revision-of-Millenarius-Londt%2C-2005-with-of-Two-Londt/22784bc70f32921d401dc0447668025bff7a025c 86718661.]</ref> Lebotana le simolotswe ka 1905, dingwaga di le dintsi e ntse e le lone letamo la lekgrapana le letona kwa [[Aforika Borwa|Aforika Borwa.]] Tlholego ya leina Bongola e bakile dikgogakgogano, mme go dumelwa gore le tswa mo temeng ya [[Sethosa|se Xhosa]] lefoko le le rayang tonki, ka diphologolo tse di ne di dirisiwa thata mo kagong ya letamo. == Metswedi == a0l36r7roro8rbsfubm7of79r62lmei 0 13544 50504 2026-06-11T13:45:48Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Noka ya Komani #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river|name=Noka ya Komani|river_name=Komanirivier|image_map=South Africa relief location map.svg|map_caption=Molomo wa noka ya Komani|mouth=Bokopano le noka ya Klaas Smits|basin_countries=[[Aforika Borwa]]|location=[[Kapa Botlhaba]]|length_km=40|elevation_m=1,020}} '''Noka ya Komani,''' ke noka e e leng bontlha jwa mafaratlhatlha a [[Noka ya Great Kei|noka ya Great kei]] kwa [[Kapa Botlhaba]], kwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. Ke noka e khutshwane e e simologang kwa bokone jwa Queenstown e kopana le noka ya Klaas Smits, kwa borwa jwa toropo eo.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA12MzimvubuKeiskamma.jpg Mizimbuvu to Keiskamma WMA 12]</ref> [[Letamo la Bongolo (Aforika Borwa)|Letamo la Bongolo]] le mo nokeng ya Komani. Gompieno noka e, ke bontlha jwa lefelo la bookamedi jwa metsi la Mzimvubu go ya Keiskama.<ref>[http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S1816-79502009000500018&script=sci_arttext Is there a role for traditional governance systems in South Africa's new water management regime?]</ref> == Metswedi == hshkl2ffhzcy5ocpd6ephvfbgazge82 0 13545 50505 2026-06-11T13:53:31Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Noka ya Mdloti 50505 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Noka ya Mdloti''' kgotsa Noka ya uMdloti e elela mo porofenseng ya [[KwaZulu-Natal]], mo Aforika Borwa. Molomo wa Noka ya Mdloti o kwa eMdloti (karolo ya Mmasepala wa Toropokgolo ya eThekwini). Leina Mdloti ke lefoko la Sezulu le le rayang mofuta mongwe wa motsoko o o golang mo lefelong leno. == Metswedi == tpan3w0508w0228xcofbrgejskm8rva 0 13546 50506 2026-06-11T13:56:22Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Letamo la impofu #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 50506 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Letamo la Impofu''' ke letamo le le agilweng ka lekragapana le mmu kwa nokeng ya Kromme gaufi le Humansdorp kwa [[Kapa Botlhaba]] jwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. Le agilwe ka 1983, tirisokgolo ya lone e le go nosa mmasepala le go dirisiwa mo madirelong. Kgonagalo ya borai jwa lone e kwa godimo. == Lefelo == Letamo, gammogo le lefelo la go tlhatswa metsi la Elandsjagt le kwa tlase ga letamo la Kromme. Ditsela tsa N2 le R102 di kgabaganya bontlha jwa letamo jo bo mo bophirima. Tsela e e yang kwa leboteng la letamo ga e a siamela batsamaya ka dikoloi. == Ditso == Letamo le agilwe go tswa ka 1972 go tsena 1982. Ka Phukwi 1983, letamo le ne la dira go tlala ka diatla letlala mo malatsing a le mararo. == Ditekanyo == Sediba se seleele, se sesesane gape se boteng. Selekanyo sa sone ke sedikadike se le lekgolo le bosupa, metsi a dikhilomithara di le thataro, boleele jwa dikhilomithara di le masome mabedi le botlhano le bophara jwa dikhilomithara di le masome a supa le botlhano le boleele jwa dimithara di le makgolo a robabobedi. == Tiriso == Ke mostwedi mogolo wa metsi kwa Port Elizabeth, letamo le gape le thibela metsi a morwalela go tsaya masimo le matlo kwa lotshithsing le molomo wa noka. Sediba se itsege thata mo batshwareng ditlhapi. == Metswedi == riwkqf9r7qhwn721yl6226pv2drk3hi 0 13547 50507 2026-06-11T13:59:11Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Letamo la Hazelmere 50507 wikitext text/x-wiki Letamo la Hazelmere ke letamo le le kopantsweng la mofuta wa gravity le le fitlhelwang mo nokeng ya Mdloti, Kwazulu Natal, Aforika Borwa. E ne ya tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bosupa (1977) mme boikaelelo jwa yone jwa konokono ke go nosetsa le go dirisa metsi mo malapeng. Kotsi e e ka nnang teng ya go nna le mogogoro e ile ya tsewa e le kwa godimo . dk7sflb5dkzcdltu2zqgmhmyxpuscgv 0 13548 50508 2026-06-11T17:48:51Z Lucrucia98 12161 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA GO LAOLA METSWEDI YA METSI KWA EGEPETO (2021-2023) 50508 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tlhokomelo ya metswedi ya metsi kwa Egepeto''' ke tirego e e raraaneng e e tsenyeletsang batsayakarolo ba le bantsi ba ba dirisang metsi go nosetsa, go tlamelwa ka metsi a mmasepala le a madirelo, go tlhagisa motlakase wa metsi le go tsamaisa dikepe. Mo godimo ga moo, metsi a Noka ya Nile a tlamela tikologo ya metsi e e tshosediwang ke go tsewa ga metsi le kgotlelo. Egepeto gape e na le metswedi e mentsi ya metsi a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe a a tswang mo matlakaleng a a epilweng kwa Sekakeng sa Bophirima. Bothata jo bogolo jwa go laola metsi kwa Egepeto ke go tlhoka tekatekano ga metsi a a tlhokegang le a a sa tlhokegeng. Go tlhomamisa gore metsi a tla nna teng mo isagweng, go botlhokwa gore go nne le tirisanommogo le dinaga tse robongwe tse di bapileng le noka ya Nile. Thulaganyo ya Nile Basin Initiative e thusa gore go nne le tirisanommogo e e ntseng jalo. Mo dingwageng tsa bo1990 puso e ne ya simolola diporojeke tse dikgolo tse tharo go oketsa go nosetsa mo "mafatsheng a masha". Di kwa kgaolong ya Toshka ("Mokgatšha o Mosha"), mo molelwaneng wa Delta ya Nile ya Bophirima, le kwa Bokone jwa Sinai. Diporojeke tseno tsotlhe di tlhoka metsi a mantsi a a ka kgonang go dirisiwa fela ka go nosetsa "masimo a bogologolo" a a setseng a noseditswe ka tsela e e botoka mmogo le go dirisa gape metsi a a tswang mo kgamelong le a a dirisitsweng. Go lebeletswe gore tsamaiso ya metsi kwa Egepeto e nne thata fa phetogo ya tlelaemete e oketsa go fetofetoga ga maemo a bosa, e dira gore go nne le kgatelelo e e golang mo dinageng tse di kwa godimo ga metsi, e bile e dira gore metsi a lewatle a tlhatlogele kwa godimo, mme seno se tla dira gore metsi a letswai a tsenelele le go oketsa letswai le le mo mawatleng. == Ditso == Letsha la Nasser kafa morago ga Letamo le Legolo la Aswan Hisitori ya tsamaiso ya metsi ya segompieno kwa Egepeto e simolola ka go agiwa ga Letamo la bogologolo la Aswan ka ngwaga wa 1902 le go thibiwa ga metsi a Noka ya Nile mo lekgolong la bo19 le la bo20 la dingwaga. Letamo la bogologolo la Aswan le ne le boloka metsi a Noka ya Nile go dira gore go kgonege go jala dijalo di le dintsi ka ngwaga kwa Nokeng ya Nile, fa matamo a ne a tlhatlosa metsi a Noka ya Nile gore metsi a kgone go fetisediwa kwa dikanaleng tse dikgolo tsa go nosetsa tse di neng di tsamaisana le noka. Tsela e noka eno e laolwang ka yone e ne ya fetolwa thata ka ngwaga wa 1970 fa go ne go agiwa Letamo le Legolo la Aswan, le le neng la fedisa morwalela wa ngwaga le ngwaga wa Nile. Letamo leno le ne la lere mesola e megolo jaaka go oketsega ga metsi a a neng a le teng mo temothuong ya Egepeto, a a neng a dira gore go nne le lotseno lo lo kwa godimo le ditiro, go dirwa ga motlakase ka metsi, go laola merwalela, go tokafatsa tsela ya go tsamaya mo lewatleng le go dira gore go nne le mafelo a go tshwara ditlhapi mo Letsheng la Nasser. Mme gape go ne ga nna le ditlamorago tsa tikologo le tsa loago tse di akaretsang go fudusiwa ga batho, go latlhegelwa ke seretse se se nonneng se jaanong se kgobokanelang mo letamong le le kafa morago ga letamo, go tlala ga metsi go go kopaneng le go oketsega ga letswai la mmu le go oketsega ga kgogolego ya lotshitshi. Bona gape: [[Letamo la Aswan § Ditlamorago tsa tikologo le tsa loago]] Go sa amanngwe le go agiwa ga Letamo le Legolo la Aswan, boleng jwa metsi bo ne jwa senyega ka ntlha ya go boa ga metsi a a neng a tswa mo go one le go tshololwa ga metsi a a leswe a ditoropo le a madirelo a a neng a sa phepafadiwa. Go simolola ka bo1980 go phepafadiwa ga metsi a a leswe go ne ga tokafala mme boleng jwa metsi mo Nokeng ya Nile bo ne jwa tokafala gape ka iketlo. <ref name=":0">Martin Hvidt: [http://www.netcomuk.co.uk/~jpap/hvidt.htm "Water resource planning in Egypt",] in: Eric Watkins (Editor): ''The Middle Eastern Environment'', ISBN <bdi>1-898565-03-1</bdi>, 1995</ref>Go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1992, puso e ne e dira tshwetso ya gore ke dijalo dife tse balemirui ba tshwanetseng go di jala, mme seno se ne se dira gore balaodi ba kgone go isa metsi a a rileng mo mogobeng mongwe le mongwe go ya ka gore dijalo di tlhoka metsi a a kana kang. Ka ngwaga wa 1992 go ne ga nna le phetogo e kgolo fa mekgwa ya go lema e ne e