Gina Athans

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    <title>Gina Athans</title>
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      <text bytes="3863" sha1="3fc3p0y0txpl453pyaz40jxchjkhky1" xml:space="preserve">'''Gina Athans''' yoo o tshotsweng ka Seetebosigo ale bosupa ka ngwaga wa 1984 ke sekgantshwane sa [[:en:Beauty_queen|mmabontle]]  wa  Afrika Borwa gape ebile ele sekgantshwane sa bodiragatsi jwa bo modelera (modeler) wa letso la segerekia ([[:en:Greek_people|Greek]] ). &lt;ref&gt;Huisman, Bienne. [http://www.timeslive.co.za/sundaytimes/article83539.ece &quot;Paris helps billionaire forget SA wife&quot;]. Times Live. Retrieved 3 January 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

Rragwe Athans yoo tsholetsweng ko Gauteng (Johannesburg) ke ngaka mme Mme Mmagwe ke mogwebi . 

O godiseditswe mo  [[Small holding|polasing]]  ko  Eikenhof  ko borwa ja toropo ya Johannesburg. &lt;ref&gt;Network, Local News. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200121065515/http://www.looklocal.co.za/looklocal/content/en/joburg-south/joburg-south-news-general?oid=1364722&amp;sn=Detail&amp;pid=1171167&amp;Up-close-and--personal-with-SA%E2%80%99s-own-Gina-Athans &quot;Latest News | Free Advertising | Business Directory | Look Local&quot;]. looklocal.co.za. Archived from the original on 8 September 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

One a fiwa sekgantshwane wa mmabontle wa Miss South Africa Teen 2000 ale dingwaga tsedi lesome le bosupa ko aileng a thapiwa ke kompone ya [[:en:IMG_Models|IMG Models]] ko afeletseng a ile gonna ko toropong ya [[:en:Paris|Paris]].&lt;ref&gt;Network, Local News. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200121065515/http://www.looklocal.co.za/looklocal/content/en/joburg-south/joburg-south-news-general?oid=1364722&amp;sn=Detail&amp;pid=1171167&amp;Up-close-and--personal-with-SA%E2%80%99s-own-Gina-Athans &quot;Latest News | Free Advertising | Business Directory | Look Local&quot;]. ''looklocal.co.za''. Archived from [http://www.looklocal.co.za/looklocal/content/en/joburg-south/joburg-south-news-general?oid=1364722&amp;sn=Detail&amp;pid=1171167&amp;Up-close-and--personal-with-SA%E2%80%99s-own-Gina-Athans the original] on 8 September 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; 

{{Infobox person|height={{!}}1.81{{!}}m{{!}}ftin{{!}}0{{!}}abbr=on|birth_date=Johannesburg, South Africa|death_date=&lt;!-- {{death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} --&gt;|name=Gina Athans|partner={{marriage|[[Eyhab Jumean]]|2004|2005}}|website=&lt;!-- {{URL|website}} --&gt;}}

Go godiseng talente ya gagwe ya bokgantshwane yabo modelera one anna mongwe wa badiragatsi wa Afrika Borwa onneng a thagalela mo ''[[:en:Marie_Claire|Marie Claire]]'' mme gape a thopiwa gonna mme wa ditebego tsedi rokotsang matho mo kgatisong ya bobegadikgang ya  [[:en:FHM|FHM]] mo lehatsheng ka bophara ebile gape ele mongwe wa bomme ba aparang kapari ee kgathisang leitho wa Afrika Borwa.

One anna gape lego tlhagelela mo setshwantshog sa motshikenyego sa [[:en:Daniel_Craig|Daniel Craig]] film ''[[:en:Flashbacks_of_a_Fool|Flashbacks of a Fool]]'' (2008).

Mme gape one a bula kompone ee anamisang mafoko ebitswa Gina Athans PR ka ngwaga wa 2009 e enneng ya thapiwa go thusa go anamisa mafoko ka [[:en:Saif_al-Islam_Gaddafi|Saif al-Islam Gaddafi]] pele ga ntwa ya maraganateng ya Libya ka 2011.

O thusitse gape kago thusa go anamisa mogo kgethegileng ditautona tsedi farologanyeng tsa Afrika.

One gape a simolodisa kompone ya Holanathi ka 2018 mo ebileng kompone ya tleng e dirang bontle. O lemogiwa thata ele mongwe wa bomme baba nang le serodumu  mo Afrika le thoteletso mogo emiseng mopalo (malnutrion)  le tlala. 

Ka thotoetso ya kgwebo ya gagwe o rotloeditse gore sedikadike sa bana dinne le tshono ya goja dijo tsedi nang le dikotla. 

One a nyalwa ke mogwebi wa mohumi wa dinaledi gotswa Jordan, [[:en:Eyhab_Jumean|Eyhab Jumean]] ka ngwaga wa 2004 ko lenyalong le leneg le tseneletswe ke batho bale sekete, go akaretswa [[:en:50_Cent|50 Cent]] le [[:en:Dannii_Minogue|Dannii Minogue]]. Banyalani bane ba kgaogana ngwaga oneng ba nyalana ka  one mme ba felela ba kgaoganye kaga semolaong.

Esale ka ngwaga was 2008 ontse a nna ko Capetown gape ebile ona le motse ko Johannesburg. 

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  <page>
    <title>Bob Morley</title>
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      <text bytes="18314" sha1="ie37g2alplu999bp8htaq1ho6vum0nk" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person|name=Bob Morley|image=Bob Morley (27468730956) (cropped).jpg|caption=Morley in 2016|other names=Bobby Morley|birthname=Robert Alfred Morley|birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1984|12|20}}|birth_place=[[Kyneton, Victoria]], Australia|alma mater=&lt;!--this parameter is for graduates, per [[Template:Infobox_person#Parameters]]--&gt;|occupation=Actor|years active=2005–present|known for=Home and Away
Neighbours
The 100 (TV series){{!}}The 100
Love Me (Australian TV series){{!}}Love Me|spouses=marriage{{!}}Eliza Taylor{{!}}5 May 2019|children=1}}

'''Robert Alfred Morley''' o tshotswe ka ngwaga wa 1984, Morule a le malatsi a le masome a mabedi, o itsege mo go tsa tiro ka leina la '''Bob Morley,''' ke modiragatsi wa kwa lefatsheng la [[:en:Australia|Australia]]. O itsege thata ka moanelwa [[:en:List_of_The_100_characters#Bellamy_Blake|Bellamy Blake]] o a neng a mo tshameka mo setshwantshong sa motshikinyego sa motswedi wa tshedimosetso sa [[:en:The_CW|The CW]] se se bidiwang [[:en:The_100_(TV_series)|The 100,]] se se supilweng go tswa ka ngwaga wa 2014 go tsena ka 2020.

O simolotse go itsege fa a tshameka [[:en:Drew_Curtis_(Home_and_Away)|Drew Curtis]] mo motseletseleng wa ditshwantsho wa kwa Australia wa [[:en:Home_and_Away|Home and Away]] wa ngwaga wa 2006, a tlhagelela gape mo thulaganyong ya ditalente tsa mmino ya [[:en:It_Takes_Two_(Australian_TV_series)|It Takes Two]] ka ngwaga wa 2007, a tshameka mo [[:en:The_Strip_(Australian_TV_series)|The Strip]] ka ngwaga wa 2008. O tshamekile [[:en:Aidan_Foster|Aidan Foster]] mo [[:en:Neighbours|Neighbours]] ka ngwaga wa 2011 a nna moanelwa mogolo mo thulaganyong ya metshameko ya [[:en:Blinder_(film)|Blinder]] ka ngwaga wa 2013.

== Botshelo jwa pele le thuto ==
Robert Alfred Morley&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230629074827/https://en.24smi.org/celebrity/98516-bob-morley.html &quot;Bob Morley&quot;.] ''en.24smi.org''. 1 October 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; o tshotswe ka ngwaga wa 1984 ka Morule a le malatsi a le masome mabedi,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20070106124846/http://seven.com.au/homeandaway/meetthecast_bobby-morley &quot;Bobby Morley&quot;.] [[:en:Yahoo!7|Yahoo!7.]] Archived from [https://seven.com.au/homeandaway/meetthecast_bobby-morley the original] on 6 January 2007. Retrieved 20 June 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; o goletse kwa tshimong  kwa [[:en:Kyneton|Kyneton]], toropo e e kwa [[:en:Victoria_(state)|Victoria]] kwa Australia. Ke ngwana wa mme wa lotso lwa [[:en:Filipinos|Filipina]] le rre wa ditso tsa Australia le [[:en:Irish_people|Irish]], o o tlhokafetseng fa Bob a sale mmotlana. Morley o na le bokgaitsadie ba batona mo go ene le mogolowe wa monna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;


O ithutetse tsa bodiragatsi kwa sekolong go fitlhelela a dira ngwaga wa bolesome le bongwe, go fitlhelela a bolelelwa gore a seka a tswelela.&lt;ref&gt;Gallagher, Heather (13 August 2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120605171104/http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac?page=1&amp;sy=age&amp;kw=Bobby+Morley&amp;pb=all_ffx&amp;dt=selectRange&amp;dr=entire&amp;so=relevance&amp;sf=text&amp;sf=headline&amp;rc=10&amp;rm=200&amp;sp=nrm&amp;clsPage=1&amp;docID=SAG060813EQ6IB4EK9RM &quot;Yak Attack – Bobby Morley, 21, actor&quot;.] ''T[[:en:The_Age|he Age]]''[[:en:The_Age|.]] p.&amp;nbsp;29. Archived from [https://licensing-publishing.nine.com.au/ the original] on 5 June 2012. Retrieved 19 June 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Morley o boleletse [[:en:The_Age|The Age]] gore o ne a le moithuti o o sa utlweng ka jalo a sa tlhwafalele sepe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Kalina, Paul (9 October 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120605171130/http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac?page=1&amp;sy=age&amp;kw=Morley+and+home+and+away&amp;pb=all_ffx&amp;dt=selectRange&amp;dr=entire&amp;so=relevance&amp;sf=text&amp;sf=headline&amp;rc=10&amp;rm=200&amp;sp=nrm&amp;clsPage=1&amp;docID=AGE081009OA7LU3M5JMU &quot;An actor going through a stage&quot;.] [[:en:The_Age|''The Age''.]] p.&amp;nbsp;16. Archived from [https://licensing-publishing.nine.com.au/ the original] on 5 June 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Morago ga go fetsa ngwaga wa bolesome le bobedi, o ne a fudugela kwa [[:en:Melbourne|Melbourne]] a simolola dithuto tsa botegeniki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Morago ga ngwaga o e a tsaya tshwetso ya go tsenelela botaki jwa botlhami kwa [[:en:La_Trobe_University|La Trobe University]] a nna le agente.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Tiro ==
Morley o ne a itsege ka leina la Bobby mo dingwageng tsa a santse a le monnye,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; mme janong o dirisa leina la Bob Morley mo go tsa tiro.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230511133021/https://app.showcast.com.au/profile/C806CD11 &quot;Bob Morley&quot;.]''Showcast''.  from the original on 6 May 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; O simolotse tiro ya gagwe ka go diragatsa kwa metshamekong ya sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro, e akaretsa ''Falling to Perfect'' le ''Tale From Vienna Woods'' le difilimi tse dikhutshwane.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; O tlhageletse mo filiming e e tshosang ya ngwaga wa 2005 ya ''Dead Harvest'' e e eng e kaelwa ke ''Damian Scott,''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; a diragatsa gape e le motlaleletsi mo Neighbours.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ngwaga o a nnileng le karolo mo [[:en:Angels_with_Dirty_Faces|Angels with Dirty Faces]] mme se sa mmaya mo maemong a a siameng go bonwa ke bakaedi ba [[:en:Home_and_Away|Home and Away.]] Morley o ne a tsena mo Home and Away e le Drew Curtis ka ngwaga wa 2006&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Mo karolong ya gagwe ya ga Drew, o ne a tlhophiwa go phadisanela seetsele sa borre ba basha ba ba gaisitseng tsa [[:en:Logie_Awards|Logie Awards.]]


O tlhageletse mo karolong ya bobedi ya kgaisano ya baopedi kwa Australia ya It Takes Two ka Motsheganong ngwaga wa 2007. Ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a le lesome le bobedi ngwaga wa 2007, o ne a amogela matshao a a kwa godimo mme a ntshiwa. Morley o ne a tswa kwa Home and Away mme a tshameka ''Tony Moretti'' mo The Strip.&lt;ref&gt;Ellis, Scott (21 September 2008). [http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac?page=1&amp;sy=age&amp;kw=Morley+and+home+and+away&amp;pb=all_ffx&amp;dt=selectRange&amp;dr=entire&amp;so=relevance&amp;sf=text&amp;sf=headline&amp;rc=10&amp;rm=200&amp;sp=nrm&amp;clsPage=1&amp;docID=SHD080921J862H79134H &quot;Star sheds teen image&quot;.] [[:en:The_Sun-Herald|''The Sun-Herald''.]] p.&amp;nbsp;5. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140602221822/http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac?page=1&amp;sy=age&amp;kw=Morley+and+home+and+away&amp;pb=all_ffx&amp;dt=selectRange&amp;dr=entire&amp;so=relevance&amp;sf=text&amp;sf=headline&amp;rc=10&amp;rm=200&amp;sp=nrm&amp;clsPage=1&amp;docID=SHD080921J862H79134H Archived] from the original on 2 June 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; E ne ya kgaolwa ka e ne e sa lebelelwe ke batho ba le bantsi. Morley o ne a ya go tlhagelela gape mo Scorched ka ngwaga wa 2008. O ne a tlhophelwa seetsele sa Bachelor of the Year ka ngwaga wa 2009 sa makasine wa [[:en:Cleo_(magazine)|Cleo.]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230427211316/https://www.perthnow.com.au/news/cleo-announces-top-50-bachelors-of-2008-ng-b9a254cccb926eb7032c405e38bea522 &quot;Cleo announces Top 50 Bachelors of 2008&quot;]. ''Perth Now''. 18 February 2008. Archived from  on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 26 April 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ngwaga wa 2009, o ne a nna moanelwamogolo Lorca mo motshamekong wa ''Palindrome for a Dead Poet.'' Ngwaga o o latelang Morley o ne a tlhagelela mo karolong ya bone ya [[:en:Sea_Patrol|Sea Patrol.]]&lt;ref&gt;Creepy, Uncle (5 November 2009). [https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/34414/michael-berryman-heads-into-self-storage/ &quot;AFM: Take the Road Train to Terror&quot;.] Dreadcentral.com. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20120927225634/http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/34414/afm-take-road-train-terror the original] on 27 September 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;


Ka ngwaga wa 2011, o ne a tlhagelela mo [[:en:Road_Kill_(2010_film)|Road Train]] e mokaedi wa yone e leng [[:en:Dean_Francis_Alfar|Dean Francis.]] Ka Seetebosigo 2011,&lt;ref&gt;Creepy, Uncle (7 July 2010). [https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/38400/new-york-comic-con-2012-dark-horse-to-publish-a-buffyverse-sampler-in-january-2013/ &quot;New Clip and Stills from Road Kill&quot;.] Dreadcentral.com. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20121016064816/http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/38400/new-clip-and-stills-road-kill the original] on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; go ne ga bolelwa gore Morley o tla tshameka mo Neighbours e le Aidan Foster, mopati wa ga Chris Pappas. Baanelwa ba ga Morley le Mason ba ne ba nna baratani ba ntlha ba bong bo bo tshwanang.&lt;ref&gt;Dennehy, Luke (19 June 2011). [http://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/confidential/tv-soap-introduces-new-gay-character/story-e6frf96o-1226077652852 &quot;TV soap introduces new gay character&quot;]. [[:en:Herald_Sun|''Herald Sun''.]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20200101194228/https://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/celebrity/tv-soap-introduces-new-gay-character/news-story/5a840f0df4c4cd6bf8ac7b1a29d6cd0c Archived f]rom the original on 1 January 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Morley o ne a tsaya nakwana a tlhagelela mo The Blinder, a boela Neighbours ka Seetebosigo 2012.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.heraldsun.com.au/ipad/bob-morley-nurses-sharper-hair-cut/story-fn6bn80a-1226390511287 &quot;Bob Morley nurses sharper hair cut&quot;.] [[:en:Herald_Sun|''Herald Sun''.]] 11 June 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; O ne a tsena mo filiming ya Lost in The White City ka 2013.&lt;ref&gt;[https://deadline.com/2013/04/white-city-movie-casts-thomas-dekker-haley-bennett-bob-morley-483726/ &quot;Indie Drama 'The White City' Casts Thomas Dekker, Haley Bennett &amp; Bob Morley&quot;.] [[:en:Deadline_Hollywood|''Deadline Hollywood''.]] PMC). 25 April 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131214070203/http://www.deadline.com/2013/04/white-city-movie-casts-thomas-dekker-haley-bennett-bob-morley/ Archived] from the original on 14 December 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Ngwaga one oo o ne a tshameka Bellamy Blake mo The 100.&lt;ref&gt;Ng, Philiana; Goldberg, Lesley (21 February 2013). [https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/cws-hundred-bob-morley-eli-423294/ &quot;The CW's 'Hundred' Casts Aussie Soap Star and 'Emily Owens' Actor (Exclusive)&quot;]. [[:en:The_Hollywood_Reporter|''The Hollywood Reporter''.]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20180628124812/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/cws-hundred-bob-morley-eli-423294 Archived] from the original on 28 June 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ngwaga wa 2018, Morley o ne a fetsa thuto ya [[:en:Warner_Bros.|Warner Bros]] ya bakaedi, &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231209030412/https://televisionworkshop.warnerbros.com/alumnus/bob-morley/?section=year-2018 &quot;Bob Morley &amp;#x7C; Television Workshop&quot;].  from the original on 30 May 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;a kaela karolo ya bo lesome le motso ya season ya borataro e e bidiwang [[:en:List_of_The_100_episodes#ep82|Ashes to Ashes]] ya The 100.&lt;ref&gt;Coley, Samantha (25 July 2019). [https://telltaletv.com/2019/07/the-100-review-ashes-to-ashes-season-6-episode-11/ &quot;The 100 Review: Ashes to Ashes (Season 6 Episode 11)&quot;.] ''telltaletv.com''.&lt;/ref&gt;


O ne a tlhagelela mo karolong ya boraro ya tsa sepodisi ya [[:en:The_Rookie_(TV_series)|The Rookie]] ka ngwaga wa 2021.&lt;ref&gt;Houghton, Rianne (14 May 2021). [https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a36429230/the-rookie-bob-morley-the-100/ &quot;The 100 star Bob Morley confirmed for The Rookie in TV return&quot;.] [[:en:Digital_Spy|Digital Spy.]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210514125239/https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a36429230/the-rookie-bob-morley-the-100/ Archived] from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; Morley o tshamekile moanelwa o o emang nokeng mo motshamekong wa lorato wa [[:en:Love_Me_(Australian_TV_series)|Love Me]] o o neng o na le badiragatsi ba akaretsa [[:en:Hugo_Weaving|Hugo Weaving l]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;e [[:en:Bojana_Novakovic|Bojana Novakovic.]] &lt;ref&gt;Frater, Patrick (14 August 2021). [https://variety.com/2021/streaming/asia/love-me-hugo-weaving-australia-warner-aquarius-1235041701/ &quot;Hugo Weaving Stars in 'Love Me' Warner Television-Aquarius Series Shooting in Australia (Exclusive)&quot;.] ''Variety''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210814140122/https://variety.com/2021/streaming/asia/love-me-hugo-weaving-australia-warner-aquarius-1235041701/ Archived] from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.perthnow.com.au/entertainment/celebrity/love-me-star-bob-morley-on-sex-scenes-marriage-and-hollywood-fame--c-10413766 &quot;Bob Morley: Love Me star on sex scenes, marriage and Hollywood fame&quot;.] ''perthnow.com.au''. Andrei Harmsworth. 25 April 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;Ka ngwaga wa 2003, Morley le [[:en:Eliza_Taylor|Eliza Taylor]] ba ne ba tlhagelela mmogo ba tshameka Marcus le Julie mo filiming ya [[:en:I'll_Be_Watching|I'll be Watching.]]Filimi e e mo maranyaneng.&lt;ref&gt;Wiseman, Andreas (4 February 2022). [https://deadline.com/2022/02/eliza-taylor-the-100-bob-morley-new-movie-efm-1234926663/ &quot;'The 100' Stars Eliza Taylor &amp; Bob Morley Set For Sci-Fi Thriller 'I'll Be Watching' — EFM&quot;.] [[:en:Deadline_Hollywood|''Deadline Hollywood''.]] Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20220204163703/https://deadline.com/2022/02/eliza-taylor-the-100-bob-morley-new-movie-efm-1234926663/ the original] on 4 February 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Foertsch, Rachel (2 April 2023). [https://screenrant.com/ill-be-watching-movie-eliza-taylor-trailer/ &quot;Eliza Taylor Faces Off Against Home Invader In I'll Be Watching Trailer&quot;.] ''Screen Rant''. Retrieved 16 April 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://andersonvision.com/eliza-taylor-stars-in-the-nail-biting-thriller-ill-be-watching-acquired-by-uncorkd-entertainment/?feed_id=2486&amp;_unique_id=64458a3893f8d &quot;Eliza Taylor Stars in The Nail Biting Thriller I'll Be Watching Acquired by Uncorkd Entertainment&quot;.] ''andersonvision.com''. Troy Anderson. Retrieved 24 April 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Go dira molemo ==
Ka Lwetse a le masome mabedi le bongwe ka ngwaga wa 2016, o ne a tsenya tsela ya go reka dikipa tse a neng a di diretse go kgobokanyetsa [[:en:Beyond_Blue|Beyond Blue]] madi.&lt;ref&gt;Represent.com. [https://merch.cameo.com/bobmorley &quot;Bob Morley – Official Tee&quot;.] ''represent.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180425114854/https://represent.com/bobmorley Archived] from the original on 25 April 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Beyond Blue ke lekgotla le le fang kitso le bo le ema nokeng batho ba ba lwalang bolwetsi jwa tlhaloganyo kwa Australia. O ne a dira sekipa se sengwe gape ka ngwaga wa 2017, se madi a sone a neng a abelwa [[:en:The_Jed_Foundation|JED Foundation]], lekgotla le le senang dipoelo la maikutlo le go emisa go ikgapela botshelo.&lt;ref&gt;Represent.com. [https://merch.cameo.com/bob/bob-morley-what-is-wrong-with-a-little-chaos-shirt-jed-foundation &quot;Bob Morley's &quot;What's Wrong With Chaos&quot; Tee&quot;.] ''represent.com''. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20180425115632/https://represent.com/bob/bob-morley-what-is-wrong-with-a-little-chaos-shirt-jed-foundation the original] on 25 April 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Botshelo jwa gagwe ==
[[Setshwantsho:Eliza Taylor &amp; Bob Morley (25890275730).jpg|thumb|Bob Morley le mosadi wa gagwe, Eliza Taylor]]
Bob o buile ka go kgalelwa go nna le mmele o motona fa a ne a gateletswe ke maikutlo morago ga loaro lwa lengole ka ngwaga wa 2018.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cbsnews.com/philadelphia/news/the-100s-bob-morley-sounds-off-about-fat-shaming-depression-on-social-media/ &quot;'The 100's' Bob Morley Sounds off About Fat Shaming, Depression on Social Media&quot;.] ''CBS News''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka Motsheganong a le malatsi a matlhano, Morley o ne a nyala Eliza Taylor, o ba neng ba tshameka mmogo mo The 100.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.etonline.com/the-100-stars-eliza-taylor-and-bob-morley-announce-that-they-secretly-married-126680 &quot;'The 100' Stars Eliza Taylor and Bob Morley Announce They're Married!&quot;.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20200531155456/https://www.etonline.com/the-100-stars-eliza-taylor-and-bob-morley-announce-that-they-secretly-married-126680 ''Entertainment Tonight''.] 7 June 2019. Archived from the original on 31 May 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Ba begile lonyalo lwa bone ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a supa ka ngwaga wa 2019. Ka 2020 Morley le Taylor ba ne ba supa fa ba latlhegetswe ke ngwana o ba neng ba mo solofetse fa ba gatisa karolo ya bofelo ya The 100.&lt;ref&gt;Coley, Samantha (5 February 2020). [https://telltaletv.com/2020/02/everything-we-learned-at-unity-days-2020-including-teasers-for-the-100-season-7/ &quot;Everything We Learned at Unity Days 2020, Including Teasers for 'The 100' Season 7&quot;.] ''Tell-Tale TV''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200929030200/https://telltaletv.com/2020/02/everything-we-learned-at-unity-days-2020-including-teasers-for-the-100-season-7/ Archived] from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Ka Lwetse 2019, Morley o ne a abelana le batho fa a kile a leka go ikgapela botshelo makgetho a le mantsi.&lt;ref&gt;Morin, Alyssa (25 September 2019). [https://www.eonline.com/news/1077112/the-100-star-bob-morley-reveals-he-s-attempted-suicide-multiple-times &quot;The 100's Bob Morley Shares He's Attempted Suicide Multiple Times&quot;.] ''Enews''. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20220820030623/https://www.eonline.com/news/1077112/the-100-star-bob-morley-reveals-he-s-attempted-suicide-multiple-times the original] on 20 August 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka Tlhakole 2022, Taylor le Morley ba ne ba bega mo maranyaneng a [[:en:Instagram|Instragram]] gore ba solofetse ngwana,&lt;ref&gt;Bjornson, Greta (8 February 2022). [https://people.com/parents/the-100-stars-bob-morley-eliza-taylor-expecting-first-child/ &quot;The 100 Stars Bob Morley and Eliza Taylor Expecting Baby: 'We Cannot Wait!'&quot;.] ''People''. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20220208160436/https://people.com/parents/the-100-stars-bob-morley-eliza-taylor-expecting-first-child/ the original] on 8 February 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2022.&lt;/ref&gt; mme ka Mopitlo 2022 ba nna le ngwana wa mosimane.&lt;ref&gt;Powers, Catie (21 March 2022). [https://www.nowtolove.com.au/parenting/celebrity-families/bob-morley-baby-eliza-taylor-71484 &quot;Home and Away alum Bob Morley and Neighbours star Eliza Taylor welcome their first child&quot;.] [[:en:TV_Week|''TV Week''.]] Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20220322101033/https://www.nowtolove.com.au/parenting/celebrity-families/bob-morley-baby-eliza-taylor-71484 the original] on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Metswedi ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bambanani Mbane</title>
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      <text bytes="8421" sha1="6yeftr2zkt006m9zgl6u4wv2ems7zia" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football biography|name=Bambanani Mbane|image=Bambanani Mbane Rio2016.jpg|caption=Mbane with [[South Africa women's national football team|South Africa]] in 2016|full_name=Bambanani Nolufefe Mbane|birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=y|1990|3|12}}|birth_place=[[Sterkspruit]], South Africa&lt;ref name=prof&gt;[http://www.sasolinsport.com/banyana/player-profiles/bambanani-nolufefe-%E2%80%9Cjuice%E2%80%9D-mbane Bambanani Nolufefe “Juice” Mbane]. sasolinsport.com&lt;/ref&gt;|height=1.62m&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/bambanani-mbane Bambanani Mbane] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922214017/https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/bambanani-mbane |date=22 September 2016 }}. rio2016.com&lt;/ref&gt;|position=[[Midfielder]], [[Defender (soccer)|defender]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://results.nbcolympics.com/athletes/athlete=mbane-bambanani-1056486/index.html Bambanani Mbane]. nbcolympics.com&lt;/ref&gt;|currentclub=[[Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies F.C.|Mamelodi Sundowns]]|clubnumber=12|clubs1=[[Bloemfontein Celtic F.C.]]|clubs2=[[FC Dinamo Minsk|Dinamo Minsk]]|years2=2020|caps2=1|goals2=0|clubs3=[[Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies F.C.|Mamelodi Sundowns]]|years3=2021–|club-update=20 July 2023 (prior the [[2023 FIFA Women's World Cup]])|medaltemplates={{Medal|Country|{{fba|South Africa}}}}
{{Medal|Comp|[[Women's Africa Cup of Nations]]}}
{{Medal|1st|[[2022 Women's Africa Cup of Nations|2022 Morocco]]|}}
{{Medal|2nd|[[2018 Africa Women Cup of Nations|2018 Ghana]]|}}

{{MedalCompetition|[[CAF Women's Champions League]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2021 CAF Women's Champions League|2021 Egypt]]|}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2022 CAF Women's Champions League|2022 Morocco]]|}}

{{MedalCompetition|[[COSAFA Women's Champions League]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2021 COSAFA Women's Champions League|2021 South Africa]]|}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2022 COSAFA Women's Champions League|2022 South Africa]]|}}|image_size=240px|nationalteam1=[[South Africa women's national soccer team|South Africa]]|nationalyears1=2016–|nationalcaps1=81|nationalgoals1=4}}

'''Bambanani Nolufefe Mbane''' (yo o tshotsweng ka Mopitlo a le lesome le bobedi ka 1990) ke motshameki wa kgwele ya dinao wa moAforika Borwa yo o tshamekang kwa morago mo setlhopheng sa SAFA Women's League sa  [[Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies F.C.|Mamelodi Sundowns]] le sa setshaba sa bomme sa Aforika Borwa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20170919173348/http://www.sasolinsport.com/banyana/player-profiles/bambanani-nolufefe-%E2%80%9Cjuice%E2%80%9D-mbane Bambanani Nolufefe “Juice” Mbane]. sasolinsport.com&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tiro ya setlhopha ==
'''&lt;big&gt;Bloemfontein Celtics Ladies&lt;/big&gt;'''

E ne e le leloko la setlhopha sa  Bloemfontein Celtics Ladies se se neng sa fenya SAFA Women's League ka tatelano ka ditlha tsa 2016 le 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://www.snl24.com/dailysun/sport/mbanes-the-celtic-ladies-secret-weapon-20171212 Mbane's the Celtic Ladies secret weapon]&quot;. ''Daily Sun''. Retrieved 11 November 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;SAFA (11 December 2016). &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190820030605/https://gsport.co.za/bloem-celtic-crowned-sasol-league-2016-champs/ Bloem Celtic Crowned SASOL League 2016 Champs]&quot;. ''gsport4girls''. Retrieved 11 November 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;tsholofelomosina (11 December 2017). &quot;[https://alexnews.co.za/108962/bloemfontein-celtic-ladies-sasol-womens-league-champions/ Bloemfontein Celtic Ladies are Sasol Women's League champions again]&quot;. ''Alex News''. Retrieved 11 November 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

O ne a bidiwa kgosigadi ya kgaisano ka 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

'''&lt;big&gt;Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies&lt;/big&gt;'''

Ka 2021, Mbane a ya kwa [[Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies F.C.|Mamelodi Sundowns]] kwa South Africa ebile e ne e le karolo ya setlhopha se se neng sa fenya CAF Women's Champions League ya 2021 sa bo sa tsaya maemo a bobedi mo CAF Women's Champions League ya 2022.

O ne a bidiwa mo Hollywoodbets Super League: Motshameki wa setlha sa 2021 abo a tsena mo setlhopheng sa ngwaga (ba ba gaisang ba ba lesome le motso).&lt;ref&gt;Malepa, Tiisetso (27 March 2022). &quot;[https://www.timeslive.co.za/sport/soccer/2022-03-27-sundowns-ladies-win-big-at-inaugural-hollywoodbets-super-league-awards/ Sundowns Ladies win big at inaugural Hollywoodbets Super League awards]&quot;. ''TimesLIVE''. Retrieved 10 November 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kganakga, Tlamelo (28 March 2022). &quot;[https://gsport.co.za/hbsl-honours-top-2021-22-season-performers/ HBSL Honours Top 2021/22 Season Performers]&quot;. ''gsport4girls''. Retrieved 11 November 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; O ne a nopolwa mo tlotleng ya CAF Women Interclub ya motshameki wa ngwaga ya 2021 le ya CAF Women ya motshameki wa ngwaga wa 2021.&lt;ref&gt;Ntsoelengoe, Tshepo (6 July 2022). &quot;[https://www.citizen.co.za/sport/soccer/local-soccer/sundowns-caf-awards-nominees/ Sundowns, Banyana players dominate Caf awards]&quot;. ''The Citizen''. Retrieved 14 November 2023&lt;/ref&gt;

O ne a phutlha setlha seo ka go bidiwa  South African Football Journalists' Association (Safja): motshameki wa kgwele ya dinao ya bomme wa ngwaga wa 2021.&lt;ref&gt;Times, iDiski (23 February 2022). &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240324120009/https://www.idiskitimes.co.za/local/mbane-wins-safja-womens-footballer-of-the-year/ Mbane Wins SAFJA Women's Footballer Of The Year]&quot;. ''iDiski Times''. Retrieved 24 March 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ka 2022 o ne a tsenngwa mo go ba ba lesome le motso ba ba gaisang ba CAF Women’s Champions League ya 2022 le ba ba lesome le motso ba ba gaisang ba Women's Africa Cup of Nations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-africa-cup-of-nations/news/caf-announces-totalenergies-women-s-afcon-2022-best-xi/ CAF announces TotalEnergies Women's AFCON 2022 Best XI]&quot;. ''CAF''. 26 July 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka 2023 o ne a tsenngwa mo go ba ba lesome le motso ba Aforika mo go bomme e e neng ya begiwa kwa CAF Awards tsa 2023.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.cafonline.com/news/osimhen-oshoala-named-african-men-s-and-women-s-player-of-the-year-at-the-caf-awards-2023/ Osimhen, Oshoala named African Men's and Women's Player of the Year at the CAF Awards 2023]&quot;. ''CAF''. 12 November 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tiro ya ditshabatshaba ==
Mbane o gaisantse le setlhopha sa setshaba sa bomme sa kgwele ya dinao sa Aforika Borwa kwa Africa Women Cup of Nations ka 2018 kwa ba feditseng mo maemong a bobedi.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/46414687 Nigeria win 2018 Women's Africa Cup of Nations]&quot;. ''BBC Sport''. Retrieved 24 March 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

O ne a leloko la setlhopha sa Aforika Borwa sa bomme sa kgwele ya dinao kwa Women's Africa Cup of Nations ka 2022 kwa ba fentse bommampodi ja kontinente ja bone ja ntlha le kwa sejaneng sa lefatshe sa bomme sa FIFA sa 2023 kwa ba feletseng kwa go tsa bofelo tse lesome le borataro.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-africa-cup-of-nations/news/magaia-brace-hands-south-africa-first-wafcon-trophy/ magaia-brace-hands-south-africa-first-wafcon-trophy]&quot;. ''CAF''. 29 June 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Botshelo ja gagwe ==
Ka 2019 o ne a nyala Tsholofelo Makgaleme morago ga go ratana dikgwedi tse tharo.&lt;ref&gt;Sekudu, Bonolo. &quot;[https://www.news24.com/life/relationships/love/relationship/love-story-how-tsholo-mbane-and-banyana-banyana-defender-bambanani-pitched-for-love-20230921-2 Love story: How Tsholo Mbane and Banyana Banyana defender Bambanani pitched for love]&quot;. ''Life''. Retrieved 9 November 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ditlotla ==
'''Club'''

* SAFA Women's League: 2016,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 2017,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; 2021, 2022, 2023
* CAF Women's Champions League: 2021 maemo a bobedi: 2022

'''South Africa'''

* Women's Africa Cup of Nations: 2022,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-africa-cup-of-nations/news/magaia-brace-hands-south-africa-first-wafcon-trophy/ Magaia brace hands South Africa first TotalEnergies WAFCON trophy]&quot;. ''CAF''. 29 June 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; maemo a bobedi: 2018

'''Individual'''

* SAFA Queen of the Tournament: 2017
* SAFA Queen of Queens: 2017
* Hollywoodbets Super League Player of the Season: 2021
* 2021 South African Football Journalists' Association (Safja): Women's footballer of the year
* Women's Africa Cup of Nations Team of the Tournament: 2022&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* IFFHS CAF Women's Team of The Year: 2022&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.iffhs.com/posts/2490 IFFHS Women's CAF Team 2022]&quot;. ''The International Federation of Football History &amp; Statistics (IFFHS)''. 31 January 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Women's Africa XI: 2023

== Metswedi ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Uncle Waffles</title>
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      <text bytes="7038" sha1="jjn1715bvebgzo6b9mqmpdyl336tkol" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Swazi-born musician and DJ}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Use South African English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name              = Uncle Waffles
| image             =[[File:Uncle Waffles 01.jpg|thumb|waffles doing flamess]]
| caption           = Uncle Waffles ka 2024
| birth_name        = Lungelihle Zwane
| birth_date        = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2000|03|30}}
| birth_place       = [[Eswatini]]
| label             = Kreativekornerr
| years_active      = 2020–present
| occupation        = {{flatlist|
*DJ
*record producer}}
| genre             = {{flatlist|
*[[Amapiano]]
}}
| background        = person
}}

'''Lungelihle Zwane''' (o tshotswe ka 30 Mopitlwe 2000), yo a itsegeng jaaka '''Uncle Waffles''', ke moletsi wa ditshipi le motsamaisa-direkoto go tswa [[Eswatini|eSwatini]] mme a direla mo Aforika Borwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Aklilu, Rahel (11 April 2022). [https://www.complex.com/music/uncle-waffles-amapiano-princess-interview &quot;Uncle Waffles, Amapiano Princess, On Her Rise To DJ Superstardom&quot;]. ''[[:en:Complex_Networks|Complex]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221028053318/https://www.complex.com/music/uncle-waffles-amapiano-princess-interview Archived] from the original on 28 October 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Doubt about her exact birthday was cleared up in 2025 with her own revelation reported by David (30 March 2025). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250403051548/https://iharare.com/shes-grown-uncle-waffles-age-revealed-on-her-birthday/ &quot;Uncle Waffles' Age Revealed on Her Birthday&quot;].  from the original on 30 March 2025., formerly she was thought to be younger as reported in Mphande, Joy (1 April 2022). [https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2022-04-01-snaps--good-vibes-and-fun-times--inside-uncle-waffles-22nd-birthday-party/ &quot;Good vibes and fun times — Inside Uncle Waffles' 22nd birthday party&quot;]. ''[[:en:TimesLIVE|TimesLIVE]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230326185334/https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-lincle-waffles-22nd-birthday-party/ Archived] from the original on 26 March 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Ani, Ivie (7 March 2023). [https://audiomack.com/world/post/uncle-waffles-upnow-interview &quot;Interview: Uncle Waffles to the World&quot;]. ''[[:en:Audiomack|Audiomack]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230326202740/https://audiomack.com/world/post/uncle-waffles-upnow-interview Archived] from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; O itsege ka tiro ya gagwe mo go tsa [[Amapiano]] le bokgoni jwa gagwe ba go bina,&lt;ref&gt;Nikitta, Jazmine (21 November 2022). [https://www.acclaimmag.com/music/uncle-waffles/ &quot;Uncle Waffles is Flying The Flag for Amapiano&quot;]. ''Acclaim Magazine''. Retrieved 26 March 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wangeci, Tela; Mankaprr, Conteh; Makinde, Tami; Miya, Madzadza; Saraki, Seni (28 December 2022). [https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-afropop-songs-of-2022-1234650065/uncle-waffles-x-tony-duardo-tanzania-feat-sino-msolo-boibizza-1234650178/ &quot;The 40 Best Afropop Songs of 2022&quot;]. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20230326194346/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-afropop-songs-of-2022-1234650065/uncle-waffles-x-tony-duardo-tanzania-feat-sino-msolo-boibizza-1234650178/ Rolling Stone]''. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; mo Billboard e neng ya supa fa e le ene &quot;kgosigadi ya Amapiano&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Mamo, Heran (31 March 2023). [https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/uncle-waffles-south-african-amapiano-coachella-interview-1235296038/ &quot;Meet Uncle Waffles, the Artist Bringing the South African Amapiano Genre to Coachella&quot;]. ''[[:en:Billboard_(magazine)|Billboard]]''. Retrieved 4 April 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Pina ya gagwe eo e golotsweng sa ntlha, &quot;Tanzania&quot;, e fitlhile mo maemong a ntlha mo Aforika Borwa,&lt;ref&gt;Peaks on The Official South African Charts: ''Tanzania'' ([https://theofficialsacharts.co.za/charts/local-international-streaming-chart-top-100-week-17-2022/ &quot;Local &amp; International Streaming Chart Top 100: Week 17&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_Official_South_African_Charts|The Official South African Charts]]''. 9 May 2022. Archived from the original on 9 May 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2023.); ''Yahyuppiyah'' ([https://web.archive.org/web/20230420235230/https://theofficialsacharts.co.za/charts/local-international-streaming-chart-top-100-week-14-2023/ &quot;Local &amp; International Streaming Chart Top 100: Week 14 2023&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_Official_South_African_Charts|The Official South African Charts]]''. 14 April 2023. Archived from the original on 20 April 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2023.); Peacock (Revisit) [[https://www.billboard.com/charts/south-africa-songs-hotw/2023-09-09/ &quot;South Africa Songs: Week of September 9, 2023&quot;]. ''Billboard''. 9 September 2023. Retrieved 5 December 2023.]; Wadibusa ([https://theofficialsacharts.co.za/charts/local-international-streaming-chart-top-10-week-18-2024/ &quot;Local and International Streaming Chart Top 10: Week 18&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_Official_South_African_Charts|The Official South African Charts]]''. Retrieved 27 May 2024.)&lt;/ref&gt; koo e tlhomamisitsweng gore ke ya maemo a polatinamo ga supa.&lt;ref&gt;Meara, Paul (7 September 2023). [https://www.bet.com/article/cmd4io/uncle-waffles-unboxed-interview-eswatini-south-africa-echoes-solace &quot;Uncle Waffles Is An Amapiano Superstar Setting A Unique Tone and History in the Process&quot;]. ''[[BET]]''. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Botshelo jwa kwa bonnyeng ==
Zwane o tshotswe a bo a golela kwa eSwatini (e pele e neng e le Swaziland).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; O godile a sa itse batsadi ba gagwe, a golela mo tlhokomelong ya ga nkukuagwe mo dingwageng tsa bonyana, a bo a kopana le mmaagwe fela fa a le mogolwanyane, mme botalano jwa bone botlhoke go nna jo bo iketlileng.&lt;ref&gt;Meara, Paul (7 September 2023). [https://www.bet.com/article/cmd4io/uncle-waffles-unboxed-interview-eswatini-south-africa-echoes-solace &quot;Uncle Waffles Is An Amapiano Siuperstart Setting A Unique Tone and History In the Process&quot;]. ''BET.'' Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Zwane o godile a reetsa mmino wa house le [[Kwaito]] wa Aforika Borwa go tswa go diopedi tse di jaaka Black Coffee, [[Lebo Mathosa]] le DJ Kent.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Pele ga katlego ya go nna DJ, Zwane o ne a nna mogasi wa thelebishene kwa Studio1 mo Eswatini TV, mme o ne a tseelwa legato ka Phatwe 2022 morago ga go kgaogana le lenaneo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.africa-press.net/eswatini/all-news/nojali-replaces-uncle-waffles-on-studio-1 &quot;Nojali Replace Uncle Waffles On Studio 1&quot;]. ''africa-press.net''. 19 January 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2023&lt;/ref&gt; Ke teng fa a neng a itsisiswe la ntlha ka DJ'ing ke tsala ya gagwe e le ene a neng a bereka mo setediong, ka gonne go ne go na le setlhopha sa di-DJ tsa dingwaga di le lesome le botlhano koo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Morago ga moo o ne a fudugela kwa Afrika Borwa go ya go tsena yunibesithi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Metswedi ==
[[Category: Uncle Waffles]]
[[Category: Amapiano DJ]]
[[Category: DJ Waffles]]
[[Category: Swazi DJ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Makgobokgobo a Okavango</title>
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      <comment>Ke atolositse tlhanolo ya tsebe e fale le fale. #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA</comment>
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      <text bytes="22277" sha1="d8qutjl2mnnovvjevmrom8cwm0aydgm" xml:space="preserve">'''Makgobokgobo a Okavango''' kgotsa '''Metswedi ya Okavango''' ke makgobokgobo a a bonwang mo [[Botswana]] kwa Noka ya Okavango e felelang teng ebo e fitlhelela bophara jwa makgolo a robabongwe le masome a le mararo go ya go sekete sa dimethara (930–1,000 m)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf &quot;Ramsar Information Sheet&quot;] (PDF). 1996. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;  (3,050–3,280 ft) mo karolong e e fa gare ya lekadiba la endorheic la Sekaka sa Kalahari. 

Ke lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe la [[UNESCO]] jaaka e le engwe ya makgobokgobo a fitlhelwang mo teng ga mpa ya lefatshe e e sa elelaleng kwa lewatleng, e na le naga e e bongola e gantsi e itsetletseng.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt; Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. [https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 &quot;Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting&quot;]. ''Whc.unesco.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 Archived] from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Go na le moo, metsi a morwalela a anamela mo mafelong a a tletseng motlhaba le mo ditlhaketlhakeng, mme karolo e kgolo ya one e elela kwa tlase mo metsing a a seng boteng a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe, pele ga dimela di a monya. Mo e ka nnang metsi otlhe a a fitlhang mo makgobokgobong, kgabagare a a mowafala a bo a fetoga mowa. 

Ngwaga le ngwaga, metsi a a ka nnang selekanyo sa 11 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.6 cu mi) a anama mo lefelong leno la 6,000–15,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (2,300–5,800 sq mi). Metsi mangwe a morwalela a elela mo Letsheng la Ngami.&lt;ref&gt;Keen, Cecil (1997). &quot;[http://www.greatestplaces.org/notes/okavango.htm Okavango Delta&quot;]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080116102605/http://www.greatestplaces.org/notes/okavango.htm Archived] from the original on 16 January 2008. Retrieved 27 August 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Kgaolo e e kile ya bo e le karolo ya Letsha la Makgadikgadi, letsha la bogologolo tala le le neng le kgadile thata kwa tshimologong ya ''Holocene''.&lt;ref&gt;McCarthy, T. S. (1993). &quot;The great inland deltas of Africa&quot;. ''Journal of African Earth Sciences''. '''17''' (3): 275–291. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993JAfES..17..275M :1993JAfES..17..275M.] [[doi:10.1016/0899-5362(93)90073-Y|doi:10.1016/0899-5362(93)90073-Y.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Moremi Game Reserve e mo ntlheng ya botlhaba tsatsi jwa makgobokgobo a. Makgobokgobo a a ne a kaiwa e le nngwe ya ''Seven Natural Wonders of Africa'', a neng ya tshwaiwa semmuso ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e malatsi a lesome le motso, ngwaga wa ketepedi lesome le bongwe ( 2013 ) kwa Arusha, Tanzania.&lt;ref&gt;[[&quot;Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders&quot;]]. ''sevennaturalwonders.org''. Archived from the original on 21 December 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;  Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e tlhola malatsi ale masome a mabedi le bobedi, ngwaga wa ketepedi lesome le bone (2014) , Makgobokgobo a Okavango e ne ya nna lefelo la sekete go kwadisiwa semmuso mo Lenaaneng la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe ya UNESCO.&lt;ref&gt;Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. [[&quot;World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana&quot;.]] ''Whc.unesco.org''. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

== Leina  ==

Leina ''Okavango'' le tswa mo Nokeng ya Okavango, e le yone e tswang mo go ''Kavango'', e e kayang batho ba Kavango ba kwa bokone jwa Namibia.

Mekwalo ya bogologolo ya Seesemane e ne e akaretsa ''Okovango'', fa bakanoki bangwe ba kwa Namibia ba rata Kavango fa ba bua ka noka le kgaolo ya Namibia. Mokwala-ditso Andreas Eckl o bolela fa dipego tsa German colonial di ne di dirisa ''Okavango'', mme gore tlhaka ya ntlha ya ''O-'' ga e a tlwaelesega mo ditemeng tsa lefelo leo tsa Kavango, mme ka moo e ile ya amanngwa le tlhotlheletso ya Ba-Herero.&lt;ref&gt;Eckl, Andreas (2007). [[&quot;Reports from 'beyond the line': The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911&quot;]] (PDF). ''Journal of Namibian Studies''. '''1''': 7–37. Retrieved 12 May 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Popego (Motheo) ==

=== Merwalela ===
Okavango e dirwa ke merwalela e etlang le dipaka tsa ngwaga. Noka ya Okavango e gelela pula ya selemo (Firikgong-Tlhakole) go tswa kwa dithabeng tsa Angola mme e elela sekgala sa 1200 km mo selekanong sa kgwedi e le nngwe. Morago ga moo, metsi a anama mo lefelong la makgobokgobo a bophara jwa 37 500 km&lt;sup&gt;²&lt;/sup&gt; (14,500 sq mi) mo dikgweding di le nne tse di latelang (Mopitlo-Seetebosigo).

Mogote o o ko godimo wa makgobokgobo o baka tatlhego e ntsi ya metsi a a tsewang ke mowa o o molelo, seo se baka  kgolo le kwelotlase ya metsi e e nnileng gararo&lt;ref&gt;C. N. Kurugundla; N. M. Moleele; K.Dikgola. [[&quot;Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management&quot;]] (PDF). University of Botswana. pp. 8–9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; mme   e sa tlhaloganyesege  go fitlhela ka ''20th century''. Merwalela e nna magareng ga dikgwedi tsa Seetebosigo le Phatwe, ka nako e  lefatshe la Botswana le itemogelang komelelo mo dikgweding tsa mariga, foo makgobokgobo a tlale a penologe go ka nna gararo ga selekanyo sa one, mme se se ngoke diphologolo go tswa dikilometara tse di seng kae di dire nngwe ya kgobokana ya diphologolo tsa naga tse dintsi mo Aferika.

Makgobokgobo a ikadile, selekanyo sa pharologanyo ya go tsholetsega ga dimithata tse di ko tlase ga bobedi (7 ft) go anama le 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi),&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090719112055/http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ &quot;Okavango Delta&quot;]. Archived from [http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ the original] on 19 July 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; fa metsi one a kgokologe ka selekanyo sa dimithata di ka nna masome a marataro (200 ft) go tswa Mohembo go tsena mo Maun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wehberg, Jan (31 December 2013). [[doi:10.7809/b-e.00236|&quot;Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting&quot;]]. ''Biodiversity &amp; Ecology''. '''5''': 11. [[Doi:10.7809/b-e.00236|doi:10.7809/b-e.00236]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gumbricht, T. (1 September 2001). &quot;The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications&quot;. ''South African Journal of Geology''. '''104''' (3): 243–264. [[Bibcode:2001SAJG..104..243G.]] [[Doi:10.2113/1040243.|doi:10.2113/1040243.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Go elela ga Metsi ===

=== Letsha (Lecha) ===
Fa metsi a fokotsega ka iketlo, metsi a nna a ntse a le teng mo melapong le mo dinokeng, mo mesimeng ya metsi le mo matsheng a le mmalwa a magolo, mme seno se baka koketsego ya diphologolo. Mafelo a go itseelwang ditshwantsho le mafelo a bojanala/boetelo a le mmalwa a bonwa mo tikologong ya matsha a. Mangwe a matsha a matoma a akaretsa:

* Dombo Hippo Pool (19°11′58″S 23°38′25″E)

* Gcodikwe Lagoon (19°10′03″S 23°14′24″E)
* Guma Lagoon (18°57′52″S 22°22′41″E)
* Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool (19°05′17″S 23°01′12″E)
* Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island (19°03′23″S 23°03′44″E)
* Moanachira Lagoon (19°03′45″S 23°05′24″E)
* Shinde Lagoon (19°06′18″S 23°09′18″E)
* Xakanaxa Lagoon (19°10′48″S 23°23′42″E)
* Xhamu Lagoon (19°10′03″S 23°16′12″E)
* Xhobega Lagoon (19°10′39″S 23°12′36″E)
* Xugana Lagoon (19°04′12″S 23°06′00″E)
* Zibadiania Lagoon (18°34′12″S 23°32′06″E)

=== Ditlhaketlhake tsa letswai ===
Go kgobokana ga letswai go dikologa medi ya dimela go dira gore go nne le mafelo a masweu a a se nang sepe mo gare ga ditlhaketlhake di le diketekete, tse di setseng di na le letswai le lentsi thata mo dimela di se kgoneng go tshela mo go tsone, kwantle fela ga ditlhare tsa mokolane tse tle di nne teng tse di kgonang go emelana le letswai. Ditlhare le bojang di gola mo motlhabeng o o dikologileng ditlhaketlhake tseno tse di iseng di nne letswai thata. 

Mo e ka nnang bosupa mo lesomeng (70%) ya ditlhaketlhake e simolotse e le dithotobolo tsa ditshoswane (gantsi ''Macrotermes'' spp.), mo setlhare se neng sa mela gone mo thotobolong ya mmu.&lt;ref&gt;Dunford, Chris. [http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm &quot;Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August&quot;]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm Archived] from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Chief's Island ===
Chief's Island (19°12′S 22°48′E), setlhaketlhake se segolo go di feta tsotlhe mo makgobokgobong, se ne sa bopiwa ke ''mola'' o o neng wa tlhatlosa lefelo le le boleele jwa 70 km (43 mi) le bophara jwa 15 km (9.3 mi). Mo nakong e e fetileng, e ne e le lefelo le le seelegetsweng fa thoko go nna la go tsoma ga ga kgosi fela, mme gone jaanong ke lefelo le le sireleditsweng la diphologolo tsa naga. Jaanong ke lefelo la konokono la bontsi jwa diphologolo tsa naga, fa metsi a tlhatloga.&lt;ref&gt;[https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ &quot;Okavango delta Botswana | Mokoro and boating safaris&quot;]. ''Okavango Safaris''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ Archived] from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2020&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Climate (''Tlelaemete'') ==
Botala jo bogolo jwa Makgobokgobo ga bo bakwe ke ''tlelaemete'' e e bongola; mme, ke lefelo le le nang le metsi (oasis) mo nageng e e omeletseng. Selekanyetso sa pula e e nang ngwaga le ngwaga ke 450 mm (18 in) (mo e ka nnang selekanyo sa bongwe-mo-borarong jwa kgaolo ya Angola kwa e tsayang metsi teng) ebile bontsi jwa yone, pula, e na magareng ga Sedimonthole le Mopitlo e le mo sebopegong sa dipula tsa matlakadibe tsa motshegare.

Sedimonthole go tsena ka Tlhakole ke dikgwedi tse di mogote le tse di bongola ka selekanyo-sa-mogote wa motshegare o o kgonang go tsoletsegela kwa go 40 °C (104 °F), masigo a a mololo (bothitho), le maemo a bongola mo phefong a a tsamayang magareng ga 50 le 80%. Go tloga ka Mopitlo go tsena Motsheganong, selekanyo-sa-mogote se a fokotsega, o o ko godimo e le 30 °C (86 °F) motshegare le masigo  a a mololo go ya kwa botsididing. Dipula di kgaota ka bonako mme go bo go latela dikgwedi tse go senang pula le tse di tsididi tsa mariga tsa Seetebosigo go tsena Phatwe. Mo nakong eno ya ngwaga, seemo sa mogote wa motshegare ga se kwa godimo thata, mme mogote o ye ko tlase thata fa letsatsi le sena go phirima. Masigo a tle a nne tsididi mo makgobokgobong, ka serame se se gaufi le 0 °C.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana &quot;Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time&quot;]. ''Climatestotravel.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana Archived] from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 15 May 2020&lt;/ref&gt; Ka dinako tse dingwe tsa mariga, mmowane wa serame o bonale.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta &quot;A Year in the Okavango Delta&quot;]. ''Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Lwetse go ya ko go Ngwanatsele, mogote le mokete-jwa-mowa-o-o-mo-lefaufaung (''atmospheric pressure'') di bowa di oketsega, fa paka ya mariga (e senang pula) e tsena mo pakeng ya dipula. Phalane ke kgwedi e e gwetlhang thata baeng: gantsi seemo sa mogote sa motshegare se feta 40 °C (104 °F) mme komelelo e kgaupediwa fela ka dinako tse dingwe ke go thunya ga maru ga tshoganetso.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;UNEP-WCMC (22 May 2017). [https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ &quot;OKAVANGO DELTA&quot;.] ''World Heritage Datasheet''. Retrieved 17 May 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Diphologolo/ditshidi tsa makgobokgobo ==
Makgobokgobo a Okavango ke legae la se nnela ruri le la dipaka dingwe, sa mefutafuta ya diphologolo tsa naga.&lt;ref&gt;Bradley, John H. (October 2009). [https://web.archive.org/web/20091119220225/http://www.capetowntocairo.com/travelogue/gliding-in-a-mokoro-through-the-okavango-delta.htm &quot;Gliding in a Mokoro Through the Okavango Delta, Botswana&quot;]. ''Cape Town to Cairo Website''. CapeTowntoCairo.com. Archived from [http://www.capetowntocairo.com/travelogue/gliding-in-a-mokoro-through-the-okavango-delta.htm the original] on 19 November 2009. Retrieved 10 November 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Diphologolo tsotlhe ''tse tlhano tse dikgolo'' tsa naga, tau, nkwe (lengau), nare ya Aferika, tlou ya Aferika, tshukudu e ntsho le e tshweu di teng.&lt;ref&gt;Galpine, N. J. (2006). [https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf &quot;Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons&quot;] (PDF). ''Ecological Journal''. '''7''': 55−61. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 7 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

Phologolo e e tletseng thata e le kgolwane e amusa (seamusi) ke letswee (red Lechwe), e go fopholediwang gore di ka tswa di le 88 000.&lt;ref&gt;Chase, M.; Schlossberg, S.; Landen, K.; Sutcliffe, R.; Seonyatseng, E.; Keitsile, A. &amp; Flyman, M. (2018). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana] (Report). Botswana: Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census.&lt;/ref&gt; Mefuta e mengwe ya ditshedi e akaretsa thutlwa, kgokong, pitse ya naga, kubu,&lt;ref&gt;McCarthy, T. S.; Ellery, W. N.; Bloem, A. (1998). &quot;Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana&quot;. ''African Journal of Ecology''. '''36''' (1): 44−56. [[Bibcode:1998AfJEc..36...44M. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x.]]&lt;/ref&gt; phala, phofu, tholo, kwalata, tshepe e khibidu, ''puku'', tumoga (waterbuck), ''sitatunga'', ''tsessebe'', letlotse,&lt;ref&gt;Klein, R. (2007). [http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf &quot;Status report for the cheetah in Botswana&quot;] (PDF). ''Cat News''. Special Issue 1: 13−21. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; lekanyane (letlhalerwa), phiri, phokojwe, thwane, tadi, thakadu, thukwi, motlhose, mmutla, matshwane, kolobe ya naga, tshwene, kgabo le kwena.&lt;ref&gt;Wallace, K. M.; Leslie, A. J. (2008). &quot;Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana&quot;. ''Journal of Herpetology''. '''42''' (2): 361−368. [[Doi:10.1670/07-1071.1.|doi:10.1670/07-1071.1.]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46987629 S2CID 46987629].&lt;/ref&gt;

Makgobokgobo a gape a na le mefuta e fetang 400 ya dinonyana, e akaretsa le kgaka, kgoadira (ntsu o mogolo), morubisi, legou, ''lefaloa'', mogatsakwena (mmatshwii), ''African skimmer'', ghube, leowang, ''molomo-swana'', legololwane (legoloane), lehututu, mogolodi (mogolori),&lt;ref&gt;Alonso, L. E.; Nordin, L.-A., eds. (2003). ''A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey''. RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment. Vol. 27. Washington, DC: Conservation International. [[:en:Special:BookSources/1-881173-70-4|ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;1-881173-70-4&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt; ''letleretlere (letlhakela)'', ramolongwana (mmamolongwana/tlhagwe) le mmantshe.&lt;ref&gt;Mbaiwa, J. E.; Mbaiwa, O. I. (2006). &quot;The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana&quot;. ''International Journal of Wilderness''. '''12''' (3): 17−41. [[Hdl:10311/28.|hdl:10311/28.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Fa e sale ka 2005, lefelo le le sireleditsweng le, ntse le tsewa jaaka Lefelo la Tshomarelo ya Ditau (Lion Conservation Unit ) gammogo le Hwange National Park.&lt;ref&gt;IUCN Cat Specialist Group (2006). ''Conservation Strategy for the Lion'' Panthera leo ''in Eastern and Southern Africa''. Pretoria, South Africa: IUCN.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ka 2019, ditshukudu di ka nna 150 di ne di tshela kwa bokone jwa Makgobokgobo a Okavango.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html &quot;Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population&quot;]. ''Voa News''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html Archived] from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023&lt;/ref&gt; Go tloga ka 2020 go fitlha ka 2021, ditshukudu di le 92 di ne tsa bolawa ke magodu a di phologolo mo kgaolong ya makgobokgobo ga sala fela di le 40, se sa dira gore puso e fuduse ditshukudu tseo go tswa mo Makgobokgobong a Okavango.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-10-23/botswana-moves-rhinos-out-of-okavango-delta-as-poaching-worsens &quot;Botswana Moves Rhinos Out of Okavango Delta as Poaching Worsens&quot;]. ''Bloomberg''. 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221122041225/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-10-23/botswana-moves-rhinos-out-of-okavango-delta-as-poaching-worsens Archived] from the original on 22 November 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ditlhapi ===
Makgobokgobo a Okavango a na le mefuta e le 71 ya ditlhapi, go akaretsa le ditlhapi tsa ngwesi, mefuta ya di-tilapia le mefuta e e farologaneng ya ditlhapi tsa ''babore.'' Ditlhapi tseno di farologana ka bogolo go tloga ka ''babore'' ya Afrika e e nang le meno a a bogale e e boleele jwa dimetara di le 1,4 (1,4 m/4.6 ft) go ya go e e boleele jwa disentimetara di le 3,2 (3,2 cm/1.3 in) jwa ''sickle barb''. Mefuta e e tshwanang e, e fitlhelwa mo Nokeng ya Zambezi, e supa ditso tsa kamano magareng ga dinoka tse pedi tse.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf &quot;The Fishes of the Okavango Delta&quot;] (PDF). ''Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre''. 2007. Archived from [http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf the original] (PDF) on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Dimela ==
Makgobokgobo a Okavango ke legae la dimela di le 1068 tse di tswang mo masikeng a le 134 le mo mefuteng e le 530.&lt;ref&gt;Ramberg, Lars (2006). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 &quot;Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana&quot;]. ''Aquatic Sciences''. '''68''' (3): 316. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AqSci..68..310R Bibcode:2006AqSci..68..310R.] [[Doi:10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y|doi:10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y]] – via ResearchGate.&lt;/ref&gt; Go na le mefuta e le metlhano e e botlhokwa ya dimela mo ''mogobeng'' o o sa kgaleng: ''Papyrus cyperus'' mo metsing a a boteng, ''Miscanthus'' mo mafelong a a nang le go elelela metsi a a seng boteng, le ''Phragmites australis'', ''Typha capensis'' le ''Pycreus'' fa gare ga tsone. Mefuta ya ditshedi tse di nnang mo ''mogobeng'', tse gantsi di fitlhelwang mo ''mogobeng'' o o sa kgaleng, gape di atologa go ya kwa mafelong a a nang le merwalela e tlang le dipaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Fa lotlhaka le melang teng la ''Papyrus cyperus,'' le gola sentle mo metsing a a elelang ka bonya a a boteng, mme eseng thata, mme e bonala thata mo matlhakoreng a melapo. Mo ditlhaketlhakeng le mo mafelong a fetang bojang jo bo tletseng metsi, go na le mefuta e e farologaneng ya dimela. Mefuta eno e fitlhelwa go ya ka gore e rata metsi a ntseng jang: sekai, ''Philenoptera violacea'' e tlhoka metsi a mannye, e fitlhelwa kwa mafelong a a tsholetsegileng thata mo mafelong a ''mogobe'' o o sa kgaleng, ebile e tlwaelesegile mo mafelong a ditlhaketlhake a ''mogobe'' o o kgalang. Ditlhare tse di fitlhelwang fela mo ditlhaketlhakeng tse di mo ''mogobeng'' o o sa kgaleng, di kopantse tsa mokolane se se bidiwang ''Hyphaene petersiana'' le tsa moaka.&lt;ref&gt;Ramberg, Lars (2006). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 &quot;Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana&quot;]. ''Aquatic Sciences''. '''68''' (3): 316. [[Bibcode:2006AqSci..68..310R.]] [[Doi:10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y|doi:10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y]] – via ResearchGate.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Toerien, D. K. (15 August 1976). [[doi:10.4102/koedoe.v19i1.1179|&quot;Geologie van die Tsitsikamakusstrook&quot;.]] ''Koedoe''. '''19''' (1). [[Doi:10.4102/koedoe.v19i1.1179.|doi:10.4102/koedoe.v19i1.1179.]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2071-0771 ISSN 2071-0771.]&lt;/ref&gt;

Dimela tsa makgobokgobo di na le seabe sa botlhokwa mo go thibeleng kgogolego/kgopo ya mmu. Gantsi ''dintshi'' (lotshitshi) tsa noka di na le seretse se sentsi, mme seno se kopana le motlhaba o o mo nokeng go dira gore ''dintshi'' (lotshitshi) tsa noka di nne di ntse di oketsega. Metsi a noka eno mo makgobokgobong a na le motlhaba fela, ka gonne metsi a a phepa a Okavango a na le seretse se sennye. Dimela tseno di tshegetsa motlhaba, di dira jaaka sekgomaretsi fa seretse se seng sentsi, mme ka go dira jalo di atolosa/oketsa ditlhaketlhake tse mo go tsone dimela tse dingwe di ka kgonang go mela.

