Wikipedia tnwiki https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsebe_ya_konokono MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.7 first-letter Pego Faphegileng Puisano Modirisi Puisano ya modirisi Wikipedia Puisano ya Wikipedia Setshwantsho Puisano ya setshwantsho MediaWiki Puisano ya MediaWiki Tempolete Puisano ya tempolete Thuso Puisano ya thuso Karolo Puisano ya karolo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 9698 51203 36562 2026-06-21T03:09:06Z ~2026-36017-91 12895 51203 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography|name=Linda Sembrant|image=Linda Sembrant (16501890537) (cropped).jpg|caption=Sembrant with [[Sweden women's national football team|Sweden]] in 2015|full_name=Linda Brigitta Sembrant<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fdp.fifa.org/assetspublic/ce93/pdf/SquadLists-English.pdf |title=FIFA Women's World Cup Australia & New Zealand 2023 – Squad List: Sweden (SWE) |publisher=[[FIFA]] |page=28 |date=11 July 2023 |access-date=11 July 2023}}</ref>|birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1987|5|15}}<ref name="FIFA 2015">{{cite news |url=http://www.fifadata.com/document/FWWC/2015/pdf/FWWC_2015_SquadLists.pdf |title=List of Players – 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup |work=[[FIFA|Fédération Internationale de Football Association]] |access-date=24 June 2015 |archive-date=10 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410062327/http://www.fifadata.com/document/FWWC/2015/pdf/FWWC_2015_SquadLists.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>|birth_place=[[Uppsala]], Sweden<ref>{{cite web |url=https://svenskfotboll.se/landslag/damer/spelarportratt/?profile=33987 |title= Profile |language=sv |work=[[Swedish Football Association|Svenska Fotbollförbundet]] |access-date=25 June 2015}}</ref>|height=1.75 m<ref name="FIFA 2015"/>|position=[[Defender (association football)#Centre-back|Centre back]]|currentclub=[[FC Bayern Munich (women)|Bayern Munich]]|clubnumber=2|youthclubs1=SK Servia|clubs1=[[Bälinge IF]]|youthclubs2=Upsala IF|youthclubs3=Bälingetrollen|years1=2004–2007|clubs2=→ [[Notts County Ladies F.C.|Lincoln Ladies]] (loan)|years2=2006|goals2=0|caps2=3|clubs3=[[AIK Fotboll (women)|AIK]]|years3=2008–2010|caps3=62|goals3=6|goals4=3|caps4=22|years4=2011|clubs4=[[BK Häcken FF|Kopparbergs/Göteborg FC]]|clubs5=[[Tyresö FF]]|years5=2012–2014|caps5=30|goals5=4|clubs6=[[Montpellier HSC (women)|Montpellier]]|years6=2014–2019|caps6=99|goals6=9|clubs7=[[Juventus FC (women)|Juventus]]|years7=2019–2024|caps7=67|goals7=7|clubs8=→ [[FC Bayern Munich (women)|Bayern Munich]] (loan)|years8=2024–2026|caps8=8|goals8=1|nationalteam-update=10 December 2022|club-update=14 April 2024|medaltemplates={{Medal|Sport|Women's [[Association football|soccer]]}} {{Medal|Country| {{SWE}}}} {{MedalOlympic}} {{MedalSilver|[[2016 Summer Olympics|2016 Rio de Janeiro]]|[[Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|Team]]}} {{Medal|Competition|[[FIFA Women's World Cup]]}} {{Medal|Bronze|[[2011 FIFA Women's World Cup|2011 Germany]]|Team}} {{Medal|Bronze|[[2019 FIFA Women's World Cup|2019 France]]|Team}}|nationalteam1=[[Sweden women's national football team|Sweden]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Damlandslagsspelare 1973–2012|url=https://svenskfotboll.se/ImageVault/Images/id_69553/ImageVaultHandler.aspx|publisher=Svenskfotboll.se|access-date=9 June 2013}}</ref>|nationalyears1=2008–2026|nationalcaps1=136<ref>{{Cite web|title=Linda Sembrant – Spelarstatistik|url=https://www.svenskfotboll.se/spelarfakta/linda-sembrant/09fd6e28-b7e7-467d-9a7d-582a9411ec73/|publisher=[[Swedish Football Association]]|access-date=22 July 2023|language=sv|archive-date=7 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207000334/https://www.svenskfotboll.se/spelarfakta/linda-sembrant/09fd6e28-b7e7-467d-9a7d-582a9411ec73/|url-status=dead}}</ref>|nationalgoals1=17}} '''Linda Brigitta Sembrant''' (yo o tshotsweng ka Motsheganong a le lesome le botlhano ka 1987) ke motshameki wa kwa Sweden wa kgwele ya dinao e e porofeshionale yo o tshamekang kwa morago fa gare mo setlhopheng sa Frauen-Bundesliga sa [[FC Bayern Munich (bomme)|Bayern Munich]], a le mo kadimong go tswa kwa go sa Italian Serie A sa Juventus FC, le setlhopha sa setshaba sa Sweden. == Tiro ya setlhopha == Sembrant o simolotse go tshameka kgwele ya dinao le SK Servia go tswa foo a tsamaya mo thulaganyong ya banana ya Bälinge IF.<ref name=":0">"[https://svenskfotboll.se/in-english/national-teams/womens-a-team/players-portraits-2008/?profile=16896 Sembrant, Linda]". svenskfotboll.se. June 2008. Retrieved 13 March 2010.</ref> Le fa sekao sa gagwe e ne e le motshamekapele Henrik Larsson,<ref name=":0" /> Sembrant a nna motshamekamorago. [[Setshwantsho:Linda Sembrant and Marta.jpg|left|thumb|Sembrant (L) and [[:en:Marta_(footballer)|Marta]]]] Sembrant o tsere setlha sa ikhutso sa 2006–07 a tshameka kwa Enyelang le Lincoln Ladies (ba mo nakong eo ba neng ba bidiwa Lincoln City Ladies).<ref>"[http://fgmag.com/news/index.php?newsmode=FULL&nid=3072 Lincoln Land Linda Sembrant]". Fair Game. Retrieved 13 March 2010.</ref> O ne a fudugela kwa AIK ka 2008.<ref>"[https://svenskfotboll.se/allsvenskan/person/?playerid=5548 Linda Sembrant]". svenskfotboll.se. Retrieved 13 March 2010.</ref> Ka Ngwanatsele wa 2010 Sembrant a fetolela kwa Kopparbergs/Göteborg FC a sena go nna mokapotene wa AIK.<ref>Stefan Mellerborg (15 November 2010). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20120328044335/http://www.aikfotboll.se/Article.aspx?contentID=3515 Linda Sembrant lämnar AIK]" (in Swedish). AIKfotboll.se. Archived from [http://www.aikfotboll.se/Article.aspx?contentID=3515 the original] on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2011.</ref> Ngwaga go tswa foo a ya kwa Tyresö FF.<ref>[http://wsoccernews.com/fullStory.php?action=viewStory&id=2964 More shock departures from Kopparbergs/Göteborg, Stensland and Sembrant leave] [https://web.archive.org/web/20180906124641/http://wsoccernews.com/fullStory.php?action=viewStory&id=2964 Archived] 6 September 2018 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]] W Soccer News</ref> Ka 2012 Sembrant e ne e le tokololo ya setlhopha sa Tyresö se se neng sa fenya bosimega ja Damallsvenskan mme a fetwa ke bofelo ja setlha a sena go bona kgobalo ya mosiha wa anterior cruciate.<ref>Nilsson, Alva (28 January 2013). "[http://damfotboll.com/nyheter/2013/01/korsbandsrapport-linda-sembrant Korsbandsrapport Linda Sembrant]" (in Swedish). Damfotboll.com. Retrieved 16 May 2013.</ref> Tyresö ya nna le phutlhamo ya tsa madi ka setlha sa 2014 mme ba ikgogela morago mo liking babo ba lesa batshameki ba tsamaya. Sembrant a iponna phudugo e e nonneng go ya kwa setlhopheng sa Fora sa Montpellier.<ref>"[https://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/fotboll/sverige/damallsvenskan/article19040256.ab Sembrant går till Montpellier]". ''[[:en:Aftonbladet|Aftonbladet]]'' (in Swedish). 11 June 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2014.</ref> Ka Phukwi wa 2019, Sembrant a fudugela kwa Italy a ya go saena le basireletsi ba bosimega ja serie A, Juventus.<ref>"[https://www.juventus.com/en/news/news/2019/welcome-to-juventus-linda-sembrant.php Welcome to Juventus, Linda Sembrant!]". ''Juventus.com''.</ref> Ka Firikgong wa 2024, Sembrant a isiwa kadimong kwa [[FC Bayern Munich (bomme)|Bayern Munich]] go fitlhelela setlha sa 2023–24 se fela.<ref>"[https://fcbayern.com/frauen/en/news/2024/01/fc-bayern-women-sign-linda-sembrant-on-loan-from-juventus FC Bayern sign Linda Sembrant on loan from Juventus]". ''fcbayern.com''. FC Bayern München. 15 January 2024. Retrieved 27 January 2024.</ref> == Metswedi == tssnovmbtpiz4kr9w80god4c9vbhc4n 0 13568 51172 50855 2026-06-20T14:53:51Z OtengPortia 12840 #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 51172 wikitext text/x-wiki Letsha la Tanganyika<ref>Yohannes,Okbazghi (2008). Water resources and inter-riparian relations in the Nile basin. SUNY Press. p. 127.</ref> ke nngwe ya [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|Matsha a Magolo a Afrika]].<ref>Burton, Richard Francis (1965). Richards, Charles (ed.). ''Burton and Lake Tanganyika''. Dar Es Salaam: East African Literature Bureau. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/180480726 180480726.]</ref> Ke [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_volume|letsha la bobedi mo lefatsheng ka bogolo jwa metsi]],[[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|le ka boteng]], ka makgetho a mabedi le le latlhegelwa fela ke [[:en:Lake_Baikal|Lake Baikal]] kwa [[:en:Siberia|Siberia]].<ref>[http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/lakes/lake-tanganyika "Lake Tanganyika"]. ''www.zambiatourism.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150422001337/http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/lakes/lake-tanganyika Archived] from the original on 22 April 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2008.</ref><ref>Lewis, R. (16 May 2010)[https://news.brown.edu/articles/2010/05/tanganyika . "Brown Geologists Show Unprecedented Warming in Lake Tanganyika".] Brown University. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170326051107/https://news.brown.edu/articles/2010/05/tanganyika Archived] from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</ref> Le gape ke letsha le le telele go feta tsotlhe mo lefatsheng.<ref>[http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/lakes/lake-tanganyika "Lake Tanganyika".] ''www.zambiatourism.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150422001337/http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/lakes/lake-tanganyika Archived] from the original on 22 April 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2008.</ref> Ka bogolo jwa lefelo, [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_area|ke la bo 6 mo lefatsheng]].<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/worlds-largest-lakes-2228655 "World's largest lakes | Description, Area, & Facts | Britannica".] ''www.britannica.com''. Retrieved 18 October 2025.</ref> Letsha leno le abelanwa ke dinaga di le nne: [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[:en:Burundi|Burundi]] le Zambia. Tanzania e na le karolo e kgolo ya letsha (mo e ka nnang 46%), mme Democratic Republic of the Congo e na le mo e ka nnang 40%. Letsha la Tanganyika le elela metsi a lona ka noka ya [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]] go tsena mo tsamaisong ya [[:en:Congo_River|Noka ya Congo]], e e feleletsang e tshela kwa toropong ya [[:en:Banana,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Banana]] go tsena mo [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Lewatleng la Atlantic]].<ref name=":0">[https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Display/html/3587 "LAKE TANGANYIKA".] ''World Lake Database, International Lake Environment Committee Foundation''. Retrieved 12 January 2025.</ref> '''Jeokorafi''' Lake Tanganyika ke [[:en:Ancient_lake|letsha la bogologolo thata]], mme ke lengwe la matsha a le masome a mabedi fela mo lefatsheng a a nang le dingwaga tse di fetang milione e le nngwe. Dikarolo tsa lone tse tharo tse dikgolo, tse mo dinakong tse metsi a neng a le kwa tlase thata di neng di le matsha a a ikemetseng ka nosi, tsotlhe di na le dingwaga tse di farologaneng. Karolo ya bogare e simolotse go bopiwa dingwaga di ka nna milione di le 9 go ya go 12 tse di fetileng. Karolo ya bokone e simolotse dingwaga di ka nna milione di le 7 go ya go 8 tse di fetileng. fa karolo ya borwa e simolotse dingwaga di ka nna milione di le 2 go ya go 4 tse di fetileng.<ref>Cohen; Soreghan; Scholz (1993). "Estimating the age of formation of lakes: An example from Lake Tanganyika, East African Rift system". ''Geology''. '''21''' (6): 511–514. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Geo....21..511C 1993Geo....21..511C.] doi:[https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0091-7613%281993%29021%3C0511%3AETAOFO%3E2.3.CO%3B2 10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0511:ETAOFO>2.3.CO;2.]</ref> Gompieno, Letsha la Tanganyika le mo kgaolong ya [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift,]] e leng lekala la bophirima la [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. Le dikologilwe ke dithaba tse di kwa matlhakoreng a mokgatšha wa phatlogo ya lefatshe. Ke letsha le legolo go feta tsotlhe tsa mofuta wa [[:en:Rift_lake|rift]] mo Afrika, mme ke la bobedi mo lefatsheng ka bogolo jwa metsi a a foreshe. Gape ke letsha le le boteng go feta tsotlhe mo Afrika le le tshwereng metsi a mantsi a a foreshe go feta tsotlhe mo kontineng ya Afrika. Le tshwere mo e ka nnang 16% ya metsi a a foreshe a lefatshe a a ka dirisiwang.Letsha leno le boleele jwa dikilometara di le 676 le anametse go tswa bokone go ya borwa ka bophara jwa palogare ya dikilometara di le 50. Le akaretsa lefelo la dikilometara tse di khubiki di le 32,000 ka lotshitshi lwa boleele jwa dikilometara di le 1,900. Palogare ya boteng ke dimetara di le 572 fa boteng jo bogolo ke dimetara di le 1,471, jo bo fitlhelwang mo karolong ya bokone. Go akanyediwa gore letsha leno le tshwere metsi a ka nna 18,750 km³, e leng bongata jo bogolo thata jwa metsi a a foreshe.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/19991110092358/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dafr06.html "Datbase Summary: Lake Tanganyika"]. ''ilec.or.jp''. Japan: International Lake Environment Committee Foundation. Archived from [http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dafr06.html the original] on 10 November 1999. Retrieved 14 March 2008.</ref><ref name=":0" /> Letsha la Tanganyika lena le [[:en:Drainage_basin|mokgatšha]] wa metsi o o ka nnang 231,000 km².Go na le dinoka tse dikgolo di le pedi tse di tsenang mo letsheng leno, mmogo le dinoka tse dinnye le melatswana e mentsi. Melatswana eno gantsi e khutshwane ka ntlha ya dithaba tse di kwa godimo le tse di matsutsuba tse di dikologileng letsha. Noka e le yosi e kgolo e e tswang mo letsheng ke [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River,]] e e elelang e tsena mo tsamaisong ya [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River.]] Pula le mouoane di na le karolo e kgolo go feta dinoka mo tsamaisong ya metsi a letsha. Go akanyediwa gore bonyenyane 90% ya metsi a a tsenang a tswa mo puleng e e nelelang mo godimo ga letsha, mme bonyenyane 90% ya tahlegelo ya metsi e bakwa ke go mowa ga metsi ka tlhamalalo.<ref name=":1">[[:en:Sven_O._Kullander|Kullander, S.O.]]; Roberts, T.R. (2011). "Out of Lake Tanganyika: endemic lake fishes inhabit rapids of the Lukuga River". ''Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters''. '''22''' (4): 355–76.</ref> Noka e kgolo ke [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], e e bopilweng dingwaga di ka nna 10,000 tse di fetileng, e e tsenang mo bokone jwa letsha e tswa mo [[:en:Lake_Kivu|Lake Kivu]].<ref name=":2">Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980). ''Natural Wonders of the World''. US: Reader's Digest Association, Inc. pp. 366–67. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-89577-087-5|<bdi>978-0-89577-087-5</bdi>.]]</ref> [[:en:Malagarasi_River|Malagarasi River]] ke noka ya bobedi ka bogolo mo Tanzania, mme e tsena mo letlhakoreng la botlhaba la letsha.<ref name=":2" /> Noka eno e kgologolo go feta letsha ka bolone, mme pele letsha le bopiwa, e ka bo e ne e le karolo ya tsamaiso ya metsi ya [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]], e leng mothopo o mogolo wa Noka ya Congo River.<ref name=":1" /> Noka e kgolo e e tswang mo Zambia e bile e tsenang mo karolong ya borwa jwa letsha ke [[:en:Lufubu_River|Lufubu]] River. E tswa mo thoteng e e kwa borwa jwa letsha, e elela go ya kwa bokone-bophirima go ralala dithaba, morago ga moo e retologela go ya bokone-botlhaba go tsena mo letsheng gaufi le Nsumbu.<ref>[https://africageographic.com/stories/nsumbu-national-park/ "Nsumbu National Park"]. ''Africa Geographic''. Retrieved 3 June 2026.</ref> Lake Tanganyika e na le histori e e raraaneng ya diphetogo tsa tsela e metsi a elelang ka yone, ka ntlha ya boleele jo bogolo jwa yone, boteng jo bogolo, go tlala ga yone ka bonya, le lefelo la yone le le kwa dithabeng mo kgaolong e e nang le tiro e ntsi ya dithoromo tsa dithaba tse di tlhotlhogang le diphetogo tsa tlelaemete. Go bonala gore mo nakong e e fetileng, letsha leno ga le ise le ko le nne le phatlha e e tswang ka tlhamalalo go ya lewatleng. Ka ntlha ya seno, le tlhalosiwa jaaka [[:en:Endorheic|“endorheic ka bontsi”.]] Go kgokagana ga letsha le lewatle go ikaegile ka gore metsi a tshwanetse go nna kwa godimo thata mo a ka kgonang go elela go tswa mo letsheng ka Lukuga River go tsena mo tsamaisong ya Congo River.<ref name=":2" /> Fa metsi a sa elele, go tsenwa ga metsi mo Lukuga go gantsi go thibelwa ke mebala ya motlhaba le dimela tsa metsi tse dintsi. Ka nako eo, noka eno e ikaega mo dinokeng tsa yone tse dinnye, segolobogolo Niemba River, go tshegetsa go elela ga yone.<ref name=":1" /> Go simolola ka bo-1990, selekanyo sa metsi mo Lake Tanganyika se ne sa tlhatloga ka mo e ka nnang dimetara di le 2, se baka go rwala matlo le dikago tse di gaufi le lotshitshi.<ref>[https://worldwater.earth/water-surface-elevation-timeseries-reveals-the-rising-water-levels-in-lake-tanganyika "Water surface elevation timeseries reveals the rising water levels in Lake Tanganyika"]. ''WorldWater''. Retrieved 1 June 2026.</ref> Seno se bonagala thata mo toropong ya Nsumbu, gaufi le lotshitshi magareng ga jetty le molomo wa Chisala River, e ka nna dikilometara di le 2 go ya kwa bokone-bophirima. Magareng ga 2018 le 2024, metsi a ne a tsenelela mo teng ga toropo go fitlha mo e ka nnang dimetara di le 300 go tswa mo lotshitshing lwa 2018.<ref>[https://www.google.com/maps/search/Nsumbu/@-8.5164746,30.4729444,1517m/data=!3m1!1e3?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI2MDUyNy4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D "Nsumbu"]. ''Google Maps''. Retrieved 2 June 2026.</ref><ref>[https://earth.google.com/web/@-8.51664622,30.47719045,771.76267068a,1405.28427165d,35y,0h,0t,0r/data=ChYqEAgBEgoyMDE4LTExLTI2GAFCAggBOgMKATBCAggASg0I____________ARAA "Google Earth imagery showing Nsumbu settlement and shoreline, Zambia".] ''Google Earth - Use the historical slider to select past views''. Google Earth. Retrieved 2 June 2026.</ref> Go akanyediwa gape gore mo nakong e e fetileng, letsha le ka tswa le ne le na le ditsela tse di farologaneng tsa go tsena le go tswa ga metsi. Go akantshiwa gore metsi a ka tswa a ne a tswa mo [[:en:Lake_Rukwa|Lake Rukwa]] e e kwa godimo, kgotsa go ka tswa go ne go na le kgokagano le [[:en:Lake_Malawi|Lake Malawi]], mme le gone go kile ga akanyediwa tsela ya go tswa e e yang kwa Noka ya [[:en:Nile|Nile]] River. Tsotlhe tseno di bontsha gore histori ya tsamaiso ya metsi ya letsha e fetogile gantsi mo dingwageng di le dimilione.<ref>Lévêque, Christian (1997). ''Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation: The Freshwater Fish of Tropical Africa''. [[:en:Cambridge_University_Press|Cambridge University Press.]] p. 110. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57033-6|<bdi>978-0-521-57033-6</bdi>.]]</ref> '''Dikarolo tsa metsi''' Metsi a Lake Tanganyika a na le [[:en:Hard_water|alkaline]] e e kwa godimo, ka [[:en:PH|pH]] e e ka nnang 9 mo boteng jwa dimetara di le 0–100.<ref name=":3">De, Wever; Muylaert; der Gucht, Van; Pirlot; Cocquyt; Descy; Plisnier; Vyverman (2005). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1214687 "Bacterial Community Composition in Lake Tanganyika: Vertical and Horizontal Heterogeneity".] ''Appl Environ Microbiol''. '''71''' (9): 5029–5037. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ApEnM..71.5029D 2005ApEnM..71.5029D.] doi:[[doi:10.1128/AEM.71.9.5029-5037.2005|10.1128/AEM.71.9.5029-5037.2005.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1214687 1214687.] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16151083 16151083.]</ref> Kwa tlase ga moo, pH e nna mo e ka nnang 8.7, mme e fokotsega ka bonya go fitlha mo magareng ga 8.3 le 8.5 mo mafelong a a boteng go feta tsotlhe a letsha.<ref name=":3" /> Mokgwa o o tshwanang o bonwa mo [[:en:Electric_conductivity|phitisong ya motlakase]], e e tlogang mo e ka nnang 670 μS/cm mo godimo ga metsi go fitlha go 690 μS/cm mo mafelong a a boteng thata.<ref name=":3" /> Themperetšha ya godimo ga metsi gantsi e ka nna 24°C mo karolong ya borwa jwa letsha ka Phatwe, mme e ka tlhatloga go 28–29°C kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya dipula ka Mopitlwe–Moranang.<ref name=":4">Edmond; Stallard; Craigh; Weiss; Coulter (1993). [[doi:10.4319/lo.1993.38.4.0725|"Nutrient chemistry of the water column of Lake Tanganyika".]] ''Limnol. Oceanogr''. '''38''' (4): 725–738. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993LimOc..38..725E 1993LimOc..38..725E.] doi:[[doi:10.4319/lo.1993.38.4.0725|10.4319/lo.1993.38.4.0725]]</ref> Kwa boteng jo bo fetang dimetara di le 400, themperetšha e nna e sa fetoge thata, e le mo magareng ga 23.1°C le 23.4°C.<ref>O'Reilly, Catherine M.; Alin, Simone R.; Plisnier, Pierre-Denis; Cohen, Andrew S.; Mckee, Brent A. (14 August 2003). "Climate change decreases aquatic ecosystem productivity of Lake Tanganyika, Africa". ''Nature''. '''424''' (6950): 766–768. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.424..766O 2003Natur.424..766O]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1038/nature01833|10.1038/nature01833.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12917682 12917682.] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1637315 1637315]</ref> Metsi a letsha a ntse a oketsega mogote ka bonya fa e sale go tswa mo lekgolong la bo-19 la dingwaga, mme seno se potlakile le go feta ka ntlha ya [[:en:Global_warming|go gotela ga lefatshe]] fa e sale go tswa mo bo-1950.<ref>Jensen, M.R. (8 August 2016). [https://uanews.arizona.edu/story/lake-tanganyika-fisheries-declining-global-warming "Lake Tanganyika Fisheries Declining From Global Warming".] University of Arizona. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180306085806/https://uanews.arizona.edu/story/lake-tanganyika-fisheries-declining-global-warming Archived] from the original on 6 March 2018. Retrieved 5 March 2018.</ref> Letsha le [[:en:Lake_stratification|kgaogane]] ka dikarolo tsa metsi tse di sa kopaneng bonolo. Go tlhakatlhakana ga metsi ka dipaka gantsi ga go fete boteng jwa dimetara di le 150.<ref name=":4" /> Go tlhakatlhakana gono go diragala thata mo karolong ya borwa ka ntlha ya diphefo tse di [[:en:Upwelling|sutisang metsi a a tsididi go tswa kwa tlase go ya godimo.]] Gape go na le go tlhatloga le go fologa ga metsi mo dikarolong tse dingwe tsa letsha.<ref>Lowe-McConnell, R.H. (2003). "Recent research in the African Great Lakes: Fisheries, biodiversity and cichlid evolution". ''Freshwater Forum''. '''20''' (1): 4–64.</ref> Ka ntlha ya go kgaogana gono ga metsi, dikarolo tse di boteng thata di na le se se bidiwang [[:en:Fossil_water|metsi a bogologolo]]<ref>Hutter; Yongqi; and Chubarenko (2011). Physics of Lakes, volume 1: Foundation of the Mathematical and Physical Background. P. 11. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-642-15178-1|<bdi>978-3-642-15178-1</bdi>.]]</ref> a a sa tlhakaneng le a kwa godimo ka dingwaga tse dintsi. Seno se raya gore dikarolo tse di boteng ga di na [[:en:Oxygen|oksijene .]] Ka jalo ditlhapi le [[:en:Obligate_aerobe|diphologolo tsotlhe tse di tlhokang oksijene]] di kgona go tshela fela mo dikarolong tse di kwa godimo tsa letsha. Mo bokone jwa letsha, molelwane ono wa oksijene o fitlhelwa mo boteng jwa dimetara di ka nna 100 fa mo borwa<ref>Wright, J.J.; and L.M. Page (2006). Taxonomic revision of Lake Tanganyikan Synodontis (Siluriformes: Mochokidae). Florida Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull. 46(4): 99–154.</ref><ref>Lowe-McConnell, R.H. (1987). Ecological Studies in Tropical Fish Communities. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-521-28064-8|<bdi>0-521-28064-8</bdi>.]]</ref> jwa letsha, o fitlhelwa mo boteng jwa dimetara di ka nna 240–250. Dikarolo tse di boteng go feta tsotlhe tsa letsha di na le selekanyo se segolo sa [[:en:Hydrogen_sulfide|hydrogen sulfide]], gase e e botlhole.<ref name=":3" /><ref>Ryan, Emily; Todd, Jonathan A.; McGlue, Michael; Kimirei, Ismael; Soreghan, Michael (2017). "Variation in Taphonomic Character of Shell Beds in Lake Tanganyika, Africa: Paleoenvironmental and Stratigraphic Implications of Shell Beds in Lakes". Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 304608. Geological Society of America. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1130/abs/2017am-304608|10.1130/abs/2017am-304608]]</ref> '''Baeloji''' '''Digagabi''' Letsha la Tanganyika le mafelo a metsi a a le dikologileng ke legae la mefuta e le mmalwa ya digagabi, tsotlhe di akaretsa [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]] (go akaretsa kwena e kgolo e e tumileng e e bidiwang [[:en:Gustave_(crocodile)|Gustave]]), [[:en:Zambian_hinged_terrapin|Khudu ya metsi ya Zambia,]] [[:en:Serrated_hinged_terrapin|Serrated hinged terrapin]], Pan hinged terrapin (mofuta ono ga o nne mo letsheng ka bolone mme o fitlhelwa mo matsheng a a gaufi)<ref name=":5">Spawls, Howell, Drewes, and Ashe (2002). A Field Guide to the Reptiles of East Africa. Academic Press, London. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/0-12-656470-1|0-12-656470]]-1</bdi>.</ref>. [[:en:Storm's_water_cobra|Storm’s water cobra]], e leng [[:en:Subspecies|mofuta]] o o mo kotsing wa noga ya metsi e e jang ditlhapi thata, e fitlhelwa fela mo Letsheng la Tanganyika. E rata go nna mo mabopong a a nang le maje.<ref name=":5" /><ref>O'Shea, Mark; Mcintyre, P.B. (2005). [http://www.markoshea.info/oba4-3_zambia_tanzania03.php "Boulengerina annulata stormsi (Storm's water cobra). Attempted predation".] ''Herpetological Review''. '''36''' (2): 189. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171202071348/http://www.markoshea.info/oba4-3_zambia_tanzania03.php Archived] from the original on 2 December 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</ref> '''Ditlhapi tsa Cichlid''' Letsha la Tanganyika ke legae la [[:en:Endemism|bonyenyane mefuta]] e e fetang 250 ya ditlhapi tsa [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]]<ref>Kelly West (28 February 2001). [https://iwlearn.net/documents/6644 "Results and Experiences of the UNDP/GEF Conservation Initiative (RAF/92/G32) in Burundi, D.R. Congo, Tanzania, and Zambia"]. ''IW:LEARN | Documents''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162707/https://iwlearn.net/documents/6644 Archived] from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</ref> tse di fitlhelwang fela mo letsheng leno. Go dumelwa gape gore go santse go na le [[:en:Undescribed_taxon|mefuta e mengwe e e iseng e lemogiwe]] ke baitseanape.<ref>Craig Mortiff (24 December 2009). [https://www.cichlid-forum.com/threads/lake-tanganyika-and-its-diverse-cichlids.456196/ "Lake Tanganyika and its Diverse Cichlids"]. ''Cichlid Fish Forum''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162711/https://www.cichlid-forum.com/threads/lake-tanganyika-and-its-diverse-cichlids.456196/ Archived] from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</ref> Mo e ka nnang 98% ya mefuta yotlhe ya cichlid mo letsheng leno ga e fitlhelwe kae kapa kae mo lefatsheng fa e se mo Tanganyika fela. Ka ntlha ya seno, letsha leno le botlhokwa thata mo dipatlisisong tsa kafa mefuta [[:en:Speciation|e mesha ya diphologolo e tlhagang ka teng,]] le kafa [[:en:Evolution|botshelo bo fetogang ka teng mo lobakeng lo loleele.]]<ref>Takahashi, T.; Hori, M. (2012). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3363988 "Genetic and Morphological Evidence Implies Existence of Two Sympatric Species in Cyathopharynx furcifer (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika"]. ''International Journal of Evolutionary Biology''. '''2012''' 980879. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1155/2012/980879|10.1155/2012/980879.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3363988 3363988]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22675655 22675655.]</ref><ref>Kornfield, Ivy; Smith, Peter A (2000). "African Cichlid Fishes: Model Systems for Evolutionary Biology". ''Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics''. '''31''': 163–196. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.163|10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.163]].</ref> Ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|Matsha a Magolo a Afrika]], go akaretsa Tanganyika, di emela nngwe ya mehlala e megolo go feta tsotlhe ya [[:en:Adaptive_radiation|adaptive radiation]] mo diphologolong tse di nang le marapo a mokwatla.<ref>Meyer, Britta; Matchiner, Michael; Salburger, Walter (25 November 2013). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 "A tribal level phylogeny of Lake Tanganyika cichlid fishes based on a genomic multi-marker approach"]. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution''. '''83''': 56–71. doi:[[doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009|10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 4334724.] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25433288 25433288.]</ref> Le fa dingwe tsa mefuta eno di ka fitlhelwa gonnye mo godimo ga [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga]] River, ga di kgone go anamela thata mo [[:en:Congo_Basin|tsamaisong ya Congo River]]. Seno se bakwa ke jeokorafi ya mafelo ao, le pharologano ya dikhemikhale tsa metsi.Tikologo e e dikologileng Letsha la Tanganyika e itshiametse gape e itekanetse gona le [[:en:Rapids|mekgacho]] le medi e sianeng ya noka ya Congo. Metsi a Tanganyika, a [[:en:Alkali'|alkaline]] gape ana le [[:en:PH|pH]] e kwa godimo (ga a na asiti e ntsi), a na le [[:en:Calcium|calcium]] le diminerale tse dintsi go farologana le metsi a Congo a a nang le [[:en:Acid|asiti e ntsi,]] [[:en:Sediment|a tletse seretse,]] a tletse matlakala a [[:en:Rainforest|dimela]] le dilo tse dingwe tsa tlholego tse di senyegang. Mo dikarolong dingwe tsa Congo, kgakala le [[:en:Whitewater|metsi a masweu]], metsi a fetoga se se bidiwang [[:en:Blackwater_river|metsi a mantsho]], ka ntlha ya dikhemikhale tse di tswang mo dikgatsheng le mo matlakaleng a ditlhare a a bodileng. Metsi ano a na le [[:en:Tannin|tannins]] tse dintsi mme ga a siamele<ref>[[:en:Sven_O._Kullander|Kullander, S.O]].; Roberts, T.R. (2011). "Out of Lake Tanganyika: endemic lake fishes inhabit rapids of the Lukuga River". ''Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters''. '''22''' (4): 355–76.</ref> ditlhapi tsa cichlid. Ka mokgwa o o tshwanang, mefuta e mentsi ya ditlhapi tsa dinoka tsa tropiki le yone e ka nna ya se kgone go tshela fa e ka tsenngwa mo metsing a a phepa, a alkaline le a nang le diminerale tse dintsi a Letsha la Tanganyika. Le fa Letsha la Tanganyika e na le mefuta e mmalwa ya ditlhapi tsa cichlid fa e bapisiwa le Letsha la [[:en:Lake_Malawi|Malawi]] kgotsa Letsha la [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Victoria]]—matsha a a kileng a nna le koketsego e kgolo le e [[:en:Adaptive_radiation|e potlakileng]] ya mefuta ya ditlhapi mo hisetoring ya bosheng—<ref>Turner, Seehausen; Knight, Allender; Robinson (2001). [[doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.x|"How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes?"]]. ''Molecular Ecology''. '''10''' (3): 793–806. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001MolEc..10..793T 2001MolEc..10..793T.] doi:[[doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.x|10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.]]<nowiki/>x. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11298988 11298988.] S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12925712 12925712.]</ref>ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa Tanganyika ke tsone tse di nang le pharologano e kgolo go feta tsotlhe mo [[:en:Morphology_(biology)|popegelong ya mmele]] le mo [[:en:Genetics|dijining]].<ref name=":6">Meyer, Britta; Matchiner, Michael; Salburger, Walter (25 November 2013). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 "A tribal level phylogeny of Lake Tanganyika cichlid fishes based on a genomic multi-marker approach"]. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution''. '''83''': 56–71. doi:[[doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009|10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009]]. PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 4334724]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25433288 25433288.]</ref><ref>Seehausen, O. (2015). [[doi:10.1111/nph.13450|"Process and pattern in cichlid radiations – inferences for understanding unusually high rates of evolutionary diversification"]]. ''New Phytologist''. '''207''' (2): 304–312. doi:[[doi:10.1111/nph.13450|10.1111/nph.13450.]] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25983053 25983053.]</ref> Seno se amana le bogologolo jwa Letsha la Tanganyika, ka gonne le legologolo thata go feta Malawi le Victoria. Nako e telele eno e ne ya letla mefuta ya ditlhapi go fetoga le go ikgaoganya ka ditsela tse dintsi go feta tse di bonwang mo matsheng a mangwe.<ref>Nishida, M (1991). "Lake Tanganyika as an evolutionary reservoir of old lineages of East African cichlid fishes: Inferences from allozyme data". ''Experientia''. '''47''' (9): 974–979. doi[[doi:10.1007/bf01929896|:10.1007/bf01929896.]] S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37599331 37599331.]</ref> Tanganyika e na le palo e kgolo [[:en:Endemism|go feta tsotlhe]] ya [[:en:Genera|genera]] tsa cichlid tse di fitlhelwang fela mo letsheng leo, fa di bapisiwa le matsha a mangwe otlhe a Afrika.<ref name=":6" /> Ditlhapi tsotlhe tsa cichlid tsa Tanganyika di wela mo setlhopheng sa baeloji se se bidiwang [[:en:Pseudocrenilabrinae|Pseudocrenilabrinae.]] Mo [[:en:Tribe_(biology)|ditlhopheng]] tse di lesome tse di leng mo Pseudocrenilabrinae sephatlo sa tsone di fitlhelwa fela kgotsa segolobogolo mo Tanganyika: [[:en:Cyprichromini|Cyprichromini]], [[:en:Ectodini|Ectodini,]] [[:en:Lamprologini|Lamprologini]], [[:en:Limnochromini|Limnochromini]] le [[:en:Tropheini|Tropheini]] fa tse dingwe tse tharo di na le mefuta e e fitlhelwang mo letsheng: [[:en:Haplochromini|Haplochromini,]] [[:en:Tilapiini|Tilapiini]] le [[:en:Tylochromini|Tylochromini]].<ref>Sparks; Smith (2004). "Phylogeny and biogeography of cichlid fishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Cichlidae)". ''Cladistics''. '''20''' (6): 501–517. [[:en:CiteSeerX_(identifier)|CiteSeerX]] [https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.595.2118 10.1.1.595.2118]. doi:[[doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00038.x|10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00038.x.]] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34892958 34892958]. S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36086310 36086310].</ref> Baitseanape bangwe ba ba ithutang ka ditlhapi ba akantshitse gore ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa Tanganyika di tshwanetse go kgaoganngwa ka botlalo go nna ditlhopha tse di ka nnang 12 go ya go 16, go akaretsa: [[:en:Bathybatini|Bathybatini,]][[:en:Benthochromini|Benthochromini]],[[:en:Boulengerochromini|Boulengerochromini,]] [[:en:Cyphotilapiini|Cyphotilapiini,]] [[:en:Eretmodini|Eretmodini]],[[:en:Greenwoodochromini|Greenwoodochromini,]] [[:en:Perissodini|Perissodini]] le [[:en:Trematocarini|Trematocarini]] mmogo le ditlhopha tse di setseng tse di umakilweng fa godimo.<ref name=":6" /> {{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Coordinates on Wikidata]] s3uwgs13cysxc3ju55mfs37r5hwq5l3 51175 51172 2026-06-20T15:54:23Z OtengPortia 12840 #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 51175 wikitext text/x-wiki Letsha la Tanganyika<ref>Yohannes,Okbazghi (2008). Water resources and inter-riparian relations in the Nile basin. SUNY Press. p. 127.</ref> ke nngwe ya [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|Matsha a Magolo a Afrika]].<ref>Burton, Richard Francis (1965). Richards, Charles (ed.). ''Burton and Lake Tanganyika''. Dar Es Salaam: East African Literature Bureau. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/180480726 180480726.]</ref> Ke [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_volume|letsha la bobedi mo lefatsheng ka bogolo jwa metsi]],[[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|le ka boteng]], ka makgetho a mabedi le le latlhegelwa fela ke [[:en:Lake_Baikal|Lake Baikal]] kwa [[:en:Siberia|Siberia]].<ref>[http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/lakes/lake-tanganyika "Lake Tanganyika"]. ''www.zambiatourism.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150422001337/http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/lakes/lake-tanganyika Archived] from the original on 22 April 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2008.</ref><ref>Lewis, R. (16 May 2010)[https://news.brown.edu/articles/2010/05/tanganyika . "Brown Geologists Show Unprecedented Warming in Lake Tanganyika".] Brown University. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170326051107/https://news.brown.edu/articles/2010/05/tanganyika Archived] from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</ref> Le gape ke letsha le le telele go feta tsotlhe mo lefatsheng.<ref>[http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/lakes/lake-tanganyika "Lake Tanganyika".] ''www.zambiatourism.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150422001337/http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/lakes/lake-tanganyika Archived] from the original on 22 April 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2008.</ref> Ka bogolo jwa lefelo, [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_area|ke la bo 6 mo lefatsheng]].<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/worlds-largest-lakes-2228655 "World's largest lakes | Description, Area, & Facts | Britannica".] ''www.britannica.com''. Retrieved 18 October 2025.</ref> Letsha leno le abelanwa ke dinaga di le nne: [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[:en:Burundi|Burundi]] le Zambia. Tanzania e na le karolo e kgolo ya letsha (mo e ka nnang 46%), mme Democratic Republic of the Congo e na le mo e ka nnang 40%. Letsha la Tanganyika le elela metsi a lona ka noka ya [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]] go tsena mo tsamaisong ya [[:en:Congo_River|Noka ya Congo]], e e feleletsang e tshela kwa toropong ya [[:en:Banana,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Banana]] go tsena mo [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Lewatleng la Atlantic]].<ref name=":0">[https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Display/html/3587 "LAKE TANGANYIKA".] ''World Lake Database, International Lake Environment Committee Foundation''. Retrieved 12 January 2025.</ref> '''Jeokorafi''' Lake Tanganyika ke [[:en:Ancient_lake|letsha la bogologolo thata]], mme ke lengwe la matsha a le masome a mabedi fela mo lefatsheng a a nang le dingwaga tse di fetang milione e le nngwe. Dikarolo tsa lone tse tharo tse dikgolo, tse mo dinakong tse metsi a neng a le kwa tlase thata di neng di le matsha a a ikemetseng ka nosi, tsotlhe di na le dingwaga tse di farologaneng. Karolo ya bogare e simolotse go bopiwa dingwaga di ka nna milione di le 9 go ya go 12 tse di fetileng. Karolo ya bokone e simolotse dingwaga di ka nna milione di le 7 go ya go 8 tse di fetileng. fa karolo ya borwa e simolotse dingwaga di ka nna milione di le 2 go ya go 4 tse di fetileng.<ref>Cohen; Soreghan; Scholz (1993). "Estimating the age of formation of lakes: An example from Lake Tanganyika, East African Rift system". ''Geology''. '''21''' (6): 511–514. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Geo....21..511C 1993Geo....21..511C.] doi:[https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0091-7613%281993%29021%3C0511%3AETAOFO%3E2.3.CO%3B2 10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0511:ETAOFO>2.3.CO;2.]</ref> Gompieno, Letsha la Tanganyika le mo kgaolong ya [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift,]] e leng lekala la bophirima la [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. Le dikologilwe ke dithaba tse di kwa matlhakoreng a mokgatšha wa phatlogo ya lefatshe. Ke letsha le legolo go feta tsotlhe tsa mofuta wa [[:en:Rift_lake|rift]] mo Afrika, mme ke la bobedi mo lefatsheng ka bogolo jwa metsi a a foreshe. Gape ke letsha le le boteng go feta tsotlhe mo Afrika le le tshwereng metsi a mantsi a a foreshe go feta tsotlhe mo kontineng ya Afrika. Le tshwere mo e ka nnang 16% ya metsi a a foreshe a lefatshe a a ka dirisiwang.Letsha leno le boleele jwa dikilometara di le 676 le anametse go tswa bokone go ya borwa ka bophara jwa palogare ya dikilometara di le 50. Le akaretsa lefelo la dikilometara tse di khubiki di le 32,000 ka lotshitshi lwa boleele jwa dikilometara di le 1,900. Palogare ya boteng ke dimetara di le 572 fa boteng jo bogolo ke dimetara di le 1,471, jo bo fitlhelwang mo karolong ya bokone. Go akanyediwa gore letsha leno le tshwere metsi a ka nna 18,750 km³, e leng bongata jo bogolo thata jwa metsi a a foreshe.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/19991110092358/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dafr06.html "Datbase Summary: Lake Tanganyika"]. ''ilec.or.jp''. Japan: International Lake Environment Committee Foundation. Archived from [http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dafr06.html the original] on 10 November 1999. Retrieved 14 March 2008.</ref><ref name=":0" /> Letsha la Tanganyika lena le [[:en:Drainage_basin|mokgatšha]] wa metsi o o ka nnang 231,000 km².Go na le dinoka tse dikgolo di le pedi tse di tsenang mo letsheng leno, mmogo le dinoka tse dinnye le melatswana e mentsi. Melatswana eno gantsi e khutshwane ka ntlha ya dithaba tse di kwa godimo le tse di matsutsuba tse di dikologileng letsha. Noka e le yosi e kgolo e e tswang mo letsheng ke [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River,]] e e elelang e tsena mo tsamaisong ya [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River.]] Pula le mouoane di na le karolo e kgolo go feta dinoka mo tsamaisong ya metsi a letsha. Go akanyediwa gore bonyenyane 90% ya metsi a a tsenang a tswa mo puleng e e nelelang mo godimo ga letsha, mme bonyenyane 90% ya tahlegelo ya metsi e bakwa ke go mowa ga metsi ka tlhamalalo.<ref name=":1">[[:en:Sven_O._Kullander|Kullander, S.O.]]; Roberts, T.R. (2011). "Out of Lake Tanganyika: endemic lake fishes inhabit rapids of the Lukuga River". ''Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters''. '''22''' (4): 355–76.</ref> Noka e kgolo ke [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], e e bopilweng dingwaga di ka nna 10,000 tse di fetileng, e e tsenang mo bokone jwa letsha e tswa mo [[:en:Lake_Kivu|Lake Kivu]].<ref name=":2">Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980). ''Natural Wonders of the World''. US: Reader's Digest Association, Inc. pp. 366–67. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-89577-087-5|<bdi>978-0-89577-087-5</bdi>.]]</ref> [[:en:Malagarasi_River|Malagarasi River]] ke noka ya bobedi ka bogolo mo Tanzania, mme e tsena mo letlhakoreng la botlhaba la letsha.<ref name=":2" /> Noka eno e kgologolo go feta letsha ka bolone, mme pele letsha le bopiwa, e ka bo e ne e le karolo ya tsamaiso ya metsi ya [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]], e leng mothopo o mogolo wa Noka ya Congo River.<ref name=":1" /> Noka e kgolo e e tswang mo Zambia e bile e tsenang mo karolong ya borwa jwa letsha ke [[:en:Lufubu_River|Lufubu]] River. E tswa mo thoteng e e kwa borwa jwa letsha, e elela go ya kwa bokone-bophirima go ralala dithaba, morago ga moo e retologela go ya bokone-botlhaba go tsena mo letsheng gaufi le Nsumbu.<ref>[https://africageographic.com/stories/nsumbu-national-park/ "Nsumbu National Park"]. ''Africa Geographic''. Retrieved 3 June 2026.</ref> Lake Tanganyika e na le histori e e raraaneng ya diphetogo tsa tsela e metsi a elelang ka yone, ka ntlha ya boleele jo bogolo jwa yone, boteng jo bogolo, go tlala ga yone ka bonya, le lefelo la yone le le kwa dithabeng mo kgaolong e e nang le tiro e ntsi ya dithoromo tsa dithaba tse di tlhotlhogang le diphetogo tsa tlelaemete. Go bonala gore mo nakong e e fetileng, letsha leno ga le ise le ko le nne le phatlha e e tswang ka tlhamalalo go ya lewatleng. Ka ntlha ya seno, le tlhalosiwa jaaka [[:en:Endorheic|“endorheic ka bontsi”.]] Go kgokagana ga letsha le lewatle go ikaegile ka gore metsi a tshwanetse go nna kwa godimo thata mo a ka kgonang go elela go tswa mo letsheng ka Lukuga River go tsena mo tsamaisong ya Congo River.<ref name=":2" /> Fa metsi a sa elele, go tsenwa ga metsi mo Lukuga go gantsi go thibelwa ke mebala ya motlhaba le dimela tsa metsi tse dintsi. Ka nako eo, noka eno e ikaega mo dinokeng tsa yone tse dinnye, segolobogolo Niemba River, go tshegetsa go elela ga yone.<ref name=":1" /> Go simolola ka bo-1990, selekanyo sa metsi mo Lake Tanganyika se ne sa tlhatloga ka mo e ka nnang dimetara di le 2, se baka go rwala matlo le dikago tse di gaufi le lotshitshi.<ref>[https://worldwater.earth/water-surface-elevation-timeseries-reveals-the-rising-water-levels-in-lake-tanganyika "Water surface elevation timeseries reveals the rising water levels in Lake Tanganyika"]. ''WorldWater''. Retrieved 1 June 2026.</ref> Seno se bonagala thata mo toropong ya Nsumbu, gaufi le lotshitshi magareng ga jetty le molomo wa Chisala River, e ka nna dikilometara di le 2 go ya kwa bokone-bophirima. Magareng ga 2018 le 2024, metsi a ne a tsenelela mo teng ga toropo go fitlha mo e ka nnang dimetara di le 300 go tswa mo lotshitshing lwa 2018.<ref>[https://www.google.com/maps/search/Nsumbu/@-8.5164746,30.4729444,1517m/data=!3m1!1e3?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI2MDUyNy4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D "Nsumbu"]. ''Google Maps''. Retrieved 2 June 2026.</ref><ref>[https://earth.google.com/web/@-8.51664622,30.47719045,771.76267068a,1405.28427165d,35y,0h,0t,0r/data=ChYqEAgBEgoyMDE4LTExLTI2GAFCAggBOgMKATBCAggASg0I____________ARAA "Google Earth imagery showing Nsumbu settlement and shoreline, Zambia".] ''Google Earth - Use the historical slider to select past views''. Google Earth. Retrieved 2 June 2026.</ref> Go akanyediwa gape gore mo nakong e e fetileng, letsha le ka tswa le ne le na le ditsela tse di farologaneng tsa go tsena le go tswa ga metsi. Go akantshiwa gore metsi a ka tswa a ne a tswa mo [[:en:Lake_Rukwa|Lake Rukwa]] e e kwa godimo, kgotsa go ka tswa go ne go na le kgokagano le [[:en:Lake_Malawi|Lake Malawi]], mme le gone go kile ga akanyediwa tsela ya go tswa e e yang kwa Noka ya [[:en:Nile|Nile]] River. Tsotlhe tseno di bontsha gore histori ya tsamaiso ya metsi ya letsha e fetogile gantsi mo dingwageng di le dimilione.<ref>Lévêque, Christian (1997). ''Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation: The Freshwater Fish of Tropical Africa''. [[:en:Cambridge_University_Press|Cambridge University Press.]] p. 110. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57033-6|<bdi>978-0-521-57033-6</bdi>.]]</ref> '''Dikarolo tsa metsi''' Metsi a Lake Tanganyika a na le [[:en:Hard_water|alkaline]] e e kwa godimo, ka [[:en:PH|pH]] e e ka nnang 9 mo boteng jwa dimetara di le 0–100.<ref name=":3">De, Wever; Muylaert; der Gucht, Van; Pirlot; Cocquyt; Descy; Plisnier; Vyverman (2005). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1214687 "Bacterial Community Composition in Lake Tanganyika: Vertical and Horizontal Heterogeneity".] ''Appl Environ Microbiol''. '''71''' (9): 5029–5037. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ApEnM..71.5029D 2005ApEnM..71.5029D.] doi:[[doi:10.1128/AEM.71.9.5029-5037.2005|10.1128/AEM.71.9.5029-5037.2005.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1214687 1214687.] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16151083 16151083.]</ref> Kwa tlase ga moo, pH e nna mo e ka nnang 8.7, mme e fokotsega ka bonya go fitlha mo magareng ga 8.3 le 8.5 mo mafelong a a boteng go feta tsotlhe a letsha.<ref name=":3" /> Mokgwa o o tshwanang o bonwa mo [[:en:Electric_conductivity|phitisong ya motlakase]], e e tlogang mo e ka nnang 670 μS/cm mo godimo ga metsi go fitlha go 690 μS/cm mo mafelong a a boteng thata.<ref name=":3" /> Themperetšha ya godimo ga metsi gantsi e ka nna 24°C mo karolong ya borwa jwa letsha ka Phatwe, mme e ka tlhatloga go 28–29°C kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya dipula ka Mopitlwe–Moranang.<ref name=":4">Edmond; Stallard; Craigh; Weiss; Coulter (1993). [[doi:10.4319/lo.1993.38.4.0725|"Nutrient chemistry of the water column of Lake Tanganyika".]] ''Limnol. Oceanogr''. '''38''' (4): 725–738. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993LimOc..38..725E 1993LimOc..38..725E.] doi:[[doi:10.4319/lo.1993.38.4.0725|10.4319/lo.1993.38.4.0725]]</ref> Kwa boteng jo bo fetang dimetara di le 400, themperetšha e nna e sa fetoge thata, e le mo magareng ga 23.1°C le 23.4°C.<ref>O'Reilly, Catherine M.; Alin, Simone R.; Plisnier, Pierre-Denis; Cohen, Andrew S.; Mckee, Brent A. (14 August 2003). "Climate change decreases aquatic ecosystem productivity of Lake Tanganyika, Africa". ''Nature''. '''424''' (6950): 766–768. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.424..766O 2003Natur.424..766O]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1038/nature01833|10.1038/nature01833.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12917682 12917682.] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1637315 1637315]</ref> Metsi a letsha a ntse a oketsega mogote ka bonya fa e sale go tswa mo lekgolong la bo-19 la dingwaga, mme seno se potlakile le go feta ka ntlha ya [[:en:Global_warming|go gotela ga lefatshe]] fa e sale go tswa mo bo-1950.<ref>Jensen, M.R. (8 August 2016). [https://uanews.arizona.edu/story/lake-tanganyika-fisheries-declining-global-warming "Lake Tanganyika Fisheries Declining From Global Warming".] University of Arizona. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180306085806/https://uanews.arizona.edu/story/lake-tanganyika-fisheries-declining-global-warming Archived] from the original on 6 March 2018. Retrieved 5 March 2018.</ref> Letsha le [[:en:Lake_stratification|kgaogane]] ka dikarolo tsa metsi tse di sa kopaneng bonolo. Go tlhakatlhakana ga metsi ka dipaka gantsi ga go fete boteng jwa dimetara di le 150.<ref name=":4" /> Go tlhakatlhakana gono go diragala thata mo karolong ya borwa ka ntlha ya diphefo tse di [[:en:Upwelling|sutisang metsi a a tsididi go tswa kwa tlase go ya godimo.]] Gape go na le go tlhatloga le go fologa ga metsi mo dikarolong tse dingwe tsa letsha.<ref>Lowe-McConnell, R.H. (2003). "Recent research in the African Great Lakes: Fisheries, biodiversity and cichlid evolution". ''Freshwater Forum''. '''20''' (1): 4–64.</ref> Ka ntlha ya go kgaogana gono ga metsi, dikarolo tse di boteng thata di na le se se bidiwang [[:en:Fossil_water|metsi a bogologolo]]<ref>Hutter; Yongqi; and Chubarenko (2011). Physics of Lakes, volume 1: Foundation of the Mathematical and Physical Background. P. 11. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-642-15178-1|<bdi>978-3-642-15178-1</bdi>.]]</ref> a a sa tlhakaneng le a kwa godimo ka dingwaga tse dintsi. Seno se raya gore dikarolo tse di boteng ga di na [[:en:Oxygen|oksijene .]] Ka jalo ditlhapi le [[:en:Obligate_aerobe|diphologolo tsotlhe tse di tlhokang oksijene]] di kgona go tshela fela mo dikarolong tse di kwa godimo tsa letsha. Mo bokone jwa letsha, molelwane ono wa oksijene o fitlhelwa mo boteng jwa dimetara di ka nna 100 fa mo borwa<ref>Wright, J.J.; and L.M. Page (2006). Taxonomic revision of Lake Tanganyikan Synodontis (Siluriformes: Mochokidae). Florida Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull. 46(4): 99–154.</ref><ref>Lowe-McConnell, R.H. (1987). Ecological Studies in Tropical Fish Communities. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-521-28064-8|<bdi>0-521-28064-8</bdi>.]]</ref> jwa letsha, o fitlhelwa mo boteng jwa dimetara di ka nna 240–250. Dikarolo tse di boteng go feta tsotlhe tsa letsha di na le selekanyo se segolo sa [[:en:Hydrogen_sulfide|hydrogen sulfide]], gase e e botlhole.<ref name=":3" /><ref>Ryan, Emily; Todd, Jonathan A.; McGlue, Michael; Kimirei, Ismael; Soreghan, Michael (2017). "Variation in Taphonomic Character of Shell Beds in Lake Tanganyika, Africa: Paleoenvironmental and Stratigraphic Implications of Shell Beds in Lakes". Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 304608. Geological Society of America. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1130/abs/2017am-304608|10.1130/abs/2017am-304608]]</ref> '''Baeloji''' '''Digagabi''' Letsha la Tanganyika le mafelo a metsi a a le dikologileng ke legae la mefuta e le mmalwa ya digagabi, tsotlhe di akaretsa [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]] (go akaretsa kwena e kgolo e e tumileng e e bidiwang [[:en:Gustave_(crocodile)|Gustave]]), [[:en:Zambian_hinged_terrapin|Khudu ya metsi ya Zambia,]] [[:en:Serrated_hinged_terrapin|Serrated hinged terrapin]], Pan hinged terrapin (mofuta ono ga o nne mo letsheng ka bolone mme o fitlhelwa mo matsheng a a gaufi)<ref name=":5">Spawls, Howell, Drewes, and Ashe (2002). A Field Guide to the Reptiles of East Africa. Academic Press, London. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/0-12-656470-1|0-12-656470]]-1</bdi>.</ref>. [[:en:Storm's_water_cobra|Storm’s water cobra]], e leng [[:en:Subspecies|mofuta]] o o mo kotsing wa noga ya metsi e e jang ditlhapi thata, e fitlhelwa fela mo Letsheng la Tanganyika. E rata go nna mo mabopong a a nang le maje.<ref name=":5" /><ref>O'Shea, Mark; Mcintyre, P.B. (2005). [http://www.markoshea.info/oba4-3_zambia_tanzania03.php "Boulengerina annulata stormsi (Storm's water cobra). Attempted predation".] ''Herpetological Review''. '''36''' (2): 189. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171202071348/http://www.markoshea.info/oba4-3_zambia_tanzania03.php Archived] from the original on 2 December 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</ref> '''Ditlhapi tsa Cichlid''' Letsha la Tanganyika ke legae la [[:en:Endemism|bonyenyane mefuta]] e e fetang 250 ya ditlhapi tsa [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]]<ref>Kelly West (28 February 2001). [https://iwlearn.net/documents/6644 "Results and Experiences of the UNDP/GEF Conservation Initiative (RAF/92/G32) in Burundi, D.R. Congo, Tanzania, and Zambia"]. ''IW:LEARN | Documents''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162707/https://iwlearn.net/documents/6644 Archived] from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</ref> tse di fitlhelwang fela mo letsheng leno. Go dumelwa gape gore go santse go na le [[:en:Undescribed_taxon|mefuta e mengwe e e iseng e lemogiwe]] ke baitseanape.