gololwa mme balemirui ba ne ba gololesegile go jala se ba se batlang. Ka yone nako eo puso e ne ya simolola go naya mekgatlho ya badirisi ba metsi maikarabelo a go tsamaisa dikanala tsa makala, e leng se se neng se bidiwa "go fetisa taolo ya go nosetsa". Mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo1990 puso e ne ya simolola diporojeke tse dikgolo tse tharo tsa go nosetsa "dinaga tse disha" mo sekakeng. == Dikarolo tsa motheo == Didirisiwa tse di leng teng Mosele wa Ibrahimiya kwa Minya Go laolwa ga metswedi ya metsi kwa Egepeto go ikaegile ka thulaganyo e e raraaneng ya mafaratlhatlha go ralala noka yotlhe. Karolo ya konokono ya kago eno ke Letamo le Legolo la Aswan le le bopang Letsha la Nasser. Letamo le Legolo le sireletsa Egepeto mo merwaleleng, le boloka metsi gore a nosediwe ngwaga otlhe e bile le ntsha motlakase ka metsi. E na le bokgoni jwa go boloka metsi a dikubita di le dibilione di le 90 mme e boloka metsi a a fetang halofo ya selekanyo sa metsi a Noka ya Nile ka ngwaga, ka go dira jalo e dira gore go nne le selekanyo se se kwa godimo sa metsi mo nokeng eno fa se bapisiwa le dinoka tse dingwe tse di laolwang mo lefatsheng. Go ela kwa tlase ga Letamo la Aswan, go na le matamo a le supa a a dirang gore metsi a noka a oketsege gore a kgone go elela mo dikanaleng tsa go nosetsa tsa maemo a ntlha. Nngwe ya tsone ke e e boleele jwa dikilometara di le makgolo a mararo le masome a matlhano(350) e leng Ibrahimiya Canal e e neng ya wediwa ka ngwaga wa 1873, e leng kanale e kgolo go di gaisa tsotlhe ya maitirelo mo lefatsheng. E tswa mo lotshitshing lo lo kafa molemeng lwa noka ya Nile kwa Assiut mme e bo e tsamaisana le noka eno. Go tshelwa ga metsi a yone go ne ga okediwa ke Letamo la Assiut le le neng la wediwa ka ngwaga wa 1903. Matamo a mangwe a magolo a teng kwa Esna le Naga Hammadi mo nokeng e kgolo ya Nile, mmogo le Delta Barrage, Zifta Barrage le Damietta Barrage mo lekaleng la Damietta le Edfina barrage mo lekaleng la Rosetta la Nile. Gape metsi a tswa mo Nokeng ya Nile a ya kwa Faiyum Oasis ka mosele o o bidiwang Bahr Yussef o o simologileng mo motlheng wa Bofaro. Go tswa mo lekadibeng leno e elela go ya kwa Birket Qarun (Letsha la Moesis). Mokorwana wa Metsi a a Monate o tswa kwa Cairo go ya kwa Ismailia mme Mokorwana wa Metsi a a Monate one o tsamaya ka go tshwana le Mokorwana wa Suez, o o tlamelang metse e e fa thoko ga Mokorwana ka metsi a a nowang. Dikanala tseno ka bobedi di ne tsa wediwa ka ngwaga wa 1863. Mosele wa Mahmoudiyah o golaganya noka ya Nile le Alexandria. E ne ya wediwa ka ngwaga wa 1820 mme e ne e le botlhokwa thata mo go tsamaiseng dikepe, mme gone jaanong e dirisediwa thata go nosetsa le go tlamela Alexandria ka metsi a a nowang. Letamo la Delta mo lekaleng la Damietta la Noka ya Nile (go tswa kwa tlase ga noka) == Thulaganyo e kgolo ya go nosetsa (go ya ka thulaganyo) == Dikanala tsa go nosetsa di kgaogantswe go nna dikanala tsa konokono (Rayah), dikanala tsa konokono (dikanala tsa maemo a ntlha), dikanala tsa makala (dikanala tsa maemo a bobedi), dikanala tsa kabo (mesqas, kgotsa dikanala tsa maemo a boraro) le mesele ya nosetso (Merwas).<ref name=":1">[http://ressources.ciheam.org/om/pdf/b48/05002288.pdf M.N. Allam, Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University:Participatory Irrigation Water Management in Egypt]: Review and Analysis, Option méditerranéennes Series B, n° 48, no date (probably 2004). Retrieved 15 November 2009.</ref>Go elela ga metsi mo ditseleng tse dikgolo le tse dikgolo go tswelela pele; mo ditseleng tsa makala le tsa kabo go a dikologa. Le fa go ntse jalo, puso e tshegetsa thulaganyo ya go fetola mengwe ya dikanala tsa maemo a a kwa tlase ka iketlo gore e nne e e elelang e sa kgaotse. Balemirui ba pompa metsi go tswa mo mesqas go nosetsa masimo (go tsholetsa: mo e ka nnang 0.5 ⁇ 1.5 m).<ref>[[:en:FAO|Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations:]] Aquastat: Country profile Egypt. Retrieved 15 November 2009.</ref>Mesqa gantsi e na le bogolo jwa masome a matlhano (50) go ya go makgolo a mabedi (200) feddan (20 go ya go 80 hectares).Mo dikgaolong tse go senang thulaganyo ya semmuso ya go tsamaisa metsi sentle, badirisi ba kwa bofelong gantsi ga ba bone metsi a a lekaneng go tlhokomela dijalo. Mekgatlho ya badirisi ba metsi e ne ya tlhamiwa go simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo1990 go aba metsi botoka mo balemiruing ka mesqa le go dira gore go pompiwa ga metsi go nne bonolo, ka maikaelelo a go fokotsa go gogiwa ga metsi, ditshenyegelo tsa go pompiwa ga metsi le go oketsa thobo. Ka ngwaga wa 1994 Egepeto e ne e na le dikilometara tse di ka nnang 30 000 tsa dikanale tsa botlhe (maemo a ntlha le a bobedi), dikilometara tse 17 000 tsa matlwana a metsi a botlhe, dikilometara di le 80 000 tsa dikanale tsa poraefete tsa maemo a boraro (mesqas) le mesele ya nosetso, didiriswa tsa go tsholetsa metsi tsa poraefete di le 450 000 (sakias kgotsa dipompo), dikago tsa taolo ya metsi tsa setšhaba di le 22 000 le diteishene tse dikgolo tsa pompo tsa setšhaba di le 670 tsa nosetso.<ref>Martin Hvidt: [http://www.netcomuk.co.uk/~jpap/hvidt.htm "Water resource planning in Egypt"], in: Eric Watkins (Editor): ''The Middle Eastern Environment'', ISBN <bdi>1-898565-03-1</bdi>, 1995</ref> Go ntshiwa ga metsi ka go a ntsha mo tlase ga lefatshe le ka go a kgatsha go botlhokwa thata go thibela go senyega ga thobo ya dijalo ka ntlha ya go nna letswai ga mmu le go nna le metsi a mantsi. Ka ngwaga wa 2003 diheketara tse di fetang dimilione di le bobedi (2) di ne di na le thulaganyo ya kgelelo ya metsi kwa tlase ga lefatshe mme mo e ka nnang dimilione di le dikete di le 7,2 tsa dimetara di le dikubita tsa metsi di ne di gelelwa ngwaga le ngwaga go tswa mo mafelong a a nang le dithulaganyo tseno. Palogotlhe ya ditshenyegelo tsa dipeeletso mo go tsa kgelelo ya metsi mo temothuong mo dingwageng di le masome a mabedi le bosupa (27) go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1973 go ya go ngwaga wa 2002 e ne e le mo e ka nnang dibilione di le 3,1 tsa didolara tsa Amerika tse di akaretsang ditshenyegelo tsa go tlhama, go aga, go tlhokomela, go dira dipatlisiso le go thapisa. Mo nakong eno diporojeke di le lesome le bongwe (11) tse dikgolo di ne tsa tsenngwa tirisong ka tshegetso ya madi go tswa kwa World Bank le batlamedi ba bangwe ba madi.<ref>Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Egyptian Public Authority for Drainage Projects, Drainage Research Institute, 2006[https://web.archive.org/web/20191117161919/http://www.csdwand.net/data/sheet.asp?cn=Egypt&fn=LA0648 : ''The National Drainage and Drainage Water Reuse Programs, Egypt'',] Local Actions at the 4th World Water Forum, 2 March 2007. Retrieved 28 April 2010.</ref> === Thulaganyo ya go Tokafatsa go Nosetsa === Go somarela metsi mo temothuong ke selo sa botlhokwa se se lebeletsweng mo thulaganyong ya metsi ya Egepeto e e diretsweng go thusa batho ba ba ntseng ba oketsega ba ba nang le metswedi e e lekanyeditsweng ya metsi. Le fa go ntse jalo, go ile ga nna le kganetsano e e rileng malebana le gore go ka bolokiwa metsi a le kana kang mo temothuong le gore go ka dirwa jang gore go bolokiwe metsi. Le fa bokgoni jwa go nosetsa jwa "selo se se tlwaelegileng" bo ka nna kwa tlase ka ntlha ya go nna teng ga nosetso ya morwalela, bokgoni jwa tsamaiso ka kakaretso  ⁇  "bokgoni jo bo nonofileng jwa nosetso"  ⁇  bo kwa godimo thata ka ntlha ya go boa ga melapo.<ref name=":1" />Ka jalo maano a go boloka metsi kwa Egepeto ga a tsepamise mogopolo thata mo go diriseng dithekenoloji tsa go nosetsa tse di bolokang metsi jaaka go nosetsa ka go kgatsha kgotsa go kgatsha ka go rotha. Go na le moo, di theilwe mo go lemogeng gore fa balemirui ba sa kgone go laola nako le selekanyo sa metsi, ba nosetsa ka bonako thata mme ba dirisa metsi a mantsi thata. Bokgoni jwa go boloka metsi mo temothuong ya Egepeto bo ne jwa tlhatlhobiwa la ntlha ka diporojeke tsa tekelelo ka fa tlase ga USAID e e neng e tshegeditse Egypt Water Use and Management Project (EWUP) e e simolotseng ka ngwaga wa 1977. <ref>[http://srv1.eulc.edu.eg/eulc_v5/Libraries/Thesis/BrowseThesisPages.aspx?fn=PublicDrawThesis&BibID=11279375 Mohammed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary] </ref>Ditlhatlhobo di bontshitse gore go boloka metsi, go botlhokwa go letla balemirui go nna le seabe se segolo mo tsamaisong ya nosetso ka mekgatlho ya badirisi ba metsi, go tlamela ka phallo e e tswelelang go na le phallo e e dikologang mo mesqas, go emisetsa motho ka go pompa mmogo, le go tlhama tirelo ya kgakololo ya nosetso. "Leano la ngwaga wa 1980 la Tlhabololo ya go Nosetsa Kwa Egepeto go Fitlha ka Ngwaga wa 2000" le ne le setse le akantse ka go tokafatsa taolo le kabo ya metsi a nosetso jaaka kgato ya ntlha ya leano. Seno se ne se tla latelwa ke tlhabololo ya ditsamaiso tsa nosetso ya masimo le tlhotlhwa e e tlhamaletseng ya metsi a nosetso. Go ikaegile ka dithuto tsa EWUP[7]<ref>Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP), 1984. [[:en:Water_resources_management_in_Egypt#cite_note-7|''Improving Egypt's Irrigation System in the Old Lands, Final Report''. Colorado State University and Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources]]</ref> le leano la nosetso, puso e ne ya tlhoma Lenaneo la Bosetšhaba la Tokafatso ya Nosetso (IIP) ka ngwaga wa 1984, le le neng la amogelwa ke Kokoano Bosetšhaba ka ngwaga wa 1985. Go tsenngwa tirisong ga yone go simolotse, gape ka tshegetso ya USAID, mo mafelong a le lesome le bongwe, go simolola ka Serri Canal ka di feddan di le 120 000 (50,400 ha) kwa Minya Governorate. <ref name=":0" />Porojeke eno e ne ya emisetsa di-mesqas tsa bogologolo tse di neng di le kwa tlase ka di-mesqas tse di tsholeditsweng, tse metsi a neng a tla elela go ya kwa masimong ka maatla a kgogedi kgotsa ka diphaepe tse di neng di tsentswe mo tlase ga metsi. Mekgwa ya boenjineri jwa boleng e dirisitswe go sekaseka mokgwa o o botoka wa mesqa o o ikaelelang mo tlhotlhweng e e kwa tlase ntle le go ama boleng jwa mokgwa o mongwe.