Thulaganyo e ga e botlhokwa mo go bopeng ditlhaketlhake tse di tlhamaletseng. Di ditelele e bile di ditshesane mme gantsi di obege jaaka noka e e itsoketsang ka iketlo ka gonne tota ke lotshitshi lwa tlholego la melatswana ya bogologolo ya noka e e neng ya thibelwa ke go gola ga dimela le go kgobokana ga motlhaba, mme seno sa dira gore noka e fetole tsela ya yone le gore dipota tsa bogologolo tsa dinoka di fetoge ditlhaketlhake. Ka ntlha ya go bo makgobokgobo a le bophara le ka ntlha ya motlhaba o montsi o o elelang mo go yone go tswa kwa Nokeng ya Okavango, boalo jwa makgobokgobo bo ntse bo a tlhatloga ka iketlo. Mo go nang le melapo gone gompieno, go tla nna ditlhaketlhake ''kamoso'' mme go tswa foo melapo e mesha e ka nna ya gogola ditlhaketlhake tseno tse di leng teng.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090719112055/http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ &quot;Okavango Delta – Part 2 -&quot;.] ''blog.africabespoke.com''. Archived from [http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ the original] on 19 July 2009. Retrieved 4 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Batho ==
Batho ba Makgobokgobo a Okavango ba na le ditlhopha di le tlhano tsa merafe, nngwe le nngwe e na le lotso lwa yone le puo ya yone:

== Metswedi ==
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    <title>Go Laola Metswedi ya Metsi Kwa Egepeto</title>
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      <text bytes="39273" sha1="9y0j0zrtd4nbwjuzsit14c5ck716g4l" xml:space="preserve">'''Tlhokomelo ya metswedi ya metsi kwa Egepeto''' ke tirego e e raraaneng e e tsenyeletsang batsayakarolo ba le bantsi ba ba dirisang metsi go nosetsa, go tlamelwa ka metsi a mmasepala le a madirelo, go tlhagisa motlakase wa metsi le go tsamaisa dikepe. Mo godimo ga moo, metsi a Noka ya Nile a tlamela tikologo ya metsi e e tshosediwang ke go tsewa ga metsi le kgotlelo. Egepeto gape e na le metswedi e mentsi ya metsi a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe a a tswang mo matlakaleng a a epilweng kwa Sekakeng sa Bophirima.

Bothata jo bogolo jwa go laola metsi kwa Egepeto ke go tlhoka tekatekano ga metsi a a tlhokegang le a a sa tlhokegeng. Go tlhomamisa gore metsi a tla nna teng mo isagweng, go botlhokwa gore go nne le tirisanommogo le dinaga tse robongwe tse di bapileng le noka ya Nile. Thulaganyo ya Nile Basin Initiative e thusa gore go nne le tirisanommogo e e ntseng jalo. Mo dingwageng tsa bo1990 puso e ne ya simolola diporojeke tse dikgolo tse tharo go oketsa go nosetsa mo &quot;mafatsheng a masha&quot;. Di kwa kgaolong ya Toshka (&quot;Mokgatšha o Mosha&quot;), mo molelwaneng wa Delta ya Nile ya Bophirima, le kwa Bokone jwa Sinai. Diporojeke tseno tsotlhe di tlhoka metsi a mantsi a a ka kgonang go dirisiwa fela ka go nosetsa &quot;masimo a bogologolo&quot; a a setseng a noseditswe ka tsela e e botoka mmogo le go dirisa gape metsi a a tswang mo kgamelong le a a dirisitsweng.

Go lebeletswe gore tsamaiso ya metsi kwa Egepeto e nne thata fa phetogo ya tlelaemete e oketsa go fetofetoga ga maemo a bosa, e dira gore go nne le kgatelelo e e golang mo dinageng tse di kwa godimo ga metsi, e bile e dira gore metsi a lewatle a tlhatlogele kwa godimo, mme seno se tla dira gore metsi a letswai a tsenelele le go oketsa letswai le le mo mawatleng.

== Ditso ==
Letsha la Nasser kafa morago ga Letamo le Legolo la Aswan

Hisitori ya tsamaiso ya metsi ya segompieno kwa Egepeto e simolola ka go agiwa ga Letamo la bogologolo la Aswan ka ngwaga wa 1902 le go thibiwa ga metsi a Noka ya Nile mo lekgolong la bo19 le la bo20 la dingwaga. Letamo la bogologolo la Aswan le ne le boloka metsi a Noka ya Nile go dira gore go kgonege go jala dijalo di le dintsi ka ngwaga kwa Nokeng ya Nile, fa matamo a ne a tlhatlosa metsi a Noka ya Nile gore metsi a kgone go fetisediwa kwa dikanaleng tse dikgolo tsa go nosetsa tse di neng di tsamaisana le noka. Tsela e noka eno e laolwang ka yone e ne ya fetolwa thata ka ngwaga wa 1970 fa go ne go agiwa Letamo le Legolo la Aswan, le le neng la fedisa morwalela wa ngwaga le ngwaga wa Nile. Letamo leno le ne la lere mesola e megolo jaaka go oketsega ga metsi a a neng a le teng mo temothuong ya Egepeto, a a neng a dira gore go nne le lotseno lo lo kwa godimo le ditiro, go dirwa ga motlakase ka metsi, go laola merwalela, go tokafatsa tsela ya go tsamaya mo lewatleng le go dira gore go nne le mafelo a go tshwara ditlhapi mo Letsheng la Nasser. Mme gape go ne ga nna le ditlamorago tsa tikologo le tsa loago tse di akaretsang go fudusiwa ga batho, go latlhegelwa ke seretse se se nonneng se jaanong se kgobokanelang mo letamong le le kafa morago ga letamo, go tlala ga metsi go go kopaneng le go oketsega ga letswai la mmu le go oketsega ga kgogolego ya lotshitshi.

Bona gape: [[Letamo la Aswan § Ditlamorago tsa tikologo le tsa loago]]

Go sa amanngwe le go agiwa ga Letamo le Legolo la Aswan, boleng jwa metsi bo ne jwa senyega ka ntlha ya go boa ga metsi a a neng a tswa mo go one le go tshololwa ga metsi a a leswe a ditoropo le a madirelo a a neng a sa phepafadiwa. Go simolola ka bo1980 go phepafadiwa ga metsi a a leswe go ne ga tokafala mme boleng jwa metsi mo Nokeng ya Nile bo ne jwa tokafala gape ka iketlo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Martin Hvidt: [http://www.netcomuk.co.uk/~jpap/hvidt.htm &quot;Water resource planning in Egypt&quot;,] in: Eric Watkins (Editor): ''The Middle Eastern Environment'', ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;1-898565-03-1&lt;/bdi&gt;, 1995&lt;/ref&gt;Go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1992, puso e ne e dira tshwetso ya gore ke dijalo dife tse balemirui ba tshwanetseng go di jala, mme seno se ne se dira gore balaodi ba kgone go isa metsi a a rileng mo mogobeng mongwe le mongwe go ya ka gore dijalo di tlhoka metsi a a kana kang. Ka ngwaga wa 1992 go ne ga nna le phetogo e kgolo fa mekgwa ya go lema e ne e gololwa mme balemirui ba ne ba gololesegile go jala se ba se batlang. Ka yone nako eo puso e ne ya simolola go naya mekgatlho ya badirisi ba metsi maikarabelo a go tsamaisa dikanala tsa makala, e leng se se neng se bidiwa &quot;go fetisa taolo ya go nosetsa&quot;. Mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo1990 puso e ne ya simolola diporojeke tse dikgolo tse tharo tsa go nosetsa &quot;dinaga tse disha&quot; mo sekakeng.

== Dikarolo tsa motheo ==
Didirisiwa tse di leng teng

Mosele wa Ibrahimiya kwa Minya

Go laolwa ga metswedi ya metsi kwa Egepeto go ikaegile ka thulaganyo e e raraaneng ya mafaratlhatlha go ralala noka yotlhe. Karolo ya konokono ya kago eno ke Letamo le Legolo la Aswan le le bopang Letsha la Nasser. Letamo le Legolo le sireletsa Egepeto mo merwaleleng, le boloka metsi gore a nosediwe ngwaga otlhe e bile le ntsha motlakase ka metsi. E na le bokgoni jwa go boloka metsi a dikubita di le dibilione di le 90 mme e boloka metsi a a fetang halofo ya selekanyo sa metsi a Noka ya Nile ka ngwaga, ka go dira jalo e dira gore go nne le selekanyo se se kwa godimo sa metsi mo nokeng eno fa se bapisiwa le dinoka tse dingwe tse di laolwang mo lefatsheng.

Go ela kwa tlase ga Letamo la Aswan, go na le matamo a le supa a a dirang gore metsi a noka a oketsege gore a kgone go elela mo dikanaleng tsa go nosetsa tsa maemo a ntlha. Nngwe ya tsone ke e e boleele jwa dikilometara di le makgolo a mararo le masome a matlhano(350) e leng Ibrahimiya Canal e e neng ya wediwa ka ngwaga wa 1873, e leng kanale e kgolo go di gaisa tsotlhe ya maitirelo mo lefatsheng. E tswa mo lotshitshing lo lo kafa molemeng lwa noka ya Nile kwa Assiut mme e bo e tsamaisana le noka eno. Go tshelwa ga metsi a yone go ne ga okediwa ke Letamo la Assiut le le neng la wediwa ka ngwaga wa 1903. Matamo a mangwe a magolo a teng kwa Esna le Naga Hammadi mo nokeng e kgolo ya Nile, mmogo le Delta Barrage, Zifta Barrage le Damietta Barrage mo lekaleng la Damietta le Edfina barrage mo lekaleng la Rosetta la Nile. Gape metsi a tswa mo Nokeng ya Nile a ya kwa Faiyum Oasis ka mosele o o bidiwang Bahr Yussef o o simologileng mo motlheng wa Bofaro. Go tswa mo lekadibeng leno e elela go ya kwa Birket Qarun (Letsha la Moesis). Mokorwana wa Metsi a a Monate o tswa kwa Cairo go ya kwa Ismailia mme Mokorwana wa Metsi a a Monate one o tsamaya ka go tshwana le Mokorwana wa Suez, o o tlamelang metse e e fa thoko ga Mokorwana ka metsi a a nowang. Dikanala tseno ka bobedi di ne tsa wediwa ka ngwaga wa 1863. Mosele wa Mahmoudiyah o golaganya noka ya Nile le Alexandria. E ne ya wediwa ka ngwaga wa 1820 mme e ne e le botlhokwa thata mo go tsamaiseng dikepe, mme gone jaanong e dirisediwa thata go nosetsa le go tlamela Alexandria ka metsi a a nowang.

Letamo la Delta mo lekaleng la Damietta la Noka ya Nile (go tswa kwa tlase ga noka)

== Thulaganyo e kgolo ya go nosetsa (go ya ka thulaganyo) ==
Dikanala tsa go nosetsa di kgaogantswe go nna dikanala tsa konokono (Rayah), dikanala tsa konokono (dikanala tsa maemo a ntlha), dikanala tsa makala (dikanala tsa maemo a bobedi), dikanala tsa kabo (mesqas, kgotsa dikanala tsa maemo a boraro) le mesele ya nosetso (Merwas).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[http://ressources.ciheam.org/om/pdf/b48/05002288.pdf M.N. Allam, Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University:Participatory Irrigation Water Management in Egypt]: Review and Analysis, Option méditerranéennes Series B, n° 48, no date (probably 2004). Retrieved 15 November 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;Go elela ga metsi mo ditseleng tse dikgolo le tse dikgolo go tswelela pele; mo ditseleng tsa makala le tsa kabo go a dikologa. Le fa go ntse jalo, puso e tshegetsa thulaganyo ya go fetola mengwe ya dikanala tsa maemo a a kwa tlase ka iketlo gore e nne e e elelang e sa kgaotse. Balemirui ba pompa metsi go tswa mo mesqas go nosetsa masimo (go tsholetsa: mo e ka nnang 0.5 ⁇ 1.5 m).&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:FAO|Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations:]] Aquastat: Country profile Egypt. Retrieved 15 November 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;Mesqa gantsi e na le bogolo jwa masome a matlhano (50) go ya go makgolo a mabedi (200) feddan (20 go ya go 80 hectares).Mo dikgaolong tse go senang thulaganyo ya semmuso ya go tsamaisa metsi sentle, badirisi ba kwa bofelong gantsi ga ba bone metsi a a lekaneng go tlhokomela dijalo. Mekgatlho ya badirisi ba metsi e ne ya tlhamiwa go simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo1990 go aba metsi botoka mo balemiruing ka mesqa le go dira gore go pompiwa ga metsi go nne bonolo, ka maikaelelo a go fokotsa go gogiwa ga metsi, ditshenyegelo tsa go pompiwa ga metsi le go oketsa thobo.

Ka ngwaga wa 1994 Egepeto e ne e na le dikilometara tse di ka nnang 30 000 tsa dikanale tsa botlhe (maemo a ntlha le a bobedi), dikilometara tse 17 000 tsa matlwana a metsi a botlhe, dikilometara di le 80 000 tsa dikanale tsa poraefete tsa maemo a boraro (mesqas) le mesele ya nosetso, didiriswa tsa go tsholetsa metsi tsa poraefete di le 450 000 (sakias kgotsa dipompo), dikago tsa taolo ya metsi tsa setšhaba di le 22 000 le diteishene tse dikgolo tsa pompo tsa setšhaba di le 670 tsa nosetso.&lt;ref&gt;Martin Hvidt: [http://www.netcomuk.co.uk/~jpap/hvidt.htm &quot;Water resource planning in Egypt&quot;], in: Eric Watkins (Editor): ''The Middle Eastern Environment'', ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;1-898565-03-1&lt;/bdi&gt;, 1995&lt;/ref&gt;

Go ntshiwa ga metsi ka go a ntsha mo tlase ga lefatshe le ka go a kgatsha go botlhokwa thata go thibela go senyega ga thobo ya dijalo ka ntlha ya go nna letswai ga mmu le go nna le metsi a mantsi. Ka  ngwaga wa 2003 diheketara tse di fetang dimilione di le bobedi (2) di ne di na le thulaganyo ya kgelelo ya metsi kwa tlase ga lefatshe mme mo e ka nnang dimilione di le dikete di le 7,2 tsa dimetara di le dikubita tsa metsi di ne di gelelwa ngwaga le ngwaga go tswa mo mafelong a a nang le dithulaganyo tseno. Palogotlhe ya ditshenyegelo tsa dipeeletso mo go tsa kgelelo ya metsi mo temothuong mo dingwageng di le masome a mabedi le bosupa (27) go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1973 go ya go ngwaga wa 2002 e ne e le mo e ka nnang dibilione di le 3,1 tsa didolara tsa Amerika tse di akaretsang ditshenyegelo tsa go tlhama, go aga, go tlhokomela, go dira dipatlisiso le go thapisa. Mo nakong eno diporojeke di le lesome le bongwe (11) tse dikgolo di ne tsa tsenngwa tirisong ka tshegetso ya madi go tswa kwa World Bank le batlamedi ba bangwe ba madi.&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Egyptian Public Authority for Drainage Projects, Drainage Research Institute, 2006[https://web.archive.org/web/20191117161919/http://www.csdwand.net/data/sheet.asp?cn=Egypt&amp;fn=LA0648 : ''The National Drainage and Drainage Water Reuse Programs, Egypt'',] Local Actions at the 4th World Water Forum, 2 March 2007. Retrieved 28 April 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Thulaganyo ya go Tokafatsa go Nosetsa ===
Go somarela metsi mo temothuong ke selo sa botlhokwa se se lebeletsweng mo thulaganyong ya metsi ya Egepeto e e diretsweng go thusa batho ba ba ntseng ba oketsega ba ba nang le metswedi e e lekanyeditsweng ya metsi. Le fa go ntse jalo, go ile ga nna le kganetsano e e rileng malebana le gore go ka bolokiwa metsi a le kana kang mo temothuong le gore go ka dirwa jang gore go bolokiwe metsi. Le fa bokgoni jwa go nosetsa jwa &quot;selo se se tlwaelegileng&quot; bo ka nna kwa tlase ka ntlha ya go nna teng ga nosetso ya morwalela, bokgoni jwa tsamaiso ka kakaretso  ⁇  &quot;bokgoni jo bo nonofileng jwa nosetso&quot;  ⁇  bo kwa godimo thata ka ntlha ya go boa ga melapo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;Ka jalo maano a go boloka metsi kwa Egepeto ga a tsepamise mogopolo thata mo go diriseng dithekenoloji tsa go nosetsa tse di bolokang metsi jaaka go nosetsa ka go kgatsha kgotsa go kgatsha ka go rotha. Go na le moo, di theilwe mo go lemogeng gore fa balemirui ba sa kgone go laola nako le selekanyo sa metsi, ba nosetsa ka bonako thata mme ba dirisa metsi a mantsi thata.

Bokgoni jwa go boloka metsi mo temothuong ya Egepeto bo ne jwa tlhatlhobiwa la ntlha ka diporojeke tsa tekelelo ka fa tlase ga USAID e e neng e tshegeditse Egypt Water Use and Management Project (EWUP) e e simolotseng ka ngwaga wa 1977. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://srv1.eulc.edu.eg/eulc_v5/Libraries/Thesis/BrowseThesisPages.aspx?fn=PublicDrawThesis&amp;BibID=11279375 |title=Mohammed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary |access-date=2026-06-11 |archive-date=2024-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624092643/http://srv1.eulc.edu.eg/eulc_v5/Libraries/Thesis/BrowseThesisPages.aspx?fn=PublicDrawThesis&amp;BibID=11279375 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;Ditlhatlhobo di bontshitse gore go boloka metsi, go botlhokwa go letla balemirui go nna le seabe se segolo mo tsamaisong ya nosetso ka mekgatlho ya badirisi ba metsi, go tlamela ka phallo e e tswelelang go na le phallo e e dikologang mo mesqas, go emisetsa motho ka go pompa mmogo, le go tlhama tirelo ya kgakololo ya nosetso. &quot;Leano la ngwaga wa 1980 la Tlhabololo ya go Nosetsa Kwa Egepeto go Fitlha ka Ngwaga wa 2000&quot; le ne le setse le akantse ka go tokafatsa taolo le kabo ya metsi a nosetso jaaka kgato ya ntlha ya leano. Seno se ne se tla latelwa ke tlhabololo ya ditsamaiso tsa nosetso ya masimo le tlhotlhwa e e tlhamaletseng ya metsi a nosetso. Go ikaegile ka dithuto tsa EWUP[7]&lt;ref&gt;Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP), 1984. [[:en:Water_resources_management_in_Egypt#cite_note-7|''Improving Egypt's Irrigation System in the Old Lands, Final Report''. Colorado State University and Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources]]&lt;/ref&gt; le leano la nosetso, puso e ne ya tlhoma Lenaneo la Bosetšhaba la Tokafatso ya Nosetso (IIP) ka ngwaga wa 1984, le le neng la amogelwa ke Kokoano Bosetšhaba ka ngwaga wa 1985. Go tsenngwa tirisong ga yone go simolotse, gape ka tshegetso ya USAID, mo mafelong a le lesome le bongwe, go simolola ka Serri Canal ka di feddan di le 120 000 (50,400 ha) kwa Minya Governorate. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Porojeke eno e ne ya emisetsa di-mesqas tsa bogologolo tse di neng di le kwa tlase ka di-mesqas tse di tsholeditsweng, tse metsi a neng a tla elela go ya kwa masimong ka maatla a kgogedi kgotsa ka diphaepe tse di neng di tsentswe mo tlase ga metsi. Mekgwa ya boenjineri jwa boleng e dirisitswe go sekaseka mokgwa o o botoka wa mesqa o o ikaelelang mo tlhotlhweng e e kwa tlase ntle le go ama boleng jwa mokgwa o mongwe.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.waterlog.info/pdf/irrimpr.pdf ''Impacts of the Irrigation Improvement Projects in Egypt'',] Consultancy Report to the Egyptian-Dutch Advisory Panel on Land Drainage and Drainage Related Water Management by R.J. Oosterbaan, International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI), Wageningen, The Netherlands, 1999. Retrieved 28 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;Ka ngwaga wa1998 go ne go setse go tlhomilwe makgotla a badirisi ba metsi a ka nna 1,100 mme go ne go setse go tlhabolotswe ditsamaiso tsa go nosetsa di feddan di le 129,000.[ Porojeke e ne ya fokotsa tatlhegelo ya metsi, ya tokafatsa boleng jwa metsi kwa ntlheng ya mesqas, ya dira gore go nne le metsi a mantsi a a neng a le teng mo balemiruing kwa ntlheng ya dikanala, ya boloka lefatshe ka ntlha ya bogolo jo bonnye jwa mesqas e ntšhwa, ya fokotsa ditshenyegelo tsa go pompa ka go feta 50% le go oketsa thobo magareng ga 5% le 30%.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Go agelela mo katlegong eno, kgopolo ya go nna le seabe ga balemirui mo tsamaisong ya nosetso e ne ya atolosediwa kwa dikanaleleng tsa makala ka go tlhamiwa ga Mokgatlho wa Badirisi ba Metsi a Dikanale tsa Dikala (BCWUAs) go simolola ka 1997 kwa dikanalelong tsa Qemri, Bahr el Dahram le Balaqtar (Egypt e e kwa tlase) le El Reity canal (Egypt e e kwa godimo), mmogo le kwa Fayoum. Tsamaiso eno e ne ya tshegediwa ke diporojeke tse pedi tse di neng di duelelwa ke USAID, e leng porojeke ya LIFE (Livelihood and Income from the Environment) (2005 ⁇ 2008) le porojeke ya Integrated Water Resources Management II (2009 ⁇ 2012).&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Mark Svendsen, Senior Monitoring and Evaluation Specialist, and Dr. Wadie Fahim, Monitoring and Evaluation Coordinator (September 2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160310152250/http://iwrm2eg.org/report/iwrmii/report_35_me_final_project_me.pdf &quot;Integrated Water Resources Management II: Final Project M&amp;E Report&quot;] (PDF). USAID. Retrieved 25 November 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1996 go ya pele, Banka ya Lefatshe le banka ya ditlhabololo ya Jeremane ya KfW di ne tsa tshegetsa IIP ka maikaelelo a magolo a go oketsa ntshokuno ya temothuo le lotseno. Jaaka karolo ya porojeke eno, mekgatlho ya badirisi ba metsi e le 2,906 e ne ya tlhomiwa go nosetsa di feddan tse di fetang 200 000 (diheketara di le 84 000) kwa Western Delta (Mahmoudia) le kwa Northern Delta (Manaifa le Wasat). Le fa go ntse jalo, lotseno lo lo phepa lo oketsegile fela ka 6 ⁇ 9% ka ntlha ya ditshenyegelo tse di fokoditsweng tsa go pompa fa go bapisiwa le seelo sa 30%, ka jalo porojeke e ne ya tsewa e le &quot;e e kgotsofatsang go le gonnye&quot; ke Banka ya Lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 2007.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2007/07/18/000090341_20070718094251/Rendered/PDF/ICR0000442.pdf Implementation Completion and Results Report: Irrigation Improvement Project,] 29 June 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

Go simolola ka ngwaga wa 1996 puso gape e ne ya simolola go tlhoma mekgatlho ya badirisi ba kgelelo ya metsi (DUAs) go laola dikanale tsa kgelelo ya metsi ka kakaretso. Le fa go ntse jalo, makgotla ano a ne a sa ntse a le kwa thoko mme go lebega, balemirui ba sa kgatlhegele go itsamaisa mo mererong ya kgelelo ya metsi fela.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Diporojeke tse dikgolo tsa go tsosolosa naga ya sekaka ===
Go ne ga simololwa diporojeke di le tharo tse dikgolo mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo1990 go nosetsa se go tweng ke &quot;dinaga tse disha&quot; tse di kwa ntle ga Mokgatšha wa Nile. Go ya ka pono ya metsi, pharologano e kgolo magareng ga mafatshe a masha le a bogologolo ke gore metsi a a tswang mo go one ga a kgone go boela kwa mafelong a a kwa tlase, jaaka fa go ntse ka go nosetsa mo mafelong a bogologolo a a mo Mokgatšheng wa Nile.

=== Porojeke ya Tlhabololo ya Sinai Bokone ===
Porojeke ya Tlhabololo ya Bokone jwa Sinai e akaretsa Al-Salam Canal fa pele ga Damietta Lock and Dam ka maikaelelo a go busetsa di feddan di le dikete di le makgolona mabedi le bobedi (220) kwa bophirima jwa Suez Canal, tse di feddan di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a ferangbobedi (180) tsa tsone di setseng di noseditswe. Siphone e ne ya agiwa ka ngwaga wa 1997 ka fa tlase ga Suez Canal go tlisa metsi kwa Sinai ka Al-Sheikh Gaber Al-Sabah Canal go busetsa 400 000 feddan kwa botlhaba jwa Suez Canal.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mwri.gov.eg/En/project_sinai.html Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation]: North Sinai Development Project Archived 30 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Porojeke ya New Valley ===
Porojeke ya New Valley, kgotsa porojeke ya Toshka, ke thulaganyo ya dikanala tse di dikologileng Sheikh Zayed Canal, e e nosediwang go tswa kwa Letsheng la Nasser go ralala Mubarak Pumping Station go nosetsa diheketara di le 234 000 kwa Sahara. Porojeke e simolotse ka ngwaga wa 1997, seteišene sa pompo se weditswe ka ngwaga wa 2003 mme porojeke yotlhe e rulaganyeditswe go wediwa pele ga ngwaga wa 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Go ne go solofetswe gore babeeletsi ba poraefete ba tla feleletsa go aga dikanala tse di tlisang metsi kwa balemiruing. Le fa go ntse jalo, go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2012, dipeeletso tseno di ne tsa salela kwa morago thata, ka jalo melemo e e neng e tla tlisiwa ke porojeke eno e ne e le kwa tlase thata go feta kafa go neng go solofetswe ka teng.

=== Porojeke ya West Delta ===
Porojeke ya Mafaratlhatlha a go Tokafatsa go Nosetswa ga Metsi kwa Kgaolong ya Delta ya Bophirima e ikaeletse go tokafatsa nosetsô mo go feddan e le dikete di le masome a matlhano (500), go tsosolosa feddan e le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a supa (170) le go tsosolosa mafaratlhatlha a a direlang feddan e le dikete di le masome a mabedi le masome a matlhano (250). Porojeke e ke tirisanommogo ya puso le poraefete e e rulagantsweng jaaka leano la motswako le le ikaegileng segolo thata ka mokgwa wa go dira-aga-o-dirise (DBO). &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mwri.gov.eg/En/westdeltaproject1.html Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation:Infrastructure Project for Irrigation Improvement in the West Delta Region] Archived 23 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine&lt;/ref&gt;Mo thulaganyong eno motsamaisi wa poraefete o tla tlhama le go aga thulaganyo eno, a bo a e dirisa dingwaga di le masome a mararo (30), go akaretsa le patlisiso e e amanang le yone le dikotsi tsa kgwebo. Setheo sa puso se tla nna le dithoto tse di duelang porojeke eno. Go ya ka Banka ya Lefatshe, thulaganyo ya go dira ditshwetso go tloga ka nako ya fa go ne go dirwa thulaganyo eno go fitlha ka nako ya fa e diragadiwa e ne e akaretsa go nna le badirisi ba metsi go tloga ka nako ya fa go ne go dirwa thulaganyo eno go fitlha ka nako ya fa go ne go tlhomiwa lekgotla la badirisi ba metsi. Lotseno lo tshwanetse go tla ka dithekete tsa dikarolo tse pedi, tse di akaretsang tefo e e tlhomameng e e ikaegileng ka bogolo jwa lefatshe le tefo e e lekanyeditsweng e e ikaegileng ka tiriso ya metsi. Ka ngwaga wa 2012, puso e ntšha ya Egepeto e ne ya emisa porojeke eno.

== Metswedi ya metsi ==

=== Ditlamelo tsa ga gompieno ===
Egepeto e ikaegile ka masome a ferangbongwe le bosupa ( 97%) ya metsi a yone go tswa mo Nokeng ya Nile. Pula e nnye ka lesome le borobabobedi (18 mm) ka ngwaga, mme e na thata ka nako ya letlhabula le mariga. Tumalano ya metsi a Nile ya ngwaga wa 1959 magareng ga Egepeto le Sudan e abela Egepeto dikhubikimetara di le dibilione di le 55,5 tsa metsi ka ngwaga, kwa ntle ga go tlhalosa gore go tla abelwa metsi a a kana kang kwa dintshing tsa noka kwa ntle ga Sudan (dikhubikimetara di le dibilione di le 18,5 ka ngwaga). Go dumelwa gore tota metsi a a dirisiwang ke Egepeto a feta a a neng a abelwa go ya ka tumalano ya ngwaga wa 1959. Ga go na tumalano epe ya go kgaoganya metsi fa gare ga dinaga tsotlhe tse di lesome tse di bapileng le Noka ya Nile. Le fa go ntse jalo, dinaga tse di bapileng le Noka ya Nile di dirisana mmogo ka thulaganyo ya Nile Basin Initiative.

Egepeto e na le ditsha tse nne tse dikgolo tsa metsi a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe: Nile Aquifer, Nubian Sandstone Aquifer, Moghra Aquifer magareng ga Bophirima jwa Nile Delta le Qattara Depression, le ditsha tsa metsi a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe mo lotshitshing lwa Bokone-Bophirima. Noka ya Nile, Moghra le Noka e e fa Lotshitshing di kgona go ntšhafadiwa. Sedirisiwa sa Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System se se nang le metsi a a foreshe a le dimilione di le dikete di le 150 000 m3, a a lekanang le selekanyo sa metsi a a elelang mo nokeng ya Nile ngwaga le ngwaga ka makgetlo a le dikete tse tharo (3 000), ga se kgone go ntšhafadiwa. E kgabagantswe le Sudan, Chad le Libya. &lt;ref&gt;The Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation; Arab Republic of Egypt (2005), [http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/11/09/000160016_20051109091008/Rendered/PDF/341800EGY0whit11public10Action0Plan.pdf Integrated Water Resources Management Plan] . Retrieved 7 November 2009&lt;/ref&gt;Metswedi ya metsi e e seng ya tlwaelo ya Egepeto e akaretsa go dirisa metsi a a tswang mo temothuong, go ntsha letswai mo metsing a a letswai, go ntsha letswai mo metsing a a letswai le go dirisa gape metsi a a leswe a mo ditoropong&lt;ref&gt;The Encyclopedia of Earth (2008), [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Water_profile_of_Egypt Water profile of Egypt]. Retrieved 2009-01-10,&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ditlamelo tsa iasgo ==
Go fopholediwa gore ka ngwaga wa 2025 palo ya batho ba kwa Egepeto e tla oketsega go nna dimilione di le masome a ferangbongwe (90) go tswa go dimilione di le masome a supa le botlhano (75) ka ngwaga wa  2008, mme seno se tla dira gore metsi a a leng teng a fokotsege go tswa go 800 go ya go 600 m3 ka ngwaga fa go tsewa gore metsi otlhe a a leng teng a nna a ntse a le teng. Maemo a a ntseng a fetoga kwa Sudan, Ethiopia kgotsa kwa dinageng tse dingwe tse di bapileng le noka a ka nna a dira gore metsi a se ka a nna teng kwa Egepeto, ka sekai, ka go dirisa metsi a mantsi go nosetsa. Le fa go ntse jalo, gape di ka oketsa metsi a a leng teng, ka sekai, ka go gelela metsi mo mafelong a a jaaka Sudd, kwa metsi a mantsi gone jaanong a mowafalang gone.

Ka jalo, re ka konela ka gore, go fetoga ga tlelaemete go ka nna ga ama metsi a a leng teng kwa Egepeto, le fa gone go sa itsiwe gore diphetogo tseno di tla direga ka tsela efe. Go ya ka Nahla Abou El-Fotouh wa National Water Research Centre (NWRC) &quot;Baitse bangwe ba re go tlaa nna le koketsego ya metsi ka dipula tse dintsi go tswa kwa Ethiopia, mme bangwe ba re go tlaa nna le phokotsego ka ntlha ya mowafalo wa metsi&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs: IRIN (Integrated Regional Information Networks): [http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=77062 Egypt: Scientists uncertain about climate change impact on Nile,] 2 March 2008&lt;/ref&gt;Go ya ka Mohamed al-Raey, porofesa wa dithuto tsa tikologo kwa Yunibesithing ya Alexandria, dipatlisiso dingwe di bonela pele go fokotsega ga go nna teng ga metsi a Noka ya Nile ka diperesente di le masome a supa (70), fa dipatlisiso tse dingwe di bonela pele go oketsega ga metsi a Noka ya Nile ka diperesente di le masome a mabedi le botlhano (25)&lt;ref&gt;M. Ray:[http://www.ess.co.at/GAIA/CASES/EGY/impact.html#Water Impact of Climate Change on Egypt, Chapter 1:] Water Resources, GAIA Case Study, no date. Retrieved 15 November 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

Go ntshiwa ga metsi a lewatle letswai, e leng selo se se setseng se dirisiwa mo mafelong mangwe a boikhutso a Lewatle le Lehibidu, gape go ka direga gore e nne selo se se botlhokwa thata se se tla tlamelang metse ka metsi mo mafelong a a gaufi le lotshitshi lwa Egepeto. Sekao, ka kgwedi ya Phalane ka ngwaga wa  2009 West Delta Electricity Production Company e ne ya abelwa konteraka ya semotlakase ka 10,000 m3/day ya semela sa metsi a lewatle gaufi le Alexandria.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ameinfo.com/214325.html Aquatech wins desalination project in Egypt.] Retrieved 15 November 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Go tlhotlhwa ga metsi a a se nang letswai go ka nna botlhokwa thata.&lt;ref&gt;El-Kady M. and El-Shibini F., National Water Research Center, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120811032539/http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&amp;cpsidt=972539 Desalination in Egypt and the future application in supplementary irrigation] Archived 11 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine, 2001. Retrieved 15 November 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ditlamorago tsa go tlhatloga ga metsi a lewatle kwa Nile Delta ===
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) e solofetse gore metsi a lewatle a tla tlhatloga ka masome a ferangbongwe le borobabobedi (98 cm) mo maemong a a maswe go gaisa otlhe a a sekasekilweng, le ka masome a mabedi le boferabobedi (28 cm) mo maemong a a siameng go gaisa otlhe, ka dikete tse pedi le motso (2100).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WG1AR5_SPM_FINAL.pdf Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]:Fifth Assessment Report, Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, Summary for Policymakers, p. 25&lt;/ref&gt; Go ya ka dipatlisiso tse di nopotsweng ke IPCC, phetogo ya tlelaemete e ka baka tatlhegelo ya &quot;karolo e e bonalang ya karolo e e kwa bokone ya noka ya Nile&quot; ka ntlha ya &quot;kgotlhang ya merwalela le kgogolego&quot;. Go tlhatloga ga metsi a lewatle ka dimetara di le 0,5 go tla baka tatlhegelo e e fopholediwang ya lefatshe, ditshiamelo le bojanala jwa go feta diranta di le dibilione di le 3,2 mo porofenseng ya Alexandria fela, go kgaoganya toropo ya Alexandria le Delta. Kgogolego e ne e setse e oketsegile kwa Nile Delta fa e sale go agiwa Aswan High Dam ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 e e neng ya tshwara bontsi jwa matlapana a Nile. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090720102200/http://earthtrends.wri.org/updates/node/235 Crystal Davis, World Resources Institute:Sea Level Rise Threatens Nile Delta Ecosystems and Livelihoods], Archived 20 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine 27 August 2007. Retrieved 15 November 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;Mo godimo ga moo, ditatlhegelo tsa lefatshe la temothuo di tla diragala ka ntlha ya go tswina ga mmu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Jack Shenker, ''The Guardian'': Nile Delta: [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/aug/21/climate-change-nile-flooding-farming 'We are going underwater. The sea will conquer our lands',] 21 August 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

Selekanyo se noka ya Nile e tlhaselwang ke go tlhatloga ga metsi a lewatle ka sone se farologana. Patlisiso e nngwe e fopholetsa gore masome a mararo (30%) ya Delta le lebopo la Alexandria le ka tlhaselwa, 55% ke &quot;e e sa tlhaselweng&quot; mme lesome le botlhano (15%) e sireleditswe ka tsela ya maitirelo ka ngwaga wa 2003.&lt;ref&gt;O.E. Frihy, Coastal Research Institute, Alexandria: [[doi:10.1023/A:1026015824714|The Nile delta-Alexandria coast: vulnerability to sea-level rise, consequences and adaptation, in: Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change]], Volume 8, Number 2, June 2003, pp. 115–138. Retrieved 15 November 2009&lt;/ref&gt;Mafelo a a kotsi thata mo teng le gaufi le Delta a akaretsa dikarolo tsa Alexandria, Behaira, Damietta le Port Said. Go ya ka Omran Frihy, mmatlisisi yo o tlogetseng tiro wa kwa mabopong, balaodi ba dirisa diranta di le dimilione di le makgolo a mararo (300) go aga dipota tsa konkoreite go sireletsa mabopo a lewatle a Alexandria. Motlhaba o a latlhelwa mo mafelong mangwe go tlatsa mabopo a a nyelelang.&lt;ref&gt;Anna Johnson, Associated Press[http://www.enn.com/climate/article/22263 :Global Warming Causing Mediterranean Sea to Rise, Threatening Egypt's Lush Nile Delta,] 24 August 2007. Retrieved 15 November 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

Go ya ka pego ya The Guardian, badiredibagolo bangwe ba maemo a a kwa godimo ba tikologo ba Egepeto ga ba dumele gore phetogo ya tlelaemete e teng kgotsa ba dumela gore bothata jono bo bogolo thata mo e leng gore go tsenelela ga motho ga go na mosola. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Tiriso ya metsi ==
Kabelo ya go dirisa metsi kwa Egepeto

Lefelo le legolo le le dirisang metsi kwa Egepeto ke la temothuo, le latelwa ke la mmasepala le la madirelo. Go tsewa ga metsi otlhe ka ngwaga wa 2000 go ne go lekanyeditswe go nna 68.3 km3.

=== Temothuo le go dirisiwa gape ga metsi a kgelelo ===
Tshedimosetso e e malebana le go dirisiwa ga metsi mo temothuong kwa Egepeto ga e tlhomame e bile gantsi e a ganetsana. Naga yotlhe e e dirisediwang go nosetsa e ne e le diheketara di le dimilione di le 3,4 ka ngwaga wa 2002; diperesente di le masome a ferangbobedi le botlhano (85) tsa naga eno di kwa Mokgatšheng wa Nile le Delta. Temothuo e dirisitse mo e ka nnang masome a matlhano le boferabongwe (59 km3) ya metsi a a foreshe ka ngwaga wa 2000 (86 lekgolong ya palogotlhe e e dirisitsweng). Metsi otlhe a a tswang kwa Egepeto e e kwa godimo, kwa borwa jwa Cairo, a boela kwa nokeng ya Nile le kwa dikanaleleng tsa go nosetsa; selekanyo seno se lekanyediwa go nna dikilometara di le nne(4) ka ngwaga. Metsi a kgelelo ya metsi mo Nile Delta a lekanyetswa go nna lesome le bone (14 km3/yr).&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:FAO|Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations:]] Aquastat: Country profile Egypt. Retrieved 15 November 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Jaaka go umakilwe fa tlase, mo e ka nnang  lesome (10 km3/)ngwaga ya metsi a a tswang mo metsing a a phepa a Delta a pompiwa go ya kwa lewatleng. Go dirisiwa gape ga metsi a kgelelo go dirwa ka ditsela tse tharo tse di farologaneng:

* Go dirisiwa gape ga metsi ka tsela ya semmuso ka go dirisa diteishene tsa go pompa metsi tse di pompang metsi go tswa mo matlakaleng go ya kwa dikaleng tsa go nosetsa. Seno se dira gore go nne le mo e ka nnang 4.5 BCM/ngwaga kwa Delta le 0.9 BCM/ngwaga kwa Upper Egypt le Faiyoum.

* Go dirisiwa gape go go sa itsegeng go go dirwang ke balemirui ka bobone fa ba sena metsi a a lekaneng a a tswang mo dikanaleng. Kwa Delta fela, go fopholediwa gore e ka nna 2,8 BCM/ngwaga.

* Tiriso gape e e sa tlhamalalang go tswa mo matlakaleng a metsi kwa Egepeto e e kwa godimo a a elelang mo Nokeng ya Nile, e e ka nnang 4 BCM/ngwaga.

=== Ditiriso tse dingwe ===
'''Motlakase wa metsi.''' Tiriso e e botlhokwa ya metsi kwa Egepeto ke ya go fetlha maatla a motlakase ka metsi. Tiriso eno ga e dirisediwe go jewa mme ka jalo e teng go dirisediwa ditiro tse dingwe tse di kwa tlase. Diteishene tsa motlakase wa metsi di teng kwa Letamong le Legolo la Aswan (2100 MW), Letamo la bogologolo la Aswan (270 MW) le ditheo tsa motlakase kwa Esna (90 MW) le Naga Hammadi di-dam (64 MW). Mmogo dimela tseno di ne di le 16% ya motlakase o o tlhagisitsweng ka ngwaga wa 2004.[ [30] Kabelo ya maatla a metsi mo tlhagisong ya motlakase e a fokotsega ka gonne maatla a motlakase a metsi a dirisiwa thata mme tlhokego ya motlakase e oketsega ka bonako.

'''Tsela ya go tsamaya'''. Noka ya Nile gape e botlhokwa mo go tsamaiseng dikepe, segolobogolo mo bojanala, e leng se se dirang gore go nne botlhokwa gore metsi a Noka ya Nile a elele ka selekanyo se sennye ngwaga otlhe.

'''Tikologo.''' Noka ya Nile gape e na le ditiro tsa ekholoji tse di tlhokang gore go nne le selekanyo se se kwa tlase sa metsi, segolobogolo mo matsheng a a nang le metsi a a letswai a a mo Delta (bona fa tlase mo karolong ya biodiversity).

'''Go latlhelwa mo lewatleng'''. Metsi a a tswang mo metsing a a nang le letswai le lentsi thata gore a ka dirisiwa mo temothuong a tswa mo dikanaleng tsa metsi a a tswang mo metsing a Delta a bo a ya kwa lewatleng le kwa matsheng a a kwa bokone a dirisiwa ke diteishene tsa pompo tsa metsi a a tswang mo metsing. Palogotlhe ya metsi a kgelelo ya metsi a a neng a pompiwa go ya kwa lewatleng ka ngwaga wa 1995/96 e ne ya lekanyediwa go 12.4 BCM. Seno se akaretsa go ka nna 2.0 BCM/ngwaga wa metsi a lewatle a a tsenang mo dikagong tsa metsi mo Delta.&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation / US Agency for International Development: Agricultural Policy Reform Program:[http://www.irgltd.com/Resources/Publications/ANE/2002-09%20Survey%20of%20Nile%20System%20Pollution%20Sources-Egypt.pdf Survey of Nile System Pollution Sources,] September 2002, Report No. 64, p. E-1&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dilo tse di amanang le tikologo ==

=== Boleng jwa metsi a a fa godimo ===
Boleng jwa metsi a Noka ya Nile bo a fokotsega fa noka e ntse e elela. Letsha la Nasser le na le metsi a a nang le boleng jo bo siameng a a nang le selekanyo se sennye fela sa dilo tse di tshelang, e leng se se dirang gore metsi a lone e nne one a a tsewang a le botlhokwa thata go lekanya boleng jwa metsi a a mo nokeng le mo dikaleng tsa yone. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Egyptian Drainage Research Institute, yearbook 1995/1996&lt;/ref&gt;Go ya ka dipego tsa Setheo sa Egepeto sa Dikgang Tsa Tikologo, ka ngwaga wa 2007 palogare ya dilo tse di tshelang tse di neng di dirisiwa mo diporofenseng di le lesome le bongwe (11) tse di bapileng le Noka ya Nile e ne e le kwa tlase ga selekanyo se se letleletsweng sa 6 mg/litara ya okosejene e e tlhokegang mo mmeleng (BOD). Seno se dirwa ke gore Noka ya Nile e kgona go ikapesa ka bonako. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo go one ngwaga oo, selekanyo sa okosejene e e dirisiwang mo dikhemikaleng se ne se feta selekanyo se se letleletsweng sa lesome (10 mg/litara) mo diporofenseng di le supa (7) mo go tse lesome le bongwe (11).

Go ya ka patlisiso e e tseneletseng e e dirilweng ka 2002 ke setlhopha sa babatlisisi ba ba neng ba berekela Lefapha la Metsi le go Nosetsa le USAID, metsi a Noka ya Nile a ne a le mantle le fa gone go ne go na le dilo tse dintsi tse di tshelang tse di neng di ntshiwa mo metsing a a neng a elela go tswa mo matlakaleng le mo ditirong dingwe tsa madirelo. Kgotlelo ya metsi e maswe thata mo ditseleng tsa kgelelo ya metsi (dithanele), segolobogolo mo ditseleng tsotlhe tsa kgelelo ya metsi mo Delta le mo ditseleng dingwe tsa kgelelo ya metsi kwa Egepeto e e kwa Godimo. Mo patlisisong eno, dilo tse di kgotlelang metsi di bewa ka ditlhopha go ya ka tsela e di amang boitekanelo jwa batho le tikologo ka yone: Ditshedi tse dinnye tse di bakang malwetse di bewa kwa pele, di latelwa ke dikhemikale tse di dirang gore metsi a nne leswe. Dibolayaditshenekegi le dimetale tse di bokete di beilwe mo maemong a boraro, fa go ntse go lemogiwa gore go na le tshedimosetso e nnye thata e e leng teng go lekanyetsa bogolo jwa bothata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Di-hyacinth tsa metsi di thiba dikanala tsa go nosetsa le tsa kgelelo ya metsi mme di a thibelwa ka go dirisa boranyane jwa botegeniki le jwa saense

Menontsha ya naeterojene e go dirisitsweng naeterojene mo go yone e menagane gabedi go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1980 go ya go ngwaga wa 1993, le yone ke motswedi o mongwe wa kgotlelo. Di-hyacinth tsa metsi tse di tlhogang kwa tlase ga ditsela tsa metsi ka ntlha ya dikotla tse di oketsegileng di dira gore dikanala di tswale. Bo lwantshana le jone ka go dirisa didirisiwa tsa botegeniki le tsa saense.

Go nna letswai ke kgang e nngwe e e botlhokwa e e amanang le boleng jwa metsi. Metsi a a boelang kwa Nokeng ya Nile a dira gore metsi a a nang le letswai a oketsege go tloga go 250 ppm (mg/L) kwa Aswan go ya go 2,700 ppm kwa mekgatšheng ya Delta. &lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0-8213-3321-6|p. 51]]&lt;/ref&gt;Le fa go ntse jalo, go latlhelwa letswai le le oketsegileng mo Lewatleng la Mediterranean go na le le le tsenang kwa Aswan (bona go nosetsa mo temothuong kwa Egepeto) ka jalo, fa nako e ntse e ya letswai la metsi kwa matamong a Delta le ka fokotsega. Le fa go ntse jalo, metsi a a letswai a a tswang mo lewatleng a tsena mo Delta ka go pompa metsi a a letswai le go elela mo matsheng le mo meseleng, ka go dira jalo a fokotsa bothata jono.

=== Mefutafuta ya Ditshedi ===
Di-perch tsa Nile di fitlhelwa kwa Lake Nasser le kwa Lake Mariout kwa Nile Delta.

Matsha a a kwa Bokone jwa Egepeto a botlhokwa thata mo go bolokeng mefutafuta ya ditshedi. Go tswa kwa bophirima go ya kwa botlhaba, matsha a a mo Nokeng ya Nile ke Lake Mariout kwa borwa jwa Alexandria, Lake Edku kwa botlhaba jwa Alexandria, Lake Burullus kwa botlhaba jwa Rosetta le Lake Manzala fa gare ga Damietta le Port Said. Letsha le lengwe le le botlhokwa la kwa Bokone ke Letsha la Bardawil kwa bokone jwa Sinai le le sa nosediweng ke Nile. Dinonyane tsa metsi di le dikete di le makgolokgolo di fetsa mariga mo matsheng ano, go akaretsa le dinonyane tse dinnye tse di bidiwang di-gull le di-whiskered tern tse dintsi go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng. Dinonyane tse dingwe tse di nnang mo delta eno di akaretsa di-grey heron, di-plover tsa Kent, di-shoveler le di-cormorant. Gape go na le di-egret le di-ibis. Letsha la Bardawil le Letsha la Burullus ke mafelo a a sireleditsweng a a nang le botlhokwa jwa boditšhabatšhaba go ya ka Tumalano ya Ramsar. Le fa gone go na le ditlhapi tse dintsi kwa Egepeto, go setse fela mefuta e le lesome le bosupa (17) go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1995 go tswa mo mefuteng e le masome a mane le bosupa (47) ka ngwaga wa 1948. [ Noka ya Nile ke nngwe ya mefuta e e itsegeng thata ya ditlhapi mo nokeng ya Nile ya Egepeto. E fitlhelwa kwa Lake Nasser le kwa Lake Mariout kwa Nile Delta. Ditlhapi tse dingwe tse di fitlhelwang mo delta eno di akaretsa di-mullet le di-soles. Diphologolo tse dingwe tse di fitlhelwang mo mokgatšheng ono di akaretsa digwagwa, dikgopa, dikgopa, di-mongoose le di-monitor tsa Nile.

== Metswedi ==</text>
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Letsha la Tanganyika&lt;ref&gt;Yohannes,Okbazghi (2008). Water resources and inter-riparian relations in the Nile basin. SUNY Press. p. 127.&lt;/ref&gt; ke nngwe ya [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|Matsha a Magolo a Afrika]].&lt;ref&gt;Burton, Richard Francis (1965). Richards, Charles (ed.). ''Burton and Lake Tanganyika''. Dar Es Salaam: East African Literature Bureau. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/180480726 180480726.]&lt;/ref&gt; Ke [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_volume|letsha la bobedi mo lefatsheng ka bogolo jwa metsi]],[[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|le ka boteng]], ka makgetho a mabedi le le latlhegelwa fela ke [[:en:Lake_Baikal|Lake Baikal]] kwa [[:en:Siberia|Siberia]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/lakes/lake-tanganyika &quot;Lake Tanganyika&quot;]. ''www.zambiatourism.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150422001337/http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/lakes/lake-tanganyika Archived] from the original on 22 April 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lewis, R. (16 May 2010)[https://news.brown.edu/articles/2010/05/tanganyika . &quot;Brown Geologists Show Unprecedented Warming in Lake Tanganyika&quot;.] Brown University. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170326051107/https://news.brown.edu/articles/2010/05/tanganyika Archived] from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Le gape ke letsha le le telele go feta tsotlhe mo lefatsheng.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/lakes/lake-tanganyika &quot;Lake Tanganyika&quot;.] ''www.zambiatourism.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150422001337/http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/lakes/lake-tanganyika Archived] from the original on 22 April 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Ka bogolo jwa lefelo, [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_area|ke la bo 6 mo lefatsheng]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/topic/worlds-largest-lakes-2228655 &quot;World's largest lakes | Description, Area, &amp; Facts | Britannica&quot;.] ''www.britannica.com''. Retrieved 18 October 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Letsha leno le abelanwa ke dinaga di le nne: [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[:en:Burundi|Burundi]] le Zambia. Tanzania e na le karolo e kgolo ya letsha (mo e ka nnang 46%), mme Democratic Republic of the Congo e na le mo e ka nnang 40%. Letsha la Tanganyika le elela metsi a lona ka noka ya [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]] go tsena mo tsamaisong ya [[:en:Congo_River|Noka ya Congo]], e e feleletsang e tshela kwa toropong ya [[:en:Banana,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Banana]] go tsena mo [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Lewatleng la Atlantic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Display/html/3587 &quot;LAKE TANGANYIKA&quot;.] ''World Lake Database, International Lake Environment Committee Foundation''. Retrieved 12 January 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Jeokorafi''' 

Lake Tanganyika ke [[:en:Ancient_lake|letsha la bogologolo thata]], mme ke lengwe la matsha a le masome a mabedi fela mo lefatsheng a a nang le dingwaga tse di fetang milione e le nngwe. Dikarolo tsa lone tse tharo tse dikgolo, tse mo dinakong tse metsi a neng a le kwa tlase thata di neng di le matsha a a ikemetseng ka nosi, tsotlhe di na le dingwaga tse di farologaneng. Karolo ya bogare e simolotse go bopiwa dingwaga di ka nna milione di le 9 go ya go 12 tse di fetileng. Karolo ya bokone e simolotse dingwaga di ka nna milione di le 7 go ya go 8 tse di fetileng. fa  karolo ya borwa e simolotse dingwaga di ka nna milione di le 2 go ya go 4 tse di fetileng.&lt;ref&gt;Cohen; Soreghan; Scholz (1993). &quot;Estimating the age of formation of lakes: An example from Lake Tanganyika, East African Rift system&quot;. ''Geology''. '''21''' (6): 511–514. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Geo....21..511C 1993Geo....21..511C.] doi:[https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0091-7613%281993%29021%3C0511%3AETAOFO%3E2.3.CO%3B2 10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021&lt;0511:ETAOFO&gt;2.3.CO;2.]&lt;/ref&gt;

Gompieno, Letsha la Tanganyika le mo kgaolong ya [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift,]] e leng lekala la bophirima la [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. Le dikologilwe ke dithaba tse di kwa matlhakoreng a mokgatšha wa phatlogo ya lefatshe. Ke letsha le legolo go feta tsotlhe tsa mofuta wa [[:en:Rift_lake|rift]] mo Afrika, mme ke la bobedi mo lefatsheng ka bogolo jwa metsi a a foreshe. Gape ke letsha le le boteng go feta tsotlhe mo Afrika le le tshwereng metsi a mantsi a a foreshe go feta tsotlhe mo kontineng ya Afrika. Le tshwere mo e ka nnang 16% ya metsi a a foreshe a lefatshe a a ka dirisiwang.Letsha leno le boleele jwa dikilometara di le 676 le anametse go tswa bokone go ya borwa ka bophara jwa palogare ya dikilometara di le 50. Le akaretsa lefelo la dikilometara tse di khubiki di le 32,000 ka lotshitshi lwa boleele jwa dikilometara di le 1,900. Palogare ya boteng ke dimetara di le 572 fa boteng jo bogolo ke dimetara di le 1,471, jo bo fitlhelwang mo karolong ya bokone. Go akanyediwa gore letsha leno le tshwere metsi a ka nna 18,750 km³, e leng bongata jo bogolo thata jwa metsi a a foreshe.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/19991110092358/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dafr06.html &quot;Datbase Summary: Lake Tanganyika&quot;]. ''ilec.or.jp''. Japan: International Lake Environment Committee Foundation. Archived from [http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dafr06.html the original] on 10 November 1999. Retrieved 14 March 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Letsha la Tanganyika lena le [[:en:Drainage_basin|mokgatšha]] wa metsi o o ka nnang 231,000 km².Go na le dinoka tse dikgolo di le pedi tse di tsenang mo letsheng leno, mmogo le dinoka tse dinnye le melatswana e mentsi. Melatswana eno gantsi e khutshwane ka ntlha ya dithaba tse di kwa godimo le tse di matsutsuba tse di dikologileng letsha. Noka e le yosi e kgolo e e tswang mo letsheng ke [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River,]] e e elelang e tsena mo tsamaisong ya [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River.]] Pula le mouoane di na le karolo e kgolo go feta dinoka mo tsamaisong ya metsi a letsha. Go akanyediwa gore bonyenyane 90% ya metsi a a tsenang a tswa mo puleng e e nelelang mo godimo ga letsha, mme bonyenyane 90% ya tahlegelo ya metsi e bakwa ke go mowa ga metsi ka tlhamalalo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[[:en:Sven_O._Kullander|Kullander, S.O.]]; Roberts, T.R. (2011). &quot;Out of Lake Tanganyika: endemic lake fishes inhabit rapids of the Lukuga River&quot;. ''Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters''. '''22''' (4): 355–76.&lt;/ref&gt;

Noka e kgolo ke [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], e e bopilweng dingwaga di ka nna 10,000 tse di fetileng, e e tsenang mo bokone jwa letsha e tswa mo [[:en:Lake_Kivu|Lake Kivu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980). ''Natural Wonders of the World''. US: Reader's Digest Association, Inc. pp. 366–67. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-89577-087-5|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-89577-087-5&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Malagarasi_River|Malagarasi River]] ke noka ya bobedi ka bogolo mo Tanzania, mme e tsena mo letlhakoreng la botlhaba la letsha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Noka eno e kgologolo go feta letsha ka bolone, mme pele letsha le bopiwa, e ka bo e ne e le karolo ya tsamaiso ya metsi ya [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]], e leng mothopo o mogolo wa Noka ya Congo River.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Noka e kgolo e e tswang mo Zambia e bile e tsenang mo karolong ya borwa jwa letsha ke [[:en:Lufubu_River|Lufubu]] River. E tswa mo thoteng e e kwa borwa jwa letsha, e elela go ya kwa bokone-bophirima go ralala dithaba, morago ga moo e retologela go ya bokone-botlhaba go tsena mo letsheng gaufi le Nsumbu.&lt;ref&gt;[https://africageographic.com/stories/nsumbu-national-park/ &quot;Nsumbu National Park&quot;]. ''Africa Geographic''. Retrieved 3 June 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

Lake Tanganyika e na le histori e e raraaneng ya diphetogo tsa tsela e metsi a elelang ka yone, ka ntlha ya boleele jo bogolo jwa yone, boteng jo bogolo, go tlala ga yone ka bonya, le lefelo la yone le le kwa dithabeng mo kgaolong e e nang le tiro e ntsi ya dithoromo tsa dithaba tse di tlhotlhogang le diphetogo tsa tlelaemete. Go bonala gore mo nakong e e fetileng, letsha leno ga le ise le ko le nne le phatlha e e tswang ka tlhamalalo go ya lewatleng. Ka ntlha ya seno, le tlhalosiwa jaaka [[:en:Endorheic|“endorheic ka bontsi”.]] Go kgokagana ga letsha le lewatle go ikaegile ka gore metsi a tshwanetse go nna kwa godimo thata mo a ka kgonang go elela go tswa mo letsheng ka Lukuga River go tsena mo tsamaisong ya Congo River.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Fa metsi a sa elele, go tsenwa ga metsi mo Lukuga go gantsi go thibelwa ke mebala ya motlhaba le dimela tsa metsi tse dintsi. Ka nako eo, noka eno e ikaega mo dinokeng tsa yone tse dinnye, segolobogolo Niemba River, go tshegetsa go elela ga yone.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Go simolola ka bo-1990, selekanyo sa metsi mo Lake Tanganyika se ne sa tlhatloga ka mo e ka nnang dimetara di le 2, se baka go rwala matlo le dikago tse di gaufi le lotshitshi.&lt;ref&gt;[https://worldwater.earth/water-surface-elevation-timeseries-reveals-the-rising-water-levels-in-lake-tanganyika &quot;Water surface elevation timeseries reveals the rising water levels in Lake Tanganyika&quot;]. ''WorldWater''. Retrieved 1 June 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Seno se bonagala thata mo toropong ya Nsumbu, gaufi le lotshitshi magareng ga jetty le molomo wa Chisala River, e ka nna dikilometara di le 2 go ya kwa bokone-bophirima. Magareng ga 2018 le 2024, metsi a ne a tsenelela mo teng ga toropo go fitlha mo e ka nnang dimetara di le 300 go tswa mo lotshitshing lwa 2018.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.com/maps/search/Nsumbu/@-8.5164746,30.4729444,1517m/data=!3m1!1e3?entry=ttu&amp;g_ep=EgoyMDI2MDUyNy4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D &quot;Nsumbu&quot;]. ''Google Maps''. Retrieved 2 June 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://earth.google.com/web/@-8.51664622,30.47719045,771.76267068a,1405.28427165d,35y,0h,0t,0r/data=ChYqEAgBEgoyMDE4LTExLTI2GAFCAggBOgMKATBCAggASg0I____________ARAA &quot;Google Earth imagery showing Nsumbu settlement and shoreline, Zambia&quot;.] ''Google Earth - Use the historical slider to select past views''. Google Earth. Retrieved 2 June 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

Go akanyediwa gape gore mo nakong e e fetileng, letsha le ka tswa le ne le na le ditsela tse di farologaneng tsa go tsena le go tswa ga metsi. Go akantshiwa gore metsi a ka tswa a ne a tswa mo [[:en:Lake_Rukwa|Lake Rukwa]] e e kwa godimo, kgotsa go ka tswa go ne go na le kgokagano le [[:en:Lake_Malawi|Lake Malawi]], mme le gone go kile ga akanyediwa tsela ya go tswa e e yang kwa Noka ya [[:en:Nile|Nile]] River. Tsotlhe tseno di bontsha gore histori ya tsamaiso ya metsi ya letsha e fetogile gantsi mo dingwageng di le dimilione.&lt;ref&gt;Lévêque, Christian (1997). ''Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation: The Freshwater Fish of Tropical Africa''. [[:en:Cambridge_University_Press|Cambridge University Press.]] p. 110. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57033-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-521-57033-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Dikarolo tsa metsi''' 