<ref>Craig Mortiff (24 December 2009). [https://www.cichlid-forum.com/threads/lake-tanganyika-and-its-diverse-cichlids.456196/ "Lake Tanganyika and its Diverse Cichlids"]. ''Cichlid Fish Forum''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162711/https://www.cichlid-forum.com/threads/lake-tanganyika-and-its-diverse-cichlids.456196/ Archived] from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</ref> Mo e ka nnang 98% ya mefuta yotlhe ya cichlid mo letsheng leno ga e fitlhelwe kae kapa kae mo lefatsheng fa e se mo Tanganyika fela. Ka ntlha ya seno, letsha leno le botlhokwa thata mo dipatlisisong tsa kafa mefuta [[:en:Speciation|e mesha ya diphologolo e tlhagang ka teng,]] le kafa [[:en:Evolution|botshelo bo fetogang ka teng mo lobakeng lo loleele.]]<ref>Takahashi, T.; Hori, M. (2012). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3363988 "Genetic and Morphological Evidence Implies Existence of Two Sympatric Species in Cyathopharynx furcifer (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika"]. ''International Journal of Evolutionary Biology''. '''2012''' 980879. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1155/2012/980879|10.1155/2012/980879.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3363988 3363988]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22675655 22675655.]</ref><ref>Kornfield, Ivy; Smith, Peter A (2000). "African Cichlid Fishes: Model Systems for Evolutionary Biology". ''Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics''. '''31''': 163–196. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.163|10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.163]].</ref> Ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|Matsha a Magolo a Afrika]], go akaretsa Tanganyika, di emela nngwe ya mehlala e megolo go feta tsotlhe ya [[:en:Adaptive_radiation|adaptive radiation]] mo diphologolong tse di nang le marapo a mokwatla.<ref>Meyer, Britta; Matchiner, Michael; Salburger, Walter (25 November 2013). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 "A tribal level phylogeny of Lake Tanganyika cichlid fishes based on a genomic multi-marker approach"]. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution''. '''83''': 56–71. doi:[[doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009|10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 4334724.] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25433288 25433288.]</ref> Le fa dingwe tsa mefuta eno di ka fitlhelwa gonnye mo godimo ga [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga]] River, ga di kgone go anamela thata mo [[:en:Congo_Basin|tsamaisong ya Congo River]]. Seno se bakwa ke jeokorafi ya mafelo ao, le pharologano ya dikhemikhale tsa metsi.Tikologo e e dikologileng Letsha la Tanganyika e itshiametse gape e itekanetse gona le [[:en:Rapids|mekgacho]] le medi e sianeng ya noka ya Congo. Metsi a Tanganyika, a [[:en:Alkali'|alkaline]] gape ana le [[:en:PH|pH]] e kwa godimo (ga a na asiti e ntsi), a na le [[:en:Calcium|calcium]] le diminerale tse dintsi go farologana le metsi a Congo a a nang le [[:en:Acid|asiti e ntsi,]] [[:en:Sediment|a tletse seretse,]] a tletse matlakala a [[:en:Rainforest|dimela]] le dilo tse dingwe tsa tlholego tse di senyegang. Mo dikarolong dingwe tsa Congo, kgakala le [[:en:Whitewater|metsi a masweu]], metsi a fetoga se se bidiwang [[:en:Blackwater_river|metsi a mantsho]], ka ntlha ya dikhemikhale tse di tswang mo dikgatsheng le mo matlakaleng a ditlhare a a bodileng. Metsi ano a na le [[:en:Tannin|tannins]] tse dintsi mme ga a siamele<ref>[[:en:Sven_O._Kullander|Kullander, S.O]].; Roberts, T.R. (2011). "Out of Lake Tanganyika: endemic lake fishes inhabit rapids of the Lukuga River". ''Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters''. '''22''' (4): 355–76.</ref> ditlhapi tsa cichlid. Ka mokgwa o o tshwanang, mefuta e mentsi ya ditlhapi tsa dinoka tsa tropiki le yone e ka nna ya se kgone go tshela fa e ka tsenngwa mo metsing a a phepa, a alkaline le a nang le diminerale tse dintsi a Letsha la Tanganyika. Le fa Letsha la Tanganyika e na le mefuta e mmalwa ya ditlhapi tsa cichlid fa e bapisiwa le Letsha la [[:en:Lake_Malawi|Malawi]] kgotsa Letsha la [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Victoria]]—matsha a a kileng a nna le koketsego e kgolo le e [[:en:Adaptive_radiation|e potlakileng]] ya mefuta ya ditlhapi mo hisetoring ya bosheng—<ref>Turner, Seehausen; Knight, Allender; Robinson (2001). [[doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.x|"How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes?"]]. ''Molecular Ecology''. '''10''' (3): 793–806. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001MolEc..10..793T 2001MolEc..10..793T.] doi:[[doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.x|10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.]]<nowiki/>x. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11298988 11298988.] S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12925712 12925712.]</ref>ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa Tanganyika ke tsone tse di nang le pharologano e kgolo go feta tsotlhe mo [[:en:Morphology_(biology)|popegelong ya mmele]] le mo [[:en:Genetics|dijining]].<ref name=":6">Meyer, Britta; Matchiner, Michael; Salburger, Walter (25 November 2013). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 "A tribal level phylogeny of Lake Tanganyika cichlid fishes based on a genomic multi-marker approach"]. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution''. '''83''': 56–71. doi:[[doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009|10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009]]. PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 4334724]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25433288 25433288.]</ref><ref>Seehausen, O. (2015). [[doi:10.1111/nph.13450|"Process and pattern in cichlid radiations – inferences for understanding unusually high rates of evolutionary diversification"]]. ''New Phytologist''. '''207''' (2): 304–312. doi:[[doi:10.1111/nph.13450|10.1111/nph.13450.]] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25983053 25983053.]</ref> Seno se amana le bogologolo jwa Letsha la Tanganyika, ka gonne le legologolo thata go feta Malawi le Victoria. Nako e telele eno e ne ya letla mefuta ya ditlhapi go fetoga le go ikgaoganya ka ditsela tse dintsi go feta tse di bonwang mo matsheng a mangwe.<ref>Nishida, M (1991). "Lake Tanganyika as an evolutionary reservoir of old lineages of East African cichlid fishes: Inferences from allozyme data". ''Experientia''. '''47''' (9): 974–979. doi[[doi:10.1007/bf01929896|:10.1007/bf01929896.]] S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37599331 37599331.]</ref> Tanganyika e na le palo e kgolo [[:en:Endemism|go feta tsotlhe]] ya [[:en:Genera|genera]] tsa cichlid tse di fitlhelwang fela mo letsheng leo, fa di bapisiwa le matsha a mangwe otlhe a Afrika.<ref name=":6" /> Ditlhapi tsotlhe tsa cichlid tsa Tanganyika di wela mo setlhopheng sa baeloji se se bidiwang [[:en:Pseudocrenilabrinae|Pseudocrenilabrinae.]] Mo [[:en:Tribe_(biology)|ditlhopheng]] tse di lesome tse di leng mo Pseudocrenilabrinae sephatlo sa tsone di fitlhelwa fela kgotsa segolobogolo mo Tanganyika: [[:en:Cyprichromini|Cyprichromini]], [[:en:Ectodini|Ectodini,]] [[:en:Lamprologini|Lamprologini]], [[:en:Limnochromini|Limnochromini]] le [[:en:Tropheini|Tropheini]] fa tse dingwe tse tharo di na le mefuta e e fitlhelwang mo letsheng: [[:en:Haplochromini|Haplochromini,]] [[:en:Tilapiini|Tilapiini]] le [[:en:Tylochromini|Tylochromini]].<ref>Sparks; Smith (2004). "Phylogeny and biogeography of cichlid fishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Cichlidae)". ''Cladistics''. '''20''' (6): 501–517. [[:en:CiteSeerX_(identifier)|CiteSeerX]] [https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.595.2118 10.1.1.595.2118]. doi:[[doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00038.x|10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00038.x.]] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34892958 34892958]. S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36086310 36086310].</ref> Baitseanape bangwe ba ba ithutang ka ditlhapi ba akantshitse gore ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa Tanganyika di tshwanetse go kgaoganngwa ka botlalo go nna ditlhopha tse di ka nnang 12 go ya go 16, go akaretsa: [[:en:Bathybatini|Bathybatini,]][[:en:Benthochromini|Benthochromini]],[[:en:Boulengerochromini|Boulengerochromini,]] [[:en:Cyphotilapiini|Cyphotilapiini,]] [[:en:Eretmodini|Eretmodini]],[[:en:Greenwoodochromini|Greenwoodochromini,]] [[:en:Perissodini|Perissodini]] le [[:en:Trematocarini|Trematocarini]] mmogo le ditlhopha tse di setseng tse di umakilweng fa godimo.<ref name=":6" /> Bontsi jwa ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa Lake Tanganyika di nna gaufi le lotshitshi lwa letsha mo boteng jo bo fitlhang go dimetara di le 100. Le fa go ntse jalo, mefuta mengwe e e nnang mo metsing a a boteng e kgona go fologela mo boteng jwa dimetara di le 200 ka gale.<ref name=":7">Kirchberger; Sefc; Sturmbauer; Koblmuller (2012). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3362839 "Evolutionary History of Lake Tanganyika's Predatory Deepwater Cichlids"]. ''International Journal of Evolutionary Biology''. '''2012''' 716209. doi[[doi:10.1155/2012/716209|:10.1155/2012/716209.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3362839 3362839]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22675652 22675652.]</ref> Mefuta ya [[:en:Trematocara|Trematocara]] yone e fitlhetswe mo boteng jo bo fetang dimetara di le 300, jo bo leng boteng go feta jwa cichlid efe kgotsa efe e e itsiweng mo lefatsheng.<ref>Loiselle, Paul (1994). The Cichlid Aquarium, p. 304. Tetra Press, Germany. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1564651464|<bdi>978-1564651464</bdi>.]]</ref> Mefuta mengwe ya ditlhapi tsa metsi a a boteng, jaaka [[:en:Bathybates|Bathybates]], [[:en:Gnathochromis|Gnathochromis]], [[:en:Hemibates|Hemibates]] le [[:en:Xenochromis|Xenochromis]] e kile ya tshwarwa mo mafelong a a batlang a sena oksijene gotlhelele, mme baitseanape ga ba ise ba tlhaloganye sentle gore di kgona jang go tshela mo maemong ao.<ref name=":8">Lowe-McConnell, R.H. (1987). Ecological Studies in Tropical Fish Communities. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-521-28064-8|<bdi>0-521-28064-8</bdi>.]]</ref> Bontsi jwa cichlid tsa Tanganyika ke tsa [[:en:Benthic|botlaseng jwa letsha]], kgotsa di nna gaufi le mabopo.<ref>Lindqvist, O.V.; H. Mölsä; K. Solonen; J. Sarvala, editors (1999). From Limnology to Fisheries: Lake Tanganyika and Other Large Lakes. pp. 213–214. Springer. ISBN 978-0792360179</ref> Ga go na cichlid e e tshelang [[:en:Pelagic|ka botlalo mo metsing a a bulegileng]] kgakala le lotshitshi, ntle le mefuta mengwe ya Bathybates<ref name=":7" /> [[:en:Piscivorous|e e jang ditlhapi tse dingwe]]. Mefuta e mebedi e, [[:en:Bathybates_fasciatus|Bathybates fasciatus]] le [[:en:Bathybates_leo|Bathybates leo]] dija thata [[:en:Tanganyika_sardine|ditlhapi tsa sardine tsa Tanganyika]].<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> Ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa Tanganyika di farologane thata ka [[:en:Ecology|tsela e di iphedisang ka yone]]. Go na le mefuta [[:en:Herbivore|e e]] [[:en:Herbivore|jang dimela]], [[:en:Detritivore|e e jang matlakala le dilo tse di bolang mo metsing]], [[:en:Planktivore|e e jang plankton]], [[:en:Insectivore|e e jang ditshenekegi]], [[:en:Molluscivore|e e jang dikgapetla tsa metsing]], [[:en:Scavenger|e e jang ditopo tsa diphologolo tse di suleng]], [[:en:Scale-eater|e e jang makwaga a ditlhapi tse dingwe]] le e e jang ditlhapi tse dingwe.<ref name=":9">Craig Mortiff (24 December 2009). [https://www.cichlid-forum.com/threads/lake-tanganyika-and-its-diverse-cichlids.456196/ "Lake Tanganyika and its Diverse Cichlids"]. ''Cichlid Fish Forum''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162711/https://www.cichlid-forum.com/threads/lake-tanganyika-and-its-diverse-cichlids.456196/ Archived] from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</ref> Le fa mefuta mengwe e na le dijo tse e di ratang thata, baitseanape ba lemogile gore e ka fetola mekgwa ya yone ya go ja [[:en:Opportunism|fa dijo dingwe di nna dintsi thata]].<ref>Golcher-Benavides J, Wagner CE (2019). "Playing out Liem's Paradox: Opportunistic Piscivory across Lake Tanganyikan Cichlids". ''The American Naturalist''. '''194''' (2): 260–267. doi:[[doi:10.1086/704169|10.1086/704169]]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31318283 31318283.] S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155438716 155438716.]</ref> Sekai, mefuta e mentsi e ka simolola go ja [[:en:Stolothrissa_tanganicae|Stolothrissa tanganicae]] le [[:en:Limnothrissa_miodon|Limnothrissa miodon]] fa ditlhapi tseno di nna dintsi mo letsheng. Mekgwa ya tsalo ya cichlid e kgaogana ka ditlhopha tse pedi tse dikgolo: Tse di beelang mae mo lefatsheng kgotsa mo motlhabeng (gantsi mo magageng kgotsa mo diphateng tsa maje) le [[:en:Mouthbrooder|tse di godisang mae mo molomong]].<ref>Schliewen, U. (1992). Aquarium Fish. Barron's Educational Series. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0812013504|<bdi>978-0812013504</bdi>.]]</ref> Mo mefuteng e e fitlhelwang fela mo Tanganyika go na le dingwe tsa ditlhapi tsa cichlid tse dinnye go feta tsotlhe mo lefatsheng, [[:en:Neolamprologus_multifasciatus|Neolamprologus multifasciatus]] le [[:en:Neolamprologus_similis|Neolamprologus similis]] (tse tsotlhe [[:en:Shell_dweller|di nnang mo dikgapetleng tsa dikgopa]]), mme boleele jwa tsone bo fitlha fela mo e ka nnang 4–5 cm.<ref>[[:en:Rainer_Froese|Froese, Rainer]]; [[:en:Daniel_Pauly|Pauly, Daniel]] (eds.). [https://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Neolamprologus&speciesname=multifasciatus "''Neolamprologus multifasciatus''".] [[:en:FishBase|''FishBase''.]] March 2017 version.</ref><ref>[[:en:Rainer_Froese|Froese, Rainer;]] [[:en:Daniel_Pauly|Pauly, Daniel]] (eds.). [https://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Neolamprologus&speciesname=similis "''Neolamprologus similis''".] ''[[:en:FishBase|FishBase]]''. March 2017 version.</ref> Go na gape le nngwe ya [[:en:Giant_cichlid|cichlid tse dikgolo]] go feta tsotlhe mo lefatsheng e leng Boulengerochromis microlepis e e ka golang go fitlha mo e ka nnang 90 cm ka boleele.<ref name=":9" /><ref>[http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/features/articles/the-10-biggest-cichlids "The 10 biggest cichlids".] Practical Fishkeeping. 13 June 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052647/http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/features/articles/the-10-biggest-cichlids Archived] from the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.</ref> {{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Coordinates on Wikidata]] c6skroj86rj3lwvegjy7kikgpszmluy 51177 51175 2026-06-20T16:10:10Z OtengPortia 12840 #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 51177 wikitext text/x-wiki Letsha la Tanganyika<ref>Yohannes,Okbazghi (2008). Water resources and inter-riparian relations in the Nile basin. SUNY Press. p. 127.</ref> ke nngwe ya [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|Matsha a Magolo a Afrika]].<ref>Burton, Richard Francis (1965). Richards, Charles (ed.). ''Burton and Lake Tanganyika''. Dar Es Salaam: East African Literature Bureau. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/180480726 180480726.]</ref> Ke [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_volume|letsha la bobedi mo lefatsheng ka bogolo jwa metsi]],[[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|le ka boteng]], ka makgetho a mabedi le le latlhegelwa fela ke [[:en:Lake_Baikal|Lake Baikal]] kwa [[:en:Siberia|Siberia]].<ref>[http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/lakes/lake-tanganyika "Lake Tanganyika"]. ''www.zambiatourism.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150422001337/http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/lakes/lake-tanganyika Archived] from the original on 22 April 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2008.</ref><ref>Lewis, R. (16 May 2010)[https://news.brown.edu/articles/2010/05/tanganyika . "Brown Geologists Show Unprecedented Warming in Lake Tanganyika".] Brown University. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170326051107/https://news.brown.edu/articles/2010/05/tanganyika Archived] from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</ref> Le gape ke letsha le le telele go feta tsotlhe mo lefatsheng.<ref>[http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/lakes/lake-tanganyika "Lake Tanganyika".] ''www.zambiatourism.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150422001337/http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/lakes/lake-tanganyika Archived] from the original on 22 April 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2008.</ref> Ka bogolo jwa lefelo, [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_area|ke la bo 6 mo lefatsheng]].<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/worlds-largest-lakes-2228655 "World's largest lakes | Description, Area, & Facts | Britannica".] ''www.britannica.com''. Retrieved 18 October 2025.</ref> Letsha leno le abelanwa ke dinaga di le nne: [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[:en:Burundi|Burundi]] le Zambia. Tanzania e na le karolo e kgolo ya letsha (mo e ka nnang 46%), mme Democratic Republic of the Congo e na le mo e ka nnang 40%. Letsha la Tanganyika le elela metsi a lona ka noka ya [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]] go tsena mo tsamaisong ya [[:en:Congo_River|Noka ya Congo]], e e feleletsang e tshela kwa toropong ya [[:en:Banana,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Banana]] go tsena mo [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Lewatleng la Atlantic]].<ref name=":0">[https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Display/html/3587 "LAKE TANGANYIKA".] ''World Lake Database, International Lake Environment Committee Foundation''. Retrieved 12 January 2025.</ref> '''Jeokorafi''' Lake Tanganyika ke [[:en:Ancient_lake|letsha la bogologolo thata]], mme ke lengwe la matsha a le masome a mabedi fela mo lefatsheng a a nang le dingwaga tse di fetang milione e le nngwe. Dikarolo tsa lone tse tharo tse dikgolo, tse mo dinakong tse metsi a neng a le kwa tlase thata di neng di le matsha a a ikemetseng ka nosi, tsotlhe di na le dingwaga tse di farologaneng. Karolo ya bogare e simolotse go bopiwa dingwaga di ka nna milione di le 9 go ya go 12 tse di fetileng. Karolo ya bokone e simolotse dingwaga di ka nna milione di le 7 go ya go 8 tse di fetileng. fa karolo ya borwa e simolotse dingwaga di ka nna milione di le 2 go ya go 4 tse di fetileng.<ref>Cohen; Soreghan; Scholz (1993). "Estimating the age of formation of lakes: An example from Lake Tanganyika, East African Rift system". ''Geology''. '''21''' (6): 511–514. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Geo....21..511C 1993Geo....21..511C.] doi:[https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0091-7613%281993%29021%3C0511%3AETAOFO%3E2.3.CO%3B2 10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0511:ETAOFO>2.3.CO;2.]</ref> Gompieno, Letsha la Tanganyika le mo kgaolong ya [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift,]] e leng lekala la bophirima la [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. Le dikologilwe ke dithaba tse di kwa matlhakoreng a mokgatšha wa phatlogo ya lefatshe. Ke letsha le legolo go feta tsotlhe tsa mofuta wa [[:en:Rift_lake|rift]] mo Afrika, mme ke la bobedi mo lefatsheng ka bogolo jwa metsi a a foreshe. Gape ke letsha le le boteng go feta tsotlhe mo Afrika le le tshwereng metsi a mantsi a a foreshe go feta tsotlhe mo kontineng ya Afrika. Le tshwere mo e ka nnang 16% ya metsi a a foreshe a lefatshe a a ka dirisiwang.Letsha leno le boleele jwa dikilometara di le 676 le anametse go tswa bokone go ya borwa ka bophara jwa palogare ya dikilometara di le 50. Le akaretsa lefelo la dikilometara tse di khubiki di le 32,000 ka lotshitshi lwa boleele jwa dikilometara di le 1,900. Palogare ya boteng ke dimetara di le 572 fa boteng jo bogolo ke dimetara di le 1,471, jo bo fitlhelwang mo karolong ya bokone. Go akanyediwa gore letsha leno le tshwere metsi a ka nna 18,750 km³, e leng bongata jo bogolo thata jwa metsi a a foreshe.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/19991110092358/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dafr06.html "Datbase Summary: Lake Tanganyika"]. ''ilec.or.jp''. Japan: International Lake Environment Committee Foundation. Archived from [http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dafr06.html the original] on 10 November 1999. Retrieved 14 March 2008.</ref><ref name=":0" /> Letsha la Tanganyika lena le [[:en:Drainage_basin|mokgatšha]] wa metsi o o ka nnang 231,000 km².Go na le dinoka tse dikgolo di le pedi tse di tsenang mo letsheng leno, mmogo le dinoka tse dinnye le melatswana e mentsi. Melatswana eno gantsi e khutshwane ka ntlha ya dithaba tse di kwa godimo le tse di matsutsuba tse di dikologileng letsha. Noka e le yosi e kgolo e e tswang mo letsheng ke [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River,]] e e elelang e tsena mo tsamaisong ya [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River.]] Pula le mouoane di na le karolo e kgolo go feta dinoka mo tsamaisong ya metsi a letsha. Go akanyediwa gore bonyenyane 90% ya metsi a a tsenang a tswa mo puleng e e nelelang mo godimo ga letsha, mme bonyenyane 90% ya tahlegelo ya metsi e bakwa ke go mowa ga metsi ka tlhamalalo.<ref name=":1">[[:en:Sven_O._Kullander|Kullander, S.O.]]; Roberts, T.R. (2011). "Out of Lake Tanganyika: endemic lake fishes inhabit rapids of the Lukuga River". ''Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters''. '''22''' (4): 355–76.</ref> Noka e kgolo ke [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], e e bopilweng dingwaga di ka nna 10,000 tse di fetileng, e e tsenang mo bokone jwa letsha e tswa mo [[:en:Lake_Kivu|Lake Kivu]].<ref name=":2">Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980). ''Natural Wonders of the World''. US: Reader's Digest Association, Inc. pp. 366–67. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-89577-087-5|<bdi>978-0-89577-087-5</bdi>.]]</ref> [[:en:Malagarasi_River|Malagarasi River]] ke noka ya bobedi ka bogolo mo Tanzania, mme e tsena mo letlhakoreng la botlhaba la letsha.<ref name=":2" /> Noka eno e kgologolo go feta letsha ka bolone, mme pele letsha le bopiwa, e ka bo e ne e le karolo ya tsamaiso ya metsi ya [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]], e leng mothopo o mogolo wa Noka ya Congo River.<ref name=":1" /> Noka e kgolo e e tswang mo Zambia e bile e tsenang mo karolong ya borwa jwa letsha ke [[:en:Lufubu_River|Lufubu]] River. E tswa mo thoteng e e kwa borwa jwa letsha, e elela go ya kwa bokone-bophirima go ralala dithaba, morago ga moo e retologela go ya bokone-botlhaba go tsena mo letsheng gaufi le Nsumbu.<ref>[https://africageographic.com/stories/nsumbu-national-park/ "Nsumbu National Park"]. ''Africa Geographic''. Retrieved 3 June 2026.</ref> Lake Tanganyika e na le histori e e raraaneng ya diphetogo tsa tsela e metsi a elelang ka yone, ka ntlha ya boleele jo bogolo jwa yone, boteng jo bogolo, go tlala ga yone ka bonya, le lefelo la yone le le kwa dithabeng mo kgaolong e e nang le tiro e ntsi ya dithoromo tsa dithaba tse di tlhotlhogang le diphetogo tsa tlelaemete. Go bonala gore mo nakong e e fetileng, letsha leno ga le ise le ko le nne le phatlha e e tswang ka tlhamalalo go ya lewatleng. Ka ntlha ya seno, le tlhalosiwa jaaka [[:en:Endorheic|“endorheic ka bontsi”.]] Go kgokagana ga letsha le lewatle go ikaegile ka gore metsi a tshwanetse go nna kwa godimo thata mo a ka kgonang go elela go tswa mo letsheng ka Lukuga River go tsena mo tsamaisong ya Congo River.<ref name=":2" /> Fa metsi a sa elele, go tsenwa ga metsi mo Lukuga go gantsi go thibelwa ke mebala ya motlhaba le dimela tsa metsi tse dintsi. Ka nako eo, noka eno e ikaega mo dinokeng tsa yone tse dinnye, segolobogolo Niemba River, go tshegetsa go elela ga yone.<ref name=":1" /> Go simolola ka bo-1990, selekanyo sa metsi mo Lake Tanganyika se ne sa tlhatloga ka mo e ka nnang dimetara di le 2, se baka go rwala matlo le dikago tse di gaufi le lotshitshi.<ref>[https://worldwater.earth/water-surface-elevation-timeseries-reveals-the-rising-water-levels-in-lake-tanganyika "Water surface elevation timeseries reveals the rising water levels in Lake Tanganyika"]. ''WorldWater''. Retrieved 1 June 2026.</ref> Seno se bonagala thata mo toropong ya Nsumbu, gaufi le lotshitshi magareng ga jetty le molomo wa Chisala River, e ka nna dikilometara di le 2 go ya kwa bokone-bophirima. Magareng ga 2018 le 2024, metsi a ne a tsenelela mo teng ga toropo go fitlha mo e ka nnang dimetara di le 300 go tswa mo lotshitshing lwa 2018.<ref>[https://www.google.com/maps/search/Nsumbu/@-8.5164746,30.4729444,1517m/data=!3m1!1e3?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI2MDUyNy4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D "Nsumbu"]. ''Google Maps''. Retrieved 2 June 2026.</ref><ref>[https://earth.google.com/web/@-8.51664622,30.47719045,771.76267068a,1405.28427165d,35y,0h,0t,0r/data=ChYqEAgBEgoyMDE4LTExLTI2GAFCAggBOgMKATBCAggASg0I____________ARAA "Google Earth imagery showing Nsumbu settlement and shoreline, Zambia".] ''Google Earth - Use the historical slider to select past views''. Google Earth. Retrieved 2 June 2026.</ref> Go akanyediwa gape gore mo nakong e e fetileng, letsha le ka tswa le ne le na le ditsela tse di farologaneng tsa go tsena le go tswa ga metsi. Go akantshiwa gore metsi a ka tswa a ne a tswa mo [[:en:Lake_Rukwa|Lake Rukwa]] e e kwa godimo, kgotsa go ka tswa go ne go na le kgokagano le [[:en:Lake_Malawi|Lake Malawi]], mme le gone go kile ga akanyediwa tsela ya go tswa e e yang kwa Noka ya [[:en:Nile|Nile]] River. Tsotlhe tseno di bontsha gore histori ya tsamaiso ya metsi ya letsha e fetogile gantsi mo dingwageng di le dimilione.<ref>Lévêque, Christian (1997). ''Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation: The Freshwater Fish of Tropical Africa''. [[:en:Cambridge_University_Press|Cambridge University Press.]] p. 110. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57033-6|<bdi>978-0-521-57033-6</bdi>.]]</ref> '''Dikarolo tsa metsi''' Metsi a Lake Tanganyika a na le [[:en:Hard_water|alkaline]] e e kwa godimo, ka [[:en:PH|pH]] e e ka nnang 9 mo boteng jwa dimetara di le 0–100.<ref name=":3">De, Wever; Muylaert; der Gucht, Van; Pirlot; Cocquyt; Descy; Plisnier; Vyverman (2005). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1214687 "Bacterial Community Composition in Lake Tanganyika: Vertical and Horizontal Heterogeneity".] ''Appl Environ Microbiol''. '''71''' (9): 5029–5037. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ApEnM..71.5029D 2005ApEnM..71.5029D.] doi:[[doi:10.1128/AEM.71.9.5029-5037.2005|10.1128/AEM.71.9.5029-5037.2005.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1214687 1214687.] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16151083 16151083.]</ref> Kwa tlase ga moo, pH e nna mo e ka nnang 8.7, mme e fokotsega ka bonya go fitlha mo magareng ga 8.3 le 8.5 mo mafelong a a boteng go feta tsotlhe a letsha.<ref name=":3" /> Mokgwa o o tshwanang o bonwa mo [[:en:Electric_conductivity|phitisong ya motlakase]], e e tlogang mo e ka nnang 670 μS/cm mo godimo ga metsi go fitlha go 690 μS/cm mo mafelong a a boteng thata.<ref name=":3" /> Themperetšha ya godimo ga metsi gantsi e ka nna 24°C mo karolong ya borwa jwa letsha ka Phatwe, mme e ka tlhatloga go 28–29°C kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya dipula ka Mopitlwe–Moranang.<ref name=":4">Edmond; Stallard; Craigh; Weiss; Coulter (1993). [[doi:10.4319/lo.1993.38.4.0725|"Nutrient chemistry of the water column of Lake Tanganyika".]] ''Limnol. Oceanogr''. '''38''' (4): 725–738. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993LimOc..38..725E 1993LimOc..38..725E.] doi:[[doi:10.4319/lo.1993.38.4.0725|10.4319/lo.1993.38.4.0725]]</ref> Kwa boteng jo bo fetang dimetara di le 400, themperetšha e nna e sa fetoge thata, e le mo magareng ga 23.1°C le 23.4°C.<ref>O'Reilly, Catherine M.; Alin, Simone R.; Plisnier, Pierre-Denis; Cohen, Andrew S.; Mckee, Brent A. (14 August 2003). "Climate change decreases aquatic ecosystem productivity of Lake Tanganyika, Africa". ''Nature''. '''424''' (6950): 766–768. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.424..766O 2003Natur.424..766O]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1038/nature01833|10.1038/nature01833.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12917682 12917682.] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1637315 1637315]</ref> Metsi a letsha a ntse a oketsega mogote ka bonya fa e sale go tswa mo lekgolong la bo-19 la dingwaga, mme seno se potlakile le go feta ka ntlha ya [[:en:Global_warming|go gotela ga lefatshe]] fa e sale go tswa mo bo-1950.<ref>Jensen, M.R. (8 August 2016). [https://uanews.arizona.edu/story/lake-tanganyika-fisheries-declining-global-warming "Lake Tanganyika Fisheries Declining From Global Warming".] University of Arizona. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180306085806/https://uanews.arizona.edu/story/lake-tanganyika-fisheries-declining-global-warming Archived] from the original on 6 March 2018. Retrieved 5 March 2018.</ref> Letsha le [[:en:Lake_stratification|kgaogane]] ka dikarolo tsa metsi tse di sa kopaneng bonolo. Go tlhakatlhakana ga metsi ka dipaka gantsi ga go fete boteng jwa dimetara di le 150.<ref name=":4" /> Go tlhakatlhakana gono go diragala thata mo karolong ya borwa ka ntlha ya diphefo tse di [[:en:Upwelling|sutisang metsi a a tsididi go tswa kwa tlase go ya godimo.]] Gape go na le go tlhatloga le go fologa ga metsi mo dikarolong tse dingwe tsa letsha.<ref>Lowe-McConnell, R.H. (2003). "Recent research in the African Great Lakes: Fisheries, biodiversity and cichlid evolution". ''Freshwater Forum''. '''20''' (1): 4–64.</ref> Ka ntlha ya go kgaogana gono ga metsi, dikarolo tse di boteng thata di na le se se bidiwang [[:en:Fossil_water|metsi a bogologolo]]<ref>Hutter; Yongqi; and Chubarenko (2011). Physics of Lakes, volume 1: Foundation of the Mathematical and Physical Background. P. 11. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-642-15178-1|<bdi>978-3-642-15178-1</bdi>.]]</ref> a a sa tlhakaneng le a kwa godimo ka dingwaga tse dintsi. Seno se raya gore dikarolo tse di boteng ga di na [[:en:Oxygen|oksijene .]] Ka jalo ditlhapi le [[:en:Obligate_aerobe|diphologolo tsotlhe tse di tlhokang oksijene]] di kgona go tshela fela mo dikarolong tse di kwa godimo tsa letsha. Mo bokone jwa letsha, molelwane ono wa oksijene o fitlhelwa mo boteng jwa dimetara di ka nna 100 fa mo borwa<ref>Wright, J.J.; and L.M. Page (2006). Taxonomic revision of Lake Tanganyikan Synodontis (Siluriformes: Mochokidae). Florida Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull. 46(4): 99–154.</ref><ref>Lowe-McConnell, R.H. (1987). Ecological Studies in Tropical Fish Communities. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-521-28064-8|<bdi>0-521-28064-8</bdi>.]]</ref> jwa letsha, o fitlhelwa mo boteng jwa dimetara di ka nna 240–250. Dikarolo tse di boteng go feta tsotlhe tsa letsha di na le selekanyo se segolo sa [[:en:Hydrogen_sulfide|hydrogen sulfide]], gase e e botlhole.<ref name=":3" /><ref>Ryan, Emily; Todd, Jonathan A.; McGlue, Michael; Kimirei, Ismael; Soreghan, Michael (2017). "Variation in Taphonomic Character of Shell Beds in Lake Tanganyika, Africa: Paleoenvironmental and Stratigraphic Implications of Shell Beds in Lakes". Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 304608. Geological Society of America. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1130/abs/2017am-304608|10.1130/abs/2017am-304608]]</ref> '''Baeloji''' '''Digagabi''' Letsha la Tanganyika le mafelo a metsi a a le dikologileng ke legae la mefuta e le mmalwa ya digagabi, tsotlhe di akaretsa [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]] (go akaretsa kwena e kgolo e e tumileng e e bidiwang [[:en:Gustave_(crocodile)|Gustave]]), [[:en:Zambian_hinged_terrapin|Khudu ya metsi ya Zambia,]] [[:en:Serrated_hinged_terrapin|Serrated hinged terrapin]], Pan hinged terrapin (mofuta ono ga o nne mo letsheng ka bolone mme o fitlhelwa mo matsheng a a gaufi)<ref name=":5">Spawls, Howell, Drewes, and Ashe (2002). A Field Guide to the Reptiles of East Africa. Academic Press, London. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/0-12-656470-1|0-12-656470]]-1</bdi>.</ref>. [[:en:Storm's_water_cobra|Storm’s water cobra]], e leng [[:en:Subspecies|mofuta]] o o mo kotsing wa noga ya metsi e e jang ditlhapi thata, e fitlhelwa fela mo Letsheng la Tanganyika. E rata go nna mo mabopong a a nang le maje.<ref name=":5" /><ref>O'Shea, Mark; Mcintyre, P.B. (2005). [http://www.markoshea.info/oba4-3_zambia_tanzania03.php "Boulengerina annulata stormsi (Storm's water cobra). Attempted predation".] ''Herpetological Review''. '''36''' (2): 189. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171202071348/http://www.markoshea.info/oba4-3_zambia_tanzania03.php Archived] from the original on 2 December 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</ref> '''Ditlhapi tsa Cichlid''' Letsha la Tanganyika ke legae la [[:en:Endemism|bonyenyane mefuta]] e e fetang 250 ya ditlhapi tsa [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]]<ref>Kelly West (28 February 2001). [https://iwlearn.net/documents/6644 "Results and Experiences of the UNDP/GEF Conservation Initiative (RAF/92/G32) in Burundi, D.R. Congo, Tanzania, and Zambia"]. ''IW:LEARN | Documents''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162707/https://iwlearn.net/documents/6644 Archived] from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</ref> tse di fitlhelwang fela mo letsheng leno. Go dumelwa gape gore go santse go na le [[:en:Undescribed_taxon|mefuta e mengwe e e iseng e lemogiwe]] ke baitseanape.<ref>Craig Mortiff (24 December 2009). [https://www.cichlid-forum.com/threads/lake-tanganyika-and-its-diverse-cichlids.456196/ "Lake Tanganyika and its Diverse Cichlids"]. ''Cichlid Fish Forum''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162711/https://www.cichlid-forum.com/threads/lake-tanganyika-and-its-diverse-cichlids.456196/ Archived] from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</ref> Mo e ka nnang 98% ya mefuta yotlhe ya cichlid mo letsheng leno ga e fitlhelwe kae kapa kae mo lefatsheng fa e se mo Tanganyika fela. Ka ntlha ya seno, letsha leno le botlhokwa thata mo dipatlisisong tsa kafa mefuta [[:en:Speciation|e mesha ya diphologolo e tlhagang ka teng,]] le kafa [[:en:Evolution|botshelo bo fetogang ka teng mo lobakeng lo loleele.]]<ref>Takahashi, T.; Hori, M. (2012). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3363988 "Genetic and Morphological Evidence Implies Existence of Two Sympatric Species in Cyathopharynx furcifer (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika"]. ''International Journal of Evolutionary Biology''. '''2012''' 980879. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1155/2012/980879|10.1155/2012/980879.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3363988 3363988]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22675655 22675655.]</ref><ref>Kornfield, Ivy; Smith, Peter A (2000). "African Cichlid Fishes: Model Systems for Evolutionary Biology". ''Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics''. '''31''': 163–196. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.163|10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.163]].</ref> Ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|Matsha a Magolo a Afrika]], go akaretsa Tanganyika, di emela nngwe ya mehlala e megolo go feta tsotlhe ya [[:en:Adaptive_radiation|adaptive radiation]] mo diphologolong tse di nang le marapo a mokwatla.<ref>Meyer, Britta; Matchiner, Michael; Salburger, Walter (25 November 2013). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 "A tribal level phylogeny of Lake Tanganyika cichlid fishes based on a genomic multi-marker approach"]. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution''. '''83''': 56–71. doi:[[doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009|10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 4334724.] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25433288 25433288.]</ref> Le fa dingwe tsa mefuta eno di ka fitlhelwa gonnye mo godimo ga [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga]] River, ga di kgone go anamela thata mo [[:en:Congo_Basin|tsamaisong ya Congo River]]. Seno se bakwa ke jeokorafi ya mafelo ao, le pharologano ya dikhemikhale tsa metsi.Tikologo e e dikologileng Letsha la Tanganyika e itshiametse gape e itekanetse gona le [[:en:Rapids|mekgacho]] le medi e sianeng ya noka ya Congo. Metsi a Tanganyika, a [[:en:Alkali'|alkaline]] gape ana le [[:en:PH|pH]] e kwa godimo (ga a na asiti e ntsi), a na le [[:en:Calcium|calcium]] le diminerale tse dintsi go farologana le metsi a Congo a a nang le [[:en:Acid|asiti e ntsi,]] [[:en:Sediment|a tletse seretse,]] a tletse matlakala a [[:en:Rainforest|dimela]] le dilo tse dingwe tsa tlholego tse di senyegang. Mo dikarolong dingwe tsa Congo, kgakala le [[:en:Whitewater|metsi a masweu]], metsi a fetoga se se bidiwang [[:en:Blackwater_river|metsi a mantsho]], ka ntlha ya dikhemikhale tse di tswang mo dikgatsheng le mo matlakaleng a ditlhare a a bodileng. Metsi ano a na le [[:en:Tannin|tannins]] tse dintsi mme ga a siamele<ref>[[:en:Sven_O._Kullander|Kullander, S.O]].; Roberts, T.R. (2011). "Out of Lake Tanganyika: endemic lake fishes inhabit rapids of the Lukuga River". ''Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters''. '''22''' (4): 355–76.</ref> ditlhapi tsa cichlid. Ka mokgwa o o tshwanang, mefuta e mentsi ya ditlhapi tsa dinoka tsa tropiki le yone e ka nna ya se kgone go tshela fa e ka tsenngwa mo metsing a a phepa, a alkaline le a nang le diminerale tse dintsi a Letsha la Tanganyika. Le fa Letsha la Tanganyika e na le mefuta e mmalwa ya ditlhapi tsa cichlid fa e bapisiwa le Letsha la [[:en:Lake_Malawi|Malawi]] kgotsa Letsha la [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Victoria]]—matsha a a kileng a nna le koketsego e kgolo le e [[:en:Adaptive_radiation|e potlakileng]] ya mefuta ya ditlhapi mo hisetoring ya bosheng—<ref>Turner, Seehausen; Knight, Allender; Robinson (2001). [[doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.x|"How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes?"]]. ''Molecular Ecology''. '''10''' (3): 793–806. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001MolEc..10..793T 2001MolEc..10..793T.] doi:[[doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.x|10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.]]<nowiki/>x. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11298988 11298988.] S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12925712 12925712.]</ref>ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa Tanganyika ke tsone tse di nang le pharologano e kgolo go feta tsotlhe mo [[:en:Morphology_(biology)|popegelong ya mmele]] le mo [[:en:Genetics|dijining]].<ref name=":6">Meyer, Britta; Matchiner, Michael; Salburger, Walter (25 November 2013). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 "A tribal level phylogeny of Lake Tanganyika cichlid fishes based on a genomic multi-marker approach"]. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution''. '''83''': 56–71. doi:[[doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009|10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009]]. PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 4334724]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25433288 25433288.]</ref><ref>Seehausen, O. (2015). [[doi:10.1111/nph.13450|"Process and pattern in cichlid radiations – inferences for understanding unusually high rates of evolutionary diversification"]]. ''New Phytologist''. '''207''' (2): 304–312. doi:[[doi:10.1111/nph.13450|10.1111/nph.13450.]] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25983053 25983053.]</ref> Seno se amana le bogologolo jwa Letsha la Tanganyika, ka gonne le legologolo thata go feta Malawi le Victoria. Nako e telele eno e ne ya letla mefuta ya ditlhapi go fetoga le go ikgaoganya ka ditsela tse dintsi go feta tse di bonwang mo matsheng a mangwe.<ref>Nishida, M (1991). "Lake Tanganyika as an evolutionary reservoir of old lineages of East African cichlid fishes: Inferences from allozyme data". ''Experientia''. '''47''' (9): 974–979. doi[[doi:10.1007/bf01929896|:10.1007/bf01929896.]] S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37599331 37599331.]</ref> Tanganyika e na le palo e kgolo [[:en:Endemism|go feta tsotlhe]] ya [[:en:Genera|genera]] tsa cichlid tse di fitlhelwang fela mo letsheng leo, fa di bapisiwa le matsha a mangwe otlhe a Afrika.<ref name=":6" /> Ditlhapi tsotlhe tsa cichlid tsa Tanganyika di wela mo setlhopheng sa baeloji se se bidiwang [[:en:Pseudocrenilabrinae|Pseudocrenilabrinae.]] Mo [[:en:Tribe_(biology)|ditlhopheng]] tse di lesome tse di leng mo Pseudocrenilabrinae sephatlo sa tsone di fitlhelwa fela kgotsa segolobogolo mo Tanganyika: [[:en:Cyprichromini|Cyprichromini]], [[:en:Ectodini|Ectodini,]] [[:en:Lamprologini|Lamprologini]], [[:en:Limnochromini|Limnochromini]] le [[:en:Tropheini|Tropheini]] fa tse dingwe tse tharo di na le mefuta e e fitlhelwang mo letsheng: [[:en:Haplochromini|Haplochromini,]] [[:en:Tilapiini|Tilapiini]] le [[:en:Tylochromini|Tylochromini]].<ref>Sparks; Smith (2004). "Phylogeny and biogeography of cichlid fishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Cichlidae)". ''Cladistics''. '''20''' (6): 501–517. [[:en:CiteSeerX_(identifier)|CiteSeerX]] [https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.595.2118 10.1.1.595.2118]. doi:[[doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00038.x|10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00038.x.]] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34892958 34892958]. S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36086310 36086310].</ref> Baitseanape bangwe ba ba ithutang ka ditlhapi ba akantshitse gore ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa Tanganyika di tshwanetse go kgaoganngwa ka botlalo go nna ditlhopha tse di ka nnang 12 go ya go 16, go akaretsa: [[:en:Bathybatini|Bathybatini,]][[:en:Benthochromini|Benthochromini]],[[:en:Boulengerochromini|Boulengerochromini,]] [[:en:Cyphotilapiini|Cyphotilapiini,]] [[:en:Eretmodini|Eretmodini]],[[:en:Greenwoodochromini|Greenwoodochromini,]] [[:en:Perissodini|Perissodini]] le [[:en:Trematocarini|Trematocarini]] mmogo le ditlhopha tse di setseng tse di umakilweng fa godimo.<ref name=":6" /> Bontsi jwa ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa Lake Tanganyika di nna gaufi le lotshitshi lwa letsha mo boteng jo bo fitlhang go dimetara di le 100. Le fa go ntse jalo, mefuta mengwe e e nnang mo metsing a a boteng e kgona go fologela mo boteng jwa dimetara di le 200 ka gale.<ref name=":7">Kirchberger; Sefc; Sturmbauer; Koblmuller (2012). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3362839 "Evolutionary History of Lake Tanganyika's Predatory Deepwater Cichlids"]. ''International Journal of Evolutionary Biology''. '''2012''' 716209. doi[[doi:10.1155/2012/716209|:10.1155/2012/716209.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3362839 3362839]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22675652 22675652.]</ref> Mefuta ya [[:en:Trematocara|Trematocara]] yone e fitlhetswe mo boteng jo bo fetang dimetara di le 300, jo bo leng boteng go feta jwa cichlid efe kgotsa efe e e itsiweng mo lefatsheng.<ref>Loiselle, Paul (1994). The Cichlid Aquarium, p. 304. Tetra Press, Germany. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1564651464|<bdi>978-1564651464</bdi>.]]</ref> Mefuta mengwe ya ditlhapi tsa metsi a a boteng, jaaka [[:en:Bathybates|Bathybates]], [[:en:Gnathochromis|Gnathochromis]], [[:en:Hemibates|Hemibates]] le [[:en:Xenochromis|Xenochromis]] e kile ya tshwarwa mo mafelong a a batlang a sena oksijene gotlhelele, mme baitseanape ga ba ise ba tlhaloganye sentle gore di kgona jang go tshela mo maemong ao.<ref name=":8">Lowe-McConnell, R.H. (1987). Ecological Studies in Tropical Fish Communities. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-521-28064-8|<bdi>0-521-28064-8</bdi>.]]</ref> Bontsi jwa cichlid tsa Tanganyika ke tsa [[:en:Benthic|botlaseng jwa letsha]], kgotsa di nna gaufi le mabopo.<ref>Lindqvist, O.V.; H. Mölsä; K. Solonen; J. Sarvala, editors (1999). From Limnology to Fisheries: Lake Tanganyika and Other Large Lakes. pp. 213–214. Springer. ISBN 978-0792360179</ref> Ga go na cichlid e e tshelang [[:en:Pelagic|ka botlalo mo metsing a a bulegileng]] kgakala le lotshitshi, ntle le mefuta mengwe ya Bathybates<ref name=":7" /> [[:en:Piscivorous|e e jang ditlhapi tse dingwe]]. Mefuta e mebedi e, [[:en:Bathybates_fasciatus|Bathybates fasciatus]] le [[:en:Bathybates_leo|Bathybates leo]] dija thata [[:en:Tanganyika_sardine|ditlhapi tsa sardine tsa Tanganyika]].<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> Ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa Tanganyika di farologane thata ka [[:en:Ecology|tsela e di iphedisang ka yone]]. Go na le mefuta [[:en:Herbivore|e e]] [[:en:Herbivore|jang dimela]], [[:en:Detritivore|e e jang matlakala le dilo tse di bolang mo metsing]], [[:en:Planktivore|e e jang plankton]], [[:en:Insectivore|e e jang ditshenekegi]], [[:en:Molluscivore|e e jang dikgapetla tsa metsing]], [[:en:Scavenger|e e jang ditopo tsa diphologolo tse di suleng]], [[:en:Scale-eater|e e jang makwaga a ditlhapi tse dingwe]] le e e jang ditlhapi tse dingwe.<ref name=":9">Craig Mortiff (24 December 2009). [https://www.cichlid-forum.com/threads/lake-tanganyika-and-its-diverse-cichlids.456196/ "Lake Tanganyika and its Diverse Cichlids"]. ''Cichlid Fish Forum''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162711/https://www.cichlid-forum.com/threads/lake-tanganyika-and-its-diverse-cichlids.456196/ Archived] from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</ref> Le fa mefuta mengwe e na le dijo tse e di ratang thata, baitseanape ba lemogile gore e ka fetola mekgwa ya yone ya go ja [[:en:Opportunism|fa dijo dingwe di nna dintsi thata]].<ref>Golcher-Benavides J, Wagner CE (2019). "Playing out Liem's Paradox: Opportunistic Piscivory across Lake Tanganyikan Cichlids". ''The American Naturalist''. '''194''' (2): 260–267. doi:[[doi:10.1086/704169|10.1086/704169]]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31318283 31318283.] S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155438716 155438716.]</ref> Sekai, mefuta e mentsi e ka simolola go ja [[:en:Stolothrissa_tanganicae|Stolothrissa tanganicae]] le [[:en:Limnothrissa_miodon|Limnothrissa miodon]] fa ditlhapi tseno di nna dintsi mo letsheng. Mekgwa ya tsalo ya cichlid e kgaogana ka ditlhopha tse pedi tse dikgolo: Tse di beelang mae mo lefatsheng kgotsa mo motlhabeng (gantsi mo magageng kgotsa mo diphateng tsa maje) le [[:en:Mouthbrooder|tse di godisang mae mo molomong]].<ref name=":10">Schliewen, U. (1992). Aquarium Fish. Barron's Educational Series. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0812013504|<bdi>978-0812013504</bdi>.]]</ref> Mo mefuteng e e fitlhelwang fela mo Tanganyika go na le dingwe tsa ditlhapi tsa cichlid tse dinnye go feta tsotlhe mo lefatsheng, [[:en:Neolamprologus_multifasciatus|Neolamprologus multifasciatus]] le [[:en:Neolamprologus_similis|Neolamprologus similis]] (tse tsotlhe [[:en:Shell_dweller|di nnang mo dikgapetleng tsa dikgopa]]), mme boleele jwa tsone bo fitlha fela mo e ka nnang 4–5 cm.<ref>[[:en:Rainer_Froese|Froese, Rainer]]; [[:en:Daniel_Pauly|Pauly, Daniel]] (eds.). [https://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Neolamprologus&speciesname=multifasciatus "''Neolamprologus multifasciatus''".] [[:en:FishBase|''FishBase''.]] March 2017 version.</ref><ref>[[:en:Rainer_Froese|Froese, Rainer;]] [[:en:Daniel_Pauly|Pauly, Daniel]] (eds.). [https://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Neolamprologus&speciesname=similis "''Neolamprologus similis''".] ''[[:en:FishBase|FishBase]]''. March 2017 version.</ref> Go na gape le nngwe ya [[:en:Giant_cichlid|cichlid tse dikgolo]] go feta tsotlhe mo lefatsheng e leng Boulengerochromis microlepis e e ka golang go fitlha mo e ka nnang 90 cm ka boleele.<ref name=":9" /><ref>[http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/features/articles/the-10-biggest-cichlids "The 10 biggest cichlids".] Practical Fishkeeping. 13 June 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052647/http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/features/articles/the-10-biggest-cichlids Archived] from the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.</ref> Mefuta e mentsi ya ditlhapi tsa cichlid tse di tswang mo Lake Tanganyika e tumile thata mo bathong ba ba godisang ditlhapi mo ditankeng tsa metsi. Tse di akaretsa: [[:en:Altolamprologus|Altolamprologus,]] [[:en:Cyprichromis|Cyprichromis]], [[:en:Eretmodus|Eretmodus]], [[:en:Julidochromis|Julidochromis]], [[:en:Lamprologus|Lamprologus]], [[:en:Neolamprologus|Neolamprologus]], [[:en:Tropheus|Tropheus]] le [[:en:Xenotilapia|Xenotilapia]]. Ditlhapi tseno di ratwa ka ntlha ya mebala ya tsone e e ntle, mekgabiso le dipaterone tsa tsone tse di kgatlhang, le mekgwa ya tsone ya boitshwaro e e kgatlhang go e lebelela.<ref name=":10" /> Mo lefatsheng la go godisa ditlhapi mo ditankeng, batho ba le bantsi gape ba rata go aga [[:en:Biotope|setshwano sa diatla]] sa Letsha la Tanganyika, gore e tshwane ka mo go ka kgonegang ka teng le tikologo ya tlholego ya letsha leno, mo go fitlhelwang mefuta e mentsi ya ditlhapi segompienong di kgona go tsadisiwa sentle mo botshwarong.<ref name=":10" /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120302102920/http://www.aquariumslife.com/featured/lake-tanganyika-biotope/ "tanganyika biotope aquarium".] Aquariums Life. 10 February 2010. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2014.</ref> {{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Coordinates on Wikidata]] pg322dj3193fhret1yvt58c17hohl7p 51180 51177 2026-06-20T16:38:27Z OtengPortia 12840 #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 51180 wikitext text/x-wiki Letsha la Tanganyika<ref>Yohannes,Okbazghi (2008). Water resources and inter-riparian relations in the Nile basin. SUNY Press. p. 127.</ref> ke nngwe ya [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|Matsha a Magolo a Afrika]].<ref>Burton, Richard Francis (1965). Richards, Charles (ed.). ''Burton and Lake Tanganyika''. Dar Es Salaam: East African Literature Bureau. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/180480726 180480726.]</ref> Ke [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_volume|letsha la bobedi mo lefatsheng ka bogolo jwa metsi]],[[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|le ka boteng]], ka makgetho a mabedi le le latlhegelwa fela ke [[:en:Lake_Baikal|Lake Baikal]] kwa [[:en:Siberia|Siberia]].<ref>[http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/lakes/lake-tanganyika "Lake Tanganyika"]. ''www.zambiatourism.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150422001337/http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/lakes/lake-tanganyika Archived] from the original on 22 April 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2008.</ref><ref>Lewis, R. (16 May 2010)[https://news.brown.edu/articles/2010/05/tanganyika . "Brown Geologists Show Unprecedented Warming in Lake Tanganyika".] Brown University. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170326051107/https://news.brown.edu/articles/2010/05/tanganyika Archived] from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</ref> Le gape ke letsha le le telele go feta tsotlhe mo lefatsheng.<ref>[http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/lakes/lake-tanganyika "Lake Tanganyika".] ''www.zambiatourism.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150422001337/http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/lakes/lake-tanganyika Archived] from the original on 22 April 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2008.</ref> Ka bogolo jwa lefelo, [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_area|ke la bo 6 mo lefatsheng]].<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/worlds-largest-lakes-2228655 "World's largest lakes | Description, Area, & Facts | Britannica".] ''www.britannica.com''. Retrieved 18 October 2025.</ref> Letsha leno le abelanwa ke dinaga di le nne: [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[:en:Burundi|Burundi]] le Zambia. Tanzania e na le karolo e kgolo ya letsha (mo e ka nnang 46%), mme Democratic Republic of the Congo e na le mo e ka nnang 40%. Letsha la Tanganyika le elela metsi a lona ka noka ya [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]] go tsena mo tsamaisong ya [[:en:Congo_River|Noka ya Congo]], e e feleletsang e tshela kwa toropong ya [[:en:Banana,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Banana]] go tsena mo [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Lewatleng la Atlantic]].<ref name=":0">[https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Display/html/3587 "LAKE TANGANYIKA".] ''World Lake Database, International Lake Environment Committee Foundation''. Retrieved 12 January 2025.</ref> '''Jeokorafi''' Lake Tanganyika ke [[:en:Ancient_lake|letsha la bogologolo thata]], mme ke lengwe la matsha a le masome a mabedi fela mo lefatsheng a a nang le dingwaga tse di fetang milione e le nngwe. Dikarolo tsa lone tse tharo tse dikgolo, tse mo dinakong tse metsi a neng a le kwa tlase thata di neng di le matsha a a ikemetseng ka nosi, tsotlhe di na le dingwaga tse di farologaneng. Karolo ya bogare e simolotse go bopiwa dingwaga di ka nna milione di le 9 go ya go 12 tse di fetileng. Karolo ya bokone e simolotse dingwaga di ka nna milione di le 7 go ya go 8 tse di fetileng. fa karolo ya borwa e simolotse dingwaga di ka nna milione di le 2 go ya go 4 tse di fetileng.