<ref>[http://www.waterlog.info/pdf/irrimpr.pdf ''Impacts of the Irrigation Improvement Projects in Egypt'',] Consultancy Report to the Egyptian-Dutch Advisory Panel on Land Drainage and Drainage Related Water Management by R.J. Oosterbaan, International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI), Wageningen, The Netherlands, 1999. Retrieved 28 April 2010</ref>Ka ngwaga wa1998 go ne go setse go tlhomilwe makgotla a badirisi ba metsi a ka nna 1,100 mme go ne go setse go tlhabolotswe ditsamaiso tsa go nosetsa di feddan di le 129,000.[ Porojeke e ne ya fokotsa tatlhegelo ya metsi, ya tokafatsa boleng jwa metsi kwa ntlheng ya mesqas, ya dira gore go nne le metsi a mantsi a a neng a le teng mo balemiruing kwa ntlheng ya dikanala, ya boloka lefatshe ka ntlha ya bogolo jo bonnye jwa mesqas e ntšhwa, ya fokotsa ditshenyegelo tsa go pompa ka go feta 50% le go oketsa thobo magareng ga 5% le 30%.<ref name=":1" /> Go agelela mo katlegong eno, kgopolo ya go nna le seabe ga balemirui mo tsamaisong ya nosetso e ne ya atolosediwa kwa dikanaleleng tsa makala ka go tlhamiwa ga Mokgatlho wa Badirisi ba Metsi a Dikanale tsa Dikala (BCWUAs) go simolola ka 1997 kwa dikanalelong tsa Qemri, Bahr el Dahram le Balaqtar (Egypt e e kwa tlase) le El Reity canal (Egypt e e kwa godimo), mmogo le kwa Fayoum. Tsamaiso eno e ne ya tshegediwa ke diporojeke tse pedi tse di neng di duelelwa ke USAID, e leng porojeke ya LIFE (Livelihood and Income from the Environment) (2005 ⁇ 2008) le porojeke ya Integrated Water Resources Management II (2009 ⁇ 2012).<ref>Dr. Mark Svendsen, Senior Monitoring and Evaluation Specialist, and Dr. Wadie Fahim, Monitoring and Evaluation Coordinator (September 2012). [http://www.iwrm2eg.org/report/IWRMII/Report_35_ME_FINAL_PROJECT_ME.pdf "Integrated Water Resources Management II: Final Project M&E Report"] (PDF). USAID. Retrieved 25 November 2013.</ref> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1996 go ya pele, Banka ya Lefatshe le banka ya ditlhabololo ya Jeremane ya KfW di ne tsa tshegetsa IIP ka maikaelelo a magolo a go oketsa ntshokuno ya temothuo le lotseno. Jaaka karolo ya porojeke eno, mekgatlho ya badirisi ba metsi e le 2,906 e ne ya tlhomiwa go nosetsa di feddan tse di fetang 200 000 (diheketara di le 84 000) kwa Western Delta (Mahmoudia) le kwa Northern Delta (Manaifa le Wasat). Le fa go ntse jalo, lotseno lo lo phepa lo oketsegile fela ka 6 ⁇ 9% ka ntlha ya ditshenyegelo tse di fokoditsweng tsa go pompa fa go bapisiwa le seelo sa 30%, ka jalo porojeke e ne ya tsewa e le "e e kgotsofatsang go le gonnye" ke Banka ya Lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 2007.<ref>World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2007/07/18/000090341_20070718094251/Rendered/PDF/ICR0000442.pdf Implementation Completion and Results Report: Irrigation Improvement Project,] 29 June 2007</ref> Go simolola ka ngwaga wa 1996 puso gape e ne ya simolola go tlhoma mekgatlho ya badirisi ba kgelelo ya metsi (DUAs) go laola dikanale tsa kgelelo ya metsi ka kakaretso. Le fa go ntse jalo, makgotla ano a ne a sa ntse a le kwa thoko mme go lebega, balemirui ba sa kgatlhegele go itsamaisa mo mererong ya kgelelo ya metsi fela.<ref name=":0" /> === Diporojeke tse dikgolo tsa go tsosolosa naga ya sekaka === Go ne ga simololwa diporojeke di le tharo tse dikgolo mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo1990 go nosetsa se go tweng ke "dinaga tse disha" tse di kwa ntle ga Mokgatšha wa Nile. Go ya ka pono ya metsi, pharologano e kgolo magareng ga mafatshe a masha le a bogologolo ke gore metsi a a tswang mo go one ga a kgone go boela kwa mafelong a a kwa tlase, jaaka fa go ntse ka go nosetsa mo mafelong a bogologolo a a mo Mokgatšheng wa Nile. === Porojeke ya Tlhabololo ya Sinai Bokone === Porojeke ya Tlhabololo ya Bokone jwa Sinai e akaretsa Al-Salam Canal fa pele ga Damietta Lock and Dam ka maikaelelo a go busetsa di feddan di le dikete di le makgolona mabedi le bobedi (220) kwa bophirima jwa Suez Canal, tse di feddan di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a ferangbobedi (180) tsa tsone di setseng di noseditswe. Siphone e ne ya agiwa ka ngwaga wa 1997 ka fa tlase ga Suez Canal go tlisa metsi kwa Sinai ka Al-Sheikh Gaber Al-Sabah Canal go busetsa 400 000 feddan kwa botlhaba jwa Suez Canal.<ref>[http://www.mwri.gov.eg/En/project_sinai.html Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation]: North Sinai Development Project Archived 30 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine</ref> === Porojeke ya New Valley === Porojeke ya New Valley, kgotsa porojeke ya Toshka, ke thulaganyo ya dikanala tse di dikologileng Sheikh Zayed Canal, e e nosediwang go tswa kwa Letsheng la Nasser go ralala Mubarak Pumping Station go nosetsa diheketara di le 234 000 kwa Sahara. Porojeke e simolotse ka ngwaga wa 1997, seteišene sa pompo se weditswe ka ngwaga wa 2003 mme porojeke yotlhe e rulaganyeditswe go wediwa pele ga ngwaga wa 2020.<ref name=":0" />Go ne go solofetswe gore babeeletsi ba poraefete ba tla feleletsa go aga dikanala tse di tlisang metsi kwa balemiruing. Le fa go ntse jalo, go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2012, dipeeletso tseno di ne tsa salela kwa morago thata, ka jalo melemo e e neng e tla tlisiwa ke porojeke eno e ne e le kwa tlase thata go feta kafa go neng go solofetswe ka teng. === Porojeke ya West Delta === Porojeke ya Mafaratlhatlha a go Tokafatsa go Nosetswa ga Metsi kwa Kgaolong ya Delta ya Bophirima e ikaeletse go tokafatsa nosetsô mo go feddan e le dikete di le masome a matlhano (500), go tsosolosa feddan e le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a supa (170) le go tsosolosa mafaratlhatlha a a direlang feddan e le dikete di le masome a mabedi le masome a matlhano (250). Porojeke e ke tirisanommogo ya puso le poraefete e e rulagantsweng jaaka leano la motswako le le ikaegileng segolo thata ka mokgwa wa go dira-aga-o-dirise (DBO). <ref>[http://www.mwri.gov.eg/En/westdeltaproject1.html Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation:Infrastructure Project for Irrigation Improvement in the West Delta Region] Archived 23 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine</ref>Mo thulaganyong eno motsamaisi wa poraefete o tla tlhama le go aga thulaganyo eno, a bo a e dirisa dingwaga di le masome a mararo (30), go akaretsa le patlisiso e e amanang le yone le dikotsi tsa kgwebo. Setheo sa puso se tla nna le dithoto tse di duelang porojeke eno. Go ya ka Banka ya Lefatshe, thulaganyo ya go dira ditshwetso go tloga ka nako ya fa go ne go dirwa thulaganyo eno go fitlha ka nako ya fa e diragadiwa e ne e akaretsa go nna le badirisi ba metsi go tloga ka nako ya fa go ne go dirwa thulaganyo eno go fitlha ka nako ya fa go ne go tlhomiwa lekgotla la badirisi ba metsi. Lotseno lo tshwanetse go tla ka dithekete tsa dikarolo tse pedi, tse di akaretsang tefo e e tlhomameng e e ikaegileng ka bogolo jwa lefatshe le tefo e e lekanyeditsweng e e ikaegileng ka tiriso ya metsi. Ka ngwaga wa 2012, puso e ntšha ya Egepeto e ne ya emisa porojeke eno. == Metswedi ya metsi == === Ditlamelo tsa ga gompieno === Egepeto e ikaegile ka masome a ferangbongwe le bosupa ( 97%) ya metsi a yone go tswa mo Nokeng ya Nile. Pula e nnye ka lesome le borobabobedi (18 mm) ka ngwaga, mme e na thata ka nako ya letlhabula le mariga. Tumalano ya metsi a Nile ya ngwaga wa 1959 magareng ga Egepeto le Sudan e abela Egepeto dikhubikimetara di le dibilione di le 55,5 tsa metsi ka ngwaga, kwa ntle ga go tlhalosa gore go tla abelwa metsi a a kana kang kwa dintshing tsa noka kwa ntle ga Sudan (dikhubikimetara