Metsi a Lake Tanganyika a na le [[:en:Hard_water|alkaline]] e e kwa godimo, ka [[:en:PH|pH]] e e ka nnang 9 mo boteng jwa dimetara di le 0–100.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;De, Wever; Muylaert; der Gucht, Van; Pirlot; Cocquyt; Descy; Plisnier; Vyverman (2005). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1214687 &quot;Bacterial Community Composition in Lake Tanganyika: Vertical and Horizontal Heterogeneity&quot;.] ''Appl Environ Microbiol''. '''71''' (9): 5029–5037. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ApEnM..71.5029D 2005ApEnM..71.5029D.] doi:[[doi:10.1128/AEM.71.9.5029-5037.2005|10.1128/AEM.71.9.5029-5037.2005.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1214687 1214687.] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16151083 16151083.]&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa tlase ga moo, pH e nna mo e ka nnang 8.7, mme e fokotsega ka bonya go fitlha mo magareng ga 8.3 le 8.5 mo mafelong a a boteng go feta tsotlhe a letsha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Mokgwa o o tshwanang o bonwa mo [[:en:Electric_conductivity|phitisong ya motlakase]], e e tlogang mo e ka nnang 670 μS/cm mo godimo ga metsi go fitlha go 690 μS/cm mo mafelong a a boteng thata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Themperetšha ya godimo ga metsi gantsi e ka nna 24°C mo karolong ya borwa jwa letsha ka Phatwe, mme e ka tlhatloga go 28–29°C kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya dipula ka Mopitlwe–Moranang.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;Edmond; Stallard; Craigh; Weiss; Coulter (1993). [[doi:10.4319/lo.1993.38.4.0725|&quot;Nutrient chemistry of the water column of Lake Tanganyika&quot;.]] ''Limnol. Oceanogr''. '''38''' (4): 725–738. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993LimOc..38..725E 1993LimOc..38..725E.] doi:[[doi:10.4319/lo.1993.38.4.0725|10.4319/lo.1993.38.4.0725]]&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa boteng jo bo fetang dimetara di le 400, themperetšha e nna e sa fetoge thata, e le mo magareng ga 23.1°C le 23.4°C.&lt;ref&gt;O'Reilly, Catherine M.; Alin, Simone R.; Plisnier, Pierre-Denis; Cohen, Andrew S.; Mckee, Brent A. (14 August 2003). &quot;Climate change decreases aquatic ecosystem productivity of Lake Tanganyika, Africa&quot;. ''Nature''. '''424''' (6950): 766–768. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.424..766O 2003Natur.424..766O]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1038/nature01833|10.1038/nature01833.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12917682 12917682.] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1637315 1637315]&lt;/ref&gt; Metsi a letsha a ntse a oketsega mogote ka bonya fa e sale go tswa mo lekgolong la bo-19 la dingwaga, mme seno se potlakile le go feta ka ntlha ya [[:en:Global_warming|go gotela ga lefatshe]] fa e sale go tswa mo bo-1950.&lt;ref&gt;Jensen, M.R. (8 August 2016). [https://uanews.arizona.edu/story/lake-tanganyika-fisheries-declining-global-warming &quot;Lake Tanganyika Fisheries Declining From Global Warming&quot;.] University of Arizona. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180306085806/https://uanews.arizona.edu/story/lake-tanganyika-fisheries-declining-global-warming Archived] from the original on 6 March 2018. Retrieved 5 March 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

Letsha le [[:en:Lake_stratification|kgaogane]] ka dikarolo tsa metsi tse di sa kopaneng bonolo. Go tlhakatlhakana ga metsi ka dipaka gantsi ga go fete boteng jwa dimetara di le 150.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Go tlhakatlhakana gono go diragala thata mo karolong ya borwa ka ntlha ya diphefo tse di [[:en:Upwelling|sutisang metsi a a tsididi go tswa kwa tlase go ya godimo.]] Gape go na le go tlhatloga le go fologa ga metsi mo dikarolong tse dingwe tsa letsha.&lt;ref&gt;Lowe-McConnell, R.H. (2003). &quot;Recent research in the African Great Lakes: Fisheries, biodiversity and cichlid evolution&quot;. ''Freshwater Forum''. '''20''' (1): 4–64.&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ntlha ya go kgaogana gono ga metsi, dikarolo tse di boteng thata di na le se se bidiwang  [[:en:Fossil_water|metsi a bogologolo]]&lt;ref&gt;Hutter; Yongqi; and Chubarenko (2011). Physics of Lakes, volume 1: Foundation of the Mathematical and Physical Background. P. 11. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-642-15178-1|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-642-15178-1&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt; a a sa tlhakaneng le a kwa godimo ka dingwaga tse dintsi. Seno se raya gore dikarolo tse di boteng ga di na [[:en:Oxygen|oksijene .]] Ka jalo ditlhapi le [[:en:Obligate_aerobe|diphologolo tsotlhe tse di tlhokang oksijene]] di kgona go tshela fela mo dikarolong tse di kwa godimo tsa letsha. Mo bokone jwa letsha, molelwane ono wa oksijene o fitlhelwa mo boteng jwa dimetara di ka nna 100 fa mo borwa&lt;ref&gt;Wright, J.J.; and L.M. Page (2006). Taxonomic revision of Lake Tanganyikan Synodontis (Siluriformes: Mochokidae). Florida Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull. 46(4): 99–154.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lowe-McConnell, R.H. (1987). Ecological Studies in Tropical Fish Communities. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-521-28064-8|&lt;bdi&gt;0-521-28064-8&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt; jwa letsha, o fitlhelwa mo boteng jwa dimetara di ka nna 240–250. Dikarolo tse di boteng go feta tsotlhe tsa letsha di na le selekanyo se segolo sa [[:en:Hydrogen_sulfide|hydrogen sulfide]], gase e e botlhole.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ryan, Emily; Todd, Jonathan A.; McGlue, Michael; Kimirei, Ismael; Soreghan, Michael (2017). &quot;Variation in Taphonomic Character of Shell Beds in Lake Tanganyika, Africa: Paleoenvironmental and Stratigraphic Implications of Shell Beds in Lakes&quot;. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 304608. Geological Society of America. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1130/abs/2017am-304608|10.1130/abs/2017am-304608]]&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Baeloji''' 

'''Digagabi''' 

Letsha la Tanganyika le mafelo a metsi a a le dikologileng ke legae la mefuta e le mmalwa ya digagabi, tsotlhe di akaretsa [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]] (go akaretsa kwena e kgolo e e tumileng e e bidiwang [[:en:Gustave_(crocodile)|Gustave]]), [[:en:Zambian_hinged_terrapin|Khudu ya metsi ya Zambia,]] [[:en:Serrated_hinged_terrapin|Serrated hinged terrapin]], Pan hinged terrapin (mofuta ono ga o nne mo letsheng ka bolone mme o fitlhelwa mo matsheng a a gaufi)&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;Spawls, Howell, Drewes, and Ashe (2002). A Field Guide to the Reptiles of East Africa. Academic Press, London. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0-12-656470-1|0-12-656470]]-1&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. [[:en:Storm's_water_cobra|Storm’s water cobra]], e leng [[:en:Subspecies|mofuta]] o o mo kotsing wa noga ya metsi e e jang ditlhapi thata, e fitlhelwa fela mo Letsheng la Tanganyika. E rata go nna mo mabopong a a nang le maje.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;O'Shea, Mark; Mcintyre, P.B. (2005). [http://www.markoshea.info/oba4-3_zambia_tanzania03.php &quot;Boulengerina annulata stormsi (Storm's water cobra). Attempted predation&quot;.] ''Herpetological Review''. '''36''' (2): 189. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171202071348/http://www.markoshea.info/oba4-3_zambia_tanzania03.php Archived] from the original on 2 December 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ditlhapi tsa Cichlid'''

Letsha la Tanganyika ke legae la [[:en:Endemism|bonyenyane mefuta]] e e fetang 250 ya ditlhapi tsa [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]]&lt;ref&gt;Kelly West (28 February 2001). [https://iwlearn.net/documents/6644 &quot;Results and Experiences of the UNDP/GEF Conservation Initiative (RAF/92/G32) in Burundi, D.R. Congo, Tanzania, and Zambia&quot;]. ''IW:LEARN | Documents''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162707/https://iwlearn.net/documents/6644 Archived] from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; tse di fitlhelwang fela mo letsheng leno. Go dumelwa gape gore go santse go na le [[:en:Undescribed_taxon|mefuta e mengwe e e iseng e lemogiwe]] ke baitseanape.&lt;ref&gt;Craig Mortiff (24 December 2009). [https://www.cichlid-forum.com/threads/lake-tanganyika-and-its-diverse-cichlids.456196/ &quot;Lake Tanganyika and its Diverse Cichlids&quot;]. ''Cichlid Fish Forum''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162711/https://www.cichlid-forum.com/threads/lake-tanganyika-and-its-diverse-cichlids.456196/ Archived] from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Mo e ka nnang 98% ya mefuta yotlhe ya cichlid mo letsheng leno ga e fitlhelwe kae kapa kae mo lefatsheng fa e se mo Tanganyika fela. Ka ntlha ya seno, letsha leno le botlhokwa thata mo dipatlisisong tsa kafa mefuta [[:en:Speciation|e mesha ya diphologolo e tlhagang ka teng,]] le kafa [[:en:Evolution|botshelo bo fetogang ka teng mo lobakeng lo loleele.]]&lt;ref&gt;Takahashi, T.; Hori, M. (2012). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3363988 &quot;Genetic and Morphological Evidence Implies Existence of Two Sympatric Species in Cyathopharynx furcifer (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika&quot;]. ''International Journal of Evolutionary Biology''. '''2012''' 980879. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1155/2012/980879|10.1155/2012/980879.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3363988 3363988]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22675655 22675655.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kornfield, Ivy; Smith, Peter A (2000). &quot;African Cichlid Fishes: Model Systems for Evolutionary Biology&quot;. ''Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics''. '''31''': 163–196. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.163|10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.163]].&lt;/ref&gt; Ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|Matsha a Magolo a Afrika]], go akaretsa Tanganyika, di emela nngwe ya mehlala e megolo go feta tsotlhe ya [[:en:Adaptive_radiation|adaptive radiation]] mo diphologolong tse di nang le marapo a mokwatla.&lt;ref&gt;Meyer, Britta; Matchiner, Michael; Salburger, Walter (25 November 2013). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 &quot;A tribal level phylogeny of Lake Tanganyika cichlid fishes based on a genomic multi-marker approach&quot;]. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution''. '''83''': 56–71. doi:[[doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009|10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 4334724.] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25433288 25433288.]&lt;/ref&gt; Le fa dingwe tsa mefuta eno di ka fitlhelwa gonnye mo godimo ga [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga]] River, ga di kgone go anamela thata mo [[:en:Congo_Basin|tsamaisong ya Congo River]]. Seno se bakwa ke jeokorafi ya mafelo ao, le pharologano ya dikhemikhale tsa metsi.Tikologo e e dikologileng Letsha la Tanganyika e itshiametse gape e itekanetse gona le [[:en:Rapids|mekgacho]] le medi e sianeng ya noka ya Congo. Metsi a Tanganyika, a [[:en:Alkali'|alkaline]] gape ana le [[:en:PH|pH]] e kwa godimo (ga a na asiti e ntsi), a na le [[:en:Calcium|calcium]] le diminerale tse dintsi go farologana le metsi a Congo a  a nang le [[:en:Acid|asiti e ntsi,]] [[:en:Sediment|a tletse seretse,]] a tletse matlakala a [[:en:Rainforest|dimela]] le dilo tse dingwe tsa tlholego tse di senyegang. Mo dikarolong dingwe tsa Congo, kgakala le [[:en:Whitewater|metsi a masweu]], metsi a fetoga se se bidiwang [[:en:Blackwater_river|metsi a mantsho]], ka ntlha ya dikhemikhale tse di tswang mo dikgatsheng le mo matlakaleng a ditlhare a a bodileng. Metsi ano a na le [[:en:Tannin|tannins]] tse dintsi mme ga a siamele&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Sven_O._Kullander|Kullander, S.O]].; Roberts, T.R. (2011). &quot;Out of Lake Tanganyika: endemic lake fishes inhabit rapids of the Lukuga River&quot;. ''Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters''. '''22''' (4): 355–76.&lt;/ref&gt; ditlhapi tsa cichlid. Ka mokgwa o o tshwanang, mefuta e mentsi ya ditlhapi tsa dinoka tsa tropiki le yone e ka nna ya se kgone go tshela fa e ka tsenngwa mo metsing a a phepa, a alkaline le a nang le diminerale tse dintsi a Letsha la Tanganyika.

Le fa Letsha la Tanganyika e na le mefuta e mmalwa ya ditlhapi tsa cichlid fa e bapisiwa le Letsha la [[:en:Lake_Malawi|Malawi]] kgotsa Letsha la [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Victoria]]—matsha a a kileng a nna le koketsego e kgolo le e [[:en:Adaptive_radiation|e potlakileng]] ya mefuta ya ditlhapi mo hisetoring ya bosheng—&lt;ref&gt;Turner, Seehausen; Knight, Allender; Robinson (2001). [[doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.x|&quot;How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes?&quot;]]. ''Molecular Ecology''. '''10''' (3): 793–806. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001MolEc..10..793T 2001MolEc..10..793T.] doi:[[doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.x|10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;x. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11298988 11298988.] S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12925712 12925712.]&lt;/ref&gt;ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa Tanganyika ke tsone tse di nang le pharologano e kgolo go feta tsotlhe mo [[:en:Morphology_(biology)|popegelong ya mmele]] le mo [[:en:Genetics|dijining]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;Meyer, Britta; Matchiner, Michael; Salburger, Walter (25 November 2013). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 &quot;A tribal level phylogeny of Lake Tanganyika cichlid fishes based on a genomic multi-marker approach&quot;]. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution''. '''83''': 56–71. doi:[[doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009|10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009]]. PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 4334724]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25433288 25433288.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Seehausen, O. (2015). [[doi:10.1111/nph.13450|&quot;Process and pattern in cichlid radiations – inferences for understanding unusually high rates of evolutionary diversification&quot;]]. ''New Phytologist''. '''207''' (2): 304–312. doi:[[doi:10.1111/nph.13450|10.1111/nph.13450.]] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25983053 25983053.]&lt;/ref&gt; Seno se amana le bogologolo jwa Letsha la Tanganyika, ka gonne le legologolo thata go feta Malawi le Victoria. Nako e telele eno e ne ya letla mefuta ya ditlhapi go fetoga le go ikgaoganya ka ditsela tse dintsi go feta tse di bonwang mo matsheng a mangwe.&lt;ref&gt;Nishida, M (1991). &quot;Lake Tanganyika as an evolutionary reservoir of old lineages of East African cichlid fishes: Inferences from allozyme data&quot;. ''Experientia''. '''47''' (9): 974–979. doi[[doi:10.1007/bf01929896|:10.1007/bf01929896.]] S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37599331 37599331.]&lt;/ref&gt; Tanganyika e na le palo e kgolo [[:en:Endemism|go feta tsotlhe]] ya [[:en:Genera|genera]] tsa cichlid tse di fitlhelwang fela mo letsheng leo, fa di bapisiwa le matsha a mangwe otlhe a Afrika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Ditlhapi tsotlhe tsa cichlid tsa Tanganyika di wela mo setlhopheng sa baeloji se se bidiwang [[:en:Pseudocrenilabrinae|Pseudocrenilabrinae.]] Mo [[:en:Tribe_(biology)|ditlhopheng]] tse di lesome tse di leng mo Pseudocrenilabrinae sephatlo sa tsone di fitlhelwa fela kgotsa segolobogolo mo Tanganyika: [[:en:Cyprichromini|Cyprichromini]], [[:en:Ectodini|Ectodini,]] [[:en:Lamprologini|Lamprologini]], [[:en:Limnochromini|Limnochromini]] le [[:en:Tropheini|Tropheini]] fa tse dingwe tse tharo di na le mefuta e e fitlhelwang mo letsheng: [[:en:Haplochromini|Haplochromini,]] [[:en:Tilapiini|Tilapiini]] le [[:en:Tylochromini|Tylochromini]].&lt;ref&gt;Sparks; Smith (2004). &quot;Phylogeny and biogeography of cichlid fishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Cichlidae)&quot;. ''Cladistics''. '''20''' (6): 501–517. [[:en:CiteSeerX_(identifier)|CiteSeerX]] [https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.595.2118 10.1.1.595.2118]. doi:[[doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00038.x|10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00038.x.]] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34892958 34892958]. S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36086310 36086310].&lt;/ref&gt; Baitseanape bangwe ba ba ithutang ka ditlhapi ba akantshitse gore ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa Tanganyika di tshwanetse go kgaoganngwa ka botlalo go nna ditlhopha tse di ka nnang 12 go ya go 16, go akaretsa: [[:en:Bathybatini|Bathybatini,]][[:en:Benthochromini|Benthochromini]],[[:en:Boulengerochromini|Boulengerochromini,]] [[:en:Cyphotilapiini|Cyphotilapiini,]] [[:en:Eretmodini|Eretmodini]],[[:en:Greenwoodochromini|Greenwoodochromini,]] [[:en:Perissodini|Perissodini]] le [[:en:Trematocarini|Trematocarini]] mmogo le ditlhopha tse di setseng tse di umakilweng fa godimo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Bontsi jwa ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa Lake Tanganyika di nna gaufi le lotshitshi lwa letsha mo boteng jo bo fitlhang go dimetara di le 100. Le fa go ntse jalo, mefuta mengwe e e nnang mo metsing a a boteng e kgona go fologela mo boteng jwa dimetara di le 200 ka gale.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Kirchberger; Sefc; Sturmbauer; Koblmuller (2012). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3362839 &quot;Evolutionary History of Lake Tanganyika's Predatory Deepwater Cichlids&quot;]. ''International Journal of Evolutionary Biology''. '''2012''' 716209. doi[[doi:10.1155/2012/716209|:10.1155/2012/716209.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3362839 3362839]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22675652 22675652.]&lt;/ref&gt; Mefuta ya [[:en:Trematocara|Trematocara]] yone e fitlhetswe mo boteng jo bo fetang dimetara di le 300, jo bo leng boteng go feta jwa cichlid efe kgotsa efe e e itsiweng mo lefatsheng.&lt;ref&gt;Loiselle, Paul (1994). The Cichlid Aquarium, p. 304. Tetra Press, Germany. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1564651464|&lt;bdi&gt;978-1564651464&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt; Mefuta mengwe ya ditlhapi tsa metsi a a boteng, jaaka [[:en:Bathybates|Bathybates]], [[:en:Gnathochromis|Gnathochromis]], [[:en:Hemibates|Hemibates]] le [[:en:Xenochromis|Xenochromis]] e kile ya tshwarwa mo mafelong a a batlang a sena oksijene gotlhelele, mme baitseanape ga ba ise ba tlhaloganye sentle gore di kgona jang go tshela mo maemong ao.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;Lowe-McConnell, R.H. (1987). Ecological Studies in Tropical Fish Communities. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-521-28064-8|&lt;bdi&gt;0-521-28064-8&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt; Bontsi jwa cichlid tsa Tanganyika ke tsa [[:en:Benthic|botlaseng jwa letsha]], kgotsa di nna gaufi le mabopo.&lt;ref&gt;Lindqvist, O.V.; H. Mölsä; K. Solonen; J. Sarvala, editors (1999). From Limnology to Fisheries: Lake Tanganyika and Other Large Lakes. pp. 213–214. Springer. ISBN 978-0792360179&lt;/ref&gt; Ga go na cichlid e e tshelang [[:en:Pelagic|ka botlalo mo metsing a a bulegileng]] kgakala le lotshitshi, ntle le mefuta mengwe ya Bathybates&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; [[:en:Piscivorous|e e jang ditlhapi tse dingwe]]. Mefuta e mebedi e, [[:en:Bathybates_fasciatus|Bathybates fasciatus]] le [[:en:Bathybates_leo|Bathybates leo]] dija thata [[:en:Tanganyika_sardine|ditlhapi tsa sardine tsa Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa Tanganyika di farologane thata ka [[:en:Ecology|tsela e di iphedisang ka yone]]. Go na le mefuta [[:en:Herbivore|e e]] [[:en:Herbivore|jang dimela]], [[:en:Detritivore|e e jang matlakala le dilo tse di bolang mo metsing]], [[:en:Planktivore|e e jang plankton]], [[:en:Insectivore|e e jang ditshenekegi]], [[:en:Molluscivore|e e jang dikgapetla tsa metsing]], [[:en:Scavenger|e e jang ditopo tsa diphologolo tse di suleng]], [[:en:Scale-eater|e e jang makwaga a ditlhapi tse dingwe]] le e e jang ditlhapi tse dingwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;Craig Mortiff (24 December 2009). [https://www.cichlid-forum.com/threads/lake-tanganyika-and-its-diverse-cichlids.456196/ &quot;Lake Tanganyika and its Diverse Cichlids&quot;]. ''Cichlid Fish Forum''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162711/https://www.cichlid-forum.com/threads/lake-tanganyika-and-its-diverse-cichlids.456196/ Archived] from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Le fa mefuta mengwe e na le dijo tse e di ratang thata, baitseanape ba lemogile gore e ka fetola mekgwa ya yone ya go ja [[:en:Opportunism|fa dijo dingwe di nna dintsi thata]].&lt;ref&gt;Golcher-Benavides J, Wagner CE (2019). &quot;Playing out Liem's Paradox: Opportunistic Piscivory across Lake Tanganyikan Cichlids&quot;. ''The American Naturalist''. '''194''' (2): 260–267. doi:[[doi:10.1086/704169|10.1086/704169]]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31318283 31318283.] S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155438716 155438716.]&lt;/ref&gt; Sekai, mefuta e mentsi e ka simolola go ja [[:en:Stolothrissa_tanganicae|Stolothrissa tanganicae]] le [[:en:Limnothrissa_miodon|Limnothrissa miodon]] fa ditlhapi tseno di nna dintsi mo letsheng. Mekgwa ya tsalo ya cichlid e kgaogana ka ditlhopha tse pedi tse dikgolo: Tse di beelang mae mo lefatsheng kgotsa mo motlhabeng (gantsi mo magageng kgotsa mo diphateng tsa maje) le [[:en:Mouthbrooder|tse di godisang mae mo molomong]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;Schliewen, U. (1992). Aquarium Fish. Barron's Educational Series. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0812013504|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0812013504&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt; Mo mefuteng e e fitlhelwang fela mo Tanganyika go na le dingwe tsa ditlhapi tsa cichlid tse dinnye go feta tsotlhe mo lefatsheng, [[:en:Neolamprologus_multifasciatus|Neolamprologus multifasciatus]] le [[:en:Neolamprologus_similis|Neolamprologus similis]] (tse tsotlhe [[:en:Shell_dweller|di nnang mo dikgapetleng tsa dikgopa]]), mme boleele jwa tsone bo fitlha fela mo e ka nnang 4–5 cm.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Rainer_Froese|Froese, Rainer]]; [[:en:Daniel_Pauly|Pauly, Daniel]] (eds.). [https://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Neolamprologus&amp;speciesname=multifasciatus &quot;''Neolamprologus multifasciatus''&quot;.] [[:en:FishBase|''FishBase''.]] March 2017 version.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Rainer_Froese|Froese, Rainer;]] [[:en:Daniel_Pauly|Pauly, Daniel]] (eds.). [https://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Neolamprologus&amp;speciesname=similis &quot;''Neolamprologus similis''&quot;.] ''[[:en:FishBase|FishBase]]''. March 2017 version.&lt;/ref&gt; Go na gape le nngwe ya [[:en:Giant_cichlid|cichlid tse dikgolo]] go feta tsotlhe mo lefatsheng e leng Boulengerochromis microlepis e e ka golang go fitlha mo e ka nnang 90 cm ka boleele.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/features/articles/the-10-biggest-cichlids &quot;The 10 biggest cichlids&quot;.] Practical Fishkeeping. 13 June 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052647/http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/features/articles/the-10-biggest-cichlids Archived] from the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mefuta e mentsi ya ditlhapi tsa cichlid tse di tswang mo Lake Tanganyika e tumile thata mo bathong ba ba godisang ditlhapi mo ditankeng tsa metsi. Tse di akaretsa: [[:en:Altolamprologus|Altolamprologus,]] [[:en:Cyprichromis|Cyprichromis]], [[:en:Eretmodus|Eretmodus]], [[:en:Julidochromis|Julidochromis]], [[:en:Lamprologus|Lamprologus]], [[:en:Neolamprologus|Neolamprologus]], [[:en:Tropheus|Tropheus]] le [[:en:Xenotilapia|Xenotilapia]]. Ditlhapi tseno di ratwa ka ntlha ya mebala ya tsone e e ntle, mekgabiso le dipaterone tsa tsone tse di kgatlhang, le mekgwa ya tsone ya boitshwaro e e kgatlhang go e lebelela.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; Mo lefatsheng la go godisa ditlhapi mo ditankeng, batho ba le bantsi gape ba rata go aga [[:en:Biotope|setshwano sa diatla]] sa Letsha la Tanganyika, gore e tshwane ka mo go ka kgonegang ka teng le tikologo ya tlholego ya letsha leno, mo go fitlhelwang mefuta e mentsi ya ditlhapi segompienong di kgona go tsadisiwa sentle mo botshwarong.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120302102920/http://www.aquariumslife.com/featured/lake-tanganyika-biotope/ &quot;tanganyika biotope aquarium&quot;.] Aquariums Life. 10 February 2010. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ditlhopha tsa cichlid mo Letsheng la Tanganyika'''

[[:en:Bathybatini|Bathybatini]] (E): [[:en:Bathybates_ferox|Bathybates ferox]] ke tlhapi e e nnang thata [[:en:Benthic|gaufi le botlase jwa letsha]] mme [[:en:Piscivorous|e ja ditlhapi tse dingwe]]. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo setlhopheng sa Bathybates go na le mefuta e mengwe e e tshelang mo metsing a a bulegileng kgakala le lotshitshi.&lt;ref&gt;Kirchberger; Sefc; Sturmbauer; Koblmuller (2012). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3362839 &quot;Evolutionary History of Lake Tanganyika's Predatory Deepwater Cichlids&quot;.] ''International Journal of Evolutionary Biology''. '''2012''' 716209. doi:[[doi:10.1155/2012/716209|10.1155/2012/716209.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3362839 3362839]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22675652 22675652.]&lt;/ref&gt; Baitseanape bangwe ba kgaoganya setlhopha sa Bathybatini ka ditlhopha tse tharo tse di ikemetseng e leng Bathybatini, [[:en:Hemibatini|Hemibatini]] le [[:en:Trematocarini|Trematocarini.]]&lt;ref&gt;Meyer; Matchiner; Salburger (2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4415804 &quot;Lake Tanganyika—A 'Melting Pot' of Ancient and Young Cichlid Lineages (Teleostei: Cichlidae)?&quot;.] ''PLOS ONE''. '''10''' (7) e0125043. Bibcode[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1025043W :2015PLoSO..1025043W.] doi:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125043|10.1371/journal.pone.0125043.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4415804 4415804.] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25928886 25928886.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Weiss; Cotterill; Schliewen (2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 &quot;A tribal level phylogeny of Lake Tanganyika cichlid fishes based on a genomic multi-marker approach&quot;.] ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution''. '''83''': 56–71. doi:[[doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009|10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 4334724]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25433288 25433288.]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Benthochromini|Benthochromini]] (E): [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benthochromis_horii&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1 Benthochromis horii] e ne ya tlhalosiwa semmuso ke baitseanape ba saense ka ngwaga wa 2008. Le fa go ntse jalo, pele ga moo tlhapi eno e ne e gantsi e tsewa ka phoso e le [[:en:Benthochromis_tricoti|Benthochromis tricoti.]]&lt;ref&gt;Takahashi, T. (2008). &quot;Description of a new cichlid fish species of the genus Benthochromis (Perciformes: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika&quot;. ''Journal of Fish Biology''. '''72''' (3): 603–613. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JFBio..72..603T 2008JFBio..72..603T.] doi:[[doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01727.x|10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01727.x.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Boulengerochromini|Boulengerochromini]] (E): [[:en:Boulengerochromis_microlepis|Boulengerochromis microlepis]] ke nngwe ya ditlhapi tsa cichlid&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/features/articles/the-10-biggest-cichlids &quot;The 10 biggest cichlids&quot;.] Practical Fishkeeping. 13 June 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052647/http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/features/articles/the-10-biggest-cichlids Archived] from the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; tse dikgolo go feta tsotlhe mo lefatsheng gape ke yone fela mofuta o o leng mo setlhopheng sa Boulengerochromini.&lt;ref&gt;Weiss; Cotterill; Schliewen (2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 &quot;A tribal level phylogeny of Lake Tanganyika cichlid fishes based on a genomic multi-marker approach&quot;.] ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution''. '''83''': 56–71.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Cyphotilapiini|Cyphotilapiini]] (E): [[:en:Cyphotilapia_frontosa|Cyphotilapia frontosa]] ke nngwe ya mefuta e mebedi fela e e tshwanang e e leng mo [[:en:Tribe_(biology)|setlhopheng]]&lt;ref&gt;Takahashi, T.; Nakaya, K. (2003). &quot;New species of Cyphotilapia (Perciformes: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika, Africa&quot;. ''Copeia''. '''2003''' (4): 824–832. doi:[[doi:10.1643/ia03-148.1|10.1643/ia03-148.1]]. S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83854866 83854866.]&lt;/ref&gt; seno.

[[:en:Cyprichromini|Cyprichromini]] (E): [[:en:Cyprichromis_microlepidotus|Cyprichromis microlepidotus]] le mefuta e mengwe ya setlhopha seno di tshela mo metsing a a bulegileng a letsha gape [[:en:Planktivore|dija thata plankton.]]&lt;ref&gt;Bigirimana, C. (2006). [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/60487/12363286 &quot;''Cyprichromis microlepidotus''&quot;.] [[:en:IUCN_Red_List|''IUCN Red List of Threatened Species''.]] '''2006''' e.T60487A12363286. doi[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60487A12363286.en|:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60487A12363286.en.]] Retrieved 13 November 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Smith, M.P. (1998). Lake Tanganyikan Cichlids, pp. 9–10. ISBN 0-7641-0615-5&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Ectodini|Ectodini]] (E): [[:en:Ophthalmotilapia_nasuta|Ophthalmotilapia nasuta]] e bontsha [[:en:Sexually_dimorphic|sexual dimorphism]], ke gore e namagadi le e tonanyana ga di tshwane ka ponalo. Mo mofuteng ono ditonanyana di na le mebala e e phatsimang le e e kgatlhang go feta, di na le maphego a maleele go feta gape di na le nko&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/ophthalmotilapia-nasuta/ &quot;Ophthalmotilapia nasuta&quot;]. ''Seriously Fish''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162708/https://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/ophthalmotilapia-nasuta/ Archived] from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; kgotsa sebopego sa tlhogo se se leele go feta sa tse namagadi.

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Letsha la Tanganyika&lt;ref&gt;Yohannes,Okbazghi (2008). Water resources and inter-riparian relations in the Nile basin. SUNY Press. p. 127.&lt;/ref&gt; ke nngwe ya [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|Matsha a Magolo a Afrika]].&lt;ref&gt;Burton, Richard Francis (1965). Richards, Charles (ed.). ''Burton and Lake Tanganyika''. Dar Es Salaam: East African Literature Bureau. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/180480726 180480726.]&lt;/ref&gt; Ke [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_volume|letsha la bobedi mo lefatsheng ka bogolo jwa metsi]],[[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|le ka boteng]], ka makgetho a mabedi le le latlhegelwa fela ke [[:en:Lake_Baikal|Lake Baikal]] kwa [[:en:Siberia|Siberia]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/lakes/lake-tanganyika &quot;Lake Tanganyika&quot;]. ''www.zambiatourism.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150422001337/http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/lakes/lake-tanganyika Archived] from the original on 22 April 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lewis, R. (16 May 2010)[https://news.brown.edu/articles/2010/05/tanganyika . &quot;Brown Geologists Show Unprecedented Warming in Lake Tanganyika&quot;.] Brown University. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170326051107/https://news.brown.edu/articles/2010/05/tanganyika Archived] from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Le gape ke letsha le le telele go feta tsotlhe mo lefatsheng.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/lakes/lake-tanganyika &quot;Lake Tanganyika&quot;.] ''www.zambiatourism.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150422001337/http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/lakes/lake-tanganyika Archived] from the original on 22 April 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Ka bogolo jwa lefelo, [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_area|ke la bo 6 mo lefatsheng]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/topic/worlds-largest-lakes-2228655 &quot;World's largest lakes | Description, Area, &amp; Facts | Britannica&quot;.] ''www.britannica.com''. Retrieved 18 October 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Letsha leno le abelanwa ke dinaga di le nne: [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[:en:Burundi|Burundi]] le Zambia. Tanzania e na le karolo e kgolo ya letsha (mo e ka nnang 46%), mme Democratic Republic of the Congo e na le mo e ka nnang 40%. Letsha la Tanganyika le elela metsi a lona ka noka ya [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]] go tsena mo tsamaisong ya [[:en:Congo_River|Noka ya Congo]], e e feleletsang e tshela kwa toropong ya [[:en:Banana,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Banana]] go tsena mo [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Lewatleng la Atlantic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Display/html/3587 &quot;LAKE TANGANYIKA&quot;.] ''World Lake Database, International Lake Environment Committee Foundation''. Retrieved 12 January 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Jeokorafi''' 

Lake Tanganyika ke [[:en:Ancient_lake|letsha la bogologolo thata]], mme ke lengwe la matsha a le masome a mabedi fela mo lefatsheng a a nang le dingwaga tse di fetang milione e le nngwe. Dikarolo tsa lone tse tharo tse dikgolo, tse mo dinakong tse metsi a neng a le kwa tlase thata di neng di le matsha a a ikemetseng ka nosi, tsotlhe di na le dingwaga tse di farologaneng. Karolo ya bogare e simolotse go bopiwa dingwaga di ka nna milione di le 9 go ya go 12 tse di fetileng. Karolo ya bokone e simolotse dingwaga di ka nna milione di le 7 go ya go 8 tse di fetileng. fa  karolo ya borwa e simolotse dingwaga di ka nna milione di le 2 go ya go 4 tse di fetileng.&lt;ref&gt;Cohen; Soreghan; Scholz (1993). &quot;Estimating the age of formation of lakes: An example from Lake Tanganyika, East African Rift system&quot;. ''Geology''. '''21''' (6): 511–514. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Geo....21..511C 1993Geo....21..511C.] doi:[https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0091-7613%281993%29021%3C0511%3AETAOFO%3E2.3.CO%3B2 10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021&lt;0511:ETAOFO&gt;2.3.CO;2.]&lt;/ref&gt;

Gompieno, Letsha la Tanganyika le mo kgaolong ya [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift,]] e leng lekala la bophirima la [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. Le dikologilwe ke dithaba tse di kwa matlhakoreng a mokgatšha wa phatlogo ya lefatshe. Ke letsha le legolo go feta tsotlhe tsa mofuta wa [[:en:Rift_lake|rift]] mo Afrika, mme ke la bobedi mo lefatsheng ka bogolo jwa metsi a a foreshe. Gape ke letsha le le boteng go feta tsotlhe mo Afrika le le tshwereng metsi a mantsi a a foreshe go feta tsotlhe mo kontineng ya Afrika. Le tshwere mo e ka nnang 16% ya metsi a a foreshe a lefatshe a a ka dirisiwang.Letsha leno le boleele jwa dikilometara di le 676 le anametse go tswa bokone go ya borwa ka bophara jwa palogare ya dikilometara di le 50. Le akaretsa lefelo la dikilometara tse di khubiki di le 32,000 ka lotshitshi lwa boleele jwa dikilometara di le 1,900. Palogare ya boteng ke dimetara di le 572 fa boteng jo bogolo ke dimetara di le 1,471, jo bo fitlhelwang mo karolong ya bokone. Go akanyediwa gore letsha leno le tshwere metsi a ka nna 18,750 km³, e leng bongata jo bogolo thata jwa metsi a a foreshe.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/19991110092358/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dafr06.html &quot;Datbase Summary: Lake Tanganyika&quot;]. ''ilec.or.jp''. Japan: International Lake Environment Committee Foundation. Archived from [http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dafr06.html the original] on 10 November 1999. Retrieved 14 March 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Letsha la Tanganyika lena le [[:en:Drainage_basin|mokgatšha]] wa metsi o o ka nnang 231,000 km².Go na le dinoka tse dikgolo di le pedi tse di tsenang mo letsheng leno, mmogo le dinoka tse dinnye le melatswana e mentsi. Melatswana eno gantsi e khutshwane ka ntlha ya dithaba tse di kwa godimo le tse di matsutsuba tse di dikologileng letsha. Noka e le yosi e kgolo e e tswang mo letsheng ke [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River,]] e e elelang e tsena mo tsamaisong ya [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River.]] Pula le mouoane di na le karolo e kgolo go feta dinoka mo tsamaisong ya metsi a letsha. Go akanyediwa gore bonyenyane 90% ya metsi a a tsenang a tswa mo puleng e e nelelang mo godimo ga letsha, mme bonyenyane 90% ya tahlegelo ya metsi e bakwa ke go mowa ga metsi ka tlhamalalo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[[:en:Sven_O._Kullander|Kullander, S.O.]]; Roberts, T.R. (2011). &quot;Out of Lake Tanganyika: endemic lake fishes inhabit rapids of the Lukuga River&quot;. ''Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters''. '''22''' (4): 355–76.&lt;/ref&gt;

Noka e kgolo ke [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], e e bopilweng dingwaga di ka nna 10,000 tse di fetileng, e e tsenang mo bokone jwa letsha e tswa mo [[:en:Lake_Kivu|Lake Kivu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980). ''Natural Wonders of the World''. US: Reader's Digest Association, Inc. pp. 366–67. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-89577-087-5|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-89577-087-5&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Malagarasi_River|Malagarasi River]] ke noka ya bobedi ka bogolo mo Tanzania, mme e tsena mo letlhakoreng la botlhaba la letsha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Noka eno e kgologolo go feta letsha ka bolone, mme pele letsha le bopiwa, e ka bo e ne e le karolo ya tsamaiso ya metsi ya [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]], e leng mothopo o mogolo wa Noka ya Congo River.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Noka e kgolo e e tswang mo Zambia e bile e tsenang mo karolong ya borwa jwa letsha ke [[:en:Lufubu_River|Lufubu]] River. E tswa mo thoteng e e kwa borwa jwa letsha, e elela go ya kwa bokone-bophirima go ralala dithaba, morago ga moo e retologela go ya bokone-botlhaba go tsena mo letsheng gaufi le Nsumbu.&lt;ref&gt;[https://africageographic.com/stories/nsumbu-national-park/ &quot;Nsumbu National Park&quot;]. ''Africa Geographic''. Retrieved 3 June 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

Lake Tanganyika e na le histori e e raraaneng ya diphetogo tsa tsela e metsi a elelang ka yone, ka ntlha ya boleele jo bogolo jwa yone, boteng jo bogolo, go tlala ga yone ka bonya, le lefelo la yone le le kwa dithabeng mo kgaolong e e nang le tiro e ntsi ya dithoromo tsa dithaba tse di tlhotlhogang le diphetogo tsa tlelaemete. Go bonala gore mo nakong e e fetileng, letsha leno ga le ise le ko le nne le phatlha e e tswang ka tlhamalalo go ya lewatleng. Ka ntlha ya seno, le tlhalosiwa jaaka [[:en:Endorheic|“endorheic ka bontsi”.]] Go kgokagana ga letsha le lewatle go ikaegile ka gore metsi a tshwanetse go nna kwa godimo thata mo a ka kgonang go elela go tswa mo letsheng ka Lukuga River go tsena mo tsamaisong ya Congo River.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Fa metsi a sa elele, go tsenwa ga metsi mo Lukuga go gantsi go thibelwa ke mebala ya motlhaba le dimela tsa metsi tse dintsi. Ka nako eo, noka eno e ikaega mo dinokeng tsa yone tse dinnye, segolobogolo Niemba River, go tshegetsa go elela ga yone.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Go simolola ka bo-1990, selekanyo sa metsi mo Lake Tanganyika se ne sa tlhatloga ka mo e ka nnang dimetara di le 2, se baka go rwala matlo le dikago tse di gaufi le lotshitshi.&lt;ref&gt;[https://worldwater.earth/water-surface-elevation-timeseries-reveals-the-rising-water-levels-in-lake-tanganyika &quot;Water surface elevation timeseries reveals the rising water levels in Lake Tanganyika&quot;]. ''WorldWater''. Retrieved 1 June 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Seno se bonagala thata mo toropong ya Nsumbu, gaufi le lotshitshi magareng ga jetty le molomo wa Chisala River, e ka nna dikilometara di le 2 go ya kwa bokone-bophirima. Magareng ga 2018 le 2024, metsi a ne a tsenelela mo teng ga toropo go fitlha mo e ka nnang dimetara di le 300 go tswa mo lotshitshing lwa 2018.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.com/maps/search/Nsumbu/@-8.5164746,30.4729444,1517m/data=!3m1!1e3?entry=ttu&amp;g_ep=EgoyMDI2MDUyNy4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D &quot;Nsumbu&quot;]. ''Google Maps''. Retrieved 2 June 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://earth.google.com/web/@-8.51664622,30.47719045,771.76267068a,1405.28427165d,35y,0h,0t,0r/data=ChYqEAgBEgoyMDE4LTExLTI2GAFCAggBOgMKATBCAggASg0I____________ARAA &quot;Google Earth imagery showing Nsumbu settlement and shoreline, Zambia&quot;.] ''Google Earth - Use the historical slider to select past views''. Google Earth. Retrieved 2 June 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

Go akanyediwa gape gore mo nakong e e fetileng, letsha le ka tswa le ne le na le ditsela tse di farologaneng tsa go tsena le go tswa ga metsi. Go akantshiwa gore metsi a ka tswa a ne a tswa mo [[:en:Lake_Rukwa|Lake Rukwa]] e e kwa godimo, kgotsa go ka tswa go ne go na le kgokagano le [[:en:Lake_Malawi|Lake Malawi]], mme le gone go kile ga akanyediwa tsela ya go tswa e e yang kwa Noka ya [[:en:Nile|Nile]] River. Tsotlhe tseno di bontsha gore histori ya tsamaiso ya metsi ya letsha e fetogile gantsi mo dingwageng di le dimilione.&lt;ref&gt;Lévêque, Christian (1997). ''Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation: The Freshwater Fish of Tropical Africa''. [[:en:Cambridge_University_Press|Cambridge University Press.]] p. 110. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57033-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-521-57033-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Dikarolo tsa metsi''' 

Metsi a Lake Tanganyika a na le [[:en:Hard_water|alkaline]] e e kwa godimo, ka [[:en:PH|pH]] e e ka nnang 9 mo boteng jwa dimetara di le 0–100.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;De, Wever; Muylaert; der Gucht, Van; Pirlot; Cocquyt; Descy; Plisnier; Vyverman (2005). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1214687 &quot;Bacterial Community Composition in Lake Tanganyika: Vertical and Horizontal Heterogeneity&quot;.] ''Appl Environ Microbiol''. '''71''' (9): 5029–5037. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ApEnM..71.5029D 2005ApEnM..71.5029D.] doi:[[doi:10.1128/AEM.71.9.5029-5037.2005|10.1128/AEM.71.9.5029-5037.2005.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1214687 1214687.] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16151083 16151083.]&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa tlase ga moo, pH e nna mo e ka nnang 8.7, mme e fokotsega ka bonya go fitlha mo magareng ga 8.3 le 8.5 mo mafelong a a boteng go feta tsotlhe a letsha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Mokgwa o o tshwanang o bonwa mo [[:en:Electric_conductivity|phitisong ya motlakase]], e e tlogang mo e ka nnang 670 μS/cm mo godimo ga metsi go fitlha go 690 μS/cm mo mafelong a a boteng thata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Themperetšha ya godimo ga metsi gantsi e ka nna 24°C mo karolong ya borwa jwa letsha ka Phatwe, mme e ka tlhatloga go 28–29°C kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya dipula ka Mopitlwe–Moranang.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;Edmond; Stallard; Craigh; Weiss; Coulter (1993). [[doi:10.4319/lo.1993.38.4.0725|&quot;Nutrient chemistry of the water column of Lake Tanganyika&quot;.]] ''Limnol. Oceanogr''. '''38''' (4): 725–738. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993LimOc..38..725E 1993LimOc..38..725E.] doi:[[doi:10.4319/lo.1993.38.4.0725|10.4319/lo.1993.38.4.0725]]&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa boteng jo bo fetang dimetara di le 400, themperetšha e nna e sa fetoge thata, e le mo magareng ga 23.1°C le 23.4°C.&lt;ref&gt;O'Reilly, Catherine M.; Alin, Simone R.; Plisnier, Pierre-Denis; Cohen, Andrew S.; Mckee, Brent A. (14 August 2003). &quot;Climate change decreases aquatic ecosystem productivity of Lake Tanganyika, Africa&quot;. ''Nature''. '''424''' (6950): 766–768. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.424..766O 2003Natur.424..766O]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1038/nature01833|10.1038/nature01833.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12917682 12917682.] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1637315 1637315]&lt;/ref&gt; Metsi a letsha a ntse a oketsega mogote ka bonya fa e sale go tswa mo lekgolong la bo-19 la dingwaga, mme seno se potlakile le go feta ka ntlha ya [[:en:Global_warming|go gotela ga lefatshe]] fa e sale go tswa mo bo-1950.&lt;ref&gt;Jensen, M.R. (8 August 2016). [https://uanews.arizona.edu/story/lake-tanganyika-fisheries-declining-global-warming &quot;Lake Tanganyika Fisheries Declining From Global Warming&quot;.] University of Arizona. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180306085806/https://uanews.arizona.edu/story/lake-tanganyika-fisheries-declining-global-warming Archived] from the original on 6 March 2018. Retrieved 5 March 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

Letsha le [[:en:Lake_stratification|kgaogane]] ka dikarolo tsa metsi tse di sa kopaneng bonolo. Go tlhakatlhakana ga metsi ka dipaka gantsi ga go fete boteng jwa dimetara di le 150.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Go tlhakatlhakana gono go diragala thata mo karolong ya borwa ka ntlha ya diphefo tse di [[:en:Upwelling|sutisang metsi a a tsididi go tswa kwa tlase go ya godimo.]] Gape go na le go tlhatloga le go fologa ga metsi mo dikarolong tse dingwe tsa letsha.&lt;ref&gt;Lowe-McConnell, R.H. (2003). &quot;Recent research in the African Great Lakes: Fisheries, biodiversity and cichlid evolution&quot;. ''Freshwater Forum''. '''20''' (1): 4–64.&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ntlha ya go kgaogana gono ga metsi, dikarolo tse di boteng thata di na le se se bidiwang  [[:en:Fossil_water|metsi a bogologolo]]&lt;ref&gt;Hutter; Yongqi; and Chubarenko (2011). Physics of Lakes, volume 1: Foundation of the Mathematical and Physical Background. P. 11. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-642-15178-1|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-642-15178-1&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt; a a sa tlhakaneng le a kwa godimo ka dingwaga tse dintsi. Seno se raya gore dikarolo tse di boteng ga di na [[:en:Oxygen|oksijene .]] Ka jalo ditlhapi le [[:en:Obligate_aerobe|diphologolo tsotlhe tse di tlhokang oksijene]] di kgona go tshela fela mo dikarolong tse di kwa godimo tsa letsha. Mo bokone jwa letsha, molelwane ono wa oksijene o fitlhelwa mo boteng jwa dimetara di ka nna 100 fa mo borwa&lt;ref&gt;Wright, J.J.; and L.M. Page (2006). Taxonomic revision of Lake Tanganyikan Synodontis (Siluriformes: Mochokidae). Florida Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull. 46(4): 99–154.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lowe-McConnell, R.H. (1987). Ecological Studies in Tropical Fish Communities. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-521-28064-8|&lt;bdi&gt;0-521-28064-8&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt; jwa letsha, o fitlhelwa mo boteng jwa dimetara di ka nna 240–250. Dikarolo tse di boteng go feta tsotlhe tsa letsha di na le selekanyo se segolo sa [[:en:Hydrogen_sulfide|hydrogen sulfide]], gase e e botlhole.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ryan, Emily; Todd, Jonathan A.; McGlue, Michael; Kimirei, Ismael; Soreghan, Michael (2017). &quot;Variation in Taphonomic Character of Shell Beds in Lake Tanganyika, Africa: Paleoenvironmental and Stratigraphic Implications of Shell Beds in Lakes&quot;. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 304608. Geological Society of America. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1130/abs/2017am-304608|10.1130/abs/2017am-304608]]&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Baeloji''' 

'''Digagabi''' 

Letsha la Tanganyika le mafelo a metsi a a le dikologileng ke legae la mefuta e le mmalwa ya digagabi, tsotlhe di akaretsa [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]] (go akaretsa kwena e kgolo e e tumileng e e bidiwang [[:en:Gustave_(crocodile)|Gustave]]), [[:en:Zambian_hinged_terrapin|Khudu ya metsi ya Zambia,]] [[:en:Serrated_hinged_terrapin|Serrated hinged terrapin]], Pan hinged terrapin (mofuta ono ga o nne mo letsheng ka bolone mme o fitlhelwa mo matsheng a a gaufi)&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;Spawls, Howell, Drewes, and Ashe (2002). A Field Guide to the Reptiles of East Africa. Academic Press, London. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0-12-656470-1|0-12-656470]]-1&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. [[:en:Storm's_water_cobra|Storm’s water cobra]], e leng [[:en:Subspecies|mofuta]] o o mo kotsing wa noga ya metsi e e jang ditlhapi thata, e fitlhelwa fela mo Letsheng la Tanganyika. E rata go nna mo mabopong a a nang le maje.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;O'Shea, Mark; Mcintyre, P.B. (2005). [http://www.markoshea.info/oba4-3_zambia_tanzania03.php &quot;Boulengerina annulata stormsi (Storm's water cobra). Attempted predation&quot;.] ''Herpetological Review''. '''36''' (2): 189. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171202071348/http://www.markoshea.info/oba4-3_zambia_tanzania03.php Archived] from the original on 2 December 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ditlhapi tsa Cichlid'''

Letsha la Tanganyika ke legae la [[:en:Endemism|bonyenyane mefuta]] e e fetang 250 ya ditlhapi tsa [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]]&lt;ref&gt;Kelly West (28 February 2001). [https://iwlearn.net/documents/6644 &quot;Results and Experiences of the UNDP/GEF Conservation Initiative (RAF/92/G32) in Burundi, D.R. Congo, Tanzania, and Zambia&quot;]. ''IW:LEARN | Documents''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162707/https://iwlearn.net/documents/6644 Archived] from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; tse di fitlhelwang fela mo letsheng leno. Go dumelwa gape gore go santse go na le [[:en:Undescribed_taxon|mefuta e mengwe e e iseng e lemogiwe]] ke baitseanape.&lt;ref&gt;Craig Mortiff (24 December 2009). [https://www.cichlid-forum.com/threads/lake-tanganyika-and-its-diverse-cichlids.456196/ &quot;Lake Tanganyika and its Diverse Cichlids&quot;]. ''Cichlid Fish Forum''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162711/https://www.cichlid-forum.com/threads/lake-tanganyika-and-its-diverse-cichlids.456196/ Archived] from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Mo e ka nnang 98% ya mefuta yotlhe ya cichlid mo letsheng leno ga e fitlhelwe kae kapa kae mo lefatsheng fa e se mo Tanganyika fela. Ka ntlha ya seno, letsha leno le botlhokwa thata mo dipatlisisong tsa kafa mefuta [[:en:Speciation|e mesha ya diphologolo e tlhagang ka teng,]] le kafa [[:en:Evolution|botshelo bo fetogang ka teng mo lobakeng lo loleele.]]&lt;ref&gt;Takahashi, T.; Hori, M. (2012). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3363988 &quot;Genetic and Morphological Evidence Implies Existence of Two Sympatric Species in Cyathopharynx furcifer (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika&quot;]. ''International Journal of Evolutionary Biology''. '''2012''' 980879. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1155/2012/980879|10.1155/2012/980879.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3363988 3363988]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22675655 22675655.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kornfield, Ivy; Smith, Peter A (2000). &quot;African Cichlid Fishes: Model Systems for Evolutionary Biology&quot;. ''Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics''. '''31''': 163–196. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.163|10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.163]].&lt;/ref&gt; Ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|Matsha a Magolo a Afrika]], go akaretsa Tanganyika, di emela nngwe ya mehlala e megolo go feta tsotlhe ya [[:en:Adaptive_radiation|adaptive radiation]] mo diphologolong tse di nang le marapo a mokwatla.&lt;ref&gt;Meyer, Britta; Matchiner, Michael; Salburger, Walter (25 November 2013). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 &quot;A tribal level phylogeny of Lake Tanganyika cichlid fishes based on a genomic multi-marker approach&quot;]. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution''. '''83''': 56–71. doi:[[doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009|10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 4334724.] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25433288 25433288.]&lt;/ref&gt; Le fa dingwe tsa mefuta eno di ka fitlhelwa gonnye mo godimo ga [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga]] River, ga di kgone go anamela thata mo [[:en:Congo_Basin|tsamaisong ya Congo River]]. Seno se bakwa ke jeokorafi ya mafelo ao, le pharologano ya dikhemikhale tsa metsi.Tikologo e e dikologileng Letsha la Tanganyika e itshiametse gape e itekanetse gona le [[:en:Rapids|mekgacho]] le medi e sianeng ya noka ya Congo. Metsi a Tanganyika, a [[:en:Alkali'|alkaline]] gape ana le [[:en:PH|pH]] e kwa godimo (ga a na asiti e ntsi), a na le [[:en:Calcium|calcium]] le diminerale tse dintsi go farologana le metsi a Congo a  a nang le [[:en:Acid|asiti e ntsi,]] [[:en:Sediment|a tletse seretse,]] a tletse matlakala a [[:en:Rainforest|dimela]] le dilo tse dingwe tsa tlholego tse di senyegang. Mo dikarolong dingwe tsa Congo, kgakala le [[:en:Whitewater|metsi a masweu]], metsi a fetoga se se bidiwang [[:en:Blackwater_river|metsi a mantsho]], ka ntlha ya dikhemikhale tse di tswang mo dikgatsheng le mo matlakaleng a ditlhare a a bodileng. Metsi ano a na le [[:en:Tannin|tannins]] tse dintsi mme ga a siamele&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Sven_O._Kullander|Kullander, S.O]].; Roberts, T.R. (2011). &quot;Out of Lake Tanganyika: endemic lake fishes inhabit rapids of the Lukuga River&quot;. ''Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters''. '''22''' (4): 355–76.&lt;/ref&gt; ditlhapi tsa cichlid. Ka mokgwa o o tshwanang, mefuta e mentsi ya ditlhapi tsa dinoka tsa tropiki le yone e ka nna ya se kgone go tshela fa e ka tsenngwa mo metsing a a phepa, a alkaline le a nang le diminerale tse dintsi a Letsha la Tanganyika.

Le fa Letsha la Tanganyika e na le mefuta e mmalwa ya ditlhapi tsa cichlid fa e bapisiwa le Letsha la [[:en:Lake_Malawi|Malawi]] kgotsa Letsha la [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Victoria]]—matsha a a kileng a nna le koketsego e kgolo le e [[:en:Adaptive_radiation|e potlakileng]] ya mefuta ya ditlhapi mo hisetoring ya bosheng—&lt;ref&gt;Turner, Seehausen; Knight, Allender; Robinson (2001). [[doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.x|&quot;How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes?&quot;]]. ''Molecular Ecology''. '''10''' (3): 793–806. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001MolEc..10..793T 2001MolEc..10..793T.] doi:[[doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.x|10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;x. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11298988 11298988.] S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12925712 12925712.]&lt;/ref&gt;ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa Tanganyika ke tsone tse di nang le pharologano e kgolo go feta tsotlhe mo [[:en:Morphology_(biology)|popegelong ya mmele]] le mo [[:en:Genetics|dijining]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;Meyer, Britta; Matchiner, Michael; Salburger, Walter (25 November 2013). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 &quot;A tribal level phylogeny of Lake Tanganyika cichlid fishes based on a genomic multi-marker approach&quot;]. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution''. '''83''': 56–71. doi:[[doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009|10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009]]. PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 4334724]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25433288 25433288.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Seehausen, O. (2015). [[doi:10.1111/nph.13450|&quot;Process and pattern in cichlid radiations – inferences for understanding unusually high rates of evolutionary diversification&quot;]]. ''New Phytologist''. '''207''' (2): 304–312. doi:[[doi:10.1111/nph.13450|10.1111/nph.13450.]] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25983053 25983053.]&lt;/ref&gt; Seno se amana le bogologolo jwa Letsha la Tanganyika, ka gonne le legologolo thata go feta Malawi le Victoria. Nako e telele eno e ne ya letla mefuta ya ditlhapi go fetoga le go ikgaoganya ka ditsela tse dintsi go feta tse di bonwang mo matsheng a mangwe.&lt;ref&gt;Nishida, M (1991). &quot;Lake Tanganyika as an evolutionary reservoir of old lineages of East African cichlid fishes: Inferences from allozyme data&quot;. ''Experientia''. '''47''' (9): 974–979. doi[[doi:10.1007/bf01929896|:10.1007/bf01929896.]] S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37599331 37599331.]&lt;/ref&gt; Tanganyika e na le palo e kgolo [[:en:Endemism|go feta tsotlhe]] ya [[:en:Genera|genera]] tsa cichlid tse di fitlhelwang fela mo letsheng leo, fa di bapisiwa le matsha a mangwe otlhe a Afrika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Ditlhapi tsotlhe tsa cichlid tsa Tanganyika di wela mo setlhopheng sa baeloji se se bidiwang [[:en:Pseudocrenilabrinae|Pseudocrenilabrinae.]] Mo [[:en:Tribe_(biology)|ditlhopheng]] tse di lesome tse di leng mo Pseudocrenilabrinae sephatlo sa tsone di fitlhelwa fela kgotsa segolobogolo mo Tanganyika: [[:en:Cyprichromini|Cyprichromini]], [[:en:Ectodini|Ectodini,]] [[:en:Lamprologini|Lamprologini]], [[:en:Limnochromini|Limnochromini]] le [[:en:Tropheini|Tropheini]] fa tse dingwe tse tharo di na le mefuta e e fitlhelwang mo letsheng: [[:en:Haplochromini|Haplochromini,]] [[:en:Tilapiini|Tilapiini]] le [[:en:Tylochromini|Tylochromini]].&lt;ref&gt;Sparks; Smith (2004). &quot;Phylogeny and biogeography of cichlid fishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Cichlidae)&quot;. ''Cladistics''. '''20''' (6): 501–517. [[:en:CiteSeerX_(identifier)|CiteSeerX]] [https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.595.2118 10.1.1.595.2118]. doi:[[doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00038.x|10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00038.x.]] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34892958 34892958]. S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36086310 36086310].&lt;/ref&gt; Baitseanape bangwe ba ba ithutang ka ditlhapi ba akantshitse gore ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa Tanganyika di tshwanetse go kgaoganngwa ka botlalo go nna ditlhopha tse di ka nnang 12 go ya go 16, go akaretsa: [[:en:Bathybatini|Bathybatini,]][[:en:Benthochromini|Benthochromini]],[[:en:Boulengerochromini|Boulengerochromini,]] [[:en:Cyphotilapiini|Cyphotilapiini,]] [[:en:Eretmodini|Eretmodini]],[[:en:Greenwoodochromini|Greenwoodochromini,]] [[:en:Perissodini|Perissodini]] le [[:en:Trematocarini|Trematocarini]] mmogo le ditlhopha tse di setseng tse di umakilweng fa godimo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Bontsi jwa ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa Lake Tanganyika di nna gaufi le lotshitshi lwa letsha mo boteng jo bo fitlhang go dimetara di le 100. Le fa go ntse jalo, mefuta mengwe e e nnang mo metsing a a boteng e kgona go fologela mo boteng jwa dimetara di le 200 ka gale.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Kirchberger; Sefc; Sturmbauer; Koblmuller (2012). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3362839 &quot;Evolutionary History of Lake Tanganyika's Predatory Deepwater Cichlids&quot;]. ''International Journal of Evolutionary Biology''. '''2012''' 716209. doi[[doi:10.1155/2012/716209|:10.1155/2012/716209.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3362839 3362839]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22675652 22675652.]&lt;/ref&gt; Mefuta ya [[:en:Trematocara|Trematocara]] yone e fitlhetswe mo boteng jo bo fetang dimetara di le 300, jo bo leng boteng go feta jwa cichlid efe kgotsa efe e e itsiweng mo lefatsheng.&lt;ref&gt;Loiselle, Paul (1994). The Cichlid Aquarium, p. 304. Tetra Press, Germany. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1564651464|&lt;bdi&gt;978-1564651464&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt; Mefuta mengwe ya ditlhapi tsa metsi a a boteng, jaaka [[:en:Bathybates|Bathybates]], [[:en:Gnathochromis|Gnathochromis]], [[:en:Hemibates|Hemibates]] le [[:en:Xenochromis|Xenochromis]] e kile ya tshwarwa mo mafelong a a batlang a sena oksijene gotlhelele, mme baitseanape ga ba ise ba tlhaloganye sentle gore di kgona jang go tshela mo maemong ao.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;Lowe-McConnell, R.H. (1987). Ecological Studies in Tropical Fish Communities. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-521-28064-8|&lt;bdi&gt;0-521-28064-8&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt; Bontsi jwa cichlid tsa Tanganyika ke tsa [[:en:Benthic|botlaseng jwa letsha]], kgotsa di nna gaufi le mabopo.&lt;ref&gt;Lindqvist, O.V.; H. Mölsä; K. Solonen; J. Sarvala, editors (1999). From Limnology to Fisheries: Lake Tanganyika and Other Large Lakes. pp. 213–214. Springer. ISBN 978-0792360179&lt;/ref&gt; Ga go na cichlid e e tshelang [[:en:Pelagic|ka botlalo mo metsing a a bulegileng]] kgakala le lotshitshi, ntle le mefuta mengwe ya Bathybates&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; [[:en:Piscivorous|e e jang ditlhapi tse dingwe]]. Mefuta e mebedi e, [[:en:Bathybates_fasciatus|Bathybates fasciatus]] le [[:en:Bathybates_leo|Bathybates leo]] dija thata [[:en:Tanganyika_sardine|ditlhapi tsa sardine tsa Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa Tanganyika di farologane thata ka [[:en:Ecology|tsela e di iphedisang ka yone]]. Go na le mefuta [[:en:Herbivore|e e]] [[:en:Herbivore|jang dimela]], [[:en:Detritivore|e e jang matlakala le dilo tse di bolang mo metsing]], [[:en:Planktivore|e e jang plankton]], [[:en:Insectivore|e e jang ditshenekegi]], [[:en:Molluscivore|e e jang dikgapetla tsa metsing]], [[:en:Scavenger|e e jang ditopo tsa diphologolo tse di suleng]], [[:en:Scale-eater|e e jang makwaga a ditlhapi tse dingwe]] le e e jang ditlhapi tse dingwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;Craig Mortiff (24 December 2009). [https://www.cichlid-forum.com/threads/lake-tanganyika-and-its-diverse-cichlids.456196/ &quot;Lake Tanganyika and its Diverse Cichlids&quot;]. ''Cichlid Fish Forum''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162711/https://www.cichlid-forum.com/threads/lake-tanganyika-and-its-diverse-cichlids.456196/ Archived] from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Le fa mefuta mengwe e na le dijo tse e di ratang thata, baitseanape ba lemogile gore e ka fetola mekgwa ya yone ya go ja [[:en:Opportunism|fa dijo dingwe di nna dintsi thata]].&lt;ref&gt;Golcher-Benavides J, Wagner CE (2019). &quot;Playing out Liem's Paradox: Opportunistic Piscivory across Lake Tanganyikan Cichlids&quot;. ''The American Naturalist''. '''194''' (2): 260–267. doi:[[doi:10.1086/704169|10.1086/704169]]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31318283 31318283.] S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155438716 155438716.]&lt;/ref&gt; Sekai, mefuta e mentsi e ka simolola go ja [[:en:Stolothrissa_tanganicae|Stolothrissa tanganicae]] le [[:en:Limnothrissa_miodon|Limnothrissa miodon]] fa ditlhapi tseno di nna dintsi mo letsheng. Mekgwa ya tsalo ya cichlid e kgaogana ka ditlhopha tse pedi tse dikgolo: Tse di beelang mae mo lefatsheng kgotsa mo motlhabeng (gantsi mo magageng kgotsa mo diphateng tsa maje) le [[:en:Mouthbrooder|tse di godisang mae mo molomong]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;Schliewen, U. (1992). Aquarium Fish. Barron's Educational Series. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0812013504|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0812013504&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt; Mo mefuteng e e fitlhelwang fela mo Tanganyika go na le dingwe tsa ditlhapi tsa cichlid tse dinnye go feta tsotlhe mo lefatsheng, [[:en:Neolamprologus_multifasciatus|Neolamprologus multifasciatus]] le [[:en:Neolamprologus_similis|Neolamprologus similis]] (tse tsotlhe [[:en:Shell_dweller|di nnang mo dikgapetleng tsa dikgopa]]), mme boleele jwa tsone bo fitlha fela mo e ka nnang 4–5 cm.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Rainer_Froese|Froese, Rainer]]; [[:en:Daniel_Pauly|Pauly, Daniel]] (eds.). [https://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Neolamprologus&amp;speciesname=multifasciatus &quot;''Neolamprologus multifasciatus''&quot;.] [[:en:FishBase|''FishBase''.]] March 2017 version.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Rainer_Froese|Froese, Rainer;]] [[:en:Daniel_Pauly|Pauly, Daniel]] (eds.). [https://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Neolamprologus&amp;speciesname=similis &quot;''Neolamprologus similis''&quot;.] ''[[:en:FishBase|FishBase]]''. March 2017 version.&lt;/ref&gt; Go na gape le nngwe ya [[:en:Giant_cichlid|cichlid tse dikgolo]] go feta tsotlhe mo lefatsheng e leng Boulengerochromis microlepis e e ka golang go fitlha mo e ka nnang 90 cm ka boleele.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/features/articles/the-10-biggest-cichlids &quot;The 10 biggest cichlids&quot;.] Practical Fishkeeping. 13 June 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052647/http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/features/articles/the-10-biggest-cichlids Archived] from the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mefuta e mentsi ya ditlhapi tsa cichlid tse di tswang mo Lake Tanganyika e tumile thata mo bathong ba ba godisang ditlhapi mo ditankeng tsa metsi. Tse di akaretsa: [[:en:Altolamprologus|Altolamprologus,]] [[:en:Cyprichromis|Cyprichromis]], [[:en:Eretmodus|Eretmodus]], [[:en:Julidochromis|Julidochromis]], [[:en:Lamprologus|Lamprologus]], [[:en:Neolamprologus|Neolamprologus]], [[:en:Tropheus|Tropheus]] le [[:en:Xenotilapia|Xenotilapia]]. Ditlhapi tseno di ratwa ka ntlha ya mebala ya tsone e e ntle, mekgabiso le dipaterone tsa tsone tse di kgatlhang, le mekgwa ya tsone ya boitshwaro e e kgatlhang go e lebelela.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; Mo lefatsheng la go godisa ditlhapi mo ditankeng, batho ba le bantsi gape ba rata go aga [[:en:Biotope|setshwano sa diatla]] sa Letsha la Tanganyika, gore e tshwane ka mo go ka kgonegang ka teng le tikologo ya tlholego ya letsha leno, mo go fitlhelwang mefuta e mentsi ya ditlhapi segompienong di kgona go tsadisiwa sentle mo botshwarong.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120302102920/http://www.aquariumslife.com/featured/lake-tanganyika-biotope/ &quot;tanganyika biotope aquarium&quot;.] Aquariums Life. 10 February 2010. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ditlhopha tsa cichlid mo Letsheng la Tanganyika'''

[[:en:Bathybatini|Bathybatini]] (E): [[:en:Bathybates_ferox|Bathybates ferox]] ke tlhapi e e nnang thata [[:en:Benthic|gaufi le botlase jwa letsha]] mme [[:en:Piscivorous|e ja ditlhapi tse dingwe]]. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo setlhopheng sa Bathybates go na le mefuta e mengwe e e tshelang mo metsing a a bulegileng kgakala le lotshitshi.&lt;ref&gt;Kirchberger; Sefc; Sturmbauer; Koblmuller (2012). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3362839 &quot;Evolutionary History of Lake Tanganyika's Predatory Deepwater Cichlids&quot;.] ''International Journal of Evolutionary Biology''. '''2012''' 716209. doi:[[doi:10.1155/2012/716209|10.1155/2012/716209.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3362839 3362839]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22675652 22675652.]&lt;/ref&gt; Baitseanape bangwe ba kgaoganya setlhopha sa Bathybatini ka ditlhopha tse tharo tse di ikemetseng e leng Bathybatini, [[:en:Hemibatini|Hemibatini]] le [[:en:Trematocarini|Trematocarini.]]&lt;ref&gt;Meyer; Matchiner; Salburger (2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4415804 &quot;Lake Tanganyika—A 'Melting Pot' of Ancient and Young Cichlid Lineages (Teleostei: Cichlidae)?&quot;.] ''PLOS ONE''. '''10''' (7) e0125043. Bibcode[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1025043W :2015PLoSO..1025043W.] doi:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125043|10.1371/journal.pone.0125043.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4415804 4415804.] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25928886 25928886.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Weiss; Cotterill; Schliewen (2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 &quot;A tribal level phylogeny of Lake Tanganyika cichlid fishes based on a genomic multi-marker approach&quot;.] ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution''. '''83''': 56–71. doi:[[doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009|10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 4334724]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25433288 25433288.]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Benthochromini|Benthochromini]] (E): [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benthochromis_horii&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1 Benthochromis horii] e ne ya tlhalosiwa semmuso ke baitseanape ba saense ka ngwaga wa 2008. Le fa go ntse jalo, pele ga moo tlhapi eno e ne e gantsi e tsewa ka phoso e le [[:en:Benthochromis_tricoti|Benthochromis tricoti.]]&lt;ref&gt;Takahashi, T. (2008). &quot;Description of a new cichlid fish species of the genus Benthochromis (Perciformes: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika&quot;. ''Journal of Fish Biology''. '''72''' (3): 603–613. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JFBio..72..603T 2008JFBio..72..603T.] doi:[[doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01727.x|10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01727.x.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Boulengerochromini|Boulengerochromini]] (E): [[:en:Boulengerochromis_microlepis|Boulengerochromis microlepis]] ke nngwe ya ditlhapi tsa cichlid&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/features/articles/the-10-biggest-cichlids &quot;The 10 biggest cichlids&quot;.] Practical Fishkeeping. 13 June 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052647/http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/features/articles/the-10-biggest-cichlids Archived] from the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; tse dikgolo go feta tsotlhe mo lefatsheng gape ke yone fela mofuta o o leng mo setlhopheng sa Boulengerochromini.&lt;ref&gt;Weiss; Cotterill; Schliewen (2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 &quot;A tribal level phylogeny of Lake Tanganyika cichlid fishes based on a genomic multi-marker approach&quot;.] ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution''. '''83''': 56–71.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Cyphotilapiini|Cyphotilapiini]] (E): [[:en:Cyphotilapia_frontosa|Cyphotilapia frontosa]] ke nngwe ya mefuta e mebedi fela e e tshwanang e e leng mo [[:en:Tribe_(biology)|setlhopheng]]&lt;ref&gt;Takahashi, T.; Nakaya, K. (2003). &quot;New species of Cyphotilapia (Perciformes: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika, Africa&quot;. ''Copeia''. '''2003''' (4): 824–832. doi:[[doi:10.1643/ia03-148.1|10.1643/ia03-148.1]]. S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83854866 83854866.]&lt;/ref&gt; seno.