<ref>Cohen; Soreghan; Scholz (1993). "Estimating the age of formation of lakes: An example from Lake Tanganyika, East African Rift system". ''Geology''. '''21''' (6): 511–514. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Geo....21..511C 1993Geo....21..511C.] doi:[https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0091-7613%281993%29021%3C0511%3AETAOFO%3E2.3.CO%3B2 10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0511:ETAOFO>2.3.CO;2.]</ref> Gompieno, Letsha la Tanganyika le mo kgaolong ya [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift,]] e leng lekala la bophirima la [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. Le dikologilwe ke dithaba tse di kwa matlhakoreng a mokgatšha wa phatlogo ya lefatshe. Ke letsha le legolo go feta tsotlhe tsa mofuta wa [[:en:Rift_lake|rift]] mo Afrika, mme ke la bobedi mo lefatsheng ka bogolo jwa metsi a a foreshe. Gape ke letsha le le boteng go feta tsotlhe mo Afrika le le tshwereng metsi a mantsi a a foreshe go feta tsotlhe mo kontineng ya Afrika. Le tshwere mo e ka nnang 16% ya metsi a a foreshe a lefatshe a a ka dirisiwang.Letsha leno le boleele jwa dikilometara di le 676 le anametse go tswa bokone go ya borwa ka bophara jwa palogare ya dikilometara di le 50. Le akaretsa lefelo la dikilometara tse di khubiki di le 32,000 ka lotshitshi lwa boleele jwa dikilometara di le 1,900. Palogare ya boteng ke dimetara di le 572 fa boteng jo bogolo ke dimetara di le 1,471, jo bo fitlhelwang mo karolong ya bokone. Go akanyediwa gore letsha leno le tshwere metsi a ka nna 18,750 km³, e leng bongata jo bogolo thata jwa metsi a a foreshe.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/19991110092358/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dafr06.html "Datbase Summary: Lake Tanganyika"]. ''ilec.or.jp''. Japan: International Lake Environment Committee Foundation. Archived from [http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dafr06.html the original] on 10 November 1999. Retrieved 14 March 2008.</ref><ref name=":0" /> Letsha la Tanganyika lena le [[:en:Drainage_basin|mokgatšha]] wa metsi o o ka nnang 231,000 km².Go na le dinoka tse dikgolo di le pedi tse di tsenang mo letsheng leno, mmogo le dinoka tse dinnye le melatswana e mentsi. Melatswana eno gantsi e khutshwane ka ntlha ya dithaba tse di kwa godimo le tse di matsutsuba tse di dikologileng letsha. Noka e le yosi e kgolo e e tswang mo letsheng ke [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River,]] e e elelang e tsena mo tsamaisong ya [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River.]] Pula le mouoane di na le karolo e kgolo go feta dinoka mo tsamaisong ya metsi a letsha. Go akanyediwa gore bonyenyane 90% ya metsi a a tsenang a tswa mo puleng e e nelelang mo godimo ga letsha, mme bonyenyane 90% ya tahlegelo ya metsi e bakwa ke go mowa ga metsi ka tlhamalalo.<ref name=":1">[[:en:Sven_O._Kullander|Kullander, S.O.]]; Roberts, T.R. (2011). "Out of Lake Tanganyika: endemic lake fishes inhabit rapids of the Lukuga River". ''Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters''. '''22''' (4): 355–76.</ref> Noka e kgolo ke [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], e e bopilweng dingwaga di ka nna 10,000 tse di fetileng, e e tsenang mo bokone jwa letsha e tswa mo [[:en:Lake_Kivu|Lake Kivu]].<ref name=":2">Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980). ''Natural Wonders of the World''. US: Reader's Digest Association, Inc. pp. 366–67. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-89577-087-5|<bdi>978-0-89577-087-5</bdi>.]]</ref> [[:en:Malagarasi_River|Malagarasi River]] ke noka ya bobedi ka bogolo mo Tanzania, mme e tsena mo letlhakoreng la botlhaba la letsha.<ref name=":2" /> Noka eno e kgologolo go feta letsha ka bolone, mme pele letsha le bopiwa, e ka bo e ne e le karolo ya tsamaiso ya metsi ya [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]], e leng mothopo o mogolo wa Noka ya Congo River.<ref name=":1" /> Noka e kgolo e e tswang mo Zambia e bile e tsenang mo karolong ya borwa jwa letsha ke [[:en:Lufubu_River|Lufubu]] River. E tswa mo thoteng e e kwa borwa jwa letsha, e elela go ya kwa bokone-bophirima go ralala dithaba, morago ga moo e retologela go ya bokone-botlhaba go tsena mo letsheng gaufi le Nsumbu.<ref>[https://africageographic.com/stories/nsumbu-national-park/ "Nsumbu National Park"]. ''Africa Geographic''. Retrieved 3 June 2026.</ref> Lake Tanganyika e na le histori e e raraaneng ya diphetogo tsa tsela e metsi a elelang ka yone, ka ntlha ya boleele jo bogolo jwa yone, boteng jo bogolo, go tlala ga yone ka bonya, le lefelo la yone le le kwa dithabeng mo kgaolong e e nang le tiro e ntsi ya dithoromo tsa dithaba tse di tlhotlhogang le diphetogo tsa tlelaemete. Go bonala gore mo nakong e e fetileng, letsha leno ga le ise le ko le nne le phatlha e e tswang ka tlhamalalo go ya lewatleng. Ka ntlha ya seno, le tlhalosiwa jaaka [[:en:Endorheic|“endorheic ka bontsi”.]] Go kgokagana ga letsha le lewatle go ikaegile ka gore metsi a tshwanetse go nna kwa godimo thata mo a ka kgonang go elela go tswa mo letsheng ka Lukuga River go tsena mo tsamaisong ya Congo River.<ref name=":2" /> Fa metsi a sa elele, go tsenwa ga metsi mo Lukuga go gantsi go thibelwa ke mebala ya motlhaba le dimela tsa metsi tse dintsi. Ka nako eo, noka eno e ikaega mo dinokeng tsa yone tse dinnye, segolobogolo Niemba River, go tshegetsa go elela ga yone.<ref name=":1" /> Go simolola ka bo-1990, selekanyo sa metsi mo Lake Tanganyika se ne sa tlhatloga ka mo e ka nnang dimetara di le 2, se baka go rwala matlo le dikago tse di gaufi le lotshitshi.<ref>[https://worldwater.earth/water-surface-elevation-timeseries-reveals-the-rising-water-levels-in-lake-tanganyika "Water surface elevation timeseries reveals the rising water levels in Lake Tanganyika"]. ''WorldWater''. Retrieved 1 June 2026.</ref> Seno se bonagala thata mo toropong ya Nsumbu, gaufi le lotshitshi magareng ga jetty le molomo wa Chisala River, e ka nna dikilometara di le 2 go ya kwa bokone-bophirima. Magareng ga 2018 le 2024, metsi a ne a tsenelela mo teng ga toropo go fitlha mo e ka nnang dimetara di le 300 go tswa mo lotshitshing lwa 2018.<ref>[https://www.google.com/maps/search/Nsumbu/@-8.5164746,30.4729444,1517m/data=!3m1!1e3?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI2MDUyNy4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D "Nsumbu"]. ''Google Maps''. Retrieved 2 June 2026.</ref><ref>[https://earth.google.com/web/@-8.51664622,30.47719045,771.76267068a,1405.28427165d,35y,0h,0t,0r/data=ChYqEAgBEgoyMDE4LTExLTI2GAFCAggBOgMKATBCAggASg0I____________ARAA "Google Earth imagery showing Nsumbu settlement and shoreline, Zambia".] ''Google Earth - Use the historical slider to select past views''. Google Earth. Retrieved 2 June 2026.</ref> Go akanyediwa gape gore mo nakong e e fetileng, letsha le ka tswa le ne le na le ditsela tse di farologaneng tsa go tsena le go tswa ga metsi. Go akantshiwa gore metsi a ka tswa a ne a tswa mo [[:en:Lake_Rukwa|Lake Rukwa]] e e kwa godimo, kgotsa go ka tswa go ne go na le kgokagano le [[:en:Lake_Malawi|Lake Malawi]], mme le gone go kile ga akanyediwa tsela ya go tswa e e yang kwa Noka ya [[:en:Nile|Nile]] River. Tsotlhe tseno di bontsha gore histori ya tsamaiso ya metsi ya letsha e fetogile gantsi mo dingwageng di le dimilione.<ref>Lévêque, Christian (1997). ''Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation: The Freshwater Fish of Tropical Africa''. [[:en:Cambridge_University_Press|Cambridge University Press.]] p. 110. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57033-6|<bdi>978-0-521-57033-6</bdi>.]]</ref> '''Dikarolo tsa metsi''' Metsi a Lake Tanganyika a na le [[:en:Hard_water|alkaline]] e e kwa godimo, ka [[:en:PH|pH]] e e ka nnang 9 mo boteng jwa dimetara di le 0–100.<ref name=":3">De, Wever; Muylaert; der Gucht, Van; Pirlot; Cocquyt; Descy; Plisnier; Vyverman (2005). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1214687 "Bacterial Community Composition in Lake Tanganyika: Vertical and Horizontal Heterogeneity".] ''Appl Environ Microbiol''. '''71''' (9): 5029–5037. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ApEnM..71.5029D 2005ApEnM..71.5029D.] doi:[[doi:10.1128/AEM.71.9.5029-5037.2005|10.1128/AEM.71.9.5029-5037.2005.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1214687 1214687.] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16151083 16151083.]</ref> Kwa tlase ga moo, pH e nna mo e ka nnang 8.7, mme e fokotsega ka bonya go fitlha mo magareng ga 8.3 le 8.5 mo mafelong a a boteng go feta tsotlhe a letsha.<ref name=":3" /> Mokgwa o o tshwanang o bonwa mo [[:en:Electric_conductivity|phitisong ya motlakase]], e e tlogang mo e ka nnang 670 μS/cm mo godimo ga metsi go fitlha go 690 μS/cm mo mafelong a a boteng thata.<ref name=":3" /> Themperetšha ya godimo ga metsi gantsi e ka nna 24°C mo karolong ya borwa jwa letsha ka Phatwe, mme e ka tlhatloga go 28–29°C kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya dipula ka Mopitlwe–Moranang.<ref name=":4">Edmond; Stallard; Craigh; Weiss; Coulter (1993). [[doi:10.4319/lo.1993.38.4.0725|"Nutrient chemistry of the water column of Lake Tanganyika".]] ''Limnol. Oceanogr''. '''38''' (4): 725–738. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993LimOc..38..725E 1993LimOc..38..725E.] doi:[[doi:10.4319/lo.1993.38.4.0725|10.4319/lo.1993.38.4.0725]]</ref> Kwa boteng jo bo fetang dimetara di le 400, themperetšha e nna e sa fetoge thata, e le mo magareng ga 23.1°C le 23.4°C.<ref>O'Reilly, Catherine M.; Alin, Simone R.; Plisnier, Pierre-Denis; Cohen, Andrew S.; Mckee, Brent A. (14 August 2003). "Climate change decreases aquatic ecosystem productivity of Lake Tanganyika, Africa". ''Nature''. '''424''' (6950): 766–768. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.424..766O 2003Natur.424..766O]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1038/nature01833|10.1038/nature01833.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12917682 12917682.] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1637315 1637315]</ref> Metsi a letsha a ntse a oketsega mogote ka bonya fa e sale go tswa mo lekgolong la bo-19 la dingwaga, mme seno se potlakile le go feta ka ntlha ya [[:en:Global_warming|go gotela ga lefatshe]] fa e sale go tswa mo bo-1950.<ref>Jensen, M.R. (8 August 2016). [https://uanews.arizona.edu/story/lake-tanganyika-fisheries-declining-global-warming "Lake Tanganyika Fisheries Declining From Global Warming".] University of Arizona. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180306085806/https://uanews.arizona.edu/story/lake-tanganyika-fisheries-declining-global-warming Archived] from the original on 6 March 2018. Retrieved 5 March 2018.</ref> Letsha le [[:en:Lake_stratification|kgaogane]] ka dikarolo tsa metsi tse di sa kopaneng bonolo. Go tlhakatlhakana ga metsi ka dipaka gantsi ga go fete boteng jwa dimetara di le 150.<ref name=":4" /> Go tlhakatlhakana gono go diragala thata mo karolong ya borwa ka ntlha ya diphefo tse di [[:en:Upwelling|sutisang metsi a a tsididi go tswa kwa tlase go ya godimo.]] Gape go na le go tlhatloga le go fologa ga metsi mo dikarolong tse dingwe tsa letsha.<ref>Lowe-McConnell, R.H. (2003). "Recent research in the African Great Lakes: Fisheries, biodiversity and cichlid evolution". ''Freshwater Forum''. '''20''' (1): 4–64.</ref> Ka ntlha ya go kgaogana gono ga metsi, dikarolo tse di boteng thata di na le se se bidiwang [[:en:Fossil_water|metsi a bogologolo]]<ref>Hutter; Yongqi; and Chubarenko (2011). Physics of Lakes, volume 1: Foundation of the Mathematical and Physical Background. P. 11. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-642-15178-1|<bdi>978-3-642-15178-1</bdi>.]]</ref> a a sa tlhakaneng le a kwa godimo ka dingwaga tse dintsi. Seno se raya gore dikarolo tse di boteng ga di na [[:en:Oxygen|oksijene .]] Ka jalo ditlhapi le [[:en:Obligate_aerobe|diphologolo tsotlhe tse di tlhokang oksijene]] di kgona go tshela fela mo dikarolong tse di kwa godimo tsa letsha. Mo bokone jwa letsha, molelwane ono wa oksijene o fitlhelwa mo boteng jwa dimetara di ka nna 100 fa mo borwa<ref>Wright, J.J.; and L.M. Page (2006). Taxonomic revision of Lake Tanganyikan Synodontis (Siluriformes: Mochokidae). Florida Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull. 46(4): 99–154.</ref><ref>Lowe-McConnell, R.H. (1987). Ecological Studies in Tropical Fish Communities. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-521-28064-8|<bdi>0-521-28064-8</bdi>.]]</ref> jwa letsha, o fitlhelwa mo boteng jwa dimetara di ka nna 240–250. Dikarolo tse di boteng go feta tsotlhe tsa letsha di na le selekanyo se segolo sa [[:en:Hydrogen_sulfide|hydrogen sulfide]], gase e e botlhole.<ref name=":3" /><ref>Ryan, Emily; Todd, Jonathan A.; McGlue, Michael; Kimirei, Ismael; Soreghan, Michael (2017). "Variation in Taphonomic Character of Shell Beds in Lake Tanganyika, Africa: Paleoenvironmental and Stratigraphic Implications of Shell Beds in Lakes". Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 304608. Geological Society of America. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1130/abs/2017am-304608|10.1130/abs/2017am-304608]]</ref> '''Baeloji''' '''Digagabi''' Letsha la Tanganyika le mafelo a metsi a a le dikologileng ke legae la mefuta e le mmalwa ya digagabi, tsotlhe di akaretsa [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]] (go akaretsa kwena e kgolo e e tumileng e e bidiwang [[:en:Gustave_(crocodile)|Gustave]]), [[:en:Zambian_hinged_terrapin|Khudu ya metsi ya Zambia,]] [[:en:Serrated_hinged_terrapin|Serrated hinged terrapin]], Pan hinged terrapin (mofuta ono ga o nne mo letsheng ka bolone mme o fitlhelwa mo matsheng a a gaufi)<ref name=":5">Spawls, Howell, Drewes, and Ashe (2002). A Field Guide to the Reptiles of East Africa. Academic Press, London. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/0-12-656470-1|0-12-656470]]-1</bdi>.</ref>. [[:en:Storm's_water_cobra|Storm’s water cobra]], e leng [[:en:Subspecies|mofuta]] o o mo kotsing wa noga ya metsi e e jang ditlhapi thata, e fitlhelwa fela mo Letsheng la Tanganyika. E rata go nna mo mabopong a a nang le maje.<ref name=":5" /><ref>O'Shea, Mark; Mcintyre, P.B. (2005). [http://www.markoshea.info/oba4-3_zambia_tanzania03.php "Boulengerina annulata stormsi (Storm's water cobra). Attempted predation".] ''Herpetological Review''. '''36''' (2): 189. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171202071348/http://www.markoshea.info/oba4-3_zambia_tanzania03.php Archived] from the original on 2 December 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</ref> '''Ditlhapi tsa Cichlid''' Letsha la Tanganyika ke legae la [[:en:Endemism|bonyenyane mefuta]] e e fetang 250 ya ditlhapi tsa [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]]<ref>Kelly West (28 February 2001). [https://iwlearn.net/documents/6644 "Results and Experiences of the UNDP/GEF Conservation Initiative (RAF/92/G32) in Burundi, D.R. Congo, Tanzania, and Zambia"]. ''IW:LEARN | Documents''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162707/https://iwlearn.net/documents/6644 Archived] from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</ref> tse di fitlhelwang fela mo letsheng leno. Go dumelwa gape gore go santse go na le [[:en:Undescribed_taxon|mefuta e mengwe e e iseng e lemogiwe]] ke baitseanape.<ref>Craig Mortiff (24 December 2009). [https://www.cichlid-forum.com/threads/lake-tanganyika-and-its-diverse-cichlids.456196/ "Lake Tanganyika and its Diverse Cichlids"]. ''Cichlid Fish Forum''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162711/https://www.cichlid-forum.com/threads/lake-tanganyika-and-its-diverse-cichlids.456196/ Archived] from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</ref> Mo e ka nnang 98% ya mefuta yotlhe ya cichlid mo letsheng leno ga e fitlhelwe kae kapa kae mo lefatsheng fa e se mo Tanganyika fela. Ka ntlha ya seno, letsha leno le botlhokwa thata mo dipatlisisong tsa kafa mefuta [[:en:Speciation|e mesha ya diphologolo e tlhagang ka teng,]] le kafa [[:en:Evolution|botshelo bo fetogang ka teng mo lobakeng lo loleele.]]<ref>Takahashi, T.; Hori, M. (2012). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3363988 "Genetic and Morphological Evidence Implies Existence of Two Sympatric Species in Cyathopharynx furcifer (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika"]. ''International Journal of Evolutionary Biology''. '''2012''' 980879. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1155/2012/980879|10.1155/2012/980879.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3363988 3363988]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22675655 22675655.]</ref><ref>Kornfield, Ivy; Smith, Peter A (2000). "African Cichlid Fishes: Model Systems for Evolutionary Biology". ''Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics''. '''31''': 163–196. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.163|10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.163]].</ref> Ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|Matsha a Magolo a Afrika]], go akaretsa Tanganyika, di emela nngwe ya mehlala e megolo go feta tsotlhe ya [[:en:Adaptive_radiation|adaptive radiation]] mo diphologolong tse di nang le marapo a mokwatla.<ref>Meyer, Britta; Matchiner, Michael; Salburger, Walter (25 November 2013). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 "A tribal level phylogeny of Lake Tanganyika cichlid fishes based on a genomic multi-marker approach"]. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution''. '''83''': 56–71. doi:[[doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009|10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 4334724.] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25433288 25433288.]</ref> Le fa dingwe tsa mefuta eno di ka fitlhelwa gonnye mo godimo ga [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga]] River, ga di kgone go anamela thata mo [[:en:Congo_Basin|tsamaisong ya Congo River]]. Seno se bakwa ke jeokorafi ya mafelo ao, le pharologano ya dikhemikhale tsa metsi.Tikologo e e dikologileng Letsha la Tanganyika e itshiametse gape e itekanetse gona le [[:en:Rapids|mekgacho]] le medi e sianeng ya noka ya Congo. Metsi a Tanganyika, a [[:en:Alkali'|alkaline]] gape ana le [[:en:PH|pH]] e kwa godimo (ga a na asiti e ntsi), a na le [[:en:Calcium|calcium]] le diminerale tse dintsi go farologana le metsi a Congo a a nang le [[:en:Acid|asiti e ntsi,]] [[:en:Sediment|a tletse seretse,]] a tletse matlakala a [[:en:Rainforest|dimela]] le dilo tse dingwe tsa tlholego tse di senyegang. Mo dikarolong dingwe tsa Congo, kgakala le [[:en:Whitewater|metsi a masweu]], metsi a fetoga se se bidiwang [[:en:Blackwater_river|metsi a mantsho]], ka ntlha ya dikhemikhale tse di tswang mo dikgatsheng le mo matlakaleng a ditlhare a a bodileng. Metsi ano a na le [[:en:Tannin|tannins]] tse dintsi mme ga a siamele<ref>[[:en:Sven_O._Kullander|Kullander, S.O]].; Roberts, T.R. (2011). "Out of Lake Tanganyika: endemic lake fishes inhabit rapids of the Lukuga River". ''Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters''. '''22''' (4): 355–76.</ref> ditlhapi tsa cichlid. Ka mokgwa o o tshwanang, mefuta e mentsi ya ditlhapi tsa dinoka tsa tropiki le yone e ka nna ya se kgone go tshela fa e ka tsenngwa mo metsing a a phepa, a alkaline le a nang le diminerale tse dintsi a Letsha la Tanganyika. Le fa Letsha la Tanganyika e na le mefuta e mmalwa ya ditlhapi tsa cichlid fa e bapisiwa le Letsha la [[:en:Lake_Malawi|Malawi]] kgotsa Letsha la [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Victoria]]—matsha a a kileng a nna le koketsego e kgolo le e [[:en:Adaptive_radiation|e potlakileng]] ya mefuta ya ditlhapi mo hisetoring ya bosheng—<ref>Turner, Seehausen; Knight, Allender; Robinson (2001). [[doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.x|"How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes?"]]. ''Molecular Ecology''. '''10''' (3): 793–806. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001MolEc..10..793T 2001MolEc..10..793T.] doi:[[doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.x|10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.]]<nowiki/>x. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11298988 11298988.] S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12925712 12925712.]</ref>ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa Tanganyika ke tsone tse di nang le pharologano e kgolo go feta tsotlhe mo [[:en:Morphology_(biology)|popegelong ya mmele]] le mo [[:en:Genetics|dijining]].<ref name=":6">Meyer, Britta; Matchiner, Michael; Salburger, Walter (25 November 2013). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 "A tribal level phylogeny of Lake Tanganyika cichlid fishes based on a genomic multi-marker approach"]. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution''. '''83''': 56–71. doi:[[doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009|10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009]]. PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 4334724]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25433288 25433288.]</ref><ref>Seehausen, O. (2015). [[doi:10.1111/nph.13450|"Process and pattern in cichlid radiations – inferences for understanding unusually high rates of evolutionary diversification"]]. ''New Phytologist''. '''207''' (2): 304–312. doi:[[doi:10.1111/nph.13450|10.1111/nph.13450.]] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25983053 25983053.]</ref> Seno se amana le bogologolo jwa Letsha la Tanganyika, ka gonne le legologolo thata go feta Malawi le Victoria. Nako e telele eno e ne ya letla mefuta ya ditlhapi go fetoga le go ikgaoganya ka ditsela tse dintsi go feta tse di bonwang mo matsheng a mangwe.<ref>Nishida, M (1991). "Lake Tanganyika as an evolutionary reservoir of old lineages of East African cichlid fishes: Inferences from allozyme data". ''Experientia''. '''47''' (9): 974–979. doi[[doi:10.1007/bf01929896|:10.1007/bf01929896.]] S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37599331 37599331.]</ref> Tanganyika e na le palo e kgolo [[:en:Endemism|go feta tsotlhe]] ya [[:en:Genera|genera]] tsa cichlid tse di fitlhelwang fela mo letsheng leo, fa di bapisiwa le matsha a mangwe otlhe a Afrika.<ref name=":6" /> Ditlhapi tsotlhe tsa cichlid tsa Tanganyika di wela mo setlhopheng sa baeloji se se bidiwang [[:en:Pseudocrenilabrinae|Pseudocrenilabrinae.]] Mo [[:en:Tribe_(biology)|ditlhopheng]] tse di lesome tse di leng mo Pseudocrenilabrinae sephatlo sa tsone di fitlhelwa fela kgotsa segolobogolo mo Tanganyika: [[:en:Cyprichromini|Cyprichromini]], [[:en:Ectodini|Ectodini,]] [[:en:Lamprologini|Lamprologini]], [[:en:Limnochromini|Limnochromini]] le [[:en:Tropheini|Tropheini]] fa tse dingwe tse tharo di na le mefuta e e fitlhelwang mo letsheng: [[:en:Haplochromini|Haplochromini,]] [[:en:Tilapiini|Tilapiini]] le [[:en:Tylochromini|Tylochromini]].<ref>Sparks; Smith (2004). "Phylogeny and biogeography of cichlid fishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Cichlidae)". ''Cladistics''. '''20''' (6): 501–517. [[:en:CiteSeerX_(identifier)|CiteSeerX]] [https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.595.2118 10.1.1.595.2118]. doi:[[doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00038.x|10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00038.x.]] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34892958 34892958]. S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36086310 36086310].</ref> Baitseanape bangwe ba ba ithutang ka ditlhapi ba akantshitse gore ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa Tanganyika di tshwanetse go kgaoganngwa ka botlalo go nna ditlhopha tse di ka nnang 12 go ya go 16, go akaretsa: [[:en:Bathybatini|Bathybatini,]][[:en:Benthochromini|Benthochromini]],[[:en:Boulengerochromini|Boulengerochromini,]] [[:en:Cyphotilapiini|Cyphotilapiini,]] [[:en:Eretmodini|Eretmodini]],[[:en:Greenwoodochromini|Greenwoodochromini,]] [[:en:Perissodini|Perissodini]] le [[:en:Trematocarini|Trematocarini]] mmogo le ditlhopha tse di setseng tse di umakilweng fa godimo.<ref name=":6" /> Bontsi jwa ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa Lake Tanganyika di nna gaufi le lotshitshi lwa letsha mo boteng jo bo fitlhang go dimetara di le 100. Le fa go ntse jalo, mefuta mengwe e e nnang mo metsing a a boteng e kgona go fologela mo boteng jwa dimetara di le 200 ka gale.<ref name=":7">Kirchberger; Sefc; Sturmbauer; Koblmuller (2012). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3362839 "Evolutionary History of Lake Tanganyika's Predatory Deepwater Cichlids"]. ''International Journal of Evolutionary Biology''. '''2012''' 716209. doi[[doi:10.1155/2012/716209|:10.1155/2012/716209.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3362839 3362839]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22675652 22675652.]</ref> Mefuta ya [[:en:Trematocara|Trematocara]] yone e fitlhetswe mo boteng jo bo fetang dimetara di le 300, jo bo leng boteng go feta jwa cichlid efe kgotsa efe e e itsiweng mo lefatsheng.<ref>Loiselle, Paul (1994). The Cichlid Aquarium, p. 304. Tetra Press, Germany. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1564651464|<bdi>978-1564651464</bdi>.]]</ref> Mefuta mengwe ya ditlhapi tsa metsi a a boteng, jaaka [[:en:Bathybates|Bathybates]], [[:en:Gnathochromis|Gnathochromis]], [[:en:Hemibates|Hemibates]] le [[:en:Xenochromis|Xenochromis]] e kile ya tshwarwa mo mafelong a a batlang a sena oksijene gotlhelele, mme baitseanape ga ba ise ba tlhaloganye sentle gore di kgona jang go tshela mo maemong ao.<ref name=":8">Lowe-McConnell, R.H. (1987). Ecological Studies in Tropical Fish Communities. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-521-28064-8|<bdi>0-521-28064-8</bdi>.]]</ref> Bontsi jwa cichlid tsa Tanganyika ke tsa [[:en:Benthic|botlaseng jwa letsha]], kgotsa di nna gaufi le mabopo.<ref>Lindqvist, O.V.; H. Mölsä; K. Solonen; J. Sarvala, editors (1999). From Limnology to Fisheries: Lake Tanganyika and Other Large Lakes. pp. 213–214. Springer. ISBN 978-0792360179</ref> Ga go na cichlid e e tshelang [[:en:Pelagic|ka botlalo mo metsing a a bulegileng]] kgakala le lotshitshi, ntle le mefuta mengwe ya Bathybates<ref name=":7" /> [[:en:Piscivorous|e e jang ditlhapi tse dingwe]]. Mefuta e mebedi e, [[:en:Bathybates_fasciatus|Bathybates fasciatus]] le [[:en:Bathybates_leo|Bathybates leo]] dija thata [[:en:Tanganyika_sardine|ditlhapi tsa sardine tsa Tanganyika]].<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> Ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa Tanganyika di farologane thata ka [[:en:Ecology|tsela e di iphedisang ka yone]]. Go na le mefuta [[:en:Herbivore|e e]] [[:en:Herbivore|jang dimela]], [[:en:Detritivore|e e jang matlakala le dilo tse di bolang mo metsing]], [[:en:Planktivore|e e jang plankton]], [[:en:Insectivore|e e jang ditshenekegi]], [[:en:Molluscivore|e e jang dikgapetla tsa metsing]], [[:en:Scavenger|e e jang ditopo tsa diphologolo tse di suleng]], [[:en:Scale-eater|e e jang makwaga a ditlhapi tse dingwe]] le e e jang ditlhapi tse dingwe.<ref name=":9">Craig Mortiff (24 December 2009). [https://www.cichlid-forum.com/threads/lake-tanganyika-and-its-diverse-cichlids.456196/ "Lake Tanganyika and its Diverse Cichlids"]. ''Cichlid Fish Forum''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162711/https://www.cichlid-forum.com/threads/lake-tanganyika-and-its-diverse-cichlids.456196/ Archived] from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</ref> Le fa mefuta mengwe e na le dijo tse e di ratang thata, baitseanape ba lemogile gore e ka fetola mekgwa ya yone ya go ja [[:en:Opportunism|fa dijo dingwe di nna dintsi thata]].<ref>Golcher-Benavides J, Wagner CE (2019). "Playing out Liem's Paradox: Opportunistic Piscivory across Lake Tanganyikan Cichlids". ''The American Naturalist''. '''194''' (2): 260–267. doi:[[doi:10.1086/704169|10.1086/704169]]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31318283 31318283.] S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155438716 155438716.]</ref> Sekai, mefuta e mentsi e ka simolola go ja [[:en:Stolothrissa_tanganicae|Stolothrissa tanganicae]] le [[:en:Limnothrissa_miodon|Limnothrissa miodon]] fa ditlhapi tseno di nna dintsi mo letsheng. Mekgwa ya tsalo ya cichlid e kgaogana ka ditlhopha tse pedi tse dikgolo: Tse di beelang mae mo lefatsheng kgotsa mo motlhabeng (gantsi mo magageng kgotsa mo diphateng tsa maje) le [[:en:Mouthbrooder|tse di godisang mae mo molomong]].<ref name=":10">Schliewen, U. (1992). Aquarium Fish. Barron's Educational Series. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0812013504|<bdi>978-0812013504</bdi>.]]</ref> Mo mefuteng e e fitlhelwang fela mo Tanganyika go na le dingwe tsa ditlhapi tsa cichlid tse dinnye go feta tsotlhe mo lefatsheng, [[:en:Neolamprologus_multifasciatus|Neolamprologus multifasciatus]] le [[:en:Neolamprologus_similis|Neolamprologus similis]] (tse tsotlhe [[:en:Shell_dweller|di nnang mo dikgapetleng tsa dikgopa]]), mme boleele jwa tsone bo fitlha fela mo e ka nnang 4–5 cm.<ref>[[:en:Rainer_Froese|Froese, Rainer]]; [[:en:Daniel_Pauly|Pauly, Daniel]] (eds.). [https://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Neolamprologus&speciesname=multifasciatus "''Neolamprologus multifasciatus''".] [[:en:FishBase|''FishBase''.]] March 2017 version.</ref><ref>[[:en:Rainer_Froese|Froese, Rainer;]] [[:en:Daniel_Pauly|Pauly, Daniel]] (eds.). [https://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Neolamprologus&speciesname=similis "''Neolamprologus similis''".] ''[[:en:FishBase|FishBase]]''. March 2017 version.</ref> Go na gape le nngwe ya [[:en:Giant_cichlid|cichlid tse dikgolo]] go feta tsotlhe mo lefatsheng e leng Boulengerochromis microlepis e e ka golang go fitlha mo e ka nnang 90 cm ka boleele.<ref name=":9" /><ref>[http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/features/articles/the-10-biggest-cichlids "The 10 biggest cichlids".] Practical Fishkeeping. 13 June 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052647/http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/features/articles/the-10-biggest-cichlids Archived] from the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.</ref> Mefuta e mentsi ya ditlhapi tsa cichlid tse di tswang mo Lake Tanganyika e tumile thata mo bathong ba ba godisang ditlhapi mo ditankeng tsa metsi. Tse di akaretsa: [[:en:Altolamprologus|Altolamprologus,]] [[:en:Cyprichromis|Cyprichromis]], [[:en:Eretmodus|Eretmodus]], [[:en:Julidochromis|Julidochromis]], [[:en:Lamprologus|Lamprologus]], [[:en:Neolamprologus|Neolamprologus]], [[:en:Tropheus|Tropheus]] le [[:en:Xenotilapia|Xenotilapia]]. Ditlhapi tseno di ratwa ka ntlha ya mebala ya tsone e e ntle, mekgabiso le dipaterone tsa tsone tse di kgatlhang, le mekgwa ya tsone ya boitshwaro e e kgatlhang go e lebelela.<ref name=":10" /> Mo lefatsheng la go godisa ditlhapi mo ditankeng, batho ba le bantsi gape ba rata go aga [[:en:Biotope|setshwano sa diatla]] sa Letsha la Tanganyika, gore e tshwane ka mo go ka kgonegang ka teng le tikologo ya tlholego ya letsha leno, mo go fitlhelwang mefuta e mentsi ya ditlhapi segompienong di kgona go tsadisiwa sentle mo botshwarong.<ref name=":10" /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120302102920/http://www.aquariumslife.com/featured/lake-tanganyika-biotope/ "tanganyika biotope aquarium".] Aquariums Life. 10 February 2010. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2014.</ref> Ditlhopha tsa cichlid mo Letsheng la Tanganyika [[:en:Bathybatini|Bathybatini]] (E): [[:en:Bathybates_ferox|Bathybates ferox]] ke tlhapi e e nnang thata [[:en:Benthic|gaufi le botlase jwa letsha]] mme [[:en:Piscivorous|e ja ditlhapi tse dingwe]]. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo setlhopheng sa Bathybates go na le mefuta e mengwe e e tshelang mo metsing a a bulegileng kgakala le lotshitshi.<ref>Kirchberger; Sefc; Sturmbauer; Koblmuller (2012). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3362839 "Evolutionary History of Lake Tanganyika's Predatory Deepwater Cichlids".] ''International Journal of Evolutionary Biology''. '''2012''' 716209. doi:[[doi:10.1155/2012/716209|10.1155/2012/716209.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3362839 3362839]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22675652 22675652.]</ref> Baitseanape bangwe ba kgaoganya setlhopha sa Bathybatini ka ditlhopha tse tharo tse di ikemetseng e leng Bathybatini, [[:en:Hemibatini|Hemibatini]] le [[:en:Trematocarini|Trematocarini.]]<ref>Meyer; Matchiner; Salburger (2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4415804 "Lake Tanganyika—A 'Melting Pot' of Ancient and Young Cichlid Lineages (Teleostei: Cichlidae)?".] ''PLOS ONE''. '''10''' (7) e0125043. Bibcode[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1025043W :2015PLoSO..1025043W.] doi:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125043|10.1371/journal.pone.0125043.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4415804 4415804.] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25928886 25928886.]</ref><ref>Weiss; Cotterill; Schliewen (2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 "A tribal level phylogeny of Lake Tanganyika cichlid fishes based on a genomic multi-marker approach".] ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution''. '''83''': 56–71. doi:[[doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009|10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 4334724]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25433288 25433288.]</ref> {{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Coordinates on Wikidata]] 00t0nlus0jdsg1ewol5dl57offorc0b 51181 51180 2026-06-20T16:44:53Z OtengPortia 12840 #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 51181 wikitext text/x-wiki Letsha la Tanganyika<ref>Yohannes,Okbazghi (2008). Water resources and inter-riparian relations in the Nile basin. SUNY Press. p. 127.</ref> ke nngwe ya [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|Matsha a Magolo a Afrika]].<ref>Burton, Richard Francis (1965). Richards, Charles (ed.). ''Burton and Lake Tanganyika''. Dar Es Salaam: East African Literature Bureau. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/180480726 180480726.]</ref> Ke [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_volume|letsha la bobedi mo lefatsheng ka bogolo jwa metsi]],[[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|le ka boteng]], ka makgetho a mabedi le le latlhegelwa fela ke [[:en:Lake_Baikal|Lake Baikal]] kwa [[:en:Siberia|Siberia]].<ref>[http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/lakes/lake-tanganyika "Lake Tanganyika"]. ''www.zambiatourism.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150422001337/http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/lakes/lake-tanganyika Archived] from the original on 22 April 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2008.</ref><ref>Lewis, R. (16 May 2010)[https://news.brown.edu/articles/2010/05/tanganyika . "Brown Geologists Show Unprecedented Warming in Lake Tanganyika".] Brown University. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170326051107/https://news.brown.edu/articles/2010/05/tanganyika Archived] from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</ref> Le gape ke letsha le le telele go feta tsotlhe mo lefatsheng.<ref>[http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/lakes/lake-tanganyika "Lake Tanganyika".] ''www.zambiatourism.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150422001337/http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/lakes/lake-tanganyika Archived] from the original on 22 April 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2008.</ref> Ka bogolo jwa lefelo, [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_area|ke la bo 6 mo lefatsheng]].<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/worlds-largest-lakes-2228655 "World's largest lakes | Description, Area, & Facts | Britannica".] ''www.britannica.com''. Retrieved 18 October 2025.</ref> Letsha leno le abelanwa ke dinaga di le nne: [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[:en:Burundi|Burundi]] le Zambia. Tanzania e na le karolo e kgolo ya letsha (mo e ka nnang 46%), mme Democratic Republic of the Congo e na le mo e ka nnang 40%. Letsha la Tanganyika le elela metsi a lona ka noka ya [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]] go tsena mo tsamaisong ya [[:en:Congo_River|Noka ya Congo]], e e feleletsang e tshela kwa toropong ya [[:en:Banana,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Banana]] go tsena mo [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Lewatleng la Atlantic]].<ref name=":0">[https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Display/html/3587 "LAKE TANGANYIKA".] ''World Lake Database, International Lake Environment Committee Foundation''. Retrieved 12 January 2025.</ref> '''Jeokorafi''' Lake Tanganyika ke [[:en:Ancient_lake|letsha la bogologolo thata]], mme ke lengwe la matsha a le masome a mabedi fela mo lefatsheng a a nang le dingwaga tse di fetang milione e le nngwe. Dikarolo tsa lone tse tharo tse dikgolo, tse mo dinakong tse metsi a neng a le kwa tlase thata di neng di le matsha a a ikemetseng ka nosi, tsotlhe di na le dingwaga tse di farologaneng. Karolo ya bogare e simolotse go bopiwa dingwaga di ka nna milione di le 9 go ya go 12 tse di fetileng. Karolo ya bokone e simolotse dingwaga di ka nna milione di le 7 go ya go 8 tse di fetileng. fa karolo ya borwa e simolotse dingwaga di ka nna milione di le 2 go ya go 4 tse di fetileng.<ref>Cohen; Soreghan; Scholz (1993). "Estimating the age of formation of lakes: An example from Lake Tanganyika, East African Rift system". ''Geology''. '''21''' (6): 511–514. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Geo....21..511C 1993Geo....21..511C.] doi:[https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0091-7613%281993%29021%3C0511%3AETAOFO%3E2.3.CO%3B2 10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0511:ETAOFO>2.3.CO;2.]</ref> Gompieno, Letsha la Tanganyika le mo kgaolong ya [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift,]] e leng lekala la bophirima la [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. Le dikologilwe ke dithaba tse di kwa matlhakoreng a mokgatšha wa phatlogo ya lefatshe. Ke letsha le legolo go feta tsotlhe tsa mofuta wa [[:en:Rift_lake|rift]] mo Afrika, mme ke la bobedi mo lefatsheng ka bogolo jwa metsi a a foreshe. Gape ke letsha le le boteng go feta tsotlhe mo Afrika le le tshwereng metsi a mantsi a a foreshe go feta tsotlhe mo kontineng ya Afrika. Le tshwere mo e ka nnang 16% ya metsi a a foreshe a lefatshe a a ka dirisiwang.Letsha leno le boleele jwa dikilometara di le 676 le anametse go tswa bokone go ya borwa ka bophara jwa palogare ya dikilometara di le 50. Le akaretsa lefelo la dikilometara tse di khubiki di le 32,000 ka lotshitshi lwa boleele jwa dikilometara di le 1,900. Palogare ya boteng ke dimetara di le 572 fa boteng jo bogolo ke dimetara di le 1,471, jo bo fitlhelwang mo karolong ya bokone. Go akanyediwa gore letsha leno le tshwere metsi a ka nna 18,750 km³, e leng bongata jo bogolo thata jwa metsi a a foreshe.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/19991110092358/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dafr06.html "Datbase Summary: Lake Tanganyika"]. ''ilec.or.jp''. Japan: International Lake Environment Committee Foundation. Archived from [http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dafr06.html the original] on 10 November 1999. Retrieved 14 March 2008.</ref><ref name=":0" /> Letsha la Tanganyika lena le [[:en:Drainage_basin|mokgatšha]] wa metsi o o ka nnang 231,000 km².Go na le dinoka tse dikgolo di le pedi tse di tsenang mo letsheng leno, mmogo le dinoka tse dinnye le melatswana e mentsi. Melatswana eno gantsi e khutshwane ka ntlha ya dithaba tse di kwa godimo le tse di matsutsuba tse di dikologileng letsha. Noka e le yosi e kgolo e e tswang mo letsheng ke [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River,]] e e elelang e tsena mo tsamaisong ya [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River.]] Pula le mouoane di na le karolo e kgolo go feta dinoka mo tsamaisong ya metsi a letsha. Go akanyediwa gore bonyenyane 90% ya metsi a a tsenang a tswa mo puleng e e nelelang mo godimo ga letsha, mme bonyenyane 90% ya tahlegelo ya metsi e bakwa ke go mowa ga metsi ka tlhamalalo.<ref name=":1">[[:en:Sven_O._Kullander|Kullander, S.O.]]; Roberts, T.R. (2011). "Out of Lake Tanganyika: endemic lake fishes inhabit rapids of the Lukuga River". ''Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters''. '''22''' (4): 355–76.</ref> Noka e kgolo ke [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], e e bopilweng dingwaga di ka nna 10,000 tse di fetileng, e e tsenang mo bokone jwa letsha e tswa mo [[:en:Lake_Kivu|Lake Kivu]].<ref name=":2">Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980). ''Natural Wonders of the World''. US: Reader's Digest Association, Inc. pp. 366–67. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-89577-087-5|<bdi>978-0-89577-087-5</bdi>.]]</ref> [[:en:Malagarasi_River|Malagarasi River]] ke noka ya bobedi ka bogolo mo Tanzania, mme e tsena mo letlhakoreng la botlhaba la letsha.<ref name=":2" /> Noka eno e kgologolo go feta letsha ka bolone, mme pele letsha le bopiwa, e ka bo e ne e le karolo ya tsamaiso ya metsi ya [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]], e leng mothopo o mogolo wa Noka ya Congo River.<ref name=":1" /> Noka e kgolo e e tswang mo Zambia e bile e tsenang mo karolong ya borwa jwa letsha ke [[:en:Lufubu_River|Lufubu]] River. E tswa mo thoteng e e kwa borwa jwa letsha, e elela go ya kwa bokone-bophirima go ralala dithaba, morago ga moo e retologela go ya bokone-botlhaba go tsena mo letsheng gaufi le Nsumbu.<ref>[https://africageographic.com/stories/nsumbu-national-park/ "Nsumbu National Park"]. ''Africa Geographic''. Retrieved 3 June 2026.</ref> Lake Tanganyika e na le histori e e raraaneng ya diphetogo tsa tsela e metsi a elelang ka yone, ka ntlha ya boleele jo bogolo jwa yone, boteng jo bogolo, go tlala ga yone ka bonya, le lefelo la yone le le kwa dithabeng mo kgaolong e e nang le tiro e ntsi ya dithoromo tsa dithaba tse di tlhotlhogang le diphetogo tsa tlelaemete. Go bonala gore mo nakong e e fetileng, letsha leno ga le ise le ko le nne le phatlha e e tswang ka tlhamalalo go ya lewatleng. Ka ntlha ya seno, le tlhalosiwa jaaka [[:en:Endorheic|“endorheic ka bontsi”.]] Go kgokagana ga letsha le lewatle go ikaegile ka gore metsi a tshwanetse go nna kwa godimo thata mo a ka kgonang go elela go tswa mo letsheng ka Lukuga River go tsena mo tsamaisong ya Congo River.<ref name=":2" /> Fa metsi a sa elele, go tsenwa ga metsi mo Lukuga go gantsi go thibelwa ke mebala ya motlhaba le dimela tsa metsi tse dintsi. Ka nako eo, noka eno e ikaega mo dinokeng tsa yone tse dinnye, segolobogolo Niemba River, go tshegetsa go elela ga yone.<ref name=":1" /> Go simolola ka bo-1990, selekanyo sa metsi mo Lake Tanganyika se ne sa tlhatloga ka mo e ka nnang dimetara di le 2, se baka go rwala matlo le dikago tse di gaufi le lotshitshi.<ref>[https://worldwater.earth/water-surface-elevation-timeseries-reveals-the-rising-water-levels-in-lake-tanganyika "Water surface elevation timeseries reveals the rising water levels in Lake Tanganyika"]. ''WorldWater''. Retrieved 1 June 2026.</ref> Seno se bonagala thata mo toropong ya Nsumbu, gaufi le lotshitshi magareng ga jetty le molomo wa Chisala River, e ka nna dikilometara di le 2 go ya kwa bokone-bophirima. Magareng ga 2018 le 2024, metsi a ne a tsenelela mo teng ga toropo go fitlha mo e ka nnang dimetara di le 300 go tswa mo lotshitshing lwa 2018.<ref>[https://www.google.com/maps/search/Nsumbu/@-8.5164746,30.4729444,1517m/data=!3m1!1e3?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI2MDUyNy4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D "Nsumbu"]. ''Google Maps''. Retrieved 2 June 2026.</ref><ref>[https://earth.google.com/web/@-8.51664622,30.47719045,771.76267068a,1405.28427165d,35y,0h,0t,0r/data=ChYqEAgBEgoyMDE4LTExLTI2GAFCAggBOgMKATBCAggASg0I____________ARAA "Google Earth imagery showing Nsumbu settlement and shoreline, Zambia".] ''Google Earth - Use the historical slider to select past views''. Google Earth. Retrieved 2 June 2026.</ref> Go akanyediwa gape gore mo nakong e e fetileng, letsha le ka tswa le ne le na le ditsela tse di farologaneng tsa go tsena le go tswa ga metsi. Go akantshiwa gore metsi a ka tswa a ne a tswa mo [[:en:Lake_Rukwa|Lake Rukwa]] e e kwa godimo, kgotsa go ka tswa go ne go na le kgokagano le [[:en:Lake_Malawi|Lake Malawi]], mme le gone go kile ga akanyediwa tsela ya go tswa e e yang kwa Noka ya [[:en:Nile|Nile]] River. Tsotlhe tseno di bontsha gore histori ya tsamaiso ya metsi ya letsha e fetogile gantsi mo dingwageng di le dimilione.<ref>Lévêque, Christian (1997). ''Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation: The Freshwater Fish of Tropical Africa''. [[:en:Cambridge_University_Press|Cambridge University Press.]] p. 110. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57033-6|<bdi>978-0-521-57033-6</bdi>.]]</ref> '''Dikarolo tsa metsi''' Metsi a Lake Tanganyika a na le [[:en:Hard_water|alkaline]] e e kwa godimo, ka [[:en:PH|pH]] e e ka nnang 9 mo boteng jwa dimetara di le 0–100.<ref name=":3">De, Wever; Muylaert; der Gucht, Van; Pirlot; Cocquyt; Descy; Plisnier; Vyverman (2005). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1214687 "Bacterial Community Composition in Lake Tanganyika: Vertical and Horizontal Heterogeneity".] ''Appl Environ Microbiol''. '''71''' (9): 5029–5037. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ApEnM..71.5029D 2005ApEnM..71.5029D.] doi:[[doi:10.1128/AEM.71.9.5029-5037.2005|10.1128/AEM.71.9.5029-5037.2005.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1214687 1214687.] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16151083 16151083.]</ref> Kwa tlase ga moo, pH e nna mo e ka nnang 8.7, mme e fokotsega ka bonya go fitlha mo magareng ga 8.3 le 8.5 mo mafelong a a boteng go feta tsotlhe a letsha.<ref name=":3" /> Mokgwa o o tshwanang o bonwa mo [[:en:Electric_conductivity|phitisong ya motlakase]], e e tlogang mo e ka nnang 670 μS/cm mo godimo ga metsi go fitlha go 690 μS/cm mo mafelong a a boteng thata.<ref name=":3" /> Themperetšha ya godimo ga metsi gantsi e ka nna 24°C mo karolong ya borwa jwa letsha ka Phatwe, mme e ka tlhatloga go 28–29°C kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya dipula ka Mopitlwe–Moranang.<ref name=":4">Edmond; Stallard; Craigh; Weiss; Coulter (1993). [[doi:10.4319/lo.1993.38.4.0725|"Nutrient chemistry of the water column of Lake Tanganyika".]] ''Limnol. Oceanogr''. '''38''' (4): 725–738. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993LimOc..38..725E 1993LimOc..38..725E.] doi:[[doi:10.4319/lo.1993.38.4.0725|10.4319/lo.1993.38.4.0725]]</ref> Kwa boteng jo bo fetang dimetara di le 400, themperetšha e nna e sa fetoge thata, e le mo magareng ga 23.1°C le 23.4°C.<ref>O'Reilly, Catherine M.; Alin, Simone R.; Plisnier, Pierre-Denis; Cohen, Andrew S.; Mckee, Brent A. (14 August 2003). "Climate change decreases aquatic ecosystem productivity of Lake Tanganyika, Africa". ''Nature''. '''424''' (6950): 766–768. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.424..766O 2003Natur.424..766O]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1038/nature01833|10.1038/nature01833.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12917682 12917682.] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1637315 1637315]</ref> Metsi a letsha a ntse a oketsega mogote ka bonya fa e sale go tswa mo lekgolong la bo-19 la dingwaga, mme seno se potlakile le go feta ka ntlha ya [[:en:Global_warming|go gotela ga lefatshe]] fa e sale go tswa mo bo-1950.<ref>Jensen, M.R. (8 August 2016). [https://uanews.arizona.edu/story/lake-tanganyika-fisheries-declining-global-warming "Lake Tanganyika Fisheries Declining From Global Warming".] University of Arizona. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180306085806/https://uanews.arizona.edu/story/lake-tanganyika-fisheries-declining-global-warming Archived] from the original on 6 March 2018. Retrieved 5 March 2018.</ref> Letsha le [[:en:Lake_stratification|kgaogane]] ka dikarolo tsa metsi tse di sa kopaneng bonolo. Go tlhakatlhakana ga metsi ka dipaka gantsi ga go fete boteng jwa dimetara di le 150.<ref name=":4" /> Go tlhakatlhakana gono go diragala thata mo karolong ya borwa ka ntlha ya diphefo tse di [[:en:Upwelling|sutisang metsi a a tsididi go tswa kwa tlase go ya godimo.]] Gape go na le go tlhatloga le go fologa ga metsi mo dikarolong tse dingwe tsa letsha.<ref>Lowe-McConnell, R.H. (2003). "Recent research in the African Great Lakes: Fisheries, biodiversity and cichlid evolution". ''Freshwater Forum''. '''20''' (1): 4–64.</ref> Ka ntlha ya go kgaogana gono ga metsi, dikarolo tse di boteng thata di na le se se bidiwang [[:en:Fossil_water|metsi a bogologolo]]<ref>Hutter; Yongqi; and Chubarenko (2011). Physics of Lakes, volume 1: Foundation of the Mathematical and Physical Background. P. 11. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-642-15178-1|<bdi>978-3-642-15178-1</bdi>.]]</ref> a a sa tlhakaneng le a kwa godimo ka dingwaga tse dintsi. Seno se raya gore dikarolo tse di boteng ga di na [[:en:Oxygen|oksijene .]] Ka jalo ditlhapi le [[:en:Obligate_aerobe|diphologolo tsotlhe tse di tlhokang oksijene]] di kgona go tshela fela mo dikarolong tse di kwa godimo tsa letsha. Mo bokone jwa letsha, molelwane ono wa oksijene o fitlhelwa mo boteng jwa dimetara di ka nna 100 fa mo borwa<ref>Wright, J.J.; and L.M. Page (2006). Taxonomic revision of Lake Tanganyikan Synodontis (Siluriformes: Mochokidae). Florida Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull. 46(4): 99–154.</ref><ref>Lowe-McConnell, R.H. (1987). Ecological Studies in Tropical Fish Communities. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-521-28064-8|<bdi>0-521-28064-8</bdi>.]]</ref> jwa letsha, o fitlhelwa mo boteng jwa dimetara di ka nna 240–250. Dikarolo tse di boteng go feta tsotlhe tsa letsha di na le selekanyo se segolo sa [[:en:Hydrogen_sulfide|hydrogen sulfide]], gase e e botlhole.<ref name=":3" /><ref>Ryan, Emily; Todd, Jonathan A.; McGlue, Michael; Kimirei, Ismael; Soreghan, Michael (2017). "Variation in Taphonomic Character of Shell Beds in Lake Tanganyika, Africa: Paleoenvironmental and Stratigraphic Implications of Shell Beds in Lakes". Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 304608. Geological Society of America. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1130/abs/2017am-304608|10.1130/abs/2017am-304608]]</ref> '''Baeloji''' '''Digagabi''' Letsha la Tanganyika le mafelo a metsi a a le dikologileng ke legae la mefuta e le mmalwa ya digagabi, tsotlhe di akaretsa [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]] (go akaretsa kwena e kgolo e e tumileng e e bidiwang [[:en:Gustave_(crocodile)|Gustave]]), [[:en:Zambian_hinged_terrapin|Khudu ya metsi ya Zambia,]] [[:en:Serrated_hinged_terrapin|Serrated hinged terrapin]], Pan hinged terrapin (mofuta ono ga o nne mo letsheng ka bolone mme o fitlhelwa mo matsheng a a gaufi)<ref name=":5">Spawls, Howell, Drewes, and Ashe (2002). A Field Guide to the Reptiles of East Africa. Academic Press, London. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/0-12-656470-1|0-12-656470]]-1</bdi>.</ref>. [[:en:Storm's_water_cobra|Storm’s water cobra]], e leng [[:en:Subspecies|mofuta]] o o mo kotsing wa noga ya metsi e e jang ditlhapi thata, e fitlhelwa fela mo Letsheng la Tanganyika. E rata go nna mo mabopong a a nang le maje.<ref name=":5" /><ref>O'Shea, Mark; Mcintyre, P.B. (2005). [http://www.markoshea.info/oba4-3_zambia_tanzania03.php "Boulengerina annulata stormsi (Storm's water cobra). Attempted predation".] ''Herpetological Review''. '''36''' (2): 189. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171202071348/http://www.markoshea.info/oba4-3_zambia_tanzania03.php Archived] from the original on 2 December 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</ref> '''Ditlhapi tsa Cichlid''' Letsha la Tanganyika ke legae la [[:en:Endemism|bonyenyane mefuta]] e e fetang 250 ya ditlhapi tsa [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]]<ref>Kelly West (28 February 2001). [https://iwlearn.net/documents/6644 "Results and Experiences of the UNDP/GEF Conservation Initiative (RAF/92/G32) in Burundi, D.R. Congo, Tanzania, and Zambia"]. ''IW:LEARN | Documents''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162707/https://iwlearn.net/documents/6644 Archived] from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</ref> tse di fitlhelwang fela mo letsheng leno. Go dumelwa gape gore go santse go na le [[:en:Undescribed_taxon|mefuta e mengwe e e iseng e lemogiwe]] ke baitseanape.<ref>Craig Mortiff (24 December 2009). [https://www.cichlid-forum.com/threads/lake-tanganyika-and-its-diverse-cichlids.456196/ "Lake Tanganyika and its Diverse Cichlids"]. ''Cichlid Fish Forum''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162711/https://www.cichlid-forum.com/threads/lake-tanganyika-and-its-diverse-cichlids.456196/ Archived] from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</ref> Mo e ka nnang 98% ya mefuta yotlhe ya cichlid mo letsheng leno ga e fitlhelwe kae kapa kae mo lefatsheng fa e se mo Tanganyika fela. Ka ntlha ya seno, letsha leno le botlhokwa thata mo dipatlisisong tsa kafa mefuta [[:en:Speciation|e mesha ya diphologolo e tlhagang ka teng,]] le kafa [[:en:Evolution|botshelo bo fetogang ka teng mo lobakeng lo loleele.]]<ref>Takahashi, T.; Hori, M. (2012). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3363988 "Genetic and Morphological Evidence Implies Existence of Two Sympatric Species in Cyathopharynx furcifer (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika"]. ''International Journal of Evolutionary Biology''. '''2012''' 980879. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1155/2012/980879|10.1155/2012/980879.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3363988 3363988]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22675655 22675655.]</ref><ref>Kornfield, Ivy; Smith, Peter A (2000). "African Cichlid Fishes: Model Systems for Evolutionary Biology". ''Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics''. '''31''': 163–196. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.163|10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.163]].