di le dibilione di le 18,5 ka ngwaga). Go dumelwa gore tota metsi a a dirisiwang ke Egepeto a feta a a neng a abelwa go ya ka tumalano ya ngwaga wa 1959. Ga go na tumalano epe ya go kgaoganya metsi fa gare ga dinaga tsotlhe tse di lesome tse di bapileng le Noka ya Nile. Le fa go ntse jalo, dinaga tse di bapileng le Noka ya Nile di dirisana mmogo ka thulaganyo ya Nile Basin Initiative. Egepeto e na le ditsha tse nne tse dikgolo tsa metsi a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe: Nile Aquifer, Nubian Sandstone Aquifer, Moghra Aquifer magareng ga Bophirima jwa Nile Delta le Qattara Depression, le ditsha tsa metsi a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe mo lotshitshing lwa Bokone-Bophirima. Noka ya Nile, Moghra le Noka e e fa Lotshitshing di kgona go ntšhafadiwa. Sedirisiwa sa Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System se se nang le metsi a a foreshe a le dimilione di le dikete di le 150 000 m3, a a lekanang le selekanyo sa metsi a a elelang mo nokeng ya Nile ngwaga le ngwaga ka makgetlo a le dikete tse tharo (3 000), ga se kgone go ntšhafadiwa. E kgabagantswe le Sudan, Chad le Libya. <ref>The Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation; Arab Republic of Egypt (2005), [http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/11/09/000160016_20051109091008/Rendered/PDF/341800EGY0whit11public10Action0Plan.pdf Integrated Water Resources Management Plan] . Retrieved 7 November 2009</ref>Metswedi ya metsi e e seng ya tlwaelo ya Egepeto e akaretsa go dirisa metsi a a tswang mo temothuong, go ntsha letswai mo metsing a a letswai, go ntsha letswai mo metsing a a letswai le go dirisa gape metsi a a leswe a mo ditoropong<ref>The Encyclopedia of Earth (2008), [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Water_profile_of_Egypt Water profile of Egypt]. Retrieved 2009-01-10,</ref> == Ditlamelo tsa iasgo == Go fopholediwa gore ka ngwaga wa 2025 palo ya batho ba kwa Egepeto e tla oketsega go nna dimilione di le masome a ferangbongwe (90) go tswa go dimilione di le masome a supa le botlhano (75) ka ngwaga wa 2008, mme seno se tla dira gore metsi a a leng teng a fokotsege go tswa go 800 go ya go 600 m3 ka ngwaga fa go tsewa gore metsi otlhe a a leng teng a nna a ntse a le teng. Maemo a a ntseng a fetoga kwa Sudan, Ethiopia kgotsa kwa dinageng tse dingwe tse di bapileng le noka a ka nna a dira gore metsi a se ka a nna teng kwa Egepeto, ka sekai, ka go dirisa metsi a mantsi go nosetsa. Le fa go ntse jalo, gape di ka oketsa metsi a a leng teng, ka sekai, ka go gelela metsi mo mafelong a a jaaka Sudd, kwa metsi a mantsi gone jaanong a mowafalang gone. Ka jalo, re ka konela ka gore, go fetoga ga tlelaemete go ka nna ga ama metsi a a leng teng kwa Egepeto, le fa gone go sa itsiwe gore diphetogo tseno di tla direga ka tsela efe. Go ya ka Nahla Abou El-Fotouh wa National Water Research Centre (NWRC) "Baitse bangwe ba re go tlaa nna le koketsego ya metsi ka dipula tse dintsi go tswa kwa Ethiopia, mme bangwe ba re go tlaa nna le phokotsego ka ntlha ya mowafalo wa metsi". <ref>UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs: IRIN (Integrated Regional Information Networks): [http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=77062 Egypt: Scientists uncertain about climate change impact on Nile,] 2 March 2008</ref>Go ya ka Mohamed al-Raey, porofesa wa dithuto tsa tikologo kwa Yunibesithing ya Alexandria, dipatlisiso dingwe di bonela pele go fokotsega ga go nna teng ga metsi a Noka ya Nile ka diperesente di le masome a supa (70), fa dipatlisiso tse dingwe di bonela pele go oketsega ga metsi a Noka ya Nile ka diperesente di le masome a mabedi le botlhano (25)<ref>M. Ray:[http://www.ess.co.at/GAIA/CASES/EGY/impact.html#Water Impact of Climate Change on Egypt, Chapter 1:] Water Resources, GAIA Case Study, no date. Retrieved 15 November 2009</ref> Go ntshiwa ga metsi a lewatle letswai, e leng selo se se setseng se dirisiwa mo mafelong mangwe a boikhutso a Lewatle le Lehibidu, gape go ka direga gore e nne selo se se botlhokwa thata se se tla tlamelang metse ka metsi mo mafelong a a gaufi le lotshitshi lwa Egepeto. Sekao, ka kgwedi ya Phalane ka ngwaga wa 2009 West Delta Electricity Production Company e ne ya abelwa konteraka ya semotlakase ka 10,000 m3/day ya semela sa metsi a lewatle gaufi le Alexandria.<ref>[http://www.ameinfo.com/214325.html Aquatech wins desalination project in Egypt.] Retrieved 15 November 2009</ref> Go tlhotlhwa ga metsi a a se nang letswai go ka nna botlhokwa thata.<ref>El-Kady M. and El-Shibini F., National Water Research Center, [http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=972539 Desalination in Egypt and the future application in supplementary irrigation] Archived 11 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine, 2001. Retrieved 15 November 2009.</ref> === Ditlamorago tsa go tlhatloga ga metsi a lewatle kwa Nile Delta === Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) e solofetse gore metsi a lewatle a tla tlhatloga ka masome a ferangbongwe le borobabobedi (98 cm) mo maemong a a maswe go gaisa otlhe a a sekasekilweng, le ka masome a mabedi le boferabobedi (28 cm) mo maemong a a siameng go gaisa otlhe, ka dikete tse pedi le motso (2100).<ref>[http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WG1AR5_SPM_FINAL.pdf Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]:Fifth Assessment Report, Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, Summary for Policymakers, p. 25</ref> Go ya ka dipatlisiso tse di nopotsweng ke IPCC, phetogo ya tlelaemete e ka baka tatlhegelo ya "karolo e e bonalang ya karolo e e kwa bokone ya noka ya Nile" ka ntlha ya "kgotlhang ya merwalela le kgogolego". Go tlhatloga ga metsi a lewatle ka dimetara di le 0,5 go tla baka tatlhegelo e e fopholediwang ya lefatshe, ditshiamelo le bojanala jwa go feta diranta di le dibilione di le 3,2 mo porofenseng ya Alexandria fela, go kgaoganya toropo ya Alexandria le Delta. Kgogolego e ne e setse e oketsegile kwa Nile Delta fa e sale go agiwa Aswan High Dam ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 e e neng ya tshwara bontsi jwa matlapana a Nile. <ref>[http://earthtrends.wri.org/updates/node/235 Crystal Davis, World Resources Institute:Sea Level Rise Threatens Nile Delta Ecosystems and Livelihoods], Archived 20 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine 27 August 2007. Retrieved 15 November 2009.</ref>Mo godimo ga moo, ditatlhegelo tsa lefatshe la temothuo di tla diragala ka ntlha ya go tswina ga mmu.<ref name=":2">Jack Shenker, ''The Guardian'': Nile Delta: [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/aug/21/climate-change-nile-flooding-farming 'We are going underwater. The sea will conquer our lands',] 21 August 2009</ref> Selekanyo se noka ya Nile e tlhaselwang ke go tlhatloga ga metsi a lewatle ka sone se farologana. Patlisiso e nngwe e fopholetsa gore masome a mararo (30%) ya Delta le lebopo la Alexandria le ka tlhaselwa, 55% ke "e e sa tlhaselweng" mme lesome le botlhano (15%) e sireleditswe ka tsela ya maitirelo ka ngwaga wa 2003.<ref>O.E. Frihy, Coastal Research Institute, Alexandria: [[doi:10.1023/A:1026015824714|The Nile delta-Alexandria coast: vulnerability to sea-level rise, consequences and adaptation, in: Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change]], Volume 8, Number 2, June 2003, pp. 115–138. Retrieved 15 November 2009</ref>Mafelo a a kotsi thata mo teng le gaufi le Delta a akaretsa dikarolo tsa Alexandria, Behaira, Damietta le Port Said. Go ya ka Omran Frihy, mmatlisisi yo o tlogetseng tiro wa kwa mabopong, balaodi ba dirisa diranta di le dimilione di le makgolo a mararo (300) go aga dipota tsa konkoreite go sireletsa mabopo a lewatle a Alexandria. Motlhaba o a latlhelwa mo mafelong mangwe go tlatsa mabopo a a nyelelang.<ref>Anna Johnson, Associated Press[http://www.enn.com/climate/article/22263 :Global Warming Causing Mediterranean Sea to Rise, Threatening Egypt's Lush Nile Delta,] 24 August 2007. Retrieved 15 November 2009</ref> Go ya ka pego ya The Guardian, badiredibagolo bangwe ba maemo a a kwa godimo ba tikologo ba Egepeto ga ba dumele gore phetogo ya tlelaemete e teng kgotsa ba dumela gore bothata jono bo bogolo thata mo e leng gore go tsenelela ga motho ga go na mosola. <ref name=":2" /> == Tiriso ya metsi == Kabelo ya go dirisa metsi kwa Egepeto Lefelo le legolo le le dirisang metsi kwa Egepeto ke la temothuo, le latelwa ke la mmasepala le la madirelo. Go tsewa ga metsi otlhe ka ngwaga wa 2000 go ne go lekanyeditswe go nna 68.3 km3. === Temothuo le go dirisiwa gape ga metsi a kgelelo === Tshedimosetso e e malebana le go dirisiwa ga metsi mo temothuong kwa Egepeto ga e tlhomame e bile gantsi e a ganetsana. Naga yotlhe e e dirisediwang go nosetsa e ne e le diheketara di le dimilione di le 3,4 ka ngwaga wa 2002; diperesente di le masome a ferangbobedi le botlhano (85) tsa naga eno di kwa Mokgatšheng wa Nile le Delta. Temothuo e dirisitse mo e ka nnang masome a matlhano le boferabongwe (59 km3) ya metsi a a foreshe ka ngwaga wa 2000 (86 lekgolong ya palogotlhe e e dirisitsweng). Metsi otlhe a a tswang kwa Egepeto e e kwa godimo, kwa borwa jwa Cairo, a boela kwa nokeng ya Nile le kwa dikanaleleng tsa go nosetsa; selekanyo seno se lekanyediwa go nna dikilometara di le nne(4) ka ngwaga. Metsi a kgelelo ya metsi mo Nile Delta a lekanyetswa go nna lesome le bone (14 km3/yr).