[[:en:Cyprichromini|Cyprichromini]] (E): [[:en:Cyprichromis_microlepidotus|Cyprichromis microlepidotus]] le mefuta e mengwe ya setlhopha seno di tshela mo metsing a a bulegileng a letsha gape [[:en:Planktivore|dija thata plankton.]]&lt;ref&gt;Bigirimana, C. (2006). [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/60487/12363286 &quot;''Cyprichromis microlepidotus''&quot;.] [[:en:IUCN_Red_List|''IUCN Red List of Threatened Species''.]] '''2006''' e.T60487A12363286. doi[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60487A12363286.en|:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60487A12363286.en.]] Retrieved 13 November 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Smith, M.P. (1998). Lake Tanganyikan Cichlids, pp. 9–10. ISBN 0-7641-0615-5&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Ectodini|Ectodini]] (E): [[:en:Ophthalmotilapia_nasuta|Ophthalmotilapia nasuta]] e bontsha [[:en:Sexually_dimorphic|sexual dimorphism]], ke gore e namagadi le e tonanyana ga di tshwane ka ponalo. Mo mofuteng ono ditonanyana di na le mebala e e phatsimang le e e kgatlhang go feta, di na le maphego a maleele go feta gape di na le nko&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/ophthalmotilapia-nasuta/ &quot;Ophthalmotilapia nasuta&quot;]. ''Seriously Fish''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162708/https://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/ophthalmotilapia-nasuta/ Archived] from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; kgotsa sebopego sa tlhogo se se leele go feta sa tse namagadi.

[[:en:Eretmodini|Eretmodini]] (E): [[:en:Eretmodus_cyanostictus|Eretmodus cyanostictus]] e nna gaufi le botlase jwa letsha mo mafelong a lotshitshi a a nang le makhubu le [[:en:Surf_zone|metsi a a tsamayang ka maatla]],&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Rainer_Froese|Froese, Rainer]]; [[:en:Daniel_Pauly|Pauly, Daniel]] (eds.). [https://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Eretmodus&amp;speciesname=cyanostictus &quot;''Eretmodus cyanostictus''&quot;.] ''FishBase''. April 2017 version.&lt;/ref&gt; jaaka mefuta e mengwe yotlhe ya setlhopha sa yone.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, M.P. (1998). Lake Tanganyikan Cichlids, pp. 9–10. ISBN 0-7641-0615-5&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Haplochromini|Haplochromini]]: [[:en:Astatotilapia_burtoni|Astatotilapia burtoni]] ke nngwe ya mefuta e mmalwa fela ya setlhopha&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.fishbase.se/TrophicEco/FishEcoList.php?ve_code=4 &quot;Species in the Tanganyika&quot;.] ''www.fishbase.se'' (table). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162720/https://www.fishbase.se/TrophicEco/FishEcoList.php?ve_code=4 Archived] from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; seno e e fitlhelwang mo Letsheng la Tanganyika. Seno se farologane le se se diragalang mo [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|matsheng a mangwe a magolo a Afrika,]] jaaka Lake Malawi le Lake Victoria, kwa bontsi jwa cichlid bo leng mo setlhopheng sa Haplochromini.&lt;ref&gt;Lowe-McConnell, R (2009). &quot;Fisheries and cichlid evolution in the African Great Lakes: progress and problems&quot;. ''Freshwater Reviews''. '''2''' (2): 131–151. doi:[[doi:10.1608/frj-2.2.2|10.1608/frj-2.2.2]]. S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54011001 54011001.]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Lamprologini|Lamprologini]] (E): [[:en:Julidochromis_marlieri|Julidochromis marlieri]] ke tlhapi e e tumileng thata mo kgwebong ya [[:en:Aquarium|ditlhapi tsa ditanka]] kwa batho ba ba godisang ditlhapi gantsi ba bitsa mefuta ya setlhopha sa Julidochromis ka leina la khutshwafatso la “Julies.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/julidochromis-marlieri/ &quot;Julidochromis marlieri (Marlier's Julie)&quot;.] ''Seriously Fish''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162711/https://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/julidochromis-marlieri/ Archived] from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Limnochromini|Limnochromini]] (E): [[:en:Gnathochromis_permaxillaris|Gnathochromis permaxillaris]] ke tlhapi [[:en:Planktivore|e e jang]] [[:en:Planktivore|ditshedinyana tse dinnye tse di phaphamalang mo metsing.]] E na le molomo o o sa tlwaelegang o o kgonang go otlologa kgotsa go sutela kwa ntle.&lt;ref&gt;Bigirimana, C. (2006)[https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/60493/12364587 . &quot;''Gnathochromis permaxillaris''&quot;]. [[:en:IUCN_Red_List|''IUCN Red List of Threatened Species''.]] '''2006''' e.T60493A12364587. doi:[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60493A12364587.en|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60493A12364587.en.]] Retrieved 13 November 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Perissodini|Perissodini]] (E): [[:en:Perissodus_microlepis|Perissodus microlepis]] ke tlhapi e e ikgethileng ka gonne [[:en:Scale-eating|e ja makwaga]] [[:en:Scale-eating|a ditlhapi tse dingwe]].&lt;ref&gt;Stewart, T.A.; Albertson, R.C. (2010). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2828976 &quot;Evolution of a unique predatory feeding apparatus: functional anatomy, development and a genetic locus for jaw laterality in Lake Tanganyika scale-eating cichlids&quot;.] ''BMC Biology''. '''8''' (1): 8. doi:[[doi:10.1186/1741-7007-8-8|10.1186/1741-7007-8-8.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2828976 2828976]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20102595 20102595.]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tilapiini|Tilapiini:]] [[:en:Oreochromis_tanganicae|Oreochromis tanganicae]] ke nngwe ya ditlhapi tse di tlwaelegileng thata mo mabopong a Letsha la Tanganyika gape gantsi e fitlhelwa mo [[:en:Fish_market|mebarakeng ya ditlhapi ya mo lefelong leo.]]&lt;ref&gt;Ntakimazi, G. (2006). [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/60625/12387918 &quot;''Oreochromis tanganicae''&quot;]. ''[[:en:IUCN_Red_List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]''. '''2006''' e.T60625A12387918. doi:[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60625A12387918.en|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60625A12387918.en.]] Retrieved 13 November 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Karolo:Coordinates on Wikidata]]</text>
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Letsha la Tanganyika&lt;ref&gt;Yohannes,Okbazghi (2008). Water resources and inter-riparian relations in the Nile basin. SUNY Press. p. 127.&lt;/ref&gt; ke nngwe ya [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|Matsha a Magolo a Afrika]].&lt;ref&gt;Burton, Richard Francis (1965). Richards, Charles (ed.). ''Burton and Lake Tanganyika''. Dar Es Salaam: East African Literature Bureau. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/180480726 180480726.]&lt;/ref&gt; Ke [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_volume|letsha la bobedi mo lefatsheng ka bogolo jwa metsi]],[[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|le ka boteng]], ka makgetho a mabedi le le latlhegelwa fela ke [[:en:Lake_Baikal|Lake Baikal]] kwa [[:en:Siberia|Siberia]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/lakes/lake-tanganyika &quot;Lake Tanganyika&quot;]. ''www.zambiatourism.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150422001337/http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/lakes/lake-tanganyika Archived] from the original on 22 April 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lewis, R. (16 May 2010)[https://news.brown.edu/articles/2010/05/tanganyika . &quot;Brown Geologists Show Unprecedented Warming in Lake Tanganyika&quot;.] Brown University. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170326051107/https://news.brown.edu/articles/2010/05/tanganyika Archived] from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Le gape ke letsha le le telele go feta tsotlhe mo lefatsheng.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/lakes/lake-tanganyika &quot;Lake Tanganyika&quot;.] ''www.zambiatourism.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150422001337/http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/lakes/lake-tanganyika Archived] from the original on 22 April 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Ka bogolo jwa lefelo, [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_area|ke la bo 6 mo lefatsheng]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/topic/worlds-largest-lakes-2228655 &quot;World's largest lakes | Description, Area, &amp; Facts | Britannica&quot;.] ''www.britannica.com''. Retrieved 18 October 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Letsha leno le abelanwa ke dinaga di le nne: [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[:en:Burundi|Burundi]] le Zambia. Tanzania e na le karolo e kgolo ya letsha (mo e ka nnang 46%), mme Democratic Republic of the Congo e na le mo e ka nnang 40%. Letsha la Tanganyika le elela metsi a lona ka noka ya [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]] go tsena mo tsamaisong ya [[:en:Congo_River|Noka ya Congo]], e e feleletsang e tshela kwa toropong ya [[:en:Banana,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Banana]] go tsena mo [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Lewatleng la Atlantic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Display/html/3587 &quot;LAKE TANGANYIKA&quot;.] ''World Lake Database, International Lake Environment Committee Foundation''. Retrieved 12 January 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Jeokorafi''' 

Lake Tanganyika ke [[:en:Ancient_lake|letsha la bogologolo thata]], mme ke lengwe la matsha a le masome a mabedi fela mo lefatsheng a a nang le dingwaga tse di fetang milione e le nngwe. Dikarolo tsa lone tse tharo tse dikgolo, tse mo dinakong tse metsi a neng a le kwa tlase thata di neng di le matsha a a ikemetseng ka nosi, tsotlhe di na le dingwaga tse di farologaneng. Karolo ya bogare e simolotse go bopiwa dingwaga di ka nna milione di le 9 go ya go 12 tse di fetileng. Karolo ya bokone e simolotse dingwaga di ka nna milione di le 7 go ya go 8 tse di fetileng. fa  karolo ya borwa e simolotse dingwaga di ka nna milione di le 2 go ya go 4 tse di fetileng.&lt;ref&gt;Cohen; Soreghan; Scholz (1993). &quot;Estimating the age of formation of lakes: An example from Lake Tanganyika, East African Rift system&quot;. ''Geology''. '''21''' (6): 511–514. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Geo....21..511C 1993Geo....21..511C.] doi:[https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0091-7613%281993%29021%3C0511%3AETAOFO%3E2.3.CO%3B2 10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021&lt;0511:ETAOFO&gt;2.3.CO;2.]&lt;/ref&gt;

Gompieno, Letsha la Tanganyika le mo kgaolong ya [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift,]] e leng lekala la bophirima la [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. Le dikologilwe ke dithaba tse di kwa matlhakoreng a mokgatšha wa phatlogo ya lefatshe. Ke letsha le legolo go feta tsotlhe tsa mofuta wa [[:en:Rift_lake|rift]] mo Afrika, mme ke la bobedi mo lefatsheng ka bogolo jwa metsi a a foreshe. Gape ke letsha le le boteng go feta tsotlhe mo Afrika le le tshwereng metsi a mantsi a a foreshe go feta tsotlhe mo kontineng ya Afrika. Le tshwere mo e ka nnang 16% ya metsi a a foreshe a lefatshe a a ka dirisiwang.Letsha leno le boleele jwa dikilometara di le 676 le anametse go tswa bokone go ya borwa ka bophara jwa palogare ya dikilometara di le 50. Le akaretsa lefelo la dikilometara tse di khubiki di le 32,000 ka lotshitshi lwa boleele jwa dikilometara di le 1,900. Palogare ya boteng ke dimetara di le 572 fa boteng jo bogolo ke dimetara di le 1,471, jo bo fitlhelwang mo karolong ya bokone. Go akanyediwa gore letsha leno le tshwere metsi a ka nna 18,750 km³, e leng bongata jo bogolo thata jwa metsi a a foreshe.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/19991110092358/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dafr06.html &quot;Datbase Summary: Lake Tanganyika&quot;]. ''ilec.or.jp''. Japan: International Lake Environment Committee Foundation. Archived from [http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dafr06.html the original] on 10 November 1999. Retrieved 14 March 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Letsha la Tanganyika lena le [[:en:Drainage_basin|mokgatšha]] wa metsi o o ka nnang 231,000 km².Go na le dinoka tse dikgolo di le pedi tse di tsenang mo letsheng leno, mmogo le dinoka tse dinnye le melatswana e mentsi. Melatswana eno gantsi e khutshwane ka ntlha ya dithaba tse di kwa godimo le tse di matsutsuba tse di dikologileng letsha. Noka e le yosi e kgolo e e tswang mo letsheng ke [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River,]] e e elelang e tsena mo tsamaisong ya [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River.]] Pula le mouoane di na le karolo e kgolo go feta dinoka mo tsamaisong ya metsi a letsha. Go akanyediwa gore bonyenyane 90% ya metsi a a tsenang a tswa mo puleng e e nelelang mo godimo ga letsha, mme bonyenyane 90% ya tahlegelo ya metsi e bakwa ke go mowa ga metsi ka tlhamalalo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[[:en:Sven_O._Kullander|Kullander, S.O.]]; Roberts, T.R. (2011). &quot;Out of Lake Tanganyika: endemic lake fishes inhabit rapids of the Lukuga River&quot;. ''Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters''. '''22''' (4): 355–76.&lt;/ref&gt;

Noka e kgolo ke [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], e e bopilweng dingwaga di ka nna 10,000 tse di fetileng, e e tsenang mo bokone jwa letsha e tswa mo [[:en:Lake_Kivu|Lake Kivu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980). ''Natural Wonders of the World''. US: Reader's Digest Association, Inc. pp. 366–67. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-89577-087-5|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-89577-087-5&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Malagarasi_River|Malagarasi River]] ke noka ya bobedi ka bogolo mo Tanzania, mme e tsena mo letlhakoreng la botlhaba la letsha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Noka eno e kgologolo go feta letsha ka bolone, mme pele letsha le bopiwa, e ka bo e ne e le karolo ya tsamaiso ya metsi ya [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]], e leng mothopo o mogolo wa Noka ya Congo River.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Noka e kgolo e e tswang mo Zambia e bile e tsenang mo karolong ya borwa jwa letsha ke [[:en:Lufubu_River|Lufubu]] River. E tswa mo thoteng e e kwa borwa jwa letsha, e elela go ya kwa bokone-bophirima go ralala dithaba, morago ga moo e retologela go ya bokone-botlhaba go tsena mo letsheng gaufi le Nsumbu.&lt;ref&gt;[https://africageographic.com/stories/nsumbu-national-park/ &quot;Nsumbu National Park&quot;]. ''Africa Geographic''. Retrieved 3 June 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

Lake Tanganyika e na le histori e e raraaneng ya diphetogo tsa tsela e metsi a elelang ka yone, ka ntlha ya boleele jo bogolo jwa yone, boteng jo bogolo, go tlala ga yone ka bonya, le lefelo la yone le le kwa dithabeng mo kgaolong e e nang le tiro e ntsi ya dithoromo tsa dithaba tse di tlhotlhogang le diphetogo tsa tlelaemete. Go bonala gore mo nakong e e fetileng, letsha leno ga le ise le ko le nne le phatlha e e tswang ka tlhamalalo go ya lewatleng. Ka ntlha ya seno, le tlhalosiwa jaaka [[:en:Endorheic|“endorheic ka bontsi”.]] Go kgokagana ga letsha le lewatle go ikaegile ka gore metsi a tshwanetse go nna kwa godimo thata mo a ka kgonang go elela go tswa mo letsheng ka Lukuga River go tsena mo tsamaisong ya Congo River.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Fa metsi a sa elele, go tsenwa ga metsi mo Lukuga go gantsi go thibelwa ke mebala ya motlhaba le dimela tsa metsi tse dintsi. Ka nako eo, noka eno e ikaega mo dinokeng tsa yone tse dinnye, segolobogolo Niemba River, go tshegetsa go elela ga yone.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Go simolola ka bo-1990, selekanyo sa metsi mo Lake Tanganyika se ne sa tlhatloga ka mo e ka nnang dimetara di le 2, se baka go rwala matlo le dikago tse di gaufi le lotshitshi.&lt;ref&gt;[https://worldwater.earth/water-surface-elevation-timeseries-reveals-the-rising-water-levels-in-lake-tanganyika &quot;Water surface elevation timeseries reveals the rising water levels in Lake Tanganyika&quot;]. ''WorldWater''. Retrieved 1 June 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Seno se bonagala thata mo toropong ya Nsumbu, gaufi le lotshitshi magareng ga jetty le molomo wa Chisala River, e ka nna dikilometara di le 2 go ya kwa bokone-bophirima. Magareng ga 2018 le 2024, metsi a ne a tsenelela mo teng ga toropo go fitlha mo e ka nnang dimetara di le 300 go tswa mo lotshitshing lwa 2018.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.com/maps/search/Nsumbu/@-8.5164746,30.4729444,1517m/data=!3m1!1e3?entry=ttu&amp;g_ep=EgoyMDI2MDUyNy4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D &quot;Nsumbu&quot;]. ''Google Maps''. Retrieved 2 June 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://earth.google.com/web/@-8.51664622,30.47719045,771.76267068a,1405.28427165d,35y,0h,0t,0r/data=ChYqEAgBEgoyMDE4LTExLTI2GAFCAggBOgMKATBCAggASg0I____________ARAA &quot;Google Earth imagery showing Nsumbu settlement and shoreline, Zambia&quot;.] ''Google Earth - Use the historical slider to select past views''. Google Earth. Retrieved 2 June 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

Go akanyediwa gape gore mo nakong e e fetileng, letsha le ka tswa le ne le na le ditsela tse di farologaneng tsa go tsena le go tswa ga metsi. Go akantshiwa gore metsi a ka tswa a ne a tswa mo [[:en:Lake_Rukwa|Lake Rukwa]] e e kwa godimo, kgotsa go ka tswa go ne go na le kgokagano le [[:en:Lake_Malawi|Lake Malawi]], mme le gone go kile ga akanyediwa tsela ya go tswa e e yang kwa Noka ya [[:en:Nile|Nile]] River. Tsotlhe tseno di bontsha gore histori ya tsamaiso ya metsi ya letsha e fetogile gantsi mo dingwageng di le dimilione.&lt;ref&gt;Lévêque, Christian (1997). ''Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation: The Freshwater Fish of Tropical Africa''. [[:en:Cambridge_University_Press|Cambridge University Press.]] p. 110. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57033-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-521-57033-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Dikarolo tsa metsi''' 

Metsi a Lake Tanganyika a na le [[:en:Hard_water|alkaline]] e e kwa godimo, ka [[:en:PH|pH]] e e ka nnang 9 mo boteng jwa dimetara di le 0–100.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;De, Wever; Muylaert; der Gucht, Van; Pirlot; Cocquyt; Descy; Plisnier; Vyverman (2005). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1214687 &quot;Bacterial Community Composition in Lake Tanganyika: Vertical and Horizontal Heterogeneity&quot;.] ''Appl Environ Microbiol''. '''71''' (9): 5029–5037. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ApEnM..71.5029D 2005ApEnM..71.5029D.] doi:[[doi:10.1128/AEM.71.9.5029-5037.2005|10.1128/AEM.71.9.5029-5037.2005.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1214687 1214687.] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16151083 16151083.]&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa tlase ga moo, pH e nna mo e ka nnang 8.7, mme e fokotsega ka bonya go fitlha mo magareng ga 8.3 le 8.5 mo mafelong a a boteng go feta tsotlhe a letsha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Mokgwa o o tshwanang o bonwa mo [[:en:Electric_conductivity|phitisong ya motlakase]], e e tlogang mo e ka nnang 670 μS/cm mo godimo ga metsi go fitlha go 690 μS/cm mo mafelong a a boteng thata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Themperetšha ya godimo ga metsi gantsi e ka nna 24°C mo karolong ya borwa jwa letsha ka Phatwe, mme e ka tlhatloga go 28–29°C kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya dipula ka Mopitlwe–Moranang.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;Edmond; Stallard; Craigh; Weiss; Coulter (1993). [[doi:10.4319/lo.1993.38.4.0725|&quot;Nutrient chemistry of the water column of Lake Tanganyika&quot;.]] ''Limnol. Oceanogr''. '''38''' (4): 725–738. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993LimOc..38..725E 1993LimOc..38..725E.] doi:[[doi:10.4319/lo.1993.38.4.0725|10.4319/lo.1993.38.4.0725]]&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa boteng jo bo fetang dimetara di le 400, themperetšha e nna e sa fetoge thata, e le mo magareng ga 23.1°C le 23.4°C.&lt;ref&gt;O'Reilly, Catherine M.; Alin, Simone R.; Plisnier, Pierre-Denis; Cohen, Andrew S.; Mckee, Brent A. (14 August 2003). &quot;Climate change decreases aquatic ecosystem productivity of Lake Tanganyika, Africa&quot;. ''Nature''. '''424''' (6950): 766–768. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.424..766O 2003Natur.424..766O]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1038/nature01833|10.1038/nature01833.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12917682 12917682.] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1637315 1637315]&lt;/ref&gt; Metsi a letsha a ntse a oketsega mogote ka bonya fa e sale go tswa mo lekgolong la bo-19 la dingwaga, mme seno se potlakile le go feta ka ntlha ya [[:en:Global_warming|go gotela ga lefatshe]] fa e sale go tswa mo bo-1950.&lt;ref&gt;Jensen, M.R. (8 August 2016). [https://uanews.arizona.edu/story/lake-tanganyika-fisheries-declining-global-warming &quot;Lake Tanganyika Fisheries Declining From Global Warming&quot;.] University of Arizona. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180306085806/https://uanews.arizona.edu/story/lake-tanganyika-fisheries-declining-global-warming Archived] from the original on 6 March 2018. Retrieved 5 March 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

Letsha le [[:en:Lake_stratification|kgaogane]] ka dikarolo tsa metsi tse di sa kopaneng bonolo. Go tlhakatlhakana ga metsi ka dipaka gantsi ga go fete boteng jwa dimetara di le 150.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Go tlhakatlhakana gono go diragala thata mo karolong ya borwa ka ntlha ya diphefo tse di [[:en:Upwelling|sutisang metsi a a tsididi go tswa kwa tlase go ya godimo.]] Gape go na le go tlhatloga le go fologa ga metsi mo dikarolong tse dingwe tsa letsha.&lt;ref&gt;Lowe-McConnell, R.H. (2003). &quot;Recent research in the African Great Lakes: Fisheries, biodiversity and cichlid evolution&quot;. ''Freshwater Forum''. '''20''' (1): 4–64.&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ntlha ya go kgaogana gono ga metsi, dikarolo tse di boteng thata di na le se se bidiwang  [[:en:Fossil_water|metsi a bogologolo]]&lt;ref&gt;Hutter; Yongqi; and Chubarenko (2011). Physics of Lakes, volume 1: Foundation of the Mathematical and Physical Background. P. 11. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-642-15178-1|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-642-15178-1&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt; a a sa tlhakaneng le a kwa godimo ka dingwaga tse dintsi. Seno se raya gore dikarolo tse di boteng ga di na [[:en:Oxygen|oksijene .]] Ka jalo ditlhapi le [[:en:Obligate_aerobe|diphologolo tsotlhe tse di tlhokang oksijene]] di kgona go tshela fela mo dikarolong tse di kwa godimo tsa letsha. Mo bokone jwa letsha, molelwane ono wa oksijene o fitlhelwa mo boteng jwa dimetara di ka nna 100 fa mo borwa&lt;ref&gt;Wright, J.J.; and L.M. Page (2006). Taxonomic revision of Lake Tanganyikan Synodontis (Siluriformes: Mochokidae). Florida Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull. 46(4): 99–154.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lowe-McConnell, R.H. (1987). Ecological Studies in Tropical Fish Communities. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-521-28064-8|&lt;bdi&gt;0-521-28064-8&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt; jwa letsha, o fitlhelwa mo boteng jwa dimetara di ka nna 240–250. Dikarolo tse di boteng go feta tsotlhe tsa letsha di na le selekanyo se segolo sa [[:en:Hydrogen_sulfide|hydrogen sulfide]], gase e e botlhole.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ryan, Emily; Todd, Jonathan A.; McGlue, Michael; Kimirei, Ismael; Soreghan, Michael (2017). &quot;Variation in Taphonomic Character of Shell Beds in Lake Tanganyika, Africa: Paleoenvironmental and Stratigraphic Implications of Shell Beds in Lakes&quot;. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 304608. Geological Society of America. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1130/abs/2017am-304608|10.1130/abs/2017am-304608]]&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Baeloji''' 

'''Digagabi''' 

Letsha la Tanganyika le mafelo a metsi a a le dikologileng ke legae la mefuta e le mmalwa ya digagabi, tsotlhe di akaretsa [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]] (go akaretsa kwena e kgolo e e tumileng e e bidiwang [[:en:Gustave_(crocodile)|Gustave]]), [[:en:Zambian_hinged_terrapin|Khudu ya metsi ya Zambia,]] [[:en:Serrated_hinged_terrapin|Serrated hinged terrapin]], Pan hinged terrapin (mofuta ono ga o nne mo letsheng ka bolone mme o fitlhelwa mo matsheng a a gaufi)&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;Spawls, Howell, Drewes, and Ashe (2002). A Field Guide to the Reptiles of East Africa. Academic Press, London. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0-12-656470-1|0-12-656470]]-1&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. [[:en:Storm's_water_cobra|Storm’s water cobra]], e leng [[:en:Subspecies|mofuta]] o o mo kotsing wa noga ya metsi e e jang ditlhapi thata, e fitlhelwa fela mo Letsheng la Tanganyika. E rata go nna mo mabopong a a nang le maje.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;O'Shea, Mark; Mcintyre, P.B. (2005). [http://www.markoshea.info/oba4-3_zambia_tanzania03.php &quot;Boulengerina annulata stormsi (Storm's water cobra). Attempted predation&quot;.] ''Herpetological Review''. '''36''' (2): 189. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171202071348/http://www.markoshea.info/oba4-3_zambia_tanzania03.php Archived] from the original on 2 December 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ditlhapi tsa Cichlid'''

Letsha la Tanganyika ke legae la [[:en:Endemism|bonyenyane mefuta]] e e fetang 250 ya ditlhapi tsa [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]]&lt;ref&gt;Kelly West (28 February 2001). [https://iwlearn.net/documents/6644 &quot;Results and Experiences of the UNDP/GEF Conservation Initiative (RAF/92/G32) in Burundi, D.R. Congo, Tanzania, and Zambia&quot;]. ''IW:LEARN | Documents''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162707/https://iwlearn.net/documents/6644 Archived] from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; tse di fitlhelwang fela mo letsheng leno. Go dumelwa gape gore go santse go na le [[:en:Undescribed_taxon|mefuta e mengwe e e iseng e lemogiwe]] ke baitseanape.&lt;ref&gt;Craig Mortiff (24 December 2009). [https://www.cichlid-forum.com/threads/lake-tanganyika-and-its-diverse-cichlids.456196/ &quot;Lake Tanganyika and its Diverse Cichlids&quot;]. ''Cichlid Fish Forum''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162711/https://www.cichlid-forum.com/threads/lake-tanganyika-and-its-diverse-cichlids.456196/ Archived] from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Mo e ka nnang 98% ya mefuta yotlhe ya cichlid mo letsheng leno ga e fitlhelwe kae kapa kae mo lefatsheng fa e se mo Tanganyika fela. Ka ntlha ya seno, letsha leno le botlhokwa thata mo dipatlisisong tsa kafa mefuta [[:en:Speciation|e mesha ya diphologolo e tlhagang ka teng,]] le kafa [[:en:Evolution|botshelo bo fetogang ka teng mo lobakeng lo loleele.]]&lt;ref&gt;Takahashi, T.; Hori, M. (2012). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3363988 &quot;Genetic and Morphological Evidence Implies Existence of Two Sympatric Species in Cyathopharynx furcifer (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika&quot;]. ''International Journal of Evolutionary Biology''. '''2012''' 980879. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1155/2012/980879|10.1155/2012/980879.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3363988 3363988]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22675655 22675655.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kornfield, Ivy; Smith, Peter A (2000). &quot;African Cichlid Fishes: Model Systems for Evolutionary Biology&quot;. ''Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics''. '''31''': 163–196. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.163|10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.163]].&lt;/ref&gt; Ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|Matsha a Magolo a Afrika]], go akaretsa Tanganyika, di emela nngwe ya mehlala e megolo go feta tsotlhe ya [[:en:Adaptive_radiation|adaptive radiation]] mo diphologolong tse di nang le marapo a mokwatla.&lt;ref&gt;Meyer, Britta; Matchiner, Michael; Salburger, Walter (25 November 2013). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 &quot;A tribal level phylogeny of Lake Tanganyika cichlid fishes based on a genomic multi-marker approach&quot;]. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution''. '''83''': 56–71. doi:[[doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009|10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 4334724.] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25433288 25433288.]&lt;/ref&gt; Le fa dingwe tsa mefuta eno di ka fitlhelwa gonnye mo godimo ga [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga]] River, ga di kgone go anamela thata mo [[:en:Congo_Basin|tsamaisong ya Congo River]]. Seno se bakwa ke jeokorafi ya mafelo ao, le pharologano ya dikhemikhale tsa metsi.Tikologo e e dikologileng Letsha la Tanganyika e itshiametse gape e itekanetse gona le [[:en:Rapids|mekgacho]] le medi e sianeng ya noka ya Congo. Metsi a Tanganyika, a [[:en:Alkali'|alkaline]] gape ana le [[:en:PH|pH]] e kwa godimo (ga a na asiti e ntsi), a na le [[:en:Calcium|calcium]] le diminerale tse dintsi go farologana le metsi a Congo a  a nang le [[:en:Acid|asiti e ntsi,]] [[:en:Sediment|a tletse seretse,]] a tletse matlakala a [[:en:Rainforest|dimela]] le dilo tse dingwe tsa tlholego tse di senyegang. Mo dikarolong dingwe tsa Congo, kgakala le [[:en:Whitewater|metsi a masweu]], metsi a fetoga se se bidiwang [[:en:Blackwater_river|metsi a mantsho]], ka ntlha ya dikhemikhale tse di tswang mo dikgatsheng le mo matlakaleng a ditlhare a a bodileng. Metsi ano a na le [[:en:Tannin|tannins]] tse dintsi mme ga a siamele&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Sven_O._Kullander|Kullander, S.O]].; Roberts, T.R. (2011). &quot;Out of Lake Tanganyika: endemic lake fishes inhabit rapids of the Lukuga River&quot;. ''Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters''. '''22''' (4): 355–76.&lt;/ref&gt; ditlhapi tsa cichlid. Ka mokgwa o o tshwanang, mefuta e mentsi ya ditlhapi tsa dinoka tsa tropiki le yone e ka nna ya se kgone go tshela fa e ka tsenngwa mo metsing a a phepa, a alkaline le a nang le diminerale tse dintsi a Letsha la Tanganyika.

Le fa Letsha la Tanganyika e na le mefuta e mmalwa ya ditlhapi tsa cichlid fa e bapisiwa le Letsha la [[:en:Lake_Malawi|Malawi]] kgotsa Letsha la [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Victoria]]—matsha a a kileng a nna le koketsego e kgolo le e [[:en:Adaptive_radiation|e potlakileng]] ya mefuta ya ditlhapi mo hisetoring ya bosheng—&lt;ref&gt;Turner, Seehausen; Knight, Allender; Robinson (2001). [[doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.x|&quot;How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes?&quot;]]. ''Molecular Ecology''. '''10''' (3): 793–806. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001MolEc..10..793T 2001MolEc..10..793T.] doi:[[doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.x|10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;x. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11298988 11298988.] S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12925712 12925712.]&lt;/ref&gt;ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa Tanganyika ke tsone tse di nang le pharologano e kgolo go feta tsotlhe mo [[:en:Morphology_(biology)|popegelong ya mmele]] le mo [[:en:Genetics|dijining]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;Meyer, Britta; Matchiner, Michael; Salburger, Walter (25 November 2013). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 &quot;A tribal level phylogeny of Lake Tanganyika cichlid fishes based on a genomic multi-marker approach&quot;]. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution''. '''83''': 56–71. doi:[[doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009|10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009]]. PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 4334724]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25433288 25433288.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Seehausen, O. (2015). [[doi:10.1111/nph.13450|&quot;Process and pattern in cichlid radiations – inferences for understanding unusually high rates of evolutionary diversification&quot;]]. ''New Phytologist''. '''207''' (2): 304–312. doi:[[doi:10.1111/nph.13450|10.1111/nph.13450.]] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25983053 25983053.]&lt;/ref&gt; Seno se amana le bogologolo jwa Letsha la Tanganyika, ka gonne le legologolo thata go feta Malawi le Victoria. Nako e telele eno e ne ya letla mefuta ya ditlhapi go fetoga le go ikgaoganya ka ditsela tse dintsi go feta tse di bonwang mo matsheng a mangwe.&lt;ref&gt;Nishida, M (1991). &quot;Lake Tanganyika as an evolutionary reservoir of old lineages of East African cichlid fishes: Inferences from allozyme data&quot;. ''Experientia''. '''47''' (9): 974–979. doi[[doi:10.1007/bf01929896|:10.1007/bf01929896.]] S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37599331 37599331.]&lt;/ref&gt; Tanganyika e na le palo e kgolo [[:en:Endemism|go feta tsotlhe]] ya [[:en:Genera|genera]] tsa cichlid tse di fitlhelwang fela mo letsheng leo, fa di bapisiwa le matsha a mangwe otlhe a Afrika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Ditlhapi tsotlhe tsa cichlid tsa Tanganyika di wela mo setlhopheng sa baeloji se se bidiwang [[:en:Pseudocrenilabrinae|Pseudocrenilabrinae.]] Mo [[:en:Tribe_(biology)|ditlhopheng]] tse di lesome tse di leng mo Pseudocrenilabrinae sephatlo sa tsone di fitlhelwa fela kgotsa segolobogolo mo Tanganyika: [[:en:Cyprichromini|Cyprichromini]], [[:en:Ectodini|Ectodini,]] [[:en:Lamprologini|Lamprologini]], [[:en:Limnochromini|Limnochromini]] le [[:en:Tropheini|Tropheini]] fa tse dingwe tse tharo di na le mefuta e e fitlhelwang mo letsheng: [[:en:Haplochromini|Haplochromini,]] [[:en:Tilapiini|Tilapiini]] le [[:en:Tylochromini|Tylochromini]].&lt;ref&gt;Sparks; Smith (2004). &quot;Phylogeny and biogeography of cichlid fishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Cichlidae)&quot;. ''Cladistics''. '''20''' (6): 501–517. [[:en:CiteSeerX_(identifier)|CiteSeerX]] [https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.595.2118 10.1.1.595.2118]. doi:[[doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00038.x|10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00038.x.]] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34892958 34892958]. S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36086310 36086310].&lt;/ref&gt; Baitseanape bangwe ba ba ithutang ka ditlhapi ba akantshitse gore ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa Tanganyika di tshwanetse go kgaoganngwa ka botlalo go nna ditlhopha tse di ka nnang 12 go ya go 16, go akaretsa: [[:en:Bathybatini|Bathybatini,]][[:en:Benthochromini|Benthochromini]],[[:en:Boulengerochromini|Boulengerochromini,]] [[:en:Cyphotilapiini|Cyphotilapiini,]] [[:en:Eretmodini|Eretmodini]],[[:en:Greenwoodochromini|Greenwoodochromini,]] [[:en:Perissodini|Perissodini]] le [[:en:Trematocarini|Trematocarini]] mmogo le ditlhopha tse di setseng tse di umakilweng fa godimo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Bontsi jwa ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa Lake Tanganyika di nna gaufi le lotshitshi lwa letsha mo boteng jo bo fitlhang go dimetara di le 100. Le fa go ntse jalo, mefuta mengwe e e nnang mo metsing a a boteng e kgona go fologela mo boteng jwa dimetara di le 200 ka gale.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Kirchberger; Sefc; Sturmbauer; Koblmuller (2012). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3362839 &quot;Evolutionary History of Lake Tanganyika's Predatory Deepwater Cichlids&quot;]. ''International Journal of Evolutionary Biology''. '''2012''' 716209. doi[[doi:10.1155/2012/716209|:10.1155/2012/716209.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3362839 3362839]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22675652 22675652.]&lt;/ref&gt; Mefuta ya [[:en:Trematocara|Trematocara]] yone e fitlhetswe mo boteng jo bo fetang dimetara di le 300, jo bo leng boteng go feta jwa cichlid efe kgotsa efe e e itsiweng mo lefatsheng.&lt;ref&gt;Loiselle, Paul (1994). The Cichlid Aquarium, p. 304. Tetra Press, Germany. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1564651464|&lt;bdi&gt;978-1564651464&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt; Mefuta mengwe ya ditlhapi tsa metsi a a boteng, jaaka [[:en:Bathybates|Bathybates]], [[:en:Gnathochromis|Gnathochromis]], [[:en:Hemibates|Hemibates]] le [[:en:Xenochromis|Xenochromis]] e kile ya tshwarwa mo mafelong a a batlang a sena oksijene gotlhelele, mme baitseanape ga ba ise ba tlhaloganye sentle gore di kgona jang go tshela mo maemong ao.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;Lowe-McConnell, R.H. (1987). Ecological Studies in Tropical Fish Communities. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-521-28064-8|&lt;bdi&gt;0-521-28064-8&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt; Bontsi jwa cichlid tsa Tanganyika ke tsa [[:en:Benthic|botlaseng jwa letsha]], kgotsa di nna gaufi le mabopo.&lt;ref&gt;Lindqvist, O.V.; H. Mölsä; K. Solonen; J. Sarvala, editors (1999). From Limnology to Fisheries: Lake Tanganyika and Other Large Lakes. pp. 213–214. Springer. ISBN 978-0792360179&lt;/ref&gt; Ga go na cichlid e e tshelang [[:en:Pelagic|ka botlalo mo metsing a a bulegileng]] kgakala le lotshitshi, ntle le mefuta mengwe ya Bathybates&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; [[:en:Piscivorous|e e jang ditlhapi tse dingwe]]. Mefuta e mebedi e, [[:en:Bathybates_fasciatus|Bathybates fasciatus]] le [[:en:Bathybates_leo|Bathybates leo]] dija thata [[:en:Tanganyika_sardine|ditlhapi tsa sardine tsa Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa Tanganyika di farologane thata ka [[:en:Ecology|tsela e di iphedisang ka yone]]. Go na le mefuta [[:en:Herbivore|e e]] [[:en:Herbivore|jang dimela]], [[:en:Detritivore|e e jang matlakala le dilo tse di bolang mo metsing]], [[:en:Planktivore|e e jang plankton]], [[:en:Insectivore|e e jang ditshenekegi]], [[:en:Molluscivore|e e jang dikgapetla tsa metsing]], [[:en:Scavenger|e e jang ditopo tsa diphologolo tse di suleng]], [[:en:Scale-eater|e e jang makwaga a ditlhapi tse dingwe]] le e e jang ditlhapi tse dingwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;Craig Mortiff (24 December 2009). [https://www.cichlid-forum.com/threads/lake-tanganyika-and-its-diverse-cichlids.456196/ &quot;Lake Tanganyika and its Diverse Cichlids&quot;]. ''Cichlid Fish Forum''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162711/https://www.cichlid-forum.com/threads/lake-tanganyika-and-its-diverse-cichlids.456196/ Archived] from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Le fa mefuta mengwe e na le dijo tse e di ratang thata, baitseanape ba lemogile gore e ka fetola mekgwa ya yone ya go ja [[:en:Opportunism|fa dijo dingwe di nna dintsi thata]].&lt;ref&gt;Golcher-Benavides J, Wagner CE (2019). &quot;Playing out Liem's Paradox: Opportunistic Piscivory across Lake Tanganyikan Cichlids&quot;. ''The American Naturalist''. '''194''' (2): 260–267. doi:[[doi:10.1086/704169|10.1086/704169]]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31318283 31318283.] S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155438716 155438716.]&lt;/ref&gt; Sekai, mefuta e mentsi e ka simolola go ja [[:en:Stolothrissa_tanganicae|Stolothrissa tanganicae]] le [[:en:Limnothrissa_miodon|Limnothrissa miodon]] fa ditlhapi tseno di nna dintsi mo letsheng. Mekgwa ya tsalo ya cichlid e kgaogana ka ditlhopha tse pedi tse dikgolo: Tse di beelang mae mo lefatsheng kgotsa mo motlhabeng (gantsi mo magageng kgotsa mo diphateng tsa maje) le [[:en:Mouthbrooder|tse di godisang mae mo molomong]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;Schliewen, U. (1992). Aquarium Fish. Barron's Educational Series. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0812013504|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0812013504&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt; Mo mefuteng e e fitlhelwang fela mo Tanganyika go na le dingwe tsa ditlhapi tsa cichlid tse dinnye go feta tsotlhe mo lefatsheng, [[:en:Neolamprologus_multifasciatus|Neolamprologus multifasciatus]] le [[:en:Neolamprologus_similis|Neolamprologus similis]] (tse tsotlhe [[:en:Shell_dweller|di nnang mo dikgapetleng tsa dikgopa]]), mme boleele jwa tsone bo fitlha fela mo e ka nnang 4–5 cm.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Rainer_Froese|Froese, Rainer]]; [[:en:Daniel_Pauly|Pauly, Daniel]] (eds.). [https://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Neolamprologus&amp;speciesname=multifasciatus &quot;''Neolamprologus multifasciatus''&quot;.] [[:en:FishBase|''FishBase''.]] March 2017 version.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Rainer_Froese|Froese, Rainer;]] [[:en:Daniel_Pauly|Pauly, Daniel]] (eds.). [https://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Neolamprologus&amp;speciesname=similis &quot;''Neolamprologus similis''&quot;.] ''[[:en:FishBase|FishBase]]''. March 2017 version.&lt;/ref&gt; Go na gape le nngwe ya [[:en:Giant_cichlid|cichlid tse dikgolo]] go feta tsotlhe mo lefatsheng e leng Boulengerochromis microlepis e e ka golang go fitlha mo e ka nnang 90 cm ka boleele.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/features/articles/the-10-biggest-cichlids &quot;The 10 biggest cichlids&quot;.] Practical Fishkeeping. 13 June 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052647/http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/features/articles/the-10-biggest-cichlids Archived] from the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mefuta e mentsi ya ditlhapi tsa cichlid tse di tswang mo Lake Tanganyika e tumile thata mo bathong ba ba godisang ditlhapi mo ditankeng tsa metsi. Tse di akaretsa: [[:en:Altolamprologus|Altolamprologus,]] [[:en:Cyprichromis|Cyprichromis]], [[:en:Eretmodus|Eretmodus]], [[:en:Julidochromis|Julidochromis]], [[:en:Lamprologus|Lamprologus]], [[:en:Neolamprologus|Neolamprologus]], [[:en:Tropheus|Tropheus]] le [[:en:Xenotilapia|Xenotilapia]]. Ditlhapi tseno di ratwa ka ntlha ya mebala ya tsone e e ntle, mekgabiso le dipaterone tsa tsone tse di kgatlhang, le mekgwa ya tsone ya boitshwaro e e kgatlhang go e lebelela.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; Mo lefatsheng la go godisa ditlhapi mo ditankeng, batho ba le bantsi gape ba rata go aga [[:en:Biotope|setshwano sa diatla]] sa Letsha la Tanganyika, gore e tshwane ka mo go ka kgonegang ka teng le tikologo ya tlholego ya letsha leno, mo go fitlhelwang mefuta e mentsi ya ditlhapi segompienong di kgona go tsadisiwa sentle mo botshwarong.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120302102920/http://www.aquariumslife.com/featured/lake-tanganyika-biotope/ &quot;tanganyika biotope aquarium&quot;.] Aquariums Life. 10 February 2010. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ditlhopha tsa cichlid mo Letsheng la Tanganyika'''

[[:en:Bathybatini|Bathybatini]] (E): [[:en:Bathybates_ferox|Bathybates ferox]] ke tlhapi e e nnang thata [[:en:Benthic|gaufi le botlase jwa letsha]] mme [[:en:Piscivorous|e ja ditlhapi tse dingwe]]. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo setlhopheng sa Bathybates go na le mefuta e mengwe e e tshelang mo metsing a a bulegileng kgakala le lotshitshi.&lt;ref&gt;Kirchberger; Sefc; Sturmbauer; Koblmuller (2012). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3362839 &quot;Evolutionary History of Lake Tanganyika's Predatory Deepwater Cichlids&quot;.] ''International Journal of Evolutionary Biology''. '''2012''' 716209. doi:[[doi:10.1155/2012/716209|10.1155/2012/716209.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3362839 3362839]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22675652 22675652.]&lt;/ref&gt; Baitseanape bangwe ba kgaoganya setlhopha sa Bathybatini ka ditlhopha tse tharo tse di ikemetseng e leng Bathybatini, [[:en:Hemibatini|Hemibatini]] le [[:en:Trematocarini|Trematocarini.]]&lt;ref&gt;Meyer; Matchiner; Salburger (2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4415804 &quot;Lake Tanganyika—A 'Melting Pot' of Ancient and Young Cichlid Lineages (Teleostei: Cichlidae)?&quot;.] ''PLOS ONE''. '''10''' (7) e0125043. Bibcode[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1025043W :2015PLoSO..1025043W.] doi:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125043|10.1371/journal.pone.0125043.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4415804 4415804.] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25928886 25928886.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Weiss; Cotterill; Schliewen (2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 &quot;A tribal level phylogeny of Lake Tanganyika cichlid fishes based on a genomic multi-marker approach&quot;.] ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution''. '''83''': 56–71. doi:[[doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009|10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 4334724]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25433288 25433288.]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Benthochromini|Benthochromini]] (E): [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benthochromis_horii&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1 Benthochromis horii] e ne ya tlhalosiwa semmuso ke baitseanape ba saense ka ngwaga wa 2008. Le fa go ntse jalo, pele ga moo tlhapi eno e ne e gantsi e tsewa ka phoso e le [[:en:Benthochromis_tricoti|Benthochromis tricoti.]]&lt;ref&gt;Takahashi, T. (2008). &quot;Description of a new cichlid fish species of the genus Benthochromis (Perciformes: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika&quot;. ''Journal of Fish Biology''. '''72''' (3): 603–613. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JFBio..72..603T 2008JFBio..72..603T.] doi:[[doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01727.x|10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01727.x.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Boulengerochromini|Boulengerochromini]] (E): [[:en:Boulengerochromis_microlepis|Boulengerochromis microlepis]] ke nngwe ya ditlhapi tsa cichlid&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/features/articles/the-10-biggest-cichlids &quot;The 10 biggest cichlids&quot;.] Practical Fishkeeping. 13 June 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052647/http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/features/articles/the-10-biggest-cichlids Archived] from the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; tse dikgolo go feta tsotlhe mo lefatsheng gape ke yone fela mofuta o o leng mo setlhopheng sa Boulengerochromini.&lt;ref&gt;Weiss; Cotterill; Schliewen (2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 &quot;A tribal level phylogeny of Lake Tanganyika cichlid fishes based on a genomic multi-marker approach&quot;.] ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution''. '''83''': 56–71.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Cyphotilapiini|Cyphotilapiini]] (E): [[:en:Cyphotilapia_frontosa|Cyphotilapia frontosa]] ke nngwe ya mefuta e mebedi fela e e tshwanang e e leng mo [[:en:Tribe_(biology)|setlhopheng]]&lt;ref&gt;Takahashi, T.; Nakaya, K. (2003). &quot;New species of Cyphotilapia (Perciformes: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika, Africa&quot;. ''Copeia''. '''2003''' (4): 824–832. doi:[[doi:10.1643/ia03-148.1|10.1643/ia03-148.1]]. S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83854866 83854866.]&lt;/ref&gt; seno.

[[:en:Cyprichromini|Cyprichromini]] (E): [[:en:Cyprichromis_microlepidotus|Cyprichromis microlepidotus]] le mefuta e mengwe ya setlhopha seno di tshela mo metsing a a bulegileng a letsha gape [[:en:Planktivore|dija thata plankton.]]&lt;ref&gt;Bigirimana, C. (2006). [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/60487/12363286 &quot;''Cyprichromis microlepidotus''&quot;.] [[:en:IUCN_Red_List|''IUCN Red List of Threatened Species''.]] '''2006''' e.T60487A12363286. doi[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60487A12363286.en|:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60487A12363286.en.]] Retrieved 13 November 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Smith, M.P. (1998). Lake Tanganyikan Cichlids, pp. 9–10. ISBN 0-7641-0615-5&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Ectodini|Ectodini]] (E): [[:en:Ophthalmotilapia_nasuta|Ophthalmotilapia nasuta]] e bontsha [[:en:Sexually_dimorphic|sexual dimorphism]], ke gore e namagadi le e tonanyana ga di tshwane ka ponalo. Mo mofuteng ono ditonanyana di na le mebala e e phatsimang le e e kgatlhang go feta, di na le maphego a maleele go feta gape di na le nko&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/ophthalmotilapia-nasuta/ &quot;Ophthalmotilapia nasuta&quot;]. ''Seriously Fish''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162708/https://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/ophthalmotilapia-nasuta/ Archived] from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; kgotsa sebopego sa tlhogo se se leele go feta sa tse namagadi.