</ref> Ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|Matsha a Magolo a Afrika]], go akaretsa Tanganyika, di emela nngwe ya mehlala e megolo go feta tsotlhe ya [[:en:Adaptive_radiation|adaptive radiation]] mo diphologolong tse di nang le marapo a mokwatla.<ref>Meyer, Britta; Matchiner, Michael; Salburger, Walter (25 November 2013). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 "A tribal level phylogeny of Lake Tanganyika cichlid fishes based on a genomic multi-marker approach"]. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution''. '''83''': 56–71. doi:[[doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009|10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 4334724.] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25433288 25433288.]</ref> Le fa dingwe tsa mefuta eno di ka fitlhelwa gonnye mo godimo ga [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga]] River, ga di kgone go anamela thata mo [[:en:Congo_Basin|tsamaisong ya Congo River]]. Seno se bakwa ke jeokorafi ya mafelo ao, le pharologano ya dikhemikhale tsa metsi.Tikologo e e dikologileng Letsha la Tanganyika e itshiametse gape e itekanetse gona le [[:en:Rapids|mekgacho]] le medi e sianeng ya noka ya Congo. Metsi a Tanganyika, a [[:en:Alkali'|alkaline]] gape ana le [[:en:PH|pH]] e kwa godimo (ga a na asiti e ntsi), a na le [[:en:Calcium|calcium]] le diminerale tse dintsi go farologana le metsi a Congo a a nang le [[:en:Acid|asiti e ntsi,]] [[:en:Sediment|a tletse seretse,]] a tletse matlakala a [[:en:Rainforest|dimela]] le dilo tse dingwe tsa tlholego tse di senyegang. Mo dikarolong dingwe tsa Congo, kgakala le [[:en:Whitewater|metsi a masweu]], metsi a fetoga se se bidiwang [[:en:Blackwater_river|metsi a mantsho]], ka ntlha ya dikhemikhale tse di tswang mo dikgatsheng le mo matlakaleng a ditlhare a a bodileng. Metsi ano a na le [[:en:Tannin|tannins]] tse dintsi mme ga a siamele<ref>[[:en:Sven_O._Kullander|Kullander, S.O]].; Roberts, T.R. (2011). "Out of Lake Tanganyika: endemic lake fishes inhabit rapids of the Lukuga River". ''Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters''. '''22''' (4): 355–76.</ref> ditlhapi tsa cichlid. Ka mokgwa o o tshwanang, mefuta e mentsi ya ditlhapi tsa dinoka tsa tropiki le yone e ka nna ya se kgone go tshela fa e ka tsenngwa mo metsing a a phepa, a alkaline le a nang le diminerale tse dintsi a Letsha la Tanganyika. Le fa Letsha la Tanganyika e na le mefuta e mmalwa ya ditlhapi tsa cichlid fa e bapisiwa le Letsha la [[:en:Lake_Malawi|Malawi]] kgotsa Letsha la [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Victoria]]—matsha a a kileng a nna le koketsego e kgolo le e [[:en:Adaptive_radiation|e potlakileng]] ya mefuta ya ditlhapi mo hisetoring ya bosheng—<ref>Turner, Seehausen; Knight, Allender; Robinson (2001). [[doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.x|"How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes?"]]. ''Molecular Ecology''. '''10''' (3): 793–806. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001MolEc..10..793T 2001MolEc..10..793T.] doi:[[doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.x|10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.]]<nowiki/>x. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11298988 11298988.] S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12925712 12925712.]</ref>ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa Tanganyika ke tsone tse di nang le pharologano e kgolo go feta tsotlhe mo [[:en:Morphology_(biology)|popegelong ya mmele]] le mo [[:en:Genetics|dijining]].<ref name=":6">Meyer, Britta; Matchiner, Michael; Salburger, Walter (25 November 2013). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 "A tribal level phylogeny of Lake Tanganyika cichlid fishes based on a genomic multi-marker approach"]. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution''. '''83''': 56–71. doi:[[doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009|10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009]]. PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 4334724]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25433288 25433288.]</ref><ref>Seehausen, O. (2015). [[doi:10.1111/nph.13450|"Process and pattern in cichlid radiations – inferences for understanding unusually high rates of evolutionary diversification"]]. ''New Phytologist''. '''207''' (2): 304–312. doi:[[doi:10.1111/nph.13450|10.1111/nph.13450.]] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25983053 25983053.]</ref> Seno se amana le bogologolo jwa Letsha la Tanganyika, ka gonne le legologolo thata go feta Malawi le Victoria. Nako e telele eno e ne ya letla mefuta ya ditlhapi go fetoga le go ikgaoganya ka ditsela tse dintsi go feta tse di bonwang mo matsheng a mangwe.<ref>Nishida, M (1991). "Lake Tanganyika as an evolutionary reservoir of old lineages of East African cichlid fishes: Inferences from allozyme data". ''Experientia''. '''47''' (9): 974–979. doi[[doi:10.1007/bf01929896|:10.1007/bf01929896.]] S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37599331 37599331.]</ref> Tanganyika e na le palo e kgolo [[:en:Endemism|go feta tsotlhe]] ya [[:en:Genera|genera]] tsa cichlid tse di fitlhelwang fela mo letsheng leo, fa di bapisiwa le matsha a mangwe otlhe a Afrika.<ref name=":6" /> Ditlhapi tsotlhe tsa cichlid tsa Tanganyika di wela mo setlhopheng sa baeloji se se bidiwang [[:en:Pseudocrenilabrinae|Pseudocrenilabrinae.]] Mo [[:en:Tribe_(biology)|ditlhopheng]] tse di lesome tse di leng mo Pseudocrenilabrinae sephatlo sa tsone di fitlhelwa fela kgotsa segolobogolo mo Tanganyika: [[:en:Cyprichromini|Cyprichromini]], [[:en:Ectodini|Ectodini,]] [[:en:Lamprologini|Lamprologini]], [[:en:Limnochromini|Limnochromini]] le [[:en:Tropheini|Tropheini]] fa tse dingwe tse tharo di na le mefuta e e fitlhelwang mo letsheng: [[:en:Haplochromini|Haplochromini,]] [[:en:Tilapiini|Tilapiini]] le [[:en:Tylochromini|Tylochromini]].<ref>Sparks; Smith (2004). "Phylogeny and biogeography of cichlid fishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Cichlidae)". ''Cladistics''. '''20''' (6): 501–517. [[:en:CiteSeerX_(identifier)|CiteSeerX]] [https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.595.2118 10.1.1.595.2118]. doi:[[doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00038.x|10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00038.x.]] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34892958 34892958]. S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36086310 36086310].</ref> Baitseanape bangwe ba ba ithutang ka ditlhapi ba akantshitse gore ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa Tanganyika di tshwanetse go kgaoganngwa ka botlalo go nna ditlhopha tse di ka nnang 12 go ya go 16, go akaretsa: [[:en:Bathybatini|Bathybatini,]][[:en:Benthochromini|Benthochromini]],[[:en:Boulengerochromini|Boulengerochromini,]] [[:en:Cyphotilapiini|Cyphotilapiini,]] [[:en:Eretmodini|Eretmodini]],[[:en:Greenwoodochromini|Greenwoodochromini,]] [[:en:Perissodini|Perissodini]] le [[:en:Trematocarini|Trematocarini]] mmogo le ditlhopha tse di setseng tse di umakilweng fa godimo.<ref name=":6" /> Bontsi jwa ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa Lake Tanganyika di nna gaufi le lotshitshi lwa letsha mo boteng jo bo fitlhang go dimetara di le 100. Le fa go ntse jalo, mefuta mengwe e e nnang mo metsing a a boteng e kgona go fologela mo boteng jwa dimetara di le 200 ka gale.<ref name=":7">Kirchberger; Sefc; Sturmbauer; Koblmuller (2012). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3362839 "Evolutionary History of Lake Tanganyika's Predatory Deepwater Cichlids"]. ''International Journal of Evolutionary Biology''. '''2012''' 716209. doi[[doi:10.1155/2012/716209|:10.1155/2012/716209.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3362839 3362839]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22675652 22675652.]</ref> Mefuta ya [[:en:Trematocara|Trematocara]] yone e fitlhetswe mo boteng jo bo fetang dimetara di le 300, jo bo leng boteng go feta jwa cichlid efe kgotsa efe e e itsiweng mo lefatsheng.<ref>Loiselle, Paul (1994). The Cichlid Aquarium, p. 304. Tetra Press, Germany. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1564651464|<bdi>978-1564651464</bdi>.]]</ref> Mefuta mengwe ya ditlhapi tsa metsi a a boteng, jaaka [[:en:Bathybates|Bathybates]], [[:en:Gnathochromis|Gnathochromis]], [[:en:Hemibates|Hemibates]] le [[:en:Xenochromis|Xenochromis]] e kile ya tshwarwa mo mafelong a a batlang a sena oksijene gotlhelele, mme baitseanape ga ba ise ba tlhaloganye sentle gore di kgona jang go tshela mo maemong ao.<ref name=":8">Lowe-McConnell, R.H. (1987). Ecological Studies in Tropical Fish Communities. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-521-28064-8|<bdi>0-521-28064-8</bdi>.]]</ref> Bontsi jwa cichlid tsa Tanganyika ke tsa [[:en:Benthic|botlaseng jwa letsha]], kgotsa di nna gaufi le mabopo.<ref>Lindqvist, O.V.; H. Mölsä; K. Solonen; J. Sarvala, editors (1999). From Limnology to Fisheries: Lake Tanganyika and Other Large Lakes. pp. 213–214. Springer. ISBN 978-0792360179</ref> Ga go na cichlid e e tshelang [[:en:Pelagic|ka botlalo mo metsing a a bulegileng]] kgakala le lotshitshi, ntle le mefuta mengwe ya Bathybates<ref name=":7" /> [[:en:Piscivorous|e e jang ditlhapi tse dingwe]]. Mefuta e mebedi e, [[:en:Bathybates_fasciatus|Bathybates fasciatus]] le [[:en:Bathybates_leo|Bathybates leo]] dija thata [[:en:Tanganyika_sardine|ditlhapi tsa sardine tsa Tanganyika]].<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> Ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa Tanganyika di farologane thata ka [[:en:Ecology|tsela e di iphedisang ka yone]]. Go na le mefuta [[:en:Herbivore|e e]] [[:en:Herbivore|jang dimela]], [[:en:Detritivore|e e jang matlakala le dilo tse di bolang mo metsing]], [[:en:Planktivore|e e jang plankton]], [[:en:Insectivore|e e jang ditshenekegi]], [[:en:Molluscivore|e e jang dikgapetla tsa metsing]], [[:en:Scavenger|e e jang ditopo tsa diphologolo tse di suleng]], [[:en:Scale-eater|e e jang makwaga a ditlhapi tse dingwe]] le e e jang ditlhapi tse dingwe.<ref name=":9">Craig Mortiff (24 December 2009). [https://www.cichlid-forum.com/threads/lake-tanganyika-and-its-diverse-cichlids.456196/ "Lake Tanganyika and its Diverse Cichlids"]. ''Cichlid Fish Forum''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162711/https://www.cichlid-forum.com/threads/lake-tanganyika-and-its-diverse-cichlids.456196/ Archived] from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</ref> Le fa mefuta mengwe e na le dijo tse e di ratang thata, baitseanape ba lemogile gore e ka fetola mekgwa ya yone ya go ja [[:en:Opportunism|fa dijo dingwe di nna dintsi thata]].<ref>Golcher-Benavides J, Wagner CE (2019). "Playing out Liem's Paradox: Opportunistic Piscivory across Lake Tanganyikan Cichlids". ''The American Naturalist''. '''194''' (2): 260–267. doi:[[doi:10.1086/704169|10.1086/704169]]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31318283 31318283.] S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155438716 155438716.]</ref> Sekai, mefuta e mentsi e ka simolola go ja [[:en:Stolothrissa_tanganicae|Stolothrissa tanganicae]] le [[:en:Limnothrissa_miodon|Limnothrissa miodon]] fa ditlhapi tseno di nna dintsi mo letsheng. Mekgwa ya tsalo ya cichlid e kgaogana ka ditlhopha tse pedi tse dikgolo: Tse di beelang mae mo lefatsheng kgotsa mo motlhabeng (gantsi mo magageng kgotsa mo diphateng tsa maje) le [[:en:Mouthbrooder|tse di godisang mae mo molomong]].<ref name=":10">Schliewen, U. (1992). Aquarium Fish. Barron's Educational Series. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0812013504|<bdi>978-0812013504</bdi>.]]</ref> Mo mefuteng e e fitlhelwang fela mo Tanganyika go na le dingwe tsa ditlhapi tsa cichlid tse dinnye go feta tsotlhe mo lefatsheng, [[:en:Neolamprologus_multifasciatus|Neolamprologus multifasciatus]] le [[:en:Neolamprologus_similis|Neolamprologus similis]] (tse tsotlhe [[:en:Shell_dweller|di nnang mo dikgapetleng tsa dikgopa]]), mme boleele jwa tsone bo fitlha fela mo e ka nnang 4–5 cm.<ref>[[:en:Rainer_Froese|Froese, Rainer]]; [[:en:Daniel_Pauly|Pauly, Daniel]] (eds.). [https://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Neolamprologus&speciesname=multifasciatus "''Neolamprologus multifasciatus''".] [[:en:FishBase|''FishBase''.]] March 2017 version.</ref><ref>[[:en:Rainer_Froese|Froese, Rainer;]] [[:en:Daniel_Pauly|Pauly, Daniel]] (eds.). [https://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Neolamprologus&speciesname=similis "''Neolamprologus similis''".] ''[[:en:FishBase|FishBase]]''. March 2017 version.</ref> Go na gape le nngwe ya [[:en:Giant_cichlid|cichlid tse dikgolo]] go feta tsotlhe mo lefatsheng e leng Boulengerochromis microlepis e e ka golang go fitlha mo e ka nnang 90 cm ka boleele.<ref name=":9" /><ref>[http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/features/articles/the-10-biggest-cichlids "The 10 biggest cichlids".] Practical Fishkeeping. 13 June 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052647/http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/features/articles/the-10-biggest-cichlids Archived] from the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.</ref> Mefuta e mentsi ya ditlhapi tsa cichlid tse di tswang mo Lake Tanganyika e tumile thata mo bathong ba ba godisang ditlhapi mo ditankeng tsa metsi. Tse di akaretsa: [[:en:Altolamprologus|Altolamprologus,]] [[:en:Cyprichromis|Cyprichromis]], [[:en:Eretmodus|Eretmodus]], [[:en:Julidochromis|Julidochromis]], [[:en:Lamprologus|Lamprologus]], [[:en:Neolamprologus|Neolamprologus]], [[:en:Tropheus|Tropheus]] le [[:en:Xenotilapia|Xenotilapia]]. Ditlhapi tseno di ratwa ka ntlha ya mebala ya tsone e e ntle, mekgabiso le dipaterone tsa tsone tse di kgatlhang, le mekgwa ya tsone ya boitshwaro e e kgatlhang go e lebelela.<ref name=":10" /> Mo lefatsheng la go godisa ditlhapi mo ditankeng, batho ba le bantsi gape ba rata go aga [[:en:Biotope|setshwano sa diatla]] sa Letsha la Tanganyika, gore e tshwane ka mo go ka kgonegang ka teng le tikologo ya tlholego ya letsha leno, mo go fitlhelwang mefuta e mentsi ya ditlhapi segompienong di kgona go tsadisiwa sentle mo botshwarong.<ref name=":10" /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120302102920/http://www.aquariumslife.com/featured/lake-tanganyika-biotope/ "tanganyika biotope aquarium".] Aquariums Life. 10 February 2010. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2014.</ref> Ditlhopha tsa cichlid mo Letsheng la Tanganyika [[:en:Bathybatini|Bathybatini]] (E): [[:en:Bathybates_ferox|Bathybates ferox]] ke tlhapi e e nnang thata [[:en:Benthic|gaufi le botlase jwa letsha]] mme [[:en:Piscivorous|e ja ditlhapi tse dingwe]]. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo setlhopheng sa Bathybates go na le mefuta e mengwe e e tshelang mo metsing a a bulegileng kgakala le lotshitshi.<ref>Kirchberger; Sefc; Sturmbauer; Koblmuller (2012). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3362839 "Evolutionary History of Lake Tanganyika's Predatory Deepwater Cichlids".] ''International Journal of Evolutionary Biology''. '''2012''' 716209. doi:[[doi:10.1155/2012/716209|10.1155/2012/716209.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3362839 3362839]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22675652 22675652.]</ref> Baitseanape bangwe ba kgaoganya setlhopha sa Bathybatini ka ditlhopha tse tharo tse di ikemetseng e leng Bathybatini, [[:en:Hemibatini|Hemibatini]] le [[:en:Trematocarini|Trematocarini.]]<ref>Meyer; Matchiner; Salburger (2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4415804 "Lake Tanganyika—A 'Melting Pot' of Ancient and Young Cichlid Lineages (Teleostei: Cichlidae)?".] ''PLOS ONE''. '''10''' (7) e0125043. Bibcode[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1025043W :2015PLoSO..1025043W.] doi:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125043|10.1371/journal.pone.0125043.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4415804 4415804.] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25928886 25928886.]</ref><ref>Weiss; Cotterill; Schliewen (2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 "A tribal level phylogeny of Lake Tanganyika cichlid fishes based on a genomic multi-marker approach".] ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution''. '''83''': 56–71. doi:[[doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009|10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 4334724]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25433288 25433288.]</ref> [[:en:Benthochromini|Benthochromini]] (E): [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benthochromis_horii&action=edit&redlink=1 Benthochromis horii] e ne ya tlhalosiwa semmuso ke baitseanape ba saense ka ngwaga wa 2008. Le fa go ntse jalo, pele ga moo tlhapi eno e ne e gantsi e tsewa ka phoso e le [[:en:Benthochromis_tricoti|Benthochromis tricoti.]]<ref>Takahashi, T. (2008). "Description of a new cichlid fish species of the genus Benthochromis (Perciformes: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika". ''Journal of Fish Biology''. '''72''' (3): 603–613. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JFBio..72..603T 2008JFBio..72..603T.] doi:[[doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01727.x|10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01727.x.]]</ref> {{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Coordinates on Wikidata]] 9dek8aerkrschacnv6nqtg4jq62hpge 51182 51181 2026-06-20T16:48:09Z OtengPortia 12840 #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA 51182 wikitext text/x-wiki Letsha la Tanganyika<ref>Yohannes,Okbazghi (2008). Water resources and inter-riparian relations in the Nile basin. SUNY Press. p. 127.</ref> ke nngwe ya [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|Matsha a Magolo a Afrika]].<ref>Burton, Richard Francis (1965). Richards, Charles (ed.). ''Burton and Lake Tanganyika''. Dar Es Salaam: East African Literature Bureau. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/180480726 180480726.]</ref> Ke [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_volume|letsha la bobedi mo lefatsheng ka bogolo jwa metsi]],[[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|le ka boteng]], ka makgetho a mabedi le le latlhegelwa fela ke [[:en:Lake_Baikal|Lake Baikal]] kwa [[:en:Siberia|Siberia]].<ref>[http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/lakes/lake-tanganyika "Lake Tanganyika"]. ''www.zambiatourism.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150422001337/http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/lakes/lake-tanganyika Archived] from the original on 22 April 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2008.</ref><ref>Lewis, R. (16 May 2010)[https://news.brown.edu/articles/2010/05/tanganyika . "Brown Geologists Show Unprecedented Warming in Lake Tanganyika".] Brown University. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170326051107/https://news.brown.edu/articles/2010/05/tanganyika Archived] from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</ref> Le gape ke letsha le le telele go feta tsotlhe mo lefatsheng.<ref>[http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/lakes/lake-tanganyika "Lake Tanganyika".] ''www.zambiatourism.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150422001337/http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/lakes/lake-tanganyika Archived] from the original on 22 April 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2008.</ref> Ka bogolo jwa lefelo, [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_area|ke la bo 6 mo lefatsheng]].<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/worlds-largest-lakes-2228655 "World's largest lakes | Description, Area, & Facts | Britannica".] ''www.britannica.com''. Retrieved 18 October 2025.</ref> Letsha leno le abelanwa ke dinaga di le nne: [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[:en:Burundi|Burundi]] le Zambia. Tanzania e na le karolo e kgolo ya letsha (mo e ka nnang 46%), mme Democratic Republic of the Congo e na le mo e ka nnang 40%. Letsha la Tanganyika le elela metsi a lona ka noka ya [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]] go tsena mo tsamaisong ya [[:en:Congo_River|Noka ya Congo]], e e feleletsang e tshela kwa toropong ya [[:en:Banana,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Banana]] go tsena mo [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Lewatleng la Atlantic]].<ref name=":0">[https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Display/html/3587 "LAKE TANGANYIKA".] ''World Lake Database, International Lake Environment Committee Foundation''. Retrieved 12 January 2025.</ref> '''Jeokorafi''' Lake Tanganyika ke [[:en:Ancient_lake|letsha la bogologolo thata]], mme ke lengwe la matsha a le masome a mabedi fela mo lefatsheng a a nang le dingwaga tse di fetang milione e le nngwe. Dikarolo tsa lone tse tharo tse dikgolo, tse mo dinakong tse metsi a neng a le kwa tlase thata di neng di le matsha a a ikemetseng ka nosi, tsotlhe di na le dingwaga tse di farologaneng. Karolo ya bogare e simolotse go bopiwa dingwaga di ka nna milione di le 9 go ya go 12 tse di fetileng. Karolo ya bokone e simolotse dingwaga di ka nna milione di le 7 go ya go 8 tse di fetileng. fa karolo ya borwa e simolotse dingwaga di ka nna milione di le 2 go ya go 4 tse di fetileng.<ref>Cohen; Soreghan; Scholz (1993). "Estimating the age of formation of lakes: An example from Lake Tanganyika, East African Rift system". ''Geology''. '''21''' (6): 511–514. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Geo....21..511C 1993Geo....21..511C.] doi:[https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0091-7613%281993%29021%3C0511%3AETAOFO%3E2.3.CO%3B2 10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0511:ETAOFO>2.3.CO;2.]</ref> Gompieno, Letsha la Tanganyika le mo kgaolong ya [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift,]] e leng lekala la bophirima la [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. Le dikologilwe ke dithaba tse di kwa matlhakoreng a mokgatšha wa phatlogo ya lefatshe. Ke letsha le legolo go feta tsotlhe tsa mofuta wa [[:en:Rift_lake|rift]] mo Afrika, mme ke la bobedi mo lefatsheng ka bogolo jwa metsi a a foreshe. Gape ke letsha le le boteng go feta tsotlhe mo Afrika le le tshwereng metsi a mantsi a a foreshe go feta tsotlhe mo kontineng ya Afrika. Le tshwere mo e ka nnang 16% ya metsi a a foreshe a lefatshe a a ka dirisiwang.Letsha leno le boleele jwa dikilometara di le 676 le anametse go tswa bokone go ya borwa ka bophara jwa palogare ya dikilometara di le 50. Le akaretsa lefelo la dikilometara tse di khubiki di le 32,000 ka lotshitshi lwa boleele jwa dikilometara di le 1,900. Palogare ya boteng ke dimetara di le 572 fa boteng jo bogolo ke dimetara di le 1,471, jo bo fitlhelwang mo karolong ya bokone. Go akanyediwa gore letsha leno le tshwere metsi a ka nna 18,750 km³, e leng bongata jo bogolo thata jwa metsi a a foreshe.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/19991110092358/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dafr06.html "Datbase Summary: Lake Tanganyika"]. ''ilec.or.jp''. Japan: International Lake Environment Committee Foundation. Archived from [http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dafr06.html the original] on 10 November 1999. Retrieved 14 March 2008.</ref><ref name=":0" /> Letsha la Tanganyika lena le [[:en:Drainage_basin|mokgatšha]] wa metsi o o ka nnang 231,000 km².Go na le dinoka tse dikgolo di le pedi tse di tsenang mo letsheng leno, mmogo le dinoka tse dinnye le melatswana e mentsi. Melatswana eno gantsi e khutshwane ka ntlha ya dithaba tse di kwa godimo le tse di matsutsuba tse di dikologileng letsha. Noka e le yosi e kgolo e e tswang mo letsheng ke [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River,]] e e elelang e tsena mo tsamaisong ya [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River.]] Pula le mouoane di na le karolo e kgolo go feta dinoka mo tsamaisong ya metsi a letsha. Go akanyediwa gore bonyenyane 90% ya metsi a a tsenang a tswa mo puleng e e nelelang mo godimo ga letsha, mme bonyenyane 90% ya tahlegelo ya metsi e bakwa ke go mowa ga metsi ka tlhamalalo.<ref name=":1">[[:en:Sven_O._Kullander|Kullander, S.O.]]; Roberts, T.R. (2011). "Out of Lake Tanganyika: endemic lake fishes inhabit rapids of the Lukuga River". ''Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters''. '''22''' (4): 355–76.</ref> Noka e kgolo ke [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], e e bopilweng dingwaga di ka nna 10,000 tse di fetileng, e e tsenang mo bokone jwa letsha e tswa mo [[:en:Lake_Kivu|Lake Kivu]].<ref name=":2">Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980). ''Natural Wonders of the World''. US: Reader's Digest Association, Inc. pp. 366–67. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-89577-087-5|<bdi>978-0-89577-087-5</bdi>.]]</ref> [[:en:Malagarasi_River|Malagarasi River]] ke noka ya bobedi ka bogolo mo Tanzania, mme e tsena mo letlhakoreng la botlhaba la letsha.<ref name=":2" /> Noka eno e kgologolo go feta letsha ka bolone, mme pele letsha le bopiwa, e ka bo e ne e le karolo ya tsamaiso ya metsi ya [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]], e leng mothopo o mogolo wa Noka ya Congo River.<ref name=":1" /> Noka e kgolo e e tswang mo Zambia e bile e tsenang mo karolong ya borwa jwa letsha ke [[:en:Lufubu_River|Lufubu]] River. E tswa mo thoteng e e kwa borwa jwa letsha, e elela go ya kwa bokone-bophirima go ralala dithaba, morago ga moo e retologela go ya bokone-botlhaba go tsena mo letsheng gaufi le Nsumbu.<ref>[https://africageographic.com/stories/nsumbu-national-park/ "Nsumbu National Park"]. ''Africa Geographic''. Retrieved 3 June 2026.</ref> Lake Tanganyika e na le histori e e raraaneng ya diphetogo tsa tsela e metsi a elelang ka yone, ka ntlha ya boleele jo bogolo jwa yone, boteng jo bogolo, go tlala ga yone ka bonya, le lefelo la yone le le kwa dithabeng mo kgaolong e e nang le tiro e ntsi ya dithoromo tsa dithaba tse di tlhotlhogang le diphetogo tsa tlelaemete. Go bonala gore mo nakong e e fetileng, letsha leno ga le ise le ko le nne le phatlha e e tswang ka tlhamalalo go ya lewatleng. Ka ntlha ya seno, le tlhalosiwa jaaka [[:en:Endorheic|“endorheic ka bontsi”.]] Go kgokagana ga letsha le lewatle go ikaegile ka gore metsi a tshwanetse go nna kwa godimo thata mo a ka kgonang go elela go tswa mo letsheng ka Lukuga River go tsena mo tsamaisong ya Congo River.<ref name=":2" /> Fa metsi a sa elele, go tsenwa ga metsi mo Lukuga go gantsi go thibelwa ke mebala ya motlhaba le dimela tsa metsi tse dintsi. Ka nako eo, noka eno e ikaega mo dinokeng tsa yone tse dinnye, segolobogolo Niemba River, go tshegetsa go elela ga yone.<ref name=":1" /> Go simolola ka bo-1990, selekanyo sa metsi mo Lake Tanganyika se ne sa tlhatloga ka mo e ka nnang dimetara di le 2, se baka go rwala matlo le dikago tse di gaufi le lotshitshi.<ref>[https://worldwater.earth/water-surface-elevation-timeseries-reveals-the-rising-water-levels-in-lake-tanganyika "Water surface elevation timeseries reveals the rising water levels in Lake Tanganyika"]. ''WorldWater''. Retrieved 1 June 2026.</ref> Seno se bonagala thata mo toropong ya Nsumbu, gaufi le lotshitshi magareng ga jetty le molomo wa Chisala River, e ka nna dikilometara di le 2 go ya kwa bokone-bophirima. Magareng ga 2018 le 2024, metsi a ne a tsenelela mo teng ga toropo go fitlha mo e ka nnang dimetara di le 300 go tswa mo lotshitshing lwa 2018.<ref>[https://www.google.com/maps/search/Nsumbu/@-8.5164746,30.4729444,1517m/data=!3m1!1e3?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI2MDUyNy4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D "Nsumbu"]. ''Google Maps''. Retrieved 2 June 2026.</ref><ref>[https://earth.google.com/web/@-8.51664622,30.47719045,771.76267068a,1405.28427165d,35y,0h,0t,0r/data=ChYqEAgBEgoyMDE4LTExLTI2GAFCAggBOgMKATBCAggASg0I____________ARAA "Google Earth imagery showing Nsumbu settlement and shoreline, Zambia".] ''Google Earth - Use the historical slider to select past views''. Google Earth. Retrieved 2 June 2026.</ref> Go akanyediwa gape gore mo nakong e e fetileng, letsha le ka tswa le ne le na le ditsela tse di farologaneng tsa go tsena le go tswa ga metsi. Go akantshiwa gore metsi a ka tswa a ne a tswa mo [[:en:Lake_Rukwa|Lake Rukwa]] e e kwa godimo, kgotsa go ka tswa go ne go na le kgokagano le [[:en:Lake_Malawi|Lake Malawi]], mme le gone go kile ga akanyediwa tsela ya go tswa e e yang kwa Noka ya [[:en:Nile|Nile]] River. Tsotlhe tseno di bontsha gore histori ya tsamaiso ya metsi ya letsha e fetogile gantsi mo dingwageng di le dimilione.<ref>Lévêque, Christian (1997). ''Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation: The Freshwater Fish of Tropical Africa''. [[:en:Cambridge_University_Press|Cambridge University Press.]] p. 110. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57033-6|<bdi>978-0-521-57033-6</bdi>.]]</ref> '''Dikarolo tsa metsi''' Metsi a Lake Tanganyika a na le [[:en:Hard_water|alkaline]] e e kwa godimo, ka [[:en:PH|pH]] e e ka nnang 9 mo boteng jwa dimetara di le 0–100.<ref name=":3">De, Wever; Muylaert; der Gucht, Van; Pirlot; Cocquyt; Descy; Plisnier; Vyverman (2005). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1214687 "Bacterial Community Composition in Lake Tanganyika: Vertical and Horizontal Heterogeneity".] ''Appl Environ Microbiol''. '''71''' (9): 5029–5037. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ApEnM..71.5029D 2005ApEnM..71.5029D.] doi:[[doi:10.1128/AEM.71.9.5029-5037.2005|10.1128/AEM.71.9.5029-5037.2005.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1214687 1214687.] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16151083 16151083.]</ref> Kwa tlase ga moo, pH e nna mo e ka nnang 8.7, mme e fokotsega ka bonya go fitlha mo magareng ga 8.3 le 8.5 mo mafelong a a boteng go feta tsotlhe a letsha.<ref name=":3" /> Mokgwa o o tshwanang o bonwa mo [[:en:Electric_conductivity|phitisong ya motlakase]], e e tlogang mo e ka nnang 670 μS/cm mo godimo ga metsi go fitlha go 690 μS/cm mo mafelong a a boteng thata.<ref name=":3" /> Themperetšha ya godimo ga metsi gantsi e ka nna 24°C mo karolong ya borwa jwa letsha ka Phatwe, mme e ka tlhatloga go 28–29°C kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya dipula ka Mopitlwe–Moranang.<ref name=":4">Edmond; Stallard; Craigh; Weiss; Coulter (1993). [[doi:10.4319/lo.1993.38.4.0725|"Nutrient chemistry of the water column of Lake Tanganyika".]] ''Limnol. Oceanogr''. '''38''' (4): 725–738. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993LimOc..38..725E 1993LimOc..38..725E.] doi:[[doi:10.4319/lo.1993.38.4.0725|10.4319/lo.1993.38.4.0725]]</ref> Kwa boteng jo bo fetang dimetara di le 400, themperetšha e nna e sa fetoge thata, e le mo magareng ga 23.1°C le 23.4°C.<ref>O'Reilly, Catherine M.; Alin, Simone R.; Plisnier, Pierre-Denis; Cohen, Andrew S.; Mckee, Brent A. (14 August 2003). "Climate change decreases aquatic ecosystem productivity of Lake Tanganyika, Africa". ''Nature''. '''424''' (6950): 766–768. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.424..766O 2003Natur.424..766O]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1038/nature01833|10.1038/nature01833.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12917682 12917682.] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1637315 1637315]</ref> Metsi a letsha a ntse a oketsega mogote ka bonya fa e sale go tswa mo lekgolong la bo-19 la dingwaga, mme seno se potlakile le go feta ka ntlha ya [[:en:Global_warming|go gotela ga lefatshe]] fa e sale go tswa mo bo-1950.<ref>Jensen, M.R. (8 August 2016). [https://uanews.arizona.edu/story/lake-tanganyika-fisheries-declining-global-warming "Lake Tanganyika Fisheries Declining From Global Warming".] University of Arizona. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180306085806/https://uanews.arizona.edu/story/lake-tanganyika-fisheries-declining-global-warming Archived] from the original on 6 March 2018. Retrieved 5 March 2018.</ref> Letsha le [[:en:Lake_stratification|kgaogane]] ka dikarolo tsa metsi tse di sa kopaneng bonolo. Go tlhakatlhakana ga metsi ka dipaka gantsi ga go fete boteng jwa dimetara di le 150.<ref name=":4" /> Go tlhakatlhakana gono go diragala thata mo karolong ya borwa ka ntlha ya diphefo tse di [[:en:Upwelling|sutisang metsi a a tsididi go tswa kwa tlase go ya godimo.]] Gape go na le go tlhatloga le go fologa ga metsi mo dikarolong tse dingwe tsa letsha.<ref>Lowe-McConnell, R.H. (2003). "Recent research in the African Great Lakes: Fisheries, biodiversity and cichlid evolution". ''Freshwater Forum''. '''20''' (1): 4–64.</ref> Ka ntlha ya go kgaogana gono ga metsi, dikarolo tse di boteng thata di na le se se bidiwang [[:en:Fossil_water|metsi a bogologolo]]<ref>Hutter; Yongqi; and Chubarenko (2011). Physics of Lakes, volume 1: Foundation of the Mathematical and Physical Background. P. 11. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-642-15178-1|<bdi>978-3-642-15178-1</bdi>.]]</ref> a a sa tlhakaneng le a kwa godimo ka dingwaga tse dintsi. Seno se raya gore dikarolo tse di boteng ga di na [[:en:Oxygen|oksijene .]] Ka jalo ditlhapi le [[:en:Obligate_aerobe|diphologolo tsotlhe tse di tlhokang oksijene]] di kgona go tshela fela mo dikarolong tse di kwa godimo tsa letsha. Mo bokone jwa letsha, molelwane ono wa oksijene o fitlhelwa mo boteng jwa dimetara di ka nna 100 fa mo borwa<ref>Wright, J.J.; and L.M. Page (2006). Taxonomic revision of Lake Tanganyikan Synodontis (Siluriformes: Mochokidae). Florida Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull. 46(4): 99–154.</ref><ref>Lowe-McConnell, R.H. (1987). Ecological Studies in Tropical Fish Communities. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-521-28064-8|<bdi>0-521-28064-8</bdi>.]]</ref> jwa letsha, o fitlhelwa mo boteng jwa dimetara di ka nna 240–250. Dikarolo tse di boteng go feta tsotlhe tsa letsha di na le selekanyo se segolo sa [[:en:Hydrogen_sulfide|hydrogen sulfide]], gase e e botlhole.<ref name=":3" /><ref>Ryan, Emily; Todd, Jonathan A.; McGlue, Michael; Kimirei, Ismael; Soreghan, Michael (2017). "Variation in Taphonomic Character of Shell Beds in Lake Tanganyika, Africa: Paleoenvironmental and Stratigraphic Implications of Shell Beds in Lakes". Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 304608. Geological Society of America. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1130/abs/2017am-304608|10.1130/abs/2017am-304608]]</ref> '''Baeloji''' '''Digagabi''' Letsha la Tanganyika le mafelo a metsi a a le dikologileng ke legae la mefuta e le mmalwa ya digagabi, tsotlhe di akaretsa [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]] (go akaretsa kwena e kgolo e e tumileng e e bidiwang [[:en:Gustave_(crocodile)|Gustave]]), [[:en:Zambian_hinged_terrapin|Khudu ya metsi ya Zambia,]] [[:en:Serrated_hinged_terrapin|Serrated hinged terrapin]], Pan hinged terrapin (mofuta ono ga o nne mo letsheng ka bolone mme o fitlhelwa mo matsheng a a gaufi)<ref name=":5">Spawls, Howell, Drewes, and Ashe (2002). A Field Guide to the Reptiles of East Africa. Academic Press, London. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/0-12-656470-1|0-12-656470]]-1</bdi>.</ref>. [[:en:Storm's_water_cobra|Storm’s water cobra]], e leng [[:en:Subspecies|mofuta]] o o mo kotsing wa noga ya metsi e e jang ditlhapi thata, e fitlhelwa fela mo Letsheng la Tanganyika. E rata go nna mo mabopong a a nang le maje.<ref name=":5" /><ref>O'Shea, Mark; Mcintyre, P.B. (2005). [http://www.markoshea.info/oba4-3_zambia_tanzania03.php "Boulengerina annulata stormsi (Storm's water cobra). Attempted predation".] ''Herpetological Review''. '''36''' (2): 189. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171202071348/http://www.markoshea.info/oba4-3_zambia_tanzania03.php Archived] from the original on 2 December 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</ref> '''Ditlhapi tsa Cichlid''' Letsha la Tanganyika ke legae la [[:en:Endemism|bonyenyane mefuta]] e e fetang 250 ya ditlhapi tsa [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]]<ref>Kelly West (28 February 2001). [https://iwlearn.net/documents/6644 "Results and Experiences of the UNDP/GEF Conservation Initiative (RAF/92/G32) in Burundi, D.R. Congo, Tanzania, and Zambia"]. ''IW:LEARN | Documents''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162707/https://iwlearn.net/documents/6644 Archived] from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</ref> tse di fitlhelwang fela mo letsheng leno. Go dumelwa gape gore go santse go na le [[:en:Undescribed_taxon|mefuta e mengwe e e iseng e lemogiwe]] ke baitseanape.<ref>Craig Mortiff (24 December 2009). [https://www.cichlid-forum.com/threads/lake-tanganyika-and-its-diverse-cichlids.456196/ "Lake Tanganyika and its Diverse Cichlids"]. ''Cichlid Fish Forum''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162711/https://www.cichlid-forum.com/threads/lake-tanganyika-and-its-diverse-cichlids.456196/ Archived] from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</ref> Mo e ka nnang 98% ya mefuta yotlhe ya cichlid mo letsheng leno ga e fitlhelwe kae kapa kae mo lefatsheng fa e se mo Tanganyika fela. Ka ntlha ya seno, letsha leno le botlhokwa thata mo dipatlisisong tsa kafa mefuta [[:en:Speciation|e mesha ya diphologolo e tlhagang ka teng,]] le kafa [[:en:Evolution|botshelo bo fetogang ka teng mo lobakeng lo loleele.]]<ref>Takahashi, T.; Hori, M. (2012). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3363988 "Genetic and Morphological Evidence Implies Existence of Two Sympatric Species in Cyathopharynx furcifer (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika"]. ''International Journal of Evolutionary Biology''. '''2012''' 980879. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1155/2012/980879|10.1155/2012/980879.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3363988 3363988]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22675655 22675655.]</ref><ref>Kornfield, Ivy; Smith, Peter A (2000). "African Cichlid Fishes: Model Systems for Evolutionary Biology". ''Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics''. '''31''': 163–196. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.163|10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.163]].</ref> Ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|Matsha a Magolo a Afrika]], go akaretsa Tanganyika, di emela nngwe ya mehlala e megolo go feta tsotlhe ya [[:en:Adaptive_radiation|adaptive radiation]] mo diphologolong tse di nang le marapo a mokwatla.<ref>Meyer, Britta; Matchiner, Michael; Salburger, Walter (25 November 2013). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 "A tribal level phylogeny of Lake Tanganyika cichlid fishes based on a genomic multi-marker approach"]. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution''. '''83''': 56–71. doi:[[doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009|10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 4334724.] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25433288 25433288.]</ref> Le fa dingwe tsa mefuta eno di ka fitlhelwa gonnye mo godimo ga [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga]] River, ga di kgone go anamela thata mo [[:en:Congo_Basin|tsamaisong ya Congo River]]. Seno se bakwa ke jeokorafi ya mafelo ao, le pharologano ya dikhemikhale tsa metsi.Tikologo e e dikologileng Letsha la Tanganyika e itshiametse gape e itekanetse gona le [[:en:Rapids|mekgacho]] le medi e sianeng ya noka ya Congo. Metsi a Tanganyika, a [[:en:Alkali'|alkaline]] gape ana le [[:en:PH|pH]] e kwa godimo (ga a na asiti e ntsi), a na le [[:en:Calcium|calcium]] le diminerale tse dintsi go farologana le metsi a Congo a a nang le [[:en:Acid|asiti e ntsi,]] [[:en:Sediment|a tletse seretse,]] a tletse matlakala a [[:en:Rainforest|dimela]] le dilo tse dingwe tsa tlholego tse di senyegang. Mo dikarolong dingwe tsa Congo, kgakala le [[:en:Whitewater|metsi a masweu]], metsi a fetoga se se bidiwang [[:en:Blackwater_river|metsi a mantsho]], ka ntlha ya dikhemikhale tse di tswang mo dikgatsheng le mo matlakaleng a ditlhare a a bodileng. Metsi ano a na le [[:en:Tannin|tannins]] tse dintsi mme ga a siamele<ref>[[:en:Sven_O._Kullander|Kullander, S.O]].; Roberts, T.R. (2011). "Out of Lake Tanganyika: endemic lake fishes inhabit rapids of the Lukuga River". ''Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters''. '''22''' (4): 355–76.</ref> ditlhapi tsa cichlid. Ka mokgwa o o tshwanang, mefuta e mentsi ya ditlhapi tsa dinoka tsa tropiki le yone e ka nna ya se kgone go tshela fa e ka tsenngwa mo metsing a a phepa, a alkaline le a nang le diminerale tse dintsi a Letsha la Tanganyika. Le fa Letsha la Tanganyika e na le mefuta e mmalwa ya ditlhapi tsa cichlid fa e bapisiwa le Letsha la [[:en:Lake_Malawi|Malawi]] kgotsa Letsha la [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Victoria]]—matsha a a kileng a nna le koketsego e kgolo le e [[:en:Adaptive_radiation|e potlakileng]] ya mefuta ya ditlhapi mo hisetoring ya bosheng—<ref>Turner, Seehausen; Knight, Allender; Robinson (2001). [[doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.x|"How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes?"]]. ''Molecular Ecology''. '''10''' (3): 793–806. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001MolEc..10..793T 2001MolEc..10..793T.] doi:[[doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.x|10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.]]<nowiki/>x. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11298988 11298988.] S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12925712 12925712.]</ref>ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa Tanganyika ke tsone tse di nang le pharologano e kgolo go feta tsotlhe mo [[:en:Morphology_(biology)|popegelong ya mmele]] le mo [[:en:Genetics|dijining]].<ref name=":6">Meyer, Britta; Matchiner, Michael; Salburger, Walter (25 November 2013). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 "A tribal level phylogeny of Lake Tanganyika cichlid fishes based on a genomic multi-marker approach"]. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution''. '''83''': 56–71. doi:[[doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009|10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009]]. PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 4334724]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25433288 25433288.]</ref><ref>Seehausen, O. (2015). [[doi:10.1111/nph.13450|"Process and pattern in cichlid radiations – inferences for understanding unusually high rates of evolutionary diversification"]]. ''New Phytologist''. '''207''' (2): 304–312. doi:[[doi:10.1111/nph.13450|10.1111/nph.13450.]] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25983053 25983053.]</ref> Seno se amana le bogologolo jwa Letsha la Tanganyika, ka gonne le legologolo thata go feta Malawi le Victoria. Nako e telele eno e ne ya letla mefuta ya ditlhapi go fetoga le go ikgaoganya ka ditsela tse dintsi go feta tse di bonwang mo matsheng a mangwe.<ref>Nishida, M (1991). "Lake Tanganyika as an evolutionary reservoir of old lineages of East African cichlid fishes: Inferences from allozyme data". ''Experientia''. '''47''' (9): 974–979. doi[[doi:10.1007/bf01929896|:10.1007/bf01929896.]] S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37599331 37599331.]</ref> Tanganyika e na le palo e kgolo [[:en:Endemism|go feta tsotlhe]] ya [[:en:Genera|genera]] tsa cichlid tse di fitlhelwang fela mo letsheng leo, fa di bapisiwa le matsha a mangwe otlhe a Afrika.<ref name=":6" /> Ditlhapi tsotlhe tsa cichlid tsa Tanganyika di wela mo setlhopheng sa baeloji se se bidiwang [[:en:Pseudocrenilabrinae|Pseudocrenilabrinae.]] Mo [[:en:Tribe_(biology)|ditlhopheng]] tse di lesome tse di leng mo Pseudocrenilabrinae sephatlo sa tsone di fitlhelwa fela kgotsa segolobogolo mo Tanganyika: [[:en:Cyprichromini|Cyprichromini]], [[:en:Ectodini|Ectodini,]] [[:en:Lamprologini|Lamprologini]], [[:en:Limnochromini|Limnochromini]] le [[:en:Tropheini|Tropheini]] fa tse dingwe tse tharo di na le mefuta e e fitlhelwang mo letsheng: [[:en:Haplochromini|Haplochromini,]] [[:en:Tilapiini|Tilapiini]] le [[:en:Tylochromini|Tylochromini]].<ref>Sparks; Smith (2004). "Phylogeny and biogeography of cichlid fishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Cichlidae)". ''Cladistics''. '''20''' (6): 501–517. [[:en:CiteSeerX_(identifier)|CiteSeerX]] [https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.595.2118 10.1.1.595.2118]. doi:[[doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00038.x|10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00038.x.]] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34892958 34892958]. S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36086310 36086310].</ref> Baitseanape bangwe ba ba ithutang ka ditlhapi ba akantshitse gore ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa Tanganyika di tshwanetse go kgaoganngwa ka botlalo go nna ditlhopha tse di ka nnang 12 go ya go 16, go akaretsa: [[:en:Bathybatini|Bathybatini,]][[:en:Benthochromini|Benthochromini]],[[:en:Boulengerochromini|Boulengerochromini,]] [[:en:Cyphotilapiini|Cyphotilapiini,]] [[:en:Eretmodini|Eretmodini]],[[:en:Greenwoodochromini|Greenwoodochromini,]] [[:en:Perissodini|Perissodini]] le [[:en:Trematocarini|Trematocarini]] mmogo le ditlhopha tse di setseng tse di umakilweng fa godimo.<ref name=":6" /> Bontsi jwa ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa Lake Tanganyika di nna gaufi le lotshitshi lwa letsha mo boteng jo bo fitlhang go dimetara di le 100. Le fa go ntse jalo, mefuta mengwe e e nnang mo metsing a a boteng e kgona go fologela mo boteng jwa dimetara di le 200 ka gale.<ref name=":7">Kirchberger; Sefc; Sturmbauer; Koblmuller (2012). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3362839 "Evolutionary History of Lake Tanganyika's Predatory Deepwater Cichlids"]. ''International Journal of Evolutionary Biology''. '''2012''' 716209. doi[[doi:10.1155/2012/716209|:10.1155/2012/716209.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3362839 3362839]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22675652 22675652.]</ref> Mefuta ya [[:en:Trematocara|Trematocara]] yone e fitlhetswe mo boteng jo bo fetang dimetara di le 300, jo bo leng boteng go feta jwa cichlid efe kgotsa efe e e itsiweng mo lefatsheng.<ref>Loiselle, Paul (1994). The Cichlid Aquarium, p. 304. Tetra Press, Germany. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1564651464|<bdi>978-1564651464</bdi>.]]</ref> Mefuta mengwe ya ditlhapi tsa metsi a a boteng, jaaka [[:en:Bathybates|Bathybates]], [[:en:Gnathochromis|Gnathochromis]], [[:en:Hemibates|Hemibates]] le [[:en:Xenochromis|Xenochromis]] e kile ya tshwarwa mo mafelong a a batlang a sena oksijene gotlhelele, mme baitseanape ga ba ise ba tlhaloganye sentle gore di kgona jang go tshela mo maemong ao.<ref name=":8">Lowe-McConnell, R.H. (1987). Ecological Studies in Tropical Fish Communities. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-521-28064-8|<bdi>0-521-28064-8</bdi>.]]</ref> Bontsi jwa cichlid tsa Tanganyika ke tsa [[:en:Benthic|botlaseng jwa letsha]], kgotsa di nna gaufi le mabopo.<ref>Lindqvist, O.V.; H. Mölsä; K. Solonen; J. Sarvala, editors (1999). From Limnology to Fisheries: Lake Tanganyika and Other Large Lakes. pp. 213–214. Springer. ISBN 978-0792360179</ref> Ga go na cichlid e e tshelang [[:en:Pelagic|ka botlalo mo metsing a a bulegileng]] kgakala le lotshitshi, ntle le mefuta mengwe ya Bathybates<ref name=":7" /> [[:en:Piscivorous|e e jang ditlhapi tse dingwe]]. Mefuta e mebedi e, [[:en:Bathybates_fasciatus|Bathybates fasciatus]] le [[:en:Bathybates_leo|Bathybates leo]] dija thata [[:en:Tanganyika_sardine|ditlhapi tsa sardine tsa Tanganyika]].<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> Ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa Tanganyika di farologane thata ka [[:en:Ecology|tsela e di iphedisang ka yone]]. Go na le mefuta [[:en:Herbivore|e e]] [[:en:Herbivore|jang dimela]], [[:en:Detritivore|e e jang matlakala le dilo tse di bolang mo metsing]], [[:en:Planktivore|e e jang plankton]], [[:en:Insectivore|e e jang ditshenekegi]], [[:en:Molluscivore|e e jang dikgapetla tsa metsing]], [[:en:Scavenger|e e jang ditopo tsa diphologolo tse di suleng]], [[:en:Scale-eater|e e jang makwaga a ditlhapi tse dingwe]] le e e jang ditlhapi tse dingwe.<ref name=":9">Craig Mortiff (24 December 2009). [https://www.cichlid-forum.com/threads/lake-tanganyika-and-its-diverse-cichlids.456196/ "Lake Tanganyika and its Diverse Cichlids"]. ''Cichlid Fish Forum''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162711/https://www.cichlid-forum.com/threads/lake-tanganyika-and-its-diverse-cichlids.456196/ Archived] from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</ref> Le fa mefuta mengwe e na le dijo tse e di ratang thata, baitseanape ba lemogile gore e ka fetola mekgwa ya yone ya go ja [[:en:Opportunism|fa dijo dingwe di nna dintsi thata]].<ref>Golcher-Benavides J, Wagner CE (2019). "Playing out Liem's Paradox: Opportunistic Piscivory across Lake Tanganyikan Cichlids". ''The American Naturalist''. '''194''' (2): 260–267. doi:[[doi:10.1086/704169|10.1086/704169]]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31318283 31318283.] S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155438716 155438716.]</ref> Sekai, mefuta e mentsi e ka simolola go ja [[:en:Stolothrissa_tanganicae|Stolothrissa tanganicae]] le [[:en:Limnothrissa_miodon|Limnothrissa miodon]] fa ditlhapi tseno di nna dintsi mo letsheng. Mekgwa ya tsalo ya cichlid e kgaogana ka ditlhopha tse pedi tse dikgolo: Tse di beelang mae mo lefatsheng kgotsa mo motlhabeng (gantsi mo magageng kgotsa mo diphateng tsa maje) le [[:en:Mouthbrooder|tse di godisang mae mo molomong]].<ref name=":10">Schliewen, U. (1992). Aquarium Fish. Barron's Educational Series. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0812013504|<bdi>978-0812013504</bdi>.]]</ref> Mo mefuteng e e fitlhelwang fela mo Tanganyika go na le dingwe tsa ditlhapi tsa cichlid tse dinnye go feta tsotlhe mo lefatsheng, [[:en:Neolamprologus_multifasciatus|Neolamprologus multifasciatus]] le [[:en:Neolamprologus_similis|Neolamprologus similis]] (tse tsotlhe [[:en:Shell_dweller|di nnang mo dikgapetleng tsa dikgopa]]), mme boleele jwa tsone bo fitlha fela mo e ka nnang 4–5 cm.<ref>[[:en:Rainer_Froese|Froese, Rainer]]; [[:en:Daniel_Pauly|Pauly, Daniel]] (eds.). [https://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Neolamprologus&speciesname=multifasciatus "''Neolamprologus multifasciatus''".] [[:en:FishBase|''FishBase''.]] March 2017 version.</ref><ref>[[:en:Rainer_Froese|Froese, Rainer;]] [[:en:Daniel_Pauly|Pauly, Daniel]] (eds.). [https://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Neolamprologus&speciesname=similis "''Neolamprologus similis''".] ''[[:en:FishBase|FishBase]]''. March 2017 version.</ref> Go na gape le nngwe ya [[:en:Giant_cichlid|cichlid tse dikgolo]] go feta tsotlhe mo lefatsheng e leng Boulengerochromis microlepis e e ka golang go fitlha mo e ka nnang 90 cm ka boleele.<ref name=":9" /><ref>[http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/features/articles/the-10-biggest-cichlids "The 10 biggest cichlids".] Practical Fishkeeping. 13 June 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052647/http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/features/articles/the-10-biggest-cichlids Archived] from the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.</ref> Mefuta e mentsi ya ditlhapi tsa cichlid tse di tswang mo Lake Tanganyika e tumile thata mo bathong ba ba godisang ditlhapi mo ditankeng tsa metsi. Tse di akaretsa: [[:en:Altolamprologus|Altolamprologus,]] [[:en:Cyprichromis|Cyprichromis]], [[:en:Eretmodus|Eretmodus]], [[:en:Julidochromis|Julidochromis]], [[:en:Lamprologus|Lamprologus]], [[:en:Neolamprologus|Neolamprologus]], [[:en:Tropheus|Tropheus]] le [[:en:Xenotilapia|Xenotilapia]]. Ditlhapi tseno di ratwa ka ntlha ya mebala ya tsone e e ntle, mekgabiso le dipaterone tsa tsone tse di kgatlhang, le mekgwa ya tsone ya boitshwaro e e kgatlhang go e lebelela.<ref name=":10" /> Mo lefatsheng la go godisa ditlhapi mo ditankeng, batho ba le bantsi gape ba rata go aga [[:en:Biotope|setshwano sa diatla]] sa Letsha la Tanganyika, gore e tshwane ka mo go ka kgonegang ka teng le tikologo ya tlholego ya letsha leno, mo go fitlhelwang mefuta e mentsi ya ditlhapi segompienong di kgona go tsadisiwa sentle mo botshwarong.<ref name=":10" /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120302102920/http://www.aquariumslife.com/featured/lake-tanganyika-biotope/ "tanganyika biotope aquarium".] Aquariums Life. 10 February 2010. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2014.</ref> '''Ditlhopha tsa cichlid mo Letsheng la Tanganyika''' [[:en:Bathybatini|Bathybatini]] (E): [[:en:Bathybates_ferox|Bathybates ferox]] ke tlhapi e e nnang thata [[:en:Benthic|gaufi le botlase jwa letsha]] mme [[:en:Piscivorous|e ja ditlhapi tse dingwe]]. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo setlhopheng sa Bathybates go na le mefuta e mengwe e e tshelang mo metsing a a bulegileng kgakala le lotshitshi.<ref>Kirchberger; Sefc; Sturmbauer; Koblmuller (2012). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3362839 "Evolutionary History of Lake Tanganyika's Predatory Deepwater Cichlids".] ''International Journal of Evolutionary Biology''. '''2012''' 716209. doi:[[doi:10.1155/2012/716209|10.1155/2012/716209.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3362839 3362839]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22675652 22675652.]</ref> Baitseanape bangwe ba kgaoganya setlhopha sa Bathybatini ka ditlhopha tse tharo tse di ikemetseng e leng Bathybatini, [[:en:Hemibatini|Hemibatini]] le [[:en:Trematocarini|Trematocarini.]]<ref>Meyer; Matchiner; Salburger (2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4415804 "Lake Tanganyika—A 'Melting Pot' of Ancient and Young Cichlid Lineages (Teleostei: Cichlidae)?".] ''PLOS ONE''. '''10''' (7) e0125043. Bibcode[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1025043W :2015PLoSO..1025043W.] doi:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125043|10.1371/journal.pone.0125043.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4415804 4415804.] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25928886 25928886.]</ref><ref>Weiss; Cotterill; Schliewen (2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 "A tribal level phylogeny of Lake Tanganyika cichlid fishes based on a genomic multi-marker approach".] ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution''. '''83''': 56–71. doi:[[doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009|10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 4334724]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25433288 25433288.]</ref> [[:en:Benthochromini|Benthochromini]] (E): [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benthochromis_horii&action=edit&redlink=1 Benthochromis horii] e ne ya tlhalosiwa semmuso ke baitseanape ba saense ka ngwaga wa 2008. Le fa go ntse jalo, pele ga moo tlhapi eno e ne e gantsi e tsewa ka phoso e le [[:en:Benthochromis_tricoti|Benthochromis tricoti.]]<ref>Takahashi, T. (2008). "Description of a new cichlid fish species of the genus Benthochromis (Perciformes: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika". ''Journal of Fish Biology''. '''72''' (3): 603–613. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JFBio..72..603T 2008JFBio..72..603T.] doi:[[doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01727.x|10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01727.x.]]</ref> {{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Coordinates on Wikidata]] kfgrcu2l4jfwqwaij59s3xysbib9hem 0 13740 51183 50895 2026-06-20T16:59:19Z Abbymooketsi 12868 Ke ramotse ka ba ka tsenya kgokagano.#AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE 51183 wikitext text/x-wiki [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Motse wa bogologolo wa Egepeto]] o ne o nonotshiwa ke [[:en:Nile_River|Noka ya Nile]] le merwalela ya yone e e tlang ka metlha. Ka jalo, go ikaegile ka Noka ya "Nile"gore e tle e nne le merwalela gangwe le gape. Tsela e noka e e neng e kgona go elela ka yone le mmu wa yone o o nonneng di ne tsa dira gore Baegepeto ba ba tlholegileng koo ba kgone go aga mmusomogolo o o neng o ikaegile ka dikhumo tsa bone tse dikgolo tsa temothuo. Baegepeto ba tsewa ele bangwe ba [[:en:History_of_agriculture|ditlhopha tsa ntlha tsa batho]] ba baneng ba lema ka selekanyo se segolo. Se se ne sa kgonega ka ntlha ya botswerere jwa Baegepeto fa ba ne ba tlhabolola mokgwa wa go nosetsa ka metsi.<ref name=":2">Kees,Herman. "Ancient Egypt: A Cultural Topography." Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961. Print.</ref> Mekgwa ya bone ya go lema e ne ya ba letla go jala dijalo tsa dijo tsa konokono, segolobogolo dithoro tse di jaaka korong le barele, le dijalo tsa madirelo, tse di jaaka [[:en:Flax|leloba]] le [[:en:Papyrus|papirase]].<ref name=":3">Janick, Jules (June 2002). "Ancient Egyptian Agriculture and the Origins of Horticulture". Acta Horticulturae (583): 23–39. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.693.7643. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.582.1.</ref> == Go simologa ga temothuo == Kwa bophirima jwa Mokgacha wa Nile, Sahara e e kwa botlhaba e ne e le legae la ditso di le mmalwa [[:en:Neolithic|tsa motlha wa bogologolo]]. Ka [[:en:African_humid_period|nako ya komelelo ya Africa]], se e ne ele lefelo le le nang le dimela tse dintsi, mme palo ya batho ba ba neng ba nna mo Sahara e ne ya oketsega thata ka dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le borobabobedi pele ga ga Keresete. Ba ne ba tshela ka go tsoma le go tshwara ditlhapi mo macheng a lefelo leo,<ref>White, Kevin H.; Bristow, Charlie S.; Armitage, Simon J.; Blench, Roger M.; Drake, Nick A. (11 January 2011). "Ancient watercourses and biogeography of the Sahara explain the peopling of the desert". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (2): 458–462. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108..458D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1012231108. ISSN 1091-6490. PMC 3021035. <nowiki>PMID 21187416</nowiki>.</ref> le ka go kgobokanya [[:en:Cereal|dijo tsa ditlhaka]] tsa kwa sekakeng sa Sahara, tse di neng di le dintsi. Dithoro tse di jaaka [[:en:Brachiaria|brachiaria]], [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]] le [[:en:Urochloa|urochloa]] e ne e le dijo tsa botlhokwa.<ref>Tafuri, Mary Anne; Bentley, R. Alexander; Manzi, Giorgio; di Lernia, Savino (September 2006). "Mobility and kinship in the prehistoric Sahara: Strontium isotope analysis of Holocene human skeletons from the Acacus Mts. (southwestern Libya)". Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 25 (3): 390–402. doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2006.01.002. ISSN 0278-4165.</ref> Motlha wa bongola wa Afrika o ne o fela ka iketlo, mme o ne wa fela mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dikete tse thataro go ya go di le tlhano tse di fetileng. Bogologolo pele ga nako eo, badisa ba ba neng ba fuduga ba ne ba ya kwa dikarolong tse dingwe tsa Afrika , mme gape ba ne ba tla le kwa nokeng ya Nile, koo go neng go na le dilo di le mmalwa fela tse di bontshang gore go ne go na le temothuo pele ga moo. [[:en:Dakhleh_Oasis|Oasis ya Dakhleh]], e ne ele yone e go neng go dirwa dipatlisiso tse di tseneletseng mo go yone botsheng jaana, mme e ne ele bosupi jo bo botlhokwa jwa temothuo ya bogologolo ya Egepeto.<ref name=":0">McDonald, Mary M.A. (2016). "The pattern of Neolithization in Dakhleh Oasis in the Eastern Sahara". Quaternary International. 410. Elsevier BV: 181–197. Bibcode:2016QuInt.410..181M. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.100. ISSN 1040-6182.</ref> E ka nna ya tsewa e le e e tshwanang le ya morago ga Pleistocene kwa Bokonebotlhaba jwa Afrika ka kakaretso. Akhleh Oasis e kwa [[:en:Western_Desert_(Egypt)|Sekakeng sa Bophirima (kwa Egepeto)]]. E bokgakala jwa dikilometara di le makgolo a mararo le masome a matlhano (220 mi) go tswa kwa Nokeng ya [[:en:Nile|Nile]] magareng ga Oases ya [[:en:Farafra|Farafra]] le [[:en:Kharga|Kharga]]. Kwa Dakhleh, batho ba setso sa Bashendi e ne e le badisa-batho ba ba tsamayang ba batla dijo ka nako ya komelelo ya Afrika. Ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a agilweng ka matlapa, le mo mafelong a a bulegileng a a neng a na le dithota tse di nang le ditlhatsana. Kwa mafelong a mangwe kwa Bophirima jwa Sekaka sa Egepeto, ditlhopha tse di dingwang le tsa Bashendi gape di nnile teng kwa [[:en:Farafra_Oasis|Farafra Oasis]], le [[:en:Nabta_Playa|Nabta Playa]], kwa borwa.<ref name=":0" /> Ba-Bashendi ba ne ba dirisa ditshipi tsa matlapa a motlhaba go sila mabele a naga le mabele a temo.<ref>Graham Chandler (2006), Before the Mummies: The Desert Origins of the Pharaohs. Saudi Aramco World. Volume 57, Number 5</ref> Kwa Farafra Oasis, go ne ga fitlhelwa podi e e neng e le teng ka dingwaga tse di ka nnang dikete di le thataro le lekgolo pele ga keresete (8100 cal BP) kwa motseng wa Hidden Valley. Kwa Nabta Playa, go na le masalela a dinku/dipodi le dikgomo a a simolotseng mo e ka nnang makgolo a thataro pele ga ga keresete (8000 cal BP). Le fa go ntse jalo, dipodi le dikgomo ke tsone fela dilo tsa motlha wa Bogologolo tse di tswang kwa botlhaba jo bo gaufi tse banni ba di- oasis ba neng ba di amogela. Ditiragalo tse dingwe tsa setso, tse di jaaka madirelo a go dira ditena, di simologile mo lefelong leo, kana bobotlana mo teng ga Bokonebotlhaba jwa Afrika.<ref name=":0" /> [[:en:Faiyum_Oasis|Faiyum Oasis]] ya kwa Egepeto le yone e na le bosupi jwa gore go ne go na le temothuo mo e ka nnang ka yone nako eo. Go na le [[:en:Sheep|dinku]], [[:en:Goat|dipodi]], [[:en:Pig|dikolobe]] le [[:en:Cattle|dikgomo]] tse di ruilweng. Dinku tsa kwa lefelong la Qasr El-Sagha di na le dingwaga di le dikete di le tlhano le makgolo a mararo le masome a matlhano pele ga keresete (7350 cal BP), le dinku, dipodi le dikgomo di na le dingwaga di le dikete le lekgolo le masome a matlhano pele ga Keresete (7150 cal BP).<ref name=":1">Linseele, Veerle; Van Neer, Wim; Thys, Sofie; Phillipps, Rebecca; Cappers, René; Wendrich, Willeke; Holdaway, Simon (2014-10-13). Caramelli, David (ed.). "New Archaeozoological Data from the Fayum "Neolithic" with a Critical Assessment of the Evidence for Early Stock Keeping in Egypt". PLOS ONE. 9 (10) e108517. Public Library of Science (PLoS). Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j8517L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108517. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4195595. <nowiki>PMID 25310283</nowiki>.</ref> Fa e le ka dijalo, [[:en:Emmer_wheat|korong ya emmer]] le [[:en:Barley|barley]] di fitlhelwa kwa Faiyum kwa mafelong a Kom K le Kom W, a a kwadilweng ka ca. 4500-4200 BC.<ref>Wendrich, W.; Taylor, R.E.; Southon, J. (2010). "Dating stratified settlement sites at Kom K and Kom W: Fifth millennium BCE radiocarbon ages for the Fayum Neolithic". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. 268 (7–8). Elsevier BV: 999–1002. Bibcode:2010NIMPB.268..999W. doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2009.10.083. ISSN 0168-583X.</ref><ref name=":1" /> Go na le dilo tse dintsi tse di dirilweng ka letsopa mo mafelong a, mme ga go na bosupi jo bontsi jwa gore go kile ga agiwa dikago tse nnelang ruri. [[:en:Merimde_culture|Setso sa Merimde]] se simolotse mo e ka nnang ka 4800 go ya ko 4300 BC. Batho bano ba ne ba simolola go nna le itsholelo ya temothuo ka botlalo. Gape go dumelwa gore lefelo le le bidiwang [[:en:Merimde_Beni_Salama|Merimde Beni Salama]], le le dikilometara di ka nna 15 go ya kwa bokonebophirima jwa Cairo, ke lone toropo ya ntlha e e neng ya nna teng ka bosakhutleng jwa Egepeto.<ref>William H. Stiebing Jr., Susan N. Helft (2017), Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture. Routledge. p. 76</ref> Setso sa Merimde se ne sa kopana le [[:en:Faiyum_A_culture|setso sa Faiyum A]], le [[:en:Badari_culture|setso sa Badari]] kwa Egepeto e e kwa Godimo, se se neng sa nna gone moragonyana. Tse tsotlhe e ne e le dijalo tsa temothuo. '''Go jala mo Nokeng ya Nile le mo masimong''' Motse wa Egepeto wa bogologolo o ne wa gola mo kgaolong e e omeletseng ya bokone jwa Afrika. Kgaolo e e lemogiwa ka dikaka tsa Arabia le Libya<ref>"Mysteries of Egypt. Canadian Museum of Civilization. "<nowiki>http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/civil/egypt/egcgeo2e.shtml</nowiki></ref> le Noka ya [[:en:Nile|Nile]]. Nile ke noka e telele gp gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng, e elela go ya kwa bokone go tswa kwa [[:en:Lake_Victoria|lecheng la Victoria]] mme kgabgare e elela mo lewatleng la Mediterranean. Noka ya Nile e na le melatswana e mebedi e megolo: [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] e e simologang kwa Ethiopia, le [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] e e elelang go tswa kwa Uganda. Le fa gone Noka ya White Nile e tsewa e le telele ebile go le motlhofo go e kgabaganya, Noka ya Blue Nile yone e na le metsi otlhe a noka e. Maina a melatswana e a tswa mo mmala wa metsi a e a tshelang. Dinoka tse di kopana kwa [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]] mme di kgaogana gape fa di fitlha kwa Egepeto, di bopa noka ya Nile.<ref>Hoyt, Alia. "How the Nile Works." <nowiki>http://history.howstuffworks.com/african-history/nile-river2.htm</nowiki></ref> Baegepeto ba ne ba dirisa tsela ya tlholego e noka ya Nile e neng e elela ka yone. E re ka morwalela o o ne o direga ka tsela e e neng e ka solofelwa, Baegepeto ba ne ba kgona go lema mo tikologong e. Metsi a a noka a ne a tla tlhatloga ka kgwedi ya Phatwe le Lwetse, a dira gore dipoa tsa merwalela le delta di nwediwe ke metsi a a dimetara di le 1,5 ka nako ya fa merwalela e e e le maatla thata. Metsi a a elelang ngwaga le ngwaga mo nokeng e a bidiwa merwalela. Fa metsi a morwalela a ntse a fokotsega ka kgwedi ya Diphalane, balemi barui ba ne ba sala ba na le mmu o o noseditsweng sentle le o o nonneng o ba neng ba ka jala dijalo tsa bone mo go one. Mmu o o neng wa tlogelwa morago ke morwalela o bidiwa seretse mme o ne wa tisiwa go tswa kwa dithabeng tsa Ethiopia le Nile. Go ne go jalwa ka kwedi ya Diphalane fa merwalela e sena go fela, mme dijalo di ne di tlogelwa gore di gole ka tlhokomelo e nnye go fitlha di butswa magareng ga dikgwedi tsa Mopitlwe le Motsheganong. Le fa gone Noka ya Nile e ne e na le metsi a mantsi go feta dinoka tse dingwe, tse di jaaka Tigris le Euferatese, ga se ka metlha e neng e na le metsi a a lekaneng. Metsi a morwalela a ne a le kotsi ebile a ne a ka senya mesele e e neng e diretswe go nosetsa. Go tlhoka merwalela go ne ga baka bothata jo bogolo ka gonne go ne ga dira gore Baegepeto ba bolawe ke leuba.<ref name=":4">Postel, Sandra. "Egypt's Nile Valley Basin Irrigation". <nowiki>http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/nile/t1.html#photo1</nowiki></ref> '''Dithulaganyo tsa go nosetsa''' Gore Baegepeto ba dirise metsi a Noka ya Nile ka tsela e e molemo, ba ne ba dira dithulaganyo tsa go nosetsa. Go nosetsa go ne ga dira gore Baegepeto ba kgone go dirisa metsi a Nile mo dilong tse di farologaneng. Go nosetsa go ne go fa taolo e kgolwane mo ditirong tsa bone tsa temothuo<ref name=":2" />. Metsi a morwalela a ne a faposiwa go tswa mo mafelong mangwe, a a jaaka ditoropo le ditshingwana, gore a se ka a nna le merwalela. Gape go ne go nosediwa metsi a Baegepeto ba neng ba a nwa. Le fa gone go nosetsa go ne go le botlhokwa thata gore ba atlege mo temothuong, go ne go se na melao ya puso e e laolang metsi. Go na le moo, go nosetsa e ne e le oikarabelo jwa balemi barui ba lefelo leo. Le fa go ntse jalo, tshupiso ya bogologolo le e e itsegeng thata ya go nosetsa mo thutamaropeng ya Egepeto e ne ya fitlhelwa mo tlhogong ya ga [[:en:King_Scorpion|Kgosi ya Scorpion]], e e neng ya kwalwa mo e ka nnang ka 3100 BC. Tlhogo ya thobane e tshwantshetsa kgosi e rema mo moseleng o e leng karolo ya mosele wa go nosetsa mo mogobeng. Tsela e kgosi e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo e neng e amanngwa ka yone le go nosetsa e gatelela botlhokwa jwa go nosetsa le jwa Egepeto. Baegepeto ba bogologolo ba ne ba dira didiriswa tse di neng di bidiwa Nilometers go lekanya metsi a Noka ya Nile ka nako ya merwalela ya ngwaga le ngwaga. Dikago tse, tse gantsi dineng di agiwa e le ditepisi, dipilara kgotsa didiba tse di neng di tshwailwe ka dimetara tse tlhomameng, di ne di thusa badiredibagolo go bona gore metsi a khurumetse go le kana kang. Nilometers e ne e na le seabe sa botlhokwa mo thulaganyong ya temothuo, ka gonne selekanyo sa merwalela se ne se ama ka tlhamalalo selekanyo sa thobo ya dijalo. Fa merwalela e le kwa tlase e ka dira gore go seka ga nna le thobo e e lekaneng le leuba, fa merwalela e e feteletseng yone e ka senya mafelo a batho ba ba nnang mo go one le masimo. Gape go ne go dirisiwa Nilometers go lekanya makgetho le go laola didirisiwa.<ref>Friedman, Zaraza, "Nilometer", ''Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures'', Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 1751–1760, ISBN <bdi>978-1-4020-4559-2</bdi>, retrieved 2026-06-19</ref> '''Go nosetsa metsi a a fa tlase ga metsi''' Baegepeto ba ne ba simolola go dirisa mokgwa wa go laola metsi o o bidiwang go nosetsa ka megobe. Mokgwa ono o ne o ba letla gore ba laole go tlhatloga le go wela ga noka gore e tsamaisane le dilo tse ba di tlhokang mo temothuong. Go ne ga dirwa lobota lwa mmu lo lo kgabaganyang mo tshimong ya dijalo e noka e neng e tla e khurumetsa. Fa merwalela e tla, metsi a ne a tla tswalela mo megobeng e e neng e dirilwe ke dipota. Metsi ano a ne a tla nna mo mmung lobaka lo loleele go feta kafa a neng a tla nna ka teng ka tlholego, mme seo se ne se tla dira gore mmu o nne le metsi a a lekaneng gore o ka jalwa moragonyana. Fa mmu o sena go nosediwa ka botlalo, metsi a morwalela a a neng a setse mo mogobeng ono a ne a ya kwa mogobeng o mongwe o o neng o tlhoka metsi a a oketsegileng.<ref name=":4" /> '''Temo ya dijalo''' Gone ga dirwa le [[:en:Orchard|ditshingwana tsa maungo]] le [[:en:Garden|tsa merogo]] mo godimo ga go jala masimo mo mafelong a a neng a tletse ka merwalela. Ka kakaretso, [[:en:Horticulture|go lema dijalo]] tse go ne go dirwa kgakala le lefelo le le neng le tletse metsi la Nile, mme ka ntlha ya seo, go ne go tlhoka tiro e ntsi.<ref>Dollinger, Andre. "An Introduction to the History and Culture of Pharaonic Egypt". <nowiki>http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/index.html</nowiki>.</ref> Go nosetsa ka metlha go go neng go tlhokega mo ditshingwaneng go ne go pateletsa balemirui go rwala metsi ka diatla go tswa mo sedibeng kgotsa go tswa mo Nokeng ya Nile go nosetsa dijalo tsa bone tsa tshingwana. Mo godimo ga moo, fa noka ya Nile e ne e tlisa seretse se se neng se nontsha mokgatšha ka tsela ya tlholego, ditshingwana di ne di tshwanetse go nontshiwa ka motshotelo wa maeba. Gantsi ditshingwana tseno le masimo a maungo di ne di dirisediwa go jala merogo, diterebe le ditlhare tsa maungo.<ref>"Agriculture." The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. 2001. Print.l</ref> == Dijalo tse di lemilweng == '''Dijalo tsa dijo''' Baegepeto ba ne ba lema dijalo tse di farologaneng tse ba neng ba di ja, go akaretsa [[:en:Grain|dithoro]], [[:en:Vegetable|merogo]] le [[:en:Fruit|maungo]]. Le fa go ntse jalo, dijo tsa bone di ne di akaretsa dijalo di le mmalwa tsa konokono, segolobogolo mabele le [[:en:Barley|barele]]. Dithoro tse dingwe tse dikgolo tse di neng di jalwa di ne di akaretsa korong ya [[:en:Einkorn_wheat|einkorn]] le korong ya [[:en:Emmer_wheat|emmer]], e e neng e jalwa go dira senkgwe. Dijo tse dingwe tsa konokono tsa bontsi jwa batho ba koo e ne e le [[:en:Bean|dinawa]], [[:en:Lentil|di-lentil]], mme moragonyana e ne ya nna dinawa tsa [[:en:Chickpea|chickpeas]] le [[:en:Fava_beans|fava]]. Go ne go jalwa dijalo tse di jaaka dieie, [[:en:Garlic|garlic]] le [[:en:Radish|radish]], mmogo le dijalo tsa [[:en:Salad|salate]], tse di jaaka [[:en:Lettuce|lettuce]] le [[:en:Parsley|parsley]].<ref name=":3" /> Maungo e ne e le selo se se neng se tlwaelegile thata mo botaking jwa Baegepeto, se se bontshang gore go gola ga one e ne e le selo se segolo se se neng se dirwa mo temothuong fa [[:en:Agricultural_technology|maranyane a temothuo]] ya setšhaba seno e ntse e gola. Go farologana le dithoro le dinawa, maungo a ne a tlhoka mekgwa e e thata le e e raraaneng ya temothuo, go akaretsa le go dirisa dithulaganyo tsa go nosetsa, [[:en:Cloning|go]] [[:en:Cloning|thapisa]], [[:en:Plant_propagation|go ntsifatsa]] le go ikatisa. Le fa maungo a ntlha a a neng a lengwa ke Baegepeto a ka tswa [[:en:Introduced_species|a ne a tswa mo nageng ya bone]], a a jaaka mokolane le [[:en:Sorghum_bicolor|mabele]], go ne ga tsenngwa maungo a mangwe fa ditso tse dingwe di ntse di tsena. [[:en:Grape|Diterebe]] le [[:en:Watermelon|magapu]] di ne di fitlhelwa mo mafelong otlhe a [[:en:Prehistoric_Egypt|Egepeto a pele ga metlha ya dikgosi]], fela jaaka go ne go ntse ka [[:en:Sycamore_fig|mofeige wa mosikamore]], setlhare sa mokolane sa dom le [[:en:Christ's_thorn|mutlwa wa ga Keresete]]. Baegepeto ba ne ba simolola go ja [[:en:Carob|carob]], [[:en:Olive|motlhware]], [[:en:Apple|apole]] le [[:en:Pomegranate|garenate]] ka nako ya [[:en:New_Kingdom_of_Egypt|Puso e Ntšha]]. Moragonyana, [[:en:Greco-Roman_period|ka nako ya puso ya Bagerika le Baroma]], [[:en:Peach|diperekisi]] le [[:en:Pear|diperela]] le tsone di ne tsa simolola go dirisiwa.<ref>Janick, Jules (February 2005). "The Origins of Fruits, Fruit Growing and Fruit Breeding". Plant Breeding Reviews. Vol. 25. pp. 255–320. doi:10.1002/9780470650301.ch8. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-470-65030-1</nowiki>.</ref> '''Dijalo tsa madirelo le tsa tlhale''' Baegepeto ba ne ba sa ikaega fela ka temothuo gore ba kgone go ntsha dijo. Ba ne ba dirisa dimela ka botlhale, ba di dirisetsa go alafa, e le karolo ya ditiro tsa bone tsa bodumedi le go dira diaparo. Gongwe mere e ne e dirisediwa dilo tse di farologaneng; e ne e dirisiwa mo go apeeleng, mo kalafing, mo ditlolong tsa go intlafatsa le mo go omiseng ditopo. Go ile ga fitlhelwa mefuta e e fetang dikete tse pedi tsa dimela tse di thunyang kgotsa tse di nkgang monate mo mabitleng. <ref name=":3" /> == Metswedi == bbbgrg8j1sjv67z2tgh1x9iwk6fmajf 0 13748 51192 50918 2026-06-20T18:18:27Z KatieKea 10150 Created by translating the section "Life" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1294858501|Chenjerai Hove]]" 51192 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chenjerai Hove''' (Tlhakole a ferabongwe ka 1956 – Phukwi a le lesome le bobedi ka 2015), e ne e le mmoki wa Zimbabwe, mokwadi wa padi le mokwadi wa tlhamo yo o neng a kwala ka Seesemane le [[Seshona]].<ref name="Arana2008">{{Cite book |last=Ezeliora |first=Osita |year=2008 |title=The Facts on File Companion to World Poetry: 1900 to the Present |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-0837-7 |editor-last=R. Victoria Arana |pages=217–8 |chapter=Hove, Chenjerai |access-date=2 August 2012 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lblcBR7uDoYC&pg=PA217}}</ref> "Dipadi tsa ga Hove di tlhatlhoba ka tsenelelo ditshenyegelo tsa tlhaloganyo le tsa loago - mo baaging ba metseselegae, segolobogolo, tsa [[Ntwa ya batho basweu kwa Rhodesia|ntwa ya kgololesego kwa Zimbabwe]]."<ref name="Head2006">{{Cite book |last=Dominic Head |year=2006 |title=The Cambridge Guide to Literature in English |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rQINrHtwNU0C&pg=PA536 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83179-6 |page=536 |access-date=2 August 2012}}</ref> O tlhokafetse ka Phukwi a le malatsi a le lesome le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 2015<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2015 |title=Chenjerai Hove dies |url=http://www.zbc.co.zw/news-categories/entertainment/58247-chenjerai-hove-dies |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803113217/http://www.zbc.co.zw/news-categories/entertainment/58247-chenjerai-hove-dies |archive-date=3 August 2015 |access-date=27 July 2015 |publisher=Zbc.co.zw}}</ref> fa a ne a nna kwa lejwa kwa Norway, mme loso lwa gagwe lo amana le [[go sa bereke sentle ga sebete]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=12 July 2015 |title=Exiled writer Chenjerai Hove dies |url=http://nehandaradio.com/2015/07/12/exiled-writer-chenjerai-hove-dies/ |access-date=27 July 2015 |publisher=Nehanda Radio}}</ref> == Botshelo == == Dikgatiso == == Ditlotla le Dietsele == == Metswedi == == Botshelo == Morwa wa kgosi ya selegae Chenjerai Hove o tsholetswe kwa [[Mazvihwa]], gaufi le [[Zvishavane]], mo go se ka nako eo se neng se bidiwa [[Rhodesia]]. O tsene sekolo kwa [[Kholetšheng ya Kutama]] le kwa [[Marist Brothers Dete]], kwa kgaolong ya [[Hwange]] kwa Zimbabwe. Morago ga go ithuta kwa Gweru, o ne a nna morutabana mme morago ga moo a bona digerata kwa [[Yunibesithi ya Aforika Borwa|Yunibesithing ya Aforika Borwa]] le kwa [[Yunibesithing ya Zimbabwe]].<ref name="Arana2008">{{Cite book |last=Ezeliora |first=Osita |year=2008 |title=The Facts on File Companion to World Poetry: 1900 to the Present |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-0837-7 |editor-last=R. Victoria Arana |pages=217–8 |chapter=Hove, Chenjerai |access-date=2 August 2012 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lblcBR7uDoYC&pg=PA217}}</ref> Gape o ne a dira jaaka mmegadikgang, mme a nna le seabe mo bukaneng ya dibuka tsa ''And Now the Poets Speak''.<ref name="MajaPearce1990">{{Cite book |year=1990 |title=The Heinemann Book of African Poetry in English |url=https://archive.org/details/heinemannbookofa0000unse_g3e4/page/220 |publisher=Heinemann |isbn=0-435-91323-9 |editor-last=Maja-Pearce, Adewale |editor-link=Adewale Maja-Pearce |page=[https://archive.org/details/heinemannbookofa0000unse_g3e4/page/220 220]}}</ref> O ne a gatisa ka metlha mo ''[[The Zimbabwean]]'', e leng lekwalo la dikgang la kganetso le le neng la tlhongwa ka 2005.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/chenjerai-hove-novelist-forced-exile-his-native-zimbabwe-who-sought-his-work-give-voice-voiceless-africa-10405936.html|quote=Hove wrote regularly for that paper. Like Voltaire, Hove believed that the best way to get rid of dictators was to laugh at them. In one column, Hove asked his readers to remember the stories they'd heard as children – especially the story about the proud monkey who climbed to the top of the tallest tree seeking applause from below.|title=Chenjerai Hove: Novelist forced into exile from his native Zimbabwe who sought in his work to give a voice to the voiceless of Africa|first=Trevor|last=Grundy|date=21 July 2015|accessdate=17 March 2021|newspaper=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> Motshwayadiphoso wa melawana ya puso ya ga [[Mugabe]], Hove o ne a nna kwa lejwa ka nako ya loso lwa gagwe jaaka moithuti kwa Ntlong ya Setso kwa [[Stavanger, Norway]], jaaka karolo ya Kgokagano ya Ditoropo tsa Boditšhabatšhaba tsa Botshabelo (ICORN). Pele ga seno, o ne a nna mo maemong a go etela kwa [[Kholetšheng ya Lewis le Clark]] le kwa [[Yunibesithing ya Brown]]; gape o kile a bo e le mmoki yo o nnang kwa Miami. Tiro ya ga Chenjerai Hove e ne ya ranolelwa mo dipuong di le mmalwa (go akaretsa le Sejapane, Sejeremane le Dutch). O fentse dietsele di le mmalwa mo nakong ya tiro ya gagwe, go akaretsa le [[Seetsele sa Noma ya 1989 sa go Gatisa mo Aforika]]. t9nznvrkje596j1b2hd73pn291d2es3 51193 51192 2026-06-20T18:20:49Z KatieKea 10150 51193 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chenjerai Hove''' (Tlhakole a ferabongwe ka 1956 – Phukwi a le lesome le bobedi ka 2015), e ne e le mmoki wa Zimbabwe, mokwadi wa padi le mokwadi wa tlhamo yo o neng a kwala ka Seesemane le [[Seshona]].<ref name="Arana2008">{{Cite book |last=Ezeliora |first=Osita |year=2008 |title=The Facts on File Companion to World Poetry: 1900 to the Present |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-0837-7 |editor-last=R. Victoria Arana |pages=217–8 |chapter=Hove, Chenjerai |access-date=2 August 2012 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lblcBR7uDoYC&pg=PA217}}</ref> "Dipadi tsa ga Hove di tlhatlhoba ka tsenelelo ditshenyegelo tsa tlhaloganyo le tsa loago - mo baaging ba metseselegae, segolobogolo, tsa [[Ntwa ya batho basweu kwa Rhodesia|ntwa ya kgololesego kwa Zimbabwe]]."<ref name="Head2006">{{Cite book |last=Dominic Head |year=2006 |title=The Cambridge Guide to Literature in English |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rQINrHtwNU0C&pg=PA536 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83179-6 |page=536 |access-date=2 August 2012}}</ref> O tlhokafetse ka Phukwi a le malatsi a le lesome le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 2015<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2015 |title=Chenjerai Hove dies |url=http://www.zbc.co.zw/news-categories/entertainment/58247-chenjerai-hove-dies |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803113217/http://www.zbc.co.zw/news-categories/entertainment/58247-chenjerai-hove-dies |archive-date=3 August 2015 |access-date=27 July 2015 |publisher=Zbc.co.zw}}</ref> fa a ne a nna kwa lejwa kwa Norway, mme loso lwa gagwe lo amana le [[go sa bereke sentle ga sebete]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=12 July 2015 |title=Exiled writer Chenjerai Hove dies |url=http://nehandaradio.com/2015/07/12/exiled-writer-chenjerai-hove-dies/ |access-date=27 July 2015 |publisher=Nehanda Radio}}</ref> == Botshelo == Morwa wa kgosi ya selegae Chenjerai Hove o tsholetswe kwa [[Mazvihwa]], gaufi le [[Zvishavane]], mo go se ka nako eo se neng se bidiwa [[Rhodesia]]. O tsene sekolo kwa [[Kholetšheng ya Kutama]] le kwa [[Marist Brothers Dete]], kwa kgaolong ya [[Hwange]] kwa Zimbabwe. Morago ga go ithuta kwa Gweru, o ne a nna morutabana mme morago ga moo a bona digerata kwa [[Yunibesithi ya Aforika Borwa|Yunibesithing ya Aforika Borwa]] le kwa [[Yunibesithing ya Zimbabwe]].<ref name="Arana2008" /> Gape o ne a dira jaaka mmegadikgang, mme a nna le seabe mo bukaneng ya dibuka tsa ''And Now the Poets Speak''.<ref name="MajaPearce1990">{{Cite book |year=1990 |title=The Heinemann Book of African Poetry in English |url=https://archive.org/details/heinemannbookofa0000unse_g3e4/page/220 |publisher=Heinemann |isbn=0-435-91323-9 |editor-last=Maja-Pearce, Adewale |editor-link=Adewale Maja-Pearce |page=[https://archive.org/details/heinemannbookofa0000unse_g3e4/page/220 220]}}</ref> O ne a gatisa ka metlha mo ''[[The Zimbabwean]]'', e leng lekwalo la dikgang la kganetso le le neng la tlhongwa ka 2005.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/chenjerai-hove-novelist-forced-exile-his-native-zimbabwe-who-sought-his-work-give-voice-voiceless-africa-10405936.html|quote=Hove wrote regularly for that paper. Like Voltaire, Hove believed that the best way to get rid of dictators was to laugh at them. In one column, Hove asked his readers to remember the stories they'd heard as children – especially the story about the proud monkey who climbed to the top of the tallest tree seeking applause from below.|title=Chenjerai Hove: Novelist forced into exile from his native Zimbabwe who sought in his work to give a voice to the voiceless of Africa|first=Trevor|last=Grundy|date=21 July 2015|accessdate=17 March 2021|newspaper=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> Motshwayadiphoso wa melawana ya puso ya ga [[Mugabe]], Hove o ne a nna kwa lejwa ka nako ya loso lwa gagwe jaaka moithuti kwa Ntlong ya Setso kwa [[Stavanger, Norway]], jaaka karolo ya Kgokagano ya Ditoropo tsa Boditšhabatšhaba tsa Botshabelo (ICORN). Pele ga seno, o ne a nna mo maemong a go etela kwa [[Kholetšheng ya Lewis le Clark]] le kwa [[Yunibesithing ya Brown]]; gape o kile a bo e le mmoki yo o nnang kwa Miami. Tiro ya ga Chenjerai Hove e ne ya ranolelwa mo dipuong di le mmalwa (go akaretsa le Sejapane, Sejeremane le Dutch). O fentse dietsele di le mmalwa mo nakong ya tiro ya gagwe, go akaretsa le [[Seetsele sa Noma ya 1989 sa go Gatisa mo Aforika]]. == Dikgatiso == == Ditlotla le Dietsele == == Metswedi == bvm5ngp728v3yhjl739swo4hsgrjkg3 0 13780 51159 2026-06-20T12:16:18Z Lucrucia98 12161 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA LETAMO LA MAZOWE 51159 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Letamo la Mazowe''' (kgotsa Letamo la Mazoe) ke letamo le le mo nokeng ya Mazowe kwa Zimbabwe, mo Iron Mask Hills dikilometara di ka nna masome a mararo le botlhano (35 (22 mi) bokone jwa [[Harare]]. E agilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete , makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi (1920), e ne e agetswe go nosetsa masimo a Mazoe. <ref name=":0">''Encyclopedia Zimbabwe'' (2nd ed.). Worcester: Arlington Business Corporation. 1989. [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-9514505-0-6|ISBN <bdi>0-9514505-0-6</bdi>.]]</ref>Letamo leno gape e ne e le legae la Hunyani Rowing Club mme pele e ne e le lefelo le go neng go tshamekela mo go lone setlhopha sa St. Georges, Prince Edward, Arundel le ditlhopha tse dingwe tsa go kgweetsa ka mekoro. Ke yone fela letamo le legolo mo nokeng ya Mazowe. <ref>Matiza, T.; Crafter, S. A. (1994). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YZuuXHVPXnIC&pg=PA69 Wetlands Ecology and Priorities for Conservation in Zimbabwe: Proceedings of a Seminar on Wetlands Ecology and Priorities for Conservation in Zimbabwe, Harare Kentucky Airport Hotel, 13-15 January, 1992]''. IUCN. p. 69. ISBN <bdi>978-2-8317-0202-5</bdi>.</ref> Letamo la konkoreite le ne la agiwa ke rakonteraka wa selegae wa kwa Boritane Pauling & Co. mme la tlhatlosiwa ka dimetara di le tharo ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bongwe (1961) ka go epa mo lefikeng la motheo le go tsenya dithene tse di gateletsweng mo konkoreiting. E bogodimo jwa dimetara di le masome a mararo le bosupa le boleele jwa dimetara di le lekgolo le masome a marataro le boraro , e na le ditsela tsa go tshologa metsi mo matlhakoreng oomabedi. <ref name=":0" />E kgona go tshola 35 million cubic metres ya metsi mme e na le bogolo jwa makgolo a mane le masome a mane le botlhano (445 hectares) fa e tletse. Leuba le le tsereng lobaka lo loleele mo masomeng a mabedi a ntlha a dingwaga a lekgolo la bo masome a mabedi le bongwe la dingwaga le dirile gore letamo leno le se ka la tlhola le nna le metsi, mme seno se ile sa senya thata temothuo ya mo lefelong leo. E ne e batlile e oma ka nako ya komelelo ya ko ngwageng wa sekete, le makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bone go ya ko ngwageng wa sekete , makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bone (1984-85) le gape ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borataro (1996), mme le morago ga komelelo ya bosheng jaana letamo le ne la sala le se na sepe.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200411180407.html "Mazowe Dam Almost Dry"]. ''The Herald''. allafrica.com. 18 November 2004. Retrieved 29 March 2011</ref><ref>Downing, Thomas E. (2013). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jh_0CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA476 ''Climate Change and World Food Security''.] Springer Science & Business Media. p. 476. ISBN <bdi>978-3-642-61086-8</bdi>.</ref> == Metswedi == cmt7bkqd90s4irlgye88zhhycn0a1ow 0 13781 51160 2026-06-20T12:27:21Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Letsha la Wemmer Pan 51160 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Dawn sculler.jpg|thumb|Letsha la Wemmer Pan]] '''Wemmer Pan''' ke letsha le lefelo la boitapoloso kwa [[Johannesburg]], [[Aforika Borwa|Afrika Borwa]]. E kwa borwa jwa bogare jwa toropo, kwa motsesetoropong wa [[La Rochelle.]] == DitsoP- == "Pan" ke lefoko la Se-Afrikaans le la Seesemane sa Afrika Borwa le le rayang letsha le le seng boteng. Pan ya Wemmer e ne ya reelelwa ka Sam Wemmer. Kwa tshimologong e ne e le moepo, mme moragonyana e ne ya tsewa ke City Deep Mine e e neng e tlhoka metsi go dira meepo. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102721/http://www.wemmer.org.za/Documents/Wemmer-History-1911-1939.pdf "The History of Wemmer Pan Rowing Club"] (PDF). Archived from [http://www.wemmer.org.za/Documents/Wemmer-History-1911-1939.pdf the original] (PDF) on 2014-08-19. Retrieved 2014-08-18.</ref> Wemmer Pan ke karolo ya Pioneers' Park, e e neng ya agiwa mo masimologong a lekgolo la bo masome mabedi la dingwaga. Pioneers' Park e ne ya bulwa semmuso ka kgwedi ya Moranang e le masome a mabedi le borataro ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le bone (1924) ke Mmusi-Kakaretso, Earl wa Athlone, mo lefatsheng le le neng le rekilwe ke Khansele ya Toropo. Phaka e reeletswe ka ba ba simolotseng toropo ya Johannesburg le indaseteri ya moepo wa gauta e e leng bogare jwa yone. <ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20111005063910/www.jhbcityparks.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=51&Itemid=282 "Wemmer Pan/Pioneer Park]". Archived from the original on 2011-10-05.</ref> == Ditirelo == Wemmer Pan ke legae la ditlelapa di le mmalwa tsa go kgweetsa, go akaretsa le Wemmer Pan Rowing Club<ref>[https://wemmer.org.za/ "Home"]. ''WPRC | #WemmerBlues''.</ref> (e e tlhomilweng ka 1911),<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085719/http://www.wemmer.org.za/history.html "Wemmer History".] Archived from [http://www.wemmer.org.za/history.html the original] on 2014-08-19. Retrieved 2014-08-18.</ref> le go tshwara palo ya dikgaisano tsa mabelo aWS makhutshwane, go akaretsa le Wemmer Sprint Regatta ya ngwaga le ngwaga.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084408/http://www.wemmer.org.za/Sprint.html "Wemmer Sprint 2011 - 100 years at the Pan!"]. Archived from [http://www.wemmer.org.za/Sprint.html 1] on 2014-08-19. Retrieved 2014-08-18.</ref>Gape ke legae la ngwaga le ngwaga la Dragon Boat Corporate Spring Festival Regatta. Phaka e na le mafelo a go tsamayatsamaya le go dira ditiro tsa metsi, mme gape e na le metswedi ya mmino e e nang le dipone. <ref>[http://www.joburgnews.co.za/oct_2002/oct11_wemmer.stm "Joburgnews.co.za"]</ref><ref>[http://www.iolproperty.co.za/roller/news/entry/wemmer_pan_s_musical_fountains "Wemmer Pan's musical fountains brought back to life : Property News from Property360".] ''www.iolproperty.co.za''. Retrieved 2021-09-01.</ref> Lebala la Metshameko la Turffontein lakwa Johannesburg le fa pele ga Wemmer Pan. Mo lotshitshing lwa letsha leno go na le Santarama Miniland, e e nang le dimotlelara di ka nna masome a robabobedi tsa dikago tse di tlhomologileng le mafelo a a mo Afrika Borwa, ka selekanyo sa 1:25. Tseno di akaretsa sekaelo sa Robben Island, koo Nelson Mandela a neng a tshwerwe teng, Dikago tsa Union le Hillbrow Tower. Setshwantsho se se feletseng sa sekepe sa ga Jan van Riebeeck, e leng Dromedarus, se isa baeti kwa mosepeleng wa mahala wa mokoro mo letsheng. Gape go akareditswe le lebala la go tshameka kolofo e nnye, seporo se sennye, boemakepe jo sennye le tsela ya megala. <ref>[https://joburg.co.za/santarama-miniland-broken-lilliput-south/ "Santarama Miniland – The broken Lilliput of the South".] 16 September 2016. Retrieved 2023-11-04.</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ntlo e e fa thoko ga yone ke James Hall Transport Museum, e leng musiamo o mogolo go gaisa otlhe wa dipalangwa mo Afrika. E tlhomilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bone ke Jimmie Hall, mme e boloka le go rotloetsa ditso tsa dingwaga tse di fetang makgolo a mane tsa dipalangwa mo Aforika Borwa ka mo go kgethegileng le Aforika ka kakaretso. Setlhopha seno se akaretsa mefuta e e farologaneng ya dipalangwa tsa mo lefatsheng tse di nang le dingwaga tse di fetang makgolo a mane, go simolola ka dikoloi tse di tsamayang ka mowa wa metsi, diterena, diterama le dibese tsa teroli go ya go dikolotsana tse di gogwang ke diphologolo, dibaesekele tsa bogologolo le dikoloi. Lolwapa lo na le dikoloi di le mmalwa tse di tsamayang ka diphefo, tse dingwe tsa tsone di sa ntse di bereka. <ref>[http://www.jhmt.org.za/ "Home"]. ''jhmt.org.za''</ref> == Ditiragalo tse dingwe == [[Cedric Maake]], mmolai yo o bolayang batho ka go latelana, yo o bolaileng batho ba ka nna masome a mabedi le bosupa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borataro le ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bosupa , o ne a itsege e le Mmolai wa Wemmer Pan ka gonne batho ba le bantsi ba a neng a ba bolaya ba ne ba fitlhelwa mo lefelong leo. == Metswedi == f7tpzrrrvfnyp3i5qokri0lw8zdqewx 0 13782 51161 2026-06-20T12:28:22Z Lucrucia98 12161 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA NOKA YA MUNYATI 51161 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Noka ya Munyati''' (e e itsiweng gape jaaka Noka ya Umniati,<ref>Selous, Frederick Courtney (2011-05-19). "XXV". [https://books.google.com/books?id=CdWemHZX4BQC ''Travel and Adventure in South-East Africa''. New York:] Cambridge University Press. p. 445. ISBN <bdi>978-1108031165</bdi>.</ref>le jaaka Noka ya Sanyati mo karolong ya boleele jwa yone) ke noka mo Zimbabwe. Mo pusong ya Rhodesia, e ne ya bidiwa semmuso Umniati, mme mokwalo wa yone o ne wa fetolwa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le boraro (1983) gore o tshwane thata le tsela e e siameng ya go bitsa ya Se-Shona. Noka e simologa kwa Mashonaland East, kwa bokone jwa Chivhu, mme e ka nna dikilometara di le lekgolo kwa borwa jwa Harare. E elela go ya kwa bokone-bophirima mme ka bontsi jwa boleele jwa yone kwa tshimologong e ne e le molelwane wa borwa wa porofense ya Mashonaland, mme gompieno ke molelwane wa borwa wa Mashonaland Bophirima. Noka eno e kopanngwa le Noka ya Mupfure (e e itsegeng gape jaaka Umfuli). Ka fa tlase ga ntlha eno, gantsi noka eno e bidiwa Sanyati. Morago ga dikilometara di le makgolo a matlhano noka eno e elela mo Letsheng la Kariba (karolo ya Zambezi e e fa gare ga Letamo la Kariba le Batoka Gorge), e le karolo ya Zambezi Basin. Go elela ga dinoka go farologana thata, go bontsha pharologano e kgolo e e leng teng mo tlelaemeteng ya lefelo leo fa gare ga dipaka tse di omileng le tse di metsi. Fa gare ga kgwedi ya Sedimonthole le kgwedi ya Motsheganong e elela ka maatla mme e ka nna 3 m (9.8 ft) boteng mo sefatsheng, le makgolo a robabongwe go ya go lekgolo (100 m (260 go ya go 330 ft) ka bophara (le fa e le boteng jo bo kwa tlase). Mo nakong e e setseng ya ngwaga, e fokotsegile thata e bile e elela ka bonya, gantsi e le boteng jwa dimetara di le pedi fela, mme e batla e omelela ka dinako tse di sa tlwaelegang ka nako ya komelelo e e masisi; jaaka la bofelo ka ngwaga wa sekete , makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bone (1984). == Diphororo Tsa Gandavaroyi == Lefelo le le kwa godimo thata mo nokeng eno ke kwa Gandavaroyi Falls (Ganderowe Falls). Fela jaaka mo Setswaneng, ganda (kanda) e raya "go latlhela", mme varoyi e raya "baloi", "ka poko e e tlwaelegileng le ka tlhomamo, batho ba lefelo leo ba ne ba reela kgogodi leina la tlwaelo e e kgatlhang e ba neng ba na le yone ya go latlhela baloi ba ba itsegeng ka go latlhela metsi a a phothoselang".<ref>Edwards, Stephen John (1974). ''Zambezi Odyssey: A Record of Adventure on a Great River of Africa''. Cape Town, South Africa: T. V. Bulpin. p. 72. I[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-949956-08-8|SBN <bdi>978-0-949956-08-8</bdi>.]]</ref> Go ne go dumelwa gore lefelo leno le boitshepo mme le gompieno, ke batho ba le mmalwa fela ba ba ratang go etela lefelo leno. Morago ga go wa gono, noka e kgolo e e elelang ke noka ya Mvumvudze e e fetang ka Vashe. == Metswedi == hvr6hojpwvu6lsum5p3869qwk3m8zi6 0 13783 51162 2026-06-20T12:56:15Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Letsha la Zeekoevlei 51162 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Zeekoevlei Nature Reserve - Cape Town.jpg|thumb|Letsha la Zeekoevlei]] Zeekoevlei ke letsha la metsi a a foreshe kwa Southern Suburbs ya [[Cape Town]], [[Aforika Borwa|Afrika Borwa.]] <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091222081349/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/afr-17.html "ZEEKOEVLEI"]. Archived from [http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/afr-17.html the original] on 2009-12-22. Retrieved 2009-11-20.</ref>Letsha le bogolo jwa diekere di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a matlhano le borobabobedi . [2] 2] Leina la yone le kaya letamo kgotsa letsha la noka ya noka, go tswa mo mafokong a Se-Afrikaans a a reng seekoei (e leng "khomo ya lewatle") le [[vlei.]] Lefelo la Tshomarelo ya Tlhago la Zeekoevlei (le le tlhomilweng ka Seetebosigo 2000) le ikaegile ka letsha. Bogolo jwa lefelo la tshireletso ke diekere di le makgolo a mararo le masome a mane le bone hectares (850 acres).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20191218084912/http://planet.botany.uwc.ac.za/nisl/bdc321/ekapa%20cape%20towns%20lowlands/module6/Reserves/zeekoevleireserve.htm "Module 6 - South Reserves - Zeekoevlei Nature Reserve".] ''planet.botany.uwc.ac.za''. Archived from [http://planet.botany.uwc.ac.za/nisl/bdc321/ekapa%20cape%20towns%20lowlands/module6/Reserves/zeekoevleireserve.htm the original] on 2019-12-18. Retrieved 2019-12-12.</ref> E kgaogantswe ke setlhaketlhake go tswa kwa Rondevlei Nature Reserve mme e boloka Cape Lowland Freshwater Wetland ecosystems e e leng mo kotsing ya go nyelela. <ref>[http://www.zeekoevlei.co.za/?page_id=4 "Zeekoevlei"]</ref> Setlhaketlhake sa Zeekoevlei se dirisediwa go kgweetsa ka mekoro le go tsamaya ka sekepe go itlosa bodutu. == Metswedi == qn28cdjzp46h27ieguvps9msfjbw8zg 0 13784 51163 2026-06-20T13:15:14Z Lucrucia98 12161 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA NOKA YA SEBAKWE 51163 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Noka ya Sebakwe''' kgotsa Noka ya Zibagwe ke noka mo lefatsheng la Zimbabwe. Noka ya Sebakwe e mo porofenseng ya Midlands ya lefatshe la Zimbabwe. E boleele jwa lekgolo le masome a matlhano (150 kilometres (93 mi) mola o o tlhamaletseng go tswa kwa motsweding go ya kwa molomong,<ref>[http://zw.geoview.info/sebakwe_river,55372292w Sebakwe River] Retrieved 5 March 2016</ref> mme ke noka ya Munyati e e tsenang mo Zhombe East kwa 18°36′10′′S 29°37′08′′E. Noka ya Sebakwe e fologa go tswa kwa borwabophirima jwa Thaba ya Mtoro, bogodimo jwa 1580 metres (5,180 ft), bokone-botlhaba jwa Chivhu. E elela kwa borwabophirima, botlhaba jwa Chivhu le bophirima jwa The Range.<ref>Hartley Final Map GRID Ref: TQ9707 [http://www.rhodesia.me.uk/images/Hartley_final.jpg Hartley Final] Rhodesian Map Archive SHEETFALL - 1:250 000 SERIES Retrieved 13 March 2016</ref> == Se se diragetseng == Lebitso Sebakwe ke kgokoloho ya lebitso la Zibagwe le bolelang semela se seholo sa poone kapa cob. Mofuta o mongwe wa leina la lefelo le, o bolela gore le tswa mo leineng la "Chiwake le le kayang 'se se agilweng', le le buang ka legora le le agilweng ka nako ya Botsuolodi".<ref>[http://www.rhodesia.me.uk/ColourfulPlaceNamesofRhodesia.htm Retrieved 5 March 2016]</ref> Gone jaanong leina "Zibagwe" le setse le dirisiwa thata. Go na le tlhamane e e neng ya fetisiwa ka molomo e e bolelang kafa leina Zibagwe le simologileng ka teng. E bolela gore Zibagwe e leng leina la Se-ChiShona le le rayang " semela se segolo thata sa mmidi kgotsa sejalo sa mmidi" le ne la newa fa batho ba lefelo leo ba ne ba etela go tla go senka dilo tse di neng di le mo bothibelelong jo babatlisisi ba Bayuropa ba neng ba bo tlhomile dikgwedi di le dintsi. Babatlisisi bano ba ne ba sa tswa go tswa mo kampeng go ya kwa lefelong le le kwa bokone jwa Mashonaland. Batho ba lefelo leo ba ne ba fitlhela semela se segolo thata sa mmidi se se nang le dithoro tse dikgolo thata mo kampeng e e neng e tlogetswe. Le mororo ba ne ba tlile go batla letlotlo la sengwe le sengwe se basweu ba ka tswang ba se tlogetse, ga go na ope yo o neng a ama semela se se raelang sa mmidi ka gonne se ne se le fa thoko ga mosima wa kampa, o o neng o nontshiwa sentle ke motlhapo. Semela sa mmidi se se umakilweng fa godimo se ne se le teng ka lobaka lo loleele, mme ka gonne se ne se le mo lotshitshing lwa noka, ba ne ba bitsa noka eo ba re ke "kuZibagwe" mo go rayang "kwa semeleng sa mmidi se segolo thata". Le fa gone go sa tlhalosiwa semolao go akanngwa gore Setshimo sa Mmidi sa "Metsetsetsane" sa kwa Zibagwe se ile sa rotloetsa porojeke ya go lekeletsa matlwana a boithomelo a tikologo e e neng ya dirwa kwa [[Zimbabwe]] dingwaga di le mmalwa tse di fetileng. Porojeke ya dipatlisiso ya dingwaga di le tharo e e dirisang moroto o o tlhatswitsweng jaaka monontsha e ne ya dirwa kwa Epworth, Harare (ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le boroabobedi (2008) go ya ko dikete tse pedi le lesome (2010)mme dipholo tsa teng di ne di le ntle thata. <ref>Peter Morgan 2011 page 6 [http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1285 Trees as recyclers of nutrients present in human excreta] susana.org Retrieved 14 March 2016</ref>(Buka eno yotlhe e bontsha kafa go dirisa metsi a a tlhatswitsweng mo dimeleng go ka nnang le matswela a a molemo ka teng mo go goleng ga dimela.) == Noka e Nnye ya Sebakwe == Tsela e go alafiwa ga mmidi ka yone go amang tsela e mmidi o golang ka yone Setlhare se segolo se se mo lefelong leno se bidiwa Zibagwe. Noka e kgolo ya Sebakwe e elela mo Nokeng ya Munyati. Go na le Noka e nngwe ya Sebakwe e e itsegeng jaaka Noka e Nnye ya Sebakwe e e nang le boleele jwa 7.6 kilometres (4.7 mi) mme e le mo porofenseng ya Mashonaland East. Go farologana le Noka e kgolo ya Sebakwe, e elela go ya kwa botlhaba go tsena mo Nokeng ya Nyazvidzi, e e leng karolo ya Noka ya Save. Sebakwe e nnye e feta kwa bokone jwa thaba ya Dombo, bogodimo jwa 1,455 metres (4,774 ft), le kwa borwa jwa thaba ya Dowa, bogodimo jwa 1,386 metres (4,547 ft), mo tseleng ya yone e e yang kwa Nokeng ya Nyazvidzi. E kopana le Noka ya Nyazvidzi borwabotlhaba jwa Sekolo sa St Kizito mo go se se neng se itsege jaaka Eastdale Tribal Trust Land.<ref>Map Grid Ref: TP9463 [http://www.rhodesia.me.uk/images/Selukwe_final.jpg Selukwe_final.jpg Rhodesian Maps Archive] SHEETFALL - 1:250 000 SERIES Retrieved 13 March 2016</ref> == Ditirelo tsa bogologolo == Noka ya Sebakwe e na le hisitori e e kgatlhang. Go lebega Kwekwe, e e neng e kwalwa Que Que e ne e bidiwa Sebakwe pele ga leina la Que Que le tsewa.<ref>Eric Rosenthal Chapter XIX. pp49 Part Two -[http://www.zjc.org.il/images/RHODESIAN%20JEWRY%20AND%20ITS%20STORY%20-%20Part%20Two.pdf Zimbabwe Jewish Community] Archived 7 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine But poor Michael’s troubles were by no means over, for he fell into arrears with an advance made to him through the Benevolent Society. A letter was sent off on 25 August 1903, to the Globe and Phoenix Gold Mining Company at Sebakwe (now known as Que Que), reminding him: "There are three payments of C5 overdue, as per your arrangement to pay off your indebtedness. trust, therefore, that you will not fail to send me your cheque for C15…"] Eric Rosenthal Part II]Zimbabwe Jewish Community Retrieved 13 March 2016</ref> Mo ngwagakgolong wa lesome le borataro, mmatlisisi wa Sepotokisi, Fernandes, o ne a thibelela mo dintshing tsa Noka ya Sebakwe e e neng e se kgakala le Kwekwe.<ref>[http://www.oncecalledhome.com/2012/02/fishermans-paradise/ Fisherman’s Paradise] At the beginning of the sixteenth century, when Monomotapa ruled, the first European explorer, a Portuguese, Fernandes, camped on the banks of the Sebakwe not five miles from Que Que. Once Called Home Retrieved 13 March 2016</ref> Kgosi Lobengula o ne a tshwaya mafika a a mo Nokeng ya Sebakwe jaaka a gagwe ka kgwedi ya Lwetse ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe(1890)<ref>[http://www.geni.com/projects/Pioneers-of-Rhodesia-Individuals/14703 Pioneers of Rhodesia - Individuals] DAWSON, James. At Bulawayo on 3 May 1886, he witnessed the document confirming Loben's grant in the Tati area to the Northern Light Gold Mining Company. DAWSON was in Matabeleland during May 1885 and March 1886, and in late July 1888. On 18 September 1890 Lobengula gave DAWSON a letter authorizing him to peg claims (for Iohe,) in Mashonaland on the Umfuli and Zimbo rivers. DAWSON went to Salisbury to protest to the authorities that settlers had claimed his reefs. H. J.BORROW accompanied him to the area of the Sebakwe and Bembesi rivers to mark alternate claims for the King. geni.com Retrieved 10 March 2016</ref> Naga e Noka ya Sebakwe e neng e ralala mo go yone e ne e bidiwa Kgaolo ya Sebakwe. Khamphani e e neng ya tlhabolola moepo wa Gaika kwa Que Que e ne e na le dikopo tsa gauta di le makgolo a mae le masome a mararo le osupa mo sedikeng sa Sebakwe mme metsi otlhe a a neng a dirisiwa a ne a tswa kwa Nokeng ya Sebakwe.<ref>[http://www.oncecalledhome.com/2012/08/down-in-the-dumps-2/ Down in the Dumps] Archived 14 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine The Chicago Gaika Development Co. was launched in 1897 and issued 200,000 shares of one pound each. The shares were fully subscribed. It acquired 437 gold claims in the Sebakwe district. Once Called Home Retrieved 10 March 2016</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete , masome a robabongwe le lesome le bone (1914) (direkoto dingwe di bolela gore e ne e le ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robaboedi (1880) Fred Selous o ne a thuntsha a bo a bolaya tshukudu e tshweu mo nokeng eno mme lerapo la yone la tlhogo le ne la bolokiwa. E kwa Musiamong wa Boritane. Leina la setshwantsho ke "Sebakwe ngwaga wa sekete , masome a robabongwe le lesome le bone(1914)"<ref>[http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/images/Sebakwe-1914_i1178632407.php Skull of white rhinoceros shot by Fred Selous on the Sebakwe River in Zimbabwe.] From Selous et al., The big game of Africa and Europe, 1914, pl.2. Rhino Resource Center Imagrs Retrieved 5 March 2016</ref> Sebakwe ka ngwaga wa sekete , masome a robabongwe le lesome le bone(1914)_Legata la tshukudu e tshweu le le thuntshitsweng ke Fred Selous mo Nokeng ya Sebakwe kwa Zimbabwe Fredrick Selous o batlile a bolawa ke nkwe mo Nokeng ya Sebakwe.<ref>John Guille Millais 2013 page 208 [http://192.34.63.172/docs/life%20of%20frederick%20courteney%20selous%20dso%20capt%2025th%20royal%20fusiliers.pdf At the Sebakwe river] he fired at what he thought was a jackal, but on arriving near the animal, which he expected to find dead, as he had heard the bullet strike, he was suddenly charged by a leopard. The angry beast passed right under his stirrup-iron, and after going thirty yards stopped and sat on its haunches. Another shot at once killed it. Life of Fredrick Courtney Selous, DSO Capt 25th Royal Fusiliers. Originally Published 1919 Retrieved 13 March 2016</ref> Noka ya Sebakwe e ne e le molelwane magareng ga Mashonaland le Matabeleland fa Rhodesia Borwa e ne e santse e le naga ya diporofense tse pedi. Gape e ne e le tsela ya go tsamaya go tswa kwa botlhaba go ya kwa Salisbury-Bulawayo Road e e neng e le kwa bophirima jwa Enkeldoorn le Fort Charter. Noka ya Sebakwe le yone e ne e na le mafelo a go kgabaganya ntle le marogo mme e na le mokoro, o o neng o kgabaganngwa ke leotwana le le neng le tsamaya go bapa le thapo jaaka koloi e e fofang.<ref>[http://www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook_text/Rhodesia_-_and_After_1000435054/135 p.114-5. Rhodesia - and After: Being the Story of the 17th and 18th Battalions of Imperial Yeomanry] Two days later, crossing the Sebakwe River, we passed from the land of the Mashonas into Matabeleland. Though near the end of the dry season the whole of our route was well watered, and even in the smallest river beds lay pools at varying distances apart at which a plenteous supply of water could be obtained. In the rains the larger ones are rushing floods, and are crossed by a box or cradle drawn from bank to bank along a taut wire cable hanging in mid-air. Sometimes " as on the Sebakwe " a ferryboat, drawn across by a wheel which travelled along the cable, was substituted for the aerial car. We were now upon the Salisbury-Buluwayo road, and were passed every other day by the Zeederberg coaches, which at present is the only method of passenger transport between the two capitals. forgottenbooks.com Retrieved 10 March 2016</ref> Baagi ba le bantsi ba bogologolo ba ne ba fitlhela lefatshe le le gaufi le Noka ya Sebakwe le sa kgone go emelana le lone.<ref>Pombiyadonha http://pombiyadonha.byo24.com/index-id-iblog-iblog-509.html A large group of the white settlers established farms along the Umnyati River and the Sebakwe River in Chief Mashava’s territory. Others had farms around Fort Charter in Chief Maromo’s territory. By 1895, chiefs Maromo, Mashava and Nyika’s territories were completely occupied by the Afrikaner farmers in a land area of about four hundred and fifty thousand acres. Chief Mutekedza’s territory, byo24.com|Retrieved 13 March 2016</ref> Noka ya Sebakwe ga e bolo go nna motswedi wa metsi a a nowang le a go nosetsa. E bile e na le di-weir go tswa mo ngwagakgolong wa bo lesome le boferabongwe tse dingwe di tlhamilwe ke di-wagon bridges.