<ref>[[:en:FAO|Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations:]] Aquastat: Country profile Egypt. Retrieved 15 November 2009</ref> Jaaka go umakilwe fa tlase, mo e ka nnang lesome (10 km3/)ngwaga ya metsi a a tswang mo metsing a a phepa a Delta a pompiwa go ya kwa lewatleng. Go dirisiwa gape ga metsi a kgelelo go dirwa ka ditsela tse tharo tse di farologaneng: * Go dirisiwa gape ga metsi ka tsela ya semmuso ka go dirisa diteishene tsa go pompa metsi tse di pompang metsi go tswa mo matlakaleng go ya kwa dikaleng tsa go nosetsa. Seno se dira gore go nne le mo e ka nnang 4.5 BCM/ngwaga kwa Delta le 0.9 BCM/ngwaga kwa Upper Egypt le Faiyoum. * Go dirisiwa gape go go sa itsegeng go go dirwang ke balemirui ka bobone fa ba sena metsi a a lekaneng a a tswang mo dikanaleng. Kwa Delta fela, go fopholediwa gore e ka nna 2,8 BCM/ngwaga. * Tiriso gape e e sa tlhamalalang go tswa mo matlakaleng a metsi kwa Egepeto e e kwa godimo a a elelang mo Nokeng ya Nile, e e ka nnang 4 BCM/ngwaga. === Ditiriso tse dingwe === '''Motlakase wa metsi.''' Tiriso e e botlhokwa ya metsi kwa Egepeto ke ya go fetlha maatla a motlakase ka metsi. Tiriso eno ga e dirisediwe go jewa mme ka jalo e teng go dirisediwa ditiro tse dingwe tse di kwa tlase. Diteishene tsa motlakase wa metsi di teng kwa Letamong le Legolo la Aswan (2100 MW), Letamo la bogologolo la Aswan (270 MW) le ditheo tsa motlakase kwa Esna (90 MW) le Naga Hammadi di-dam (64 MW). Mmogo dimela tseno di ne di le 16% ya motlakase o o tlhagisitsweng ka ngwaga wa 2004.[ [30] Kabelo ya maatla a metsi mo tlhagisong ya motlakase e a fokotsega ka gonne maatla a motlakase a metsi a dirisiwa thata mme tlhokego ya motlakase e oketsega ka bonako. '''Tsela ya go tsamaya'''. Noka ya Nile gape e botlhokwa mo go tsamaiseng dikepe, segolobogolo mo bojanala, e leng se se dirang gore go nne botlhokwa gore metsi a Noka ya Nile a elele ka selekanyo se sennye ngwaga otlhe. '''Tikologo.''' Noka ya Nile gape e na le ditiro tsa ekholoji tse di tlhokang gore go nne le selekanyo se se kwa tlase sa metsi, segolobogolo mo matsheng a a nang le metsi a a letswai a a mo Delta (bona fa tlase mo karolong ya biodiversity). '''Go latlhelwa mo lewatleng'''. Metsi a a tswang mo metsing a a nang le letswai le lentsi thata gore a ka dirisiwa mo temothuong a tswa mo dikanaleng tsa metsi a a tswang mo metsing a Delta a bo a ya kwa lewatleng le kwa matsheng a a kwa bokone a dirisiwa ke diteishene tsa pompo tsa metsi a a tswang mo metsing. Palogotlhe ya metsi a kgelelo ya metsi a a neng a pompiwa go ya kwa lewatleng ka ngwaga wa 1995/96 e ne ya lekanyediwa go 12.4 BCM. Seno se akaretsa go ka nna 2.0 BCM/ngwaga wa metsi a lewatle a a tsenang mo dikagong tsa metsi mo Delta.<ref>Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation / US Agency for International Development: Agricultural Policy Reform Program:[http://www.irgltd.com/Resources/Publications/ANE/2002-09%20Survey%20of%20Nile%20System%20Pollution%20Sources-Egypt.pdf Survey of Nile System Pollution Sources,] September 2002, Report No. 64, p. E-1</ref> == Dilo tse di amanang le tikologo == === Boleng jwa metsi a a fa godimo === Boleng jwa metsi a Noka ya Nile bo a fokotsega fa noka e ntse e elela. Letsha la Nasser le na le metsi a a nang le boleng jo bo siameng a a nang le selekanyo se sennye fela sa dilo tse di tshelang, e leng se se dirang gore metsi a lone e nne one a a tsewang a le botlhokwa thata go lekanya boleng jwa metsi a a mo nokeng le mo dikaleng tsa yone. <ref name=":3">Egyptian Drainage Research Institute, yearbook 1995/1996</ref>Go ya ka dipego tsa Setheo sa Egepeto sa Dikgang Tsa Tikologo, ka ngwaga wa 2007 palogare ya dilo tse di tshelang tse di neng di dirisiwa mo diporofenseng di le lesome le bongwe (11) tse di bapileng le Noka ya Nile e ne e le kwa tlase ga selekanyo se se letleletsweng sa 6 mg/litara ya okosejene e e tlhokegang mo mmeleng (BOD). Seno se dirwa ke gore Noka ya Nile e kgona go ikapesa ka bonako. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo go one ngwaga oo, selekanyo sa okosejene e e dirisiwang mo dikhemikaleng se ne se feta selekanyo se se letleletsweng sa lesome (10 mg/litara) mo diporofenseng di le supa (7) mo go tse lesome le bongwe (11). Go ya ka patlisiso e e tseneletseng e e dirilweng ka 2002 ke setlhopha sa babatlisisi ba ba neng ba berekela Lefapha la Metsi le go Nosetsa le USAID, metsi a Noka ya Nile a ne a le mantle le fa gone go ne go na le dilo tse dintsi tse di tshelang tse di neng di ntshiwa mo metsing a a neng a elela go tswa mo matlakaleng le mo ditirong dingwe tsa madirelo. Kgotlelo ya metsi e maswe thata mo ditseleng tsa kgelelo ya metsi (dithanele), segolobogolo mo ditseleng tsotlhe tsa kgelelo ya metsi mo Delta le mo ditseleng dingwe tsa kgelelo ya metsi kwa Egepeto e e kwa Godimo. Mo patlisisong eno, dilo tse di kgotlelang metsi di bewa ka ditlhopha go ya ka tsela e di amang boitekanelo jwa batho le tikologo ka yone: Ditshedi tse dinnye tse di bakang malwetse di bewa kwa pele, di latelwa ke dikhemikale tse di dirang gore metsi a nne leswe. Dibolayaditshenekegi le dimetale tse di bokete di beilwe mo maemong a boraro, fa go ntse go lemogiwa gore go na le tshedimosetso e nnye thata e e leng teng go lekanyetsa bogolo jwa bothata.<ref name=":3" /> Di-hyacinth tsa metsi di thiba dikanala tsa go nosetsa le tsa kgelelo ya metsi mme di a thibelwa ka go dirisa boranyane jwa botegeniki le jwa saense Menontsha ya naeterojene e go dirisitsweng naeterojene mo go yone e menagane gabedi go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1980 go ya go ngwaga wa 1993, le yone ke motswedi o mongwe wa kgotlelo. Di-hyacinth tsa metsi tse di tlhogang kwa tlase ga ditsela tsa metsi ka ntlha ya dikotla tse di oketsegileng di dira gore dikanala di tswale. Bo lwantshana le jone ka go dirisa didirisiwa tsa botegeniki le tsa saense. Go nna letswai ke kgang e nngwe e e botlhokwa e e amanang le boleng jwa metsi. Metsi a a boelang kwa Nokeng ya Nile a dira gore metsi a a nang le letswai a oketsege go tloga go 250 ppm (mg/L) kwa Aswan go ya go 2,700 ppm kwa mekgatšheng ya Delta. <ref>[[:en:Special:BookSources/0-8213-3321-6|p. 51]]</ref>Le fa go ntse jalo, go latlhelwa letswai le le oketsegileng mo Lewatleng la Mediterranean go na le le le tsenang kwa Aswan (bona go nosetsa mo temothuong kwa Egepeto) ka jalo, fa nako e ntse e ya letswai la metsi kwa matamong a Delta le ka fokotsega. Le fa go ntse jalo, metsi a a letswai a a tswang mo lewatleng a tsena mo Delta ka go pompa metsi a a letswai le go elela mo matsheng le mo meseleng, ka go dira jalo a fokotsa bothata jono. === Mefutafuta ya Ditshedi === Di-perch tsa Nile di fitlhelwa kwa Lake Nasser le kwa Lake Mariout kwa Nile Delta. Matsha a a kwa Bokone jwa Egepeto a botlhokwa thata mo go bolokeng mefutafuta ya ditshedi. Go tswa kwa bophirima go ya kwa botlhaba, matsha a a mo Nokeng ya Nile ke Lake Mariout kwa borwa jwa Alexandria, Lake Edku kwa botlhaba jwa Alexandria, Lake Burullus kwa botlhaba jwa Rosetta le Lake Manzala fa gare ga Damietta le Port Said. Letsha le lengwe le le botlhokwa la kwa Bokone ke Letsha la Bardawil kwa bokone jwa Sinai le le sa nosediweng ke Nile. Dinonyane tsa metsi di le dikete di le makgolokgolo di fetsa mariga mo matsheng ano, go akaretsa le dinonyane tse dinnye tse di bidiwang di-gull le di-whiskered tern tse dintsi go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng. Dinonyane tse dingwe tse di nnang mo delta eno di akaretsa di-grey heron, di-plover tsa Kent, di-shoveler le di-cormorant. Gape go na le di-egret le di-ibis. Letsha la Bardawil le Letsha la Burullus ke mafelo a a sireleditsweng a a nang le botlhokwa jwa boditšhabatšhaba go ya ka Tumalano ya Ramsar. Le fa gone go na le ditlhapi tse dintsi kwa Egepeto, go setse fela mefuta e le lesome le bosupa (17) go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1995 go tswa mo mefuteng e le masome a mane le bosupa (47) ka ngwaga wa 1948. [ Noka ya Nile ke nngwe ya mefuta e e itsegeng thata ya ditlhapi mo nokeng ya Nile ya Egepeto. E fitlhelwa kwa Lake Nasser le kwa Lake Mariout kwa Nile Delta. Ditlhapi tse dingwe tse di fitlhelwang mo delta eno di akaretsa di-mullet le di-soles. Diphologolo tse dingwe tse di fitlhelwang mo mokgatšheng ono di akaretsa digwagwa, dikgopa, dikgopa, di-mongoose le di-monitor tsa Nile. == Metswedi == elxe8jhtajp0upvlec0i77hui03jogp 0 13549 50509 2026-06-12T06:45:40Z Lucrucia98 12161 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA NOKA YA CHELIF 50509 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Noka ya Cheli'''f (Arabic) (e gape e bidiwang Chéliff, kgotsa Sheliff<ref>[[:en:Chelif_River#CITEREFEB_staff2015|EB staff 2015.]]