[[:en:Eretmodini|Eretmodini]] (E): [[:en:Eretmodus_cyanostictus|Eretmodus cyanostictus]] e nna gaufi le botlase jwa letsha mo mafelong a lotshitshi a a nang le makhubu le [[:en:Surf_zone|metsi a a tsamayang ka maatla]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;[[:en:Rainer_Froese|Froese, Rainer]]; [[:en:Daniel_Pauly|Pauly, Daniel]] (eds.). [https://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Eretmodus&amp;speciesname=cyanostictus &quot;''Eretmodus cyanostictus''&quot;.] ''FishBase''. April 2017 version.&lt;/ref&gt; jaaka mefuta e mengwe yotlhe ya setlhopha sa yone.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, M.P. (1998). Lake Tanganyikan Cichlids, pp. 9–10. ISBN 0-7641-0615-5&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Haplochromini|Haplochromini]]: [[:en:Astatotilapia_burtoni|Astatotilapia burtoni]] ke nngwe ya mefuta e mmalwa fela ya setlhopha&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.fishbase.se/TrophicEco/FishEcoList.php?ve_code=4 &quot;Species in the Tanganyika&quot;.] ''www.fishbase.se'' (table). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162720/https://www.fishbase.se/TrophicEco/FishEcoList.php?ve_code=4 Archived] from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; seno e e fitlhelwang mo Letsheng la Tanganyika. Seno se farologane le se se diragalang mo [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|matsheng a mangwe a magolo a Afrika,]] jaaka Lake Malawi le Lake Victoria, kwa bontsi jwa cichlid bo leng mo setlhopheng sa Haplochromini.&lt;ref&gt;Lowe-McConnell, R (2009). &quot;Fisheries and cichlid evolution in the African Great Lakes: progress and problems&quot;. ''Freshwater Reviews''. '''2''' (2): 131–151. doi:[[doi:10.1608/frj-2.2.2|10.1608/frj-2.2.2]]. S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54011001 54011001.]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Lamprologini|Lamprologini]] (E): [[:en:Julidochromis_marlieri|Julidochromis marlieri]] ke tlhapi e e tumileng thata mo kgwebong ya [[:en:Aquarium|ditlhapi tsa ditanka]] kwa batho ba ba godisang ditlhapi gantsi ba bitsa mefuta ya setlhopha sa Julidochromis ka leina la khutshwafatso la “Julies.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/julidochromis-marlieri/ &quot;Julidochromis marlieri (Marlier's Julie)&quot;.] ''Seriously Fish''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162711/https://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/julidochromis-marlieri/ Archived] from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Limnochromini|Limnochromini]] (E): [[:en:Gnathochromis_permaxillaris|Gnathochromis permaxillaris]] ke tlhapi [[:en:Planktivore|e e jang]] [[:en:Planktivore|ditshedinyana tse dinnye tse di phaphamalang mo metsing.]] E na le molomo o o sa tlwaelegang o o kgonang go otlologa kgotsa go sutela kwa ntle.&lt;ref&gt;Bigirimana, C. (2006)[https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/60493/12364587 . &quot;''Gnathochromis permaxillaris''&quot;]. [[:en:IUCN_Red_List|''IUCN Red List of Threatened Species''.]] '''2006''' e.T60493A12364587. doi:[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60493A12364587.en|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60493A12364587.en.]] Retrieved 13 November 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Perissodini|Perissodini]] (E): [[:en:Perissodus_microlepis|Perissodus microlepis]] ke tlhapi e e ikgethileng ka gonne [[:en:Scale-eating|e ja makwaga]] [[:en:Scale-eating|a ditlhapi tse dingwe]].&lt;ref&gt;Stewart, T.A.; Albertson, R.C. (2010). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2828976 &quot;Evolution of a unique predatory feeding apparatus: functional anatomy, development and a genetic locus for jaw laterality in Lake Tanganyika scale-eating cichlids&quot;.] ''BMC Biology''. '''8''' (1): 8. doi:[[doi:10.1186/1741-7007-8-8|10.1186/1741-7007-8-8.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2828976 2828976]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20102595 20102595.]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tilapiini|Tilapiini:]] [[:en:Oreochromis_tanganicae|Oreochromis tanganicae]] ke nngwe ya ditlhapi tse di tlwaelegileng thata mo mabopong a Letsha la Tanganyika gape gantsi e fitlhelwa mo [[:en:Fish_market|mebarakeng ya ditlhapi ya mo lefelong leo.]]&lt;ref&gt;Ntakimazi, G. (2006). [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/60625/12387918 &quot;''Oreochromis tanganicae''&quot;]. ''[[:en:IUCN_Red_List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]''. '''2006''' e.T60625A12387918. doi:[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60625A12387918.en|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60625A12387918.en.]] Retrieved 13 November 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tropheini|Tropheini]] (E): [[:en:Tropheus_moorii|Tropheus moorii]] (segolobogolo mofuta wa “red Chimba [[:en:Polymorphism_(biology)|morph]]”) e bontsha pharologano e kgolo mo mebaleng le mo popegelong ya mmele. Ka ntlha ya pharologano eno, baitseanape bangwe ba belaela gore dingwe tsa morphs tse di tsewang jaaka karolo ya [[:en:Taxonomy_(biology)|mofuta o le mongwe]] di ka nna tsa bo e le mefuta e e farologaneng.&lt;ref&gt;Begon, M.; and A.H. Fitter (1995). Advances in Ecological Research, vol. 26, p. 203. ISBN 0-12-013926-X&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Salzburger; Niederstätter; Brandstätter; Berger; Parson; Snoeks; Sturmbauer (2006). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1560039 &quot;Colour-assortative mating among populations of Tropheus moorii, a cichlid fish from Lake Tanganyika, East Africa&quot;]. ''Proc Biol Sci''. '''273''' (1584): 257–266. doi:[[doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3321|10.1098/rspb.2005.3321.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1560039 1560039.] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16543167 16543167.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Robert Toman (2017)[https://web.archive.org/web/20210919232102/http://www.cichlidworld.eu/clanky/evolucia_tropheus_e.htm . &quot;Tropheus Genus Evolution&quot;]. ''Cichlid World''. Archived from [http://www.cichlidworld.eu/clanky/evolucia_tropheus_e.htm the original] on 19 September 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ditlhapi tse dingwe'''

Lamprichthys tanganicanus, e e bidiwang [[:en:Tanganyika_killifish|Tanganyika killifish]], ke yone fela mofuta mo setlhopheng sa yone.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;

Letsha la Tanganyika le na le mefuta e e fetang 80 ya ditlhapi tse e seng tsa cichlid, mme mo e ka nnang 60% ya tsone di fitlhelwa fela mo letsheng leno.&lt;ref&gt;Wright, J.J.; and L.M. Page (2006). Taxonomic revision of Lake Tanganyikan Synodontis (Siluriformes: Mochokidae). Florida Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull. 46(4): 99–154.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kelly West (28 February 2001). [https://iwlearn.net/documents/6644 &quot;Results and Experiences of the UNDP/GEF Conservation Initiative (RAF/92/G32) in Burundi, D.R. Congo, Tanzania, and Zambia&quot;.] ''IW:LEARN | Documents''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162707/https://iwlearn.net/documents/6644 Archived] from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Brown; Britz; Bills; Rüber; Day (2011). &quot;Pectoral fin loss in the Mastacembelidae: a new species from Lake Tanganyika&quot;. ''Journal of Zoology''. '''284''' (4): 286–293. doi:[[doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00804.x|10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00804.x.]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wright, J.J.; Bailey, R.M. (2012). [https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/91200/1/j.1096-3642.2011.00789.x.pdf &quot;Systematic revision of the formerly monotypic genus Tanganikallabes (Siluriformes: Clariidae)&quot;] (PDF). ''Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society''. '''165''' (1): 121–142. doi:[[doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00789.x|10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00789.x.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Metsi a a bulegileng a letsha a laolwa ke mefuta e le mene e megolo ya ditlhapi tse e seng cichlid. Tse pedi tsa tsone ke [[:en:Limnothrissa_miodon|Limnothrissa miodon]] le [[:en:Stolothrissa_tanganicae|Stolothrissa tanganicae]] tse tsotlhe di bidiwa “Tanganyika sardines.” Ditlhapi tseno di dira [[:en:Biomass|karolo e kgolo]] go feta tsotlhe ya boima jwa ditlhapi mo metsing a a bulegileng, mme di botlhokwa thata jaaka dijo tsa [[:en:Forktail_lates|Lates microlepis]] le [[:en:Sleek_lates|Lates stappersii.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;Lindqvist, O.V.; H. Mölsä; K. Solonen; J. Sarvala, editors (1999). From Limnology to Fisheries: Lake Tanganyika and Other Large Lakes. pp. 213–214. Springer. ISBN 978-0792360179&lt;/ref&gt; Go na le gape mefuta e mengwe e mebedi ya Lates mo letsheng, [[:en:Tanganyika_lates|Lates angustifrons]] le [[:en:Bigeye_lates|Lates mariae]] mme mefuta eno e mentsi e tsoma thata gaufi le botlase jwa letsha, le fa ka dinako dingwe e ka tsena mo metsing a a bulegileng.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; Mefuta yotlhe e mene ya Lates e fitlhelwa fela mo Letsheng la Tanganyika. Le fa go ntse jalo, e tshwerwe thata ke batshwari ba ditlhapi mo dingwageng tse dintsi , mme ka ntlha ya seno ditlhapi tse dikgolo tsa mefuta eno ga di tlhole di bonwa gantsi jaaka pele.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Karolo:Coordinates on Wikidata]]</text>
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Letsha la Tanganyika&lt;ref&gt;Yohannes,Okbazghi (2008). Water resources and inter-riparian relations in the Nile basin. SUNY Press. p. 127.&lt;/ref&gt; ke nngwe ya [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|Matsha a Magolo a Afrika]].&lt;ref&gt;Burton, Richard Francis (1965). Richards, Charles (ed.). ''Burton and Lake Tanganyika''. Dar Es Salaam: East African Literature Bureau. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/180480726 180480726.]&lt;/ref&gt; Ke [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_volume|letsha la bobedi mo lefatsheng ka bogolo jwa metsi]],[[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|le ka boteng]], ka makgetho a mabedi le le latlhegelwa fela ke [[:en:Lake_Baikal|Lake Baikal]] kwa [[:en:Siberia|Siberia]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/lakes/lake-tanganyika &quot;Lake Tanganyika&quot;]. ''www.zambiatourism.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150422001337/http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/lakes/lake-tanganyika Archived] from the original on 22 April 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lewis, R. (16 May 2010)[https://news.brown.edu/articles/2010/05/tanganyika . &quot;Brown Geologists Show Unprecedented Warming in Lake Tanganyika&quot;.] Brown University. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170326051107/https://news.brown.edu/articles/2010/05/tanganyika Archived] from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Le gape ke letsha le le telele go feta tsotlhe mo lefatsheng.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/lakes/lake-tanganyika &quot;Lake Tanganyika&quot;.] ''www.zambiatourism.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150422001337/http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/lakes/lake-tanganyika Archived] from the original on 22 April 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Ka bogolo jwa lefelo, [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_area|ke la bo 6 mo lefatsheng]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/topic/worlds-largest-lakes-2228655 &quot;World's largest lakes | Description, Area, &amp; Facts | Britannica&quot;.] ''www.britannica.com''. Retrieved 18 October 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; Letsha leno le abelanwa ke dinaga di le nne: [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[:en:Burundi|Burundi]] le Zambia. Tanzania e na le karolo e kgolo ya letsha (mo e ka nnang 46%), mme Democratic Republic of the Congo e na le mo e ka nnang 40%. Letsha la Tanganyika le elela metsi a lona ka noka ya [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]] go tsena mo tsamaisong ya [[:en:Congo_River|Noka ya Congo]], e e feleletsang e tshela kwa toropong ya [[:en:Banana,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Banana]] go tsena mo [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Lewatleng la Atlantic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Display/html/3587 &quot;LAKE TANGANYIKA&quot;.] ''World Lake Database, International Lake Environment Committee Foundation''. Retrieved 12 January 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Jeokorafi''' 

Lake Tanganyika ke [[:en:Ancient_lake|letsha la bogologolo thata]], mme ke lengwe la matsha a le masome a mabedi fela mo lefatsheng a a nang le dingwaga tse di fetang milione e le nngwe. Dikarolo tsa lone tse tharo tse dikgolo, tse mo dinakong tse metsi a neng a le kwa tlase thata di neng di le matsha a a ikemetseng ka nosi, tsotlhe di na le dingwaga tse di farologaneng. Karolo ya bogare e simolotse go bopiwa dingwaga di ka nna milione di le 9 go ya go 12 tse di fetileng. Karolo ya bokone e simolotse dingwaga di ka nna milione di le 7 go ya go 8 tse di fetileng. fa  karolo ya borwa e simolotse dingwaga di ka nna milione di le 2 go ya go 4 tse di fetileng.&lt;ref&gt;Cohen; Soreghan; Scholz (1993). &quot;Estimating the age of formation of lakes: An example from Lake Tanganyika, East African Rift system&quot;. ''Geology''. '''21''' (6): 511–514. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Geo....21..511C 1993Geo....21..511C.] doi:[https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0091-7613%281993%29021%3C0511%3AETAOFO%3E2.3.CO%3B2 10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021&lt;0511:ETAOFO&gt;2.3.CO;2.]&lt;/ref&gt;

Gompieno, Letsha la Tanganyika le mo kgaolong ya [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift,]] e leng lekala la bophirima la [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. Le dikologilwe ke dithaba tse di kwa matlhakoreng a mokgatšha wa phatlogo ya lefatshe. Ke letsha le legolo go feta tsotlhe tsa mofuta wa [[:en:Rift_lake|rift]] mo Afrika, mme ke la bobedi mo lefatsheng ka bogolo jwa metsi a a foreshe. Gape ke letsha le le boteng go feta tsotlhe mo Afrika le le tshwereng metsi a mantsi a a foreshe go feta tsotlhe mo kontineng ya Afrika. Le tshwere mo e ka nnang 16% ya metsi a a foreshe a lefatshe a a ka dirisiwang.Letsha leno le boleele jwa dikilometara di le 676 le anametse go tswa bokone go ya borwa ka bophara jwa palogare ya dikilometara di le 50. Le akaretsa lefelo la dikilometara tse di khubiki di le 32,000 ka lotshitshi lwa boleele jwa dikilometara di le 1,900. Palogare ya boteng ke dimetara di le 572 fa boteng jo bogolo ke dimetara di le 1,471, jo bo fitlhelwang mo karolong ya bokone. Go akanyediwa gore letsha leno le tshwere metsi a ka nna 18,750 km³, e leng bongata jo bogolo thata jwa metsi a a foreshe.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/19991110092358/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dafr06.html &quot;Datbase Summary: Lake Tanganyika&quot;]. ''ilec.or.jp''. Japan: International Lake Environment Committee Foundation. Archived from [http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dafr06.html the original] on 10 November 1999. Retrieved 14 March 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Letsha la Tanganyika lena le [[:en:Drainage_basin|mokgatšha]] wa metsi o o ka nnang 231,000 km².Go na le dinoka tse dikgolo di le pedi tse di tsenang mo letsheng leno, mmogo le dinoka tse dinnye le melatswana e mentsi. Melatswana eno gantsi e khutshwane ka ntlha ya dithaba tse di kwa godimo le tse di matsutsuba tse di dikologileng letsha. Noka e le yosi e kgolo e e tswang mo letsheng ke [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River,]] e e elelang e tsena mo tsamaisong ya [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River.]] Pula le mouoane di na le karolo e kgolo go feta dinoka mo tsamaisong ya metsi a letsha. Go akanyediwa gore bonyenyane 90% ya metsi a a tsenang a tswa mo puleng e e nelelang mo godimo ga letsha, mme bonyenyane 90% ya tahlegelo ya metsi e bakwa ke go mowa ga metsi ka tlhamalalo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[[:en:Sven_O._Kullander|Kullander, S.O.]]; Roberts, T.R. (2011). &quot;Out of Lake Tanganyika: endemic lake fishes inhabit rapids of the Lukuga River&quot;. ''Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters''. '''22''' (4): 355–76.&lt;/ref&gt;

Noka e kgolo ke [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], e e bopilweng dingwaga di ka nna 10,000 tse di fetileng, e e tsenang mo bokone jwa letsha e tswa mo [[:en:Lake_Kivu|Lake Kivu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980). ''Natural Wonders of the World''. US: Reader's Digest Association, Inc. pp. 366–67. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-89577-087-5|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-89577-087-5&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Malagarasi_River|Malagarasi River]] ke noka ya bobedi ka bogolo mo Tanzania, mme e tsena mo letlhakoreng la botlhaba la letsha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Noka eno e kgologolo go feta letsha ka bolone, mme pele letsha le bopiwa, e ka bo e ne e le karolo ya tsamaiso ya metsi ya [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]], e leng mothopo o mogolo wa Noka ya Congo River.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Noka e kgolo e e tswang mo Zambia e bile e tsenang mo karolong ya borwa jwa letsha ke [[:en:Lufubu_River|Lufubu]] River. E tswa mo thoteng e e kwa borwa jwa letsha, e elela go ya kwa bokone-bophirima go ralala dithaba, morago ga moo e retologela go ya bokone-botlhaba go tsena mo letsheng gaufi le Nsumbu.&lt;ref&gt;[https://africageographic.com/stories/nsumbu-national-park/ &quot;Nsumbu National Park&quot;]. ''Africa Geographic''. Retrieved 3 June 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

Lake Tanganyika e na le histori e e raraaneng ya diphetogo tsa tsela e metsi a elelang ka yone, ka ntlha ya boleele jo bogolo jwa yone, boteng jo bogolo, go tlala ga yone ka bonya, le lefelo la yone le le kwa dithabeng mo kgaolong e e nang le tiro e ntsi ya dithoromo tsa dithaba tse di tlhotlhogang le diphetogo tsa tlelaemete. Go bonala gore mo nakong e e fetileng, letsha leno ga le ise le ko le nne le phatlha e e tswang ka tlhamalalo go ya lewatleng. Ka ntlha ya seno, le tlhalosiwa jaaka [[:en:Endorheic|“endorheic ka bontsi”.]] Go kgokagana ga letsha le lewatle go ikaegile ka gore metsi a tshwanetse go nna kwa godimo thata mo a ka kgonang go elela go tswa mo letsheng ka Lukuga River go tsena mo tsamaisong ya Congo River.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Fa metsi a sa elele, go tsenwa ga metsi mo Lukuga go gantsi go thibelwa ke mebala ya motlhaba le dimela tsa metsi tse dintsi. Ka nako eo, noka eno e ikaega mo dinokeng tsa yone tse dinnye, segolobogolo Niemba River, go tshegetsa go elela ga yone.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Go simolola ka bo-1990, selekanyo sa metsi mo Lake Tanganyika se ne sa tlhatloga ka mo e ka nnang dimetara di le 2, se baka go rwala matlo le dikago tse di gaufi le lotshitshi.&lt;ref&gt;[https://worldwater.earth/water-surface-elevation-timeseries-reveals-the-rising-water-levels-in-lake-tanganyika &quot;Water surface elevation timeseries reveals the rising water levels in Lake Tanganyika&quot;]. ''WorldWater''. Retrieved 1 June 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Seno se bonagala thata mo toropong ya Nsumbu, gaufi le lotshitshi magareng ga jetty le molomo wa Chisala River, e ka nna dikilometara di le 2 go ya kwa bokone-bophirima. Magareng ga 2018 le 2024, metsi a ne a tsenelela mo teng ga toropo go fitlha mo e ka nnang dimetara di le 300 go tswa mo lotshitshing lwa 2018.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.google.com/maps/search/Nsumbu/@-8.5164746,30.4729444,1517m/data=!3m1!1e3?entry=ttu&amp;g_ep=EgoyMDI2MDUyNy4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D &quot;Nsumbu&quot;]. ''Google Maps''. Retrieved 2 June 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://earth.google.com/web/@-8.51664622,30.47719045,771.76267068a,1405.28427165d,35y,0h,0t,0r/data=ChYqEAgBEgoyMDE4LTExLTI2GAFCAggBOgMKATBCAggASg0I____________ARAA &quot;Google Earth imagery showing Nsumbu settlement and shoreline, Zambia&quot;.] ''Google Earth - Use the historical slider to select past views''. Google Earth. Retrieved 2 June 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

Go akanyediwa gape gore mo nakong e e fetileng, letsha le ka tswa le ne le na le ditsela tse di farologaneng tsa go tsena le go tswa ga metsi. Go akantshiwa gore metsi a ka tswa a ne a tswa mo [[:en:Lake_Rukwa|Lake Rukwa]] e e kwa godimo, kgotsa go ka tswa go ne go na le kgokagano le [[:en:Lake_Malawi|Lake Malawi]], mme le gone go kile ga akanyediwa tsela ya go tswa e e yang kwa Noka ya [[:en:Nile|Nile]] River. Tsotlhe tseno di bontsha gore histori ya tsamaiso ya metsi ya letsha e fetogile gantsi mo dingwageng di le dimilione.&lt;ref&gt;Lévêque, Christian (1997). ''Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation: The Freshwater Fish of Tropical Africa''. [[:en:Cambridge_University_Press|Cambridge University Press.]] p. 110. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57033-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-521-57033-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Dikarolo tsa metsi''' 

Metsi a Lake Tanganyika a na le [[:en:Hard_water|alkaline]] e e kwa godimo, ka [[:en:PH|pH]] e e ka nnang 9 mo boteng jwa dimetara di le 0–100.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;De, Wever; Muylaert; der Gucht, Van; Pirlot; Cocquyt; Descy; Plisnier; Vyverman (2005). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1214687 &quot;Bacterial Community Composition in Lake Tanganyika: Vertical and Horizontal Heterogeneity&quot;.] ''Appl Environ Microbiol''. '''71''' (9): 5029–5037. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ApEnM..71.5029D 2005ApEnM..71.5029D.] doi:[[doi:10.1128/AEM.71.9.5029-5037.2005|10.1128/AEM.71.9.5029-5037.2005.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1214687 1214687.] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16151083 16151083.]&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa tlase ga moo, pH e nna mo e ka nnang 8.7, mme e fokotsega ka bonya go fitlha mo magareng ga 8.3 le 8.5 mo mafelong a a boteng go feta tsotlhe a letsha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Mokgwa o o tshwanang o bonwa mo [[:en:Electric_conductivity|phitisong ya motlakase]], e e tlogang mo e ka nnang 670 μS/cm mo godimo ga metsi go fitlha go 690 μS/cm mo mafelong a a boteng thata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Themperetšha ya godimo ga metsi gantsi e ka nna 24°C mo karolong ya borwa jwa letsha ka Phatwe, mme e ka tlhatloga go 28–29°C kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya dipula ka Mopitlwe–Moranang.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;Edmond; Stallard; Craigh; Weiss; Coulter (1993). [[doi:10.4319/lo.1993.38.4.0725|&quot;Nutrient chemistry of the water column of Lake Tanganyika&quot;.]] ''Limnol. Oceanogr''. '''38''' (4): 725–738. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993LimOc..38..725E 1993LimOc..38..725E.] doi:[[doi:10.4319/lo.1993.38.4.0725|10.4319/lo.1993.38.4.0725]]&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa boteng jo bo fetang dimetara di le 400, themperetšha e nna e sa fetoge thata, e le mo magareng ga 23.1°C le 23.4°C.&lt;ref&gt;O'Reilly, Catherine M.; Alin, Simone R.; Plisnier, Pierre-Denis; Cohen, Andrew S.; Mckee, Brent A. (14 August 2003). &quot;Climate change decreases aquatic ecosystem productivity of Lake Tanganyika, Africa&quot;. ''Nature''. '''424''' (6950): 766–768. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.424..766O 2003Natur.424..766O]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1038/nature01833|10.1038/nature01833.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12917682 12917682.] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1637315 1637315]&lt;/ref&gt; Metsi a letsha a ntse a oketsega mogote ka bonya fa e sale go tswa mo lekgolong la bo-19 la dingwaga, mme seno se potlakile le go feta ka ntlha ya [[:en:Global_warming|go gotela ga lefatshe]] fa e sale go tswa mo bo-1950.&lt;ref&gt;Jensen, M.R. (8 August 2016). [https://uanews.arizona.edu/story/lake-tanganyika-fisheries-declining-global-warming &quot;Lake Tanganyika Fisheries Declining From Global Warming&quot;.] University of Arizona. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180306085806/https://uanews.arizona.edu/story/lake-tanganyika-fisheries-declining-global-warming Archived] from the original on 6 March 2018. Retrieved 5 March 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

Letsha le [[:en:Lake_stratification|kgaogane]] ka dikarolo tsa metsi tse di sa kopaneng bonolo. Go tlhakatlhakana ga metsi ka dipaka gantsi ga go fete boteng jwa dimetara di le 150.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Go tlhakatlhakana gono go diragala thata mo karolong ya borwa ka ntlha ya diphefo tse di [[:en:Upwelling|sutisang metsi a a tsididi go tswa kwa tlase go ya godimo.]] Gape go na le go tlhatloga le go fologa ga metsi mo dikarolong tse dingwe tsa letsha.&lt;ref&gt;Lowe-McConnell, R.H. (2003). &quot;Recent research in the African Great Lakes: Fisheries, biodiversity and cichlid evolution&quot;. ''Freshwater Forum''. '''20''' (1): 4–64.&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ntlha ya go kgaogana gono ga metsi, dikarolo tse di boteng thata di na le se se bidiwang  [[:en:Fossil_water|metsi a bogologolo]]&lt;ref&gt;Hutter; Yongqi; and Chubarenko (2011). Physics of Lakes, volume 1: Foundation of the Mathematical and Physical Background. P. 11. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-642-15178-1|&lt;bdi&gt;978-3-642-15178-1&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt; a a sa tlhakaneng le a kwa godimo ka dingwaga tse dintsi. Seno se raya gore dikarolo tse di boteng ga di na [[:en:Oxygen|oksijene .]] Ka jalo ditlhapi le [[:en:Obligate_aerobe|diphologolo tsotlhe tse di tlhokang oksijene]] di kgona go tshela fela mo dikarolong tse di kwa godimo tsa letsha. Mo bokone jwa letsha, molelwane ono wa oksijene o fitlhelwa mo boteng jwa dimetara di ka nna 100 fa mo borwa&lt;ref&gt;Wright, J.J.; and L.M. Page (2006). Taxonomic revision of Lake Tanganyikan Synodontis (Siluriformes: Mochokidae). Florida Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull. 46(4): 99–154.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lowe-McConnell, R.H. (1987). Ecological Studies in Tropical Fish Communities. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-521-28064-8|&lt;bdi&gt;0-521-28064-8&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt; jwa letsha, o fitlhelwa mo boteng jwa dimetara di ka nna 240–250. Dikarolo tse di boteng go feta tsotlhe tsa letsha di na le selekanyo se segolo sa [[:en:Hydrogen_sulfide|hydrogen sulfide]], gase e e botlhole.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ryan, Emily; Todd, Jonathan A.; McGlue, Michael; Kimirei, Ismael; Soreghan, Michael (2017). &quot;Variation in Taphonomic Character of Shell Beds in Lake Tanganyika, Africa: Paleoenvironmental and Stratigraphic Implications of Shell Beds in Lakes&quot;. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 304608. Geological Society of America. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1130/abs/2017am-304608|10.1130/abs/2017am-304608]]&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Baeloji''' 

'''Digagabi''' 

Letsha la Tanganyika le mafelo a metsi a a le dikologileng ke legae la mefuta e le mmalwa ya digagabi, tsotlhe di akaretsa [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodile]] (go akaretsa kwena e kgolo e e tumileng e e bidiwang [[:en:Gustave_(crocodile)|Gustave]]), [[:en:Zambian_hinged_terrapin|Khudu ya metsi ya Zambia,]] [[:en:Serrated_hinged_terrapin|Serrated hinged terrapin]], Pan hinged terrapin (mofuta ono ga o nne mo letsheng ka bolone mme o fitlhelwa mo matsheng a a gaufi)&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;Spawls, Howell, Drewes, and Ashe (2002). A Field Guide to the Reptiles of East Africa. Academic Press, London. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0-12-656470-1|0-12-656470]]-1&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. [[:en:Storm's_water_cobra|Storm’s water cobra]], e leng [[:en:Subspecies|mofuta]] o o mo kotsing wa noga ya metsi e e jang ditlhapi thata, e fitlhelwa fela mo Letsheng la Tanganyika. E rata go nna mo mabopong a a nang le maje.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;O'Shea, Mark; Mcintyre, P.B. (2005). [http://www.markoshea.info/oba4-3_zambia_tanzania03.php &quot;Boulengerina annulata stormsi (Storm's water cobra). Attempted predation&quot;.] ''Herpetological Review''. '''36''' (2): 189. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171202071348/http://www.markoshea.info/oba4-3_zambia_tanzania03.php Archived] from the original on 2 December 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ditlhapi tsa Cichlid'''

Letsha la Tanganyika ke legae la [[:en:Endemism|bonyenyane mefuta]] e e fetang 250 ya ditlhapi tsa [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]]&lt;ref&gt;Kelly West (28 February 2001). [https://iwlearn.net/documents/6644 &quot;Results and Experiences of the UNDP/GEF Conservation Initiative (RAF/92/G32) in Burundi, D.R. Congo, Tanzania, and Zambia&quot;]. ''IW:LEARN | Documents''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162707/https://iwlearn.net/documents/6644 Archived] from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; tse di fitlhelwang fela mo letsheng leno. Go dumelwa gape gore go santse go na le [[:en:Undescribed_taxon|mefuta e mengwe e e iseng e lemogiwe]] ke baitseanape.&lt;ref&gt;Craig Mortiff (24 December 2009). [https://www.cichlid-forum.com/threads/lake-tanganyika-and-its-diverse-cichlids.456196/ &quot;Lake Tanganyika and its Diverse Cichlids&quot;]. ''Cichlid Fish Forum''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162711/https://www.cichlid-forum.com/threads/lake-tanganyika-and-its-diverse-cichlids.456196/ Archived] from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Mo e ka nnang 98% ya mefuta yotlhe ya cichlid mo letsheng leno ga e fitlhelwe kae kapa kae mo lefatsheng fa e se mo Tanganyika fela. Ka ntlha ya seno, letsha leno le botlhokwa thata mo dipatlisisong tsa kafa mefuta [[:en:Speciation|e mesha ya diphologolo e tlhagang ka teng,]] le kafa [[:en:Evolution|botshelo bo fetogang ka teng mo lobakeng lo loleele.]]&lt;ref&gt;Takahashi, T.; Hori, M. (2012). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3363988 &quot;Genetic and Morphological Evidence Implies Existence of Two Sympatric Species in Cyathopharynx furcifer (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika&quot;]. ''International Journal of Evolutionary Biology''. '''2012''' 980879. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1155/2012/980879|10.1155/2012/980879.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3363988 3363988]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22675655 22675655.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kornfield, Ivy; Smith, Peter A (2000). &quot;African Cichlid Fishes: Model Systems for Evolutionary Biology&quot;. ''Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics''. '''31''': 163–196. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.163|10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.163]].&lt;/ref&gt; Ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|Matsha a Magolo a Afrika]], go akaretsa Tanganyika, di emela nngwe ya mehlala e megolo go feta tsotlhe ya [[:en:Adaptive_radiation|adaptive radiation]] mo diphologolong tse di nang le marapo a mokwatla.&lt;ref&gt;Meyer, Britta; Matchiner, Michael; Salburger, Walter (25 November 2013). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 &quot;A tribal level phylogeny of Lake Tanganyika cichlid fishes based on a genomic multi-marker approach&quot;]. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution''. '''83''': 56–71. doi:[[doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009|10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 4334724.] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25433288 25433288.]&lt;/ref&gt; Le fa dingwe tsa mefuta eno di ka fitlhelwa gonnye mo godimo ga [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga]] River, ga di kgone go anamela thata mo [[:en:Congo_Basin|tsamaisong ya Congo River]]. Seno se bakwa ke jeokorafi ya mafelo ao, le pharologano ya dikhemikhale tsa metsi.Tikologo e e dikologileng Letsha la Tanganyika e itshiametse gape e itekanetse gona le [[:en:Rapids|mekgacho]] le medi e sianeng ya noka ya Congo. Metsi a Tanganyika, a [[:en:Alkali'|alkaline]] gape ana le [[:en:PH|pH]] e kwa godimo (ga a na asiti e ntsi), a na le [[:en:Calcium|calcium]] le diminerale tse dintsi go farologana le metsi a Congo a  a nang le [[:en:Acid|asiti e ntsi,]] [[:en:Sediment|a tletse seretse,]] a tletse matlakala a [[:en:Rainforest|dimela]] le dilo tse dingwe tsa tlholego tse di senyegang. Mo dikarolong dingwe tsa Congo, kgakala le [[:en:Whitewater|metsi a masweu]], metsi a fetoga se se bidiwang [[:en:Blackwater_river|metsi a mantsho]], ka ntlha ya dikhemikhale tse di tswang mo dikgatsheng le mo matlakaleng a ditlhare a a bodileng. Metsi ano a na le [[:en:Tannin|tannins]] tse dintsi mme ga a siamele&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Sven_O._Kullander|Kullander, S.O]].; Roberts, T.R. (2011). &quot;Out of Lake Tanganyika: endemic lake fishes inhabit rapids of the Lukuga River&quot;. ''Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters''. '''22''' (4): 355–76.&lt;/ref&gt; ditlhapi tsa cichlid. Ka mokgwa o o tshwanang, mefuta e mentsi ya ditlhapi tsa dinoka tsa tropiki le yone e ka nna ya se kgone go tshela fa e ka tsenngwa mo metsing a a phepa, a alkaline le a nang le diminerale tse dintsi a Letsha la Tanganyika.

Le fa Letsha la Tanganyika e na le mefuta e mmalwa ya ditlhapi tsa cichlid fa e bapisiwa le Letsha la [[:en:Lake_Malawi|Malawi]] kgotsa Letsha la [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Victoria]]—matsha a a kileng a nna le koketsego e kgolo le e [[:en:Adaptive_radiation|e potlakileng]] ya mefuta ya ditlhapi mo hisetoring ya bosheng—&lt;ref&gt;Turner, Seehausen; Knight, Allender; Robinson (2001). [[doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.x|&quot;How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes?&quot;]]. ''Molecular Ecology''. '''10''' (3): 793–806. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001MolEc..10..793T 2001MolEc..10..793T.] doi:[[doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.x|10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;x. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11298988 11298988.] S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12925712 12925712.]&lt;/ref&gt;ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa Tanganyika ke tsone tse di nang le pharologano e kgolo go feta tsotlhe mo [[:en:Morphology_(biology)|popegelong ya mmele]] le mo [[:en:Genetics|dijining]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;Meyer, Britta; Matchiner, Michael; Salburger, Walter (25 November 2013). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 &quot;A tribal level phylogeny of Lake Tanganyika cichlid fishes based on a genomic multi-marker approach&quot;]. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution''. '''83''': 56–71. doi:[[doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009|10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009]]. PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 4334724]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25433288 25433288.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Seehausen, O. (2015). [[doi:10.1111/nph.13450|&quot;Process and pattern in cichlid radiations – inferences for understanding unusually high rates of evolutionary diversification&quot;]]. ''New Phytologist''. '''207''' (2): 304–312. doi:[[doi:10.1111/nph.13450|10.1111/nph.13450.]] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25983053 25983053.]&lt;/ref&gt; Seno se amana le bogologolo jwa Letsha la Tanganyika, ka gonne le legologolo thata go feta Malawi le Victoria. Nako e telele eno e ne ya letla mefuta ya ditlhapi go fetoga le go ikgaoganya ka ditsela tse dintsi go feta tse di bonwang mo matsheng a mangwe.&lt;ref&gt;Nishida, M (1991). &quot;Lake Tanganyika as an evolutionary reservoir of old lineages of East African cichlid fishes: Inferences from allozyme data&quot;. ''Experientia''. '''47''' (9): 974–979. doi[[doi:10.1007/bf01929896|:10.1007/bf01929896.]] S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37599331 37599331.]&lt;/ref&gt; Tanganyika e na le palo e kgolo [[:en:Endemism|go feta tsotlhe]] ya [[:en:Genera|genera]] tsa cichlid tse di fitlhelwang fela mo letsheng leo, fa di bapisiwa le matsha a mangwe otlhe a Afrika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Ditlhapi tsotlhe tsa cichlid tsa Tanganyika di wela mo setlhopheng sa baeloji se se bidiwang [[:en:Pseudocrenilabrinae|Pseudocrenilabrinae.]] Mo [[:en:Tribe_(biology)|ditlhopheng]] tse di lesome tse di leng mo Pseudocrenilabrinae sephatlo sa tsone di fitlhelwa fela kgotsa segolobogolo mo Tanganyika: [[:en:Cyprichromini|Cyprichromini]], [[:en:Ectodini|Ectodini,]] [[:en:Lamprologini|Lamprologini]], [[:en:Limnochromini|Limnochromini]] le [[:en:Tropheini|Tropheini]] fa tse dingwe tse tharo di na le mefuta e e fitlhelwang mo letsheng: [[:en:Haplochromini|Haplochromini,]] [[:en:Tilapiini|Tilapiini]] le [[:en:Tylochromini|Tylochromini]].&lt;ref&gt;Sparks; Smith (2004). &quot;Phylogeny and biogeography of cichlid fishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Cichlidae)&quot;. ''Cladistics''. '''20''' (6): 501–517. [[:en:CiteSeerX_(identifier)|CiteSeerX]] [https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.595.2118 10.1.1.595.2118]. doi:[[doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00038.x|10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00038.x.]] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34892958 34892958]. S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36086310 36086310].&lt;/ref&gt; Baitseanape bangwe ba ba ithutang ka ditlhapi ba akantshitse gore ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa Tanganyika di tshwanetse go kgaoganngwa ka botlalo go nna ditlhopha tse di ka nnang 12 go ya go 16, go akaretsa: [[:en:Bathybatini|Bathybatini,]][[:en:Benthochromini|Benthochromini]],[[:en:Boulengerochromini|Boulengerochromini,]] [[:en:Cyphotilapiini|Cyphotilapiini,]] [[:en:Eretmodini|Eretmodini]],[[:en:Greenwoodochromini|Greenwoodochromini,]] [[:en:Perissodini|Perissodini]] le [[:en:Trematocarini|Trematocarini]] mmogo le ditlhopha tse di setseng tse di umakilweng fa godimo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Bontsi jwa ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa Lake Tanganyika di nna gaufi le lotshitshi lwa letsha mo boteng jo bo fitlhang go dimetara di le 100. Le fa go ntse jalo, mefuta mengwe e e nnang mo metsing a a boteng e kgona go fologela mo boteng jwa dimetara di le 200 ka gale.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Kirchberger; Sefc; Sturmbauer; Koblmuller (2012). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3362839 &quot;Evolutionary History of Lake Tanganyika's Predatory Deepwater Cichlids&quot;]. ''International Journal of Evolutionary Biology''. '''2012''' 716209. doi[[doi:10.1155/2012/716209|:10.1155/2012/716209.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3362839 3362839]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22675652 22675652.]&lt;/ref&gt; Mefuta ya [[:en:Trematocara|Trematocara]] yone e fitlhetswe mo boteng jo bo fetang dimetara di le 300, jo bo leng boteng go feta jwa cichlid efe kgotsa efe e e itsiweng mo lefatsheng.&lt;ref&gt;Loiselle, Paul (1994). The Cichlid Aquarium, p. 304. Tetra Press, Germany. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1564651464|&lt;bdi&gt;978-1564651464&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt; Mefuta mengwe ya ditlhapi tsa metsi a a boteng, jaaka [[:en:Bathybates|Bathybates]], [[:en:Gnathochromis|Gnathochromis]], [[:en:Hemibates|Hemibates]] le [[:en:Xenochromis|Xenochromis]] e kile ya tshwarwa mo mafelong a a batlang a sena oksijene gotlhelele, mme baitseanape ga ba ise ba tlhaloganye sentle gore di kgona jang go tshela mo maemong ao.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;Lowe-McConnell, R.H. (1987). Ecological Studies in Tropical Fish Communities. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-521-28064-8|&lt;bdi&gt;0-521-28064-8&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt; Bontsi jwa cichlid tsa Tanganyika ke tsa [[:en:Benthic|botlaseng jwa letsha]], kgotsa di nna gaufi le mabopo.&lt;ref&gt;Lindqvist, O.V.; H. Mölsä; K. Solonen; J. Sarvala, editors (1999). From Limnology to Fisheries: Lake Tanganyika and Other Large Lakes. pp. 213–214. Springer. ISBN 978-0792360179&lt;/ref&gt; Ga go na cichlid e e tshelang [[:en:Pelagic|ka botlalo mo metsing a a bulegileng]] kgakala le lotshitshi, ntle le mefuta mengwe ya Bathybates&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; [[:en:Piscivorous|e e jang ditlhapi tse dingwe]]. Mefuta e mebedi e, [[:en:Bathybates_fasciatus|Bathybates fasciatus]] le [[:en:Bathybates_leo|Bathybates leo]] dija thata [[:en:Tanganyika_sardine|ditlhapi tsa sardine tsa Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Ditlhapi tsa cichlid tsa Tanganyika di farologane thata ka [[:en:Ecology|tsela e di iphedisang ka yone]]. Go na le mefuta [[:en:Herbivore|e e]] [[:en:Herbivore|jang dimela]], [[:en:Detritivore|e e jang matlakala le dilo tse di bolang mo metsing]], [[:en:Planktivore|e e jang plankton]], [[:en:Insectivore|e e jang ditshenekegi]], [[:en:Molluscivore|e e jang dikgapetla tsa metsing]], [[:en:Scavenger|e e jang ditopo tsa diphologolo tse di suleng]], [[:en:Scale-eater|e e jang makwaga a ditlhapi tse dingwe]] le e e jang ditlhapi tse dingwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;Craig Mortiff (24 December 2009). [https://www.cichlid-forum.com/threads/lake-tanganyika-and-its-diverse-cichlids.456196/ &quot;Lake Tanganyika and its Diverse Cichlids&quot;]. ''Cichlid Fish Forum''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162711/https://www.cichlid-forum.com/threads/lake-tanganyika-and-its-diverse-cichlids.456196/ Archived] from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Le fa mefuta mengwe e na le dijo tse e di ratang thata, baitseanape ba lemogile gore e ka fetola mekgwa ya yone ya go ja [[:en:Opportunism|fa dijo dingwe di nna dintsi thata]].&lt;ref&gt;Golcher-Benavides J, Wagner CE (2019). &quot;Playing out Liem's Paradox: Opportunistic Piscivory across Lake Tanganyikan Cichlids&quot;. ''The American Naturalist''. '''194''' (2): 260–267. doi:[[doi:10.1086/704169|10.1086/704169]]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31318283 31318283.] S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155438716 155438716.]&lt;/ref&gt; Sekai, mefuta e mentsi e ka simolola go ja [[:en:Stolothrissa_tanganicae|Stolothrissa tanganicae]] le [[:en:Limnothrissa_miodon|Limnothrissa miodon]] fa ditlhapi tseno di nna dintsi mo letsheng. Mekgwa ya tsalo ya cichlid e kgaogana ka ditlhopha tse pedi tse dikgolo: Tse di beelang mae mo lefatsheng kgotsa mo motlhabeng (gantsi mo magageng kgotsa mo diphateng tsa maje) le [[:en:Mouthbrooder|tse di godisang mae mo molomong]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;Schliewen, U. (1992). Aquarium Fish. Barron's Educational Series. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0812013504|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0812013504&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt; Mo mefuteng e e fitlhelwang fela mo Tanganyika go na le dingwe tsa ditlhapi tsa cichlid tse dinnye go feta tsotlhe mo lefatsheng, [[:en:Neolamprologus_multifasciatus|Neolamprologus multifasciatus]] le [[:en:Neolamprologus_similis|Neolamprologus similis]] (tse tsotlhe [[:en:Shell_dweller|di nnang mo dikgapetleng tsa dikgopa]]), mme boleele jwa tsone bo fitlha fela mo e ka nnang 4–5 cm.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Rainer_Froese|Froese, Rainer]]; [[:en:Daniel_Pauly|Pauly, Daniel]] (eds.). [https://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Neolamprologus&amp;speciesname=multifasciatus &quot;''Neolamprologus multifasciatus''&quot;.] [[:en:FishBase|''FishBase''.]] March 2017 version.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Rainer_Froese|Froese, Rainer;]] [[:en:Daniel_Pauly|Pauly, Daniel]] (eds.). [https://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Neolamprologus&amp;speciesname=similis &quot;''Neolamprologus similis''&quot;.] ''[[:en:FishBase|FishBase]]''. March 2017 version.&lt;/ref&gt; Go na gape le nngwe ya [[:en:Giant_cichlid|cichlid tse dikgolo]] go feta tsotlhe mo lefatsheng e leng Boulengerochromis microlepis e e ka golang go fitlha mo e ka nnang 90 cm ka boleele.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/features/articles/the-10-biggest-cichlids &quot;The 10 biggest cichlids&quot;.] Practical Fishkeeping. 13 June 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052647/http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/features/articles/the-10-biggest-cichlids Archived] from the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mefuta e mentsi ya ditlhapi tsa cichlid tse di tswang mo Lake Tanganyika e tumile thata mo bathong ba ba godisang ditlhapi mo ditankeng tsa metsi. Tse di akaretsa: [[:en:Altolamprologus|Altolamprologus,]] [[:en:Cyprichromis|Cyprichromis]], [[:en:Eretmodus|Eretmodus]], [[:en:Julidochromis|Julidochromis]], [[:en:Lamprologus|Lamprologus]], [[:en:Neolamprologus|Neolamprologus]], [[:en:Tropheus|Tropheus]] le [[:en:Xenotilapia|Xenotilapia]]. Ditlhapi tseno di ratwa ka ntlha ya mebala ya tsone e e ntle, mekgabiso le dipaterone tsa tsone tse di kgatlhang, le mekgwa ya tsone ya boitshwaro e e kgatlhang go e lebelela.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; Mo lefatsheng la go godisa ditlhapi mo ditankeng, batho ba le bantsi gape ba rata go aga [[:en:Biotope|setshwano sa diatla]] sa Letsha la Tanganyika, gore e tshwane ka mo go ka kgonegang ka teng le tikologo ya tlholego ya letsha leno, mo go fitlhelwang mefuta e mentsi ya ditlhapi segompienong di kgona go tsadisiwa sentle mo botshwarong.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120302102920/http://www.aquariumslife.com/featured/lake-tanganyika-biotope/ &quot;tanganyika biotope aquarium&quot;.] Aquariums Life. 10 February 2010. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ditlhopha tsa cichlid mo Letsheng la Tanganyika'''

[[:en:Bathybatini|Bathybatini]] (E): [[:en:Bathybates_ferox|Bathybates ferox]] ke tlhapi e e nnang thata [[:en:Benthic|gaufi le botlase jwa letsha]] mme [[:en:Piscivorous|e ja ditlhapi tse dingwe]]. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo setlhopheng sa Bathybates go na le mefuta e mengwe e e tshelang mo metsing a a bulegileng kgakala le lotshitshi.&lt;ref&gt;Kirchberger; Sefc; Sturmbauer; Koblmuller (2012). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3362839 &quot;Evolutionary History of Lake Tanganyika's Predatory Deepwater Cichlids&quot;.] ''International Journal of Evolutionary Biology''. '''2012''' 716209. doi:[[doi:10.1155/2012/716209|10.1155/2012/716209.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3362839 3362839]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22675652 22675652.]&lt;/ref&gt; Baitseanape bangwe ba kgaoganya setlhopha sa Bathybatini ka ditlhopha tse tharo tse di ikemetseng e leng Bathybatini, [[:en:Hemibatini|Hemibatini]] le [[:en:Trematocarini|Trematocarini.]]&lt;ref&gt;Meyer; Matchiner; Salburger (2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4415804 &quot;Lake Tanganyika—A 'Melting Pot' of Ancient and Young Cichlid Lineages (Teleostei: Cichlidae)?&quot;.] ''PLOS ONE''. '''10''' (7) e0125043. Bibcode[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1025043W :2015PLoSO..1025043W.] doi:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125043|10.1371/journal.pone.0125043.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4415804 4415804.] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25928886 25928886.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Weiss; Cotterill; Schliewen (2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 &quot;A tribal level phylogeny of Lake Tanganyika cichlid fishes based on a genomic multi-marker approach&quot;.] ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution''. '''83''': 56–71. doi:[[doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009|10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 4334724]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25433288 25433288.]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Benthochromini|Benthochromini]] (E): [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benthochromis_horii&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1 Benthochromis horii] e ne ya tlhalosiwa semmuso ke baitseanape ba saense ka ngwaga wa 2008. Le fa go ntse jalo, pele ga moo tlhapi eno e ne e gantsi e tsewa ka phoso e le [[:en:Benthochromis_tricoti|Benthochromis tricoti.]]&lt;ref&gt;Takahashi, T. (2008). &quot;Description of a new cichlid fish species of the genus Benthochromis (Perciformes: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika&quot;. ''Journal of Fish Biology''. '''72''' (3): 603–613. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JFBio..72..603T 2008JFBio..72..603T.] doi:[[doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01727.x|10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01727.x.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Boulengerochromini|Boulengerochromini]] (E): [[:en:Boulengerochromis_microlepis|Boulengerochromis microlepis]] ke nngwe ya ditlhapi tsa cichlid&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/features/articles/the-10-biggest-cichlids &quot;The 10 biggest cichlids&quot;.] Practical Fishkeeping. 13 June 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052647/http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/features/articles/the-10-biggest-cichlids Archived] from the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; tse dikgolo go feta tsotlhe mo lefatsheng gape ke yone fela mofuta o o leng mo setlhopheng sa Boulengerochromini.&lt;ref&gt;Weiss; Cotterill; Schliewen (2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334724 &quot;A tribal level phylogeny of Lake Tanganyika cichlid fishes based on a genomic multi-marker approach&quot;.] ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution''. '''83''': 56–71.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Cyphotilapiini|Cyphotilapiini]] (E): [[:en:Cyphotilapia_frontosa|Cyphotilapia frontosa]] ke nngwe ya mefuta e mebedi fela e e tshwanang e e leng mo [[:en:Tribe_(biology)|setlhopheng]]&lt;ref&gt;Takahashi, T.; Nakaya, K. (2003). &quot;New species of Cyphotilapia (Perciformes: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika, Africa&quot;. ''Copeia''. '''2003''' (4): 824–832. doi:[[doi:10.1643/ia03-148.1|10.1643/ia03-148.1]]. S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83854866 83854866.]&lt;/ref&gt; seno.

[[:en:Cyprichromini|Cyprichromini]] (E): [[:en:Cyprichromis_microlepidotus|Cyprichromis microlepidotus]] le mefuta e mengwe ya setlhopha seno di tshela mo metsing a a bulegileng a letsha gape [[:en:Planktivore|dija thata plankton.]]&lt;ref&gt;Bigirimana, C. (2006). [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/60487/12363286 &quot;''Cyprichromis microlepidotus''&quot;.] [[:en:IUCN_Red_List|''IUCN Red List of Threatened Species''.]] '''2006''' e.T60487A12363286. doi[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60487A12363286.en|:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60487A12363286.en.]] Retrieved 13 November 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Smith, M.P. (1998). Lake Tanganyikan Cichlids, pp. 9–10. ISBN 0-7641-0615-5&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Ectodini|Ectodini]] (E): [[:en:Ophthalmotilapia_nasuta|Ophthalmotilapia nasuta]] e bontsha [[:en:Sexually_dimorphic|sexual dimorphism]], ke gore e namagadi le e tonanyana ga di tshwane ka ponalo. Mo mofuteng ono ditonanyana di na le mebala e e phatsimang le e e kgatlhang go feta, di na le maphego a maleele go feta gape di na le nko&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/ophthalmotilapia-nasuta/ &quot;Ophthalmotilapia nasuta&quot;]. ''Seriously Fish''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162708/https://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/ophthalmotilapia-nasuta/ Archived] from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; kgotsa sebopego sa tlhogo se se leele go feta sa tse namagadi.

[[:en:Eretmodini|Eretmodini]] (E): [[:en:Eretmodus_cyanostictus|Eretmodus cyanostictus]] e nna gaufi le botlase jwa letsha mo mafelong a lotshitshi a a nang le makhubu le [[:en:Surf_zone|metsi a a tsamayang ka maatla]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;[[:en:Rainer_Froese|Froese, Rainer]]; [[:en:Daniel_Pauly|Pauly, Daniel]] (eds.). [https://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Eretmodus&amp;speciesname=cyanostictus &quot;''Eretmodus cyanostictus''&quot;.] ''FishBase''. April 2017 version.&lt;/ref&gt; jaaka mefuta e mengwe yotlhe ya setlhopha sa yone.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, M.P. (1998). Lake Tanganyikan Cichlids, pp. 9–10. ISBN 0-7641-0615-5&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Haplochromini|Haplochromini]]: [[:en:Astatotilapia_burtoni|Astatotilapia burtoni]] ke nngwe ya mefuta e mmalwa fela ya setlhopha&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.fishbase.se/TrophicEco/FishEcoList.php?ve_code=4 &quot;Species in the Tanganyika&quot;.] ''www.fishbase.se'' (table). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162720/https://www.fishbase.se/TrophicEco/FishEcoList.php?ve_code=4 Archived] from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; seno e e fitlhelwang mo Letsheng la Tanganyika. Seno se farologane le se se diragalang mo [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|matsheng a mangwe a magolo a Afrika,]] jaaka Lake Malawi le Lake Victoria, kwa bontsi jwa cichlid bo leng mo setlhopheng sa Haplochromini.&lt;ref&gt;Lowe-McConnell, R (2009). &quot;Fisheries and cichlid evolution in the African Great Lakes: progress and problems&quot;. ''Freshwater Reviews''. '''2''' (2): 131–151. doi:[[doi:10.1608/frj-2.2.2|10.1608/frj-2.2.2]]. S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54011001 54011001.]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Lamprologini|Lamprologini]] (E): [[:en:Julidochromis_marlieri|Julidochromis marlieri]] ke tlhapi e e tumileng thata mo kgwebong ya [[:en:Aquarium|ditlhapi tsa ditanka]] kwa batho ba ba godisang ditlhapi gantsi ba bitsa mefuta ya setlhopha sa Julidochromis ka leina la khutshwafatso la “Julies.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/julidochromis-marlieri/ &quot;Julidochromis marlieri (Marlier's Julie)&quot;.] ''Seriously Fish''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162711/https://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/julidochromis-marlieri/ Archived] from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Limnochromini|Limnochromini]] (E): [[:en:Gnathochromis_permaxillaris|Gnathochromis permaxillaris]] ke tlhapi [[:en:Planktivore|e e jang]] [[:en:Planktivore|ditshedinyana tse dinnye tse di phaphamalang mo metsing.]] E na le molomo o o sa tlwaelegang o o kgonang go otlologa kgotsa go sutela kwa ntle.&lt;ref&gt;Bigirimana, C. (2006)[https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/60493/12364587 . &quot;''Gnathochromis permaxillaris''&quot;]. [[:en:IUCN_Red_List|''IUCN Red List of Threatened Species''.]] '''2006''' e.T60493A12364587. doi:[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60493A12364587.en|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60493A12364587.en.]] Retrieved 13 November 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Perissodini|Perissodini]] (E): [[:en:Perissodus_microlepis|Perissodus microlepis]] ke tlhapi e e ikgethileng ka gonne [[:en:Scale-eating|e ja makwaga]] [[:en:Scale-eating|a ditlhapi tse dingwe]].&lt;ref&gt;Stewart, T.A.; Albertson, R.C. (2010). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2828976 &quot;Evolution of a unique predatory feeding apparatus: functional anatomy, development and a genetic locus for jaw laterality in Lake Tanganyika scale-eating cichlids&quot;.] ''BMC Biology''. '''8''' (1): 8. doi:[[doi:10.1186/1741-7007-8-8|10.1186/1741-7007-8-8.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2828976 2828976]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20102595 20102595.]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tilapiini|Tilapiini:]] [[:en:Oreochromis_tanganicae|Oreochromis tanganicae]] ke nngwe ya ditlhapi tse di tlwaelegileng thata mo mabopong a Letsha la Tanganyika gape gantsi e fitlhelwa mo [[:en:Fish_market|mebarakeng ya ditlhapi ya mo lefelong leo.]]&lt;ref&gt;Ntakimazi, G. (2006). [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/60625/12387918 &quot;''Oreochromis tanganicae''&quot;]. ''[[:en:IUCN_Red_List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]''. '''2006''' e.T60625A12387918. doi:[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60625A12387918.en|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60625A12387918.en.]] Retrieved 13 November 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tropheini|Tropheini]] (E): [[:en:Tropheus_moorii|Tropheus moorii]] (segolobogolo mofuta wa “red Chimba [[:en:Polymorphism_(biology)|morph]]”) e bontsha pharologano e kgolo mo mebaleng le mo popegelong ya mmele. Ka ntlha ya pharologano eno, baitseanape bangwe ba belaela gore dingwe tsa morphs tse di tsewang jaaka karolo ya [[:en:Taxonomy_(biology)|mofuta o le mongwe]] di ka nna tsa bo e le mefuta e e farologaneng.&lt;ref&gt;Begon, M.; and A.H. Fitter (1995). Advances in Ecological Research, vol. 26, p. 203. ISBN 0-12-013926-X&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Salzburger; Niederstätter; Brandstätter; Berger; Parson; Snoeks; Sturmbauer (2006). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1560039 &quot;Colour-assortative mating among populations of Tropheus moorii, a cichlid fish from Lake Tanganyika, East Africa&quot;]. ''Proc Biol Sci''. '''273''' (1584): 257–266. doi:[[doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3321|10.1098/rspb.2005.3321.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1560039 1560039.] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16543167 16543167.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Robert Toman (2017)[https://web.archive.org/web/20210919232102/http://www.cichlidworld.eu/clanky/evolucia_tropheus_e.htm . &quot;Tropheus Genus Evolution&quot;]. ''Cichlid World''. Archived from [http://www.cichlidworld.eu/clanky/evolucia_tropheus_e.htm the original] on 19 September 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ditlhapi tse dingwe'''

Lamprichthys tanganicanus, e e bidiwang [[:en:Tanganyika_killifish|Tanganyika killifish]], ke yone fela mofuta mo setlhopheng sa yone.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;

Letsha la Tanganyika le na le mefuta e e fetang 80 ya ditlhapi tse e seng tsa cichlid, mme mo e ka nnang 60% ya tsone di fitlhelwa fela mo letsheng leno.&lt;ref&gt;Wright, J.J.; and L.M. Page (2006). Taxonomic revision of Lake Tanganyikan Synodontis (Siluriformes: Mochokidae). Florida Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull. 46(4): 99–154.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kelly West (28 February 2001). [https://iwlearn.net/documents/6644 &quot;Results and Experiences of the UNDP/GEF Conservation Initiative (RAF/92/G32) in Burundi, D.R. Congo, Tanzania, and Zambia&quot;.] ''IW:LEARN | Documents''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162707/https://iwlearn.net/documents/6644 Archived] from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Brown; Britz; Bills; Rüber; Day (2011). &quot;Pectoral fin loss in the Mastacembelidae: a new species from Lake Tanganyika&quot;. ''Journal of Zoology''. '''284''' (4): 286–293. doi:[[doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00804.x|10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00804.x.]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wright, J.J.; Bailey, R.M. (2012). [https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/91200/1/j.1096-3642.2011.00789.x.pdf &quot;Systematic revision of the formerly monotypic genus Tanganikallabes (Siluriformes: Clariidae)&quot;] (PDF). ''Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society''. '''165''' (1): 121–142. doi:[[doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00789.x|10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00789.x.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Metsi a a bulegileng a letsha a laolwa ke mefuta e le mene e megolo ya ditlhapi tse e seng cichlid. Tse pedi tsa tsone ke [[:en:Limnothrissa_miodon|Limnothrissa miodon]] le [[:en:Stolothrissa_tanganicae|Stolothrissa tanganicae]] tse tsotlhe di bidiwa “Tanganyika sardines.” Ditlhapi tseno di dira [[:en:Biomass|karolo e kgolo]] go feta tsotlhe ya boima jwa ditlhapi mo metsing a a bulegileng, mme di botlhokwa thata jaaka dijo tsa [[:en:Forktail_lates|Lates microlepis]] le [[:en:Sleek_lates|Lates stappersii.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;Lindqvist, O.V.; H. Mölsä; K. Solonen; J. Sarvala, editors (1999). From Limnology to Fisheries: Lake Tanganyika and Other Large Lakes. pp. 213–214. Springer. ISBN 978-0792360179&lt;/ref&gt; Go na le gape mefuta e mengwe e mebedi ya Lates mo letsheng, [[:en:Tanganyika_lates|Lates angustifrons]] le [[:en:Bigeye_lates|Lates mariae]] mme mefuta eno e mentsi e tsoma thata gaufi le botlase jwa letsha, le fa ka dinako dingwe e ka tsena mo metsing a a bulegileng.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; Mefuta yotlhe e mene ya Lates e fitlhelwa fela mo Letsheng la Tanganyika. Le fa go ntse jalo, e tshwerwe thata ke batshwari ba ditlhapi mo dingwageng tse dintsi , mme ka ntlha ya seno ditlhapi tse dikgolo tsa mefuta eno ga di tlhole di bonwa gantsi jaaka pele.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

Mo ditlhaping tse di sa tlwaelegang tse di fitlhelwang mo Letsheng la  Tanganyika go na le ditlhapi tsa catfish tse di fitlhelwang fela mo letsheng leno mme di dirisa [[:en:Brood_parasitic|mokgwa o o sa tlwaelegang wa tsalo]], o [[:en:Facultative_parasite|o tshwanang le wa nonyane ya cuckoo]]. Tseno di akaretsa [[:en:Synodontis_grandiops|Synodontis grandiops]] le [[:en:Synodontis_multipunctatus|Synodontis multipunctatus]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;Wright, J.J.; and L.M. Page (2006). Taxonomic revision of Lake Tanganyikan Synodontis (Siluriformes: Mochokidae). Florida Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull. 46(4): 99–154.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;Schliewen, U. (1992). Aquarium Fish. Barron's Educational Series. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0812013504|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0812013504&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt; Tse dingwe tsa go nna le setshwano e leng [[:en:Synodontis_lucipinnis|S.lucipinnis]] le [[:en:Synodontis_petricola|S.petricola]] di eta di nna lego tlhakatlhakangwa, gosa tlhalosege sentle gore a dina le boitshwaro jo bo tshwanang.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.planetcatfish.com/common/species.php?task=&amp;species_id=103 &quot;Synodontis lucipinnis • Mochokidae&quot;]. ''www.planetcatfish.com''. 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170401232507/https://www.planetcatfish.com/common/species.php?task=&amp;species_id=103 Archived] from the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2023.

&lt;/ref&gt; Ditlhapi tseno di dira gore mefuta e mengwe e gole bana ba tsone. Di beela mae ka nako e e tshwanang le ditlhapi tsa cichlid tse di godisang mae mo melomong ya tsone, Cichlid e phutha mae ao ka molomo, e akanya gore ke a yone. Fa mae a catfish a phatloga, bana ba catfish ba simolola go ja mae kgotsa bana ba cichlid ba ba mo molomong oo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; Ditlhopha tsotlhe tse di latelang di fitlhelwa fela mo mokgatšheng wa Letsha la Tanganyika: [[:en:Bathybagrus|Bathybagrus]], [[:en:Dinotopterus|Dinotopterus]], [[:en:Lophiobagrus|Lophiobagrus]], [[:en:Phyllonemus|Phyllonemus]], [[:en:Pseudotanganikallabes|Pseudotanganikallabes]] le [[:en:Tanganikallabes|Tanganikallabes.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;[https://www.fishbase.se/TrophicEco/FishEcoList.php?ve_code=4 &quot;Species in the Tanganyika&quot;.] ''www.fishbase.se'' (table). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162720/https://www.fishbase.se/TrophicEco/FishEcoList.php?ve_code=4 Archived] from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wright, J.J. (2017). &quot;A new diminutive genus and species of catfish from Lake Tanganyika (Siluriformes: Clariidae)&quot;. ''J Fish Biol''. '''91''' (3): 789–805. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JFBio..91..789W 2017JFBio..91..789W.] doi:[[doi:10.1111/jfb.13374|10.1111/jfb.13374.]] PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28744868 28744868.]&lt;/ref&gt; Le fa ditlhapi tsa mofuta wa [[:en:Chrysichthys|Chrysichthys]] di fitlhelwa le mo mafelong a mangwe, mefuta e le thataro ya tsone e fitlhelwa fela mo mokgatšheng wa Tanganyika. Ditlhapi tseno di tshela mo metsing a a seng boteng le mo a a boteng thata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; Mo mafelong a a boteng, ke dingwe tsa dibatana tse dikgolo&lt;ref&gt;Lowe-McConnell, R.H. (1987). Ecological Studies in Tropical Fish Communities. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-521-28064-8|&lt;bdi&gt;0-521-28064-8&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt; le basweuledi  ba ba botlhokwa mo tsamaisong ya tikologo ya letsha. Letsha le gape le na le mongwe wa mehlala e e kgatlhang ya [[:en:Evolutionary_radiation|evolutionary radiation]] (go anamela ga mefuta go tswa mo motsweding o le mongwe). Go na le mefuta e le 15 ya [[:en:Mastacembelus|Mastacembelus]] mme tsotlhe ntle le o le mongwe di fitlhelwa fela mo mokgatšheng wa Letsha la Tanganyika.&lt;ref&gt;Brown; Britz; Bills; Rüber; Day (2011). &quot;Pectoral fin loss in the Mastacembelidae: a new species from Lake Tanganyika&quot;. ''Journal of Zoology''. '''284''' (4): 286–293. doi:[[doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00804.x|10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00804.x.]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;Brown; Rüber; Bills; Day (2010). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2903574 &quot;Mastacembelid eels support Lake Tanganyika as an evolutionary hotspot of diversification&quot;.] ''BMC Evolutionary Biology''. '''10''' 188. doi:[[doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-188|10.1186/1471-2148-10-188.]] PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2903574 2903574]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20565906 20565906.]&lt;/ref&gt; Le fa matsha a mangwe a magolo a Afrika le one a na le, ditlhapi tsa Synodontis, catfish tse di fitlhelwang fela mo lefelong leo le di-spiny eel tsa Mastacembelus, pharologano e kgolo ya mefuta eno e e bonwang mo Lake Tanganyika ga e tshwanwe le ya letsha lepe le lengwe. Baitseanape ba dumela gore seno se bakilwe ke bogologolo jo bogolo jwa letsha leno.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Karolo:Coordinates on Wikidata]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Letsha Bermin</title>
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      <text bytes="3463" sha1="q1nzklm55lqdclmamt1v52h44vv2hcb" xml:space="preserve">[[Setshwantsho:Cameroon physical map.svg|thumb|Moalo wa Letsha la Bermin]]
'''Letsha la Bermin''' (le ka dinako tse dingwe le bidiwang '''Bemin''' kgotsa '''Beme''') ke letsha le lennye mo kgaolong ya lekgwamolelo kwa Borwa Bophirima jwa Cameroon. Ke letsha la lekgwamolelo le le nang le bophara jwa 700 m (2,300 ft) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Martin; Cutler; Friel; Touokong; Coop; and Wainwright (2015). Complex histories of repeated gene flow in Cameroon crater lake cichlids cast doubt on one of the clearest examples of sympatric speciation. Evolution 69-6: 1406–1422. doi:[[doi:10.1111/evo.12674|10.1111/evo.12674]]&lt;/ref&gt; le lekgwamolelo le le tlhatlogelang kwa bogodimong jwa 46 m (150 ft).&lt;ref&gt;Dickinson, C. (2005). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120313112343/http://www.faas.info/download/pub_awards/2005/011-001.pdf The Tilapia of Lake Bernin, Cameroon.] Archived 2012-03-13 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]'' Modern Aquarium -Greater City A.S. (NY): 15–16&lt;/ref&gt; Letsha le le itlhaotseng thata le na le sebopego se se sekwere, ga le na metsi a a tsenang, mme le na le metsi a a tswelang kwa ntle go ya kwa nokeng ya Cross River. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Schliewen, U.K., Tautz, D., and Pääbo, S. (1994). ''Sympatric speciation suggested by monophyly of crater lake cichlids.'' [[:en:Nature_(journal)|Nature]] 368(6472): 629–632.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maranyane a  Botshelo ==
Le fa gone e le nnye thata, e na le mefuta e le robongwe ya ditlhapi tsa coptodonine cichlid (C. bakossiorum, C. bemini, C. bythobates, C. flava, C. gutturosa, C. imbriferna, C. snyderae, C. spongotroktis, le C. thysi).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Palo e ya ditlhapi tse di fitlhelwang kwa mafelong a a rileng ke e e kwa godimo go gaisa e e kileng ya begiwa. &lt;ref&gt;Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204252/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=519 Western Equatorial Crater Lakes.] Archived 2011-10-05 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]''&lt;/ref&gt; Bosupi jwa pele jwa dijini bo ne jwa akantsha gore gongwe tseno e ne e le ditlamorago tsa go nna mefuta e e farologaneng ya ditshedi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;Dithuto tsa morago di supa gore go na le phallo ya segare ya gene magareng ga di-Bermin cichlids le Cross River C. guineensis, le fa go sa itsege sentle gore a seno se thusitse gore go nne le mefuta e e farologaneng mo setlhopheng sa pele. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ke marang a a sa tswang go tlhagisiwa bosheng jaana. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Thieme, M.L.; R. Abell; N. Burgess; B. Lehner; E. Dinerstein; and D. Olson (2005). Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment, pp. 58–60. Island Press. ISBN 1-55963-365-4&lt;/ref&gt;Di tshwana thata ka sebopego sa tsone le popego ya tsone mme di farologana thata ka mokgwa wa go ja, go akaretsa baitseanape ba ba tshwanang le C. spongotroktis ba ba jang dikarolwana tsa di-sponge tse dikgolo tse di golang mo letsheng.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;Lake Bermin cichlids ke ditlhapi tse dinnye, ga go na epe e e fetang 14 cm (5.5 in) ka boleele. Ka boleele jo bo ka fitlhang go 5 cm, C. snyderae ke tilapia e nnye e e itsegeng. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Di-Bermin cichlids tsotlhe di mo kotsing ya go nyelela ka ntlha ya kgotlelo le sedimentation go tswa mo ditirong tsa batho, mme gape go ka nna ga nna le kgaso e kgolo ya khabonetaeokosaete (CO2) go tswa kwa tlase ga letsha (bapisa Letšha la Nyos),[8][9][10] le fa Bermin e se boteng thata go ka tshola selekanyo se se kwa godimo thata sa gase eno.[ 2]</text>
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    <title>Noka ya Semliki</title>
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      <text bytes="7674" sha1="a1q487773cey3lgu40h761mwebckuea" xml:space="preserve">'''Noka ya Semliki''' (French) ke noka e tona ya selekanyo sa lekgolo le masome a mane (140 kilometres (87 mi) ka boleele,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200610215648/http://nema-ug.org/atlas/atlas_pollution.pdf &quot;Highlights of the Uganda Atlas of Our Changing Environment, River Semliki – Lake Albert&quot;] (PDF). National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) Uganda. Retrieved 16 January 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;kwa Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) le Uganda kwa Central le Botlhaba jwa Afrika. E elela go ya kwa bokone go tswa kwa Letsheng la Edward kwa Kgaolong ya Beni, Nord-Kivu, DRC e tila Dithaba tsa Rwenzori ka fa mojeng (Botlhaba), e elela go ya kwa Letsheng la Albert kwa Albertine Rift, Kgaolo ya Irumu, Porofense ya Ituri, DRC e leba kwa Dithabeng tsa Blue go ya kwa molemeng wa yone kwa bophirima. Molomo wa yone o gaufi le Motse wa Katolingo kwa Kanara subcounty, Ntoroko district, [[Uganda]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=-0.140278,29.601111&amp;spn=0.1,0.1&amp;t=m&amp;q=-0.140278,29.601111 &quot;Google Maps&quot;.] 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2013&lt;/ref&gt;Go bapa le karolo e e kwa tlase ya noka, e tsamaya e le karolo ya molelwane wa boditšhabatšhaba magareng ga DRC le dikgaolo tsa [[Bophirima jwa Uganda]] tsa Bundibugyo le Ntoroko, gaufi le Semuliki National Park.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Tsela e Noka ya Semiliki e Lebegang ka Yone kwa DRC ==
Koketsego ya go gakologa ga kapoko go tswa mo Rwenzoris, go fula thata, le diphetogo tse dingwe tsa metsi di bakile kgogolego ya noka le diphetogo tse di diregang gangwe le gape mo tseleng ya noka e e elelelang kwa tlase.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203943/http://www.grida.no/_res/site/file/publications/uganda-atlas/UGatlas_scr_ch3.pdf Transboundary and Cross-Border Environmental Issues: Uganda]'' (PDF). GRID-Arendal. pp. 138–40. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2013&lt;/ref&gt;Mo mafelong mangwe, [[Uganda]] e latlhegelwa ke dimetara di le lesome (10 (33 ft) tsa lefatshe ka ngwaga mo letlhakoreng la yona la noka ka ntlha ya kgogolego le seretse se se tswang kwa Semliki ka iketlo se tlatsa kwa ntlheng ya borwa jwa Letsha la Albert.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;Mo mafelong a mangwe, ke   e e latlhegelwang ke naga jaaka noka e e fetogang e fetola lefelo le le bonalang la molelwane.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/changing-river-course-alters-ugandadr-congo-border-1818532.html &quot;Changing River Course Alters Uganda-DR Congo Border&quot;]. ''The Independent''. London. 11 November 2009. Retrieved 11 November 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsela ==
Noka ya semliki - molelwane wa Uganda le DRC- 140 kilometres (87 mi) ka boleele, kwa Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) le Uganda kwa Central le East Africa. Go oketsega ga go gakologa ga kapoko go tswa kwa Rwenzoris, go fula go feta tekano, le diphetogo tse dingwe tsa metsi di bakile kgogolego ya noka le diphetogo tse di diregang gangwe le gape mo tseleng ya noka e e itsoketsang e e kwa tlase.