<ref>I[http://zimfieldguide.com/midlands/orton%E2%80%99s-drift-over-sebakwe-river nfo http://zimfieldguide.com/midlands/orton’s-drift-over-sebakwe-river] The waggon outspan is 120 metres south of the house with Orton’s Drift which crosses the Sebakwe River on an artificially constructed stone ford which dams the Sebakwe River to its east. -19°09′10.80″S 30°39′01.64″E Zimfieldguide.com Retrieved 13 March 2016</ref> Noka ya Sebakwe e sa le e ntse e le yone e e thusang Kwekwe go tshela go tloga fela kwa tshimologong. Que Que e ne ya gola go tswa mo ditoropong tsa meepo tsa meepo ya Gaika le Globe le Phoenix. Metsi a a nowang a meepo ya Gaika le G le P a ne a romelwa go tswa kwa Nokeng ya Sebakwe ka dikolotsana tsa dikgomo go fitlha fa moepo wa G le P o ne wa fiwa tshwanelo ya go tsamaisa metsi ka diphaepe go tswa kwa nokeng e e neng e le bokgakala jwa dikilometara di le 8,45 ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le borobabobed (1898).<ref>http://www.oncecalledhome.com/2012/08/down-in-the-dumps-2/ Archived 14 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Drinking water was hauled from the Sebakwe River by ox wagon but after a legal wrangle in 1898 the G and P obtained permission to pump water via a five and a quarter mile pipeline from the Sebakwe River. However during the drought of 1904 Gaika employees walked to the G and P with four gallon paraffin tins to get their water. Once Called Home Retrieved 10 March 2016</ref> Noka ya Sebakwe gape e ne e dira jaaka molelwane o o kwa bokone wa Kutanga Bombing Range mo kgaolong ya temothuo ya Rosedale. Sebaka sena se ne se sebediswa ke difofane tsa ntwa ho tswa Thornhill Air Base e ntseng e sebetsa. Kutanga Bombing Range e kwa borwa jwa toropo ya Midlands e e bidiwang Que Que mo kgaolong e e itsegeng jaaka Bemberzaan/ Sebakwe (e e reeletsweng ka dinoka tse pedi mo kgaolong eo) e e leng setšhaba sa balemirui se se bidiwang Rosedale. Seno se ne se dira gore thaba eno e nne dikilometara di ka nna masome a robabobedi kwa bokone jwa Thornhill. == Ditirelo tse di tswelelang == Noka ya Sebakwe e tlamela Seteishene sa Motlakase sa Munyati ka metsi a dikotlolo ka mosele o o boleele jwa 23 kilometres<ref>ZPC [http://www.zpc.co.zw/powerstations/5/munyati-power-station Munyati Power Station] - Zimbabwe Power Company |The boilers are designed to burn "washed peas" coal. Water is drawn from two sources: the Sebakwe River through a {23-kilometre long canal and the Munyati Weir through a 3-kilometre pipeline. Zimbabwe Power Corporation Power Stations Retrieved 10 2016</ref> Letamo la Sebakwe la 266-megalitre (9.4×106 cu ft) le kgabaganya Noka ya Sebakwe, mme le tlamela Kwekwe, Sebakwe Recreational Park le Redcliff ka metsi.<ref>BLESSED MHLANGA 23 January 2014 [http://www.southerneye.co.zw/2014/01/23/kwekwe-runs-dry-debt/ Kwekwe runs dry over debt] KWEKWE and Redcliff went for a second day without water yesterday after the Zimbabwe National Water Authority (Zinwa) closed water valves from Sebakwe Dam following a standoff over an $800 000 debt. Southern Eye News Retrieved 12 March 2016</ref><ref>Tinomuda Chakanyuka 17 January 2016 [http://www.sundaynews.co.zw/cities-dam-levels-critical-7-month-water-supply-left/ Cities dam levels critical…7-month water supply left] Sebakwe and Lower Zibagwe which supply Kwekwe and Redcliff are still 65,3 percent full. Sunday News|Top Stories Retrieved 12 March 2016</ref> Sebakwe Recreational Park le Sebakwe Black Rhino Trust Conservancy di sireletsa diphologolo tsa naga.<ref>Guide [http://zimfieldguide.com/midlands/sebakwe-recreational-park%7CSebakwe Recreational Park] Zimbabwe Field Guide|Retrieved 13 March 2016</ref>Noka e boetse e emiseditswe ka letamo la Dutchman's Pool, hape le Nokaneng wa Sebakwe le mohlodi wa metsi a tlatsetsang bakeng sa Kwekwe.<ref>Webworld [http://webworld.unesco.org/water/ihp/db/shiklomanov/part'4/AFRICA/Zimbabwe/1zw%60se~1.htm Sebakwe at Dutchman'S Pool Dam] unesco.org Water Retrieved 13 March 2016</ref> == Metswedi == po3nbm5swqwn0vlfeczsm3aahlnuxwc 0 13785 51164 2026-06-20T13:18:33Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Letsha la Zoo 51164 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Zoo Lake, Johannesburg 2.jpg|thumb|Letsha la Zoo]] '''Letsha la Zoo''' ke letsha le le itsegeng le phaka ya botlhe kwa [[Johannesburg|Johannesburg,]] [[Aforika Borwa|Afrika Borwa]]. Ke karolo ya Hermann Eckstein Park mme e lebagane le [[Johannesburg Zoo]]. Letsha la Zoo le na le matamo a le mabedi, letamo le le fa godimo le letamo le le kwa tlase le le kgolwanyane, a a agilweng ka bobedi mo lefelong la tlhago le le nang le matsha le le nosediwang ke Parktown Spruit. == Ditso == Lefatshe le kwa tshimologong e ne e le karolo ya polase ya Braamfontein, mme le ne la rekwa ke motlamedi wa banka le mogwebi wa meepo [[Hermann Eckstein]] ka ntlha ya go dirisa diminerale tse di ka nnang teng. <ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160123021634/http://www.sapra.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17&Itemid=225 "SAPRA History: Origins of Saxonwold & Parkwood"]. ''Saxonwold & Parkwood Residents Association of Johannesburg''. Archived from [http://www.sapra.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17&Itemid=225 the original] on 23 January 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2015.</ref>Fa maikaelelo a a ne a retelelwa, Eckstein o ne a e tlhoma jaaka tshimo ya dikgong mme a e bitsa Sachsenwald, ka leina la setsha sa ga [[Otto von Bismarck]] kwa Jeremane.<ref name=":0" /> Go ne ga simololwa go lema ditlhare tseno ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le bongwe , mme go ne ga jalwa ditlhare di ka nna dimilione di le tharo mo lefelong leno. Sekgwa seno se ne sa nna lefelo le le rategang la boitapoloso la beng ba dikgosi ba ba humileng le ba malapa a bone. Mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le lesome morago ga loso lwa ga Eckstein, ka kgwedi ya Phatwe ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le boraro, Ratoropo wa Johannesburg, W. St. John Carr, o ne a amogela lekwalo le le neng le tswa kwa bathong ba a neng a dirisana le bone mo kgwebong (ba khampani ya Messrs. Wernher Beit & Co le Max Michaelis) ka go neelana ka diheketara di le makgolo a mabedi tsa lefatshe le le leng mo diatleng tsa Khansele ya Toropo ya Johannesburg go aga Johannesburg Zoo le Herman Eckstein Park.<ref name=":1">Shorten, John R. (1970). ''The Johannesburg Saga''. Johannesburg: John R. Shorten Pty Ltd. p. 1159.</ref> Mpho ya lefatshe e ne e akaretsa kgobokanyo e nnye ya diphologolo. diheketara di le masome amabedi tsa lefatshe le le neetsweng le ne le tshwanetse go dirisiwa ke Imperial Light Horse Regiment, mme jaanong ke lefelo la War Museum le Rand Regiments Memorial. <ref name=":1" />: 650 Karolo e e setseng ya lefatshe la Sachsenwald e ne ya tlhabololwa go nna mafelo a gompieno a kwa Johannesburg a Saxonwold le Forest Town. Letsha la maitirelo le ne la tsenngwa mo Parakeng ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le borobabobedi . Gape e ikgantsha ka Coronation Fountain, "sediba sa mmino" le letshwao la ngwaoboswa ya Johannesburg, e e agilweng ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le bosupa go gopola go bewa ga Kgosi George VI le Kgosigadi Elizabeth.<ref>[http://www.footprint.co.za/zoolake.htm Zoo Lake Users Committee] [https://web.archive.org/web/20100625023025/http://www.footprint.co.za/zoolake.htm Archived] June 25, 2010, at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]] ''footprint.co.za''</ref>Fa Johannesburg e ne e keteka dingwaga di le masome a supa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le borataro , jaaka karolo ya moletlo wa toropo Margot Fonteyn o ne a bina Swan Lake ka letsha e le lefelo le le neng le le kwa morago. Mpho ya lefatshe e ne ya dirwa ka fa tlase ga maemo a gore mafelo ano a tshwanetse go nna a bulegetse batho ba merafe yotlhe, e leng selo se se neng se sa tlwaelega mo Afrika Borwa ya Bokolone.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160205043118/http://www.joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2038&Itemid=168 "Finding a green heaven in Joburg"]. ''City of Johannesburg''. Archived from [http://www.joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2038&Itemid=168 the original] on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2016.</ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160208225249/http://www.jhbcityparks.com/index.php/2015-04-29-12-30-27/find-a-park-contents-64?task=view&id=53 "Johannesburg City Parks and Zoo"]. Archived from [http://www.jhbcityparks.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=53&Itemid=28 the original] on 2016-02-08.</ref><ref name=":2">[http://www.joburgnews.co.za/nov_2002/nov4_zoolake.stm Zoo Lake: The park that defied apartheid] ''Joburg News Archives 2001-2007''</ref>Go nna le merafe e mentsi go ne ga tswelela go ralala paka ya tlhaolele. Moragonyana Wernher, Beit le kompone ba ne ba tla aba lefatshe le le oketsegileng go dira tsela ya dikoloi go dikologa phaka, go kgweetsa dikoloi kgotsa go tsamaya mme mebila eo e ne e tla itsege jaaka Upper le Lower Park Drives. 3]: 650 == Ditirelo == Zoo Lake ke lefelo le le rategang thata la go ya go iphokisa phefo, go tsamayatsamaya le dintša, go taboga le go tsamaya ka mokoro. Gape go na le mekoro e mennye e e ka hirisiwang. <ref name=":2" /> Zoo Lake e na le dintšhe le dinonyane tse dingwe tsa metsi, tse di nnang mo setlhaketlhakeng se se mo gare ga letsha, mme go fepa dinonyane tseno (le fa semmuso go sa kgothalediwe) ke tiro e e tlwaelegileng ya lelapa. Le fa go ntse jalo, metsi ano a tsena mo Letsha leno fa a sena go feta mo lefelong la Zoo e e fa gaufi, mme gone jaanong a kgotletswe thata mo go ka se kgonegeng go tshwara ditlhapi kgotsa go thuma mo go lone. Go ntse go dirwa maiteko a go tsenya tirisong thulaganyo ya go phepafatsa e e sireletsang tikologo. Phaka e na le diresetšhurente, mme ke lefelo la ngwaga le ngwaga la moletlo wa Jazz on the Lake, Carols by Candlelight le dipontsho tsa bonono tsa open air tsa Artists under the Sun. <ref name=":3">[http://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsga/zoo-lake.htm Zoo Lake] Gauteng tourist attractions</ref> Lefelo le akaretsa Zoo Lake Bowling Club, Zoo Lake Swimming Pool le Zoo Lake Sports Club, mme e gaufi le South African National Museum of Military History. <ref name=":3" /><ref>[http://www.myparks.co.za/content/history-zoo-lake-%28hermann-eckstein-park%29 A history of Zoo Lake (Hermann Eckstein Park)] Archived February 10, 2012, at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]] ''myparks.co.za''</ref> == Metswedi == 0v7ged78cd9qe2yc5kyt4ikfn3v4ycy 0 13786 51165 2026-06-20T13:33:05Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Letsha la Burera 51165 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Lac Burera.jpg|thumb|Letsha la Burera]] '''Letsha la Burera''' kgotsa Bulera ke letsha le le kwa bokonebophirima jwa [[Rwanda]], mo molelwaneng wa [[Uganda]]. E re ka e le borona jwa disekwerekilometara di le masome a matlhano le botlhano, ke letsha la bobedi le letona go gaisa otlhe mo [[Rwanda]] morago ga [[Letsha la Ahémé|Letsha la Ihema]] (le le bogolo jwa disekwerekilometara di le lekgolo). Fa go akanngwa ka matsha a mangwe mo nageng (go akarediwa matsha a a abelanwang le dinaga tse dingwe), e tla bo e le ya botlhano ka bogolo morago ga Lake Kivu 2,700 km2 (1,040 sq mi) magareng ga Rwanda le [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Letsha la Rweru]] magareng ga [[Rwanda]] le [[Burundi]] ka disekwerekilometara di le lekgolo le masome a mararo le boraro (50 sq mi) e e leng fela 47 km2 (20 sq mi) e e kwa Rwanda, [[Letsha la Ahémé|Letsha la Ihema]] le [[Letsha la Cohoha]] 74 km2 (30 sq mi) le yone e abelanwa le Burundi e e leng fela 19 km2 (10 sq mi) e e kwa Rwanda. Letsha leno le kwa bokone jwa naga e e nang le batho ba le bantsi mo [[Kgaolong ya Burera]] e e bidiwang ka leina la letsha leno. Toropo e tona e e gaufi le yone ke toropo ya [[Musanze]] e e leng dikilometara di le masome a mabedi le boraro go ya kwa bophirima jwa letsha. Letsha la Burera le mo melelwaneng ya mafatshe a a bongola a Uganda mo mekgokoloseng e e kwa borwa jwa Thaba ya Muhavura e e bogodimo jwa dimetara di le sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro (6,102 ft). <ref>Hughes, Ralph H.; Hughes, Jane S.; Bernacsek, G. M. (1992). ''I[https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA204 ucn Directory of African Wetlands]''[https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA204 .] IUCN. p. 204. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-2-88032-949-5|<bdi>978-2-88032-949-5</bdi>.]] Retrieved 24 April 2013.</ref> E kwa bokone botlhaba jwa [[letsha la Ruhondo]] le e leng lefae la yone le le elelelang mo go lone ka molapo o o bidiwang Ntaruka. Burera e batla e le tona go menagane gabedi go feta [[Letsha la Ruhondo]] mme le fa e le dimetara di le makgolo a marataro fela go kgaoganya, matsha ano a mabedi a kgaogantswe ke go wela kwa tlase ga bogodimo ka dimetara di le lekgolo (328 ft). Ntaruka ke noka e e boleele jwa dimetara di le makgolo a marataro e e golaganyang matsha a mabedi mme e na le boteng jwa dimetara di le lekgolo. Ka ntlha ya go wa gono, go agilwe semela sa motlakase wa metsi se se ntshang motlakase wa 11.5 MW. <ref>[https://www.reg.rw/what-we-do/generation/power-plant/?tx_powermail_pi1%5Baction%5D=create&tx_powermail_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=Form&cHash=2a8bace115ead5607620f166a9ae3b35 "Power Plant"]. ''Rwanda Energy Group''. Rwanda Energy Group. Retrieved 16 July 2020.</ref> == Metswedi == 2ggqxkgr1q5nrr0z0ucu5e3hwt1kmxc 51166 51165 2026-06-20T14:08:35Z Dumbassman 6831 51166 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Lac Burera.jpg|thumb|Letsha la Burera]] '''Letsha la Burera''' kgotsa Bulera ke letsha le le kwa bokonebophirima jwa [[Rwanda]], mo molelwaneng wa [[Uganda]]. E re ka e le borona jwa disekwerekilometara di le masome a matlhano le botlhano, ke letsha la bobedi le letona go gaisa otlhe mo [[Rwanda]] morago ga [[Letsha la Ahémé|Letsha la Ihema]] (le le bogolo jwa disekwerekilometara di le lekgolo). Fa go akanngwa ka matsha a mangwe mo nageng (go akarediwa matsha a a abelanwang le dinaga tse dingwe), e tla bo e le ya botlhano ka bogolo morago ga Lake Kivu 2,700 km2 (1,040 sq mi) magareng ga Rwanda le [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Letsha la Rweru]] magareng ga [[Rwanda]] le [[Burundi]] ka disekwerekilometara di le lekgolo le masome a mararo le boraro (50 sq mi) e e leng fela 47 km2 (20 sq mi) e e kwa Rwanda, [[Letsha la Ahémé|Letsha la Ihema]] le [[Letsha la Cohoha]] 74 km2 (30 sq mi) le yone e abelanwa le Burundi e e leng fela 19 km2 (10 sq mi) e e kwa Rwanda. Letsha leno le kwa bokone jwa naga e e nang le batho ba le bantsi mo [[Kgaolong ya Burera]] e e bidiwang ka leina la letsha leno. Toropo e tona e e gaufi le yone ke toropo ya [[Musanze]] e e leng dikilometara di le masome a mabedi le boraro go ya kwa bophirima jwa letsha. Letsha la Burera le mo melelwaneng ya mafatshe a a bongola a Uganda mo mekgokoloseng e e kwa borwa jwa Thaba ya Muhavura e e bogodimo jwa dimetara di le sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro (6,102 ft).<ref>Hughes, Ralph H.; Hughes, Jane S.; Bernacsek, G. M. (1992). ''I[https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA204 ucn Directory of African Wetlands]''[https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA204 .] IUCN. p. 204. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-2-88032-949-5|<bdi>978-2-88032-949-5</bdi>.]] Retrieved 24 April 2013.</ref> E kwa bokone botlhaba jwa [[letsha la Ruhondo]] le e leng lefae la yone le le elelelang mo go lone ka molapo o o bidiwang Ntaruka. Burera e batla e le tona go menagane gabedi go feta [[Letsha la Ruhondo]] mme le fa e le dimetara di le makgolo a marataro fela go kgaoganya, matsha ano a mabedi a kgaogantswe ke go wela kwa tlase ga bogodimo ka dimetara di le lekgolo (328 ft). Ntaruka ke noka e e boleele jwa dimetara di le makgolo a marataro e e golaganyang matsha a mabedi mme e na le boteng jwa dimetara di le lekgolo. Ka ntlha ya go wa gono, go agilwe semela sa motlakase wa metsi se se ntshang motlakase wa 11.5 MW.<ref>[https://www.reg.rw/what-we-do/generation/power-plant/?tx_powermail_pi1%5Baction%5D=create&tx_powermail_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=Form&cHash=2a8bace115ead5607620f166a9ae3b35 "Power Plant"]. ''Rwanda Energy Group''. Rwanda Energy Group. Retrieved 16 July 2020.</ref> == Metswedi == {{reflist}} t3nlgftbobufdu0oi67ilt91gomrvro 0 13787 51167 2026-06-20T14:13:39Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Letsha la Kivu 51167 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:LakeKivu satellite.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa sathalaete sa Letsha la Kivu ka NASA]] '''Letsha la Kivu''' ke lengwe la Matsha a Matona a Afrika.<ref name=":0">Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980). [[iarchive:naturalwondersof00sche|''Natural Wonders of the World''.]] United States of America: Reader's Digest Association, Inc. pp. [[iarchive:naturalwondersof00sche/page/206|206]]–207. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-89577-087-5|<bdi>978-0-89577-087-5</bdi>.]]</ref> E mo molelwaneng magareng ga [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] le [[Rwanda]], mme e mo Albertine Rift, lekala la bophirima la [[East African Rift]].<ref>Wong, H.-K.; Herzen, R. P. (1974-06-01). [[doi:10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x|"A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa"]]. ''Geophysical Journal International''. '''37''' (3): 371–389. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974GeoJ...37..371W 1974GeoJ...37..371W]. doi:[[doi:10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x|10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.]]<nowiki/>x. ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0956-540X 0956-540X.]</ref> Letsha la Kivu le tshologela mo [[Nokeng ya Ruzizi,]] e e elelang go ya kwa borwa go tsena mo [[Letsha la Tanganyika]].<ref name=":1">[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html "The Largest Lakes in Africa".] ''WorldAtlas''. 15 June 2020.</ref> Lotshitshi lwa letsha la Kivu kwa Gisenyi, Rwanda Mo nakong e e fetileng, Letsha la Kivu le ne le elela go ya kwa bokone, le bo le tsenya letswai mo Nokeng ya Nile e Tshweu. Mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dikete di le lesome le boraro go ya go di le dikete di robabongwe tse di fetileng, go thunya ga lekgwamolelo go ne ga kganela letsha la Kivu go tswa mo nokeng ya Nile. Go thunya ga lekgwamolelo go ne ga dira gore go nne le dithaba, go akaretsa le Virunga, tse di neng tsa tlhatloga fa gare ga Letsha la Kivu le [[Letsha la Edward]], kwa bokone. <ref name=":2">Danley, Patrick D.; Husemann, Martin; Ding, Baoqing; Dipietro, Lyndsay M.; Beverly, Emily J.; Peppe, Daniel J.; et al. (2012). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3408716 "The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids".] ''International Journal of Evolutionary Biology''. '''2012''': 1–20. doi:[[doi:10.1155/2012/574851|10.1155/2012/574851]]. PMC 3408716. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22888465 22888465.]</ref>Metsi a a tswang kwa Letsheng la Kivu a ne a patelediwa go ya kwa borwa go ela kwa Ruzizi. <ref>Clark, J. D. (1969). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1]''. London: Cambridge University Press. p. 34. Retrieved 16 January 2013.</ref>Seno se ne sa dira gore metsi a [[Letsha la Tanganyika]] a tlhatlogele kwa godimo, mme letsha leno le ne la elela le [[noka ya Lukuga]].<ref name=":2" /> Letsha la Kivu ke lengwe la matsha a le mararo mo lefatsheng, mmogo le Letsha la Nyos le Letsha la Monoun, a a nnang le makgwamolelo (moo go menoga ga metsi a a kwa teng go ntshang khabonetaeokosaete (CO2)). Botlase jwa letsha leno gape bo na le methane (CH4). Fa lekgwamolelo le ka thunya, matshelo a batho ba le dimilione di le pedi ba ba nnang gaufi le lone a tla nna mo kotsing. == Dipopego tsa lefatshe == Letsha la Kivu le boleele jwa dikilometara di le masome a mane le bobedi le bophara jwa dikilometara di le masome a matlhano.<ref name=":0" />Sebopego sa yone se se sa tlwaelegang se dira gore go nne thata go lekanya lefelo la yone le le tlhomameng; go fopholediwa gore e na le lefelo le le akaretsang la 2,700 km2, mme seno se dira gore e nne letsha la borobedi le legolo mo Afrika.<ref name=":1" /> Letsha leno le bogodimo jwa dimetara di le sekete,makgolo a mane le masome a marataro (4,790 ft) fa godimo ga lewatle. Letsha leno le na le kgonagalo ya go nna le kgwanyape ya limnic dingwaga dingwe le dingwe di le sekete.[ 2] Letsha le na le boteng jo bo boitshegang jwa dimetara di le makgolo a mane le masome a supa le botlhano (1,558 ft) le boteng jo bo boitshegang jwa dimetatar adi le makgolo a mabedi le masome a mabedi (722 ft), e leng se se dirang gore e nne letsha la bo masome mabedi le le boteng go gaisa mo lefatsheng ka boteng jo bo boitshegang, le la bo lesome le boraro le le boteng go gaisa ka boteng jo bo boitshegang. <ref name=":0" /> Bodiba jwa letsha leno bo fa godimo ga mokgatšha o o kgaoganang ka bonya ka bonya, o o dirang gore go nne le makgwamolelo mo lefelong leno. Setlhaketlhake sa bolesome se segolo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng se se mo letsheng, e leng Idjwi, se mo Letsheng la Kivu. == Thutafatshe ya batho == Mo e ka nnang 1,370 square kilometres (529 sq mi) kgotsa 58% ya metsi a letsha a mo teng ga melelwane ya DRC. <ref name=":1" /> Ditoropo tse di mo lotshitshing lwa letsha leno di akaretsa Bukavu, Kabare, Kalehe, Sake le Goma kwa Democratic Republic of the Congo, le Gisenyi, Kibuye le Cyangugu kwa Rwanda. Mo tshimologong ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano , ka nako ya letsholo la M23, metse yotlhe e e mo ntlheng ya Congo ya mabopo a letsha e ne ya thopiwa ke sesole sa Rwanda le M23 Movement, mme motse-mogolo wa porofense ya Goma o ne wa thopiwa ka kgwedi Ferikgong mme metse yotlhe e ne e le ka fa tlase ga taolo ya M23 go tloga ka tshimologo ya Mopitlwe. Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe ele lesome le bobedi, M23 e ne ya goroga kwa setlhaketlhakeng sa Idjwi, ba se thopa kwa ntle ga kganetso. == Metswedi == n0nmzzwy0bpeoorsflo2y51yd1f1vj9 0 13788 51168 2026-06-20T14:18:40Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Letsha la Ruhondo 51168 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Rwanda relief location map.jpg|thumb|Letsha la Ruhondo]] '''Letsha la Ruhondo''' ke letsha le le kwa bokonebophirima jwa [[Rwanda]]. E gaufi le Letsha la Bulera kwa ntle ga Musanze. <ref>Fitzpatrick, Mary (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3e8P7XvcokC&pg=PA561 ''Lonely Planet East Africa''.] Lonely Planet. p. 561. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-769-1|<bdi>978-1-74104-769-1</bdi>.]] Retrieved 24 April 2013.</ref>E kwa tlase ga lekgwamolelo le legolo go a gaisa otlhe kwa Rwanda, e leng thaba ya Kalisimbi Volcanic. Letsha la Ruhondo ke lengwe la matsha a mabedi a a tlhodilweng ka ntlha ya go thunya ga lekgwamolelo go tswa kwa thabeng ya Sabyinyo Volcanic e e neng ya dira gore go thunye mokoa wa seretse se se neng sa kgabaganya mokgatšha wa noka o o neng wa thatafala le go tsidifala. Letsha la Ruhondo le kgaogantswe le [[Letsha la Burera]] ka sekgala sa 1 km (0.62 mi). Matsha a Ruhondo le Burera a kwa karolong e e kwa bokone jwa Rwanda mme a gaufi thata le Uganda mo kgaolong e e kwa bokone jwa [[Rwanda]]. Letsha la Ruhondo le kgabaganya dikgaolo tse tharo e leng: Burera Musanze le Gakenke. Letsha la Ruhondo le amogela metsi a lone go tswa kwa Letsha la Burera kwa ntlheng ya borwabophirima. E na le bogolo jwa diheketara di le dikete tse pedi le makgolo a robabobedi . Letsha la Ruhondo le amogela metsi go tswa mo dinokeng tse dingwe le go elela go ya kwa borwabophirima ka Noka ya Mukungwa e e leng noka e nngwe ya Noka ya Nyabarongo. Dipalamo tsa metsi ga di a tlhabologa sentle ka mekoro e mennye ya logong e le yone e e dirisiwang. == Metswedi == 6kyhbioavb0wyspl09w9mqrfpcbp2oz 0 13789 51169 2026-06-20T14:33:48Z Lucrucia98 12161 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA NOKA YA KWE KWE 51169 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Noka ya Kwe Kwe'''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20231028194733/https://zw.geoview.info/kwe_kwe_river,3649344p "Kwe Kew River map (not shown)"]. Archived from the original on 28 October 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2018.</ref>(e e neng e itsiwe jaaka Noka ya Que Que go fitlha ka 1983) ke noka e nnye e e elelang gaufi le toropo ya Kwekwe kwa Zimbabwe. <ref>Map of Kwekwe [1](accessed 02/11/2008)[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwe_Kwe_River#cite_note-2]</ref>Ke noka e nnye e e tsenang mo Nokeng ya Sebakwe mme e kopana le Noka ya Sebakwe kwa bokone jwa toropo. Metsi a noka a dirisiwa ke madirelo a tshipi a a bopang motheo wa toropo ya Kwekwe. Noka ya Sebakwe e kopana le Noka ya Sanyati e e elelang go ya kwa bokone mme e elela mo Nokeng ya Zambezi. == Metswedi == cbxjnh6qxub73w645qdu83fgy03qo7j 51170 51169 2026-06-20T14:35:24Z Lucrucia98 12161 51170 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Noka ya Kwe Kwe'''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20231028194733/https://zw.geoview.info/kwe_kwe_river,3649344p "Kwe Kew River map (not shown)"]. Archived from the original on 28 October 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2018.</ref>(e e neng e itsiwe jaaka Noka ya Que Que go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete , makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le boraro (1983) ke noka e nnye e e elelang gaufi le toropo ya Kwekwe kwa Zimbabwe. <ref>Map of Kwekwe [1](accessed 02/11/2008)[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwe_Kwe_River#cite_note-2]</ref>Ke noka e nnye e e tsenang mo Nokeng ya Sebakwe mme e kopana le Noka ya Sebakwe kwa bokone jwa toropo. Metsi a noka a dirisiwa ke madirelo a tshipi a a bopang motheo wa toropo ya Kwekwe. Noka ya Sebakwe e kopana le Noka ya Sanyati e e elelang go ya kwa bokone mme e elela mo Nokeng ya Zambezi. == Metswedi == tmxjnalbi8iyckgx1xldk04foc9lnka 0 13790 51171 2026-06-20T14:46:10Z Lucrucia98 12161 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA NOKA YA MUPFURE 51171 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Noka ya Mupfure''' ke noka kwa lefatsheng la [[Zimbabwe]] e e simololang kwa motsaneng wa Mashonaland East mme e tsenelela kwa motsaneng wa Mashonaland West. E kopana le noka ya Sanyati e e elelang go ya kwa bokone mme e elela mo [[nokeng ya Zambezi]]. Noka eno ke lefelo le go epiwang gauta mo go lone.<ref>[https://www.newzimbabwe.com/alluvial-gold-miners-cause-massive-environmental-damage-along-major-rivers-province-escalates-fight-against-plunder/ "Alluvial gold miners cause massive environmental damage along major rivers; Province escalates fight against plunder".] ''NewZimbabwe.com''. 12 October 2024. Retrieved 24 June 2025.</ref> Noka ya Mupfure e ile ya nna lefelo la dikotsi di le mmalwa le la go nwela. Ka kgwedi ya Phatwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022), dikoloi tse pedi tse di neng di tsamaya mo tseleng e kgolo ya Harare-Masvingo di ne tsa nna le kotsi mme tsa wela mo nokeng.<ref>[https://www.zimeye.net/2022/08/03/police-retrieve-mupfure-river-accident-victims/ "Police Retrieve Mupfure River Accident Victims".] ''ZimEye''. 3 August 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2025.</ref> Batho ba le batlhano ba ba neng ba le mo teng ga dikoloi ba ne ba nwela fa ba sena go wela mo nokeng.<ref>Machaya, Prince (31 July 2022). [https://www.zimlive.com/5-drown-after-haulage-truck-excavator-collide-on-bridge-and-plunge-into-river/ "5 drown after haulage truck, excavator collide on bridge and plunge into river"]. ''Zimbabwe News Now''. Retrieved 24 June 2025.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Moranang ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024), monna mongwe yo o neng a tshaba mapodise o ne a itatlhela mo nokeng gore a tshabe. Moragonyana o ne a fitlhelwa a kgangwa ke banni ba lefelo leo.<ref>Zibowa, Theresa (16 April 2024). [https://masvingomirror.com/harare-man-drowns-while-escaping-arrest/ "Harare man drowns while escaping arrest »".] ''Masvingo Mirror''. Retrieved 24 June 2025</ref> == Metswedi == leo63ih16wskco0elzmuw96jcq39rca 0 13791 51173 2026-06-20T15:03:34Z Lucrucia98 12161 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA NOKA YA GWAYI 51173 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Gwayi Basin OSM.svg|thumb|Gwayi Basin]] '''Noka ya Gwayi''' ke noka ya kwa lefatsheng la [[Zimbabwe]]. E kwa Matabeleland. E dira molelwane magareng ga dikgaolo tsa [[Tsholotsho]] le Lupane, mo metsaneng ya Matebeleland Bokone ya [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe.]] Letamo le le mo nokeng, Letamo la Gwayi-Shangani, le ntse le agiwa go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bone (2004). <ref>Mandivengerei, Paidashe (12 May 2025)[https://www.newzimbabwe.com/gwayi-shangani-dam-completion-target-in-doubt-again/ . "Gwayi- Shangani Dam completion target in doubt, again".] ''NewZimbabwe.com''. Retrieved 30 June 2025</ref>Letamo le le rulaganyeditswe go tlamela metsi kwa toropong ya [[Bulawayo]] mme le akaretsa karolo ya Porojeke ya Metsi ya Matabeleland Zambezi.<ref>[https://www.newsday.co.zw/southerneye/local/article/200042834/gwayi-shangani-dam-project-to-miss-december-deadline "Gwayi-Shangani Dam project to miss December deadline".] ''Southern Eye''. 13 June 2025. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref> Noka eno e baka dikotsi di le mmalwa mo baaging ba lefelo leno. Go ne ga nna le dintsho tsa go kgangwa ke metsi ka nako ya dipula.<ref>Sibanda, Thomas (8 February 2021). [https://www.zimlive.com/drowned-womans-body-found-after-all-night-prayer-on-riverbank/ "Drowned woman's body found after all-night prayer on riverbank"]. ''Zimbabwe News Now''. Retrieved 30 June 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www.thezimbabwemail.com/zimbabwe/four-people-drown-in-flooded-rivers/ "Four people drown in flooded rivers"]. ''The Zimbabwe Mail''. 31 January 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2025</ref>Noka ya Gwayi gape ke legae la dikwena, tse di tshosetsang banni ba selegae. == Metswedi == i4c4cypuv4asx3kjuxeuvljtgwogx0d 0 13792 51174 2026-06-20T15:39:42Z Lucrucia98 12161 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA NOKA YA IKWELO 51174 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Noka ya Gweru''' (e e neng e itsege jaaka Noka ya Gwelo go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bobedi (1982) ke noka e e mo motsaneng wa Midlands ya lefatshe la [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe.]] == Se se diragetseng == Leina la Gweru ke go sokamisa leina la Gwelo le le neng le sokamisa leina la Ikwelo le le kayang lefelo le le tsholetsegileng thata le motho a neng a ka dirisa lere go ya kwa godimo kgotsa kwa tlase. E ne e le leina le le sokamisitsweng la kwa tshimologong la kwa Kalanga la Gwelu le le khutshwafaditsweng go tswa go Gwelumatjena le le rayang noka ya matlapa a masweu. Ditlhamane di re fa batho ba MaNdebele ba ne ba simolola go nna mo lefelong le, basadi ba bone ba ne ba fitlhela go le bokete thata go gelela metsi mo nokeng ka ntlha ya mabopo a yone a a boreledi.<ref>Division of Native Affairs|1960 [http://rhodesianheritage.blogspot.nl/2010/01/rhodesian-lore-and-legend.html?m=1%7COur Rhodesian Heritage: Rhodesian Lore and Legend|GWELO The late Col. Carbutt wrote, “Gwelo township was originally known to Africans as Senka after the kopje of that name. This was at lease indicative of a fixed spot, unlike the name of Gwelo which is applicable to anywhere along the course of a river one hundred miles in length.” The Gwelo River near its source and down to almost where it joins the Shangani, has carved steep slippery banks in the plain over the years. When the AmaNdebele first settled in the area, the woman are said to have found it very difficult to draw water, in fact they could never find an easy place to climb up from the river bed with their full vessels. Accordingly, they often spoke of “the steep place” (ikwelo), and the river came to be known as iKwelo, eventually becoming Gwelo.] Rhodesian Lore and Legend LORE AND LEGEND SOUTHERN RHODESIA PLACE NAMES| Published by; The Chief Information Officer, Information Services Branch. Division of Native Affairs, Salisbury September, 1960]rhodesianheritage.blogspot.nl|2010|Retrieved 18 February 2016</ref><ref>Isibindi|1970 Place Names of Rhodesia|GWELO. [http://www.rhodesia.me.uk/ColourfulPlaceNamesofRhodesia.htm%7CColourful When the Matabele settled in the district, the women found it difficult to draw water from the river because of the steep banks. It became known as iKwelo - "the steep place"].^{[''permanent dead link'']} www.rhodesia.me.uk|Retrieved 18 February tmrh</ref>Noka e ne ya bidiwa 'Ikwelo' ka gonne karolo e kgolo ya noka eno e e boleele jwa dikilometara di le lekgolo le masome a marataro (160) e na le dintshi tse di boreledi go fitlha kwa molomong wa Noka ya Shangani. Basadi ba ne ba dirisa ukwelo (lere) go ba thusa go ga metsi mo nokeng. Toropokgolo ya Gweru e ne ya tewa leina go tswa mo nokeng ya Ikwelo. Baagi ba Yuropa ba ne ba e bitsa iGwelo e khutshwafaditswe go nna Gwelo mme morago ga boipuso ba lefatshe la [[Zimbabwe]] ba ne ba e bitsa Gweru, ka jalo noka ya Gweru.<ref>The community in the heart of the Nation - [http://www.mygweru.com/%7CGweru The City of Progress|Gweru is the capital of Midlands Province. Built along the Gweru river, the original Ndebele name was iKwelo (''The Steep Place''), after the river's high banks, where umkwelo (a ladder) was used by those who fetched water from it.]^{[''permanent dead link'']} MyGweru.com|Retrieved 18 February 2016</ref> == Ditirelo == Noka ya Gweru e na le diheketara di le lekgolo tsa Sekema sa go nosetsa sa Mabangeni kwa Lower Gweru le diheketara di le lekgolo le masome a marataro le botlhano tsa Sekema sa go nosetsa sa Exchange kwa Zhombe tse di tlamelwang go tswa go Letamo la Insukamini le Letamo la Exchange Block ka go latelana. Sekema sa go nosetsa sa Mabangeni se goga metsi go tswa kwa letamong la Insukamini ka letamo le le tsenang mo nokeng ya Gweru. == Siltation le kgotlelo == Metsi a a phepafaditsweng a ntse a kgotlela Noka ya Gweru mo dingwageng tse di fetileng. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150708120127/http://www.newzimbabwe.com/news-20942-Gweru%20admits%20to%20environment%20pollution/news.aspx <code><nowiki>{{cite web}}</nowiki></code>: <code>|author=</code> has generic name (help)]</ref>mme Setheo sa Tsamaiso ya Tikologo (EMA) se tsaya dikgato go laola kgotlelo ya metsi mo nokeng eno le tse dingwe go ralala naga.<ref>Stephen Chadenga|4 March 2015 [http://www.southerneye.co.zw/2015/03/04/gweru-requires-7-million-refurbish-sewage-treatment-plants/%7CGweru requires $7 million to refurbish sewage treatment plants|The council’s acting director of engineering services, Praymore Mhlanga, said the local authority had applied to the government and was granted permission to borrow money to refurbish the plants. Over the years, council has been at logger heads with the Environmental Management Agency (EMA) over the discharge of raw sewage into the environment. At one time, council had to pay a $5 000 fine to EMA for discharging effluent into the Gweru River.]^{[''permanent dead link'']} Southern Eye Website|Gweru City|Retrieved 18 February 2016</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go lwantsha kgotlelo ya metsi mo Nokeng ya Gweru moithuti mongwe wa Yunibesithi ya Puso ya Midlalands o ne a buelela gore baithuti ba dikolo tse di kwa tlase ba nne le kitso ka kgotlelo ya noka ya Gweru le go tshologa ga seretse. Letsholo leno le amogetswe ke mekgatlho le dikolo di le dintsi kwa Gweru, e e leng lefelo le le kgotlelang thata le noka ya Gweru e e elelang mo go lone. == Dithuso == Ano ke maina a mantlha a a theilweng mo dimmapeng tse di dirilweng ke puso ya Rhodesia, e jaanong e leng Zimbabwe.<ref>Gweru Map [http://www.rhodesia.me.uk/images/Gwelo_final.jpg (Sheet SE35-16 Gwelo edition 2) Gweru District map showing Gweru River course from Senga, Gweru through Lower Gweru to Silobela Communal Land Archived 2015-09-22 at the] Wayback Machine www.rhodesia.me.uk|SHEETFALL-1:250 000 SERIES|Retrieved 18 February 2016</ref><ref>Kwekwe Map (Sheet SE35-12 QueQue edition 2) [http://www.rhodesia.me.uk/images/QueQue_final.jpg Kwekwe District map showing Gweru River through Silobela, Zhombe and finally meeting with Shangani River in Nkai Communal land] Archived 2016-03-01 at the Wayback Machine www.rhodesia.me.uk|SHEETFALL-1:250 000 SERIES|Retrieved 18 2016</ref> * Noka ya Kenyana (Lower Gweru) * Noka ya Ngamo (Gweru e e kwa tlase) * Noka ya Matega (Lower Gweru) * Noka ya Chakawa (Lower Gweru) * Noka ya Mandingo (Lower Gweru) * Noka ya Kalulani (Lower Gweru_ gaufi le letamo la Shagari) * Noka ya Batitswa (Lower Gweru) * Noka ya Bembe (Lower Gweru_ gaufi le Letamo la Museyamwa) * Noka ya Ingwenya (Lower Gweru) * Noka ya Ntabemhlope (Lower Gweru) * Noka ya Damba (Silobela_ gaufi le Letamo la Damba) * Noka ya Zvanyanya (Silobela) * Noka ya Semkulu (_ fa thoko ga Letamo la Totololo) * Noka ya Summer (Silobela Purchase Area) * Noka ya Mavhunatsvimbo (Silobela) * Noka ya Ndhlamatuli (Silobela) * Noka ya Marirangwe (Zhombe) * Noka ya Gwembezi (Silobela) * Noka ya Sangeni (Silobela) * Noka ya Sehnga * noka ya Umhlafuto (Silobela) * Noka ya Donsa * Noka ya Nyauswe (Zhombe) * Noka ya Semizi (Zhombe) * Noka ya Mangwizi (Zhombe) * Noka ya Setshanke * Noka ya Gwelutshena (Nkayi_ off Gwelutshena Dam) * Noka ya Ngenungenu (Nkayi) ke noka e e tsenang mo nokeng ya bofelo pele ga e kopana le Noka ya Shangani. * Noka ya Tohwe (Nkayi) == Metswedi == 5t75tosn8usercaamenpg5384rqk67e 0 13793 51176 2026-06-20T16:02:19Z Lucrucia98 12161 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA NOKA YA PUNGWE 51176 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Pungwe and nyazengu gorges.jpg|thumb|Noka ya Pungwe]] '''Noka ya Pungwe''' (Portuguese: Rio Púngoè or Rio Púnguè <ref>[http://geonames.nga.mil/namesviewer/ "GeoNames Search"]. ''Geographic Names Database''. National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, USA. Retrieved 19 October 2016</ref>) ke noka ya boleele jwa makgolo a mane (400 km (250 mi) kwa Zimbabwe le Mozambique.<ref name=":0">Andersson, Lotta; Samuelsson, Patrick; Kjellström, Erik (2011). [[doi:10.1111/j.1600-0870.2010.00480.x|"Assessment of climate change impact on water resources in the Pungwe river basin".]] ''Tellus A''. '''63''' (1): 138–157. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0870.2010.00480.x.</ref><ref name=":1">SWECO & Associates (April 2004). ''[http://www.elmed-rostov.ru/Projects/Pungwe%20CD/Reports/eng/Monograph/Monograph%20Main%20Report%20English.pdf The Pungwe River Monograph. Main Report. SWECO Project No: 1150447]'' (PDF). Government of the Republic of Mozambique; Government of the Republic of Zimbabwe; Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida). 64 pp</ref>E tlhatloga kwa tlase ga thaba ya Nyangani kwa Eastern Highlands ya [[Zimbabwe]] mme e elela kwa borwabotlhaba go ralala porofense ya Manica le Sofala ya [[Mozambique|Mozambique.]] Noka ya Pungwe e tsena mo Mokgatšheng wa Urema, karolo e e kwa borwa jwa Mokgatšha wa Great Rift, koo e bopang molelwane o o kwa borwa wa Gorongosa National Park. Noka ya Urema e a e kopanya, mme noka eno e latela mokgatšha ono go ya kwa borwa. Go nna le mafelo a magolo a a bongola a a nnang gone ka paka e le nngwe go dikologa dinoka tsa Pungwe le Urema mo karolong ya mokgatšha wa mogogoro. E tshologela mo Mozambique Channel kwa Beira, e dira noka e kgolo.<ref name=":1" />Ke nngwe ya dinoka tse dikgolo tsa Mozambique mme gantsi e baka merwalela.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Dithuso == Dinoka tse dikgolo tse di elelang kafa molemeng, go tswa kwa godimo go ya kwa tlase, ke Nhazonia, Txatola, Vinduzi le Nhandugue-Urema. Melatswana e e kafa mojeng ke Honde le Muda. == Mokgatsha wa Pungwe == Go ya ka tsamaiso, Pungwe Basin e akaretsa dikarolo tsa diporofense tsa Sofala le Manica kwa Mozambique, le karolo e kgolo ya Kgaolo ya Mutasa kwa Zimbabwe. Karolo e nnye ya lekadiba la Zimbabwe e wela mo Kgaolong ya Nyanga. Go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le boraro (2003), palo ya batho ba ba nnang mo mogorogorong wa Mozambique e fopholediwa go batho ba le 1,104,000 mme ya kwa lefatsheng la Zimbabwe e fopholediwa go batho ba le dikete tse robabongwe le borataro (96,000).<ref name=":1" /> == Ditsamaiso tsa go tlatsa metsi == Toropokgolo ya Beira kwa Mozambique e bona metsi a yone go tswa kwa Nokeng ya Pungwe. Tlhokego ya metsi ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bone (2004) go tswa kwa Beira/Dondo, e e neng e akaretsa mafelo a Mutua le Mafambisse, e ne e lekanyeditswe go nna 25,339 cubic metres (894,800 cu ft) ka letsatsi. Toropokgolo ya Mutare e tlamelwa ke Noka ya Pungwe ka thulaganyo ya go fetisetsa metsi kwa mafelong a mangwe. Metsi a a fetisediwang kwa go one a lekanyeditswe go nna bogolo jwa 0,7 cubic metres ka motsotswana (25 cu ft/s) ke ditlamelo tsa tetla ya metsi le thulaganyo ya thulaganyo. Mo godimo ga moo, ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e le masome a mabedi le bosupa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le botlhano (1995), go ne ga dumalanwa mo kopanong ya ditona tsa lefatshe la Mozambique le tsa lefatshe la Zimbabwe tse di ikarabelelang ka merero ya metsi gore metsi a ka tsewa mo Nokeng ya Pungwe go tlamela motse wa Mutare ka metsi, ka selekanyo se se kwa godimo sa 1 cubic meter ka motsotswana (35 cubic ft/s). Ka jalo, go tsewa ga metsi a a sa fetogeng a 60,480 m3/d (2,136 thousand ft3/d) ke motse wa Mutare go ile ga tsewa jaaka tlhokego ya metsi go tswa mo nokeng ya Pungwe. Kgaolo ya Motse wa Mutasa le yona e solofetswe go gogela metsi go tswa mo phaepeng ya Pungwe go tlamela metse e e mo tseleng ya yone.<ref name=":1" /> Go fopholediwa gore go fetoga ga tlelaemete go tla dira gore pula e fokotsege ka diperesente di le lesome ka ngwaga. Seno se raya gore go fokotsega ga metsi a dinoka le a a leng teng mo lekadibeng la Noka ya Pungwe, mme seno se ka nna le ditlamorago tse di masisi mo temothuong. Le fa go sa lebelelwa gore go fetofetoga ga selekanyo sa metsi a a elelang go tla fetoga thata fa ngwaga o ntse o feta, go sa lebelelwa gore go tla oketsega fa ngwaga o ntse o feta. Se se tla gakatsa merwalela le komelelo.<ref name=":0" /> == Metswedi == 7w7og85l1els7wo2put47amcczpxr33 0 13794 51178 2026-06-20T16:28:27Z Lucrucia98 12161 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA NOKA YA HONDE 51178 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Noka ya Honde''' e bidiwa Horn-de ke noka e e mo Eastern Highlands ya lefatshe la [[Zimbabwe]] e e elelang go ralala Honde Valley. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100104121154/http://www.zimparks.com/html/nyanga.html "Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority".] Archived from the original on 4 January 2010.</ref>E elela go tswa kwa Thabeng ya Inyangani kwa ntlheng ya bophirima jwa Mokgatšha wa Honde koo e kopanngwang ke dinoka tse di mmalwa tsa yone tse dikgolo: dinoka tsa Mupenga, Buu, Mtarazi le Ngarura. E elela metsi a yone mo Nokeng ya Pungwe, e e setseng e le kwa [[Mozambique]], e e elelang kwa Lewatleng la India. Diphororo tsa Mtarazi, tse di kwa godimo go gaisa kwa lefatsheng la [[Zimbabwe]] ka makgolo a supa le masome a marataro le bobedi (762 metres (2,500 ft) di elela mo Honde e e kwa borwa jwa Pungwe Gorge kwa mokgatšheng wa Noka ya Honde kwa ntle fela ga Phaka ya Bosetšhaba ya Nyanga.<ref>[http://www.britishairways.com/travel/131153-eventdetail/public/en_gb?eventID=31655 "British Airways - Information Page".] ''www.britishairways.com''. Retrieved 26 August 2024.</ref> Dikarolo tsa Honde kwa borwa jwa Nyanga di tshegetsa dimela tse di nonneng, tse di gaufi thata le sekgwa sa lefatshe la [[Zimbabwe]]. Kwa borwa, Honde e tlamela metsi a go nosetsa mo mafelong a a omileng.<ref>[https://www.zimbabwesituation.com/old/aug20a_2005.html "The Zimbabwe Situation"]. ''www.zimbabwesituation.com''. Retrieved 26 August 2024.</ref>Dikilometara tse makgolo a matlhano tsa sekwere (190 sq mi) tsa Honde Valley kwa lefatsheng la [[Zimbabwe]] di lengwa thata, gantsi ka dikanale tsa nosetso tse di fepiwang ka maatlakgogedi. Go dirisiwa thata dinoka tse dinnye tse di tsenang mo nokeng eno mo karolong eno ya Mokgatšha wa Honde.<ref>[https://websignon.warwick.ac.uk/origin/slogin?shire=https%3A%2F%2Fwarwick.ac.uk%2Fsitebuilder2%2Fshire-read&providerId=urn%3Awarwick.ac.uk%3Asitebuilder2%3Aread%3Aservice&target=https%3A%2F%2Fwarwick.ac.uk%2Ffac%2Fsci%2Feng%2Fresearch%2Fcivil%2Fcrg%2Fdtu-old%2Fpubs%2Fwp%2Fwp32%2Fwp32.pdf&status=notloggedin "Sign in"]. ''websignon.warwick.ac.uk''. Retrieved 26 August 2024.</ref> Noka ya Honde e bopa karolo ya molelwane wa lefatshe la Mozambique-Zimbabwe pele e elela mo nokeng ya Pungwe e e felelang e wela mo Lewatleng la India kwa Beira.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121013164339/https://www.dartmouth.edu/~floods/Archives/1988sum.htm "1988 Flood Archive".] Archived from the original on 13 October 2012</ref> == Metswedi == tjir5cxbgd34sdustemd2gckm8mpxty 0 13795 51179 2026-06-20T16:36:47Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Letsha la Edward 51179 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Lake edward sentinel-2.jpg|thumb|Letsha ka Edward]] '''Letsha la Edward''' (local Rwitanzigye or Rweru) ke lengwe la matsha a mannye a Afrika. E kwa Albertine Rift, lekala la bophirima la [[East African Rift]], mo molelwaneng magareng ga [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC) le [[Uganda]], le lebopo la yona la bokone dikilometara di le mmalwa kwa borwa jwa [[ekhweitha.]] == Ditso == Mmatlisisi wa kwa Wales e bong [[Henry Morton Stanley]] o ne a bona letsha leno la ntlha ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi le borobabobedi, fa a ne a le mo letsholong la go thusa [[Emin Pasha]]. Letsha leno le ne la tewa leina go tlotla [[Albert Edward]], Kgosana ya Wales, morwa wa mmusimogolo wa kwa Boritane e bong Kgosigadi Victoria, yo moragonyana a neng a nna Kgosi Edward VII. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le boraro, [[Uganda]] le [[Zaire]] (DRC) ya nako eo di ne tsa e bitsa Letsha la Idi Amin go tlotla mmusaesi wa kwa Uganda e bong Idi Amin. Morago ga go menolwa ga gagwe ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le borobabongwe, le ne la busediwa leina la lone la pele. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone, letsha leno e ne e le lefelo le go neng go ganetsanwa ka oli mo go lone. [[SOCO International]] e ne ya tsena mo lefelong la [[Virunga National Park]] le letsha leno le leng mo go lone go ya go batla oli. Le fa go ntse jalo, baagi ba motse le badiri ba ba neng ba leka go thibela kompone ya oli go tsena mo lefelong leo ba ne ba itewa le go tsewa ka dikgoka le go tlhokofadiwa. Go ne ga akanyediwa gore go dirwe dithulaganyo tsa go dira melelwane ya Virunga sesha le gore letsha leno le se ka la akarediwa. Le fa go ntse jalo, e re ka phaka e le lefelo la ngwaoboswa ya lefatshe mme letsha e le karolo ya lone, dithulaganyo tse di ntseng jalo di kgatlhanong le Tumalano ya [[Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe]].<ref>Gettleman, Jeffrey (2014-11-15). "[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/world/oil-dispute-takes-a-page-from-congos-bloody-past.html Oil Dispute Takes a Page From Congo's Bloody Past".] ''The New York Times''. ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331 0362-4331.] Retrieved 2017-12-21</ref> == Dipopego tsa lefatshe == Tsela e e dirilweng ka yone le tsela e metsi a elelang ka yone Letsha la Edward le bogodimo jwa dimetara di le makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi, le boleele jwa dikilometara di le masome a supa le bosupa le bophara jwa dikilometara di le masome a mane kwa mafelong a lone a a kwa godimo, mme le na le bogolo jwa disekwerekilometara di le dikete tse pedi ,makgolo a mararo le masome a mabedi le botlhano , e leng se se dirang gore e nne letsha la bo lesome le botlhano ka bogolo mo kontinenteng. Letsha leno le nosediwa ke Noka ya Nyamugasani, Noka ya Ishasha, [[Noka ya Rutshuru]], Noka ya Ntungwe le Noka ya Rwindi. [[Letsha la George]] le ya kwa bokone-botlhaba mme le tsena mo go lone ka [[Mosele wa Kazinga]]. Letsha la Edward le elela go ya kwa bokone ka [[Noka ya Semliki]] go tsena mo [[Letsha la Albert,]] koo le kopanelang le [[White Nile]] gone, mme kgabagare le elele kwa Nile. Karolo e e kwa bophirima ya Great Rift Valley e tlhatlogela kwa godimo go fitlha go dimetara di le 2.000 (6,600 ft) kwa godimo ga lotshitshi lo lo kwa bophirima lwa letsha. Mo lotshitshing lo lo kafa borwa le lo lo kafa botlhaba go na le dipoa tse di sephaphathi tsa lekgwamolelo. Dithaba tsa Ruwenzori di dikilometara di le masome a mabedi kwa bokone jwa letsha. <ref name=":0">Google Earth/Geographic Features/Volcanoes</ref> == Go thunya ga lekgwamolelo == Kgaolo eno e na le bosupi jo bontsi jwa gore go kile ga nna le makgwamolelo mo dingwageng di le dikete tse tlhamo tse di fetileng. Masimo a Makgwamolelo a Katwe-Kikorongo le Bunyaruguru, a a nang le dikhutlo tse ditona le dikhuti, a mo matlhakoreng oomabedi a Mosele wa Kazinga mo lotshitshing lo lo kwa bokonebophirima jwa letsha leno. Go akanngwa gore Lakes George le Edward di kile tsa bo di kopane jaaka letsha le le lengwe le legolo, mme seretse se se neng se tswa mo masimong ano se ne sa elela mme sa e kgaoganya, se tlogela fela Kazinga Channel e le masalela a kgolagano ya nako e e fetileng. Go ya kwa borwa go na le lekgwamolelo la May-ya-Moto le le dirang ka mogote le le bokgakala jwa dikilometara di le masome a mararo, mme lekgwamolelo la Nyamuragira kwa dithabeng tsa Virunga le bokgakala jwa dikilometara di le masome a robabobedi go ya kwa borwa, mme melapo ya lona ya seretse e ne ya fitlha kwa letsheng mo nakong e e fetileng. <ref name=":0" /> Tshimo ya Katwe-Kikorongo e na le dikhuti tse ditona le dikhonkone tse di akaretsang sebaka sa dikhilometara di le masome a mararo (19 mi) ka dikhilometara di lel lesome le botlhano (9.3 mi) magareng ga matsha a Edward le George, mme e akaretsa matsha a le supa a dikhuti. E tona go di feta tsotlhe, e leng Letšha la Katwe le le boleele jwa dikilometara di le dikete tse pedi le makgolo a matlhano, le na le khuti e e bophara jwa dikilometara di le nne mme le kgaogantswe le Letsha la Edward ke sekgala sa dimetara di le makgolo a mararo fela. Khuti e e ka nna dimetara di le lekgolo (330 ft) kwa tlase, mme letsha la Lake Katwe le ka nna dimetara di le masome a mane (130 ft) kwa tlase ga la Lake Edward. Go a gakgamatsa gore lefelo leno le le kafa borwabotlhaba jwa Ruwenzoris le ne le sa itsewe gore le tswa mo lekgwamolelong go fitlha le begwa ke G. F. Scott Elliot ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le bone . Stanley o ne a etela Letsha la Katwe ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe mme a lemoga gore letsha le na le metsi a a boteng, letswai la letsha, le motswedi wa metsi a a sulphurous gaufi, mme o ne a retelelwa ke go golaganya seno le volcanism.<ref>Holmes, A. and Harwood, H.F. (1932) [http://jgslegacy.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/1-4/370 "Petrology of the Volcanic Fields East and South-East of Ruwenzori, Uganda"], ''Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society'', '''88''' (1-4), p. 370–442, doi:[[doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1932.088.01-04.16|10.1144/GSL.JGS.1932.088.01-04.16]]</ref> Tshekatsheko ya tharabololo e e kwa godimo ya sebopego sa elemental sa calcite le biogenic silica (BSi) mo piston cores go tswa kwa Lake Edward, equatorial Africa, e kwadile dikamano tse di raraaneng magareng ga go fetofetoga ga tlelaemete le geochemistry ya letsha mo dingwageng tse diketet tse tlhano le makgolo a mane tse di fetileng. <ref>Russell, James M.; Johnson, Thomas C. (July 2005). "A high-resolution geochemical record from Lake Edward, Uganda Congo and the timing and causes of tropical African drought during the late Holocene". ''Quaternary Science Reviews''. '''24''' (12–13): 1375–1389. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005QSRv...24.1375R 2005QSRv...24.1375R]. doi:[[doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.003|10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.003.]] ISSN 0277-3791.</ref> Tshimo ya [[Bunyaruguru]] e e lekanang ka bogolo mo letlhakoreng le lengwe la [[Kazinga Channel]] e na le matsha a dikhuti a ka nna masome a mararo, mangwe a one a magolo go feta Letsha la Katwe. <ref>[https://rubirizi.go.ug/opportunites/mysterious-twin-lakes-rubirizi#:~:text=Rubirizi%20District%20formerly%20Bunyaruguru%20County,which%2032%20are%20crater%20lakes. "The mysterious twin lakes of Rubirizi | Rubirizi District".] ''rubirizi.go.ug''. Retrieved 2022-03-02.</ref><ref>[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/mystical-52-crater-lakes-valley-of-the-dead-of-bunyaruguru-1655932 "Mystical 52 crater lakes, valley of the dead of Bunyaruguru".] ''Monitor''. 2021-01-05. Retrieved 2022-03-02.