</ref>) ke noka ya boleele jwa dikilometara di le makgolo a supa (700) kwa [[Algeria]], e leng noka e telele go gaisa mo nageng. E elela go tswa kwa [[Sahara Atlas]] gaufi le toropo ya [[Boughezoul]], e elela go ralala Tell Atlas e bo e tshologela mo Lewatleng la Mediterranean kwa bokone jwa toropo ya Mostaganem. Metsi a noka eno gantsi a a fetofetoga. Noka eno e dirisediwa go nosetsa (segolo jang kwa tlase ga yone). [[Setshwantsho:Chelif River bridge.jpg|thumb|Noka ya Chelif <ref>[https://geonames.nga.mil/geon-ags/rest/services/RESEARCH/GIS_OUTPUT/MapServer/0/query?outfields=*&where=full_name%3D+%27Oued+Chelif%27 Oued Chelif (Approved)] at GEOnet Names Server, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency</ref>]] Noka eno e kile ya bo e bidiwa Mekerra le Noka ya Sig. == Metswedi == c8ro5eupvslk383vpq9xheunq7wlsr3 0 13550 50510 2026-06-12T06:53:46Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Letamo la Kompienga 50510 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Burkina Faso relief location map.jpg|thumb|Lefelo la letamo la Kompienga kwa Burkina Faso]] '''Letamo la Kompienga''' ke letamo le legolo la motlakase wa metsi mo [[porofenseng ya Kompienga]] kwa borwabotlhaba jwa [[Burkina Faso]]. E agilwe magareng ga ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le botlhano (1985) le sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borobabobedi (1988), ke letamo la ntlha la motlakase wa metsi mo nageng mme le rwele maikarabelo a bontsi jwa motlakase wa Ouagadougou. <ref>Manson, K., Knight, J. (2006), ''Burkina Faso'', p.194, Bradt Travel Guides, The Globe Pequot Press Inc., Retrieved on June 17, 2008</ref>Baeti ba ka bona tetla ya go etela phaposi ya taolo ya letamo go tswa go motlakase wa puso wa semmuso. <ref>[http://www.unu.edu/unupress/food2/uin08e/uin08e0g.htm Burkina Faso Case Study] Archived 2010-10-24 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine,]] UNU, Retrieved on June 17, 2008</ref> == Metswedi == s1ibu4a4sy1xw0a2ywdt5ups8i20xme 0 13551 50511 2026-06-12T06:59:25Z Lucrucia98 12161 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE TSENTSE TSEBE YA NOKA YA SEBOU 50511 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Sebou River.svg|thumb|Noka ya Sebou]] '''Sebou''' (Berber: Asif en Sbu, Arabic: سبو) ke noka kwa bokone jwa Morocco. Kwa motsweding wa yone kwa dithabeng tsa Middle Atlas e itsege jaaka Noka ya Guigou (Berber: Asif n Gigu).<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/531260/Sebou-River "Sebou River"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved 2 December 2012.</ref>Noka e boleele jwa dikilometara di le makgolo a mane le masome a ferangbongwe le borataro (496) mme e na le palogare ya metsi a a elelang ka lekgolo le masome a mararo le bosupa (137 m3/s), e leng se se dirang gore e nne noka e kgolo go di gaisa tsotlhe mo Afrika Bokone. E feta gaufi le Fes, e leng toropo ya bobedi e kgolo go di feta tsotlhe kwa Morocco, e bo e tshologela mo Lewatleng la Atlantic kwa Mehdya. Sebou e kgona go tsamaya ka dikepe mo sekgaleng sa dikilometara di le lesome le borataro (16) fela go fitlha kwa toropong ya Kenitra, e e nang le boemakepe jwa noka fela kwa Morocco. Dinoka tsa yone tse di botlhokwa ke Noka ya Ouergha, Noka ya Baht le Noka ya Inaouen. Noka eno e thusa go nosetsa mo kgaolong e e nonneng thata ya Morocco: Gharb. == Ditso == Sebou e ne e itsiwe mo metlheng ya bogologolo e le Sububus. Pliny the Elder a re e ne e le "magnificus et navigabilis" (kgolo e bile e kgona go tsamaya ka dikepe), e e neng e elela gaufi le ditoropo tsa Banasa (gaufi le toropo ya Mechra Bel Ksiri) le Thamusida.<ref>Pliny the Elder. ''[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/5*.html Natural History, book V]'' (in Latin). Retrieved 6 January 2019.</ref><ref>''[https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pliny_elder-natural_history/1938/pb_LCL352.221.xml Natural History,] book V, translated''</ref> Ga go na tshedimosetso e e kalo ya hisitori e e bontshang gore Sebou e ne e dirisiwa go tsamaisa dikepe morago ga gore Baiselamo ba fenye; le fa go ntse jalo, molomo wa noka eno e ne e le boemakepe jo bo botlhokwa le lefelo la go dira dikepe mo motlheng wa Ba-Almohad. Ka ngwaga wa 1669 go ya ko ngwageng wa 1670, molaodi wa Alaouite Moulay Rashid o ne a aga borogo mo godimo ga noka gaufi le Fes jo bo bolokilweng gompieno.<ref>Gaudio, Attilio (1982). ''Fès: Joyau de la civilisation islamique''. Paris: Les Presse de l'UNESCO: Nouvelles Éditions Latines. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/2723301591|<bdi>2723301591</bdi>.]]</ref><ref>[http://www.idpc.ma/view/pc_architecture/sanae:380013 "Pont Oued Sebou"]. ''Inventaire et Documentation du Patrimoine Culturel du Maroc'' (in French). Retrieved 28 July 2020</ref><ref>[[:en:Sebou_River#cite_note-6|''Le Maroc de 1631 à 1812: extrait de l'ouvrage intitulé "Ettordjemân elmoʿarib ʿan douel elmachriq ou ʿlMaghrib de Aboulqâsem Ben Ahmed Ezziani''.]] Translated by Houdas, Octave Victor. École des langues orientales vivantes. 1886. p. 21.</ref> Mo nakong ya pele ga bokoloniale, Sebou e ne e itsege ka moriti wa yone wa Twait o o neng o tseelwa kwa godimo ke batho ba Fez, mme ka ntlha ya kgotlelo moriti o ne wa nyelela mo Sebou. Mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tsa puso ya Fora ya go sireletsa naga eno, setlhopha sengwe sa batsamai se ne sa tsamaya ka sekepe se sennye sa Le Dantec go tswa kwa Sidi Ali Ben Sliman go ya kwa motseng wa Fez. == Dikgang tsa tikologo == Go na le dilo tse di kgotlelang metsi di le dintsi tse di tsenang mo Nokeng ya Sebou, segolobogolo dibolayaditshenekegi le menontsha e e tswang mo metsweding ya temothuo le metsi a a leswe a a tswang mo ditoropong tse di bapileng le noka.<ref>[[:en:Sebou_River#cite_note-8|Thieme, Michele & Abell, Robin & Stiassny, Melanie & Skelton, Paul. (2005). ''Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment''. Bibliovault OAI Repository]], the University of Chicago Press. 1–431</ref> == Metswedi == q218qw6oho6jbb3zi5trsm7iohxcwj0 0 13552 50512 2026-06-12T07:09:38Z Lucrucia98 12161 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE TSENTSE TSEBE YA NOKA YA OUM ER-RBIA 50512 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Oum Er-Rbia River.svg|thumb|Noka ya Oum Er-Rbia ]] '''Oum Er-Rbia''' (Arabic: أم الربيع, romanized: mmaagwe dikgakologo) ke noka e kgolo, e telele le e e nang le maatla a magolo kwa bogareng jwa Morocco. Noka e boleele jwa makgolo a matlhano le masome a matlhano le botlhano (555) kilometres (345 mi).<ref name=":0">Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980). ''Natural Wonders of the World''. United States of America: Reader's Digest Association, Inc. p. 284. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-89577-087-3|<bdi>0-89577-087-3</bdi>.]]</ref> Ka selekanyo sa metsi a a fetang ka lekgolo le botlhano (105 m3/s), Oum Er-Rbia ke noka ya bobedi e kgolo kwa Morocco morago ga Noka ya Sebou. E simologa kwa Middle Atlas mme e ralala motse wa Khénifra, e bo e fitlha kwa molomong wa yone kwa Lewatleng la Atlantic kwa boemakepeng jwa Azemmour, jo bo leng mo lobopong lwa yone lo lo kafa molemeng. Oum Er-Rbia e na le matamo a le marataro, mme a a botlhokwa thata ke a Al Massira. Dinoka tsa yone tse di botlhokwa ke Noka ya El-Abid, Noka ya Tessaoute le Noka ya Lakhdar. Bakanoki bangwe ba dumela gore Hanno the Navigator o ne a tsamaya mo Oum Er-Rbia mo lekgolong la bo6 la dingwaga BC.<ref>[https://www.livius.org/articles/person/hanno-1-the-navigator/hanno-1-the-navigator-2/ "Hanno the Navigator (2)".] ''Livius''. 2020-11-10. Retrieved 2026-01-08.</ref>Go ya ka bakanoki,leina la Se-Berber la kwa tshimologong la noka ke Wansifen mme le ne la fetolwa bosheng jaana, mo e ka nnang ka lekgolo la bo lesome le borataro (16 ) kgotsa la bo lesome le bosupa (17) la dingwaga, mme motse o o gaufi o o bidiwang Oum Rabia o ka tswa o tlhotlheleditse phetogo eno. <ref>[[:en:Ibn_al-Zayyat_al-Tadili|Ibn al-Zayyat al-Tadili]]. <bdi>التشوف إلى رجال التصوف, circa 1220 AD</bdi> (in Arabic) (Ahmed Toufiq ed.). pp. 309, 340.