Karolo ya lefelo le noka ya Semliki e elelang mo go lone e e bontshang tsela e lefelo le go dirwang dipatlisiso mo go lone le bopegileng ka yone le karolo ya molelwane wa Uganda le Congo (DRC).

Noka ya Semliki e simologa gaufi le Ishango (DRC) kwa ntlheng e e kwa bokone ya Letsha la Edward mme go ise go ye kae e tsena mo Virunga National Park, e e elelang go ralala karolo e kgolo ya yone e e kwa godimo. Tsela ya A-109 e e fa gare ga Mpondwe (Uganda) le Beni (DRC) e kafa mojeng, ka dinako tse dingwe e gaufi mme ka dinako tse dingwe e le kgakala, jaaka noka e ntse e itsoketsa go ralala phaka. Go se kae kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Beni, noka eno e feta kafa tlase ga tsela ya A-109 mme e bo e tswelela e ya kwa bokone. Ka nako eno, noka e kwa bophirima jwa Thaba ya Baker (Kiyanja) kwa Rwenzori Mountains National Park kwa Uganda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;[https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=-0.140278,29.601111&amp;spn=0.1,0.1&amp;t=m&amp;q=-0.140278,29.601111 &quot;Google Maps&quot;.] 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2013&lt;/ref&gt; 

Pele noka e tswa mo phakeng, e feta ka fa tlase ga tsela e nngwe e e golaganyang motse wa Oicha kwa DRC le metse ya kwa Semliki Valley kwa bophirima jwa molelwane wa DRC le Uganda le toropo ya Bundibugyo kwa Uganda. Noka eno e tswa kwa Virunga Park mme e elela go ela kwa ntlheng ya bophirima jwa Semuliki National Park (Uganda). Fano noka eno e nna molelwane magareng ga DRC le Uganda, mme e nna e ntse e le molelwane mo karolong e kgolo ya tsela e noka eno e tsamayang ka yone. Fa noka eno e tswa mo Semuliki Park, e atamela Sempaya National Park le Toro Game Reserve, tse di kwa [[Uganda]]. Kwa bokhutlong jwa yone, noka e elela kwa bophirima jwa molelwane wa boditšhabatšhaba mme e tsena kwa ntlheng ya borwa jwa Letsha la Albert kwa ntlheng ya borwabotlhaba jwa Bunia (DRC).&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Batho ==
Ditso tse pedi tse dikgolo mo kgaolong ke batho ba Amba (Baamba, Bwamba) le Bakonjo (Konjo).&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Chege, Florence; et al. (2002). [http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/kscdp_final.pdf &quot;Kibale and Semuliki Conservation and Development Project&quot;] (PDF). International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). pp. 21–22. Retrieved 18 January 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;Batho ba kwa Semliki Valley ba akaretsa Batuku, badisa ba dikgomo ba metlhape ya bone e fulang mo mafulong go bapa le noka.&lt;ref&gt;''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203943/http://www.grida.no/_res/site/file/publications/uganda-atlas/UGatlas_scr_ch3.pdf Transboundary and Cross-Border Environmental Issues: Uganda]'' (PDF). GRID-Arendal. pp. 138–40. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://wwf.panda.org/who_we_are/wwf_offices/kenya/solutions/index.cfm?uProjectID=9F0822 &quot;Semuliki River Catchment and Water Resources Management&quot;.] WWF. Retrieved 18 January 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;Batho ba le mmalwa ba Batwa (Pygmies), bao ka tlwaelo e neng e le batsomi-ba-kokoanyi ba dikgwa, le bona ba nna mo mokgatšheng.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Dimela le diphologolo ==
Kwa Semliki National Park, sekgwa seno se tshwana le sekgwa sa noka ya Congo. Cynometra alexandri, e leng mofuta wa ditlhare tsa boboatsatsi, ke yone e e leng teng thata mme e na le ditlhare tse dingwe le dimela tse dingwe tsa mo mogobeng. Pula e e nang ngwaga le ngwaga mo sekgweng seno sa boboatsatsi e na le palogare ya dimilimetara di le sekete, le makgolo a matlhao(1,500). &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Go na le mefuta e e fetang makgolo a mae ya dinonyane, go akaretsa le di-forest ground-thrush, Sassi's olive greenbul, le mefuta e le robongwe ya hornbill e e nnang mo phakeng, fela jaaka go na le mefuta e e fetang makgolo a mae le borobabonngwe  ya dirurubele.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230117163740/https://www.semulikibutterflies.com/species-records-additions &quot;Species Records and Additions | Semuliki National Park | semulikibutterflies&quot;]. Archived from the original on 2023-01-17. Retrieved 2023-01-17&lt;/ref&gt;Mo gare ga diamusi tse di mo phakeng go na le ditlou, lengau, katse ya gouta ya Aforika, nare, phokojwe, di-duiker, le di-squirrel tse di fofang tsa mokwatla wa scaly. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Mo tseleng ya yone, Semliki e wela kwa tlase ka makgolo a mararo (300 m (1,000 ft) ka metseletsele ya dinokana, mme seno se kgaoganya mefuta ya ditlhapi tsa Letsha la Edward, tse bontsi jwa tsone di sa bonweng gope go sele, go tswa go tse di fitlhelwang kwa tlase ga noka mo Letsha la Albert (mme ka jalo le Noka ya Nile).&lt;ref&gt;Dumont, H.J. (2009). &quot;A Description of the Nile Basin, and a Synopsis of Its History, Ecology, Biogeography, Hydrology, and Natural Resources&quot;. In H.J. Dumont (ed.). ''The Nile''. Monographiae Biologicae. Vol. 89. Springer Science + Business Media B.V. pp. 1–21. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1-4020-9725-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Metswedi ==</text>
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      <text bytes="16234" sha1="kljoidfmk764f5cbb9v38djs4ga25dj" xml:space="preserve">[[Setshwantsho:Zambezi River at junction of Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe &amp; Botswana.jpg|thumb|Noka ya Zambezi]]
'''Noka ya Zambezi''' (e gape e bidiwang Zambeze le Zambesi) ke noka ya bone e telele go gaisa mo Afrika, noka e telele go gaisa e e elelang kwa botlhaba jwa Afrika le e kgolo go gaisa e e elelang mo Lewatleng la lefatshe la India go tswa mo Afrika. Metsi a yone a khurumetsa 1,390,000 km2 (540,000 mi2),&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20081217180850/http://files.gorongosa.net/filestore/348-patterns_hydrological_change_zambezi_delta.pdf &quot;Richard Beilfuss &amp; David dos Santos: Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Monogram for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley (2001). Estimated mean flow rate 3424 m³/s&quot;] (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 18 October 2008&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.riob.org/transfrontalier/Bilanglobal.PDF International Network of Basin Organisations/Office International de L'eau:] Archived 27 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine &quot;Développer les Compétences pour mieux Gérer l'Eau: Fleuves Transfrontaliers Africains: Bilan Global.&quot; (2002). Estimated annual discharge 106 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, equal to mean flow rate 3360 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s&lt;/ref&gt;e e kwa tlase ga halofo ya noka ya Nile. Noka e e boleele jwa dikilometara di le dikete tse pedi ,makgolo a matlhao le masome a supa le bone e tlhoga kwa lefatsheng la [[Zambia]] mme e elela go ralala botlhaba jwa lefatshe la [[Angola]], go bapa le molelwane wa bokone-botlhaba jwa Namibia le molelwane wa bokone jwa [[Botswana,]] go tswa foo go bapa le molelwane magareng ga lefatshe la [[Zambia]] le lefatshe la [[Zimbabwe]] go ya [[Mozambique]], koo e kgabaganyang naga go ya go wela mo Lewatleng la [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambezi-River &quot;Zambezi River | river, Africa&quot;.] ''Encyclopedia Britannica''. Archived from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/zambezi-river.html &quot;Zambezi River Facts and Information&quot;.] ''www.victoriafalls-guide.net''. Archived from the original on 7 May 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2021&lt;/ref&gt;Karolo e e itsegeng thata ya Zambezi ke [[Victoria Falls]]. Diphororo tse dingwe tsa yone di akaretsa Chavuma Falls&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/place/Chavuma-Falls &quot;Chavuma Falls | waterfall, Zambia | Britannica&quot;.] ''www.britannica.com''. Archived from the original on 26 June 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2022&lt;/ref&gt;le Ngonye Falls.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/waterfalls/ngonye-falls/ &quot;Zambia Tourism: Waterfalls&quot;]. ''Zambia Tourism''. Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2022&lt;/ref&gt;

Metswedi e mebedi e metona ya motlakase wa metsi mo nokeng ke Letamo la Kariba, le le tlamelang lefatshe la  [[Zambia]] le lefatshe la [[Zimbabwe]] ka motlakase, le Letamo la Cahora Bassa kwa lefatsheng la [[Mozambique]], le le tlamelang lefatshe la [[Mozambique]] le lefatshe la [[Aforika Borwa|Afrika Borwa]] ka motlakase. Mo godimo ga moo, diteišene tse pedi tse dinnye tsa motlakase kwa lefatsheng la [[Zambia]] di kwa Victoria Falls le Zengamina.&lt;ref&gt;Pasanisi, Francesco; Tebano, Carlo; Zarlenga, Francesco (March 2016). [[doi:10.3390/environments3010006|&quot;A Survey near Tambara along the Lower Zambezi River&quot;.]] ''Environments''. '''3''' (1): 6. doi:10.3390/environments3010006&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220423080555/http://www.nwzdt.org/?page_id=22 &quot;Zengamina Hydro Project | North West Zambia Development Trust&quot;.] Archived from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2022&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsela ==

=== Tshimologo ===
Noka e tswa mo [[dambo]] e ntsho, e e nang le matlhaka mo sekgweng se se kitlaneng, se se tletseng makhubu sa miombo makgolo a matlhano (50 km (31 mi) kwa bokone jwa Mwinilunga le masome a mabedi (20 km (12 mi) kwa borwa jwa Ikelenge mo Kgaolong ya Ikelenge ya Porofense ya Bokone-Bophirima, Zambia, mo e ka nnang sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mabedi le bone (1,524 metres (5,000 ft) godimo ga bogodimo jwa lewatle.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150904101922/http://www.muvitv.com/dilapidated-zambezi-source-site-worry-ikelenge-dc/ &quot;Dilapidated Zambezi Source Site Worry Ikelenge DC&quot;.] ''muvitv.com''. Muvi TV. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015&lt;/ref&gt;Lefelo le le dikologileng motswedi ono ke lefelo la bosetšhaba la segopodiso, lefelo le le sireleditsweng la sekgwa, le lefelo le le botlhokwa la dinonyane.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150904101922/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=7178 &quot;ZM002 Source of the Zambezi&quot;]. ''birdlife.org''. Birdlife International. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

Go ela kwa botlhaba jwa motswedi wa metsi, molelwane wa metsi fa gare ga Melapo ya Congo le Zambezi ke molelwane o o supilweng sentle wa naga e e kwa godimo, o o tsamayang go tswa botlhaba go ya bophirima mme o wela ka bonako go ya kwa bokone le kwa borwa. Seno se kgaoganya ka phepafalo noka ya Lualaba (karolo e kgolo ya noka e e kwa godimo ya Congo) le [[noka ya Zambezi]]. Mo tikologong ya motswedi wa noka, lefelo le le kgaoganyang metsi ga le tlhalosiwe sentle, mme melapo e mebedi ya dinoka ga e kopane.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Dorling Kindersley, pp. 84–85 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi#cite_note-Dorling-14]&lt;/ref&gt;

Kgaolo e e nosediwang ke noka ya Zambezi ke setlhaba se setoa se se nang le matlhakore a a kgaoganeng a a bogodimo jwa makgolo a robabongwe go ya ko sekete le makgolo a mabedi, se se bopilweng mo karolong e e kwa tengteng e e kwa kgakala ya dikhuti tsa metamorphic mme se kgabagantswe ke matlapa a a mogote a [[Victoria Falls]]. Kwa Chupanga, kwa karolong e e kwa tlase ya Zambezi, go na le matlapa a masetlhana a a serolwana le botala jwa motlhaba, a ka dinako tse dingwe a nang le lekgwamolelo, a a tlhagelelang mo boalong jwa noka ka paka ya komelelo, mme a nna a ntse a le teng go feta kwa Tete, koo a kopanngwang teng le dikhuti tse dikgolo tsa magala. Magala a fitlhelwa gape le mo kgaolong e e fa tlase ga Victoria Falls. Maje a a nang le gouta a fitlhelwa mo mafelong a le mmalwa.&lt;ref&gt;Ashton, Peter; Love, David; Mahachi, Harriet; Dirks, Paul. [https://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/G00599.pdf &quot;An Overview of the Impacts of Mining and Mineral Processing Operations on Water Resources and Water Quality in the Zambezi, Limpopo AND Olifant Catchments in Southern Africa&quot;] (PDF). ''International Institute for Environment and Development''. Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development Project, Southern Africa. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Karolo e e kwa Godimo ya Zambezi ===
Noka e elela go ya kwa borwabophirima go ya kwa lefatsheng la Angola ka makgolo a mabedi le masome a mane (240 km (150 mi), mme morago ga moo e kopanngwa ke dinoka tse di kgolo tse di jaaka Luena le Chifumage tse di elelang go tswa kwa dithabeng go ya kwa bokone-bophirima. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;E retologela kwa borwa mme e nna lefelo le le nang le merwalela, le le nang le pharologano e kgolo ya bophara magareng ga dipaka tse di omileng le tsa dipula. E tsena mo sekgweng se se kitlaneng sa Cryptosepalum se se nnang se le setala, le fa go ntse jalo, mo letlhakoreng la yone la bophirima, go na le bojang jwa kwa Zambezia Bophirima. Fa e boela gape kwa Zambia, e bophara jwa 400 m (1,300 ft) ka paka ya dipula mme e elela ka bonako, ka diphefo tse di felelang kwa Chavuma Falls, koo noka e elelang ka phatlha ya matlapa. Noka e wela kwa godimo ka makgolo a mane (400 m (1,300 ft) go tswa kwa motsweding wa yone kwa sekete le makgolo a matlhano (1,500 m (4,900 ft) go ya kwa Chavuma Falls kwa sekete le lekgolo (1,100 m (3,600 ft), mo sekgaleng sa makgolo a mane (400 km (250 mi). Go tswa mo ntlheng eno go ya kwa Victoria Falls, bogodimo jwa lekadiba bo tshwana fela, bo wela fela ka lekgolo le boferabobedi (180 m (590 ft) go kgabaganya sekgala sa dikilometara di le makgolo a robangbobedi (800 (500 mi).&lt;ref&gt;Page, Geology (25 November 2014). [https://www.geologypage.com/2014/11/zambezi-river.html &quot;Zambezi River&quot;.] ''Geology Page''. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021&lt;/ref&gt;

Noka ya ntlha ya dinoka tse dikgolo tse di elelang mo Nokeng ya Zambezi ke Noka ya Kabompo e e kwa metsana ya Bokonebophirima jwa Zambia. Naga e noka eno e elelang mo go yone e fetoga lebala le legolo le le tletseng ka ditlhare tsa borassus. Go le gonnye go ela kwa borwa go na le motswedi wa Noka ya Lungwebungu. Eno ke tshimologo ya Barotse Floodplain, karolo e e itsegeng thata ya Zambezi e e kwa godimo, mme karolo e e kwa bokone ga e na merwalela e mentsi mme e akaretsa ditlhaketlhake tsa naga e e kwa godimo mo gare.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/zambezi-river.html &quot;Zambezi River Facts and Information&quot;.] ''www.victoriafalls-guide.net''. Archived from the original on 7 May 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2021&lt;/ref&gt;

Mo e ka nnang dikilometara di le masome a mararo  kwa tlase ga motswedi wa Lungwebungu, naga e nna e e sephaphathi thata, mme lefelo le le tlwaelegileng la Barotse Floodplain le a bulega, ka merwalela e e fitlhang bophara jwa dikilometara di le masome a mabedi le botlhano ka paka ya dipula. Mo sekgaleng sa dikilometara di feta makgolo a mabedi  go ela kwa tlase ga noka, modikologo wa morwalela wa ngwaga le ngwaga o laola tikologo ya tlholego le botshelo jwa batho, setšhaba le setso. Mo e ka nnang dikilometara di le masome a robabobedi  kwa tlase, Luanginga, e e nang le melatswana ya yone e e elelang mo lefelong le legolo kwa bophirima, e kopana le Zambezi. Sekgala se se khutshwane kwa godimo kwa botlhaba, molapo o mogolo o kopana le one ka nako ya dipula ka go penologa ga thulaganyo ya Luampa/Luena.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Kgakajana le fa noka eno e kopanelang teng le Luanginga, go na le Lealui, nngwe ya ditoropokgolo tsa batho ba Ba-Lozi, ba ba nnang kwa kgaolong ya Zambia ya Barotseland kwa metsana e e kwa Bophirima. Kgosana ya Ba-Lozi e na le nngwe ya dikago tsa yone tse pedi kwa Lealui; e nngwe e kwa Limulunga, e e kwa godimo mme e nna motsemogolo ka paka ya dipula. Go fuduga ga ngwaga le ngwaga go tswa kwa Lealui go ya kwa Limulunga ke tiragalo e kgolo, e e ketekiwang jaaka nngwe ya meletlo e e itsegeng thata ya Zambia, e leng Kuomboka.

Morago ga Lealui, noka e retologela kwa borwa-botlhaba. Go tswa kwa botlhaba, e tswelela go amogela melatswana e mennye e mentsi, mme kwa bophirima, ga e na melatswana e megolo ya dikilometara di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a mane . Pele ga moo, Diphororo tsa Ngonye le makhubu a a tlang morago ga tsone a kgoreletsa go tsamaya ka sekepe. Borwa jwa phororo ya Ngonye, noka e kgabaganyetsa kwa Namibia's Caprivi Strip.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Kwa tlase ga motswedi wa Noka ya Cuando le Noka ya Zambezi, noka e sokologela kwa botlhaba. Fano, noka eno e sephara e bile ga e boteng e bile e elela ka bonya, mme fa e ntse e elela go ya kwa botlhaba go ela kwa molelwaneng wa setlhaba se segolo sa bogare jwa Afrika, e fitlha mo mosimeng o Victoria Falls e welang mo go one.

=== Zambezi e e fa gare ===
Diphororo tsa Victoria, kwa Zambezi e e kwa godimo e felelang teng le kwa Zambezi e e fa gare e simologang teng

Diphororo tsa Victoria di tsewa e le molelwane fa gare ga noka e e kwa godimo le e e fa gare ya Zambezi. Ka fa tlase ga tsone, noka e tswelela go elela go ya kwa botlhaba mo e ka nnang makgolo a mabedi (200 km (120 mi), e kgabaganya dipota tse di tlhamaletseng tsa basalt masome a mabedi go ya go masome a marataro (66 go ya go 197 ft) go kgaogana mo dithabeng tse di makgolo a mabedi  go ya go makgolo a mabedi le botlhano (250 m (660 go ya go 820 ft) kwa godimo. Noka eno e elela ka bofefo go ralala Batoka Gorge, mme e kgaosediwa gangwe le gape ke matlapa a lewatle. E tlhalositswe &lt;ref&gt;Edington, Sean (29 December 2020). [https://safpar.com/is-rafting-on-the-zambezi-river-below-the-victoria-falls-dangerous/ &quot;Is rafting on the Zambezi River below The Victoria Falls Dangerous?&quot;.] ''SAFPAR''. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;jaaka nngwe ya maeto a a kgatlhisang thata a metsi a a phepa mo lefatsheng, e leng kgwetlho e kgolo thata mo bathong ba ba dirisang diketswana le ba ba dirisang diphaepe. Kwa morago ga mosima ono go na le melapo e le mmalwa e e felelang ka dikilometara di le makgolo a mabedi le bone  kwa tlase ga Victoria Falls. Mo sekgaleng seno, noka e wela kwa tlase ka dimetara di le makgolo a mabedi le botlhano.

Ka nako eno, noka eno e tsena mo Letsheng la Kariba, le le neng la tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le borobabongwe (1959) fa go sena go wediwa go agiwa Letamo la Kariba. Letsha leno ke lengwe la matsha a magolo go a gaisa otlhe a a dirilweng ke batho mo lefatsheng, mme didirisiwa tse di fetlhang motlakase o o tswang mo metsing tse di leng mo letamong leno di naya bontsi jwa lefatshe la [[Zambia]] le lefatshe la [[Zimbabwe]] motlakase.

Noka ya Luangwa le ya Kafue ke melatswana e mebedi e megolo go gaisa e e elelang kafa molemeng wa noka ya Zambezi. Noka ya Kafue e kopana le noka e kgolo ka molatswana o o didimetseng, o o boteng wa bophara jwa dimetara di ka nna  lekgolo le masome a robabobedi . Go tswa mo ntlheng eno, noka ya Zambezi e sokologa go ya kwa bokone mme e bo e tswelela e elela go ya kwa botlhaba. Kwa go kopanngwang le noka ya Luangwa (15°37' S), e tsena mo [[Mozambique|Mozambique.]]&lt;ref&gt;Valkenburgh, Blaire Van; White, Paula A. (20 April 2021). [[doi:10.7717/peerj.11313/fig-1|&quot;Figure 1: Map showing location of Luangwa Valley and Greater Kafue Ecosystem in Zambia&quot;.]] ''PeerJ''. '''9''': e11313. doi:10.7717/peerj.11313/fig-1&lt;/ref&gt;

Zambezi e e fa gare e felela fa noka e tsenang mo Letsheng la Cahora Bassa, e e neng e le lefelo la diphefo tse di kotsi tse di itsegeng jaaka Kebrabassa; letsha leno le ne la tlhamiwa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bone (1974) ka go agiwa ga Letamo la Cahora Bassa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.gramene.org/db/ontology/search?id=44313 &quot;GAZ Term &quot;Zambezi River&quot; (GAZ:00044898)&quot;.] ''archive.gramene.org''. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Noka e e kwa tlase ya Zambezi ===
Noka ya Zambezi e e kwa tlase ya dikilometara di le makgolo a marataro le makgolo a matlhano go tswa kwa Cahora Bassa go ya kwa Lewatleng la India e kgona go tsamaisiwa ka dikepe, le fa gone noka eno e se boteng mo mafelong a le mantsi ka paka ya komelelo. Noka eno e nna e se boteng fa e tsena mo mokgatšheng o o atlhameng mme e bo e anama mo lefelong le legolo. Noka eno e dikologilwe ke dithaba tse di kwa godimo mo lefelong le le lengwe fela, e leng Lupata Gorge, e e leng dikilometara di le makgolo a mararo le masome a mabedi  go tswa mo molomong wa yone. Fano, e bophara jwa dimetara di le makgolo a mabedi  fela. Mo mafelong a mangwe e bophara jwa dikilometara di le tlhano go ya go di le boferabobedi  mme e elela ka iketlo mo melatswaneng e le mentsi. Noka eno e na le motlhaba, mme dintshi tsa yone di kwa tlase e bile di na le matlhare a lotlhaka. Le fa go ntse jalo, kwa mafelong mangwe, segolobogolo ka paka ya dipula, melatswana eno e kopana go nna noka e le nngwe e kgolo e e elelang ka bonako.

Mo e ka nnang dikilometara tse lekgolo le masome a marataro  go tswa kwa lewatleng, [[Noka ya Zambezi]] e amogela metsi a Letsha la Malawi ka [[Noka ya Shire]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Fa noka eno e fitlha mo Lewatleng la India, e kgaogana go nna noka ya delta. Nngwe le nngwe ya metswedi e megolo ya metsi, Kongone, Luabo le Timbwe, e thibetswe ke motlhaba. Lekala le le kwa bokone, le le bidiwang molomo wa Chinde, le na le boteng jo bo kwa tlase jwa 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) kwa botsenong le 4 metres (13 ft) go ya kwa teng, mme ke lekala le le dirisediwang go tsamaisa dikepe. Mo e ka nnang dikilometara di le lekgolo  go ya kwa bokone go na le noka e e bidiwang Quelimane, e e bidiwang ka toropo e e mo molomong wa yone. Noka eno, e e ntseng e gogomoga, e amogela metsi a a fetang a Zambezi ka paka ya dipula.&lt;ref&gt;[https://theodora.com/encyclopedia/z/zambezi.html &quot;Zambezi - Encyclopedia&quot;]. ''theodora.com''. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021&lt;/ref&gt;

== Metswedi ==</text>
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    <title>Letsha la Wemmer Pan</title>
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      <text bytes="5060" sha1="t0wle44bz8p8my2aybqriwq42cfi5b7" xml:space="preserve">[[Setshwantsho:Dawn sculler.jpg|thumb|Letsha la Wemmer Pan]]
'''Wemmer Pan''' ke letsha le lefelo la boitapoloso kwa [[Johannesburg]], [[Aforika Borwa|Afrika Borwa]]. E kwa borwa jwa bogare jwa toropo, kwa motsesetoropong wa [[La Rochelle.]]

== DitsoP- ==
&quot;Pan&quot; ke lefoko la Se-Afrikaans le la Seesemane sa Afrika Borwa le le rayang letsha le le seng boteng.

Pan ya Wemmer e ne ya reelelwa ka Sam Wemmer. Kwa tshimologong e ne e le moepo, mme moragonyana e ne ya tsewa ke City Deep Mine e e neng e tlhoka metsi go dira meepo. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102721/http://www.wemmer.org.za/Documents/Wemmer-History-1911-1939.pdf &quot;The History of Wemmer Pan Rowing Club&quot;] (PDF). Archived from [http://www.wemmer.org.za/Documents/Wemmer-History-1911-1939.pdf the original] (PDF) on 2014-08-19. Retrieved 2014-08-18.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wemmer Pan ke karolo ya Pioneers' Park, e e neng ya agiwa mo masimologong a lekgolo la bo masome mabedi  la dingwaga. Pioneers' Park e ne ya bulwa semmuso ka  kgwedi ya Moranang e le masome a mabedi le borataro ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le bone (1924) ke Mmusi-Kakaretso, Earl wa Athlone, mo lefatsheng le le neng le rekilwe ke Khansele ya Toropo. Phaka e reeletswe ka ba ba simolotseng toropo ya Johannesburg le indaseteri ya moepo wa gauta e e leng bogare jwa yone. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20111005063910/www.jhbcityparks.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=51&amp;Itemid=282 &quot;Wemmer Pan/Pioneer Park]&quot;. Archived from the original on 2011-10-05.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ditirelo ==
Wemmer Pan ke legae la ditlelapa di le mmalwa tsa go kgweetsa, go akaretsa le Wemmer Pan Rowing Club&lt;ref&gt;[https://wemmer.org.za/ &quot;Home&quot;]. ''WPRC | #WemmerBlues''.&lt;/ref&gt; (e e tlhomilweng ka 1911),&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085719/http://www.wemmer.org.za/history.html &quot;Wemmer History&quot;.] Archived from [http://www.wemmer.org.za/history.html the original] on 2014-08-19. Retrieved 2014-08-18.&lt;/ref&gt; le go tshwara palo ya dikgaisano tsa mabelo aWS makhutshwane, go akaretsa le Wemmer Sprint Regatta ya ngwaga le ngwaga.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084408/http://www.wemmer.org.za/Sprint.html &quot;Wemmer Sprint 2011 - 100 years at the Pan!&quot;]. Archived from [http://www.wemmer.org.za/Sprint.html 1] on 2014-08-19. Retrieved 2014-08-18.&lt;/ref&gt;Gape ke legae la ngwaga le ngwaga la Dragon Boat Corporate Spring Festival Regatta. Phaka e na le mafelo a go tsamayatsamaya le go dira ditiro tsa metsi, mme gape e na le metswedi ya mmino e e nang le dipone. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.joburgnews.co.za/oct_2002/oct11_wemmer.stm &quot;Joburgnews.co.za&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205925/http://www.iolproperty.co.za/roller/news/entry/wemmer_pan_s_musical_fountains &quot;Wemmer Pan's musical fountains brought back to life : Property News from Property360&quot;.] ''www.iolproperty.co.za''. Retrieved 2021-09-01.&lt;/ref&gt;

Lebala la Metshameko la Turffontein lakwa Johannesburg le fa pele ga Wemmer Pan.

Mo lotshitshing lwa letsha leno go na le Santarama Miniland, e e nang le dimotlelara di ka nna masome a robabobedi tsa dikago tse di tlhomologileng le mafelo a a mo Afrika Borwa, ka selekanyo sa 1:25. Tseno di akaretsa sekaelo sa Robben Island, koo Nelson Mandela a neng a tshwerwe teng, Dikago tsa Union le Hillbrow Tower. Setshwantsho se se feletseng sa sekepe sa ga Jan van Riebeeck, e leng Dromedarus, se isa baeti kwa mosepeleng wa mahala wa mokoro mo letsheng. Gape go akareditswe le lebala la go tshameka kolofo e nnye, seporo se sennye, boemakepe jo sennye le tsela ya megala. &lt;ref&gt;[https://joburg.co.za/santarama-miniland-broken-lilliput-south/ &quot;Santarama Miniland – The broken Lilliput of the South&quot;.] 16 September 2016. Retrieved 2023-11-04.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ntlo e e fa thoko ga yone ke James Hall Transport Museum, e leng musiamo o mogolo go gaisa otlhe wa dipalangwa mo Afrika. E tlhomilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bone  ke Jimmie Hall, mme e boloka le go rotloetsa ditso tsa dingwaga tse di fetang makgolo a mane tsa dipalangwa mo Aforika Borwa ka mo go kgethegileng le Aforika ka kakaretso. Setlhopha seno se akaretsa mefuta e e farologaneng ya dipalangwa tsa mo lefatsheng tse di nang le dingwaga tse di fetang makgolo a mane, go simolola ka dikoloi tse di tsamayang ka mowa wa metsi, diterena, diterama le dibese tsa teroli go ya go dikolotsana tse di gogwang ke diphologolo, dibaesekele tsa bogologolo le dikoloi. Lolwapa lo na le dikoloi di le mmalwa tse di tsamayang ka diphefo, tse dingwe tsa tsone di sa ntse di bereka. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.jhmt.org.za/ &quot;Home&quot;]. ''jhmt.org.za''&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ditiragalo tse dingwe ==
[[Cedric Maake]], mmolai yo o bolayang batho ka go latelana, yo o bolaileng batho ba ka nna masome a mabedi le bosupa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borataro le ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bosupa , o ne a itsege e le Mmolai wa Wemmer Pan ka gonne batho ba le bantsi ba a neng a ba bolaya ba ne ba fitlhelwa mo lefelong leo.

== Metswedi ==</text>
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    <title>Noka ya Sebakwe</title>
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      <text bytes="15470" sha1="11m1zig4ne5uy7j87bpy5slhjyclj7w" xml:space="preserve">'''Noka ya Sebakwe''' kgotsa Noka ya Zibagwe ke noka mo lefatsheng la Zimbabwe.

Noka ya Sebakwe e mo porofenseng ya Midlands ya lefatshe la Zimbabwe. E boleele jwa lekgolo le masome a matlhano (150 kilometres (93 mi) mola o o tlhamaletseng go tswa kwa motsweding go ya kwa molomong,&lt;ref&gt;[http://zw.geoview.info/sebakwe_river,55372292w Sebakwe River] Retrieved 5 March 2016&lt;/ref&gt; mme ke noka ya Munyati e e tsenang mo Zhombe East kwa 18°36′10′′S 29°37′08′′E.

Noka ya Sebakwe e fologa go tswa kwa borwabophirima jwa Thaba ya Mtoro, bogodimo jwa 1580 metres (5,180 ft), bokone-botlhaba jwa Chivhu. E elela kwa borwabophirima, botlhaba jwa Chivhu le bophirima jwa The Range.&lt;ref&gt;Hartley Final Map GRID Ref: TQ9707 [http://www.rhodesia.me.uk/images/Hartley_final.jpg Hartley Final] Rhodesian Map Archive SHEETFALL - 1:250 000 SERIES Retrieved 13 March 2016&lt;/ref&gt;

== Se se diragetseng ==
Lebitso Sebakwe ke kgokoloho ya lebitso la Zibagwe le bolelang semela se seholo sa poone kapa cob. Mofuta o mongwe wa leina la lefelo le, o bolela gore le tswa mo leineng la &quot;Chiwake le le kayang 'se se agilweng', le le buang ka legora le le agilweng ka nako ya Botsuolodi&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rhodesia.me.uk/ColourfulPlaceNamesofRhodesia.htm Retrieved 5 March 2016]&lt;/ref&gt;

Gone jaanong leina &quot;Zibagwe&quot; le setse le dirisiwa thata. Go na le tlhamane e e neng ya fetisiwa ka molomo e e bolelang kafa leina Zibagwe le simologileng ka teng. E bolela gore Zibagwe e leng leina la Se-ChiShona le le rayang &quot; semela se segolo thata sa mmidi kgotsa sejalo sa mmidi&quot; le ne la newa fa batho ba lefelo leo ba ne ba etela go tla go senka dilo tse di neng di le mo bothibelelong jo babatlisisi ba Bayuropa ba neng ba bo tlhomile dikgwedi di le dintsi. Babatlisisi bano ba ne ba sa tswa go tswa mo kampeng go ya kwa lefelong le le kwa bokone jwa Mashonaland. Batho ba lefelo leo ba ne ba fitlhela semela se segolo thata sa mmidi se se nang le dithoro tse dikgolo thata mo kampeng e e neng e tlogetswe. Le mororo ba ne ba tlile go batla letlotlo la sengwe le sengwe se basweu ba ka tswang ba se tlogetse, ga go na ope yo o neng a ama semela se se raelang sa mmidi ka gonne se ne se le fa thoko ga mosima wa kampa, o o neng o nontshiwa sentle ke motlhapo. Semela sa mmidi se se umakilweng fa godimo se ne se le teng ka lobaka lo loleele, mme ka gonne se ne se le mo lotshitshing lwa noka, ba ne ba bitsa noka eo ba re ke &quot;kuZibagwe&quot; mo go rayang &quot;kwa semeleng sa mmidi se segolo thata&quot;.

Le fa gone go sa tlhalosiwa semolao go akanngwa gore Setshimo sa Mmidi sa &quot;Metsetsetsane&quot; sa kwa Zibagwe se ile sa rotloetsa porojeke ya go lekeletsa matlwana a boithomelo a tikologo e e neng ya dirwa kwa [[Zimbabwe]] dingwaga di le mmalwa tse di fetileng. Porojeke ya dipatlisiso ya dingwaga di le tharo  e e dirisang moroto o o tlhatswitsweng jaaka monontsha e ne ya dirwa kwa Epworth, Harare (ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le boroabobedi (2008) go ya ko dikete tse pedi le lesome (2010)mme dipholo tsa teng di ne di le ntle thata. &lt;ref&gt;Peter Morgan 2011 page 6 [http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1285 Trees as recyclers of nutrients present in human excreta] susana.org Retrieved 14 March 2016&lt;/ref&gt;(Buka eno yotlhe e bontsha kafa go dirisa metsi a a tlhatswitsweng mo dimeleng go ka nnang le matswela a a molemo ka teng mo go goleng ga dimela.)

== Noka e Nnye ya Sebakwe ==
Tsela e go alafiwa ga mmidi ka yone go amang tsela e mmidi o golang ka yone Setlhare se segolo se se mo lefelong leno se bidiwa Zibagwe.

Noka e kgolo ya Sebakwe e elela mo Nokeng ya Munyati. Go na le Noka e nngwe ya Sebakwe e e itsegeng jaaka Noka e Nnye ya Sebakwe e e nang le boleele jwa 7.6 kilometres (4.7 mi) mme e le mo porofenseng ya Mashonaland East. Go farologana le Noka e kgolo ya Sebakwe, e elela go ya kwa botlhaba go tsena mo Nokeng ya Nyazvidzi, e e leng karolo ya Noka ya Save. Sebakwe e nnye e feta kwa bokone jwa thaba ya Dombo, bogodimo jwa 1,455 metres (4,774 ft), le kwa borwa jwa thaba ya Dowa, bogodimo jwa 1,386 metres (4,547 ft), mo tseleng ya yone e e yang kwa Nokeng ya Nyazvidzi. E kopana le Noka ya Nyazvidzi borwabotlhaba jwa Sekolo sa St Kizito mo go se se neng se itsege jaaka Eastdale Tribal Trust Land.&lt;ref&gt;Map Grid Ref: TP9463 [http://www.rhodesia.me.uk/images/Selukwe_final.jpg Selukwe_final.jpg Rhodesian Maps Archive] SHEETFALL - 1:250 000 SERIES Retrieved 13 March 2016&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ditirelo tsa bogologolo ==
Noka ya Sebakwe e na le hisitori e e kgatlhang.

Go lebega Kwekwe, e e neng e kwalwa Que Que e ne e bidiwa Sebakwe pele ga leina la Que Que le tsewa.&lt;ref&gt;Eric Rosenthal Chapter XIX. pp49 Part Two -[https://web.archive.org/web/20151207055412/http://www.zjc.org.il/images/RHODESIAN%20JEWRY%20AND%20ITS%20STORY%20-%20Part%20Two.pdf Zimbabwe Jewish Community] Archived 7 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine But poor Michael’s troubles were by no means over, for he fell into arrears with an advance made to him through the Benevolent Society. A letter was sent off on 25 August 1903, to the Globe and Phoenix Gold Mining Company at Sebakwe (now known as Que Que), reminding him: &quot;There are three payments of C5 overdue, as per your arrangement to pay off your indebtedness. trust, therefore, that you will not fail to send me your cheque for C15…&quot;] Eric Rosenthal Part II]Zimbabwe Jewish Community Retrieved 13 March 2016&lt;/ref&gt;

Mo ngwagakgolong wa lesome le borataro, mmatlisisi wa Sepotokisi, Fernandes, o ne a thibelela mo dintshing tsa Noka ya Sebakwe e e neng e se kgakala le Kwekwe.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.oncecalledhome.com/2012/02/fishermans-paradise/ Fisherman’s Paradise] At the beginning of the sixteenth century, when Monomotapa ruled, the first European explorer, a Portuguese, Fernandes, camped on the banks of the Sebakwe not five miles from Que Que. Once Called Home Retrieved 13 March 2016&lt;/ref&gt;

Kgosi Lobengula o ne a tshwaya mafika a a mo Nokeng ya Sebakwe jaaka a gagwe ka kgwedi ya Lwetse ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe(1890)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.geni.com/projects/Pioneers-of-Rhodesia-Individuals/14703 Pioneers of Rhodesia - Individuals] DAWSON, James. At Bulawayo on 3 May 1886, he witnessed the document confirming Loben's grant in the Tati area to the Northern Light Gold Mining Company. DAWSON was in Matabeleland during May 1885 and March 1886, and in late July 1888. On 18 September 1890 Lobengula gave DAWSON a letter authorizing him to peg claims (for Iohe,) in Mashonaland on the Umfuli and Zimbo rivers. DAWSON went to Salisbury to protest to the authorities that settlers had claimed his reefs. H. J.BORROW accompanied him to the area of the Sebakwe and Bembesi rivers to mark alternate claims for the King. geni.com Retrieved 10 March 2016&lt;/ref&gt;

Naga e Noka ya Sebakwe e neng e ralala mo go yone e ne e bidiwa Kgaolo ya Sebakwe. Khamphani e e neng ya tlhabolola moepo wa Gaika kwa Que Que e ne e na le dikopo tsa gauta di le makgolo a mae le masome a mararo le osupa  mo sedikeng sa Sebakwe mme metsi otlhe a a neng a dirisiwa a ne a tswa kwa Nokeng ya Sebakwe.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160314185457/http://www.oncecalledhome.com/2012/08/down-in-the-dumps-2/ Down in the Dumps] Archived 14 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine The Chicago Gaika Development Co. was launched in 1897 and issued 200,000 shares of one pound each. The shares were fully subscribed. It acquired 437 gold claims in the Sebakwe district. Once Called Home Retrieved 10 March 2016&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka ngwaga wa sekete , masome a robabongwe le lesome le bone (1914) (direkoto dingwe di bolela gore e ne e le ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robaboedi (1880) Fred Selous o ne a thuntsha a bo a bolaya tshukudu e tshweu mo nokeng eno mme lerapo la yone la tlhogo le ne la bolokiwa. E kwa Musiamong wa Boritane. Leina la setshwantsho ke &quot;Sebakwe ngwaga wa sekete , masome a robabongwe le lesome le bone(1914)&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/images/Sebakwe-1914_i1178632407.php Skull of white rhinoceros shot by Fred Selous on the Sebakwe River in Zimbabwe.] From Selous et al., The big game of Africa and Europe, 1914, pl.2. Rhino Resource Center Imagrs Retrieved 5 March 2016&lt;/ref&gt;

Sebakwe ka  ngwaga wa sekete , masome a robabongwe le lesome le bone(1914)_Legata la tshukudu e tshweu le le thuntshitsweng ke Fred Selous mo Nokeng ya Sebakwe kwa Zimbabwe

Fredrick Selous o batlile a bolawa ke nkwe mo Nokeng ya Sebakwe.&lt;ref&gt;John Guille Millais 2013 page 208 [http://192.34.63.172/docs/life%20of%20frederick%20courteney%20selous%20dso%20capt%2025th%20royal%20fusiliers.pdf At the Sebakwe river] he fired at what he thought was a jackal, but on arriving near the animal, which he expected to find dead, as he had heard the bullet strike, he was suddenly charged by a leopard. The angry beast passed right under his stirrup-iron, and after going thirty yards stopped and sat on its haunches. Another shot at once killed it. Life of Fredrick Courtney Selous, DSO Capt 25th Royal Fusiliers. Originally Published 1919 Retrieved 13 March 2016&lt;/ref&gt;

Noka ya Sebakwe e ne e le molelwane magareng ga Mashonaland le Matabeleland fa Rhodesia Borwa e ne e santse e le naga ya diporofense tse pedi. Gape e ne e le tsela ya go tsamaya go tswa kwa botlhaba go ya kwa Salisbury-Bulawayo Road e e neng e le kwa bophirima jwa Enkeldoorn le Fort Charter. Noka ya Sebakwe le yone e ne e na le mafelo a go kgabaganya ntle le marogo mme e na le mokoro, o o neng o kgabaganngwa ke leotwana le le neng le tsamaya go bapa le thapo jaaka koloi e e fofang.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook_text/Rhodesia_-_and_After_1000435054/135 p.114-5. Rhodesia - and After: Being the Story of the 17th and 18th Battalions of Imperial Yeomanry] Two days later, crossing the Sebakwe River, we passed from the land of the Mashonas into Matabeleland. Though near the end of the dry season the whole of our route was well watered, and even in the smallest river beds lay pools at varying distances apart at which a plenteous supply of water could be obtained. In the rains the larger ones are rushing floods, and are crossed by a box or cradle drawn from bank to bank along a taut wire cable hanging in mid-air. Sometimes &quot; as on the Sebakwe &quot; a ferryboat, drawn across by a wheel which travelled along the cable, was substituted for the aerial car. We were now upon the Salisbury-Buluwayo road, and were passed every other day by the Zeederberg coaches, which at present is the only method of passenger transport between the two capitals. forgottenbooks.com Retrieved 10 March 2016&lt;/ref&gt;

Baagi ba le bantsi ba bogologolo ba ne ba fitlhela lefatshe le le gaufi le Noka ya Sebakwe le sa kgone go emelana le lone.&lt;ref&gt;Pombiyadonha http://pombiyadonha.byo24.com/index-id-iblog-iblog-509.html A large group of the white settlers established farms along the Umnyati River and the Sebakwe River in Chief Mashava’s territory. Others had farms around Fort Charter in Chief Maromo’s territory. By 1895, chiefs Maromo, Mashava and Nyika’s territories were completely occupied by the Afrikaner farmers in a land area of about four hundred and fifty thousand acres. Chief Mutekedza’s territory, byo24.com|Retrieved 13 March 2016&lt;/ref&gt;

Noka ya Sebakwe ga e bolo go nna motswedi wa metsi a a nowang le a go nosetsa. E bile e na le di-weir go tswa mo ngwagakgolong wa bo lesome le boferabongwe  tse dingwe di tlhamilwe ke di-wagon bridges.&lt;ref&gt;I[http://zimfieldguide.com/midlands/orton%E2%80%99s-drift-over-sebakwe-river nfo http://zimfieldguide.com/midlands/orton’s-drift-over-sebakwe-river] The waggon outspan is 120 metres south of the house with Orton’s Drift which crosses the Sebakwe River on an artificially constructed stone ford which dams the Sebakwe River to its east. -19°09′10.80″S 30°39′01.64″E Zimfieldguide.com Retrieved 13 March 2016&lt;/ref&gt;

Noka ya Sebakwe e sa le e ntse e le yone e e thusang Kwekwe go tshela go tloga fela kwa tshimologong. Que Que e ne ya gola go tswa mo ditoropong tsa meepo tsa meepo ya Gaika le Globe le Phoenix. Metsi a a nowang a meepo ya Gaika le G le P a ne a romelwa go tswa kwa Nokeng ya Sebakwe ka dikolotsana tsa dikgomo go fitlha fa moepo wa G le P o ne wa fiwa tshwanelo ya go tsamaisa metsi ka diphaepe go tswa kwa nokeng e e neng e le bokgakala jwa dikilometara di le 8,45 ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le borobabobed (1898).&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20160314185457/http://www.oncecalledhome.com/2012/08/down-in-the-dumps-2/ Archived 14 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Drinking water was hauled from the Sebakwe River by ox wagon but after a legal wrangle in 1898 the G and P obtained permission to pump water via a five and a quarter mile pipeline from the Sebakwe River. However during the drought of 1904 Gaika employees walked to the G and P with four gallon paraffin tins to get their water. Once Called Home Retrieved 10 March 2016&lt;/ref&gt;

Noka ya Sebakwe gape e ne e dira jaaka molelwane o o kwa bokone wa Kutanga Bombing Range mo kgaolong ya temothuo ya Rosedale. Sebaka sena se ne se sebediswa ke difofane tsa ntwa ho tswa Thornhill Air Base e ntseng e sebetsa. Kutanga Bombing Range e kwa borwa jwa toropo ya Midlands e e bidiwang Que Que mo kgaolong e e itsegeng jaaka Bemberzaan/ Sebakwe (e e reeletsweng ka dinoka tse pedi mo kgaolong eo) e e leng setšhaba sa balemirui se se bidiwang Rosedale. Seno se ne se dira gore thaba eno e nne dikilometara di ka nna masome a robabobedi kwa bokone jwa Thornhill.

== Ditirelo tse di tswelelang ==
Noka ya Sebakwe e tlamela Seteishene sa Motlakase sa Munyati ka metsi a dikotlolo ka mosele o o boleele jwa 23 kilometres&lt;ref&gt;ZPC [https://web.archive.org/web/20180203064314/http://www.zpc.co.zw/powerstations/5/munyati-power-station Munyati Power Station] - Zimbabwe Power Company |The boilers are designed to burn &quot;washed peas&quot; coal. Water is drawn from two sources: the Sebakwe River through a {23-kilometre long canal and the Munyati Weir through a 3-kilometre pipeline. Zimbabwe Power Corporation Power Stations Retrieved 10 2016&lt;/ref&gt;

Letamo la Sebakwe la 266-megalitre (9.4×106 cu ft) le kgabaganya Noka ya Sebakwe, mme le tlamela Kwekwe, Sebakwe Recreational Park le Redcliff ka metsi.&lt;ref&gt;BLESSED MHLANGA 23 January 2014 [http://www.southerneye.co.zw/2014/01/23/kwekwe-runs-dry-debt/ Kwekwe runs dry over debt] KWEKWE and Redcliff went for a second day without water yesterday after the Zimbabwe National Water Authority (Zinwa) closed water valves from Sebakwe Dam following a standoff over an $800 000 debt. Southern Eye News Retrieved 12 March 2016&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Tinomuda Chakanyuka 17 January 2016 [http://www.sundaynews.co.zw/cities-dam-levels-critical-7-month-water-supply-left/ Cities dam levels critical…7-month water supply left] Sebakwe and Lower Zibagwe which supply Kwekwe and Redcliff are still 65,3 percent full. Sunday News|Top Stories Retrieved 12 March 2016&lt;/ref&gt;

Sebakwe Recreational Park le Sebakwe Black Rhino Trust Conservancy di sireletsa diphologolo tsa naga.&lt;ref&gt;Guide [http://zimfieldguide.com/midlands/sebakwe-recreational-park%7CSebakwe Recreational Park] Zimbabwe Field Guide|Retrieved 13 March 2016&lt;/ref&gt;Noka e boetse e emiseditswe ka letamo la Dutchman's Pool, hape le Nokaneng wa Sebakwe le mohlodi wa metsi a tlatsetsang bakeng sa Kwekwe.&lt;ref&gt;Webworld [http://webworld.unesco.org/water/ihp/db/shiklomanov/part'4/AFRICA/Zimbabwe/1zw%60se~1.htm Sebakwe at Dutchman'S Pool Dam] unesco.org Water Retrieved 13 March 2016&lt;/ref&gt;

== Metswedi ==</text>
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    <title>Noka ya Ikwelo</title>
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      <text bytes="7453" sha1="rfelx0pbi6g3i9harw8r7gml7c2jjf7" xml:space="preserve">'''Noka ya Gweru''' (e e neng e itsege jaaka Noka ya Gwelo go fitlha ka ngwaga wa  sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bobedi (1982) ke noka e e mo motsaneng wa Midlands ya lefatshe la [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe.]]

== Se se diragetseng ==
Leina la Gweru ke go sokamisa leina la Gwelo le le neng le sokamisa leina la Ikwelo le le kayang lefelo le le tsholetsegileng thata le motho a neng a ka dirisa lere go ya kwa godimo kgotsa kwa tlase. E ne e le leina le le sokamisitsweng la kwa tshimologong la kwa Kalanga la Gwelu le le khutshwafaditsweng go tswa go Gwelumatjena le le rayang noka ya matlapa a masweu. Ditlhamane di re fa batho ba MaNdebele ba ne ba simolola go nna mo lefelong le, basadi ba bone ba ne ba fitlhela go le bokete thata go gelela metsi mo nokeng ka ntlha ya mabopo a yone a a boreledi.&lt;ref&gt;Division of Native Affairs|1960 [http://rhodesianheritage.blogspot.nl/2010/01/rhodesian-lore-and-legend.html?m=1%7COur Rhodesian Heritage: Rhodesian Lore and Legend|GWELO The late Col. Carbutt wrote, “Gwelo township was originally known to Africans as Senka after the kopje of that name. This was at lease indicative of a fixed spot, unlike the name of Gwelo which is applicable to anywhere along the course of a river one hundred miles in length.” The Gwelo River near its source and down to almost where it joins the Shangani, has carved steep slippery banks in the plain over the years. When the AmaNdebele first settled in the area, the woman are said to have found it very difficult to draw water, in fact they could never find an easy place to climb up from the river bed with their full vessels. Accordingly, they often spoke of “the steep place” (ikwelo), and the river came to be known as iKwelo, eventually becoming Gwelo.] Rhodesian Lore and Legend LORE AND LEGEND SOUTHERN RHODESIA PLACE NAMES| Published by; The Chief Information Officer, Information Services Branch. Division of Native Affairs, Salisbury September, 1960]rhodesianheritage.blogspot.nl|2010|Retrieved 18 February 2016&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Isibindi|1970 Place Names of Rhodesia|GWELO. [http://www.rhodesia.me.uk/ColourfulPlaceNamesofRhodesia.htm%7CColourful When the Matabele settled in the district, the women found it difficult to draw water from the river because of the steep banks. It became known as iKwelo - &quot;the steep place&quot;].&lt;sup&gt;[''permanent dead link'']&lt;/sup&gt; www.rhodesia.me.uk|Retrieved 18 February tmrh&lt;/ref&gt;Noka e ne ya bidiwa 'Ikwelo' ka gonne karolo e kgolo ya noka eno e e boleele jwa dikilometara di le lekgolo le masome a marataro (160) e na le dintshi tse di boreledi go fitlha kwa molomong wa Noka ya Shangani. Basadi ba ne ba dirisa ukwelo (lere) go ba thusa go ga metsi mo nokeng.

Toropokgolo ya Gweru e ne ya tewa leina go tswa mo nokeng ya Ikwelo. Baagi ba Yuropa ba ne ba e bitsa iGwelo e khutshwafaditswe go nna Gwelo mme morago ga boipuso ba lefatshe la [[Zimbabwe]] ba ne ba e bitsa Gweru, ka jalo noka ya Gweru.&lt;ref&gt;The community in the heart of the Nation - [http://www.mygweru.com/%7CGweru The City of Progress|Gweru is the capital of Midlands Province. Built along the Gweru river, the original Ndebele name was iKwelo (''The Steep Place''), after the river's high banks, where umkwelo (a ladder) was used by those who fetched water from it.]&lt;sup&gt;[''permanent dead link'']&lt;/sup&gt; MyGweru.com|Retrieved 18 February 2016&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ditirelo ==
Noka ya Gweru e na le diheketara di le lekgolo tsa Sekema sa go nosetsa sa Mabangeni kwa Lower Gweru le diheketara di le lekgolo le masome a marataro le botlhano  tsa Sekema sa go nosetsa sa Exchange kwa Zhombe tse di tlamelwang go tswa go Letamo la Insukamini le Letamo la Exchange Block ka go latelana. Sekema sa go nosetsa sa Mabangeni se goga metsi go tswa kwa letamong la Insukamini ka letamo le le tsenang mo nokeng ya Gweru.

== Siltation le kgotlelo ==
Metsi a a phepafaditsweng a ntse a kgotlela Noka ya Gweru mo dingwageng tse di fetileng. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150708120127/http://www.newzimbabwe.com/news-20942-Gweru%20admits%20to%20environment%20pollution/news.aspx &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{cite web}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;: &lt;code&gt;|author=&lt;/code&gt; has generic name (help)]&lt;/ref&gt;mme Setheo sa Tsamaiso ya Tikologo (EMA) se tsaya dikgato go laola kgotlelo ya metsi mo nokeng eno le tse dingwe go ralala naga.&lt;ref&gt;Stephen Chadenga|4 March 2015 [http://www.southerneye.co.zw/2015/03/04/gweru-requires-7-million-refurbish-sewage-treatment-plants/%7CGweru requires $7 million to refurbish sewage treatment plants|The council’s acting director of engineering services, Praymore Mhlanga, said the local authority had applied to the government and was granted permission to borrow money to refurbish the plants. Over the years, council has been at logger heads with the Environmental Management Agency (EMA) over the discharge of raw sewage into the environment. At one time, council had to pay a $5 000 fine to EMA for discharging effluent into the Gweru River.]&lt;sup&gt;[''permanent dead link'']&lt;/sup&gt; Southern Eye Website|Gweru City|Retrieved 18 February 2016&lt;/ref&gt;

Mo maitekong a mangwe a go lwantsha kgotlelo ya metsi mo Nokeng ya Gweru moithuti mongwe wa Yunibesithi ya Puso ya Midlalands o ne a buelela gore baithuti ba dikolo tse di kwa tlase ba nne le kitso ka kgotlelo ya noka ya Gweru le go tshologa ga seretse. Letsholo leno le amogetswe ke mekgatlho le dikolo di le dintsi kwa Gweru, e e leng lefelo le le kgotlelang thata le noka ya Gweru e e elelang mo go lone.

== Dithuso ==
Ano ke maina a mantlha a a theilweng mo dimmapeng tse di dirilweng ke puso ya Rhodesia, e jaanong e leng Zimbabwe.&lt;ref&gt;Gweru Map [https://web.archive.org/web/20150922083331/http://www.rhodesia.me.uk/images/Gwelo_final.jpg (Sheet SE35-16 Gwelo edition 2) Gweru District map showing Gweru River course from Senga, Gweru through Lower Gweru to Silobela Communal Land Archived 2015-09-22 at the] Wayback Machine www.rhodesia.me.uk|SHEETFALL-1:250 000 SERIES|Retrieved 18 February 2016&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kwekwe Map (Sheet SE35-12 QueQue edition 2) [https://web.archive.org/web/20160301084919/http://www.rhodesia.me.uk/images/QueQue_final.jpg Kwekwe District map showing Gweru River through Silobela, Zhombe and finally meeting with Shangani River in Nkai Communal land] Archived 2016-03-01 at the Wayback Machine www.rhodesia.me.uk|SHEETFALL-1:250 000 SERIES|Retrieved 18 2016&lt;/ref&gt;

* Noka ya Kenyana (Lower Gweru)

* Noka ya Ngamo (Gweru e e kwa tlase)

* Noka ya Matega (Lower Gweru)

* Noka ya Chakawa (Lower Gweru)

* Noka ya Mandingo (Lower Gweru)

* Noka ya Kalulani (Lower Gweru_ gaufi le letamo la Shagari)

* Noka ya Batitswa (Lower Gweru)

* Noka ya Bembe (Lower Gweru_ gaufi le Letamo la Museyamwa)

* Noka ya Ingwenya (Lower Gweru)

* Noka ya Ntabemhlope (Lower Gweru)

* Noka ya Damba (Silobela_ gaufi le Letamo la Damba)

* Noka ya Zvanyanya (Silobela)

* Noka ya Semkulu (_ fa thoko ga Letamo la Totololo)

* Noka ya Summer (Silobela Purchase Area)

* Noka ya Mavhunatsvimbo (Silobela)

* Noka ya Ndhlamatuli (Silobela)

* Noka ya Marirangwe (Zhombe)

* Noka ya Gwembezi (Silobela)

* Noka ya Sangeni (Silobela)

* Noka ya Sehnga

* noka ya Umhlafuto (Silobela)

* Noka ya Donsa

* Noka ya Nyauswe (Zhombe)

* Noka ya Semizi (Zhombe)

* Noka ya Mangwizi (Zhombe)

* Noka ya Setshanke

* Noka ya Gwelutshena (Nkayi_ off Gwelutshena Dam)

* Noka ya Ngenungenu (Nkayi) ke noka e e tsenang mo nokeng ya bofelo pele ga e kopana le Noka ya Shangani.

* Noka ya Tohwe (Nkayi)

== Metswedi ==</text>
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      <text bytes="4527" sha1="dtfia8x8pf5dp6uotpbkmappefzf16t" xml:space="preserve">[[Setshwantsho:Pungwe and nyazengu gorges.jpg|thumb|Noka ya Pungwe]]
'''Noka ya Pungwe''' (Portuguese: Rio Púngoè or Rio Púnguè &lt;ref&gt;[http://geonames.nga.mil/namesviewer/ &quot;GeoNames Search&quot;]. ''Geographic Names Database''. National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, USA. Retrieved 19 October 2016&lt;/ref&gt;) ke noka ya boleele jwa makgolo a mane (400 km (250 mi) kwa Zimbabwe le Mozambique.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Andersson, Lotta; Samuelsson, Patrick; Kjellström, Erik (2011). [[doi:10.1111/j.1600-0870.2010.00480.x|&quot;Assessment of climate change impact on water resources in the Pungwe river basin&quot;.]] ''Tellus A''. '''63''' (1): 138–157. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0870.2010.00480.x.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;SWECO &amp; Associates (April 2004). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20181126071157/http://www.elmed-rostov.ru/Projects/Pungwe%20CD/Reports/eng/Monograph/Monograph%20Main%20Report%20English.pdf The Pungwe River Monograph. Main Report. SWECO Project No: 1150447]'' (PDF). Government of the Republic of Mozambique; Government of the Republic of Zimbabwe; Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida). 64 pp&lt;/ref&gt;E tlhatloga kwa tlase ga thaba ya Nyangani kwa Eastern Highlands ya [[Zimbabwe]] mme e elela kwa borwabotlhaba go ralala porofense ya Manica le Sofala ya [[Mozambique|Mozambique.]] Noka ya Pungwe e tsena mo Mokgatšheng wa Urema, karolo e e kwa borwa jwa Mokgatšha wa Great Rift, koo e bopang molelwane o o kwa borwa wa Gorongosa National Park. Noka ya Urema e a e kopanya, mme noka eno e latela mokgatšha ono go ya kwa borwa. Go nna le mafelo a magolo a a bongola a a nnang gone ka paka e le nngwe go dikologa dinoka tsa Pungwe le Urema mo karolong ya mokgatšha wa mogogoro. E tshologela mo Mozambique Channel kwa Beira, e dira noka e kgolo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;Ke nngwe ya dinoka tse dikgolo tsa Mozambique mme gantsi e baka merwalela.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Dithuso ==
Dinoka tse dikgolo tse di elelang kafa molemeng, go tswa kwa godimo go ya kwa tlase, ke Nhazonia, Txatola, Vinduzi le Nhandugue-Urema. Melatswana e e kafa mojeng ke Honde le Muda.