</ref> == Metswedi == 3kra18u39pbvc8u7qldm2dr2apbwkgi 0 13796 51184 2026-06-20T17:02:21Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Letsha la Albert 51184 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Letsha la Albert''', le kwa tshimologong le neng le itsiwe jaaka '''Letsha la Mwitanzige''' ke [[Banyoro,]] Nam Ovoyo Bonyo ke [[Alur]], le ka nakwana jaaka '''Letsha la Mobutu Sese Seko''', ke letsha le le kwa [[Uganda]] le [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. Ke letsha la borataro le legolo go a gaisa otlhe mo Afrika e bile ke la bobedi le legolo go a gaisa otlhe mo matsheng a a bidiwang Great Lakes a Uganda. == Dipopego tsa lefatshe == Letsha la Albert le mo molelwaneng wa [[Uganda]] le [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. Ke letsha le le kwa bokone go a feta otlhe mo letlapeng la matsha a a mo Albertine Rift, e leng karolo e e kwa bophirima ya [[East African Rift]]. E boleele jwa dikilometara di le lekgolo le masome a marataro (99 mi) le bophara jwa dikilometara di le masome a mararo (19 mi), ka boteng jwa dimetara di le masome a matlhano le bongwe (167 ft), le bogodimo jwa dimetara di le makgolo a marataro le lesome le borobabongwe (2,031 ft) kwa godimo ga lewatle. Shoebill-Lake-Albert Letsha la Albert ke karolo ya thulaganyo e e raraaneng ya noka e e kwa godimo ya Nile. Metswedi ya yone e metona ke [[White Nile,]] e kgabagare e tswang kwa Letsheng la Victoria go ya kwa borwabotlhaba, le Noka ya Semliki, e e tswang kwa Letsheng la Edward go ya kwa borwabophirima. Metsi a Noka ya Victoria ga a na letswai le lentsi jaaka a Letsha la Albert. Lefelo le letsha leno le elelang kwa go lone, kwa ntlheng ya lone e e kwa bokone, ke karolo ya Albert Nile ya White Nile. Noka eno e ne ya itsege moragonyana e le Thaba ya Nile fa e tsena mo Sudan Borwa. Kwa ntlheng ya borwa jwa letsha leno, kwa Semliki e tsenang gone, go na le mafelo a a tletseng ka merwalela. Dithaba tsa Rwenzori di kwa borwa jwa letsha leno, mme kwa bokonebophirima go na le Dithaba Tsa Blue. Metse e le mmalwa e e mo lotshitshing e akaretsa Butiaba le Pakwach. == Dinonofo tsa metsi == Letsha la Albert Channel, Uganda (15192094327) Go farologana le [[letsha la Malawi]] le le boteng thata, [[letsha la Tanganyika]] le [[letsha la Kivu]], themperetšha ya metsi a letsha la Albert e tlhomame, gantsi e ka nna 27 ⁇ 29 °C (81 ⁇ 84 °F), mme le dikarolo tsa lone tse di boteng di na le okosejene. <ref name=":0">Green, J. (2009). "Nilotic Lakes of the Western Rift". In H.J. Dumont (ed.). ''The Nile''. Monographiae Biologicae. Vol. 89. Springer Science + Business Media B.V. pp. 263–286. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9725-6|<bdi>978-1-4020-9725-6</bdi>.]]</ref> Fa o lebile letsha la Albert o le mo lotshitshing lwa Buhuka, mo Kgaolong ya Kikuube Metsi ano a na le pH e e ka nnang 9 kgotsa e e kwa tlase ga yone mme motlakase o kgona go tsamaya ka selekanyo sa 720 ⁇ 780 μS/cm. Tseno ka bobedi di kwa godimo thata mo letsheng la metsi a a foreshe mme le fa go ntse jalo di kwa tlase go feta Letsha la Edward. <ref>Talling, J.F. (2009). "Physical and Chemical Water Characteristics". In H.J. Dumont (ed.). ''The Nile''. Monographiae Biologicae. Vol. 89. Springer Science + Business Media B.V. pp. 367–394. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9725-6|<bdi>978-1-4020-9725-6</bdi>.]]</ref> == Diphologolo == Letsha la Albert ke legae la diphologolo tse di tshelang mo metsing le tse di tshelang mo metsing jaaka di-dikubu, Diphala tsa [[Uganda kob]], [[dikwena tsa Nile]], di-monitor tsa Nile, di-softshell turtle tsa Afrika, di-mud turtle tsa Afrika Bogare, di-Williams' mud turtle, dinoga tse di tshelang mo metsing le digwagwa tse di farologaneng. Dinonyane tsa metsi di dintsi mme di akaretsa di-pelican, di-heron le di-shoebill tse di sa tlwaelegang. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190731054146/https://ugandawildlife.org/wildlife-a-conservation-2/conservation/ramsar-sites "Ramsar Sites".] ugandawildlife.org. Archived from [https://www.ugandawildlife.org/wildlife-a-conservation-2/conservation/ramsar-sites the original] on 31 July 2019. Retrieved 21 September 2019.</ref> == Ditlhapi le go tshwara ditlhapi == Go na le mefuta e le masome a matlhano le botlhano ya ditlhapi mo Letsheng la Albert. <ref name=":1">Wandera, S.B.; J.S. Balirwa (2010). "Fish species diversity and relative abundance in Lake Albert—Uganda". ''Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management''. '''13''' (3): 284–293. Bibcode:2010AqEHM..13..284W. doi[[doi:10.1080/14634988.2010.507120|:10.1080/14634988.2010.507120]]. S2CID 84735862.</ref>Ntle le dikwena tsa Nile, sebatana se segolo mo letsheng ke Nile perch (e e tlholegang mo letsheng; go farologana le matsha a mangwe a Rift Valley koo e tsentsweng teng le go tlhasela). Ditlhapi tse dingwe tse di tona tse di jang diphologolo di akaretsa tigerfish e telele, African tigerfish, marbled lungfish, Cornish jack, Bagrus docmak, African sharptooth catfish le vundu catfish. <ref name=":0" /> Mo godimo ga moo, go na le ditlhapi tse di botlhokwa tsa Nile tilapia, Niger barb, Albert lates, electric catfish le giraffe catfish tse di tshwarwang ka mekgwa e e tlwaelegileng ya go thaya ditlhapi,<ref name=":1" /> le mooki yo monnye wa Brycinus le Engraulicypris bredoi tse di tshwarwang thata ka go thaya ditlhapi tse di motlhofo.<ref>[http://aquaticcommons.org/20316/ "The Lake Albert light fishery"]. National Fisheries Resources Research Institute (Uganda). 2009. Retrieved 21 September 2019.</ref> Go fitlha go 30% ya ditlhagiswa tsa ditlhapi kwa Uganda di tswa kwa Letsheng la Albert.<ref name=":1" /> m3rwj1ov9squ981mdk9z3x0cyjq2w1j 0 13797 51185 2026-06-20T17:12:34Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Letsha la Katwe 51185 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Katwe Salt Lake.jpg|thumb|Letsha la letswai la Katwe]] '''Letsha la Katwe''' ke letsha le le nang le letswai le le kwa godimo le le kwa kgaolong ya [[Kasese]], kwa borwabophirima jwa Uganda. E itsege thata ka letswai le le kwa godimo mme e na le hisetori e e humileng ya meepo ya letswai ke baagi ba selegae. <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/gallery/2010/nov/19/salt-miners-lake-katwe-uganda "The salt miners of Lake Katwe in Uganda".] ''the Guardian''. 2010-11-22. ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077 0261-3077]. Retrieved 2023-06-15.</ref><ref name=":0">[https://www.globalnature.org/35621/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Katwe/resindex.aspx "GNF - Lake Katwe"]. ''www.globalnature.org''. Retrieved 2023-06-15.</ref><ref name=":1">[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/katwe-the-salt-mining-lake-1503108 "KATWE: The salt mining lake"]. ''Monitor''. 2021-01-05. Retrieved 2023-06-15.</ref> == Thutafatshe le popego == Letsha la Katwe le mo lefelong la lekgwamolelo la Katwe-Kikorongo, le le akaretsang setlhopha sa matsha a a nang le dikhuti mo kgaolong eno. Go akanngwa gore letsha leno le nnile gone ka ntlha ya go thunya ga lekgwamolelo mo lefelong leno. E golagantswe le matsha a mangwe mo kgaolong ka ditsela tsa ka fa tlase ga lefatshe mme e na le dikhemikale tse di tshwanang ka ntlha ya tlholego ya yone ya lekgwamolelo. <ref name=":2">[https://www.queenelizabethparkuganda.com/information/katwe-salt-works/ "Lake Katwe Salt Works".] ''Queen Elizabeth National Park''. 2019-02-27. Retrieved 2023-06-15.</ref> Go nna letswai le go dira meepo ya letswai Nngwe ya dilo tse di tlhomologileng ka Letsha la Katwe ke go bo le na le letswai le lentsi. Letsha leno le na le letswai le le ntsi le diminerale tse dingwe, e leng se se dirileng gore e nne lefelo le le botlhokwa la go epa letswai. Batho ba mo lefelong leo ba ile ba nna ba ntsha letswai mo letsheng la Katwe ka makgolokgolo a dingwaga, ba dirisa mekgwa ya setso e e akaretsang go gatsetsa metsi a letsha go bona dikristale tsa letswai. Letswai leno le dirisiwa mo dilong tse di farologaneng, go akaretsa go apaya, go boloka dijo le go di rekisa. <ref>[https://www.independent.co.ug/reviving-katwe-salt-factory/ "Reviving Katwe salt factory".] ''The Independent Uganda''. 2019-03-27. Retrieved 2023-06-15.</ref> == Botlhokwa jwa tikologo == [[Setshwantsho:Lake Katwe; The Enchanting Salt Lake of Uganda 01.jpg|thumb]] Le fa letsha la Katwe le na le letswai le lentsi thata, le dira gore go se ka ga nna le ditshedi tse dintsi tsa mo metsing, ditshedi dingwe tse dinnye le bolele di kgona go tshela mo tikologong eno e e maswe. Ditshedi tseno di na le seabe se se botlhokwa thata mo tikologong ya letsha leno mme di thusa mo go direng gore go nne le mefutafuta ya ditshedi. [ citation needed ] Botlhokwa jwa letsha leno mo tikologong ga bo felele fela mo dilong tsa tlholego. Gape e dira jaaka motswedi wa botlhokwa wa metsi mo baaging ba ba e dikologileng, e tlamela metsi a a dirisiwang mo malapeng le go tshegetsa nosetso ya temothuo. <ref name=":1" /> == Botlhokwa jwa setso le Ditso == Letsha la Katwe le na le botlhokwa jwa setso le ditso mo baaging ba lefelo leno. Go epiwa ga letswai e ntse e le tiro e e tlwaelegileng ya ikonomi mo kgaolong eno, e e ileng ya fetisediwa go tswa kokomaneng e nngwe go ya go e nngwe. Mekgwa ya meepo le kitso e e amanang le go ntshiwa ga letswai la Letsha la Katwe e bolokilwe le go fetisetswa jaaka karolo ya ngwao-boswa ya setso sa selegae. <ref name=":0" /> == Bojanala le go boloka tlhago == [[Setshwantsho:Lake Katwe; The Enchanting Salt Lake of Uganda 05.jpg|thumb|Letsha la Katwe]] Mo dingwageng tsa bosheng jaana, Letsha la Katwe le ile la ngoka kgatlhego ya bajanala le babatlisisi ba ba kgatlhegelang dilo tse di tlhomologileng ka lone. Baeti ba ka kgona go iponela ka matlho fa go ntshiwa letswai, go buisana le batho ba lefelo leo le go ithuta ka botlhokwa jwa letsha leno mo go tsa setso le tsa tikologo. Go dirwa maiteko a go lekalekanya bojanala le go sireletsa tikologo gore go nne le tlhabololo e e tswelelang ya lefelo leno. Tlhokomelo ya tikologo, mananeo a thuto le maiteko a go nna le seabe ga baagi a tsentswe tirisong go sireletsa tikologo e e bokoa ya Letsha la Katwe le go boloka ngwao-boswa jwa lone. <ref name=":2" /> qpm0yykawspcmfipvcnyrnn3xhsjquz 0 13798 51186 2026-06-20T17:27:07Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Letsha la Cohoha 51186 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Letsha la Cyohoha''' '''South''' kgotsa '''Cyohoha Sud''' jaaka le itsege kwa [[Rwanda]] kgotsa '''Letsha la Cohoha''' kwa [[Burundi]] ke letsha le lennye kwa Afrika Botlhaba. E mo molelwaneng wa [[Burundi]] le [[Rwanda|Rwanda.]] == Leina == Kwa Rwanda, letsha leno le itsege e le Cyohoha South go le farologanya le letsha le le gaufi le le lennye thata la Cyohoha North le le dikilometara di le lesome go ya kwa bokone jwa Rwanda. Kwa [[Burundi]], e itsege fela e le Cohoha. == Lefelo == Letsha la Cyohoha le dikilometara di le lesome kafa bophirima jwa Letsha le letona la Rweru, e leng letsha la bobedi mo molelwaneng wa [[Rwanda]] le [[Burundi]]. Ke letsha le le tshesane mme le le leleele le na le dikala tse dintsi. E kgaogantswe ke molelwane wa Rwanda le Burundi, le fa go ntse jalo, karolo ya yone e e kwa borwa e tsenelela gotlhelele mo Burundi. Letsha la Cyohoha le boleele jwa dikilometara di le masome a mararo le bobedi mme bophara jwa lone ke khilometara di e le nngwe. Botona jwa yone ke dikhilometara tse pedi(1.2 mi). Letsha leno le botona jwa disekwerekilometara di le masome a supa le bone , mme disekwerekilometara di le lesome le borobabongwe tsa lone di kwa Rwanda mme disekwerekilometara di le masome a matlhano le bolthano tsa lone di kwa Burundi. == Maranyane a metsi == Letsha la Cohoha le nosediwa ke Mosima wa Rugamura, o le one o nosediwang ke Noka ya Gatunguru, Noka ya Runyoni le Noka ya Nduruma. Noka ya Nduruma e nosetswa ke Matonnyanga kwa bokone jwa mokgokolosa wa Mukerwas, ke Runyuiya kwa borwa jwa mokgokolosa wa Rwimbogo le ke Gasuga, e e bopegang magareng ga mokgokolosa wa Kabirizi le wa Butihinda.<ref>[[:en:Lake_Cohoha#CITEREFKirundo_USDMA|Kirundo USDMA]]</ref><ref>There is some confusion between the Nduruma tributary of the Rugamura Marsh and the larger Nduruma River further to the east. A 2012 report on investment opportunities in renewable energy in Burundi includes a map that shows the larger Nduruma River extending beyond its source on the Defense Mapping Agency's 1994 map, then turning southwest and flowing to Lake Cohoha. The reality is that the eastern Nduruma River is fed by an unnamed tributary that flows from the Butihinda colline, not far from the source of the Gasuga tributary of the western Nduruma River.</ref> Letsha la Cyohoha South fela jaaka ntsalae Cyohoha North le elela mo Nokeng ya Akanyaru ka metseletsele ya mafelo a a nang le metsi a a kgokaganyang matsha ano le noka. <ref>[https://www.explorerwandatours.com/attractions/akanyaru-river.html "Akanyaru River"]. ''Explore Rwanda Tours''. Retrieved 16 July 2020.</ref><ref>[[:en:Lake_Cohoha#CITEREFLac_Cohoha_USDMA|Lac Cohoha USDMA.]]</ref> == Metswedi == 9kgrs41sa4mszwl91j7ofsnn75vt2ly 0 13799 51187 2026-06-20T17:29:03Z KatieKea 10150 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350679048|Rejoice Timire]]" 51187 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rejoice Timire''' (Moranang a supa ka 1959 – Phatwe a le lesome ka 2021) e ne e le molwela-ditshwanelo tsa ba-na-le-bogole wa Zimbabwe le lepolotiki yo o neng a direla mo [[Senateng ya Zimbabwe]] go tloga ka 2018 go fitlha a tlhokafala ka 2021, a emetse kgaolo ya botlhophi e e abetsweng batho ba ba golafetseng ka tsela e e kgethegileng. E le mmueledi wa nako e telele wa ditshwanelo tsa batho ba ba golafetseng, mme o nnile le seabe se segolo mo go tsenyeng melawana ya semmuso ya batho ba ba golafetseng mo [[Molaomotheong wa Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Addressing Inequalities in Parliament - Senator Rejoice Timire |url=https://www.undp.org/zimbabwe/stories/addressing-inequalities-parliament-senator-rejoice-timire |url-status=live}}</ref> == Ka ga gagwe == Rejoice Timire o tshotswe ka Moranang a supa ka ngwaga wa 1959 kwa motseng wa Musume mo [[Kgaolong ya Mberengwa]] kwa Zimbabwe. O tsene sekolo se sebotlana sa Matedzi le se segolwane sa Musume. O ithutile kgwebo kwa yunibesithing, mme a nna mme wa kgwebo mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1990. Ka 1998, Timire o ne a nna le kotsi kwa [[Cape Town]], kwa Afrika Borwa, mme seno sa dira gore [[a gobale thata mo lerapo la mokwatla]] mme a tlhoka go dirisa setilo sa maotwana. Morago ga kotsi ya gagwe, o ne a nna mmueledi yo o tlhageletseng wa batho ba ba golafetseng, segolobogolo basadi ba ba golafetseng, kwa Zimbabwe.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-08-11 |title=Senator Rejoice Timire Dies |url=https://www.thezimbabwemail.com/zimbabwe/senator-rejoice-timire-dies/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118004246/https://www.thezimbabwemail.com/zimbabwe/senator-rejoice-timire-dies/ |archive-date=2023-11-18 |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=[[The Zimbabwe Mail]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> O ne a nna leloko la Mokgatlho wa Tshegetso ya Basadi ba ba Golafetseng ka 2003, mme a nna mokaedi-khuduthamaga wa mokgatlho ono ka dingwaga tsa bo 2010.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=June 28, 2019 |title=Addressing Inequalities in Parliament - Senator Rejoice Timire |url=https://www.undp.org/zimbabwe/stories/addressing-inequalities-parliament-senator-rejoice-timire |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gama |first=Mavis |date=2016-10-03 |title=Abaphila Lobugoga Bakhala Ngemithetho Engelancedo |trans-title=Those Who Live in Old Age Complain About Unhelpful Laws |url=https://www.voandebele.com/a/abaphila-lobugoga-bakhala-ngemithetho-engelancedo/3534909.html |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=[[Voice of America]] |language=nd}}</ref> Gape e ne e le leloko la kokoano ya bakaedi ba Women's Coalition of Zimbabwe le Kokoano ya Ba-na-le-bogole.<ref name=":0" /> Ka Phatwe 2018, Timire o ne a tlhophiwa go tsena mo [[Senateng ya Zimbabwe]] go emela batho ba ba nang le bogole, e leng kgaolo ya botlhophi e e abetsweng ka tsela e e kgethegileng e mo go yone senator a le mongwe wa monna le a le mongwe wa mosadi ba tlhophiwang ke [[kholetšhe ya ditlhopho]] e e buletsweng baemedi go tswa kwa mekgatlhong e e kwadisitsweng ya batho ba ba nang le bogole. O ne a nna jaaka leloko la lekoko le le busang la [[ZANU–PF]]. Pele ga a nna senator, gape e ne e le mogakolodi wa letsholo le le kopanetsweng la [[European Union]] le [[Ditšhaba Tse di Kopaneng|Lekgotla la Ditshaba]] malebang le [[Zimbabwe|tirisodikgoka e e ikaegileng ka bong]] e e neng e lebisitswe mo basading ba ba nang le bogole kwa Zimbabwe.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-08-11 |title=Senator Rejoice Timire Dies |url=https://www.thezimbabwemail.com/zimbabwe/senator-rejoice-timire-dies/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118004246/https://www.thezimbabwemail.com/zimbabwe/senator-rejoice-timire-dies/ |archive-date=2023-11-18 |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=[[The Zimbabwe Mail]] |language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20231118004246/https://www.thezimbabwemail.com/zimbabwe/senator-rejoice-timire-dies/ "Senator Rejoice Timire Dies"]. </cite></ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=June 28, 2019 |title=Addressing Inequalities in Parliament - Senator Rejoice Timire |url=https://www.undp.org/zimbabwe/stories/addressing-inequalities-parliament-senator-rejoice-timire |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.undp.org/zimbabwe/stories/addressing-inequalities-parliament-senator-rejoice-timire "Addressing Inequalities in Parliament - Senator Rejoice Timire"]. </cite></ref> == Metswedi == p0ygjpc9ir10gdaexxyfdpz6pi40eyd 51190 51187 2026-06-20T17:48:17Z KatieKea 10150 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350679048|Rejoice Timire]]" 51190 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rejoice Timire''' (Moranang a supa ka 1959 – Phatwe a le lesome ka 2021) e ne e le molwela-ditshwanelo tsa ba-na-le-bogole wa Zimbabwe le lepolotiki yo o neng a direla mo [[Senateng ya Zimbabwe]] go tloga ka 2018 go fitlha a tlhokafala ka 2021, a emetse kgaolo ya botlhophi e e abetsweng batho ba ba golafetseng ka tsela e e kgethegileng. E le mmueledi wa nako e telele wa ditshwanelo tsa batho ba ba golafetseng, mme o nnile le seabe se segolo mo go tsenyeng melawana ya semmuso ya batho ba ba golafetseng mo [[Molaomotheong wa Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Addressing Inequalities in Parliament - Senator Rejoice Timire |url=https://www.undp.org/zimbabwe/stories/addressing-inequalities-parliament-senator-rejoice-timire |url-status=live}}</ref> == Ka ga gagwe == Rejoice Timire o tshotswe ka Moranang a supa ka ngwaga wa 1959 kwa motseng wa Musume mo [[Kgaolong ya Mberengwa]] kwa Zimbabwe. O tsene sekolo se sebotlana sa Matedzi le se segolwane sa Musume. O ithutile kgwebo kwa yunibesithing, mme a nna mme wa kgwebo mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1990. Ka 1998, Timire o ne a nna le kotsi kwa [[Cape Town]], kwa Afrika Borwa, mme seno sa dira gore [[a gobale thata mo lerapo la mokwatla]] mme a tlhoka go dirisa setilo sa maotwana. Morago ga kotsi ya gagwe, o ne a nna mmueledi yo o tlhageletseng wa batho ba ba golafetseng, segolobogolo basadi ba ba golafetseng, kwa Zimbabwe.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-08-11 |title=Senator Rejoice Timire Dies |url=https://www.thezimbabwemail.com/zimbabwe/senator-rejoice-timire-dies/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118004246/https://www.thezimbabwemail.com/zimbabwe/senator-rejoice-timire-dies/ |archive-date=2023-11-18 |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=[[The Zimbabwe Mail]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> O ne a nna leloko la Mokgatlho wa Tshegetso ya Basadi ba ba Golafetseng ka 2003, mme a nna mokaedi-khuduthamaga wa mokgatlho ono ka dingwaga tsa bo 2010.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=June 28, 2019 |title=Addressing Inequalities in Parliament - Senator Rejoice Timire |url=https://www.undp.org/zimbabwe/stories/addressing-inequalities-parliament-senator-rejoice-timire |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gama |first=Mavis |date=2016-10-03 |title=Abaphila Lobugoga Bakhala Ngemithetho Engelancedo |trans-title=Those Who Live in Old Age Complain About Unhelpful Laws |url=https://www.voandebele.com/a/abaphila-lobugoga-bakhala-ngemithetho-engelancedo/3534909.html |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=[[Voice of America]] |language=nd}}</ref> Gape e ne e le leloko la kokoano ya bakaedi ba Women's Coalition of Zimbabwe le Kokoano ya Ba-na-le-bogole.<ref name=":0" /> Ka Phatwe 2018, Timire o ne a tlhophiwa go tsena mo [[Senateng ya Zimbabwe]] go emela batho ba ba nang le bogole, e leng kgaolo ya botlhophi e e abetsweng ka tsela e e kgethegileng e mo go yone senator a le mongwe wa monna le a le mongwe wa mosadi ba tlhophiwang ke [[kholetšhe ya ditlhopho]] e e buletsweng baemedi go tswa kwa mekgatlhong e e kwadisitsweng ya batho ba ba nang le bogole. O ne a nna jaaka leloko la lekoko le le busang la [[ZANU–PF]]. Pele ga a nna senator, gape e ne e le mogakolodi wa letsholo le le kopanetsweng la [[European Union]] le [[Ditšhaba Tse di Kopaneng|Lekgotla la Ditshaba]] malebang le [[Zimbabwe|tirisodikgoka e e ikaegileng ka bong]] e e neng e lebisitswe mo basading ba ba nang le bogole kwa Zimbabwe.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-08-11 |title=Senator Rejoice Timire Dies |url=https://www.thezimbabwemail.com/zimbabwe/senator-rejoice-timire-dies/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118004246/https://www.thezimbabwemail.com/zimbabwe/senator-rejoice-timire-dies/ |archive-date=2023-11-18 |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=[[The Zimbabwe Mail]] |language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20231118004246/https://www.thezimbabwemail.com/zimbabwe/senator-rejoice-timire-dies/ "Senator Rejoice Timire Dies"]. </cite></ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=June 28, 2019 |title=Addressing Inequalities in Parliament - Senator Rejoice Timire |url=https://www.undp.org/zimbabwe/stories/addressing-inequalities-parliament-senator-rejoice-timire |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.undp.org/zimbabwe/stories/addressing-inequalities-parliament-senator-rejoice-timire "Addressing Inequalities in Parliament - Senator Rejoice Timire"]. </cite></ref> Ka maemo a gagwe jaaka senator, Timire o ne a dirisana le [[United Nations Partnership on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities]] le mekgatlho e mengwe ya ditshwanelo tsa batho ba ba nang le Bogole go kwala melawana ya semmuso ya batho ba ba nang le Bogole ya Zimbabwe. Thulaganyo e e ne e ikaeletse go tlhabolola Molao wa Batho ba ba Golafetseng wa 1992 o o siilweng ke nako le go o golaganya le [[Molaomotheo wa Zimbabwe]]. Molawana wa Bosetšhaba wa Bogole o ne wa thankgololwa semmuso ke tautona [[Emmerson Mnangagwa]] ka Seetebosigo 2021.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=June 28, 2019 |title=Addressing Inequalities in Parliament - Senator Rejoice Timire |url=https://www.undp.org/zimbabwe/stories/addressing-inequalities-parliament-senator-rejoice-timire |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.undp.org/zimbabwe/stories/addressing-inequalities-parliament-senator-rejoice-timire "Addressing Inequalities in Parliament - Senator Rejoice Timire"]. </cite></ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Machivenyika |first=Farirai |date=June 12, 2021 |title=People Living With Disabilities Hail New Policy |url=https://www.herald.co.zw/people-living-with-disabilities-hail-new-policy/ |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=[[The Herald (Zimbabwe)|The Herald]] |language=en}}</ref> Timire gape o ne a buelela gore go nne [[le phitlhelelo e e botoka ya go senya mpa]], a umaka dintsho tse di oketsegang tse di bakiwang ke [[go senya mpa]] mo go seng ka fa molaong, mmogo le go oketsa didirisiwa tsa boitekanelo jwa tlhaloganyo tsa batho ba ba nang le bogole ka nako ya [[leroborobo la COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chikono |first=Melody |date=December 18, 2019 |title=Zimbabwe's High Maternal Mortality Rate Could Push a Lift on Abortion Restrictions |url=https://womensmediacenter.com/women-under-siege/zimbabwes-high-maternal-mortality-rate-could-push-a-lift-on-abortion-restrictions |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=[[Women's Media Center]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2020-10-15 |title=Govt Calls for End to Mental Health Stigma |url=https://thestreetjournal.org/zimbabwe-govt-calls-for-end-to-mental-health-stigma/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118033123/https://thestreetjournal.org/zimbabwe-govt-calls-for-end-to-mental-health-stigma/ |archive-date=2023-11-18 |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=The Street Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Ka Motsheganong 2021, o ne a tlhopha paakanyo ya molaomotheo e e neng ya atolosa dithata tsa ga Tautona Mnangagwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mangwaya |first=Miriam |date=2021-05-05 |title='Sad Day for Democracy' |url=https://nehandaradio.com/2021/05/05/sad-day-for-democracy/ |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=Nehanda Radio |language=en-US}}</ref> Timire o tlhokafetse ka ntlha ya [[COVID-19]] kwa bookelong jwa Mbuya Dorcas kwa [[Harare]] ka Phatwe a le lesome ka ngwaga wa 2021, a le dingwaga di le masome a marataro le bobedi. O fitlhilwe kwa mabitleng a Glenforest kwa Harare. Loso lwa gagwe lo ne lwa akgolwa ke balweladitshwanelo ba le bantsi ba ba tlhageletseng ba bogole, go akaretsa le ditlhogo tsa Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba ya Bogole le Trust ya Batho ba ba sa utweng ya Zimbabwe, mmogo le senator-ka-ene wa bogole [[Watson Khupe]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-08-11 |title=Senator Rejoice Timire Dies |url=https://www.thezimbabwemail.com/zimbabwe/senator-rejoice-timire-dies/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118004246/https://www.thezimbabwemail.com/zimbabwe/senator-rejoice-timire-dies/ |archive-date=2023-11-18 |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=[[The Zimbabwe Mail]] |language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20231118004246/https://www.thezimbabwemail.com/zimbabwe/senator-rejoice-timire-dies/ "Senator Rejoice Timire Dies"]. </cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Njema |first=Safari |date=2021-08-12 |title=Seneta Rejoice Timire, Avo Vakashaya neChirwere cheCovid-19, Varadzikwa Nhasi muHarare |trans-title=Senator Rejoice Timire, Who Died of Covid-19, Was Laid to Rest Today in Harare |url=https://www.voashona.com/a/zimbabwe-female-senator-who-died-from-covid-19-was-buried-in-harare-today/6000525.html |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=[[Voice of America]] |language=sn}}</ref> == Metswedi == 36u2xyxs0h4g79qh1jauhx0yb62loy0 0 13800 51188 2026-06-20T17:30:53Z Lucrucia98 12161 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YANOKA YA BUZI 51188 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Cyclone Idai floods near Beira 2019-3-19 by ESA Copernicus Sentinel-1.jpg|thumb|Setshwantso sa noka ya buzi]] '''Noka ya Buzi''' (Portuguese: Rio Búzi) ke noka ya lefatsheng la [[Mozambique]]. Noka ya Buzi e tswa kwa Eastern Highlands (kgotsa kwa Manica Highlands) mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe la [[Mozambique]] le lefatshe la Zimbabwe, mme e elela go ya kwa botlhaba go ralala diporofense tsa Manica le Sofala tsa Mozambique. E elela go ya kwa Mozambique Channel kwa bophirima jwa Beira, e dira noka e kgolo le [[Noka ya Pungwe.]] == Dipopego tsa lefatshe == Noka ya Buzi e boleele jwa dikilometara di le makgolo a mararo le masome a supa le bone , mme e na le metsi a dikilometara di le dikete tse tharo le bongwe (31 000) ka bogolo. Selekanyo sa ngwaga le ngwaga sa metsi a e a tshololang ke 79 m3/s (2,790 cfs) go ya go 315 m3/s (11,100 cu ft/s) kwa molomong wa yone.<ref>[https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=158&catid=321&Itemid=179 "Indian Ocean Coast"]</ref><ref>; online at [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ittv1oAJ37sC Google Books]</ref> <ref>Alicia Bustillos Ardaya (2012). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277533245_FLOOD_FORECASTING_MODELING_FOR_THE_BUZI_RIVER_BASIN_IN_MOZAMBIQUE "Flood forecasting modeling for the Buzi River Basin in Mozambique".] doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.2603.7928. Retrieved 17 February 2021.</ref> Gantsi e baka merwalela, gantsi e dira dipoa tsa merwalela mmogo le Noka e kgolo ya Pungwe. Dombé le Búzi di fa dintshing tsa noka eno. == Dithuso == Noka ya Buzi le melatswana ya yone e megolo e tlhatlogela kwa Eastern Highlands, kana kwa Manica Highlands, go bapa le molelwane wa lefatshe la [[Zimbabwe]]. Dingwe tsa dinoka tse di fa godimo ga noka ya Buzi di elela kwa Zimbabwe, mme mo mafelong a mangwe molelwane wa boditšhabatšhaba o latela molelwane wa kgaolo ya metsi. Noka ya Revué ke nngwe ya dinoka tse dikgolo tse di elelang kwa bokone, mme e elela kwa Dithabeng tsa Botlhaba gaufi le Machipanda. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le boferabobedi (1968), puso ya bokoloniale ya Mozambique e ne ya aga letamo la motlakase wa metsi la Chicamba go kgabaganya Revué go bopa Letsha la Chicamba.<ref>[[:en:Buzi_River_(Mozambique)#cite_note-5|Briggs, Philip (2011)''Mozambique''. Brandt Travel Guides, 2011. p. 217]]</ref> Noka ya Lucite, e e itsegeng kwa Zimbabwe e le Rusitu kgotsa Lusitu, ke yone e e elelang go tswa kwa bogareng go ya kwa tlase, e e kopanelang le Buzi kwa godimo ga Revué. Noka ya Mossurize e kopana le Buzi go tswa kwa borwabophirima, kwa godimo ga Lucite. Noka ya Save e na le metsi a a tswang kwa bophirima le borwabophirima jwa noka ya Buzi. Lefelo le le kgaoganyang metsi a Pungwe le kwa bokone. == Metswedi == l34l06bcm1obauy8kjqgox29so0oo7k 0 13801 51189 2026-06-20T17:37:49Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Letsha la Birira 51189 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Letsha la Birira''' (le gape le itsegeng jaaka Letsha la Birara kgotsa Letsha la Bilira) <ref>[http://www.getamap.net/maps/rwanda/kibungo/_birira_lac/ "Lac Birira"]. ''getamap.net''. Retrieved 6 April 2026.</ref> ke letsha la kwa [[Rwanda]], le le kwa motsaneng wa Botlhaba le [[Kgaolo ya Ngoma]]. Letsha leno gape le bidiwa Lac Bilira mo metsweding mengwe.<ref>[https://rw.geoview.info/lac_bilira,203161 "Lac Bilira"]. ''GeoView''. Retrieved 6 April 2026</ref> == Dipopego tsa lefatshe == Letsha la Birira ke karolo ya Upper Kagera Lakes Complex, setlhopha sa matsha a a anameng go ralala Rwanda le Burundi. <ref name=":0">[https://www.fao.org/4/t0473e/T0473E10.htm "The Upper Kagera Lakes Complex"]. ''Source book for the inland fishery resources of Africa''. FAO. Retrieved 6 April 2026.</ref>Se se akaretsa matsha a mangwe jaaka Gaharwa le Gashanga kwa Rwanda, le Ingitamo, Kacamurinda, Kanzigiri, Lirwihinda, le Rungazi kwa Burundi.<ref name=":0" /> Letsha leno le bogodimo jwa dimetara di le sekete,makgolo a mararo le botlhano go tswa mo boalong jwa lewatle mme ke karolo ya molapo o motona wa Noka ya Kagera. == Metswedi == k3xin0u1kp49ivet6uheqdahgkzwqyl 0 13802 51191 2026-06-20T18:17:50Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Letsha la Cyambwe 51191 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:ISS012-E-17845 - View of Rwanda (cropped Lakes Nasho Cyambwe Mpanga).jpg|thumb|Letsha la Cyambwe]] '''Letsha la Cyambwe''' (le le itsegeng gape jaaka Letsha la Rwehikama) ke letsha le le leng kwa kgaolwaneng ya Botlhaba ya Rwanda, mo Kgaolong ya Kayonza, gaufi le motse wa Rwamatare.<ref>[https://www.mindat.org/feature-201445.html "Lake Cyambwe, Eastern Province, Rwanda".] ''Mindat.org''. Retrieved 6 April 2026.</ref> <ref name=":0">[https://rw.geoview.info/lac_cyambwe,201445 "Lake Cyambwe, Rwanda near Eastern Province".] ''rw.geoview.info''. Retrieved 6 April 2026.</ref> Letsha le na le botona jwa 22,6 km2 mme le kwa bogodimong jwa dimetara di ka nna sekete,makgolo a mabedi le masome a robabobedi le borataro ka godimo ga boalo jwa lewatle.<ref>[https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Lake/AFR-255 "Lake Cyambwe AFR-255"]. ''World Lake Database, ILEC''. Retrieved 6 April 2026.</ref>Boleele jwa yone bo begilwe e le dikilometara di ka nna 38.59. <ref>[https://sandee.com/rwanda/eastern-province/akagera-village/lake-cyambwe "Lake Cyambwe"]. ''Sandee''. Retrieved 6 April 2026.</ref> == Dipopego tsa lefatshe == Letsha la Cyambwe le kwa Kgaolong ya Kayonza kwa kgaolwaneng ya Botlhaba ya Rwanda, gaufi le motse wa Rwamatare. <ref>[https://www.mindat.org/feature-201445.html "Lake Cyambwe, Eastern Province, Rwanda".] ''Mindat.org''. Retrieved 6 April 2026.</ref>Letsha le kwa bogodimong jwa dimetara di ka nna sekete,makgolo a mabedi le masome a robabobedi le borataro godimo ga lewatle, jaaka go begilwe ke data ya digital elevation model. <ref name=":0" />Ke karolo ya lefelo la Akagera la mafulo, le le mo gare ga setlhopha sa matsha a a akaretsang [[Letsha la Nasho]] le [[Letsha la Mpanga.]]<ref>[https://rw.geoview.info/lac_cyambwe,16162370r "Lake Cyambwe (water)".] ''rw.geoview.info''. Retrieved 6 April 2026.</ref>ETI Mpanga e e nosetsang e fa gare ga Letsha la Mpanga le Letsha la Cyambwe, mme gape e kgabagantswe ke [[Noka ya Akagera]]. <ref>Nsengiyumva, J. N.; et al. (2025). [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44378-025-00115-7 "Geospatial analysis of soil hydraulic properties in the ETI Mpanga irrigation scheme of Rwanda"]. ''Discover Applied Sciences''. Retrieved 6 April 2026.</ref> == Tikologo le tiriso == Letsha la Cyambwe le kgobokanngwa mo gare ga matsha a Nasho Basin, mmogo le [[Nasho]], [[Mpanga]], Kagese, le Rwakibare.<ref>[https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/rwa151563.pdf <nowiki>"Progress Report on [Fisheries]"</nowiki>] (PDF). ''FAOLEX''. Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 6 April 2026.</ref>] Mmogo le matsha a mangwe a a kwa tlase a Akagera, letsha le dira lefelo le le botlhokwa la go tshwara ditlhapi kwa Rwanda, ka thobo e tona ya ditlhapi e e begilweng mmogo le matsha a Ihema, Rwanyakizinga, Mihindi, Nasho le Rwampanga. <ref>[https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/rw/rw-nr-05-en.pdf "CBD Fifth National Report – Rwanda (English version)"] (PDF). ''Convention on Biological Diversity''. Retrieved 6 April 2026.</ref> == Metswedi == ljpi7aqlwsvcvt4168aog46u7d86658 0 13803 51194 2026-06-20T18:31:33Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Letsha la Mpanga 51194 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:ISS012-E-17845 - View of Rwanda.jpg|thumb|Letsha la Mpanga (kafa mojeng), Nasho (kafa molemeng) le Letsha la Cyambwe (mo gare) le Noka ya Kagera ka kgwedi ya Hirikgong ngwaga wa 2006]] '''Letsha la Mpanga''' ke letsha le le mo '''Mpanga''' sector ya Kgaolo ya Kirehe mo motsaneng wa Botlhaba ya [[Rwanda|Rwanda.]] E mo teng ga [[noka ya Kagera]] mme e botona jwa 9,5 square kilometres. == Dipopego tsa lefatshe == Letsha la Mpanga le na le bogolo jwa 9,5 km2 le bophara jwa 17,5 km. E boleele jwa dikilometara di le supa le bophara jwa dikilometara di le 2,2. Boteng jwa yone ke 5,2 m, boteng jo bo kwa godimo ke 7,0 m le bogolo jwa yone e ka nna 32,600,000 m3.<ref name=":0">J.P. Vanden Bossche and G.M. Bernacsek (1990). "Rwanda (Contd.)". ''[https://www.fao.org/3/T0473E/T0473E08.htm Source book for the inland fishery resources of Africa: 1]''. CIFA Technical Paper. Vol. 18. Rome: [[:en:Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations|Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]]. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/92-5-102983-0|92-5-102983-0]]</bdi>. Retrieved 6 April 2026.</ref><ref name=":1">R. H. Hughes & J. S. Hughes (1992). ''[https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1992-007.pdf A Directory of African Wetlands]'' (PDF). [[:en:IUCN|IUCN]]. pp. 199–210. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/2-88032-949-3|2-88032-949-3]]</bdi>. Retrieved 6 April 2026.</ref>Letsha le kwa bogodimong jwa dimetara di ka nna sekete,makgolo a mabedi le masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe (4,229 ft) fa godimo ga lewatle. <ref name=":1" />Go ela kwa bokonebophirima go na le [[Letsha la Cyambwe]]. Go ya kwa borwabotlhaba go tsamaya NR25 (National Route 25). === Dikarolo tsa mmele === Themperetšha ya metsi e farologana go tswa go 22 go ya go 25 °C kwa godimo le 22 go ya go 23 °C kwa tlase. PH e fa gare ga 7.72 kwa godimo ga metsi le 7.05 kwa tlase. Ditekanyo tseno di tswa mo patlisisong ya ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe ya Mokgatlho wa Dijo le Temothuo; ga go na tshedimosetso epe ya bosheng ya fisikisi le ya khemikale e e bonweng ka ga Letsha la Mpanga. == Itsholelo == Letsha leno le dirisediwa go tshwara ditlhapi. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le botlhano , tshwaro ya ngwaga le ngwaga e ne e ka nna ditone di le masome a mararo.<ref name=":0" /> Palo eno e tserwe go tswa mo metsweding ya tshedimosetso ya ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe ya Mokgatlho wa Dijo le Temothuo e e kokoantsweng ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le botlhano ; ga go na dipalopalo tsa bosheng tse di kgethegileng tsa ditlhapi tsa Letsha la Mpanga tse di lemogilweng. == Metswedi == etadrx7xmhoaw1zh4hfgtq8x5b8ktdb 0 13804 51195 2026-06-20T18:32:52Z Lucrucia98 12161 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA NOKA YA SAVE 51195 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Bridge over Savi River.JPG|thumb|noka ya save]] '''Noka ya Save''', kgotsa Noka ya Sabi (Portuguese) ke noka ya makgolo a marataro le masome a mane (640 km (400 mi) ya borwabotlhaba jwa Afrika, e e elelang go ralala lefatshe la [[Zimbabwe]] le lefatshe la [[Mozambique]].<ref name=":0">[http://www.britannica.com/place/Sabi-River Sabi River]</ref><ref name=":1">Massuanganhe, Elídio A.; Macamo, Celia; Westerberg, Lars-Ove; Salomão, Bandeira; Mavume, Alberto; Ribeiro, Eunice (2015). "Deltaic coasts under climate-related catastrophic events – Insights from the Save River delta, Mozambique". ''Ocean & Coastal Management''. '''116'''. Elsevier: 331–340. doi:[[doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015.08.008|10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015.08.008.]]</ref>Noka e simologa kwa lefatsheng la [[Zimbabwe]], dikilometara di le masome a robaboedi kwa borwa jwa Harare, e elela go ya kwa borwa le kwa botlhaba, go tswa kwa Zimbabwean highveld go fitlha kwa e kopanelang teng le Noka ya Odzi. Go tswa foo e retologela kwa borwa, e wela kwa godimo ga diphororo tsa Chivirira ("Lefelo la go Boela") mme e elela go ela kwa ntlheng ya bophirima jwa Eastern Highlands ya lefatshe la Zimbabwe, e dira mokgatšha o o omileng wa noka mo moriting wa pula wa dithaba tseno. E kopanngwa le Noka ya Runde kana Lundi kwa molelwaneng wa lefatshe la [[Mozambique]], e dira motswedi o mogolo kwa Mahenya. Go tswa foo e kgabaganya lefatshe la [[Mozambique]] e bo e elela mo Lewatleng la India mo e ka nnang ka 21°S. Noka ya Save e ne e nosetsa masimo a sukiri, mme gone jaanong e thusa mo go lemeng ditatlele, katune, reise le korong. Gape ke motswedi wa go tshwara ditlhapi tse dinnye mo baaging ba selegae. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> E kgaoganya lefatshe la Mozambique ka tsamaiso, sepolotiki, morafe le tikologo: * Ka nako ya bokoloniale, diyuniti tsa tsamaiso tsa kgaolo e e kwa borwa jwa Save di ne tsa fetoga fa nako e ntse e tsamaya, mme tse di neng di le teng nako e telele e ne e le dikgaolo tsa Gaza le Inhambane; ga jaana, Save e kgaoganya metsana ya Gaza le Inhambane go ya borwa, go tswa go tsa Manica le Sofala go ya bokone: * Mo go tsa sepolotiki, "kwa borwa jwa Save" go ka tsewa e le lefelo le le nonofileng la Frelimo, fa kgaolo e e kwa bokone e le yone e e tshegetsang Renamo thata; * Save e kgaoganya ditlhopha tsa merafe tse di buang puo ya Se-Shangane (kgotsa Se-Tsonga), kwa borwa, go tswa go tse di buang dipuo tsa setlhopha sa Se-Shona kwa bokone; * Go ya ka ikholoji, fa Noka ya Save e elela mo Lewatleng la India, molomo wa yone o tsamaelana le go kgaoganngwa ga ditikologo tsa lewatle tsa boboatsatsi, go ya kwa bokone, go tswa kwa ditikologong tsa boboatsatsi; ditikologo tsa lefatshe di bontsha pharologano e nnye go bapa le dipoa tsa lotshitshi kwa bokone le borwa jwa noka, mme mo teng ga naga koo Dithaba tsa Chimanimani di simololang teng, sekgwa sa dithaba se a gola, se se farologaneng gotlhelele le dikgwa tse di fitlhelwang kwa borwa. Delta ya Noka ya Save e akaretsa dikgwa tsa mangrove tse di akaretsang dikilometara di le lekgolo mo lotshitshing lwa Lewatle la India. Baagi ba metse ya delta ba dirisa dikgwa tsa di-mangrove go rema dikgong le go tshwara ditlhapi tse dinnye. Tikologo ya noka e e kwa tlase ya Save River e amilwe ke dikgwanyape, merwalela, kgogolego, merwalela ya kwa lotshitshing le ditsunami.<ref name=":1" /> Go ya ka ditso e ne e le tsela ya go rwala gauta le dithoto tsa kgwebo magareng ga lobopo le naga e e kwa morago e e neng e le ya tlhabologo ya Great Zimbabwe mo ngwagakgolong wa bo lesome le boraro le wa bo lesome le bone morago ga Keresete. == Metswedi == toncp0jqe85bkgh0xcpzai8lcsi5usw 0 13805 51196 2026-06-20T18:46:09Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Letsha la Cyohoha North 51196 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:ISS012-E-17842 - View of Burundi (cropped Lake Cyohoha North).jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa letsha la Cyohoha North se se tserweng ka sathalaete]] '''Letsha la Cyohoha North''' le le itsegeng gape jaaka '''Letsha la Cyohoha''' le kwa Kgaolong ya Bugesera, kwa motsaneng wa Botlhaba ya [[Rwanda]]. <ref>[https://rw.geoview.info/lac_cyohoha_nord,202320 "Lac Cyohoha Nord lake, Eastern Province, Rwanda".] ''rw.geoview.info''. Retrieved 6 April 2026.</ref> == Dipopego tsa lefatshe == Letsha la Cyohoha Bokone le kwa bokone jwa Letsha la Cyohoha Borwa (Letsha la Cohoha). Metsi a elela go tsena mo letsheng go tswa kwa Murago Wetlands mme a elela go ya kwa bophirima go tsena mo Nokeng ya Akanyaru.<ref name=":0">Hughes, R. H.; Hughes, J. S. (1992). ''[https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1992-007.pdf A Directory of African Wetlands]'' (PDF). [[:en:IUCN|IUCN.]] pp. 199–210. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/2-88032-949-3|2-88032-949-3]]</bdi>. Retrieved 6 April 2026.</ref> <ref>[https://www.dw.com/fr/burundi-s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9-alimentaire-et-r%C3%A9conciliation/a-15639531 "Burundi : sécurité alimentaire et réconciliation – DW – 01/01/2012".] ''dw.com'' (in French). Retrieved 6 April 2026.</ref><ref>[https://africafantastic.bi/index.php/explore/12-lac-cohoha "Lac Cohoha"]. ''africafantastic.bi''. Retrieved 6 April 2026.</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, metsi a letsha la Cyohoha North a fokotsegile thata, mo e leng gore fa e sa le ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi, letsha leno ga le tlhole le na le metsi. Bogodimo jwa metsi a a setseng ke 0.56 km2.<ref>Vanden Bossche, J.P.; Bernacsek, G.M. (1990). "Rwanda"[https://www.fao.org/3/T0473E/T0473E07.htm#ch15 . ''Source book for the inland fishery resources of Africa: 1''.] CIFA Technical Paper. Vol. 18. Rome: [[:en:Food_and_Agriculture_Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization.]] ISBN <bdi>92-5-102983-0</bdi>. Retrieved 6 April 2026.</ref><ref>[https://waterportal.rwb.rw/index.php/catchment-level-1/25 "Akanyaru Catchment (NAKN)"]. ''Rwanda Water Portal''. Retrieved 6 April 2026.</ref>Pele ga moo, ka nako ya merwalela, e ne e le 12 km2. Letsha leno le le seng boteng le ne le le boleele jwa dikilometara di le lesome le bobedi le bophara jwa kilometara di le nngwe. <ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://fr.getamap.net/cartes/rwanda/kigali/_cyohohanord_lac/ "Lac Cyohoha Nord (Cyohohanord Lac) Carte (Plan), Photos et la meteo - (Rwanda): lac - Latitude:-2.24444 and Longitude:30.1283".] ''fr.getamap.net''. Retrieved 6 April 2026.</ref> == Dimela le diphologolo == Mefuta ya dimela tse di tlhaselang tse di fitlhelwang mo letsheng di akaretsa hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum), curled pondweed (Potamogeton crispus) le lotus ya naledi (Nymphaea nouchali). Water hyacinth gape e bakile mathata a a masisi a tikologo mo letsheng, e ama ditiro tsa go thaya ditlhapi le selekanyo sa metsi.<ref>[https://www.rema.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/Effectiveness_and_Sustainability_of_Aquatic_Invasive_Plants_Management_in_Lake_Cyohoha_North.pdf "Effectiveness and Sustainability of Aquatic Invasive Plants Management in Lake Cyohoha North"] (PDF). ''Rwanda Environment Management Authority''. December 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2026.</ref><ref>[https://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/articles/entry/rwanda_launches_project_to_rid_its_freshwater_lakes_of_suffocating_weed/ "Rwanda launches project to rid its freshwater lakes of suffocating weed".] ''Earth Island Journal''. Retrieved 6 April 2026.</ref> Ditlhapi tsa teng di akaretsa tilapia, catfish ya Afrika e e nang le meno a a bogale le lungfish ya Afrika. == Go tsosolosa tikologo == fa gare ga ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone le ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi , Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA) e ne ya tsenya tirisong tiro ya go tlosa water hyacinth e e neng e lebagane le diheketara di le lekgolo le masome a mabedi le borataro tsa letsha mo kgatong ya ntlha. Maiteko a a tsosoloso e ne e le karolo ya maiteko a magolo go samagana le dimela tsa metsi tse di tlhaselang tse di neng di hupetsa ditikologo tsa metsi a a foreshe go ralala Rwanda. <ref>[https://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/articles/entry/rwanda_launches_project_to_rid_its_freshwater_lakes_of_suffocating_weed/ "Rwanda launches project to rid its freshwater lakes of suffocating weed"]. ''Earth Island Journal''. Retrieved 6 April 2026.</ref> Letsha le ntse le le ka fa tlase ga ditiro tsa tirisanommogo ya boditšhabatšhaba le Burundi tse di neng di netefaditswe mo go tsosoloseng letsha le go itshokelana le maemo a bosa, go lemoga botlhokwa jwa tikologo ya kwa moseja ga melelwane. <ref>[https://www.gwp.org/globalassets/global/toolbox/case-studies/africa/wacdep-lake-cyohoha-case-study.pdf "Lake Cyohoha North Case Study"] (PDF). ''Global Water Partnership''. Retrieved 6 April 2026.</ref> Dithuto tsa bosheng tsa go lekola boleng jwa metsi di dirilwe go lekola boitekanelo jwa tikologo ya letsha le mafelo a mangwe a a bongola kwa botlhaba jwa Rwanda. <ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383017813_Measurement_of_Eastern_Rwanda's_Wetlands_to_Assess_the_Water_Quality_Case_of_Lake_Cyohoha_North "Measurement of Eastern Rwanda's Wetlands to Assess the Water Quality Case of Lake Cyohoha North"]. ''ResearchGate''. 2024. Retrieved 6 April 2026.</ref> == Metswedi == ogo8urmihqhd2is5lf23x05nbf2dmfn 0 13806 51197 2026-06-20T19:08:48Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Letsha la Rwanyakazinga 51197 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Rwanda relief location map.jpg|thumb|Lefelo mo Rwanda]] '''Letsha la Rwanyakazinga''' (le gape le itsegeng jaaka Letsha la Rwanyakizinga) ke letsha la kwa [[Rwanda]] le le leng mo [[Akagera National Park]], le le kgabaganyang kgaolo ya Nyagatare le kgaolo ya Gatsibo kwa Eastern Province. E e botona jwa 19,6 km2, mme e bogodimo jwa dimetara di le sekete,makgolo a mane le masome a mane le bobedi mme e bopa karolo ya nngwe ya ditikwatikwe tse di sireleditsweng tse di kgolo go gaisa tsa Afrika Botlhaba-Bogare. <ref name=":0">Vanden Bossche, J.P.; Bernacsek, G.M. (1990). "Rwanda". [https://www.fao.org/3/T0473E/T0473E07.htm#ch15 ''Source book for the inland fishery resources of Africa: 1''.] CIFA Technical Paper. Vol. 18. Rome: [[:en:Food_and_Agriculture_Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization]]. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/92-5-102983-0|92-5-102983-0]]</bdi>. Retrieved 6 April 2026.</ref><ref name=":1">Fickas, K.C.; Cohen, W.B.; Yang, Z. (2017). [[doi:10.3390/su9020174|"Mapping and Monitoring the Akagera Wetland in Rwanda".]] ''Sustainability''. '''9''' (2): 174. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Sust....9..174N 2017Sust....9..174N]. doi:[[doi:10.3390/su9020174|10.3390/su9020174]]. hdl:[[hdl:1854/LU-8576813|1854/LU-8576813.]]</ref>Letsha ke lefelo le le botlhokwa la diphologolo tsa naga, le tshegetsa di-hippopotamus, dikwena tsa Nile, le dinonyane tse di farologaneng, mme mabopo a lone le dintshi tsa papyrus di etelwa ke mefuta e mentsi ya diamusi tse dikgolo tse di tlwaelegileng mo phakeng ya bosetšhaba. <ref name=":2">Hughes, R. H.; Hughes, J. S. (1992). ''[https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1992-007.pdf A Directory of African Wetlands]'' (PDF). [[:en:IUCN|IUCN]]. pp. 199–210. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/2-88032-949-3|<bdi>2-88032-949-3</bdi>.]] Retrieved 6 April 2026.</ref><ref>[https://yellowzebrasafaris.com/us/rwanda/accommodation/magashi-camp/ "Wilderness Magashi Camp – Rwanda Luxury Safari".] ''Yellow Zebra Safaris''. Retrieved 6 April 2026.</ref> == Dipopego tsa lefatshe == Letsha la Rwanyakazinga le botona wa jwa 19,6 km2 le bophara jwa 43,7 km. E na le sebopego se se sekhutshwane ka tsela ya borwabophirima-bophirima-bokone-botlhaba, ka boleele jwa 10,3 km le bophara jwa 4,3 km. Boteng jo bo kwa godimo jwa Letsha la Rwanyakazinga ke 4.3 m. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>Chris (31 January 2025). [https://www.nativeafricatours.com/lake-rwanyakazinga-in-akagera-national-park/ "Lake Rwanyakazinga in Akagera National Park".] ''Native Africa Tours''. Retrieved 6 April 2026.</ref>Karolo ya bokone e mo kgaolong ya Karangazi ya Kgaolo ya Nyagatare, fa karolo ya borwa e le mo kgaolong ya Rwimbogo ya Kgaolo ya Gatsibo. Kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Letsha la Rwanyakazinga go na le [[Letsha la Mihindi.]] Metsi ano ka bobedi ke karolo ya setlhopha sa matsha a a leng kafa letlhakoreng le lengwe la [[Noka ya Kagera]] le a a mo mafelong a a bongola a Akagera. Le fa go ntse jalo, bontsi jwa matsha ano ga a golaganngwe le Noka ya Kagera ka tsela e e sa feleng. Seno se direga ka paka ya dipula, e e nnang gabedi ka ngwaga, mme melatswana e mentsi e e elelang ka paka ya dipula le yone e elela mo matsheng ka nako eno. Ka jalo, metsi a a fa tlase ga lefatshe a farologana ka dimetara di le 1 go ya go di le 1,5. Palogotlhe ya pula e e nang ngwaga le ngwaga mo kgaolong eno ke 650 go ya go 900 mm. <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> [[Setshwantsho:Rwanda relief location map.jpg|thumb|Lefelo mo Rwanda]] Dipatisiso tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bosupa tse di neng di etsa mmapa wa sebaka se nang le metsi sa Akagera e fumane hore, ha matsha a mmalwa a tsamaisong ena a ntse a fokotseha, Letša la Rwanyakazinga le ile la ba le keketseho e itseng pakeng tsa dinako tse dipatisiso tse di tlhatlhobilweng. <ref name=":1" /> == Dimela le diphologolo == Letsha la Rwanyakazinga ke legae la dinonyane tsa [[noka le dikwena tsa Nile;]] dikgopa le di-amphibian le tsona di tlwaelegile mo letsheng le mo tikologong ya lone. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":3">[https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/rwa151563.pdf Progress Report on the Fisheries of Akagera National Park Lakes] (PDF) (Report). [[:en:Food_and_Agriculture_Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization]]. Retrieved 6 April 2026.</ref>Serapa sa Bosetšhaba sa Akagera se tshegetsa mefuta e e farologaneng ya diphologolo tse di amusang, mme diphologolo tse di jaaka [[ditlou]], [[dinare]], [[dipitse tsa naga,]] [[dinare tsa metsi]], dinare tsa kwa borwa, [[dinare tsa Grimm's duikers]], roan antelopes, impalas, warthogs, le dinkwe gantsi di nna mo dintshing tsa letsha. <ref name=":2" /> Lefelo la papyrus le le fa thoko ga letsha le na le mefuta e e tlhomologileng ya dinonyane, go akaretsa papyrus gonolek le ntsu ya tlhapi ya Afrika. The Avibase checklist for Akagera National Park records 503 species in the park as a whole. 26Lenane la go lekola la Avibase la Phaka ya Bosetšhaba ya Akagera le kwadile mefuta e le makgolo a matlhano le boraro mo phakeng ka kakaretso. <ref>[https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/checklist.jsp?region=RW02ak "Bird checklists – Akagera National Park".] ''Avibase''. Bird Studies Canada. Retrieved 6 April 2026.</ref> Tilapia le catfish ke mefuta e megolo ya ditlhapi e e begilweng mo tsamaisong ya matsha a Akagera, go akaretsa Letšha la Rwanyakazinga. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> == Ditlhapi == Go tshwarwa ditlhapi mo letsheng. Tilapia le catfish ke mefuta e e botlhokwa ya kgwebo e e tshwarwang kwa matsheng a Akagera, go akaretsa Lake Rwanyakazinga. Mokgatlho wa Dijo le Temothuo o kwadile matshwenyego ka go fokotsega ga ditlhapi mo matsheng otlhe a Serapa sa Bosetšhaba sa Akagera. <ref name=":3" /> == Metswedi == rlmqrlu9g8hdjq3efpeh7q1g4okz4j7 0 13807 51198 2026-06-20T19:14:40Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Letsha la Sake 51198 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:ISS006-E-24705 - View of Rwanda (cropped Lake Sake).jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa letsha la Sake se se tserweng ka sathalaete]] '''Letsha la Sake''' ke letsha la kwa [[Rwanda]], le le kwa borwa jwa motsana wa Botlhaba. E reeletswe ka toropo ya [[Sake]]. Letsha leno le kwa [[Kgaolong ya Ngoma]] kwa bogodimong jwa dimetara di le sekete,makgolo a mararo le masome a mabedi le borataro (4,350 ft) kwa godimo ga lewatle.<ref>[https://www.mindat.org/feature-201431.html "Lake Sake, Rwanda".] ''Mindat.org''. Retrieved 6 April 2026.</ref> Letsha la Sake ke karolo ya letsha le le golo la Eastern Province ya Rwanda, le le akaretsang matsha a a gaufi jaaka [[Letsha la Mugesera]] le [[Letsha la Rweru]]. <ref>[https://www.arcosnetwork.org/uploads/2018/03/Rweru-Mugesera_assessment_Report.pdf "Rweru-Mugesera Assessment Report"] (PDF). ''ARCOS Network''. 2018. Retrieved 6 April 2026.</ref> Letsha leno le gaufi le toropo ya Sake, e e nang le baagi ba le 28 822 go ya ka palo ya batho ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi .<ref>[https://citypopulation.de/en/rwanda/sector/admin/ngoma/5611__rukumberi/ "Rukumberi (Sector, Rwanda)".] ''City Population''. Retrieved 6 April 2026.</ref> == Metswedi == 637op5e60zig2om2ibiin29owgtmzg5 0 13808 51199 2026-06-20T19:27:36Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Letsha la Mugesera 51199 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Rwanda relief location map.jpg|thumb|Letsha la Mugesera]] '''Letsha la Mugesera''' ke letsha le le kwa Eastern Province, [[Rwanda|Rwanda.]] Letsha le kwa Central Plateau, borwabotlhaba jwa [[Kigali]].<ref name=":0">[[:en:Lake_Mugesera#CITEREFStreissguth2008|Streissguth 2008]], p. 13.</ref> Letsha le ke karolo ya matamo a matamo le mafelo a a nang le metsi mo mokgatšheng o o sephaphathi o o tsamayang mo ntlheng ya SSE, o o bophara jwa dikilometara di le masome a mararo le botlhano. [[Noka ya Nyawarungu]] e elela go ela kwa borwa go ralala mokgatšha ono, e o khurumetsa go dira lefelo la makgwafo le matsha a a nnelang ruri. Letsha la Mugesera le mo lotshitshing lo lo kwa botlhaba jwa noka, mme ke letsha le legolo go a gaisa otlhe mo lefelong leno.