</ref> Oum Er-Rbia e na le metswedi e mentsi ya metsi a a tswang mo mmung. Kgaolo e e gaufi le motswedi wa yone e bidiwa "The Forty Springs" ka ntlha ya seno, le fa e le gore ke lereo la poko go na le gore e nne palo e e tlhomameng. <ref name=":0" /> == Metswedi == sox1mu7k1qvhfuzpc7oz4n9jqvdooem 0 13553 50513 2026-06-12T07:36:41Z Lucrucia98 12161 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA NOKA YA MOULOUYA 50513 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Moulouya-Marocco.jpg|thumb|Noka ya Moulouya]] '''Noka ya Moulouya'''<ref>[[:en:Tarifit_language|Tarifit:]] ''iɣẓer n melwect'' Arabic: وادي ملوية</ref>ke noka ya boleele jwa makgolo a matlhano le masome a mabedi (520 km) (320 mi) kwa Morocco. Metswedi ya yone e kwa thabeng ya Ayashi kwa Middle Atlas. <ref>Peyron, M. (1990). [http://encyclopedieberbere.revues.org/188 "'Ayyachi, Jbel".] ''Encyclopédie berbère''. Vol. 8. Edisud. pp. 1200–1204. doi:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.188</ref>E tshologela mo Lewatleng la Mediterranean gaufi le Saïdia, kwa bokonebotlhaba jwa Morocco. Metsi a noka eno gantsi a a fetofetoga. Noka eno e dirisediwa go nosetsa mme e thibetswe ke matamo a Hassan II le Mohamed V. == Ditso == Noka eno e kile ya bo e bidiwa Malva (English: Malve), Malua, Malvam, Mulva, Mulucha, kgotsa Molochath flumen, maina ano a ka tswa a amana le motswedi wa Se-Semite melach kgotsa malach, o o kayang "letswai". Maurice Besnier o ne a akantsha gore dikarolo tse di kwa tlase tsa noka di ne di dirisediwa go dira letswai, mme ga go na bosupi jo bo bonweng.<ref>[[:en:Moulouya_River#CITEREFTrakadas2016|Trakadas 2016]], p. 93.</ref><ref><code>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:entry=mulucha-geo <nowiki>{{cite book}}</nowiki>]</code></ref> Go tloga kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bone la dingwaga go ya kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la boraro la dingwaga pele ga Keresete, Mulucha e ne ya nna molelwane fa gare ga Bogosi jwa Ba-Mauri kwa bophirima le Bogosi jwa Ba-Masaesylli kwa botlhaba.<ref>UNESCO (1996-12-31). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WGUz01yBumEC&dq=masaesyli+kingdom&pg=PA289 History of Humanity: From the Seventh Century B.C. to the Seventh Century A.D].'' UNESCO Publishing. p. 289. ISBN <bdi>978-92-3-102812-0</bdi>.</ref>O ne a bidiwa Mulucha ke Titus Livius (yo gape a itsegeng jaaka Livy).<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0159:book=29:chapter=30 "Titus Livius (Livy), The History of Rome, Book 29, chapter 30". ''www.perseus.tufts.edu'']. Retrieved 2024-09-30.</ref><ref>[[:en:Moulouya_River#cite_note-8|Chisholm, Hugh. ''Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol. 16'' (11th ed.).]] Cambridge University Press. pp. 817–823.</ref> Mo go Historia Brittonum (c. 828) e tlhagelela jaaka Noka ya Malvam, go bapa le tsela e e tumileng ya Scoti go tswa kwa Egepeto go ya kwa Hispania. <ref>Fitzpatrick-Matthews, Keith J. (2020). [http://www.kmatthews.org.uk/history/hb/historia_brittonum1.html "Genealogia Brittonum: the complete Historia Brittonum".] Retrieved 2022-10-25.</ref>Mo bukeng ya ga Geoffrey wa Monmouth ya Historia Regum Britanniae (c. 1136), Brutus wa Troy o ne a latela tsela e e tshwanang go tswa kwa Leogecia, a oketsa ka go kopana le dirukutlhi, go tlhasela Mauretania, le go lela ga dinaka kwa Dipilareng tsa Hercules, a feta Noka ya Malvam pele a tsena Mauretania.<ref>San-Marte, ed. (1854). [https://books.google.com/books?id=LBw2AAAAMAAJ ''Gottfried's von Monmouth: Historia Regum Britanniae'' (in Latin and German).] Eduard Anton. pp. 13, 196.</ref> Noka ya Moulouya e ne ya bopa molelwane wa botlhaba wa Riphaboliki ya Rif ka dingwaga tsa bo1920, karolo e nnye ya Morocco e e nang le ditoropo tse di botlhokwa jaaka Saïdia le Oujda e e leng kwa botlhaba, fa gare ga Noka ya Moulouya le molelwane wa Algeria. Go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1956 noka e ne e le molelwane o o kwa botlhaba wa Spanish Protectorate of [[Morocco.]] Pele ga bokoloniale jwa Sefora, noka ya Moulouya e ne e tsewa jaaka molelwane magareng ga Regency ya Algiers le dikgosi tse di neng di laola Morocco.<ref>Martinière, Maximilien Antoine Cyprien Henri Poisson de La; Lacroix, Napoléon (1894). [https://books.google.com/books?id=oT46AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA15 ''Documents pour servir à l'étude du Nord Ouest africain: réunis et rédigés par ordre de M. Jules Cambon'' (in French).] Gouvernement général de l'Algérie, Service des affaires indigènes.</ref><ref>Merouche, Lemnouar (2007-10-15). [https://books.google.com/books?id=xeNPDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA92 ''Recherches sur l'Algérie à l'époque ottomane II.: La course, mythes et réalité'' (in French).] Editions Bouchène. ISBN <bdi>978-2-35676-055-5</bdi>.</ref>Ntwa magareng ga Ba-Algeria le Ba-Alawi e ne ya diragala ka ngwaga wa 1692 kwa nokeng eno. Dikanala tsa kwa Mars tse go neng go akanngwa gore ke tsa mmatota di ne tsa tewa maina a dinoka tsa ditlhamane le tsa mmatota, go akaretsa le nngwe e e bidiwang "Malva" e e bidiwang ka Noka ya Malvam. == Tikologo. == Moulouya o amogela metsi a a leswe a a tswang mo bathong ba ba gaufi le kgotlelo e e tswang mo temothuong e e tswang kwa mokgatšheng o o kwa godimo wa metsi a yone a a tswang kwa godimo.<ref>Chahboune, M.; Chahlaoui, A.; Zaid, A; Mehanned, S; Ben Moussa, A (2014-11-18). [https://revues.imist.ma/index.php/morjchem/article/view/2413 "Monitoring of the water's quality of Moulouya River: main tributary of Hassan II dam (Province of Midelt, Morocco)"]. ''Moroccan Journal of Chemistry''. '''2''' (5). doi:10.48317/IMIST.PRSM/MORJCHEM-V2I5.2413</ref> Mo bogareng jwa ngwaga wa 2011, diketekete tsa ditlhapi di ne tsa fitlhelwa di sule go bapa le noka, go dira gore ditlhopha tsa tikologo di pege molato wa kgotlelo go tswa mo madirelong a sukiri a a gaufi a Sucrafor, karolo ya setlhopha sa Cosumar, se se neng sa lebana le ditatofatso tse di tshwanang mo dingwageng tsa bo 1980 le bo 1990. The North Moroccan Green Platform e ne ya bega metsi a mantsho, a a nkgang bosula gaufi le Zaio, mme balemirui ba ne ba re leruo le ne la swa morago ga go nwa metsi a noka.<ref>[https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2011/08/160383/fish-deaths-and-pollution-in-a-moroccan-river/ "Fish Deaths and Pollution in a Moroccan River".] ''Morocco World News''. 2011-08-05. Retrieved 2025-10-06</ref> == Metswedi == 8wj7aalhw66odx5a8hilnrzvxma5g6h 0 13554 50514 2026-06-12T07:48:41Z Lucrucia98 12161 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE TSENTSE TSEBE YA NOKA YA BOU REGREG 50514 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:BouRegreg.jpg|thumb|Noka ya BouRegreg]] '''Bou Regreg''' (Arabic) ke noka e e leng kwa bophirima jwa Morocco e e tshologelang mo Lewatleng la Atlantic magareng ga metse ya Rabat le Salé. Noka eno e bidiwa Wadi Sala.<ref>[[:en:Bou_Regreg#cite_note-1|''Voyages and travels'', Hakluyt Society]], page 280 (1962)</ref> Noka eno e boleele jwa dikilometara di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a mane (240), mme e na le noka e e elelang dikilometara di le makgolo a mabedi le bone (24) go ya kwa godimo. E na le selekanyo sa metsi se se ka nnang masome a mabedi le boraro (23 m3/s) mme e ka nna ya fitlha go 1500 m3/s fa e na le merwalela. Noka eno e simologa mo dithabeng tsa Middle Atlas kwa bogodimong jwa dimetara di le sekete le makgolo a marataro le makgolo a mabedi le bosupa (1627) mo boemong jwa Jbel Mtourzgane (profense ya Khemisset) le Grou (profense ya Khénifra) mme e fologela kwa molomong wa yone kwa Lewatleng la Atlantic, e kgaoganya ditoropo tsa Rabat kwa borwa le Salé kwa bokone. == Boleng jwa metsi == Mathata a boleng jwa metsi a Bou Regreg a akaretsa go tsenelela ga metsi a letswai, go elela go go feteletseng ga dinitrate go tswa mo go diriseng lefatshe la temothuo le kgotlelo ya mekhuri e go akanngwang gore e bakwa ke tiriso ya dibolayasenyi tse di rileng mo lekadibeng la kgelelo ya metsi.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141020212632/https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2007AM/finalprogram/abstract_124631.htm "Tarik Bahaj, ''Geochemical Characteristics of the Continental Waters Downstream from the Bou Regreg Basin and the Temara Plain, Morocco'', October 30, 2007".] Archived from the original on October 20, 2014. Retrieved November 25, 2007</ref> == Ditso == Bafonekia le Ba-Carthage, ba ba neng ba tlhoma dikolone di le mmalwa kwa Morocco, ba ne ba nna mo dintshing tsa Bou Regreg mo e ka nnang dikilometara di le pedi go tswa mo molomong wa yone kwa lefelong la bogologolo la Chellah. Lefelo leno la thutamarope le na le marope a toropo ya Roma e e bidiwang Sala Colonia mme Ptolemy o ne a e bitsa Sala. Chellah e ne e le toropo ya boemakepe ya bogologolo e e nang le masalela a a akaretsang Decumanus Maximus, kgotsa tsela e kgolo, mmogo le a foramo, motswedi o mogolo, logora lwa phenyo, le matlotla a mangwe a Roma.