== Mokgatsha wa Pungwe ==
Go ya ka tsamaiso, Pungwe Basin e akaretsa dikarolo tsa diporofense tsa Sofala le Manica kwa Mozambique, le karolo e kgolo ya Kgaolo ya Mutasa kwa Zimbabwe. Karolo e nnye ya lekadiba la Zimbabwe e wela mo Kgaolong ya Nyanga. Go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le boraro (2003), palo ya batho ba ba nnang mo mogorogorong wa Mozambique e fopholediwa go batho ba le 1,104,000 mme ya kwa lefatsheng la Zimbabwe e fopholediwa go batho ba le dikete tse robabongwe le borataro (96,000).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Ditsamaiso tsa go tlatsa metsi ==
Toropokgolo ya Beira kwa Mozambique e bona metsi a yone go tswa kwa Nokeng ya Pungwe. Tlhokego ya metsi ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bone (2004) go tswa kwa Beira/Dondo, e e neng e akaretsa mafelo a Mutua le Mafambisse, e ne e lekanyeditswe go nna 25,339 cubic metres (894,800 cu ft) ka letsatsi.

Toropokgolo ya Mutare e tlamelwa ke Noka ya Pungwe ka thulaganyo ya go fetisetsa metsi kwa mafelong a mangwe. Metsi a a fetisediwang kwa go one a lekanyeditswe go nna bogolo jwa 0,7 cubic metres ka motsotswana (25 cu ft/s) ke ditlamelo tsa tetla ya metsi le thulaganyo ya thulaganyo. Mo godimo ga moo, ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e le masome a mabedi le bosupa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le botlhano (1995), go ne ga dumalanwa mo kopanong ya ditona tsa lefatshe la Mozambique le tsa lefatshe la Zimbabwe tse di ikarabelelang ka merero ya metsi gore metsi a ka tsewa mo Nokeng ya Pungwe go tlamela motse wa Mutare ka metsi, ka selekanyo se se kwa godimo sa 1 cubic meter ka motsotswana (35 cubic ft/s). Ka jalo, go tsewa ga metsi a a sa fetogeng a 60,480 m3/d (2,136 thousand ft3/d) ke motse wa Mutare go ile ga tsewa jaaka tlhokego ya metsi go tswa mo nokeng ya Pungwe. Kgaolo ya Motse wa Mutasa le yona e solofetswe go gogela metsi go tswa mo phaepeng ya Pungwe go tlamela metse e e mo tseleng ya yone.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Go fopholediwa gore go fetoga ga tlelaemete go tla dira gore pula e fokotsege ka diperesente di le lesome ka ngwaga. Seno se raya gore go fokotsega ga metsi a dinoka le a a leng teng mo lekadibeng la Noka ya Pungwe, mme seno se ka nna le ditlamorago tse di masisi mo temothuong. Le fa go sa lebelelwa gore go fetofetoga ga selekanyo sa metsi a a elelang go tla fetoga thata fa ngwaga o ntse o feta, go sa lebelelwa gore go tla oketsega fa ngwaga o ntse o feta. Se se tla gakatsa merwalela le komelelo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Metswedi ==</text>
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      <text bytes="5144" sha1="59sl5288w4gd6rzbgu2yxev9lyph7o1" xml:space="preserve">[[Setshwantsho:Mwenezi River.jpg|thumb|Noka ya Mwenezi]]
'''Noka ya Mwenezi''', e kwa tshimologong e neng e itsiwe jaaka Noka ya Nuanetsi, ke nngwe ya dinoka tse dikgolo tse di tsenang mo [[Nokeng ya Limpopo]]. Noka ya Mwenezi e simologa kwa borwa jwa bogare jwa Zimbabwe mme e elela kwa borwabotlhaba go bapa le se se itsegeng jaaka Mokgatšha wa Noka ya Mwenezi o o kgaoganyang kgaolo ka dikarolo di le pedi. &lt;ref&gt;[http://eusoils.jrc.it/esdb_archive/EuDASM/Africa/images/maps/download/afr_zw3003_8to.jpg Mwenezi River &amp; tributaries in Mwenezi (District)] Archived 18 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Flora of Zimbabwe [http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=102940 &lt;nowiki&gt;[1](&lt;/nowiki&gt;]accessed 20 February 2008)&lt;/ref&gt;Noka e fitlhelwa kwa lefatsheng la Zimbabwe le lefatshe la Mozambique. Kwa lefatsheng la Zimbabwe e ne e itsege jaaka Noka ya Nuanetsi kgotsa Noka ya Nuanetzi mo nakong e e fetileng, leina le e sa ntseng e le lone kwa Mozambique.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20081120103720/http://www.undp.org.mz/en/content/download/539/2473/file/Chicualacuala.pdf Ministério da Administração Estatal 2005. Perfil do Distrito de Chicualacuala, Província de Gaza, page 2] &lt;/ref&gt;

Noka eno e elela go ralala Gonarezhou National Park fa e ya go kopana le Noka e kgolo ya Limpopo. Noka ya Mwenezi ke nngwe ya dinoka tse dikgolo tse di elelang go tswa kwa bokone go ya kwa borwa. Ga di kopane mo lefatsheng la Zimbabwe, mme di kopana mo sekgaleng sa dikilometara di le masome a mabedi  kwa tlase ga noka mo Kgaolong ya Chicualacuala, Mozambique. Fa gare ke Lefatshe la Sengwe la Bommasepala mo Kgaolong ya Chiredzi ya motsana wa Masvingo, bogolo jwa lona ke lefelo le le sephaphathi le le nang le makhubu le le bogodimo jwa dimetara di ka nna makgolo a mararo (300 (980 ft).

== Thekenoloji ya metsi ==
Go leba kwa godimo ga noka go tswa mo borogong mo tseleng e kgolo ya Masvingo - Beitbridge, gaufi le Rutenga.

Noka ya Mwenezi ke noka e e nang le phallo e e kgaoganang e e lekanyeditsweng fela mo dikgweding tse pula e nang ka tsone (kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele go ya kgwedi ya Moranang), ka bontsi jwa phallo e e begilweng magareng ga kgwedi ya Sedimonthole le kgwedi ya Tlhakole, ntle le fa e fetotswe ke ditiro tsa matamo. &lt;ref&gt;Love, D., Uhlenbrook, S., Nyabeze, W., Owen, R.J.S., Twomlow, S., Savenije, H., Woltering, L. and van der Zaag, P. 2005. Modelling of hydrological change for IWRM planning: case study of the Mzingwane River, Limpopo Basin, Zimbabwe. In: Abstract Volume, 6th WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Symposium, Ezulwini, Swaziland, November 2005, p 31.[https://web.archive.org/web/20180617084831/http://www.uniswa.sz/water2005/papers.htm &lt;nowiki&gt;[2]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;Noka e na le seabe sa 6.7% ya palogare ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya metsi a a elelang go tswa mo Limpopo Basin, e e dirang gore e nne noka ya boraro e kgolo go feta e e elelang go tswa mo Limpopo Basin.&lt;ref&gt;Görgens, A.H.M. and Boroto, R.A. 1997. Limpopo River: flow balance anomalies, surprises and implications for integrated water resources management. In: Proceedings of the 8th South African National Hydrology Symposium, Pretoria, South Africa.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwenezi_River#cite_note-7]&lt;/ref&gt;

Dinoka tsa yone tse dikgolo ke Dinhe, Manyoshi, Mtedzi, Mhondi, Makugwe, Sosonye, Sovoleli, Malole, Mwele le Mushawe.

== Ditoropo ==
Ditoropo le metse e e fa tlase e rulagantswe go tswa kwa motsweding wa noka go ya kwa molomong wa yone:

* Tirelo ya Chegato

* Motse wa Mwenezi

* Kampa ya Mabalauta, Paraka ya Bosetšhaba ya Gonarezhou

* Motse wa Malipati

== Marogo le dikgogedi ==
Go na le marogo a le manè a magolo a a kgabaganyang Noka ya Mwenezi:

* Borogo jo bo mo tseleng e kgolo ya Masvingo - Beitbridge, gaufi le Rutenga, gape e le borogo jwa seporo.

* Borogo jo bo mo tseleng ya Chegato - Mataga

* Borogo jo bo mo tseleng ya Dinhe - Neshuro

* Borogo jo bo gaufi le Malipati mo tseleng e e tswang kwa Chikombedzi

Gape go na le diforo di le mmalwa.

== Tlhabololo ==
Mo godimo ga matamo a mannye a le mmalwa, go na le letamo le le lengwe le legolo mo Nokeng ya Mwenezi: Letamo la Manyuchi kwa Mwenezi (District), le le tlamelang Rutenga ka metsi le go nosetsa mofine wa sukiri. Metsi a a ntshiwang go tswa kwa Letamong la Manyuchi a tsewa gore a dirisiwe ke badirisi bano kwa Letamong la Rinette.

Mafelo a mangwe a mabedi a matamo a lemogilwe fa gare ga letamo la Manyuchi le motse wa Mwenezi, mme ga jaana ga go a rulaganngwa gore a tla agiwa.&lt;ref&gt;Chibi, T., Kandori, C. and Makone, B.F. 2005. Mzingwane Catchment Outline Plan. Zimbabwe National Water Authority, Bulawayo [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwenezi_River#cite_note-8]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Diphologolo tsa naga ==
Noka eno e na le mefuta e e farologaneng ya diphologolo tsa naga, go akaretsa di-heron, dinonyane tsa naga le dikwena tsa Nile. Batho ba le mmalwa ba latlhegelwa ke matshelo a bone ka ntlha ya dikwena tseno, mmogo le diphologolo tse di sa balweng tsa mo gae jaaka dipodi, dinamane le diesele.&lt;ref&gt;Crocodile Attack [http://allafrica.com/stories/200704260289.html &lt;nowiki&gt;[3]&lt;/nowiki&gt;] (accessed 19 February 2008)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Metswedi ==</text>
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    <title>Letsha la Chala</title>
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      <comment>#AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA  Letsha la Chala</comment>
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'''Letsha la Chala''', gape le itsege jaaka [[Letsha la Challa]], ke [[letsha la crater]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230422024256/https://www.go2africa.com/destinations/tanzania/why-go &quot;Tanzania » Places Of Interest » Lake Chala&quot;.] ''go2africa.com''. Archived from [http://www.go2africa.com/tanzania/lake-chala the original] on 22 April 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; le le mo molelwaneng wa [[Kenya]] le [[Tanzania]]. Letsha leno le ne la bopiwa dingwaga di ka nna 250 000 tse di fetileng. &lt;ref&gt;Jorunn Dieleman; Moritz Muschick; Wanja Dorothy Nyingi; Dirk Verschuren (4 April 2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20180627173649/http://www.aqua.iee.unibe.ch/unibe/portal/fak_naturwis/d_dbio/b_ioekev/abt_ae/content/e60752/e339757/e376721/files681202/Dieleman_Muschicketal.2018_Hydrobio_LakeChala_eng.pdf &quot;Species integrity and origin of ''Oreochromis hunteri'' (Pisces: Cichlidae), endemic to crater Lake Chala (Tanzania-Kenya)&quot;] (PDF). [[:en:Hydrobiologia|''Hydrobiologia''.]] Advances in Cichlid Research III. '''832''': 12. doi:[[doi:10.1007/s10750-018-3570-7|10.1007/s10750-018-3570-7.]] S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4591524 4591524]. Archived from [http://www.aqua.iee.unibe.ch/unibe/portal/fak_naturwis/d_dbio/b_ioekev/abt_ae/content/e60752/e339757/e376721/files681202/Dieleman_Muschicketal.2018_Hydrobio_LakeChala_eng.pdf the original] (PDF) on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Letsha le kwa botlhaba jwa [[Mount Kilimanjaro]], dikilometara di robabobedi (5.0 mi) bokone jwa [[Taveta]], [[Kenya]], le  dikilometara di le masome a matlhano le botlhano (34 mi) botlhaba jwa [[Kgaolo ya Rombo]]. Letsha leno le dikologilwe ke lekgwamolelo le le tsholetsegileng le le nang le bogodimo jwa dikilometara di le lekgolo le masome a supa(560 ft).&lt;ref&gt;Christian Wolff; Iris Kristen-Jenny; Georg Schettler; Birgit Plessen; Hanno Meyer; Peter Dulski; Rudolf Naumann; Achim Brauer; Dirk Verschuren; Gerald H. Haug (2014). [https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/36193/1/Wolff_LO_2014.pdf &quot;Modern seasonality in Lake Challa (Kenya/Tanzania) and its sedimentary documentation in recent lake sediments&quot;] (PDF). [[:en:Limnology_and_Oceanography|''Limnology and Oceanography''.]] '''59''' (5): 1621. doi:[[doi:10.4319/lo.2014.59.5.1621|10.4319/lo.2014.59.5.1621.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Palogare ya pula e e nang ngwaga le ngwaga ya Letsha la Chala ke 565 mm. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;J. Moemaut; D. Verschuren; F. Charlet; I. Kristen; M. Fagot; M. De Batist (13 January 2010). &quot;[http://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/ocrd/229981.pdf The seismic-stratigraphic record of lake-level fluctuations in Lake Challa: Hydrological stability and change in equatorial East Africa over the last 140 kyr&quot;] (PDF). [[:en:Earth_and_Planetary_Science_Letters|''Earth and Planetary Science Letters''.]] '''290''' (1–2): 214–223. doi:[[doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.12.023|10.1016/j.epsl.2009.12.023.]] Retrieved 27 June 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;: 215 Bogodimo jwa letsha bo na le palogare ya mowafalo wa ngwaga le ngwaga wa dimilimetara di le sekete,makgolo a supa la masome a mararo le botlhano (68.3 in).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;L. K. Buckles; D. Verschuren; J. W. H. Weijers; C. Cocquyt; M. Blaauw; J. S. S. Damste (2016). [https://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/files/43901012/lake.pdf &quot;Interannual and (multi-)decadal variability in the sedimentary BIT index of Lake Challa, East Africa, over the past 2200 years: assessment of the precipitation proxy&quot;] (PDF). [[:en:Climate_of_the_Past|''Climate of the Past''.]] '''12''' (5): 1244. doi:[[doi:10.5194/cp-12-1243-2016|10.5194/cp-12-1243-2016]]. Retrieved 27 June 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;Go fopholediwa gore diperesente di le masome a marataro  tsa metsi a a tsenang mo letsheng leno a tswa mo metsing a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe, a bontsi jwa one a tswang mo dipula tse di nang mo sekgweng sa dithaba sa Thaba ya Kilimanjaro e e bogodimo jwa dimetara di le sekete le makgolo a robabobedi go ya ko diketeng tse pedi le makgolo a robabobedi . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;Go tsaya dikgwedi di ka nna tharo gore metsi a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe a fitlhe kwa letsheng. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;: 221 Metsi a a kwa tlase ga lefatshe a ne a elela mo letsheng ka selekanyo sa ngwaga le ngwaga sa 8,390,000 cubic metres (296,000,000 cu ft) go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bone  go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bosupa  .&lt;ref&gt;B. R. Payne (1982). [https://web.archive.org/web/20180625161058/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0eb4/3f2932b390a81d7a1e15ae178f59dabd2520.pdf &quot;Radioisotopes for the Estimation of the Water Balance of Lakes and Reservoirs&quot;] (PDF). ''Tracer Methods in Isotope Hydrology''. [[:en:International_Atomic_Energy_Agency|International Atomic Energy Agency:]] 161. Archived from [https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0eb4/3f2932b390a81d7a1e15ae178f59dabd2520.pdf the original] (PDF) on 25 June 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tikologo ==
Tlhapi e le nngwe fela e e fitlhelwang mo letsheng leno ke tilapia ya letsha la Chala (Oreochromis hunteri), e e sa bonweng gope go sele mo lefatsheng.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fishbase.org/summary/speciessummary.php?id=2032 &quot;''Oreochromis hunteri''&quot;.] ''fishbase.org''. Retrieved 25 June 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dieleman, J.; M. Muschick; W.D. Nyingi; D. Verschuren (2019). [https://boris.unibe.ch/116496/ &quot;Species integrity and origin of Oreochromis hunteri (Pisces: Cichlidae), endemic to crater Lake Chala (Kenya–Tanzania)&quot;]. ''Hydrobiologia''. '''832''' (1): 269–282. doi:[[doi:10.1007/s10750-018-3570-7|10.1007/s10750-018-3570-7.]] S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4591524 4591524.]&lt;/ref&gt;E tsewa e le mo kotsing ya go nyelela ke IUCN, &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/60634/0 &quot;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Oreochromis hunteri&quot;.] International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2006. Retrieved 25 June 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; mme jaanong e feta ka palo ya mefuta e mengwe ya tilapia e e tlisitsweng kwa Letsheng la Chala. &lt;ref&gt;Moser, F.N.; J.C. van Rijssel; B. Ngatunga; S. Mwaiko; O. Seehausen (2019). [https://boris.unibe.ch/120465/7/Moser%20et%20al.%202018%20Hydrobiologia%20Lake%20Chala_accepted%20version.pdf &quot;The origin and future of an endangered crater lake endemic; phylogeography and ecology of Oreochromis hunteri and its invasive relatives&quot;] (PDF). ''Hydrobiologia''. '''832''' (1): 283–296. doi:[[doi:10.1007/s10750-018-3780-z|10.1007/s10750-018-3780-z.]] S2CID 52944759.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Volkman, John K.; Smittenberg, Rienk H. (2017), &quot;Lipid Biomarkers as Organic Geochemical Proxies for the Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction of Estuarine Environments&quot;, ''Applications of Paleoenvironmental Techniques in Estuarine Studies'', Springer Netherlands, pp. 173–212, doi:[[10.1007/978-94-024-0990-1_8]], ISBN 978-94-024-0988-8&lt;/ref&gt;

Mosadi wa dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi wa kwa Boritane o ne a bolawa ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bobedi  ke kwena e nnye ya Nile fa a ne a thuma bosigo mo letsheng. Malatsi a le mmalwa morago ga moo, ba Sepodisi sa Kenya ba ne ba re letsha le &quot;tletse&quot; ka dikwena, fa ba Kenya Wildlife Service ba ne ba re, &quot;Dikwena di fitlhelwa mo Letsha la Chala mme ga go a sireletsega go thuma gotlhelele&quot;

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'''Letsha la Chala''', gape le itsege jaaka [[Letsha la Challa]], ke [[letsha la crater]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230422024256/https://www.go2africa.com/destinations/tanzania/why-go &quot;Tanzania » Places Of Interest » Lake Chala&quot;.] ''go2africa.com''. Archived from [http://www.go2africa.com/tanzania/lake-chala the original] on 22 April 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; le le mo molelwaneng wa [[Kenya]] le [[Tanzania]]. Letsha leno le ne la bopiwa dingwaga di ka nna 250 000 tse di fetileng. &lt;ref&gt;Jorunn Dieleman; Moritz Muschick; Wanja Dorothy Nyingi; Dirk Verschuren (4 April 2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20180627173649/http://www.aqua.iee.unibe.ch/unibe/portal/fak_naturwis/d_dbio/b_ioekev/abt_ae/content/e60752/e339757/e376721/files681202/Dieleman_Muschicketal.2018_Hydrobio_LakeChala_eng.pdf &quot;Species integrity and origin of ''Oreochromis hunteri'' (Pisces: Cichlidae), endemic to crater Lake Chala (Tanzania-Kenya)&quot;] (PDF). [[:en:Hydrobiologia|''Hydrobiologia''.]] Advances in Cichlid Research III. '''832''': 12. doi:[[doi:10.1007/s10750-018-3570-7|10.1007/s10750-018-3570-7.]] S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4591524 4591524]. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20180627173649/http://www.aqua.iee.unibe.ch/unibe/portal/fak_naturwis/d_dbio/b_ioekev/abt_ae/content/e60752/e339757/e376721/files681202/Dieleman_Muschicketal.2018_Hydrobio_LakeChala_eng.pdf the original] (PDF) on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Letsha le kwa botlhaba jwa [[Mount Kilimanjaro]], dikilometara di robabobedi (5.0 mi) bokone jwa [[Taveta]], [[Kenya]], le  dikilometara di le masome a matlhano le botlhano (34 mi) botlhaba jwa [[Kgaolo ya Rombo]]. Letsha leno le dikologilwe ke lekgwamolelo le le tsholetsegileng le le nang le bogodimo jwa dikilometara di le lekgolo le masome a supa(560 ft).&lt;ref&gt;Christian Wolff; Iris Kristen-Jenny; Georg Schettler; Birgit Plessen; Hanno Meyer; Peter Dulski; Rudolf Naumann; Achim Brauer; Dirk Verschuren; Gerald H. Haug (2014). [https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/36193/1/Wolff_LO_2014.pdf &quot;Modern seasonality in Lake Challa (Kenya/Tanzania) and its sedimentary documentation in recent lake sediments&quot;] (PDF). [[:en:Limnology_and_Oceanography|''Limnology and Oceanography''.]] '''59''' (5): 1621. doi:[[doi:10.4319/lo.2014.59.5.1621|10.4319/lo.2014.59.5.1621.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Palogare ya pula e e nang ngwaga le ngwaga ya Letsha la Chala ke 565 mm. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;J. Moemaut; D. Verschuren; F. Charlet; I. Kristen; M. Fagot; M. De Batist (13 January 2010). &quot;[http://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/ocrd/229981.pdf The seismic-stratigraphic record of lake-level fluctuations in Lake Challa: Hydrological stability and change in equatorial East Africa over the last 140 kyr&quot;] (PDF). [[:en:Earth_and_Planetary_Science_Letters|''Earth and Planetary Science Letters''.]] '''290''' (1–2): 214–223. doi:[[doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.12.023|10.1016/j.epsl.2009.12.023.]] Retrieved 27 June 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;: 215 Bogodimo jwa letsha bo na le palogare ya mowafalo wa ngwaga le ngwaga wa dimilimetara di le sekete,makgolo a supa la masome a mararo le botlhano (68.3 in).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;L. K. Buckles; D. Verschuren; J. W. H. Weijers; C. Cocquyt; M. Blaauw; J. S. S. Damste (2016). [https://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/files/43901012/lake.pdf &quot;Interannual and (multi-)decadal variability in the sedimentary BIT index of Lake Challa, East Africa, over the past 2200 years: assessment of the precipitation proxy&quot;] (PDF). [[:en:Climate_of_the_Past|''Climate of the Past''.]] '''12''' (5): 1244. doi:[[doi:10.5194/cp-12-1243-2016|10.5194/cp-12-1243-2016]]. Retrieved 27 June 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;Go fopholediwa gore diperesente di le masome a marataro  tsa metsi a a tsenang mo letsheng leno a tswa mo metsing a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe, a bontsi jwa one a tswang mo dipula tse di nang mo sekgweng sa dithaba sa Thaba ya Kilimanjaro e e bogodimo jwa dimetara di le sekete le makgolo a robabobedi go ya ko diketeng tse pedi le makgolo a robabobedi . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;Go tsaya dikgwedi di ka nna tharo gore metsi a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe a fitlhe kwa letsheng. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;: 221 Metsi a a kwa tlase ga lefatshe a ne a elela mo letsheng ka selekanyo sa ngwaga le ngwaga sa 8,390,000 cubic metres (296,000,000 cu ft) go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bone  go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bosupa  .&lt;ref&gt;B. R. Payne (1982). [https://web.archive.org/web/20180625161058/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0eb4/3f2932b390a81d7a1e15ae178f59dabd2520.pdf &quot;Radioisotopes for the Estimation of the Water Balance of Lakes and Reservoirs&quot;] (PDF). ''Tracer Methods in Isotope Hydrology''. [[:en:International_Atomic_Energy_Agency|International Atomic Energy Agency:]] 161. Archived from [https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0eb4/3f2932b390a81d7a1e15ae178f59dabd2520.pdf the original] (PDF) on 25 June 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tikologo ==
Tlhapi e le nngwe fela e e fitlhelwang mo letsheng leno ke tilapia ya letsha la Chala (Oreochromis hunteri), e e sa bonweng gope go sele mo lefatsheng.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fishbase.org/summary/speciessummary.php?id=2032 &quot;''Oreochromis hunteri''&quot;.] ''fishbase.org''. Retrieved 25 June 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dieleman, J.; M. Muschick; W.D. Nyingi; D. Verschuren (2019). [https://boris.unibe.ch/116496/ &quot;Species integrity and origin of Oreochromis hunteri (Pisces: Cichlidae), endemic to crater Lake Chala (Kenya–Tanzania)&quot;]. ''Hydrobiologia''. '''832''' (1): 269–282. doi:[[doi:10.1007/s10750-018-3570-7|10.1007/s10750-018-3570-7.]] S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4591524 4591524.]&lt;/ref&gt;E tsewa e le mo kotsing ya go nyelela ke IUCN, &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/60634/0 &quot;The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Oreochromis hunteri&quot;.] International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2006. Retrieved 25 June 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; mme jaanong e feta ka palo ya mefuta e mengwe ya tilapia e e tlisitsweng kwa Letsheng la Chala. &lt;ref&gt;Moser, F.N.; J.C. van Rijssel; B. Ngatunga; S. Mwaiko; O. Seehausen (2019). [https://boris.unibe.ch/120465/7/Moser%20et%20al.%202018%20Hydrobiologia%20Lake%20Chala_accepted%20version.pdf &quot;The origin and future of an endangered crater lake endemic; phylogeography and ecology of Oreochromis hunteri and its invasive relatives&quot;] (PDF). ''Hydrobiologia''. '''832''' (1): 283–296. doi:[[doi:10.1007/s10750-018-3780-z|10.1007/s10750-018-3780-z.]] S2CID 52944759.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Volkman, John K.; Smittenberg, Rienk H. (2017), &quot;Lipid Biomarkers as Organic Geochemical Proxies for the Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction of Estuarine Environments&quot;, ''Applications of Paleoenvironmental Techniques in Estuarine Studies'', Springer Netherlands, pp. 173–212, doi:[[10.1007/978-94-024-0990-1_8]], ISBN 978-94-024-0988-8&lt;/ref&gt;

Mosadi wa dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi wa kwa Boritane o ne a bolawa ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bobedi  ke kwena e nnye ya Nile fa a ne a thuma bosigo mo letsheng. Malatsi a le mmalwa morago ga moo, ba Sepodisi sa Kenya ba ne ba re letsha le &quot;tletse&quot; ka dikwena, fa ba Kenya Wildlife Service ba ne ba re, &quot;Dikwena di fitlhelwa mo Letsha la Chala mme ga go a sireletsega go thuma gotlhelele&quot;

== Metswedi ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Letsha la Duluti</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>MmaBaggio</username>
        <id>11091</id>
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      <comment>#AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA  Letsha la Duluti</comment>
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'''Letsha la Duluti''' ke letsha la lekgwamolelo le le kwa kgaolong&lt;ref&gt;[https://arusha.go.tz/ &quot;Arusha Region&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; ya [[Arusha]] kwa [[Tanzania]], kwa ntlheng ya botlhaba ya lekala la botlhaba la [[Great Rift Valley.]] E kwa Kgaolong ya Meru gaufi le toropo ya Tengeru mme e dikilometara di le 14 (8.7 mi) go tswa mo bogareng jwa toropo ya Arusha le dikilometara di le 1.31 (0.81 mi) go tswa mo tseleng ya Arusha-Moshi.

Letsha la Duluti le bogolo jwa diheketara di le  masome a marataro le boraro mme sekgwa sa Duluti Forestry Reserve se bogolo jwa diheketara di le lesome le borobabongwe. Karolo e e boteng ya letsha, e e mo bogareng jwa lone, e boteng jwa dimetara di ka nna borobabongwe; dikarolo tse di seng boteng di mo lotshitshing lwa letsha, koo boteng bo farologanang go tswa ntlheng e nngwe go ya go e nngwe. Tsela e e tswang mo tseleng ya Arusha-Moshi e isa kwa resetšhurenteng e e mo lotshitshing lo lo kwa bokone lwa letsha, koo diketswana di ka hirisiwang gone. &lt;ref&gt;[https://lost-inafrica.blogspot.de/2012/04/lake-duluti-forest-reserve-19-63.html &quot;lake duluti&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;

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  <page>
    <title>Letsha la Ndutu</title>
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      <comment>#AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA  Letsha la Ndutu</comment>
      <origin>51217</origin>
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'''Letsha la Ndutu,''' le gape le bidiwang '''[[Letsha la Lagarja]]''', &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Caro, Timothy M. (1994). ''Cheetahs of the Serengeti Plains: group living in an asocial species''. Wildlife behavior and ecology. Chicago ; London: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-226-09434-2|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-226-09434-2&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;ke letsha le le nnye, la setlha sa selemo le le kwa borwa jwa Serengeti kwa bokone jwa Tanzania. E gaufi le Letsha la Masek e bile e gaufi le [[Olduvai Gorge]]. E dikologilwe ke dipoa le dikgwa. Ke lefelo le le botlhokwa le diphologolo tse di fudugang tse di jaaka di-gnu le [[di-zebra]] di phuthegelang mo go lone, e bile ke lefelo le di tsalelang mo go lone.

Fa go ne go epololwa mo letsheng leno ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le boraro , go ne ga ribololwa lerapo la tlhogo ya ga Ndutu, e leng lerapo la tlhogo le le sa felelang la motho wa bogologolo.

== Tlhaloso ==
Letsha la Ndutu le kwa borwa jwa Serengeti kwa bokone jwa Tanzania. E gaufi le kwa ntlheng ya bophirima ya Main Gorge kwa [[Olduvai.]] &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Rightmire, G. Philip (June 1983). [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.1330610214 &quot;The Lake Ndutu cranium and early Homo Sapiens in Africa&quot;.] ''American Journal of Physical Anthropology''. '''61''' (2): 245–254. doi:[[doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330610214|10.1002/ajpa.1330610214]]. ISSN 0002-9483. Archived from the original on 1 February 2025. Retrieved 19 June 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;: 245 E bapile fela le Letsha la Masek go ya kwa borwabotlhaba. Bobedi jwa tsone ke matsha a mannye a soda. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Capaldo, Salvatore D.; Peters, Charles R. (May 1995). [https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0305440385700398 &quot;Skeletal Inventories from Wildebeest Drownings at Lakes Masek and Ndutu in the Serengeti Ecosystem of Tanzania&quot;]. ''Journal of Archaeological Science''. '''22''' (3): 385–408. doi:[[doi:10.1006/jasc.1995.0039|10.1006/jasc.1995.0039.]]&lt;/ref&gt;: 388 Letsha la Ndutu le dikologilwe ke dipoa tsa bojang jo bo khutshwane le dikgwa tsa Ndutu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ngorongorocrater.org/ndutu.html &quot;Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority :: What to See - Lake Ndutu&quot;]. ''www.ngorongorocrater.org''. Retrieved 19 June 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

Letsha la Ndutu ke la setlha;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 245 metsi a lone a a fetofetoga thata, mme ka dinako tse dingwe letsha le a omelela gotlhelele. E boela morago go ya kwa borwa le kwa botlhaba ka paka ya komelelo, e dira gore go nne le mafelo a a tletseng seretse.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Mturi, A. A. (August 1976). [https://www.nature.com/articles/262484a0 &quot;New hominid from Lake Ndutu, Tanzania&quot;]. ''Nature''. '''262''' (5568): 484–485. doi[[doi:10.1038/262484a0|:10.1038/262484a0.]] ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836 0028-0836.]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;: 388 E gaufi le tlhogo ya thulaganyo ya kgelelo ya metsi e e fepang Main Gorge kwa Olduvai mme e tshologela mo Olbalbal Depression. Kwa ntlheng ya thulaganyo ya go kgelela metsi go na le mafelo a mannye a a seng boteng a a nang le metsi. Mo dingwageng tse di nang le pula e ntsi, e fepiwa ke melatswana e e tswang mo dipoeng tse di e dikologileng mme e golaganngwa le Letsha la Masek. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;: 388 Matsha ano a mabedi a fepa Noka ya Oldupai e e sa nneng lobaka lo loleele.&lt;ref&gt;Scoon, Roger N. (2018). ''[http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-73785-0 Geology of National Parks of Central/Southern Kenya and Northern Tanzania]''. Cham: Springer International Publishing. doi:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73785-0|10.1007/978-3-319-73785-0]]. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-319-73784-3|978-3-319-73784-3]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; 117

== Tikologo ==
Dikgwa tse di e dikologileng di na le mefuta ya Acacia, Commiphora, le Balanites. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; 388

Matsha a Ndutu le Masek a gaufi le ditsela tse dikgolo tsa go fuduga ga dikgokong mo teng le go dikologa Serengeti, mme ke mangwe a mafelo a a nang le batho ba le bantsi thata. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;: 386 Lefelo le le dikologileng matsha ano ke lefelo la go beela dikgong le dipitse tsa naga, tse di kgobokanang fa gare ga Pherekgong le Mopitlwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;[https://www.serengeti-national-park.com/destinations/ndutu &quot;Ndutu&quot;.] ''www.serengeti-national-park.com''. Retrieved 19 June 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Di-wildbeest di fudugela kwa dipoeng tse di kwa borwa jwa Letsha la Ndutu go tloga ka Sedimonthole go ya Motsheganong.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;: 23 Fa metsi a letšha a le kwa godimo, di-gnu di tshwanetse go thuma gore di kgone go kgabaganya, mme seno se dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba kgamiwe. Diketekete tsa di-gnu di ka swa mo ditiragalong tse, le fa gone go kgangwa ke metsi e le selo se sennye se se bakang dintsho tsa di-gnu. &lt;ref&gt;Sinclair, Anthony R. E.; Norton-Griffiths, Mike, eds. (1984). ''Serengeti: Dynamics of an ecosystem''. Chicago London: Univ.Pr. ISBN 978-0-226-76029-2&lt;/ref&gt;: 96 Matsha a a tshegetsa gape di-hyena tse di nang le mabala, di-cheetah, mangau le ditau, tse di jang diphologolo tse di fudugang.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;Di-jackal tse di nang le mokwatla o montsho di nna mo sekgweng.[ 9]

== Dilo tse di bonweng ke baithutamarope ==
Lerapo la tlhogo la ga Ndutu le ne la bonwa kwa Letsheng la Ndutu ke moithutamarope wa kwa Tanzania Amini Aza Mturi go tswa mo go epeng ka kgwedi ya Lwetse go ya ko go Phalane  ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le boraro. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Lerapo la tlhogo ya motho  -  le go sa dumalanweng gore ke la mofuta ofe[10][11]  ⁇  go fopholediwa gore le na le dingwaga di le 500,000 go ya go 600,000. Go ne ga epololwa gape le dilo tse di neng di dirisiwa go aga logata, go akaretsa le didirisiwa di le masome a mabedi tse di lemogilweng, tse bontsi jwa tsone e neng e le maje a go betla ka ditshipi. 

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    <title>Noka ya Dande</title>
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      <comment>#AWC  2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE  RANOTSE TSEBE YA  NOKA YA DANDE</comment>
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'''Noka ya Dande''' ke noka e e kwa bokone jwa lefatshe la Angola e e simololang kwa Dithabeng tsa Crystal. Molomo wa yone o mo Lewatleng la Atlantic kwa Barra do Dande mo motsaneng wa Bengo. Gape e elela go ralala toropo ya Caxito, le motsana wa  ya Uige. Noka eno e boleele jwa dikilometara di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a robabobedi le botlhano . Karolo e e kwa tlase ya noka ke lebala le le nang le dinoka tse dinnye tse di akaretsang Dinoka tsa Sungue, Ibendua le Morima.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/t0473e/t0473e01.htm Source book for the inland fishery resources of Africa...,] FAO&lt;/ref&gt;

Letamo la Mabubas la 18MW mo nokeng ya Dande ke motswedi o mogolo wa motlakase kwa Bokone jwa lefatshe la Angola.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=T4vvzrSluC8C&amp;dq=Cuanza+Norte+%22dande%22&amp;pg=PA112 Angola,] ebizguides, MTH Multimedia S.L., May 1, 2008&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[http://allafrica.com/stories/201205150282.html Angola: Minister Considers Mabubas Dam a Gain], Angola Press Agency, 14 MAY 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

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    <title>Letsha la Manyara</title>
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      <comment>#AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA  Letsha la Manyara</comment>
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      <text bytes="6218" sha1="6wnrzc4k5bxsc9ly7pruoezhs1uyfho" xml:space="preserve">[[Setshwantsho:Overlook of Lake Manyara National Park.JPG|thumb|Letsha la Manyara]]
'''Letsha la Manyara''' le le itsegeng gape jaaka Letsha la Moya mo bathong ba Iraqw ke letsha le le kwa Kgaolong ya Monduli ya [[Kgaolo ya Arusha]], [[Tanzania]] mme ke letsha la bosupa le legolo go gaisa kwa Tanzania ka bogolo, ka 470-square-kilometre (180 sq mi).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://www.fao.org/docrep/005/t0473e/T0473E09.htm &quot;Source book for the inland fisheries of Africa vol. 1&quot;.] FAO.&lt;/ref&gt;Ke letsha le le seng boteng, le le nang le alkaline mo lekaleng la Natron-Manyara-Balangida la East African Rift.&lt;ref&gt;Foster, A. and C. Ebinger and E. Mbede and D. Rex (August 1997). &quot;Tectonic development of the northern Tanzanian sector of the East African Rift System&quot;. ''Journal of the Geological Society''. '''154''' (4): 689–700. doi:[[doi:10.1144/gsjgs.154.4.0689|10.1144/gsjgs.154.4.0689.]] S2CID [[128697181.https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128697181|128697181.]]&lt;/ref&gt; Karolo ya bokone bophirima ya letsha (e e ka nnang 200 sq, km.) &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220127152350/https://tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/manyara-national-park &quot;Lake Manyara National Park — - Tanzania Tourism&quot;.] Archived from [https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/manyara-national-park the original] on 2022-01-27. Retrieved 2019-04-24.&lt;/ref&gt; e akareditswe mo Lake Manyara National Park mme ke karolo ya Lake Manyara Biosphere Reserve, e e tlhomilweng ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le motso  ke UNESCO jaaka karolo ya Man and the Biosphere Programme ya yone. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lake Manyara&quot;. UNESCO. Retrieved 16 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Go na le ditlhaloso tse di farologaneng tsa gore Letsha la Manyara le teeletswe jang. Leina Manyara le ka tswa le tswa mo lefokong la Se-Masai e leng &quot;emanyara&quot;, e leng lefelo le le dikologilweng ke ditlhatshana le le sireletsang mo legaeng la lelapa (boma). Go ka nna ga diragala gore lekgwamolelo le le bogodimo jwa dimetara di le  makgolo a marataro le kgabaganya letsha, jaaka lefelo le le dikologileng Maasai boma.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tanzania.eu/showpage-tanzania-lake_manyara_national_park.html &quot;Tanzania, Lake Manyara National Park&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; Kakanyo e nngwe ke gore morafe wa Mbugwe, o o nnang mo kgaolong ya Letsha la Manyara, o ka tswa o file letsha leina la lone le le theilweng mo lefokong la Mbugwe manyero, le le rayang mosima kgotsa lefelo le diphologolo di nwang metsi mo go lone. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.jamiiforums.com/threads/maana-ya-manyara.60552/ &quot;Maana ya Manyara&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hydrology le basin ==
Letsha la Manyara le na le kgaolo e e nang le metsi e e ka nnang 18,372 km2 e e botelele jwa magareng ga dimetara di le makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le borobabobedi le dimetara di le dikete tse tharo,makgolo a marataro le masome a mararo le boraro kwa godimo ga lewatle. Letsha leno le mo lekadibeng le le tswaletsweng le le se nang metsi a a elelang kwa ntle, mme metsi a tswa fela ka go elela. E fepiwa ke metswedi ya ka fa tlase ga lefatshe, fela bontsi jwa metsi a a elelang a tswa mo metsing a pula a a fepiwang ke dinoka tse di sa feleng le tse di sa feleng tse di nosetsang metsi a a dikologileng. Boteng jwa letsha le lefelo le le le apesitseng le fetofetoga thata. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Deus, Dorothea; Richard Gloaguen and Peter Krause (2013). [[doi:10.3390/rs5041651|&quot;Water Balance Modeling in a Semi-Arid Environment with Limited in situ Data Using Remote Sensing in Lake Manyara, East African Rift, Tanzania&quot;.]] ''Remote Sensing''. '''5''' (4): 1651–1680. Bibcode:2013RemS....5.1651D. doi:10.3390/rs5041651&lt;/ref&gt;Ka nako e e kwa godimo ya dipula, letsha le bophara jwa dikilometara di le masome a mane  ka 15 km ka boteng jo bo kwa godimo jwa 3.7 m.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome , patlisiso ya bathymetry e bontshitse gore letsha le na le boteng jwa 0.81 m, le boteng jo bo kwa godimo jwa 1.18 m. Mo dinakong tse di omileng thata, boalo jwa letsha bo a fokotsega fa metsi a mowafala mme ka dinako tse dingwe letsha le a omelela gotlhelele. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Letsha la Manyara ke letsha la soda kgotsa alkaline le le nang le pH e e gaufi le 9.5,[8] mme gape le na le letswai le le ntsi le le tlhakatlhakaneng. Metsi a nna letswai thata mo setlheng sa komelelo jaaka metsi a mowafala le letswai le kgobokana. 9] Ka nako ya komelelo, mafelo a magolo a a tletseng seretse a bonala go bapa le lotshitshi lwa lewatle.[ 8] Mafelo ano a a nang le alkaline a tlhoga mo mafulong, a ngoka diphologolo tse di fulang, go akaretsa metlhape e megolo ya dinare, dikgono le dipitse tsa naga. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Karolo e e kwa bophirima ya letsha e dikologilwe ke lekgwamolelo le le motsu, kwa bokone ke dithaba tsa Ngorongoro, fa kwa botlhaba le kwa borwabotlhaba e le lebala le le makhubu le le nang le dithaba tse di itlhaotseng tsa lekgwamolelo le le dirang peneplain. Metswedi e le mmalwa, melatswana, mafelo a a bongola le matsha a mannye, a a sa feleng le a a nnang teng ka dinako tse dingwe, a elela mo letsheng leno. Mo lotshitshing lwa letsha leno le le letswai go na le toropo ya Mto wa Mbu kwa ntlheng ya yone e e kwa bokone e e nang le temo ya go nosetsa. Kwa ntlheng ya yone ya bophirima go na le sekgwa sa metsi a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe se se fa gare ga lotshitshi lwa letsha le lekgwamolelo la lekgwamolelo mme se apesitswe thata ke Phaka ya Bosetšhaba go fitlha kwa sekgweng sa Marang'. Mo molapong o o kwa borwa jwa letsha leno, go dirisiwa dipoa tse ditona tsa dinoka go nosetsa temothuo. Dithaba tse di metsi le tse di ungwang thata go ralala kgaolo yotlhe di dirisetswa temothuo ya pula ke merafe e e farologaneng go ikaegile ka go fuduga ga hisetori le mekgwa ya go nna gape. Dithaba tse di omileng le tse di sa tlhomamang di dirisediwa go fudisa leruo ke badisa (bontsi jwa bone e le Ba-Maasai). Kwa borwabotlhaba jwa LM go na le serapa se sengwe se segolo le se se itsegeng thata sa setšhaba (Tarangire). Mo godimo ga moo, go na le mafelo a le mantsi a a sireleditsweng a diphologolo tsa naga, mafelo a tshireletso, mafelo a dikgwa, mafelo a go laolwang diphologolo tsa naga le metsana e le mentsi le mafaratlhatlha a bojanala (ditsela, matlwana le dikampa tsa ditente).

== Metswedi ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Noka ya Bengo</title>
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      <comment>#AWC  2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE  RANOTSE TSEBE YA  NOKA YA BENGO</comment>
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      <text bytes="3277" sha1="nxj1jh7ims3nf9ykf1ldgshf2ggyqti" xml:space="preserve">'''Noka ya Bengo''' (kgotsa Zenza) ke noka e e kwa bokone jwa  lefatshe la  [[Angola]] e e simololang kwa Dithabeng tsa Crystal. Molomo wa yone o kwa Lewatleng la Atlantic dikilometara tse masome a mabedi  kwa bokone jwa Luanda kwa motsana wa  Bengo. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/t0473e/t0473e01.htm Source book for the inland fishery resources of Africa...], FAO&lt;/ref&gt;Noka eno e boleele jwa dikilometara di le makgolo a mararo  mme e na le metsi a a elelang a a ka nnang dikilometara di le dikete tsa supa le makgolo a mararo le masome a supa . Go na le letamo le legolo le le bidiwang Kiminha mo nokeng ya Bengo. Go na le matsha a le mmalwa a mannye mo dikilometara di le 90 (56 mi) kwa tlase ga noka e e nang le merwalela e e akaretsang Matsha a Panguila, Quilunda le Lalama. Metsi a noka ya Bengo ke motswedi o mogolo wa dikuno tsa temothuo tsa kwa Luanda.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-adv/specialsales/spotlight/angola/article16.html The Province Of Bengo: Manna from Muxima], ''Washington Pos''&lt;/ref&gt; Metsi a a nowang a noka ya Bengo a ne a isiwa kwa Luanda ka mekoro pele ga go agiwa mosele wa metsi ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe (1889). &lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=IMwNAAAAQAAJ&amp;dq=bengo+river+angola&amp;pg=PA15 Angola and the River Congo, Volume 2], Joachim John Monteiro, Macmillan and Company, 1875, p. 15-19&lt;/ref&gt;Diteraka di isa bontsi jwa metsi a segompieno a toropo, a a rwelweng ke dipompo mo nokeng.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/16/world/africa/16cholera.html?pagewanted=all&amp;_r=0 In Oil-Rich Angola, Cholera Preys Upon Poorest], SHARON LaFRANIERE, ''New York Times'', June 16, 2006&lt;/ref&gt;

Di-mangrove di gola mo molomong wa noka, gaufi le molelwane wa tsone wa borwa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=wzSCkulW9SQC&amp;dq=zenza+river+angola&amp;pg=PA241 ''World Atlas of Mangroves'',] Mark Spalding, Mami Kainuma and Lorna Collins, Earthscan, 2010, p 241.&lt;/ref&gt; Dinonyane tsa naga tse di neng di le mo nokeng eno e ne e le dikwena, manatee, matata le ditlhapi. Indaseteri e le nngwe fela ya temothuo ya metsi mo Angola ke polase ya tilapia mo nokeng ya Bengo kwa Kifangondo mo porofenseng ya Luanda.&lt;ref&gt;[http://omap.africanmarineatlas.org/BIOSPHERE/data/fishes/fisheries/CountryCatches/Fishery%20Country%20Profiles/FAO%20Fishery%20Country%20Profile%20-%20Angola.htm Fishery Country Data: Angola] Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation&lt;/ref&gt;

Noka eno e ile ya nna lefelo la dintwa di le mmalwa. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a marataro le masome a mane le bongwe (1641) Bapotokisi ba ne ba boela teng fa Ba-Dutch ba ne ba gapa Luanda. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a supa le boraro (1873) Dembos ba ba neng ba nna magareng ga dinoka tsa Bengo le Dande ba ne ba etelela pele go tsogologela Bapotokisi.&lt;ref&gt;''[https://books.google.com/books?id=BKKf4PYI-IIC&amp;dq=zenza+river+angola&amp;pg=PA312 The Creole Elite and the Rise of Angolan Protonationalism: 1870-1920]'', Jacopo Corrado, Cambria Press, 2008, p. 35.&lt;/ref&gt;Ntwa ya Quifangondo ka ngwaga wa sekete , makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le botlhano (1975) e ne e le ntlha ya botlhokwa mo Ntweng ya Boipuso ka lefatsheng la  Angola.

== Metswedi ==</text>
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      <text bytes="3320" sha1="0zz5cisi7ic0my5gre1v220goz9rulr" xml:space="preserve">'''Noka ya Bengo''' (kgotsa Zenza) ke noka e e kwa bokone jwa  lefatshe la  [[Angola]] e e simololang kwa Dithabeng tsa Crystal. Molomo wa yone o kwa Lewatleng la Atlantic dikilometara tse masome a mabedi  kwa bokone jwa Luanda kwa motsana wa  Bengo. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/t0473e/t0473e01.htm Source book for the inland fishery resources of Africa...], FAO&lt;/ref&gt;Noka eno e boleele jwa dikilometara di le makgolo a mararo  mme e na le metsi a a elelang a a ka nnang dikilometara di le dikete tsa supa le makgolo a mararo le masome a supa . Go na le letamo le legolo le le bidiwang Kiminha mo nokeng ya Bengo. Go na le matsha a le mmalwa a mannye mo dikilometara di le 90 (56 mi) kwa tlase ga noka e e nang le merwalela e e akaretsang Matsha a Panguila, Quilunda le Lalama. Metsi a noka ya Bengo ke motswedi o mogolo wa dikuno tsa temothuo tsa kwa Luanda.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-adv/specialsales/spotlight/angola/article16.html The Province Of Bengo: Manna from Muxima], ''Washington Pos''&lt;/ref&gt; Metsi a a nowang a noka ya Bengo a ne a isiwa kwa Luanda ka mekoro pele ga go agiwa mosele wa metsi ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe (1889). &lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=IMwNAAAAQAAJ&amp;dq=bengo+river+angola&amp;pg=PA15 Angola and the River Congo, Volume 2], Joachim John Monteiro, Macmillan and Company, 1875, p. 15-19&lt;/ref&gt;Diteraka di isa bontsi jwa metsi a segompieno a toropo, a a rwelweng ke dipompo mo nokeng.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/16/world/africa/16cholera.html?pagewanted=all&amp;_r=0 In Oil-Rich Angola, Cholera Preys Upon Poorest], SHARON LaFRANIERE, ''New York Times'', June 16, 2006&lt;/ref&gt;

Di-mangrove di gola mo molomong wa noka, gaufi le molelwane wa tsone wa borwa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=wzSCkulW9SQC&amp;dq=zenza+river+angola&amp;pg=PA241 ''World Atlas of Mangroves'',] Mark Spalding, Mami Kainuma and Lorna Collins, Earthscan, 2010, p 241.&lt;/ref&gt; Dinonyane tsa naga tse di neng di le mo nokeng eno e ne e le dikwena, manatee, matata le ditlhapi. Indaseteri e le nngwe fela ya temothuo ya metsi mo Angola ke polase ya tilapia mo nokeng ya Bengo kwa Kifangondo mo porofenseng ya Luanda.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225016/http://omap.africanmarineatlas.org/BIOSPHERE/data/fishes/fisheries/CountryCatches/Fishery%20Country%20Profiles/FAO%20Fishery%20Country%20Profile%20-%20Angola.htm Fishery Country Data: Angola] Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation&lt;/ref&gt;

Noka eno e ile ya nna lefelo la dintwa di le mmalwa. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a marataro le masome a mane le bongwe (1641) Bapotokisi ba ne ba boela teng fa Ba-Dutch ba ne ba gapa Luanda. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a supa le boraro (1873) Dembos ba ba neng ba nna magareng ga dinoka tsa Bengo le Dande ba ne ba etelela pele go tsogologela Bapotokisi.&lt;ref&gt;''[https://books.google.com/books?id=BKKf4PYI-IIC&amp;dq=zenza+river+angola&amp;pg=PA312 The Creole Elite and the Rise of Angolan Protonationalism: 1870-1920]'', Jacopo Corrado, Cambria Press, 2008, p. 35.&lt;/ref&gt;Ntwa ya Quifangondo ka ngwaga wa sekete , makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le botlhano (1975) e ne e le ntlha ya botlhokwa mo Ntweng ya Boipuso ka lefatsheng la  Angola.

== Metswedi ==</text>
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    <title>Noka ya Cuanza</title>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>12161</id>
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      <comment>#AWC  2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE  RANOTSE TSEBE YA  NOKA YA CUANZA</comment>
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      <text bytes="3282" sha1="5gbd3dwvi2yfu0x489hndqdcn4fn1zl" xml:space="preserve">[[Setshwantsho:Cuanza river near Dondo, Angola.jpg|thumb|Noka ya Cuanza]]
'''Noka ya Cuanza''',&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220924162332/https://governo.gov.ao/ao/angola/o-perfil-de-angola/ &quot;O Perfil de Angola&quot;.] ''Portal Official do Governo da República de Angola''. Governo de Angola. Archived from the original on 24 September 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;e e itsiweng gape jaaka Kwanza,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[[:en:Cuanza_River#CITEREFEB1878|''EB'' (1878)]]&lt;/ref&gt;Quanza,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;kgotsa Coanza, ke noka e telele go di feta tsotlhe mo lefatsheng la  Angola. E elela mo Lewatleng la Atlantic kafa borwa jwa motsemogolo wa naga eno e leng Luanda.

== Dipopego tsa lefatshe ==
Noka eno e kgona go tsamaisiwa ka dikepe mo e ka nnang dikilometara di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a mane go tswa kwa molomong wa yone, o o dikilometara di le masome a marataro  kwa borwa jwa Luanda. Dinoka tse di elelang mo go yone di akaretsa Cutato le Lucala.

== Ditso ==
Tsela e e kwa tlase ya noka e e neng e kgona go tsamaisiwa ke dikepe e ne e le yone tsela ya ntlha e Bapotokisi ba neng ba tlhasela bokone jwa lefatshe la  Angola ka yone.

Letamo la Capanda kwa porofenseng ya Malanje le ne la wediwa ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bone (2004), mme le ne le naya kgaolo eno maatla a motlakase le go thusa go nosetsa. Letamo la Cambambe le la Lauca le lone le ne la agiwa mo nokeng eno. Letamo la Caculo Cabaça le santse le agiwa mme go solofetswe gore le tla wediwa ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024). Barra do Kwanza, e e leng molomo wa noka eno, e ntse e tlhabololwa ka iketlo gore e nne lefelo la bojanala, go akaretsa le lebala la go tshameka kolofo.

Kereke ya Nossa Senhora da Victoria e eme gaufi le dintshi tsa Noka ya Cuanza kwa Massanganu, Province of Cuanza-Norte, Angola.&lt;ref&gt;Valdez, F. T. (1861), ''Six Years of a Traveller's Life in Western Africa, Vol. II'', Hurst and Blackett.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuanza_River#cite_note-5]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Diphologolo tsa naga ==
Go ya ka patlisiso e e begilweng mo websaeteng ya Science and Development Network, go fitlhetswe ditshedi di le dintsi tse di farologaneng mo nokeng ya lefatshe la Angola. Fa go ne go balwa mefutafuta ya ditshedi mo Nokeng ya Cuanza lekgetlho la ntlha kwa lefatsheng la Angola, go fitlhetswe gore go na le mefuta e le masome a matlhano ya ditlhapi. Babatlisisi ba ba tswang kwa National Fishing Research Institute le kwa lefatsheng la South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity ba re diteko tsa dijini di ka senola mefuta e mesha ya ditshedi.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.scidev.net/en/sub-suharan-africa/news/sub-saharan-africa-news-in-brief-13-25-march.html &quot;Sub-Saharan Africa news in brief: 13–25 March, 2008&quot;]. SciDev.Net (website). Accessed May 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;Go tshwara ditlhapi go akaretsa tarpon.

== Boswa ==
Madi a Angola, a kwanza, a reeletswe ka noka eno. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Theroux, Paul (30 May 2013). [https://books.google.com/books?id=hy3Z8PyN5t0C&amp;q=Kwanza+%3D%3D%5D&amp;pg=PT268 ''The Last Train to Zona Verde: Overland from Cape Town to Angola''.] Penguin Books Limited. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9780241965139&lt;/bdi&gt; – via Google Books&lt;/ref&gt;Noka eno gape e bidiwa ka maina a diporofense tsa Cuanza Norte (&quot;Cuanza North&quot;) le Cuanza Sul (&quot;Cuanza South&quot;).

== Metswedi ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Letsha la Momela</title>
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      <comment>#AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA  Letsha la Momela</comment>
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      <text bytes="1514" sha1="1sfnm26nh43n1hscy1tvpeamamd249x" xml:space="preserve">[[Setshwantsho:Arusha National Park- Flamingos at Momella Lake.jpg|thumb|Di-flamingo kwa Letsheng la Momela]]
'''Matsha a Momela''' ('''kgotsa Momella''') ke matsha a a seng boteng a le supa a a leng mo [[Arusha National Park]] e leng: Big Momela, Small Momela, El Kekhotoito, Kusare, Rishateni, Lekandiro le Tulusia. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://www.exploring-africa.com/en/tanzania/arusha-national-park/momela-lakes &quot;The ''Momela Lakes''&quot;.] Exploring Africa.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.uvm.edu/rsenr/wfb175/arusha%20np%20map.pdf Arusha National Park,] [[:en:University_of_Vermont|University of Vermont.]] Accessed 30 September 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;Kgoro ya phaka e kwa Motsaneng wa Momella, Kgaolo ya Meru ya Kgaolo ya Arusha, Tanzania &lt;ref&gt;[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Momela_Lakes&amp;params=3_13_S_36_52_E_ 3°13′S 36°52′E]&lt;/ref&gt;

Dipopego tsa lefatshe

Matša a alkaline a bopilwe go tswa mo matlakaleng a lekgwamolelo a a bopilweng fa Thaba ya Meru e ne e thunya dingwaga di le 250 000 tse di fetileng. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Jens Finke (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=16--sm53nX4C&amp;pg=PA401 &quot;Tanzania&quot;.] [[:en:Rough_Guides|Rough Guides]]. Retrieved 2 April 2019&lt;/ref&gt;E re ka matsha ano a le botlhole, diphologolo ga di nwe metsi a one,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;mme o ka kgona go bona dipitse tsa naga le dinonyane mo dintshing tsa one.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Matsha ke dintlha tse di botlhokwa tsa karolo ya Botlhaba ya Arusha National Park,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; e e akaretsang sekgwa sa Thaba ya Meru.

== Metswedi ==</text>
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    <title>Letsha la Natron</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>MmaBaggio</username>
        <id>11091</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA  Letsha la Natron</comment>
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      <text bytes="10520" sha1="527ym3yzq5g0ukvvt0o1xz49ue8rios" xml:space="preserve">'''Letsha la Natron''' ke letsha la letswai le le nang le alkaline e ntsi le le kwa bokone jwa [[Kgaolo ya Ngorongoro]] ya Kgaolo ya Arusha kwa [[Tanzania]] le kwa ntlheng ya bokone jwa lona le kgabaganyang le Kgaolo ya Kajiado le Kgaolo ya Narok kwa [[Kenya]]. E mo [[Gregory Rift]], e e leng lekala la botlhaba la East African Rift. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901 &quot;Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya&quot;.] ''World Wildlife Fund''.&lt;/ref&gt;Letsha leno le mo Letsheng la Natron Basin, lefelo la Ramsar la metsi le le botlhokwa mo lefatsheng lotlhe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1080 &quot;Lake Natron Basin&quot;.] ''[[:en:Ramsar_Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service''. Retrieved 25 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tlhaloso ==
Letsha leno le fepiwa thata ke Noka ya Ewaso Ng'iro ya Borwa, e e tlhatlogang kwa bogareng jwa Kenya, le metswedi e e bothitho e e humileng ka diminerale. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Ga e boteng thata, e boteng jwa dimetara tse di kwa tlase ga di le tharo, mme bophara jwa yone bo farologana go ya ka metsi a a mo go yone. Letsha leno le boleele jwa dikilometara di le masome a matlhano le bosupa le bophara jwa dikilometara di le masome a mabedi le bobedi .&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;Lefelo le le dikologileng le amogela pula e e sa tlwaelegang ya paka ya ngwaga, bogolo segolo magareng ga Sedimonthole le Motsheganong e e nang le palogotlhe ya 800 mm (31 in) ka ngwaga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Themperetšha ya letsha gantsi e kwa godimo ga 40 °C (104 °F).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Go ne ga nna le moya o montsi o o neng wa dira gore go sale natron (sodium carbonate decahydrate) le trona (sodium sesquicarbonate dihydrate). Letsha leno le ka nna le pH e e fetang lesome le bobedi. Go ya ka Live Science, metsi a letsha leno a na le alkaline e ntsi ka ntlha ya sodium carbonate le diminerale tse dingwe tse di elelang mo metsing go tswa mo tikologong e e fa gaufi. Leje le le dikologileng lefelo leno le dirilwe ka seretse se se nang le alkaline, se se nang le sodium e ntsi se se dirilweng ka trachyte se se neng sa bewa ka nako ya Pleistocene. Metsi ano a seretse a na le carbonate e ntsi mme a na le calcium le magnesium e nnye, e leng se se dirileng gore letsha leno le nne le letswai le le nang le alkaline. Maemo ano a a feteletseng a dikhemikale a dira gore go nne le tikologo e e thata e e ka kgonang go tshela fela ditshedi tse di kgethegileng. &lt;ref&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{cite web}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;: &lt;code&gt;|last=&lt;/code&gt; has generic name (help)&lt;/ref&gt;

Dikhemikale tsa metsi di itsege ka go dira gore mmele wa setshedi sengwe le sengwe se se suleng mo letsheng o nne calcify. &lt;ref&gt;Joseph Stromberg (2 October 2013). [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/this-alkaline-african-lake-turns-animals-into-stone-445359/ &quot;This Alkaline African Lake Turns Animals into Stone&quot;.] ''Smithsonian Magazine''. Retrieved 11 May 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dimela ==
Mmala wa letsha leno o tshwana le wa matsha a a nang le selekanyo se se kwa godimo thata sa mowafalo. Fa metsi a mowafala ka paka ya komelelo, letswai le nna le oketsega mo e leng gore ditshedinyana tse dinnye tse di ratang letswai di simolola go ata. Ditshedi tse di ntseng jalo tsa halophile di akaretsa di-cyanobacteria dingwe tse di itirelang dijo ka fotosentesese jaaka dimela di dira. Mmala o mohibidu o o dirwang ke photosynthesizing pigment mo di-cyanobacteria o dira gore metsi a letsha a nne le mmala o mohibidu o o tseneletseng le mebala e e serolwana ya dikarolo tse di seng boteng tsa letsha. Makape a letswai la alkaline a a mo godimo ga letsha le one gantsi a nna le mmala o mohibidu kgotsa wa pinki ka ntlha ya ditshedinyana tse dinnye tse di nnang koo. Merwalela e e nang le letswai le mafelo a a nang le metsi a a letswai a a dikologileng letsha leno a na le dimela tse di farologaneng.

== Diphologolo ==
Diphologolo di le dintsi ga di kgone go tshela mo letsheng leno ka gonne le le mogote thata (go fitlha go 60 °C [140 °F]) e bile le na le letswai le lentsi le le farologaneng. &lt;ref&gt;Swancer, Brent (20 April 2015). &quot;[https://mysteriousuniverse.org/2015/04/the-bizarre-medusa-lake-of-africa/ The Bizarre Medusa Lake of Africa&quot;.] Retrieved 1 June 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Le fa go ntse jalo, Letsha la Natron le na le mefuta mengwe ya di-algae, diphologolo tse di se nang lerapo la mokwatla le dinonyane. Mo metsing a a seng letswai go le kalo go dikologa dintshi tsa yone, ditlhapi dingwe le tsone di kgona go tshela.