<ref>[[:en:Lake_Mugesera#CITEREFHughesHughesBernacsek1992|Hughes, Hughes & Bernacsek 1992,]] p. 205.</ref> Le fa gone e le gaufi le ekhweitha, tlelaemete ya teng e tsiditsana ka ntlha ya bogodimo jwa yone. Dipaka tsa dipula di simolola ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe go fitlha ya Motsheganong mme gape go tloga ka kgwedi ya Lwetse go fitlha ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole. <ref name=":0" />Letsha leno le nosediwa ke dinoka le melatswana e e tswang mo dithabeng tse di kwa bokone, botlhaba le borwa, tse di ntshang metsi a mantsi ka paka ya dipula. <ref>[[:en:Lake_Mugesera#CITEREFHughesHughesBernacsek1992|Hughes, Hughes & Bernacsek 1992]], p. 206</ref> Metsi a teng ka kakaretso ke 25 °C (77 °F).[ Ditlhapi di dintsi, mme go na le mefuta e le mentsi ya dinonyane tsa metsi. Diphologolo tse dingwe di akaretsa ditshukudu tsa metsi, dikwena, di-monitor, dinoga le dinare. <ref>[[:en:Lake_Mugesera#CITEREFHughesHughesBernacsek1992|Hughes, Hughes & Bernacsek 1992,]] p. 207</ref> Mo ngwagakgolong wa bo lesome le botlhano kgaolo e e dikologileng letsha e ne ya agiwa ke leloko la Hondogo la Batutsi, badisa ba ba neng ba dirile naga e e ikemetseng. <ref>[[:en:Lake_Mugesera#CITEREFNiane1984|Niane 1984,]] p. 518</ref>Batswana ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong ya Virunga ya Rwanda ka nako ya lekgolo la bo lesome le botlhano le la bo lesome le borataro la dingwaga, ba nna magareng ga letsha la Mugesera le [[letsha la Muhazi]]. Ba ne ba nna le maatla ka iketlo mo kgaolong e kgolo ya Rwanda ya segompieno, fa ba ntse ba nyalana le Bahutu mme ba nna le setso sa bone. <ref>[[:en:Lake_Mugesera#CITEREFAdekunle2007|Adekunle 2007,]] p. 5</ref> == Metswedi == 0lj425ivhxju0aqeuxt5qoqrsbqi0a8 0 13809 51200 2026-06-20T19:42:43Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Letsha la Muhazi 51200 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:LakeMuhaziNASA.JPG|thumb|Setshwantsho se se tserweng ke sathalaete ya NASA sa Letsha la Muhazi]] '''Letsha la Muhazi''' (Kinyarwanda: Ikiyaga cya Muhazi) ke letsha le le telele, le le tshesane le le seng boteng kwa botlhaba jwa [[Rwanda|Rwanda.]] Karolo e kgolo ya letsha e mo motsaneng wa Botlhaba, mme karolo e e kwa bophirima e dira molelwane magareng ga porofense ya Bokone le Toropo ya Kigali.<ref>UN Field Support</ref> Ke letsha le le nang le metsi a mantsi, le le kwa botlhaba go ya kwa bophirima, mme le na le makalana a le mantsi a a kwa bokone go ya kwa borwa, e e kileng ya bo e le lefelo la dinoka tse di elelang mo go lone. <ref>Briggs & Booth p218</ref>Letsha le na le letamo la konkoreite kwa ntlheng ya bophirima, le le agilweng ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe go emisetsa letamo la mmu le le neng le ntse le le teng go tloga bogologolo.<ref>Usanzineza et al. p2</ref> Letsha le wela mo Nokeng ya Nyabugogo, e e elelang go ya kwa borwa go ya kwa Kigali, koo e kopanang le [[Noka ya Nyabarongo]], e e leng karolo ya [[Noka ya Nile]] e e kwa godimo. <ref>Njoroge</ref> == Tlhaloso == Letsha la Muhazi le kwa karolong e e kwa botlhaba jwa Rwanda, kwa dikarolong tsa 1°52′S 30°22′E. <ref>[https://maps.google.co.uk/maps?q=lake+muhazi "Lake Muhazi"] (Map). [[:en:Google_Maps|''Google Maps''.]] Retrieved 2013-03-12.</ref> E fitlhelelwa go tswa mo ditseleng tse tharo tse dikgolo tsa Rwanda. Tsela ya Kigali go ya Gatuna e feta gaufi le kwa ntlheng ya bophirima ya letsha, tsela ya Kigali go ya Kayonza, e e tsamaelanang le letsha go ya borwa; kwa bofelong, tsela ya Kayonza go ya Kagitumba e tsamaya go bapa le lotshitshi lwa letsha ka dikilometara di le dikete tse tharo le borobabobedi gaufi le Gahini,<ref>[https://maps.google.co.uk/maps?saddr=Kayonza+-+Kagitumba+Road&daddr=Kayonza+-+Kagitumba+Road&hl=en&ll=-1.847529,30.481868&spn=0.034658,0.047121&sll=-1.848858,30.484657&sspn=0.034658,0.047121&geocode=FY-k4_8dyjzRAQ%3BFYP54_8dsfnQAQ&t=p&mra=mr&z=15 "Lake Muhazi"] (Map). [[:en:Google_Maps|''Google Maps''.]] Retrieved 2013-03-12.</ref> pele ga e feta mo mekgokoloseng e mebedi e e tswang mo letsheng mme kwa bofelong e tswa mo letsheng gaufi le Kawangire.<ref>[https://maps.google.co.uk/maps?saddr=Kayonza+-+Kagitumba+Road&daddr=Kayonza+-+Kagitumba+Road&hl=en&ll=-1.825653,30.452127&spn=0.034658,0.047121&sll=-1.817246,30.443673&sspn=0.034658,0.047121&geocode=FZr54_8dtPfQAQ%3BFadQ5P8dFGrQAQ&t=p&mra=mift&mrsp=1&sz=15&z=15 "Lake Muhazi"] (Map). ''[[:en:Google_Maps|Google Maps]]''. Retrieved 2013-03-12.</ref> mme ke tshitshinyo ya patlisiso ya Mediatrice, Irene le Sandra Letsha la Muhazi le boleele jwa dikilometara di le masome a marataro, mme bophara jwa lone bo kwa tlase ga dikilometara di le tlhano.<ref>[[:en:Lake_Muhazi#CITEREFBriggsBooth2006|Briggs & Booth 2006,]] p. 218.</ref> E kwa botlhaba-bogare jwa Rwanda mme e na le lotshitshi lwa lewatle mo diporofenseng tse tharo tsa naga.[ Karolo ya boraro e e kwa bophirima ya letsha e dira molelwane magareng ga Toropokgolo ya Kigali (Kgaolo ya Gasabo) kwa borwa,<ref>NISR - Northern Province</ref>le kgaolwaneng ya Bokone (Kgaolo ya Gicumbi) kwa bokone.<ref>NISR - Kigali City</ref>Karolo ya botlhaba ya letsha e mo porofenseng ya Botlhaba, e e bopang molelwane magareng ga kgaolo ya Rwamagana kwa borwa, le dikgaolo tsa Gatsibo le Kayonza kwa bokone. <ref>NISR - Eastern Province</ref> Go na le dilo tse di farologaneng tse di lemogilweng ka maemo a loapi le ka maranyane a metsi (Plisnier, 1990, Mukankomeje et al. 1993). == Ditso == Go ya ka hisetori ya molomo, Bogosi jwa Rwanda bo ne jwa tlhomiwa ka ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bone morago ga go thubega ga mmuso wa Kitara mo lotshitshing lwa Letsha la Muhazi mo kgaolong ya Buganza, gaufi le toropo ya segompieno ya Rwamagana. Ka nako eo, Rwanda e ne e le naga e nnye e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga lekgotla le legolo le le neng le na le baagisani ba bagolo le ba ba maatla, Bugesera le Gisaka. Ka go tshameka baagisani ba ba kgatlhanong, bogosi jwa pele bo ne jwa gola mo lefelong leo, bo atologa go ya kwa bophirima go leba kwa Letsheng la Kivu. Mo bogosing jo bo atolositsweng, kgaolo e e dikologileng letsha e ne ya nna lefelo le le maatla la sedumedi, e le go tshwana le mmami wa ntlha le yo o tlotlegang thata wa bogosi. 17] Kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borataro kgotsa kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bosupa , bogosi jwa Rwanda bo ne jwa tlhaselwa ke Banyoro mme dikgosi di ne tsa patelesega go tshabela kwa bophirima, ba tlogela Buganza le kgaolo ya Letsha la Muhazi mo diatleng tsa Bugesera le Gisaka.[ 13][15] == Metswedi == 50wkhz9ut6khiq89n8d1c6rtm33de9b 0 13810 51201 2026-06-20T19:59:20Z Lucrucia98 12161 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA NOKA YA RUNDE 51201 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Noka ya Runde''' (e e kileng ya bo e bidiwa Noka ya Lundi) ke noka e e kwa borwabotlhaba jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe. Ke nngwe ya dinoka tse di tsenang mo Nokeng ya Save. Dinoka tse di kgolo tsa Runde di akaretsa Noka ya Ngezi, Noka ya Tokwe, Noka ya Mutirikwe le Noka ya Chiredzi.<ref name=":0">Matiza, T.; Crafter, S. A., eds. (1994). "Wetlands in Zimbabwe: an overview". ''Wetlands ecology and priorities for conservation in Zimbabwe: proceedings of a seminar on wetlands ecology and priorities for conservation in Zimbabwe''. IUCN. pp. 1–20. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0202-5|<bdi>978-2-8317-0202-5</bdi>.]]</ref> == Dikarolo tsa yone le lefelo la yone == Noka e e kwa tlase ya Runde ke noka ya motlhaba ya nakwana, e e nang le matamo a a nnelang ruri a a bopegang ka paka ya komelelo. <ref>Barson, Maxwell; Rodney Bray; Frans Ollevier; Tine Huyse (2008). "Taxonomy and faunistics of the Helminth parasites of ''Clarias gariepinus'' (Burchell, 1822), and ''Oreochromis mossambicus'' (Peters, 1852) from temporary pans and pools in the Save-Runde River Floodplain, Zimbabwe". ''Comparative Parasitology''. '''75''': 228–240. doi:[[doi:10.1654/4337.1|10.1654/4337.1.]]</ref>Ka kakaretso noka e na le selekanyo se se kwa tlase sa kgotlelo.<ref>Tafangenyasha, Clifford; Lawrence T. Dube (2008). "An Investigation of the Impacts of Agricultural Runoff on the Water Quality and Aquatic Organisms in a Lowveld Sand River System in Southeast Zimbabwe". ''Water Resources Management''. '''22''': 119–130. doi:[[doi:10.1007/s11269-006-9147-7|10.1007/s11269-006-9147-]]7.</ref>Lefelo le le tletseng ka merwalela fa le kopanang le Noka ya Save ke lefelo le le botlhokwa la metsi.<ref name=":0" /> == Metswedi == d4edx0ze00snc0k2ruw7w84uzfl4dum 0 13811 51202 2026-06-20T20:18:06Z Lucrucia98 12161 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA NOKA YA TOKWE 51202 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Noka ya Tokwe''' ke noka e e kwa borwabotlhaba jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe. Ke noka e e tsenang mo nokeng ya Runde.<ref>Tafangenyasha, Clifford; Dzinomwa, Tariro, eds. (2005). [https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/handle/47961 "Land-use impacts on river water quality in lowveld sand river systems in south-east Zimbabwe".] ''Land Use and Water Resources Research''. doi:10.22004/ag.econ.47961</ref>Dinoka tse dikgolo tse di tsenang mo Nokeng ya Tokwe di akaretsa Noka ya Tokwane. Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014), morago ga dipula tse di maatla, noka ya Tokwe e ne ya khurumetswa ke metsi. <ref name=":0">Penning-Rowsell, Edmund C.; Becker, Matilda (22 January 2019). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Flood_Risk_Management/29mEDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 ''Flood Risk Management: Global Case Studies of Governance, Policy and Communities''.] Routledge. p. 133. ISBN <bdi>978-1-351-00999-7</bdi>.</ref>Metse e le lesome le bobedi e e kwa godimo ga Tokwe Mukorsi Dam e ne ya amega, mme batho ba ba fetang dikete tse masome a mabedi (20 000) ba ne ba ntshiwa mo lefelong leo.<ref name=":0" /> == Metswedi == 4psz4fufbzyy6nw3hsje6cwdwzlg9rs 0 13812 51204 2026-06-21T09:22:32Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Letsha la Ptolemy 51204 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Journal.pone.0076514.g004.png|thumb|Moalo wa bokone jwa Afrika le Letsha la Ptolemy le le bontshitsweng e le West Nubian Paleolake]] '''Letsha la Ptolemy''' ke letsha la bogologolo la kwa [[Sudan]]. Letsha leno le ne la bopiwa ka nako ya [[Holocene]] kwa kgaolong ya [[Darfur]], ka nako ya fa dipula tsa [[monsoon]] di ne di le maatla thata mo Afrika. Go akanngwa gore letsha leno le nnile gone dingwaga di ka nna dikete di robabongwe le lekgolo go ya go dikete tse pedi le makgolo a mane pele ga motlha wa rona. Letsha leno le ka tswa le ne le le bogolo jwa disekwerekilometara di le diketet tse masome a mararo,makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano, e leng bogolo jo bo fetang jwa [[Letsha la Erie]] la gompieno, le fa gone go fopholediwa gore le ne le le bogolo jo bo farologaneng e bile le ka tswa le ne le le lennye thata. Mo mafelong a mangwe, fa o kgona go bona gore lotshitshi lwa lewatle lo ntse jang, o ka kgona go bona mafelo a a fa thoko ga lotshitshi le lotlhaka. Letsha leno e ne e le letsha la metsi a a foreshe le le neng le tladiwa ke metsi a a tswang kwa tlase ga lefatshe le metsi a a neng a tswa kwa dithabeng tse di fa gaufi mme le lone le ka tswa le ne le le motswedi wa Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System. Letsha leno le ne le na le tikologo e e farologaneng e e nang le mefuta e le mentsi ya ditshedi, mme gongwe le ne la thusa gore go anamisiwe mefuta ya ditshedi mo gare ga [[Noka ya Nile]] le [[Letsha la Chad]]. == Leina le Ditso tsa dipatlisiso == Matlotlo a letsha a ne a lemogiwa la ntlha ka ngwaga wa sekete ,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le botlhano kgotsa le borataro 1985/1986, mme "matamo a khelonide" kgotsa "motswedi wa khudu" wa ga Ptolemy o ka tswa o kaya letsha la pele. <ref>[[:en:Lake_Ptolemy#CITEREFKropelin2009|Kropelin 2009,]] pp. 167–168.</ref> Gape e itsege jaaka " West Nubian lake",<ref>[[:en:Lake_Ptolemy#CITEREFPachurAltmann2006|Pachur & Altmann 2006]], p. 205</ref> "West Nubian Paleolake" le "Northern Darfur Megalake". <ref name=":0">[[:en:Lake_Ptolemy#CITEREFElsheikhAbdelsalamMickus2011|Elsheikh, Abdelsalam & Mickus 2011]], p. 82</ref> "Letlhaketlhake la letsha la Ptolemy" le kaya masimo a mafika a a neng a nna a nwela ka dinako tse dingwe go bapa le dintshi tsa botlhaba, a dira ditlhaketlhake.<ref>[[:en:Lake_Ptolemy#CITEREFPachurAltmann2006|Pachur & Altmann 2006,]] p. 219</ref> Leina la letsha le ne la umakiwa la ntlha mo moalong wa ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a matlhano le borobabobedi (1858), mme go nna teng ga lone go ne ga bonala fela ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi go ya ko gowa masome a robabobedi le bobedi1 (980 - 1982).<ref>[[:en:Lake_Ptolemy#CITEREFPachur1997|Pachur 1997,]] p. 229</ref> == Geomorphology == === Diteng === Ka nako ya [[Holocene]] ya kwa tshimologong le ya bogare, matsha a matona a tshwana [[Letsha la Chad]] le Letsha la Ptolemy a ne a gola mo [[Sahara]]<ref>[[:en:Lake_Ptolemy#CITEREFPachurAltmann2006|Pachur & Altmann 2006]], p. 35</ref> mme dinoka tse di jaaka [[Wadi Howar]] di ne di elela, le fa gone go sa itsege sentle gore a di ne di elela mo nageng e e neng e sa ntse e le sekaka.<ref name=":1">[[:en:Lake_Ptolemy#CITEREFPachur1997|Pachur 1997,]] p. 228.</ref> Go bopega ga paleolakes e kwa bofelong go ne go golaganngwa le monsoon o o maatla wa Aforika o o bakilweng ke go sekama ga axial e e kwa godimo le perihelion ya Lefatshe e e tsamaelanang le bokhutlo jwa kgwedi ya Phukwi mme ka jalo le setlha sa monsoon. <ref>[[:en:Lake_Ptolemy#CITEREFHoelzmannKedingBerkeKr%C3%B6pelin2001|Hoelzmann et al. 2001,]] p. 193</ref> Gompieno Sahara ya botlhaba ke nngwe ya mafelo a a omileng thata mo lefatsheng<ref name=":0" />ka gore e kgakala le metswedi ya metsi a lewatle.<ref name=":1" /> === Letsha === Letsha la Ptolemy le mo kgaolong e gompieno e leng [[Sudan]]. Ditlhotlhwa tsa bogolo jwa yone di fetogile jaaka boleng jwa dimmapa tsa kgaolo bo fetogile: Kwa tshimologong, go ne go dumelwa gore e fitlhile mo mafelong a a ka nnang 27,000 square kilometres (10,000 sq mi);[<ref>[[:en:Lake_Ptolemy#CITEREFPachurAltmann2006|Pachur & Altmann 2006,]] p. 226</ref>Patlisiso e e neng ya dirwa moragonyana e e neng e ikaegile ka dimmapa tsa bogodimo tse di ikanyegang e ne ya akantsha gore e ne e se kgolwane go feta 5,330 square kilometres (2,060 sq mi);<ref>[[:en:Lake_Ptolemy#CITEREFHoelzmannKedingBerkeKr%C3%B6pelin2001|Hoelzmann et al. 2001,]] p. 213</ref>moragonyana, dimmapa tse disha di ne tsa supa mafelo a a kgolwane a 8,133 square kilometres (3,140 sq mi) le 11,230 square kilometres (4,340 sq mi) le bogolo jwa 372 cubic kilometres (89 cubic mi) le 547 cubic kilometres (131 cubic mi), ka go latelana.<ref>[[:en:Lake_Ptolemy#CITEREFElsheikhAbdelsalamMickus2011|Elsheikh, Abdelsalam & Mickus 2011]], p. 83</ref> Go ikaegile ka lefelo, go fitlhetswe bosupi jwa gore metsi a ne a le bogodimo jwa dimetara di le makgolo a matlhano le masome a matlhano kgotsa le dimetara di le makgolo a matlhano le masome a matlhano le botlhano go feta bogodimo jwa lewatle;<ref>[[:en:Lake_Ptolemy#CITEREFPachurAltmann2006|Pachur & Altmann 2006,]] p. 221</ref> mo kgannyeng ya ntlha, letsha le ka tswa le ne le le bogolo jwa disekwerekilometara di le 17,864.[ Gape go na le bosupi jwa gore go na le mabopo a a bogodimo jwa dimetara di le makgolo a matlhano le masome a supa go ya go masome a robabongwe (1,870 ⁇ 1,890 ft) godimo ga bogodimo jwa lewatle;[15] fa di bontsha letsha le le fitlhang kwa bogodimong joo, lefelo leno le tla fitlha kwa godimo ga disekwerekilometara di le dikete tse masome a mararo,makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano (11,870 sq mi) le bogolo jwa dikubikilometara di le dikete tse pedi,makgolo a matlhano le masome a mabedi (610 cu mi) ka nako eo.[ Bogolo jo bo jalo bo ka tshwantshanngwa le letsha le legolo go a gaisa otlhe mo Canada, Great Bear Lake,[16] mme le legolo go feta Letsha la Erie. E ka bo e ne e le boteng jwa dimetara di le masome a robabobedi le boraro .[ 17] Maemo a a kwa tlase a letsha a ka tswa a ne a fitlha go dimetara di le makgolo a matlhano le masome a marataro le botlhano metres (1,854 ft) le dimetara di le makgolo a matlhano le masome a marataro (1,840 ft) elevation,[18] mme go na le bosupi jwa fossil jwa gore go ne ga nna le dipaka tsa metsi a a seng boteng mo letsheng.[ Boalo jwa letsha mo dikarolong tsa lona tsa borwa le bophirima bo fitlha go dimetara di le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mane le borobabongwe (1,801 ft) ka godimo ga bogodimo jwa lewatle. 20] == Metswedi == lic6g98sbgtlyyzo8hg5t353smz1uj0 0 13813 51205 2026-06-21T09:24:18Z Lucrucia98 12161 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA NOKA YA CHANGANE 51205 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Noka ya Changane''' (Rio Changane) ke noka kwa lefatsheng la Mozambique, e e leng karolo ya Noka ya Limpopo e e kopanelang gaufi le lotshitshi, fela morago ga toropo ya Chibuto. Ke karolo ya molelwane wa botlhaba wa motse wa Gaza. Noka ya Changane ke nngwe ya dinoka tse di kafa botlhaba jwa [[Noka ya Limpopo]], e tsena mo go yone go tswa ka fa molemeng gaufi le molomo wa yone kwa Lewatleng la lefatshe la India. == Dipopego tsa lefatshe == Noka ya Changane le melatswana ya yone e e kgolo e tlhatlogela gaufi le molelwane le Zimbabwe.<ref name=":0">M. Chilundo; P. Kelderman; J. H. O´Keeffe. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120425071443/http://www.bscw.ihe.nl/pub/bscw.cgi/d2606993/Chilundo.pdf "Design of a Water Quality Monitoring Network for the Limpopo River Basin in Mozambique"] (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2011-10-16</ref> Noka e elela go ya kwa borwa go bapa le 34°E ya longitude go tswa go 22°S go ya go 24°S ya latitude.<ref name=":1">[https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0908 "Zambezian halophytics".] ''Terrestrial Ecoregions''. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 2011-10-16.</ref>Noka eno e elela metsi a a mo mafelong a a bongola a Banhine National Park.<ref name=":2">[http://www.krugerpark.co.za/krugerpark-times-3-19-banhine-23758.html "Banhine In The Grip Of Drought"]. Siyabona Africa. Retrieved 2011-10-16.</ref>Mokgatsha o akaretsa diheketara tse 6,557,055 (25,316.93 sq mi), kgotsa e ka nna 15.9% ya Mokgatsha wa Limpopo.<ref>[http://www.limpoporak.com/en/river/sub-basin+summaries/Changane.aspx "Changane Sub-Basin"]. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit. Retrieved 2011-10-16</ref>Noka eno e elela thata mo kgaolong e e omileng. Mo teng ga naga, pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga e kwa tlase ka makgolo a mane (400 mm (16 in), e tlhatlogela go makgolo a robabobedi (800 mm (31 in) gaufi le lotshitshi. Mokgatšha wa Noka ya Changane o gaufi le bogodimo jwa lewatle, mme e kile ya bo e le molelwane wa lewatle.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e05.htm#bm05.2.1 "Drought impact mitigation and prevention in the Limpopo River Basin: Biophysical characteristics"]. FAO. 2004. Retrieved 2011-10-16</ref>Noka ya Changane e na le coefficient e e kwa tlase thata ya go elela le dipaka tse di telele tse go sa tshololweng sepe mo go tsone.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm "Drought impact mitigation and prevention in the Limpopo River Basin: Water Resources".] FAO. 2004. Retrieved 2011-10-16.</ref> == Tikologo == Molapo wa Changane o na le mafelo a a tletseng letswai a a nang le metsi a mantsi le a a nang le bojang jo bo nang le ditlhaketlhake tsa Acacia nilotica kraussiana. Ka tlwaelo ke naga e e omileng, mme kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa sekete , makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robaongwe (1990) pula e ne ya oketsega thata, mme ya baka merwalela e e neng ya baka tshenyo e e seng kana ka sepe. Mafelo a a tletseng metsi gantsi a na le letswai le lentsi. Di laolwa ke bojang jo bo itshokelang letswai le mafelo a magolo a a se nang sepe.<ref name=":1" /> Mefuta e le lesome le borobabobedi ya ditlhapi e fitlhetswe kwa Banhine National Park go ela kwa bokone jwa mokgatšha ono. Ditlhapi tsa Afrika tsa makgwafo, mefuta e mebedi ya ditlhapi tsa killifish le mefuta e mebedi ya Barbel di dirile ditsela tsa go samagana le komelelo, ka ge mafelo a a bongola ka dinako tse dingwe a omile gotlhelele kwa godimo. <ref name=":2" />Banhine National Park e kile ya bo e le legae la dinare, sable, tsessebe, hartebeest, dipitse tsa naga le di-gnu. Bontsi jwa diphologolo tseno di ne tsa senngwa ka nako ya dintwa tsa selegae tsa dingwaga tsa sekete , makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi (1980) le tsa kwa tshimologong ya sekete , makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robaongwe(1990). Le fa go ntse jalo, serapa seno sa diphologolo se sa ntse se na le dinonyane tse di bidiwang di-wattled cranes tse di leng mo kotsing ya go nyelela le dinonyane tse dintsi tse di fudugang. Dipholo tsa patlisiso ya sefofane ka kgwedi ya Phalane ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bone (2004) di bontshitse gore phaka e na le dipalo tse di itekanetseng tsa nonyane, kudu, impala, reedbuck, duiker, steenbok, porcupine, warthog le oribi.<ref>[http://www.awf.org/content/headline/detail/1232 "AWF CONDUCTS AERIAL SURVEY IN BANHINE NATIONAL PARK".] AWF. Dec 15, 2004. Retrieved 2011-10-15.</ref> == Ditiro tsa batho == Helikopotara e fofa fa godimo ga metsi a a neng a khurumeditse Mozambique Bogare ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi (2000). Batho ba lefelo leo ba ile ba lebana le ntwa ya selegae e e tsereng lobaka lo loleele, mme gape ba tshwanelwa ke go itshokela komelelo le merwalela e e senyang ka dinako tse dingwe. Go na le palo e nnye ya batho kwa Banhine Park. Ba ntse ba senya tikologo ka go jala mmidi, sorghum, cassava le mmidi ka go di rema le go di fisa. Fa go nna le komelelo, dijalo di a senyega mme batho ba boela gape mo go tsomeng le mo go tshwareng ditlhapi, e leng se se dirang gore diphologolo di nne le mathata. Mmuso o rotloetsa batho go tswa mo phakeng ka go aga metswedi ya metsi ya leruri kwa ntle ga lefelo la tshireletso le go fa ba ba fudugang dikgothatso.<ref name=":2" /> Kgaolo ya Chibuto e kwa dipoeng tsa Noka ya Changane gaufi le toropo ya Chibuto. Mo karolong eno ya noka, palogare ya pula e e nang e ka nna dimilimetara di le makgolo a mabedi ka nako ya mariga le paka ya komelelo go tloga ka kgwedi ya Moranang go fitlha ka kgwedi ya Lwetse, le dimilimetara di ka nna makgolo a matlhano le bosupa ka nako ya selemo e e mogote le e e bongola go tloga ka kgwedi ya Phalane go fitlha ka Mopitlwe. Batho ba koo ba humanegile, mme diperesente di le masome a matlhano tsa bone ba humanegile thata. Ba itshedisa thata ka go lema, ba lema merogo, dipanana, mmidi le reise. Gape ba fudisa dikgomo e bile ba dirisa lotlhaka le bojang jwa lefelo leo go dira ditlhale. Metswedi ya metsi a a foreshe mo lefelong le le bongola e dirisediwa go nosetsa le go dirisiwa mo malapeng.<ref name=":3">Nidhi Nagabhatla; Francisco Saimone; Dinis Juízo; Mutsa Masiyandima. [http://www.worldfishcenter.org/resource_centre/WF_2106.pdf "Seasonality dynamics for investigating wetland-agriculture nexus and its ecosystems service values in Chibuto, Mozambique"] (PDF). WorldFish Center. Retrieved 2011-10-16.</ref> Dimmapa tsa tiriso ya lefatshe di bontsha gore fa gare ga ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le motso (2001) le ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bosupa(2007) bontsi jwa mafelo a a nang le ditlhatshana a a nang le ditlhatshana kwa Chibuto a ile a fetolwa ka iketlo gore a dirisiwe mo temothuong ka dipaka tse di omileng le tse di metsi. Lebaka le lengwe e ka nna ya bo e le maemo a a sa tlwaelegang a komelelo mo nakong eno. Balemirui ba lefelo leo le bone ba bega gore dikgomo di oketsega ka tsela e e sa kgonegeng. Babokelli ba lehlaka ba tlaleha hore lehlaka le a tjheswa ho lokolla mobu bakeng sa temo, e leng se ka nnang sa ba le tshusumetso e mpe ya nako e telele tikolohong.<ref name=":3" /> Patlisiso nngwe e e dirilweng magareng ga kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borataro (2006) le ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bosupa (2007) e fitlhetse gore metsi a noka eno ga a dumalane le dikaelo tsa Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe Lotlhe wa Boitekanelo malebana le boleng jwa metsi a a nowang. Seno se ka tswa se bakilwe ka tsela nngwe ke go bo noka eno e na le mafelo a a nang le metsi a mantsi le ka ntlha ya tsela e noka eno e nang le ione e ntsi ka teng ka ntlha ya tsela e e neng e le ka teng mo lefelong leo. Le fa go ntse jalo, kgotlelo ka di-coliforms (e e kwa godimo go gaisa mo toropong ya Chibuto) e ne e le ka ntlha ya matlakala a mo ditoropong.<ref name=":0" /> == Metswedi == nc99x9drrpcz0zt8t0l1r42d81kximf 0 13814 51206 2026-06-21T09:38:48Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Letsha la Jipe 51206 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Letsha la Jipe''' ke letsha le le kgabaganyang melelwane ya [[Kenya]] le [[Tanzania]]. Kwa ntlheng ya Kenya, e kwa borwa jwa motse wa [[Nghonji]] fa kwa ntlheng ya Tanzania, e le mo Kgaolong ya Mwanga, mo Kgaolong ya Kilimanjaro. Letsha le fepiwa thata ke [[Noka ya Lumi]], e e fologang go tswa kwa Thabeng ya Kilimanjaro, gammogo le melatswana go tswa kwa Dithabeng tsa North Pare, e e leng mo letlhakoreng la lephefo.<ref name=":0">[http://www.ramsar.org/pdf/outreach_actionplan_tanzania_jipe.pdf "Lake Jipe Awareness Raising Strategy (2005 – 2007)"] (PDF). ''ramsar.org''. The United Republic of Tanzania: Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Wildlife Division. May 2004. p. 6. Retrieved 24 September 2011.</ref> Letsha leno le tswa mo nokeng ya Ruvu. <ref>Ndetei, Robert. [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:2e4psS151TYJ:www.oceandocs.net/bitstream/1834/1492/1/WLCK-162-168.pdf+River+lumi+ruvu&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgCGQtRHRbyTd58huVgdd5XfMmglS-meICCJrH1eEEzeT_fg6Dx1lNf25JT-Xw0f6dHs7KAwj7ZurnbdW4ADAuyUe7pf3Bap24mMCSmVTRKzR8oCCC64gtfIwyw1zHcbrAx5Uwf&sig=AHIEtbT3U9ffbAfvC3C9Gw-2R2MPV772NA "The role of wetlands in lake ecological functions and sustainable livelihoods in lake environment: A case study on cross border Lake Jipe - Kenya/Tanzania"]. Kenya Wildlife Service. p. 163. Retrieved 6 October 2011.</ref>Tsavo West National Park ya Kenya e sireleditse karolo ya lebopo la bokone la letsha, fa ka fa letlhakoreng la Tanzania [[Mkomazi Game Reserve]] e le gaufi. <ref>Briggs, Philip (1 August 2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=SvZq4-BgBskC&pg=PA227 ''Bradt Tanzania: With Zanzibar, Pemba & Mafia''. Bradt Travel Guides]. pp. 227–. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-153-1|<bdi>978-1-84162-153-1</bdi>.]] Retrieved 26 September 2011.</ref> Letsha le itsege ka ditlhapi tsa lone tse di nnang fela mo go lone, mmogo le dinonyane tsa metsi, diamusi, dimela tsa mafelo a a bongola le mafelo a a nang le metsi a a fa thoko ga letsha, a a ka nnang dikilometara di le pedi go tswa mo lotshitshing lwa Jipe. <ref>Maltby, Edward (2009). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=-K5TCHfEEtMC&pg=PA854 The wetlands handbook]''. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 854–. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-632-05255-4|<bdi>978-0-632-05255-4</bdi>.]] Retrieved 26 September 2011.</ref> == Dipopego tsa lefatshe == Letsha le ka fitlhelelwa go tswa kwa Tanzania ka tsela ya B1 Highway go tswa kwa motseng wa Kifaru, dikilometara di ka nna masome a mane (25 mi) borwa jwa motsemogolo wa Kgaolo ya Kilimanjaro wa Moshi. <ref>Briggs, Philip (1 August 2009). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=DDf1ZMyQCIAC&pg=PA141 Northern Tanzania, 2nd: The Bradt Safari Guide with Kilimanjaro and Zanzibar]''. Bradt Travel Guides. pp. 141–. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-292-7|978-1-84162-292-7]]</bdi>. Retrieved 26 September 2011.</ref>Jipe e na le bogolo jwa disekwerekilometara di le masome a mararo (12 sq mi),<ref name=":0" />mme e boleele jwa dikilometara di le lesome le bobedi (19 km) le bophara jwa dikilometara di le 4,8. Jipe ke noka e e kwa tlase ya noka ya Lumi, e e fetogang noka ya Ruvu, mme e tsene mo sedibeng sa Nyumba ya Mungu. Morago ga go kopana le noka ya Kikuletwa, noka eno e elela jaaka Noka ya Pangani mo Lewatleng la India kwa Pangani. Letsha leno ga le na metsi a a elelang jaaka noka e e tsenang, e bo e dikologa le go tswa gape. Metsi a yone a ka nowa fela fa a sena go bedisiwa sentle le go ntshiwa mafura. Mo lotshitshing lwa yone lwa borwa, dithaba tsa Ugweno di tlhatloga go fitlha go dimetara di le 1,800-2,100, di farologana thata le lotshitshi lo lo fa thoko, lo e leng lebala le le sephaphathi, mme le sa tsholetsege go le kalo fa godimo ga letsha. Thaba ya Kibo ya Mount Kilimanjaro e bonwa go tswa kwa letšeng. <ref name=":1">Johnston, Sir, Harry Hamilton (1886). [[iarchive:kilimanjaroexpe00johngoog|''The Kilima-Njaro expedition: A record of scientific exploration in eastern equatorial Africa. And a general description of the natural history, languages, and commerce of the Kilima-Njaro district'' (Now in the public domain.]] ed.). K. Paul, Trench, and co. pp. 298, 494–. Retrieved 24 September 2011.</ref> == Dipalopalo tsa batho == Batho ba ba ka nnang 120 000 ba ikaegile ka letsha leno gore ba itshedise. Baagi ba metse e e dikologileng Letsha la Jipe ba dira thata mo temothuong, temothuong le mo temothuong ya leruo. <ref name=":0" /> Go ela kwa borwabotlhaba jwa thaba e kgolo go na le kolone e nnye ya temothuo ya Taveta. Puo ya Ki-taveta ke puo e e dirisiwang ke sephatlo sa baagi ba morafe wa Bantu, mme puo ya Masai ke puo e e dirisiwang ke ba ba setseng. Se-Ki-gweno ke puo e e buiwang kwa karolong e e kwa bokone ya Dithaba tsa Pare e e itsegeng e le Ugweno (Vughonu go baagi ba yone) kwa borwa jwa Letsha la Jipe. Metsi a letsha a dirisetswa go nosetsa masimo a a dikologileng. <ref name=":1" /> == Diphologolo == Kgonagalo ya go nna nako e telele ba le nosi go tswa kwa mafelong a mangwe a a bongola e akantshiwa ke tlhapi e e leng teng mo letsheng, Jipe tilapia. Metsi a Jipe a tletse ka ditlhapi tse dikgolo, segolobogolo di-siluriform le di-cyprinoid. Jipe e bopa tikologo e e humileng ka mefutafuta ya ditshedi e e itsegeng gape ka dinonyane tsa metsi tse di nnang mo dintshing tsa yone tse di nang le lotlhaka; tse di akaretsang dinonyane tse di bidiwang di-stork, di-egret, di-pelican, di-spur-winged plover, di-duck, le di-Egyptian geese. Lesser jacana le African swamphen di tlwaelegile mo letsheng mme Madagascar squacco heron, black heron, African darter le African skimmers di bonwa gantsi. <ref name=":0" />Go na le matsomane a diphologolo tse di ratang go tsoma gaufi le letsha leno. Di-hippopotamus le dikwena tsa Nile di dintsi. == Metswedi == sy2yxtecm72zy9d8cf0k2j0r904lr8p 0 13815 51207 2026-06-21T09:44:25Z Lucrucia98 12161 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA NOKA YA MWENEZI 51207 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Mwenezi River.jpg|thumb|Noka ya Mwenezi]] '''Noka ya Mwenezi''', e kwa tshimologong e neng e itsiwe jaaka Noka ya Nuanetsi, ke nngwe ya dinoka tse dikgolo tse di tsenang mo [[Nokeng ya Limpopo]]. Noka ya Mwenezi e simologa kwa borwa jwa bogare jwa Zimbabwe mme e elela kwa borwabotlhaba go bapa le se se itsegeng jaaka Mokgatšha wa Noka ya Mwenezi o o kgaoganyang kgaolo ka dikarolo di le pedi. <ref>[http://eusoils.jrc.it/esdb_archive/EuDASM/Africa/images/maps/download/afr_zw3003_8to.jpg Mwenezi River & tributaries in Mwenezi (District)] Archived 18 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine</ref><ref>Flora of Zimbabwe [http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=102940 <nowiki>[1](</nowiki>]accessed 20 February 2008)</ref>Noka e fitlhelwa kwa lefatsheng la Zimbabwe le lefatshe la Mozambique. Kwa lefatsheng la Zimbabwe e ne e itsege jaaka Noka ya Nuanetsi kgotsa Noka ya Nuanetzi mo nakong e e fetileng, leina le e sa ntseng e le lone kwa Mozambique.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081120103720/http://www.undp.org.mz/en/content/download/539/2473/file/Chicualacuala.pdf Ministério da Administração Estatal 2005. Perfil do Distrito de Chicualacuala, Província de Gaza, page 2] </ref> Noka eno e elela go ralala Gonarezhou National Park fa e ya go kopana le Noka e kgolo ya Limpopo. Noka ya Mwenezi ke nngwe ya dinoka tse dikgolo tse di elelang go tswa kwa bokone go ya kwa borwa. Ga di kopane mo lefatsheng la Zimbabwe, mme di kopana mo sekgaleng sa dikilometara di le masome a mabedi kwa tlase ga noka mo Kgaolong ya Chicualacuala, Mozambique. Fa gare ke Lefatshe la Sengwe la Bommasepala mo Kgaolong ya Chiredzi ya motsana wa Masvingo, bogolo jwa lona ke lefelo le le sephaphathi le le nang le makhubu le le bogodimo jwa dimetara di ka nna makgolo a mararo (300 (980 ft). == Thekenoloji ya metsi == Go leba kwa godimo ga noka go tswa mo borogong mo tseleng e kgolo ya Masvingo - Beitbridge, gaufi le Rutenga. Noka ya Mwenezi ke noka e e nang le phallo e e kgaoganang e e lekanyeditsweng fela mo dikgweding tse pula e nang ka tsone (kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele go ya kgwedi ya Moranang), ka bontsi jwa phallo e e begilweng magareng ga kgwedi ya Sedimonthole le kgwedi ya Tlhakole, ntle le fa e fetotswe ke ditiro tsa matamo. <ref>Love, D., Uhlenbrook, S., Nyabeze, W., Owen, R.J.S., Twomlow, S., Savenije, H., Woltering, L. and van der Zaag, P. 2005. Modelling of hydrological change for IWRM planning: case study of the Mzingwane River, Limpopo Basin, Zimbabwe. In: Abstract Volume, 6th WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Symposium, Ezulwini, Swaziland, November 2005, p 31.[http://www.uniswa.sz/water2005/papers.htm <nowiki>[2]</nowiki>]</ref>Noka e na le seabe sa 6.7% ya palogare ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya metsi a a elelang go tswa mo Limpopo Basin, e e dirang gore e nne noka ya boraro e kgolo go feta e e elelang go tswa mo Limpopo Basin.<ref>Görgens, A.H.M. and Boroto, R.A. 1997. Limpopo River: flow balance anomalies, surprises and implications for integrated water resources management. In: Proceedings of the 8th South African National Hydrology Symposium, Pretoria, South Africa.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwenezi_River#cite_note-7]</ref> Dinoka tsa yone tse dikgolo ke Dinhe, Manyoshi, Mtedzi, Mhondi, Makugwe, Sosonye, Sovoleli, Malole, Mwele le Mushawe. == Ditoropo == Ditoropo le metse e e fa tlase e rulagantswe go tswa kwa motsweding wa noka go ya kwa molomong wa yone: * Tirelo ya Chegato * Motse wa Mwenezi * Kampa ya Mabalauta, Paraka ya Bosetšhaba ya Gonarezhou * Motse wa Malipati == Marogo le dikgogedi == Go na le marogo a le manè a magolo a a kgabaganyang Noka ya Mwenezi: * Borogo jo bo mo tseleng e kgolo ya Masvingo - Beitbridge, gaufi le Rutenga, gape e le borogo jwa seporo. * Borogo jo bo mo tseleng ya Chegato - Mataga * Borogo jo bo mo tseleng ya Dinhe - Neshuro * Borogo jo bo gaufi le Malipati mo tseleng e e tswang kwa Chikombedzi Gape go na le diforo di le mmalwa. == Tlhabololo == Mo godimo ga matamo a mannye a le mmalwa, go na le letamo le le lengwe le legolo mo Nokeng ya Mwenezi: Letamo la Manyuchi kwa Mwenezi (District), le le tlamelang Rutenga ka metsi le go nosetsa mofine wa sukiri. Metsi a a ntshiwang go tswa kwa Letamong la Manyuchi a tsewa gore a dirisiwe ke badirisi bano kwa Letamong la Rinette. Mafelo a mangwe a mabedi a matamo a lemogilwe fa gare ga letamo la Manyuchi le motse wa Mwenezi, mme ga jaana ga go a rulaganngwa gore a tla agiwa.<ref>Chibi, T., Kandori, C. and Makone, B.F. 2005. Mzingwane Catchment Outline Plan. Zimbabwe National Water Authority, Bulawayo [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwenezi_River#cite_note-8]</ref> == Diphologolo tsa naga == Noka eno e na le mefuta e e farologaneng ya diphologolo tsa naga, go akaretsa di-heron, dinonyane tsa naga le dikwena tsa Nile. Batho ba le mmalwa ba latlhegelwa ke matshelo a bone ka ntlha ya dikwena tseno, mmogo le diphologolo tse di sa balweng tsa mo gae jaaka dipodi, dinamane le diesele.<ref>Crocodile Attack [http://allafrica.com/stories/200704260289.html <nowiki>[3]</nowiki>] (accessed 19 February 2008)</ref> == Metswedi == idkm1ov2tdyza0ddbd8gxg47fy8e0wf 0 13816 51208 2026-06-21T09:51:30Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Letsha la Kitangiri 51208 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Tanzania relief location map.svg|thumb|Letsha la Kitangiri]] '''Letsha la Kitangiri''' ke letsha la metsi a a phepa le le kwa [[Singida]] le kwa Simiyu kwa Tanzania. E boleele jwa dikhilometara di le masome a mararo (19 mi) le bophara jwa dikilometara di robabobedi (5.0 mi), e e akaretsang lefelo la 11,500 ha (44 mi2). == Tlhaloso == Letsha la Kitangiri ke letsha la metsi a a phepa le le boleele jwa dikilometara di le masome a mararo le bophara jwa dikilometara di robabobedi, le le akaretsang bogolo jwa diheketara di le 11,500. Boteng jwa yone bo ka nna 3- 5 metres (9.8 - 16.4 ft), e e fetofetogang ka 1 -3 metres (3.3- 9.8 ft) ngwaga otlhe. <ref>Bossche, J.-P. Vanden; Bernacsek, G. M. (1990), [https://www.fao.org/4/t0473e/t0473e00.htm ''Source book for the inland fishery resources of Africa. 1: 1990'',] CIFA technical paper / Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, ISBN <bdi>978-92-5-102983-1</bdi>, retrieved 17 June 2026</ref>: 226 Ka dinako tse dingwe e khurumetsa dipoa tse di sephaphathi go ya kwa bokone le kwa bophirima.<ref>Vesey-Fitzgerald, Desmond Foster (1970). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2258169?origin=crossref "The Origin and Distribution of Valley Grasslands in East Africa"]. ''The Journal of Ecology''. '''58''' (1): 51. doi:[[doi:10.2307/2258169|10.2307/2258169.]]</ref>: 65 Dinoka tsa Wembere le Manonga di elela mo Letsheng la Kitangiri ka nako ya dipula.<ref name=":0">Harrison, Terry, ed. (1997). [http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4757-2683-1 ''Neogene Paleontology of the Manonga Valley, Tanzania: A Window into the Evolutionary History of East Africa''. Topics in Geobiology.] Vol. 14. Boston, MA: Springer US. doi:[[doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-2683-1|10.1007/978-1-4757-2683-1.]] ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-3265-5|<bdi>978-1-4419-3265-5</bdi>.]]</ref>: 334 Noka ya yone e e elelelang kwa ntle ke Noka ya Sibiti kwa ntlheng ya yone ya bokone, e e elelelang kwa ntlheng ya borwa jwa Letsha la Eyasi. 1]: 253 Letsha la Kitangiri e kile ya bo e le karolo ya letsha le letona la Eyasi.[ 4]: 57 Letsha la paleolake le ka tswa le tlhodilwe fa metsi a [[letsha la Victoria]] a ne a elela mo lekadibeng la Eyasi ⁇ Wembere, mme fa metsi a lone a ntse a fokotsega a ne a kgaogana go nna Matsha a Kitangiri le Eyasi a segompieno.<ref name=":0" />: 63 == Metswedi == 5kjyc5dkp6vd91b5wehnvhjk95vwcsv 0 13817 51209 2026-06-21T09:52:32Z Lucrucia98 12161 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA NOKA YA BUBYE 51209 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Bubye River.jpg|thumb|Noka ya Bubye]] '''Noka ya Bubye''', e e itsiweng gape jaaka Noka ya Bubi, ke noka e e tsenang mo nokeng ya Limpopo mo Kgaolong ya Beitbridge le Kgaolo ya Gwanda, kwa lefatsheng la Zimbabwe. E tlhatloga dikilometara di le masome a mane (40 (25 mi) kwa bokone botlhaba jwa West Nicholson kwa Matabeleland South, go tswa foo e elela kwa borwabotlhaba pele e kopana le Limpopo dikilometara di le masome a mabedi le botlhano kwa bophirima jwa molelwane le Mozambique. Tsela ya yone e bopa karolo ya molelwane magareng ga dikgaolo tsa Mberengwa le Mwenezi.<ref>''Historical Dictionary of Zimbabwe''. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, Inc. 2001. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-8108-3471-5|<bdi>0-8108-3471-5</bdi>.]]</ref> Tigerfish e fitlhelwa ka tlholego mo nokeng eno.<ref>[http://www.herald.co.zw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=25507%3Atiger-fishing-karibas-greatest-fame&catid=57%3Aisdore&Itemid=159 "Tiger Fishing: Kariba's greatest fame".] Archived from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2012</ref> == Matamo == Go ne go sena matamo a magolo mo nokeng <ref>Chibi, T.; Kandori, C. & Makone, B.F. (2005). ''Mzingwane Catchment Outline Plan''. Bulawayo: Zimbabwe National Water Authority [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubye_River#cite_note-4]</ref>eno go fitlha fa letamo la Bubi-Lupane le ne le agiwa ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedil le lesome (2010) go tlamela kgaolo ya Lupane ka metsi.<ref>[http://www.newsday.co.zw/article/2010-09-28-work-on-bubilupane-dam-resumes "Work on Bubi-Lupane Dam resumes".] ''NewsDay''. Zimbabwe. 28 September 2010. Archived from the original on 19 May 2024. Retrieved 14 November 2016.</ref> == Metswedi == lojs2g0hj1fapg2tdq87x7aiqexlam3 0 13818 51210 2026-06-21T09:55:00Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Letsha la Balangida 51210 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Tanzania relief location map.svg|thumb|Letsha la Balangida]] '''Letsha la Balangida''' ke letsha le le seng boteng mo kgaolong ya Hanang mo kgaolong ya bophirima ya Manyara mo lekaleng la Natron-Manyara-Balangida la [[East African Rif]]<nowiki/>t kwa bokone-bogare jwa [[Tanzania]]. Lefelo le le dikologileng Letsha la Balangida le dirisetswa temothuo le mafudiso.<ref><abbr>v</abbr> <abbr>t</abbr> <abbr>e</abbr> Lakes of Tanzania Ambussel Babati Balangida Burigi Chala Duluti Eyasi Jipe Kitangiri Magadi Manyara Momela Lakes Natron Ndutu Ngozi Rukwa Sulunga Tanganyika Victoria</ref> == Metswedi == 9eon8rurkepk3vjsmrmq54jx2zjoefq 0 13819 51211 2026-06-21T10:06:43Z Lucrucia98 12161 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA NOKA YA INSIZA 51211 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Noka ya Insiza''' ke nngwe ya dinoka tse dikgolo tse di tsenang mo nokeng ya Mzingwane kwa lefatsheng la Zimbabwe. [[Setshwantsho:Ekusileni.jpg|thumb|Noka ya Insiza]] E tlhoga gaufi le Fort Rixon, mo Kgaolong ya Insiza, mme e elela mo Nokeng ya Mzingwane gaufi le West Nicholson. == Thekenoloji ya metsi == Metsi a a kwa godimo a Insiza a a nyelela fela, mme fa tlase ga Letamo la Silalabuhwa, noka e elela ka peditharong ya ngwaga.<ref>Kileshye-Onema, J.-M., Mazvimavi, D., Love, D. and Mul, M.L. 2006. Effects of selected dams on river flows of Insiza River, Zimbabwe . Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 31, 870–875. [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2006.08.022 <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>]</ref> Dinoka tse dikgolo tse di tsenang mo nokeng ya Insiza di akaretsa noka ya Inkankezi le ya Siwaze. == Ditoropo, ditoropo le metse e e fa thoko ga noka == Metse e e fa tlase e rulagantswe go tloga kwa noka e simololang teng go ya kwa e felelang teng: * Motse wa Fort Rixon * Motse wa Filabusi == Marogo le dikgogedi == Borogo jwa Croft mo Nokeng ya Insiza gaufi le Filabusi. Go na le marogo a le manè a magolo mo nokeng ya Insiza: * Borogo jo bo mo tseleng e kgolo ya Mbalabala - Masvingo, gaufi le Filabusi. * Borogo jo bo mo tseleng ya Filabusi - Mataga . * Borogo jwa Filabusi - West Nicholson Road . * Borogo jwa Croft, mo tseleng e e tswang kwa Filabusi e ya kwa moepong wa Croft. Gape go na le mafelo a le mmalwa a go kgabaganya, go akaretsa: * Ponto ya Ekusileni (bona setshwantsho se se kwa godimo ga tsebe). == Tlhabololo == Letamo la Silalabuhwa. Mo godimo ga matamo a mannye a le mmalwa, go na le matamo a le manè mo Nokeng ya Insiza: * Letamo la Upper Insiza, gaufi le Fort Rixon, le agilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete , makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bosupa (1967) ka bokgoni jwa go tlamela ka 8,829 MCM (dimilione tsa dikhubiki metara). * Letamo la Insiza, le le neng le itsege pele jaaka Letamo la Mayfair le Letsha la Cunningham, le agilwe ka sekete , le makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le boraro (1973), le na le bokgoni jwa go tlamela ka 173,491 MCM. E tlamela motse wa Bulawayo ka metsi. * Letamo la Pangani, gaufi le Filabusi, le le agilweng go tlamela moepo wa Pangani ka metsi (o jaanong o tswetsweng mme e le lefelo la setheo sa thapiso sa basha. * Letamo la Silalabuhwa, le le agilweng ka ngwaga wa sekete , le makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le borataro (1966), le le nang le bokgoni jwa go tlamela ka metsi jwa 23,454 MCM. E gaufi le motswedi wa Noka ya Mzingwane mme e tlamela metsi a nosetso go Silalatshani Irrigation Scheme <ref>Moyo, M.; van Rooyen, A.; Moyo, M.; Chivenge, P.; Bjornlund, H. (2017). [[doi:10.1080/07900627.2016.1175339|"Irrigation development in Zimbabwe: understanding productivity barriers and opportunities at Mkoba and Silalatshani irrigation schemes".]] ''International Journal of Water Resources Development''. '''33''' (5): 740–754. doi:10.1080/07900627.2016.1175339. hdl:10568/96629.</ref>le Colleen Bawn.<ref>Chibi, T., Kandori, C. and Makone, B.F. 2005. Mzingwane Catchment Outline Plan. Zimbabwe National Water Authority, [[:en:Insiza_River#cite_note-4|Bulawayo]]</ref> == Metswedi == j4sb7pi9ryv246iec85e3vai1ua7bma 0 13820 51212 2026-06-21T10:08:21Z MmaBaggio 11091 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Letsha la Burigi 51212 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Letsha la Burigi''' (Lueor-lo-Urigi, le le rayang "White Lake of Urigi") <ref>John Hanning Speke (2 October 2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=sz5xAOxILCsC&pg=PA108 ''The Discovery of the Source of the Nile''.] Echo Library. pp. 108–. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-4068-3008-8|<bdi>978-1-4068-3008-8</bdi>.]] Retrieved 24 September 2011.</ref>ke letsha mo kgaolong ya [[Karagwe]], Kagera Region ya [[Tanzania|Tanzania.]] Dikarolo dingwe tsa letsha leno le lotshitshi lwa lone di mo Parakeng ya Bosetšhaba ya Burigi-Chato. == Ditso == [[Setshwantsho:Lake Burigi.jpg|thumb|Letsha la Burigi]] O ne a etelwa ke [[Dr. Hans Meyer's]] East African expedition, leina la yone mo dimmapeng tsa nako eo e ne e le Urigi.<ref>American Geographical Society of New York (1912). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=53Q9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA121 Bulletin of the American Geographical Society]'' (Now in the public domain. ed.). American Geographical Society of New York. pp. 121–. Retrieved 24 September 2011.</ref> Kapotene o ne a ribololwa letsha leno. [[John Hanning Speke]], yo o e bitsang Lueor-lo-Urigi ("White Lake of Urigi").<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Jz1QAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA76 The American journal of science]'' (Now in the public domain. ed.). J.D. & E.S. Dana. 1864. pp. 76–. Retrieved 24 September 2011.</ref> == Dipopego tsa lefatshe == Letsha leno le boleele jwa dikilometara di le lesome le borobabobedi le bophara jwa dikilometara di le nne. E na le sebopego se se sekhutshwane, sekgala se segolo fa gare ga matlhakore a mabedi ke dikilometara di le masome a mararo (19 mi). E tshesane thata mo e leng gore go tswa kafa letlhakoreng le lengwe, le lengwe le ka bonwa sentle ka metlha. Metsi a letsha leno a mmala o o phatsimang wa botala jwa loapi. <ref name=":0">Gaetano Casati (1891). ''[[iarchive:tenyearsinequat02casagoog|Ten years in Equatoria and the return with Emin Pasha]]'' (Now in the public domain. ed.). F. Warne. pp. [[iarchive:tenyearsinequat02casagoog/page/n352|283]]–. Retrieved 24 September 2011.</ref> E botona jwa diheketara di ka nna dikete tse supa (17.000 acres). Noka e kgolo go di feta tsotlhe ke ya Ruiza, e e nosediwang ke dinoka tse di tswang mo dithabeng tse di e dikologileng. Letsha leno le bonwa go tswa kwa Useni kgotsa kwa Kavari. Go na le mafelo a a nang le matlapa a papirase le dikgwa tse di nang le metsi a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe go dikologa letsha leno. Dithaba tse di e dikologileng di mmala o o borokwa, di na le ditlhatshana tse di nang le ditlhatshana tse ditala tse di lefifi. Metsi a yone a a ntseng a fokotsega a tlogetse dipoa tse dikgolo tse di sephaphathi mo matlhakoreng le go dikologa dintshi tse di yang kwa tengteng ga naga mo melapong. Letsha leno le kwa tlase ka dimetara di ka nna makgolo a mararo le masome a supa fa le bapisiwa le dithaba tse di tletseng bojang tse di le dikologileng. Go na le lekadiba le le tshesane kwa ntlheng ya letsha. <ref name=":1">[[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Stanley, Henry Morton]] (1890). ''[[iarchive:indarkestafrica09stangoog|In darkest Africa]]'' (Now in the public domain. ed.). C. Scribner's sons. pp. [[iarchive:indarkestafrica09stangoog/page/n324|300]], 413, 414–. Retrieved 24 September 2011.</ref> Lebopo la yone le kgaogantswe ke dintshi tse dintsi.<ref name=":0" /> Kgaolo ya Yanghiro, e e leng mo lotshitshing lo lo kafa botlhaba jwa Urigi, ke kgaolo e e dithaba, e e tletseng ka metse le masimo a a lemilweng, mmogo le dikgwa tsa ditlhare tsa dipanana. Lefelo le go neng go dirwa dipatlisiso mo go lone le ne le na le palogare ya pula ya dimilimetara di le 964,36 ka ngwaga, e leng selekanyo se se kwa godimo go gaisa se se neng sa bonwa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le bongwe . Tlwaelo ya pula e bontshitse gore dingwaga di le dintsi pula e ne e le kwa tlase ga palogare fa themperetšha e ne e oketsega ngwaga le ngwaga, seemo se se supang gore go na le phetogo ya tlelaemete mo lefelong le le ithutiwang. <ref>Njiru, Murithi; Nyamweya, Chrisphine; Gichuki, John; Mugidde, Rose; Mkumbo, Oliva; Witte, Frans (2012-01-05), "Increase in Anoxia in Lake Victoria and Its Effects on the Fishery", ''Anoxia'', InTech, doi:[[doi:10.5772/27461|10.5772/27461]], hdl:[[hdl:1834/6915|1834/6915]], ISBN 978-953-307-664-5</ref> == Dimela le diphologolo == Dinonyane tse di ratang go nna gaufi le lotshitshi lwa lewatle le metsi a lone ke tse di jaaka dikgopa, di-heron, di-pelican, di-jackana tsa Afrika, di-egret le di-wadger, tse di fulang sentle mo mafelong a magolo a a gaufi le lotshitshi lwa lewatle le lotshitshi lwa dikhuti. Matlhare ano a apesitswe ke dimela tsa Pistia stratiotes rigl. Kobus ellipsiprymnus le Hippopotamus amphibius di nna mo lefelong leno. <ref>R. H. Hughes; J. S. Hughes (1992). [https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA256 ''A directory of African wetlands''.] IUCN. pp. 240, 256–. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-2-88032-949-5|978-2-88032-949-5]]</bdi>. Retrieved 24 September 2011.</ref> Go na le masomosomo a menang e mentsho. Ditlhapi tsa mo letsheng di ne di tshwaeditswe ke seboko sa Guinea ka nako ya loeto lwa ga Stanley. <ref name=":1" /> == Metswedi == mrb4y7relob7z03qdg0i9je14n5qh1q 0 13821 51213 2026-06-21T10:45:22Z Lucrucia98 12161 #AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA NOKA YA THULI 51213 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Thuli River.jpg|thumb|Noka ya Thuli]] '''Noka ya Thuli,''' e pele e neng e bidiwa Noka ya Tuli, ke nngwe ya dinoka tse dikgolo tse di tsenang mo Nokeng ya Shashe kwa lefatsheng la Zimbabwe. E tlhoga gaufi le Matopo Mission, Matobo District, mme e elela mo Nokeng ya Shashe gaufi le motse wa Tuli. == Thekenoloji ya metsi == Thuli ke noka ya nakwana, e e nang le go fokotsega ga metsi a a elelang ngwaga le ngwaga.<ref>Love, D., Uhlenbrook, S., Madamombe, E., Twomlow, S. and van der Zaag, P. 2006. An evaluation of climate and run-off variability and associated livelihood risks in the Mzingwane Catchment, Limpopo Basin, Zimbabwe. Water Institute of Southern Africa Biennial Conference and Exhibition, Durban, South Africa, May 2006.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuli_River#cite_note-2]</ref> Dinoka tsa yone tse dikgolo di akaretsa Mtshabezi, Mtshelele, noka ya Sengezane le dinoka tsa Mwewe. Ka fa tlase ga Thuli-Makwe Dam, Thuli ke mosele o o tletseng motlhaba, o o nang le metsi a a kwa tlase mo nokeng.<ref>Görgens, A.H.M. and Boroto, R.A. 1997. Limpopo River: flow balance anomalies, surprises and implications for integrated water resources management. In: Proceedings of the 8th South African National Hydrology Symposium, Pretoria, South Africa.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuli_River#cite_note-3]</ref> == Ditoropo == Noka ya Thuli ga e fete mo metseng e megolo, mme e feta fela mo mafelong a a latelang a kgwebo: * Freda Mine * Guyu * Manama * Chelesa, Zimbabwe [Sengezane] == Marogo le dikgogedi == Go na le marogo a le matlhano a magolo mo nokeng ya Mzingwane: * Borogo jo bo mo Old Gwanda Road, magareng ga Matombo Mission le Blanket Mine. * Borogo jo bo mo tseleng ya Gwanda - Kezi, kwa tlase ga Thuli-Makwe Dam. * Elliot Bridge, e e kwa godimo ga Guyu. * Borogo jo bo mo tseleng ya Manama - Kafusi. * Borogo jwa Mankonkoni mo tseleng ya Tuli - Kafusi. Borogo jono bo ne jwa senngwa ke Kgwanyape ya Eline. Gape go na le mafelo a le mmalwa a go kgabaganya noka le go kgabaganya noka, go akaretsa: * Ntalale causeway, e e neng ya senngwa thata ke Kgwanyape ya Eline. * Tsela e e kafa tlase ga Thuli Gorge == Tlhabololo == Letamo la Thuli-Makwe. Mo godimo ga matamo a mannye, go na le letamo le le lengwe le legolo mo Nokeng ya Thuli: * Thuli - Makwe Dam, kwa bophirima jwa Gwanda. E gaufi le fa noka ya Mtshelele e kopanelang teng mme e tlamela ka metsi a go nosetsa. Noka ya Mtshabezi (noka e kgolo e e kafa letlhakoreng la molema) e na le letamo kwa Mtshabezi, Sheet le Blanket. Letamo la Mtshabezi le tla oketsa metsi a a tla tlamelwang mo Toropong ya Bulawayo, fa go sena go wediwa go tlhoma pipeline e e tla golaganang le lone. Matamo a Sheet le a Blanket a tlamela metsi a Toropo ya Gwanda le a Meepo ya Blanket le ya Vubachikwe. Mafelo a mangwe a mabedi a megorogoro a ile a tlhophiwa go ela kwa tlase ga noka: * Thuli- Moswa, koo go senang tlhabololo epe. * Thuli- Manyange, e e kwa godimo ga Elliot Bridge, kwa go neng ga simololwa go agiwa ka 2007 mme ga jaana e emisitswe.<ref>Chibi, T., Kandori, C. and Makone, B.F. 2005. Mzingwane Catchment Outline Plan. Zimbabwe National Water Authority, Bulawayo.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuli_River#cite_ref-Chibi_1-1]</ref> == Metswedi == qt55a519gqm2vy5wwl3bmhxv4w94roy