<ref>[[:en:Bou_Regreg#cite_note-3|C. Michael Hogan, ''Chellah'', The Megalithic Portal, ed.]] A. Burnham, 2007</ref> == Metswedi == qbbe6a0syseavxm5ea2yxwdatljms95 0 13555 50515 2026-06-12T08:02:27Z Lucrucia98 12161 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA NOKA YA BAHR EL ZERAF 50515 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bahr el Zeraf''' (Arabic: بَـحْـر الـزّرَاف, romanized: Baḥr ez-Zerāf, gape e itsiwe jaaka Noka ya Giraffe kgotsa Phow ka puo ya Seesimane,<ref>Pease, A. E. (1909-10-16). [https://books.google.com/books?id=XHyIDQAAQBAJ&q=Zeraf ''The Book of the Lion''.] Ravenio Books</ref>ke letsogo la Noka ya Nile e Tshweu mo kgaolong ya Sudd ya Sudan Borwa. E fitlhelwa fela mo kgaolong ya South Sudan ya Jonglei. Leina la yone ka Searabia ke "Noka ya Giraffe".<ref>Baedeker, Karl (1914). [[iarchive:egyptsdnhand00karl|''Egypt and the Sûdân''.]] p. 435</ref> == Tsela == Noka ya Bahr el Zeraf e bopega mo mafelong a a bongola a borwa jwa Sudd e le karolo ya karolo ya Noka ya Bahr al Jabal ("Noka ya Nile ya Thaba") ya Noka ya White. Ditsele tse pedi tse di dirilweng ke motho tse di itsegeng ka leina la Zeraf Cuts di ne tsa epiwa ka ngwaga wa 1910 le ka ngwaga wa 1913<ref name=":0">[[:en:Bahr_el_Zeraf#cite_note-Newhouse-4|Newhouse, Frederic. ''The training of the upper Nile''. Sir I. Pitnam & sons, ltd]]</ref>go golaganya dinoka tse pedi kwa 7.768°N 30.567°E.<ref>Hughes, R. H.; Hughes, J. S. (1992). [http://ramsar.wetlands.org/ToolsforParties/WetlandDirectories/ADirectoryofAfricaWetlands/tabid/824/Default.aspx ''A directory of African wetlands''<nowiki> ([Pbk. ed.]. ed.).</nowiki>] Glan [u.a.]: IUCN [u.a.] ISBN <bdi>2880329493</bdi>.</ref>Dikanala tse di faposa dingwe tsa metsi a Jabal, go feta go menagatsa selekanyo sa metsi a Zeraf, ka maikaelelo a go itlhaganedisa metsi go ya kwa Egepeto mme ka go dira jalo go fokotsa metsi a a "latlhegileng" ka ntlha ya mowafalo le go tshologa mo mekgotheng.<ref name=":0" /> Go tswa kwa Cuts noka ya Zeraf e elela kwa bokone go ralala Ez Zeraf Game Reserve mo sekgaleng sa dikilometara di le makgolo a mabedi le boferabobedi (280). Mo e ka nnang dikilometara di le lekgolo (100) tsa sekgala seno ke ka go kgabaganya motlhaba o o sa kgaotseng o o nang le ditlhaketlhake, o fetela kwa tlase go ya kwa molelwaneng o o tlhalositsweng sentle o o nang le mabopo a a tsholeditsweng. <ref name=":0" />Zeraf e kopana le White Nile gaufi le New Fangak,<ref>[https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=9.413&mlon=31.163&zoom=12&layers=M ''Openstreetmap'' (Map]). Openstreetmap contributors. 2013</ref>masome a ferangbobedi (80) kilometres (50 mi) downriver go tswa Lake No lemasome a matlhano le borataro (56) kilometres (35 mi) upriver go tswa Malakal.<ref>[http://www.library.eb.com/eb/article-9011787 "Bahr az-Zaraf".] ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition''. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2008-01-22.</ref> == Metswedi == 1ul51gopexb5qfo8cbjwbwzoatn48cn 0 13556 50516 2026-06-12T08:17:07Z Lucrucia98 12161 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA NOKA YA DIDESSA 50516 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Didessa''' (pronounced: ɗeɗ:e:s:a; Oromo: Dhedheessa) ke noka e e kwa bophirima jwa [[Ethiopia]]. Noka eno e e elelang mo nokeng ya Abay, e elela kwa dithabeng tsa Gomma, e elela kwa ntlheng ya bokonebophirima go ya kwa e kopanang teng le noka eno, koo noka eno e elelang go ya ntlheng ya borwa pele ga e ka retologela kwa bokone. Lefelo la kgogo ya metsi ya Didessa ke bokana ka 25,800 km2 (10,000 sq mi),<ref>[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/05/09/000334955_20080509032052/Rendered/PDF/434000PAD0P09617372B01off0use0only1.pdf "Tana & Beles Integrated Water Resources Development: Project Appraisal Document (PAD), Vol.1"], World Bank, 2 May 2008 (accessed 5 May 2009)</ref>e e akaretsang dikarolo tsa Kgaolo ya Benishangul-Gumuz le Kgaolo ya West Welega ya Kgaolo ya Oromia. [[Setshwantsho:Abbay OSM.png|thumb|Abby OSM]] Dinoka tse di elelang mo lobopong lo lo kafa mojeng ke Enareya, Aet, Wama le Angar; mo letlhakoreng la molema ke noka ya Dobana. Alexander Bulatovich o ne a tlhatlhoba noka eno mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo1890 mme go tswa mo dipotsolotsong le banni ba lefelo leo, o ne a bolela gore fa noka eno e kopana le Angar, Didessa ga e na diphefo e bile e kgona go tsamaisiwa sentle.<ref>''[http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html From Entotto to the River Baro]'' Archived 2017-12-16 at the Wayback Machine (1897), translated by Richard Selzer, ''Ethiopia through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896-1898'' (Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press, 2000) ISBN <bdi>1-56902-117-1</bdi> (accessed 2 November 2009)</ref> == Ditso tsa batho == Herbert Weld Blundell yo e neng e le mmatlisisi wa kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bo masome a mabedi (20) la dingwaga o ne a akanya gore "Didessa" e lebega e emisitse leina la bogologolo la noka eno, a fitlhela gore ga e ise e ko e dirisiwe "pele ga ngwaga wa 1861, fa d'Abbadie a ne a tsamaya kwa Western Shoa mme a dira dipatlisiso". <ref>H. Weld Blundell, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1776289 "Exploration in the Abai Basin, Abyssinia", ''Geographical Journal'',] 27 (1906), p. 541</ref>Ka nako ya fa a ne a etetse koo ka ngwaga wa 1905, sekgwa sa Handak se se kafa letlhakoreng la moja la noka ya Didessa se ne se "itsege e le lefelo le ditlou di ratang go nna mo go lone. Go lebega di tlhatlogela kwa Nokeng ya Nile ka dinoka tsa Didesa le Dabus, kwantle ga pelaelo, di gogelwa kwa nokeng eno ya bofelo ka go gola thata ga ditlhare tse dinnye tsa bamboo".<ref>Weld Blundell, [[:en:Didessa_River#cite_note-4|"Exploration in the Abai",]] pp. 541f</ref>Gape o bolela gore fa dinoka tsa Didessa le Abay di kopana, "tiro e e masisi ya go tlhatswa gauta e a simolola, mme e tswelele go bapa le noka ya Nile le go ela kwa tlase ga Dabus le melatswana ya yone", a oketsa ka go re: Go gogolega go go tseneletseng ga dikarolo tse di kwa godimo tsa basalt le trap, le go bola go go neng ga latela, go ne ga dira gore go nne le gneissic le hornblendic schist formations kafa tlase, mo e leng gore mo e ka nnang naga yotlhe go tswa kwa tlase ga Chochi go ya kwa nokeng, sekgala sa dikilometara di le lesome le botlhano (15), e apesitswe ka mafika a quartz le matlapa, mme e na le mafelo a le mantsi a a tlhagelelang. Dikarolo tse di senyegileng tsa mafika di gasaganngwa mo mmung, mme gouta e di nang le yone e tlhatswelwa mo melatswaneng e mennye, mme e bo e isiwa kwa nokeng ya Abai.<ref>Weld Blundell, [[:en:Didessa_River#cite_note-5|"Exploration in the Abai",]] p. 544</ref> Go sa kgathalesege maiteko a babatlisisi bano, le go nna teng ga batho mo lefelong leno go tloga ka nako ya fa mefuta eno ya ditshedi e simologa, tsela e noka ya Didessa e tsamayang ka yone go tloga gaufi le Nekemte go fitlha e kopana le noka ya Abay go bonala e ile ya latelwa fela ka ngwaga wa 1935 ke Dunlop le Taylor. Ba ne ba bolelelwa ke Dejazmach Habte Maryam, yo e neng e le modiredimogolo wa lefelo leo kwa Nekemte, "gore ga go na ope, tota le eleng Shankallas wa lefelo leo, yo a neng a itse, yo o kileng a tsamaya ka noka eno go fitlha e kopana le Abbai". Ke boammaaruri gore ka dinako tse dingwe tsa ngwaga [Dejazmach e ne ya tswelela pele] Shankallas ba sekae ba ne ba bereka mo masimong a katune, a a neng a sa tswa go jalwa dikilometara di le masome a mabedi le bone (24) kwa bokone jwa borogo jwa Dadessa; mme le eleng dikilometara tseno di sekae, go ya ka mafoko a gagwe, e ne e le "lefatshe le le siametseng ditshwene fela". O ne a gatelela mathata a re neng re tlile go kopana le one: go tlhoka ditsela, dikgwa tse di kitlaneng tsa bamboo, letshoroma, mme ka letsogo la gagwe le le supang maikutlo a a kwa godimo, o ne a gatelela gore dithaba tse di fa thoko ga noka di makgwakgwa. O ne a akantsha gore, fa e le gore re ne re batla go bona kwa noka ya Abbai le ya Dadessa di kopanelang teng, re ne re tla gakololwa gore re latele tsela e e tswang kwa Nekemti go ya kwa Nejo, go tswa foo re tsamaye ka tsela e e itsegeng go ya kwa kgaolong ya yone.<ref>A. Dunlop, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1787909 "The Dadessa Valley",] ''Geographical Journal'', 89 (1937), p. 513</ref> == Letamo la go Nosetsa la Anger == Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le lesome le bone (14) ka ngwaga wa 2021, go agiwa ga Letamo la go nosetsa la Anger kwa Nokeng ya Didessa le ne la simololwa ke Moporesidente wa kgaolo ya Oromia, Shimelis Abdisa, le Tona ya Metsi, Nosetso le Maatla, Sileshi Bekele, go tla wediwa mo dingwageng di le tharo.<ref>[https://www.ena.et/en/?p=25424 "Construction of 10 Bil Birr Worth Irrigation Dam Launched in Oromia".] ''ENA''. 14 June 2021</ref> == Metswedi == pkgxjkrsulnsb6f1qqpc12qnnmg2hwv