Letsha leno ke lone fela lefelo le le tlwaelegileng la go tsadisa di-flamingo tse dinnye di le dimilione di le 2,5 kwa Afrika Botlhaba, tse boemo jwa tsone jwa go nna &quot;mo kotsing&quot; bo bakilweng ke go ikaega ga tsone ka lefelo leno le le lengwe fela. Fa letswai le oketsega, le di-cyanobacteria di a oketsega, mme letsha leno gape le kgona go nna le dintlhaga tse di oketsegileng. Di-flamingo tseno, tse e leng tsone fela tse dikgolo mo Afrika Botlhaba, di kokoana mo matsheng a a gaufi a a nang le letswai go ja Spirulina (mofuta wa bolele jo bo botala jwa loapi jo bo nang le mmala o mohibidu). Letsha la Natron ke lefelo le le sireletsegileng la go tsala ka gonne tikologo ya lone e e bogale e thibela dibatana tse di batlang go fitlha kwa di nnang gone mo ditlhaketlhakeng tsa mouwane tse di nnang gone ka dinako tsa ngwaga. Di-flamingo tse dikgolo le tsone di tsala mo mafelong a a tletseng seretse.

Letsha leno le ile la tlhotlheletsa gore go dirwe filimi ya The Crimson Wing: Mystery of the Flamingos ka Disneynature, ka ntlha ya kamano ya lone e e gaufi le di-flamingo tse dinnye e re ka e le tsone fela lefelo le di tsalelang mo go lone.

Mefuta e mebedi ya ditlhapi tse di fitlhelwang fela mo lefelong leno, e leng Alcolapia latilabris le A. ndalalani, le tsone di tshela sentle mo metsing a a fa thoko ga metswedi eno ya metsi a a bolelo. A. alcalica le yone e teng mo letsheng leno, mme ga se yone fela e e fitlhelwang mo lefelong leno.

== Matshosetsi le go a boloka ==
Lefelo le le dikologileng letsha leno la letswai ga le na batho mme go na le batho ba ba fudisang matsomane le ba ba lemang dijalo ka dinako tse di rileng. Ditshosetsi tsa go oketsega ga metsi a a letswai di tla tswa mo go reng go logwe ditlhare tse di oketsegileng mo mafelong a a nang le metsi a a bidiwang Natron le mo go reng go agiwe madirelo a motlakase wa metsi mo nokeng ya Ewaso Ng'iro go kgabaganya molelwane wa Kenya. Le fa gone dithulaganyo tsa go tlhabolola lefelo leno di akaretsa go aga letamo kwa ntlheng e e kwa bokone ya letsha leno go thibela metsi a a phepa, go ka nna ga direga thata gore metsi a letsha leno a fokotsege. Ga go na tshireletso epe ya semolao.

Selo se sesha se se tshosetsang Letsha la Natron ke go rulaganyetsa go aga madirelo a soda ash mo dintshing tsa lone. Lefelo leno le ne le tla pompa metsi go tswa mo letsheng le bo le ntsha sodium carbonate gore e fetolwe go nna lerole la go tlhatswa diaparo le le tla romelwang kwa dinageng di sele. Go ne go tla nna le matlo a badiri ba feta 1000 le seteišene sa motlakase se se dirisang magala se se neng se tla tlamela lefelo leno ka motlakase. Mo godimo ga moo, go na le kgonagalo ya gore batlhami ba ka nna ba tsenya mofuta o mongwe wa di-shrimp tsa brine go oketsa bokgoni jwa go ntsha metsi.

Go ya ka Chris Magin, yo e leng motlhankedi wa RSPB wa dinaga tsa Afrika, &quot;Go ka direga gore di-flamingo tse dinnye di se ka tsa tswelela di ata le fa go na le mathata a a ntseng jalo. Tiragalo eno e tla dira gore di-flamingo tse di kwa tlase kwa Afrika Botlhaba di lebane le go nyelela&quot;. Diperesente di le masomeasupa le botlhano tsa di-flamingo tse dinnye tsa lefatshe di belegetswe mo Letsheng la Natron. &lt;ref&gt;Billock, Jennifer (14 June 2016). [http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/flamingos-find-life-among-death-180959265/ &quot;The Deadly Lake Where 75 Percent of the World's Lesser Flamingoes Are Born&quot;.] ''Smithsonian''. Retrieved 17 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Ga jaana setlhopha sa ditheo tse di fetang masome a matlhano tsa tshomarelo le tikologo tsa Aforika Botlhaba di tsweletsa letsholo la lefatshe lotlhe go emisa kago e e rulagantsweng ya feketiri ya soda e e dirilweng ke Tata Chemicals Ltd ya Mumbai, India, le National Development Corporation ya Tanzania. Setlhopha se se dirang ka fa tlase ga leina la Lake Natron Consultative Group se tsamaisiwa ke Ken Mwathe, Mookamedi wa Thulaganyo ya Tshomarelo kwa Bokwaledi jwa Afrika jwa BirdLife International.

Go ya ka kitsiso ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo ,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi , Tata Chemicals ga e kitla e tswelela pele ka Porojeke ya Natron mme go tlhatlhobiwa gape ga porojeke eno go tla ikaega ka leano la Ramsar Wetlands, le ga jaana le ntseng le baakanngwa. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20131005011839/http://www.tatachemicals.com/downloads/Position%20Statement%20on%20the%20Lake%20Natron%20Project-13-06-08.pdf &quot;Position Statement on the Lake Natron Project&quot;] (PDF). Tata Chemicals. 13 June 2008. Archived from [http://www.tatachemicals.com/downloads/Position%20Statement%20on%20the%20Lake%20Natron%20Project-13-06-08.pdf the original] (PDF) on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka ntlha ya mefutafuta ya ditshedi tsa yone e e sa tshwaneng le epe, Tanzania e ne ya bitsa Letsha la Natron Basin go nna karolo ya Lenaane la Ramsar la Mafelo a Metsi a a Botlhokwa mo Lefatsheng ka Bophara ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e le nne,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le motso . Letsha leno gape ke lefelo la World Wildlife Fund la East African halophytics ecoregion.

== Go Etela Lefelo Leo ==
Go na le mafelo a le mmalwa a go kampa gaufi le letsha leno, le gape e leng lefelo la go palama Ol Doinyo Lengai. Letsha la Natron le na le bokgoni jwa go ngoka bajanala jo bo botlhokwa mo go tlhabololeng bojanala jwa tlholego. Le fa go ntse jalo, go ne ga lemogiwa fa go se na le leano la kakaretso la tsamaiso, go se na madi a a lekaneng mo maemong a tiro, go se na ditsela tsa go tlhomamisa gore melemo ya bojanala jwa tlholego e abiwa ka tekatekano, le go sa tlhabololwa sentle ga mafaratlhatlha a bojanala go tshegetsa dikarolo tse di farologaneng tsa bajanala e le dikgwetlho tse dikgolo tse di amanang le tsamaiso ya bojanala jwa tlholego mo kgaolong eo. Letsha le ka bonwa gape go tswa kwa Shompole Conservancy Kenya. &lt;ref&gt;Shoo, Rehema Abeli (2020), &quot;Ecotourism Potential and Challenges at Lake Natron Ramsar Site, Tanzania&quot;, ''Protected Areas in Northern Tanzania'', Geotechnologies and the Environment, vol. 22, Springer International Publishing, pp. 75–90, doi:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-43302-4_6|10.1007/978-3-030-43302-4_6]], ISBN 978-3-030-43301-7&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Noka ya Loange</title>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>12161</id>
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      <comment>#AWC  2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE  RANOTSE TSEBE YA  NOKA YA LOANGE</comment>
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      <text bytes="4141" sha1="ogo96usx42yjz12yderhcrubqab2iqq" xml:space="preserve">'''Noka ya Loange''' (kgotsa Luangué, Luange, Lwange) ke nngwe ya dinoka tsa Noka ya Kasai. Noka eno e e simololang kwa lefatsheng la  [[Angola]], e elela kwa bokone go ya kwa [[Democratic Republic of Congo]], e ralala karolo e e kwa botlhaba ya Kwango. Noka e tswelela go ya kwa bokone go bapa le molelwane magareng ga metsana ya kwa tsa Kwilu le Kasai go ya kwa molomong wa yone kwa Kasai.&lt;ref&gt;X. Blaes, PNUD-SIG (October 2008). &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20100401040116/http://rgc.cd/doctech/UNDP-GIS-25_RDC_administratif.pdf Découpage administratif de la République Démocratique du Congo&quot;] (PDF). UNOCHA and PNUD. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-04-01. Retrieved 2011-11-22&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Matias, Victorino (Jul 7, 2024). [https://www.jornaldeangola.ao/ao/noticias/lunda-norte-aposta-agora-na-agricultura-mecanizada/ &quot;Jornal de Angola - Notícias - Lunda-Norte aposta agora na agricultura mecanizada&quot;.] ''Jornal de Angola'' (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2024-08-07&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.worldatlas.com/rivers/kasai-river.html &quot;Kasai River&quot;]. ''WorldAtlas''. 2023-09-14. Archived from the original on 2024-08-07. Retrieved 2024-08-07&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ditso ==
Kwa tshimologong ya ngwaga kgolo wa masome mabedi, Loange e ne e nniwa ke batho ba Bakongo, ba ba neng ba tlhalosiwa jaaka ba ba belaelang le go nna kgatlhanong le banna ba basweu ke moitseanape wa setso Melville William Hilton-Simpson, yo o neng a eteletse pele dipatlisiso tsa ntlha tse di kwadilweng tsa noka ke batho ba e seng ba-Aforika mme kwa bofelong a kgona go dirisana ka kagiso le go ithuta ka bone mo dingwageng tse  pedi.&lt;ref&gt;Hilton-Simpson, Melville William (1911). ''Land and peoples of the Kasai''. London: [[:en:Constable_&amp;_Robinson|Constable and Company, Ltd.]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hilton-Simpson, Melville William (1912). ''Two Years Among Strange Tribes''. Vol. 28. [[:en:The_Wide_World_Magazine|The Wide World Magazine.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo masome a mabedi  la dingwaga, Noka ya Loange e ne e kgona go tsamaya ka dikepe go fitlha kwa toropong ya Kalema gaufi le fa Noka ya Tobi e kopanelang teng. Compagnie du Kasai, e e neng e tsamaisa diketswana tse di tsamayang ka diphefo le mekorwana mo nokeng, e ne ya phepafatsa dikgoreletsi go fitlha kwa Letsheng la Matshi, le le dikilometara di le masome a robabobedi  go tswa kwa Ilebo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Van Pul, Paul (Sep 14, 2023). ''Hydrography and Navigation on the Congo River: A Century of Visual History''. [[:en:Springer_Nature|Springer Nature]]. pp. 49–56. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9783031410659&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Gompieno, National Road 1 ya DRC e kgabaganya noka kwa Kalema go golaganya Kikwit le Kinshasa le Kamina le Lubumbashi. Ga go sa tlhole go na le dipalangwa tsa dinoka tse di botlhokwa mo Loange.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Dipopego tsa naga ==
[[Setshwantsho:Lwange river valley.jpg|thumb|Naga ya noka ya Loange]]
Mo kgaolong ya melelwane e le meraro ya Kwilu, Kwango le Kasai, noka ya Loange e bopa naga e e nang le diteraese mo mmung o o seretse. Noka eno e tletse ka ditlhatshana tsa motlhaba, tse di bonalang thata ka paka ya komelelo, e leng nako e noka eno e leng boteng jwa dimetara di le 1,5 fa e bapisiwa le paka ya pula.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le robabobed (898), Loange e ne ya tlhalosiwa jaana ke mongwe yo o neng a le mo sekepeng se se tsamayang ka diphefo:

Noka ya Loange ke noka e ntle e e boteng. Metsi a teng a mmala o o bohibidu, mme bophara jwa one bo fa gare ga dimetara di le makgolo a mabedi le makgolo a mabedi le masome a matlhano , mme dikhuti tsa one di bophara jwa dimetara di le makgolo a matlhano le makgolo a marataro . Diphefo tse di fetofetogang tsa metsi le matamo di dira gore go nne le metsi a a sa laolesegeng, a a dirang gore sekepe sa rona se sennye sa Katanga se tshikinyege jaaka lekape la motlhware. Mo dikepeng tse dinnye tse di tsamayang ka mowa o o tsididi, diphefo tseno tse di maatla tse di dikologang di a boifisa. Bosigo, fa go didimetse, motho a ka ipona a le fa lotshitshing lwa lewatle.

Hydrography and Navigation on the Congo River: A Century of Visual History&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Metswedi ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Noka ya Mbridge</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Lucrucia98</username>
        <id>12161</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC  2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE  RANOTSE TSEBE YA  NOKA YA MBRIDGE</comment>
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      <text bytes="912" sha1="m03nnz33vuqwo3u9mktybepmh24fanp" xml:space="preserve">'''Mbridge kgotsa Mebridege''' ke noka e e kwa bokone jwa lefatshe la  Angola. Molomo wa yone o mo Lewatleng la Atlantic gaufi le toropo ya N'Zeto mo Porofenseng ya Zaire. Tshimologo ya yone e gaufi le toropo ya Cuimba, mme e dira karolo ya molelwane fa gare ga Diporofense tsa Zaire le Uige. Dinoka tse dingwe tse di elelang mo go yone ke Lufunde, Lucunga, Luqueia le Lufua.

Go agiwa ga borogo jo bo fetang noka gaufi le N'Zeto go ne go solofetswe go wediwa kwa bokhutlong jwa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro (2013).&lt;ref&gt;[http://pt.angolaglobal.com/20121120/ponte-sobre-rio-mbridge-pronta-em-novembro-de-2013-angolapress/ Ponte sobre rio Mbridge pronta em Novembro de 2013,] AngolaPress, 20 November 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

Molomo wa noka le motlhaba o o tshololwang mo go yone di ne di bontshiwa mo setempeng sa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi (2008) se se ntshitsweng ke lefatshe la Angola.

== Metswedi ==</text>
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    <title>Letsha la Ngozi</title>
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        <username>MmaBaggio</username>
        <id>11091</id>
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      <comment>#AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA  Letsha la Ngozi</comment>
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      <text bytes="5981" sha1="tgpw228sdt6ual19b5dlsg5ns24grso" xml:space="preserve">[[Setshwantsho:Ngozi.jpg|thumb|Letsha la Ngozi]]
'''Letsha la Ngozi''' (kgotsa Letsha la Ngosi &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210417171247/https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/lake-ngozi &quot;Lake Ngosi - Tanzania Tourism&quot;.] ''www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz''. Archived from [https://www.tanzaniatourism.go.tz/en/destination/lake-ngozi the original] on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;) ke letsha la bobedi le legolo thata mo Afrika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150113164126/http://thinkgeoenergy.com/archives/13656 &quot;Tanzania to start geothermal exploration at Lake Ngozi in 2013&quot;.] Think Geoenergy. Archived from [http://thinkgeoenergy.com/archives/13656 the original] on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; E ka fitlhelwa gaufi le Tukuyu, toropo e nnye mo kgaolong ya Rungwe, kwa kgaolong ya Mbeya, kwa borwa jwa [[Tanzania]] kwa Aforika Botlhaba. Ke karolo ya Dithaba tsa Poroto mme karolo e e kwa bokone ya caldera ke yone e e kwa godimo go gaisa mo dithabeng tseno. Caldera eno e ne e dirilwe thata ka seretse sa lekgwamolelo sa trachytic le phonolitic. Ngozi ke lekgwamolelo la [[Holocene]] le le neng la ntsha pumice ya Kitulo dingwaga di le dikete tse lesome le bobedi tse di fetileng ka nako ya fa Plinian a ne a thunya lekgwamolelo leno. Ditshupo tse dingwe tsa kgwanyape ke Ngozi Tuff (e e ka nnang dingwaga tse di sekete tse di fetileng) le Ituwa Surge base surge deposits tsa dingwaga tse di sa tlhomamang, mme e le tsa magareng ga pumice ya Kitulo le Ngozi Tuff. Tiragalo e e neng e sa tswa go direga e ne ya dira gore go nne le mogogoro o o neng wa elela go ya kwa borwa sekgala sa dikilometara di le lesome  mo e ka nnang ka sekete,makgolo a mane le masome a matlhano C.E. Go na le dikhoune dingwe tsa pyroclastic tse di dikologileng lekgwamolelo leno. Mabota a lekgwamolelo leno a na le dikgwa, kwantle fela ga dikarolo tse di sentsweng ke go gosomana ga mmu le mafika a a kwa godimo a a kgoreletsang go tsena mo metsing. Karolo e e kwa teng ya lekgwamolelo e na le ditlhare tsa Maesa lanceolata, Albizia gummifera le Hagenia abyssinica, tse di nang le mefuta e le mmalwa ya ditlhare go na le dithaba tse di gaufi le lekgwamolelo leno. Caldera ka boyone ga e amiwe ke mogote o o tswang mo metsing, mme go ntshiwa ga CO2 e ntsi ka fa tlase ga metsi le ditlhamane tsa lefelo leo tsa maatla a a bolayang a letsha leno di bontsha gore go ka nna le kotsi ya go thunya ga metsi. Boalo jwa letsha go ya ka echosounding bo sephaphathi mme ga bo na mathudi. &lt;ref&gt;[https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=222164 &quot;Ngozi&quot;.] [[:en:Global_Volcanism_Program|''Global Volcanism Program''.]] [[:en:Smithsonian_Institution|Smithsonian Institution.]] Retrieved 29 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Manuëlla Delalande-Le Mouëllica; Fabrizio Gherardi; David Williamson; Stephen Kajula; Michael Kraml; Aurélie Noret; Issah Abdallah; Ezekiel Mwandapile; Marc Massault; Amos Majule; Laurent Bergonzini (March 2015). &quot;Hydrogeochemical features of Lake Ngozi (SW Tanzania)&quot;. ''Journal of African Earth Sciences''. '''103''': 153–167. doi:[[doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004|10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.11.004.]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nils Lenhardt; Gert-Jan Peeters; Athanas S. Macheyeki (April 2015). &quot;The Ituwa Surge deposits of the Holocene Ngozi caldera, Mbeya Region, Tanzania&quot;. ''International Journal of Earth Sciences''. '''104''' (3): 749–751. doi:[[doi:10.1007/s00531-014-1113-7|10.1007/s00531-014-1113-7.]] hdl:[[hdl:2263/51418|2263/51418]].&lt;/ref&gt;

Letsha leno ga le fetofetoge thata ka ntlha ya go fetofetoga ga metsi, mme go na le pharologanyo e nnye fela fa gare ga dipaka tsa komelelo le tsa dipula. Themperetšha ya mowa kwa godimo ga letsha e ka nna 18 °C ka dipharologano tse dinnye fela tsa setlha. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Gangwe le gape, dikgwa tseno di ne di nniwa ke batsomi ba Ba-Safwa. Dipego tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro  di ne tsa re mo ngwageng o o latelang porojeke ya mogote wa lefatshe e ne e tla simololwa mo tikologong ya lekgwamolelo fa gare ga Ngozi le toropo ya Mbeya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Ngwao ya setso ya lefelo leo ==
Go na le ditlhamane di le mmalwa tsa lefelo leo le ditlhamane tsa batho tse di dikologileng letsha leno la lekgwamolelo, le lefelo le le le dikologileng.

Batho ba Nyakyusa (setlhopha sa morafe mo karolong eno ya Borwa jwa Tanzania) ba bolela gore motho mongwe yo o bidiwang Lwembe o ne a lelekwa mo motseng o a tsholetsweng kwa go one (Ukwama mo karolong ya Makete) go ya kwa metsing a Letsha la Ngozi fa batho ba sena go lapisiwa ke tsela e e tsietsang ya maselamose a gagwe.

Fa Lwembe a sena go nna gaufi le metsi, dikgomo tsa morafe wa lefelo leo di ne tsa simolola go nyelela. Go bolelwa gore baagi ba motse le bone ba ne ba simolola go nyelela fa ba ne ba atamela gaufi thata le metsi. Bagolwane ba Nyakyusa ba ne ba tlosa lefelo leo ka go pitikolola letlapa le legolo le le neng le beilwe mo gare ga molelo ka malatsi a le mararo mo metsing, fa ba ntse ba dira maselamose a bone. Fa e sa le ka nako eo, boloi jo bo bosula jo bo neng bo le mo Letsha leno ga bo a ka jwa boa.

Tlhamane e e utlwiwang thata ke ya setlhopha sa masole a Jeremane a a neng a latlhela matlotlo mo metsing a letsha leno. Ba ne ba dira pheko mo Letsha leno go sireletsa gouta le go kgoreletsa maiteko a batho ba bangwe a go e batla. Ditlhamane tse dingwe di bolela gore seno se ne sa dira gore go ntshiwe digase tse di botlhole (tse jaanong re itseng gore di ka tswa di ne di amana le go thunya ga lekgwamolelo la Limnic), fa tse dingwe tsone di bolela gore go na le noga ya ditlhogo di le lesome le bobedi e e sireletsang letlotlo leno mme e bo e tswa fa godimo ka malatsi a a nang le letsatsi. Ga go itsewe gore a go kile ga nna le letlotlo le le ntseng jalo.&lt;ref&gt;[https://tanzaniasafariclub.com/lake-ngozi/ &quot;Lake Ngozi | Facts &amp; Myths Surrounding Tanzanias Biggest Crater Lake&quot;.] 20 November 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

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  <page>
    <title>Letsha la Sulunga</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13834</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51244</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-22T07:19:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MmaBaggio</username>
        <id>11091</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA  Letsha la Sulunga</comment>
      <origin>51244</origin>
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      <text bytes="1753" sha1="radoy479t05av2rdhbb31ozbpv9c42z" xml:space="preserve">[[Setshwantsho:Lake Sulunha.jpg|thumb|Letsha la Sulunga]]
'''Letsha la Sulunga''', gape le itsiwe jaaka '''Bahi Swamp''', ke letsha le le seng boteng le le leng mo molelwaneng wa dikgaolo tsa [[Dodoma]] le Singida kwa [[Tanzania|Tanzania.]] Ke lefelo le legolo la metsi mo dikgaolong tseno ka bobedi ka paka ya dipula.

E bokgakala jwa dikilometara di le masome a mane le botlhano kwa bophirima jwa motsemoshate wa [[Dodoma]] mo lekadibeng la endorheic le le itsegeng jaaka Bahi depression. E kwa bogodimong jwa dimetara di le makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mararo (2,720 ft) mme e na le bogolo jwa 974 square kilometres (376 sq mi). Lefelo le le nang le metsi le bogolo jwa 23,447 square kilometres (9,053 sq mi). Letsha leno le boleele jwa dikilometara di le masome a mane le bobedi  le bophara jwa dikilometara di le masome a mabedi le borataro, mme le ka nyelela gotlhelele mo dingwageng tsa komelelo. Dinoka tse ditona tse di elelang mo go yone ke Bubu le Mponde.

Letsha le dikologilwe ke metse e e farologaneng mme le na le seabe se se botlhokwa mo go tsholeng ditlhapi le mo temothuong ya diphologolo. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20151205223726/http://publications.iwmi.org/pdf/H040528.pdf &quot;Hydrology of the Bahi wetland, Tanzania&quot;] (PDF). Archived from [http://publications.iwmi.org/pdf/H040528.pdf the original] (PDF) on 2015-12-05. Retrieved 2018-10-01.&lt;/ref&gt;

Letsha le mo kotsing ya go amega thata ke meepo mo nakong e e tlang, ka gore lefelo le go bonala e le legae la uranium, gauta le gongwe ditaemane.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110224134230/http://mantraresources.com.au/?id=221 &quot;Bahi North&quot;]. Archived from [http://mantraresources.com.au/?id=221 the original] on 2011-02-24. Retrieved 2020-09-20.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Metswedi ==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Noka ya Longa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13835</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51245</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-22T07:46:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lucrucia98</username>
        <id>12161</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC  2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE  RANOTSE TSEBE YA  NOKA YA LONGA</comment>
      <origin>51245</origin>
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      <text bytes="1422" sha1="l9hk89d0mdzla5rrq5a4s9hn0i1luv2" xml:space="preserve">'''Noka ya Longa''' ke noka e e mo bogareng jwa lefatshe la Angola. Noka eno e dira molelwane o o kwa borwa wa Kissama National Park le molelwane wa porofense ya Bengo le metsana ya kwa Cuanza Sul. Molomo wa yone o sireleditswe ke motlhaba o moleele o o fa lewatleng la Atlantic. E na le dinoka tse pedi tse dikgolo, Nhia le Mugige.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&amp;pg=PA12 Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1,] J.-P. vanden Bossche, G. M. Bernacsek, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1990, ISBN 9251029830&lt;/ref&gt;Lefelo le le nang le merwalela mo karolong e e kwa tlase ya noka le akaretsa Letsha la Hengue le Letsha la Toto.

Lefelo la go thaya ditlhapi la eco-tourist le mo molomong wa noka. &lt;ref&gt;[http://tracks4africa.co.za/listings/item/w268294/ &quot;Tracks4Africa&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;Setheo sa masole a a hirilweng se ne se le mo Nokeng ya Longa ka nako ya Ntwa ya Selegae ya lefatshe la Angola.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=o4w2xNemc_EC&amp;pg=PA410 War Dog: Fighting Other People's Wars-the Modern Mercenary in Combat,] Al J. Venter, Casemate Publishers, Apr 19, 2006&lt;/ref&gt;

Chiloglanis sardinhai (letswai) le itsiwe fela go tswa kwa dinokeng tsa Longa le Caimbambo.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/63370/0 Chiloglanis sardinhai,] Red List, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

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  <page>
    <title>Letsha la Tritonis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13836</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51247</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-22T07:58:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MmaBaggio</username>
        <id>11091</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA  Letsha la Tritonis</comment>
      <origin>51247</origin>
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      <text bytes="5957" sha1="i7bkxnvihbv22gw4eqwuzpn3c98i6hc" xml:space="preserve">'''Letsha la Tritonis''' (Greek: Τριτωνίδα λίμνην) e ne e le letsha le legolo la metsi a a phepa kwa [[Afrika Bokone]] kgotsa le le neng le tlhalosiwa mo mekwalong e mentsi ya bogologolo. Bakwadi ba Bagerika ba motlha wa bogologolo ba ne ba re letsha leno le ne le le kwa Libya wa bogologolo. Go ya ka dintlha tsa ditlhamane tsa bogologolo le dilo tse di lemogilweng ke bakwalahisitori bano, go ne ga bolelwa gore letsha leno le ne le bidiwa ka leina la [[Triton.]] Go ya ka Herodotus, e ne e na le ditlhaketlhake tse pedi, e leng Phla, e go neng go bolelwa gore e ne e le ya Ba-[[Lacedaemonia,]] le Mene.

== Lefelo ==
Ga go itsiwe gore e kwa kae. Herodotus o ne a re, letsha leno le ne le le kwa Libya, e leng naga e Bagerika ba bogologolo ba neng ba dumela gore e dikologile lefatshe la bone, &quot;e tlhapisitswe mo matlhakoreng otlhe ke lewatle&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;Herodotus, iv. 42 ([http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/herod-libya1.html on-line text]).&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;ntle le fa e bapile le Asia&quot;. &quot;Go ya ka kitso ya bone, Libya e ne e akaretsa Egepeto wa Bogologolo, Mokgatšha wa Nile le kgaolo ya one, Algeria le borwa jwa Egepeto wa Bogologolo&quot;.

Herodotus&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Herodotus, iv. 179.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; wa lekgolo la botlhano la dingwaga B.C. le Diodorus&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Diodorus, iii,55.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; wa lekgolo la ntlha la dingwaga A.D. ba ne ba tlhalosa letsha leno. Mo Periplus ya Pseudo-Scylax, e go akanngwang gore e simolotse go kwalwa mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bone la dingwaga BC, go bolelwa fa e na le sediko sa bo lekgolo, se se e nayang lefelo le le ka nnang 2,300 km2 (900 mi2), kgotsa, sephato sa botona jwa lefatshe  ya United States ya Rhode Island. &lt;ref&gt;[https://topostext.org/work/102 ''Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax'' § 110.]&lt;/ref&gt;Herodotus o ne a akanya gore go tshwanetse ga bo go na le noka e kgolo e e elelang mo go yone, e a neng a e bitsa Triton. &lt;ref&gt;Herodotus, iv. 179; &quot;he supposed it to be a lake like any other, and that a lake of such extent should have a large river as its feeder was but a natural assumption&quot; remarked Edward Herbert Bunbury, ''A History of Ancient Geography among the Greeks and Romans'' vol. I (1883) note S, p. 315.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ditso ==
Leina la letsha leno le tlhaga fa go buiwa ka thutafatshe e e tlhalosiwang mo ditlhamaneng tsa Bagerika.

Fa Athena a bidiwa Athene Tritogeneia (&quot;yo o tsetsweng ke Trito&quot;),&lt;ref&gt;As when [[:en:Diomedes|Diomedes]] addresses her in prayer, ''Iliad'' x; see also ''[[:en:Iliad|Iliad]]'' iv. 515, viii. 839.&lt;/ref&gt;leina la bogologolo le tlhalosiwa ke tiragalo e mo go yone, fa a sena go gola ka botlalo go tswa mo tlhogong kgotsa mo seropeng sa ga Zeus, yo o neng a kometsa mmaagwe yo o neng a imile go thibela go wa ga gagwe go tswa mo pusong ya modimo wa segompieno wa Bagerika ka bana ba gagwe, jaaka go ne go boleletswe pele, modimo wa sesadi o ne a isiwa kwa Letsheng la Trito mme a tlhokomelwa ke bommamathwane.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)&lt;/ref&gt; Tlhaloso e nngwe e e farologaneng, e e akanyang ka ditlhamane tsa bogologolo tsa Bagerika le tsa Ba-Minoan, e dira gore moranodi Robert Graves a akantshe gore tlhotlheletso ya bodumedi e ne ya nna ka tsela e sele, ka Neith e le modimo yo o neng a tlhotlheletsa go nna teng ga kgopolo ya Segerika ya modimo wa sesadi Athena. Neith e ne e le modimo wa bogologolo fa a ne a tlhagelela la ntlha mo medimong ya bogologolo ya Egepeto. 

Kgang ya Ba-Argonaut e baya legae la ga Triton mo lotshitshing lwa Mediterranean lwa Libya. Pele ga buka ya ga Apollonius e e itsegeng thata ya Argonautika, Herodotus o ne a itse ngwao eno ya ga Jason, e mo go yone diphefo

&quot;o ne a mo ntsha mo tseleng ya gagwe a mo isa kwa lotshitshing lwa Libya; koo, pele ga a ka bona lefatshe, a neng a tsena mo metsing a a seng boteng a Letsha la Tritonis. Fa a ntse a akanya ka tsela e a ka tswang ka yone, Triton (jaaka ba bolela) o ne a bonala mo go ene, mme a ithaopela go mmontsha tsela, le go mo naya lefelo le le babalesegileng la go iphitlha, fa a ne a ka mo naya setlhomeso. Jason o ne a ineela mme Triton o ne a mmontsha tsela e e ralalang metsi a a seng boteng; morago ga moo modimo o ne a tsaya setlhomeso, a se isa kwa tempeleng ya gagwe, a nna mo go sone, mme a tletse bogale jwa boporofeti, a bolelela Jason le ditsala tsa gagwe pele ka lobaka lo loleele. O ne a re: &quot;Fa mongwe wa ditlogolwana tsa mongwe wa banna ba ba neng ba le mo sekepeng sa Argo a ne a ka gapa le go tsaya setulo sa maoto a mararo sa kgotlho, go ne go ka direga gore go agiwe metse e le lekgolo ya Gerika go dikologa Letsha la Tritonis&quot;. Fa Ba-Libia ba ba neng ba nna mo kgaolong eo, ba utlwa mafoko ano a boporofeti, ba ne ba tlosa setlhomeso seo sa maoto a mararo mme ba se fitlha. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;''Histories'', iv. 179.&lt;/ref&gt;

Jaaka Apollonius wa kwa Rhodes a bolela, fa sekepe sa Argo se ne se kgweediwa ke sefefo se se bogale go ya kwa lotshitshing lwa Sirte e Nnye fa ba ne ba boa ba tswa kwa Kolkise, Ba-Argonaut ba ne ba iphitlhela ba le mo &quot;lefelong le le dikologilweng ke motlhaba&quot;. Ba ne ba tsaya malatsi a le lesome le bobedi ba le mo sekepeng go ya kwa Letsheng la Tritonis, mme metsi a letsha leno a ne a le letswai e bile a sa nwege. E re ka ba ne ba sa kgone go bona tsela e e tswang mo Letsha la Tritonis e ya kwa lewatleng, ba ne ba sa kgone go dira sepe. Go tswa foo ba ne ba dira gore medimo e e neng e le mo lotshitshing e itshwarele ka go ba naya setlhomeso sa gouta mme Triton, modimo wa lefelo leo, o ne a bonala mo go bone a le mo sebopegong sa mosha, go ba bontsha tsela e e fitlhegileng e e yang kwa lewatleng.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Apollonius_of_Rhodes|Apollonius of Rhodes]], iv. 1552&lt;/ref&gt;

Tlhamane eno ya bogologolo e ne e bolela gore mosadi mongwe yo o bidiwang Tritonis o ne a nna mo letsheng leno, mme go ya ka ngwao nngwe ya bogologolo, e ne e le mmaagwe Athena yo o neng a tsetswe ke Poseidon. (Herodotus, iv. 180; Pindar. Pytli. iv. 20.) Ka Amphithemis, o ne a nna mmaagwe Nasamon le Caphaurus.&lt;ref&gt;Apollonius of Rhodes, iv. 1495.&lt;/ref&gt;

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  <page>
    <title>Letsha la Lac de Gafsa</title>
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    <id>13837</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51248</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-22T08:05:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MmaBaggio</username>
        <id>11091</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA  Letsha la Lac de Gafsa</comment>
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      <text bytes="2463" sha1="ae76p803glqny5o956wxy4u1dr4fs4y" xml:space="preserve">Lac de Gafsa, e gape e bidiwang 'Letsha le le Sa Tlhalosegeng,' e ne ya bonala ka tshoganetso ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone  go bapa le Om Laryes Road, dikilometara di le masome a mabedi le botlhano go tswa kwa toropong ya [[Gafsa]] kwa [[Tunisia]]. Ga go itsiwe sentle gore letsha leno le simologile kae. Tlhaloso e e kgonegang thata ke gore thoromo e nnye ya lefatshe e ne ya phatlola letlapa le le kwa godimo ga metsi, mme ya romela dimilione tsa dikubita tsa metsi kwa godimo. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.amusingplanet.com/2015/11/lac-de-gafsa-tunisias-mysterious-lake.html &quot;Lac de Gafsa: Tunisia's Mysterious Lake That Appeared Overnight&quot;.] ''www.amusingplanet.com''. Retrieved 2017-05-16.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/01/mysterious-lake-tunisian-desert-turquoise-green-sludge &quot;Mysterious lake in Tunisian desert turns from turquoise to green sludge&quot;]. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 2 August 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dikakgelo ==
E re ka letsha leno le ne la ribololwa ke badisa ba kwa sekakeng, Lac de Gafsa e ile ya nna selo se se kgatlhang batho ba lefelo leno le ba ba etelang mafelo a a farologaneng mo lefatsheng. Makgolokgolo a batho ba ile go ya go bona letsha, go ya go thuma mo matlapeng a a kgatlhisang le go thuma mo letsheng, le/kgotsa go thuma mo go lone fa e sale le ribololwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://observers.france24.com/content/20140731-gafsa-beach-tunisia-mysterious-lake &quot;&quot;Gafsa Beach&quot;: Tunisia's mysterious new lake&quot;]. ''The France 24 Observers''. Retrieved 2017-05-16.&lt;/ref&gt; Batho ba kwa Tunisia ba ba nnang mo kgaolong ya sekaka e e tletseng komelelo ya Lac de Gafsa ba bitsa popo ya yone le go tlhagelela ga yone ba re ke kgakgamatso kgotsa phutso. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Diteko tsa radioactivity ==
Lefelo leno le na le di-phosphate tse dintsi mme go na le poifo ya gore metsi ano a ka baka kankere ka gonne a ka tswa a na le masalela a a nang le marang a a kotsi. Go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone , metsi a ne a tlhatlhobiwa ke baitseanape go bona gore a ga a kgotlelwa; le fa go ntse jalo, ka nako eo go ne go se na thibelo ya semmuso ya go thuma mo letsheng le lesha. Letsha, le go fopholediwang gore le boteng jwa dimetara tse lesome le borobabobedi go ya go tse masome a mabedi, le fetogile go tswa mo mmala wa lone o o phepa wa botala jwa turquoise (jaaka go bonwe) go nna botala jo bo letobo, go raya gore metsi a a phepa a kgaoditse go elela mme metsi jaanong a eme. 

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    <title>Noka ya Catumbela</title>
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      <comment>#AWC  2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE  RANOTSE TSEBE YA  NOKA YA CATUMBELA</comment>
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      <text bytes="4180" sha1="hqwoo35g86d4si7c6co4sd6ovk8dtx5" xml:space="preserve">[[Setshwantsho:Small boat in the Catumbela River - Angola 2015.jpg|thumb|Noka ya Catumbela]]
'''Catumbela''' ke noka e e mo bogareng jwa  lefatshe la Angola. Molomo wa noka o kwa Catumbela Estuary kwa Atlantic Ocean kwa Catumbela, magareng ga Lobito le Benguela, le makgolo a mabedi le masome a mane (240 kilometres (150 mi) go tswa kwa e tlhatlogelang teng kwa dithabeng tsa Cassoco. Catumbela e tlamela motse wa Lobito ka metsi. Molomo wa Catumbela o ne wa lemogiwa jaaka kgaolo e e nang le dimela tse ditala e e dikologilweng ke lefatshe le le se nang sepe go bapa le lobopo le dikilometara di le mmalwa go ya kwa teng ga naga koo e kgaolang mokgatšha ka dithaba tse di se nang sepe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[[iarchive:chocolateislands0000higg_l3i4/page/83|Chocolate Islands: Cocoa, Slavery, and Colonial Africa]], Catherine Higgs, Ohio University Press, Jul 3, 2012, pp. 83-85&lt;/ref&gt;Mekwalo e mengwe ke Catumbella le Cata-Bella.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=NPo_AAAAYAAJ&amp;dq=Catumbela+River+atlantic&amp;pg=PA768 A Sailing Directory for the Ethiopic Or South Atlantic Ocean, Including a Description of the Coasts of South America and Africa,] Alexander G. Findlay, Richard Holmes Laurie, 1883, p. 767&lt;/ref&gt;

Dinoka tsa yone tse dikgolo ke Noka ya Cuíva e e mo lotshitshing lo lo kafa mojeng, le Noka ya Cubal e e mo lotshitshing lo lo kafa molemeng.

Catumbela e ne e le lefelo le go neng go gwebiwa ka makgoba kwa go lone go ya kwa New World go fitlha le thibelwa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mararo le borataro (1836). Morago ga moo, Bapotokisi ba ne ba aga kago ya phemelo kwa molomong wa noka mme go ne ga nna le setšhaba se sennye mo lefelong leo. Diromelwateng tsa oli ya palema, rabara,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;serviçais (badiri ba ba nang le konteraka), rum, sukiri le dithoto tse dingwe tse di neng di rekisiwa go tswa kwa dinageng tse di kwa teng di ne di tshegetsa toropo e nnye e e neng e na le bakoloniale ba le makgolo a le mmalwa ba Bapotokisi. Khampani ya sukiri ya Cassaquel, e e tlhomilweng ka ngwaga wa sekete , makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le boraro (1913), e moragonyana e neng ya bidiwa Primeiro de Maio e ne e dira mo dintshing tsa noka mme e ne ya nna yone e ntshang sukiri e ntsi go gaisa kwa lefatsheng la Angola. E ne ya tswalwa ka ngwaga wa sekete , makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe (1990) mme kwa setlhoeng sa yone e ne e thapa batho ba ba fetang dikete tse tlhano  ba ba neng ba nna mo ditoropong di le dintsi tsa khampani.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=vRvIAAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Catumbela+River+atlantic&amp;pg=PA97 Company Towns: Labor, Space, and Power Relations Across Time and Continents,] Marcelo J. Borges, Susana B. Torres, Palgrave Macmillan, Aug 16, 2012, pp. 97ff&lt;/ref&gt;

Matamo a mabedi a a mo Nokeng ya Catumbela ke one a a ntshang motlakase mo mafelong a Lobito le Benguela. Letamo la Lomaum kwa porofenseng ya Benguela le agilwe ka sekete ,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le botlhano (1965), le ne la senngwa ke UNITA ka ngwaga wa sekete , makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le boraro (1983) mme la agiwa sesha ka thuso ya Sepotokisi.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Portuguese Aid for Lomaum Dam&quot;. ''Modern Power Systems''. '''9'''. Miller Freeman Publications: 13. 1989.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catumbela_River#cite_note-mps9_13-4]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Africa South of the Sahara 2004''. Regional surveys of the world (33rd ed.). Psychology Press. 2003. p. 52. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/1-85743-183-9|&lt;bdi&gt;1-85743-183-9&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://allafrica.com/stories/201007221052.html &quot;Angola: Power Production Encourages Investments in Industry&quot;.] ''All Africa''. July 22, 2010. Retrieved 2011-04-05&lt;/ref&gt;

Terena ya Benguela Railway e ne ya aga borogo mo godimo ga noka eno ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le botlhano (1905). Borogo jo bosha jo boleele jwa dimetara di le makgolo a mane le masome a mararo le borobabobedi  jo bo fetang noka mo tseleng ya Lobito go ya Benguela bo weditswe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe (2009).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2009/09/11/7757/ Bridge over Catumbela river, Angola opens to traffic], Macauhub, September 11, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

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    <title>Noka ya Bani</title>
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      <comment>Ke ranotse tsebe ya Noka ya Bani #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA</comment>
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      <text bytes="10766" sha1="6m9y7u5rai3a0heq7c2ddlenr7ik473" xml:space="preserve">[[Setshwantsho:Bani OSM.png|thumb|Mafaratlhatlha a noka ya Bali]]
'''Noka ya Bani''' ke one motswedi wa boremelelo wa [[noka ya Niger]] kwa [[Mali]].&lt;ref&gt;Bani means &quot;little river&quot; in [[:en:Mande_languages|Mande languages]].Delafosse, Maurice (1912) .''[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k103554s/f80.image Haut-Sénégal-Niger. Volume 1 Le Pays, les Peuples, les Langues].''&lt;/ref&gt; Noka e, e tlhamiwa ke go kopana ga dinoka tsa Baoule le Bagoe dikhilomithara di le lekgolo, le masome a marataro kwa botlhaba jwa [[Bamako]], e kopana le noka ya Niger kwa [[Mopti]]. E boleele jwa dikhilomithara di le sekete le lekgolo.

== Popego ==
Noka ya Bani e na le metswedi e le meraro e megolo: noka ya Baoule e e tlhatlogang gaufi le Odienne kwa [[Ivory Coast|Côte d'Ivore]] e feta kwa borwa jwa Bougouni, [[noka ya Bagoe]] e e tlhatlogang gaufi le Boundiali kwa Côte d'Ivore le Banifing-Lotio e e tshelwang ke kgaolo e e gaufi le Sikasso. Kgampu e e bayang metsi a yone e kwa godimo ga Douna e bophara jwa dikhilomithara di le dikete di le lekgolo le bobedi, 85% ya yone e kwa borwa jwa Mali fa 15% e le kwa bokone jwa Côte d'Ivore.
[[Setshwantsho:Bani 4.83783W 13.39309N.jpg|thumb|Senepe sa Bani. Toropo ya San e kwa borwa jwa noka gaufi le legare la senepe. Letamo la Talo le gaufi le lotjatja kwa molemeng]]
Pula e e nang ka ngwaga e a farologana mo lefelong leo, kwa borwa kwa Côte d'Ivore go na pula ya dimi milimithara di le sekete le makgolo a matlhano ka ngwaga fa kwa bokone gaufi le Douna&lt;ref&gt;The Douna Hydrometric Station is located at [https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bani_River&amp;params=13.213853_N_5.903105_W_ 13.213853°N 5.903105°W] near the bridge over the river carrying the RN6 highway from [[:en:Ségou|Ségou]] to Bla.&lt;/ref&gt; go na pula ya dimilimithara di le makgolo a supa fela ka ngwaga.&lt;ref&gt;Golitzen, Katherin George, ed. (2005), ''[https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWAT/Resources/4602114-1206643460526/Niger_River_Basin_Vision_Sustainable_Management.pdf The Niger River Basin: A vision for sustainable management]'' (PDF), Washington, DC.: World Bank&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Zwarts, Leo; van Beukering, Pieter; Kone, Bakary; Wymenga, Eddy, eds. (2005), ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110724143543/http://www.altwym.nl/uploads/file/361_1289481552.pdf The Niger, a lifeline: Effective water management in the Upper Niger Basin]'' (PDF), Veenwouden, the Netherlands: Altenburg &amp; Wymenga, ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/90-807150-6-9|&lt;bdi&gt;90-807150-6-9&lt;/bdi&gt;,]] archived from [http://www.altwym.nl/uploads/file/361_1289481552.pdf the original] (PDF) on 2011-07-24, retrieved 2026-06-22&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mahé, Gil (2009), &quot;Surface/groundwater interactions in the Bani and Nakambe rivers, tributaries of the Niger and Volta basins, West Africa&quot;, ''Hydrological Sciences Journal'', '''54''' (4): 704–712, Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009HydSJ..54..704M 2009HydSJ..54..704M], doi:[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1623/hysj.54.4.704 10.1623/hysj.54.4.704]&lt;/ref&gt; Go tswa ka 1965 go tsena 1995 seelo sa pula mo ngwageng kwa kgampung eo e ne e le dimilimithara di le sekete le lekgolo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009HydSJ..54..704M Mahé 2009.]&lt;/ref&gt; Pula e na ka dipaka dingwe, bontsi jwa yone e le ka Motsheganong go tsena Phalane. Pula e ntsi go feta e na ka Phatwe.

Go tshologa ga noka ya Bani le gone go diragala ka dipaka dingwe, e elela thata kwa bofelong jwa Lwetse, fa e sa elele thata ka Tlhakole go tsena Seetebosigo. Noka e tsena kwa makgadikgading a Niger kwa bokone jwa San, morago ga dipula tsa ngwaga  le ngwaga noka e a elela e bo e apese kgampu.

Go na le pharologanyo e ntsi thata mo go neng ga pula, ka jalo, go nne le pharologanyo e ntsi mo boleng jwa metsi a a elelang mo nokeng. Komelelo e e simologileng ka dingwaga tsa 1970 e ne ya baka phokotsego e ntsi ya kelelo ya noka go tsena gompieno metsi a a elelang a kwa tlase thata fa a tshwantshanngwa le a a lemogilweng ka dingwag tsa 1950 go tsena 1960. Phokotsego ya go elela ga metsi e ne e le ntsi go gaisa phokotsego ya pula. Pula e e neleng ka 1981 go tsena 1989 e ne e le kwa tlase ka 20% go gaisa ya 1961 go tsena 1970 fa metsi a a tswang mo nokeng one a ne a fokotsegile ka 75%. Ditlamorago tsa pula e e fokotsegileng di ne di se maswe thata mo metsweding e mengwe ya Niger. Ka nako eo, kgampu ya Niger kwa godimo le yone e ne ya itemogela kwelo tlase ya 20% ya pula mme dipalo tsa kwa Koulikoro di ne di fokotsegile ka 50% fela wa dipalo tsa pele.&lt;ref&gt;[https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWAT/Resources/4602114-1206643460526/Niger_River_Basin_Vision_Sustainable_Management.pdf Golitzen 2005], p. 92 Table A2.4.&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ntlha ya phokotsego ya metsi, le ka ngwaga o pula e neleng thata, metsi a atswang kwa Bani a mannye go geta ka dingwaga tsa pula tsa 1950 go tsena 1960.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Letamo la Talo ==
Ka ngwaga wa 2006, letamo la Talo le ne la agiwa go nosetsa dikgaolo dingwe tsa kgampu kwa borwa jwa noka gaufi le toropo ya San. Pele ga kago ya letamo, dikgaolo tse di ne di nna le merwalela fela fa pula e nele thata, morwalela wa bofelo ke wa 1967. Letamo le dikhilomithara di le masome a mane le boraro kwa bophirima jwa San, dikhilomithara di le masome a marataro le borataro kwa tlase ga Douna le dikhilomithara di le lekgolo le lesome kwa godimo ga Djenne.&lt;ref&gt;The dam is located at [https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bani_River&amp;params=13.2774_N_5.2929_W_ 13.2774°N 5.2929°W.]&lt;/ref&gt; Letamo le bereka jaaka sekganedi ka gore metsi a kgona go feta kwa godimo ga lebotana la lone. Kago ya letamo e ne e na le dikganedi tse dintsi.&lt;ref&gt;Meierotto, Lisa (2009), &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140207082208/http://rivers.bee.oregonstate.edu/sites/default/files/meierotto_2008.pdf The uneven geographies of transnational advocacy: The case of the Talo Dam&quot;] (PDF), ''Journal of Environmental Management'', '''90''' (Suppl. 3): S279–S285, Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JEnvM..90S.279M 2009JEnvM..90S.279M,] doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.07.024, &lt;nowiki&gt;PMID 19008033&lt;/nowiki&gt;, archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2014, retrieved 22 June 2026&lt;/ref&gt; Tshekatsheko ya ditlamorago mo tikologong e e dirilweng ke ba African Development Bank&lt;ref&gt;''[https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/ADF-BD-IF-97-21-EN-ESPS-003677523.PDF Moyen Bani plains development program: Summary of the environmental impact assessment]'' (PDF), African Development Fund, 1997&lt;/ref&gt; e ne ya kgalwa go bo e sa ela tlhoko ditlamorago tsa metsi kwa tlase ga letamo.&lt;ref&gt;Fisher, William; Meierotto, Lisa; Russel, Ryan (2001), ''T[https://web.archive.org/web/20110726000741/http://www.djenneinitiative.org/pdfs/clark_en.pdf he Talo Dam Project: Projet de Mise en Valeur Des Plaines Du Moyen Bani]'' (PDF), Clark University, archived from the original on 2011-07-26&lt;/ref&gt;

Letamo le dimithara di le tlhano go ya kwa godimo, le di le makgolo a mabedi, masome a robabongwe le botlhano ka boleele, le dira lekadiba la seelo se se ka bayang dikhilomithara di le 0.18 tsa metsi. Seelo se se emetse 1.3% wa metsi a a tswang mo nokeng ka ngwaga.&lt;ref&gt;A flow of 1 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (35 ft&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) corresponds to 0.0316 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.0076 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) per year. 424 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (15,000 cu ft/s) is equivalent to 13.4 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.2 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)/y&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120303233037/http://www.dnh-mali.org/V1/IMG/Politique_Nationale_de_l_eau.pdf Politique Nationale de l'eau]'' (PDF), République du Mali, Ministère des Mines, de l’énergie et de l’eau: Direction Nationale de l'Hydraulique, 2006, archived from [http://www.dnh-mali.org/V1/IMG/Politique_Nationale_de_l_eau.pdf the original] (PDF) on 2012-03-03, retrieved 22 June 2026&lt;/ref&gt; Metsi a a elelelang kwa tlase a dimithara di le lesome a ka tshwarwa ka nako ya komelelo ka go bula kgoro e e tshololang metsi. Mo dipegong tse di begilweng, ga go a tlhamalala gore ke metsi a le kae a a tlaa dirisiwang go nosetsa, le gore ke a le kae a one a a tlaa boelang mo nokeng. Ditlamorago e tlaa nna go dia kgorogo ya morwalela wa ngwaga le ngwaga le go fokotsa bogale jwa one.

== Letamo la Djenne ==
Ka Motsheganong 2009, African Development Bank e ne ya tlhomamisa madi a letamo le le nostsang go agiwa kwa nokeng ya bani gaufi le Soala, motse o o dikhilomithara di le lesome le bobedi kwa borwa jwa Djenne.&lt;ref&gt;The village of Saola is located on the left back of the Bani at [https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bani_River&amp;params=13.79824_N_4.531775_W_ 13.79824°N 4.531775°W]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.afdb.org/en/news-events/article/mali-33-6-billion-fcfa-and-an-additional-76-2-billion-fcfa-for-the-development-of-irrigation-4736/ ''Mali: 33.6 billion FCFA and an additional 76.2 billion FCFA for the development of irrigation'',] African Development Bank, 2009, retrieved 22 June 2026&lt;/ref&gt; Letamo le, ke selo se le sengwe fela mo lenanenong la didikadike di le masome a marataro le borataro le le akaretsang gape kago ya letamo kwa nokeng ya Sankarani gaufi le Kourouba le go okediwa ga lefelo le le nosediwang ke letamo la Talo.&lt;ref&gt;''[https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/ADF-BD-IF-2008-181-EN-MALI-IRRIGATION-DEVELOPMENT-PROGRAMME-PHASE-I-ESIAS.PDF Mali: Irrigation Development Programme - Phase I, Summary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment]'' (PDF), African Development Bank, 2008, retrieved 22 June 2026&lt;/ref&gt; Letamo la kakanyetso la Djenne le tlaa tshwara metsi a dikhilomithara di le 0.3, a feta a letamo la Talo thata. Le tlaa letla go tlhatsa mo go laolwang ga diheketara di le dikete di le lesome le bone tsa kgampu ya Pondori go letla go lemiwa ga raese le nosetso ya diheketara di le dikete tse tlhano tse di okeditsweng go lema tlhaga e e jewang ke loruo.

Ditlamorago tsa matamo a mo merwaleleng ya makgadikgadi a Niger kwa tlase ga Mopti di solofetswe fa di tlaa se ke di nne kalo&lt;ref&gt;Zwarts, Leo; van Beukering, Pieter; Kone, Bakary; Wymenga, Eddy, eds. (2005), ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110724143543/http://www.altwym.nl/uploads/file/361_1289481552.pdf The Niger, a lifeline: Effective water management in the Upper Niger Basin]'' (PDF), Veenwouden, the Netherlands: Altenburg &amp; Wymenga, ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;90-807150-6-9&lt;/bdi&gt;, archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-24, retrieved 2026-06-22&lt;/ref&gt;, ka metsi a a tswang kwa Bani e le bongwe mo borarong fela jwa Niger: go tswa ka 1952 go tsena 2002 metsi a a elelang kwa Douna e ne e le dikhilomithara di le makgolo a mane, masome a mabedi lebone fa a tshwantshanngwa le dimithara di le sekete, makgoloa  mabedi le masome a  robabobedi kwa Niger kwa Koulikoro.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

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    <title>Noka ya Bagoe</title>
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      <comment>Ke ranotse stebe ya Noka ya Bagoe #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA</comment>
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      <text bytes="535" sha1="6n6n2x06i1lz0hdcac9j4ngtqvd0540" xml:space="preserve">[[Setshwantsho:Bani OSM.png|thumb|Mafaratlhatlha a [[Noka ya Bani]]]]
'''Noka ya Bagoé''' ke motswedi wa [[noka ya Bani]] kwa bophirima jwa [[Aferika|Aforika]]. E elela go kgabaganya [[Ivory Coast]] kwa bokone le [[Mali]] kwa borwa e dira bontlha jwa molelwane gareng ga mafatshe a mabedi ao.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Ian_Brownlie|Brownlie, Ian]] (1979).  ''African Boundaries: A Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopedia''. Institute for International Affairs, Hurst and Co. pp. 371–74.&lt;/ref&gt; Motswedi wa yone o motona ke noka ya Banifin.

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    <title>Noka ya Coporolo</title>
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        <id>12161</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC  2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE  RANOTSE TSEBE YA  NOKA YA COPOROLO</comment>
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      <text bytes="993" sha1="rbcbqr8crt7knea6nb400tyvrj3bre2" xml:space="preserve">'''Noka ya Coporolo''' ke noka e e elelang ka dinako tse di rileng kwa lefatsheng la  Angola. E elela go ralala Dombe Grande mo metsaneng ya Benguela. Ka dinako tse dingwe e ne e tsewa e le molapo o o sa feleng.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=YfERAAAAYAAJ&amp;dq=coporolo+River+intermittent&amp;pg=PA8 The Earth and Its Inhabitants, Africa: South and east Africa,] Elisée Reclus, D. Appleton, 1890&lt;/ref&gt;Molomo wa yone o mo Lewatleng la Atlantic mme kgaolo ya yone ya metsi ke 15,674 square kilometres (6,052 sq mi).

Merwalela ya setlha ke bothata jo bo tlhagelelang gangwe le gape ka batho ba le dikete tse thataro le makgolo a supa ba ba neng ba fudusiwa mo merwaleleng ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le motso(2011).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.opais.net/pt/opais/?id=1657&amp;det=19469&amp;mid= A fúria do rio Coporolo], O Pais, 7 - 3 -2011&lt;/ref&gt;Tiro ya go laola merwalela ya dipaka go sireletsa toropo le dipolasi e ne e tshwanetse go dirwa mo ngwageng o o latelang.

== Metswedi ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Letsha la El Rayan</title>
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        <username>MmaBaggio</username>
        <id>11091</id>
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      <comment>#AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA  Letsha la El Rayan</comment>
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      <text bytes="5555" sha1="ov3ute5spa3acr0vhsc7hx26rb3g3iq" xml:space="preserve">'''Letsha la El Rayan''' ke letsha le le mo lefelong le le sireleditsweng la Wadi El Rayan kwa [[Egepeto.]] E borona jwa disekwerekilometara di le 52,9 mme e na le matsha a mabedi a a golagantsweng ke phororo. Letsha leno ke motswedi o o botlhokwa wa ditlhapi. &lt;ref&gt;[https://egyresmag.com/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86/ Wadi al-Rayan Lakes]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dipopego tsa lefatshe ==
Letsha la El Rayan le kwa kgaolong ya borwabophirima jwa Fayoum Governorate, le le mo sekakeng sa Bophirima. E bokgakala jwa dikilometara di le masome a mabedi le botlhano  kwa borwa jwa toropo. Tiro ya Wadi El Rayan e simolotse ka kgwedi ya Phalane ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le borobabobedi , morago ga go oketsega ga metsi a Letsha la Qarun, e e neng e tshosetsa mafaratlhatlha a a agilweng go le dikologa. &lt;ref&gt;[https://egyptencyclopedia.com/m/%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1 Discover Wadi al-Rayyan, Egypt - Encyclopædia Egyptica.]&lt;/ref&gt;Tikologo eno e ne e diretswe go nna bobolokelo jwa metsi a a dirisiwang mo temothuong kwa Fayoum. Porojeke e ne ya wediwa ka kgwedi ya  Ferikgong ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le boraro , ka go fetisiwa ga metsi a kgelelo ya metsi a temothuo. &lt;ref&gt;[https://sis.gov.eg/Story/115458?lang=ar Wadi El-Rayan Reserve]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/203119/3/725270/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA/%D8%A5%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B0-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA---%C2%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%C2%BB-%D9%88%C2%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%C2%BB-%D9%81%D9%89-%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B6%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%AF.aspx Saving lakes. Qarun and Rayan in the grip of overfishing and pollution]&lt;/ref&gt;

Tiro eno e akaretsa go agiwa ga mosele o o boleele jwa dikilometara di le 5,9 o o simololang kwa ntlheng ya porofense go fitlha kwa molelwaneng wa sekaka. Morago ga moo go agiwa mosele o o khurumeditsweng o o boleele jwa dikilometara di le tlhano le bophara jwa dimetara di le tharo kwa Buqayrat Plateau, o kgabagare o tla tsenang mo letsheng. Go fopholediwa gore mo e ka nnang dimetara tsa dikhubiki di le dimilione di le makgolo a mabedi  tsa metsi a a dirisediwang temothuo a tsena mo matlhakoreng a Rayan ngwaga le ngwaga. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.elbalad.news/4403902#goog_rewarded A story with a history Wadi al-Rayyan in Fayoum Muhammad Ali Pasha was the first to think of utilizing its waters]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://egyptian1.com/archives/6225 Wadi El-Rayan Reserve in Fayoum]&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Setshwantsho:WadiRaiyanSouthernWaterfall.jpg|thumb|Diphororo tsa metsi kwa El Rayan]]
Letsha leno le kgaogantswe ka dikarolo tse pedi: letsha le le kwa godimo le le bogolo jwa disekwerekilometara di le 50,90, le le nang le letswai le le ka nnang digerama di le 5,1 ka litara, le le boteng jwa dimetara di le masome a mabedi le bobedi; le letsha le le kwa tlase le le bogolo jwa diheketara di le thataro . Matsha a mabedi a golagantswe ke lefelo la diphororo, &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.albayan.ae/editors-choice/asfar/2015-12-27-1.2537888 “Wadi al-Rayan, Egypt's only waterfall]&lt;/ref&gt; koo metsi a fitlhang go dimetara di le masome a mabedi. Kgaolo eno e itsege ka go nna le ditlhapi tse dintsi. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.fayoum.8k.com/invest.htm/ Fayoum Governorate] [https://web.archive.org/web/20100505065519/http://www.fayoum.8k.com:80/invest.htm/ Archived] May 5, 2010, at [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Madirelo a ditlhapi ==
Metsi a a kwa tlase a Rayan a tlhalosiwa e le a a seng botshe, mme bontsi jwa ditlhapi tse di leng teng ke tsa Nile. Le fa go ntse jalo, di-mullet le di-bass di isiwa kwa matsheng ano di sa ntse di le dinonyane tse dinnye go tswa kwa mafelong a a gaufi le lotshitshi lwa Egepeto. Mefuta e megolo ya ditlhapi e e bonwang mo mafelong a a kwa tlase a El-Rayan e akaretsa mullet, tilapia e tshweu, Zander, le carp bass. &lt;ref&gt;[http://egyptian1.com/archives/6225 Wadi El-Rayan Reserve in Fayoum]&lt;/ref&gt;

Go na le ditikwatikwe di le tlhano tsa go phutha ditlhapi kwa mafelong a a bongola a Rayan, tse tharo tsa tsone di kwa karolong ya ntlha ya metsi a a kwa tlase mme tse pedi kwa go ya boraro. Nako ya go tshwara ditlhapi mo mafelong a a bongola a Rayan e tsaya malatsi a ka nna makgolo a mabedi . Go fopholediwa gore ditlhapi tse di ntshiwang ka paka mo mafelong a a bongola a Rayan di ka nna ditone di le 1.100 go ya go di le 1.200. Lefelo leno le na le madirelo a a dirang aese ka maatla a letsatsi kwa Wadi El Rayan, a a berekang ka disele tsa letsatsi. Fektheri e e dira fela ka paka ya go thaya ditlhapi mo mafelong a a bongola a Rayan mme e direla tiro ya go rekisa ditlhapi mo porofenseng, mmogo le mekgatlho ya Rayan le Qarun. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fayoum.gov.eg/rayan.htm/ Official website of Fayoum Governorate] [https://web.archive.org/web/20081017103249/http://www.fayoum.gov.eg/rayan.htm Archived] October 17, 2008, at [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bojanala ==
Kwantle ga go nna tsela ya go tsamaisa metsi a a leswe a temothuo, Letsha la El Rayan, le le mo molapong o o tletseng bojang le le dikologilweng ke diphororo tse di phothoselang, ke lefelo le le rategang la bojanala. Mo godimo ga moo, go na le mefutafuta ya ditshedi mo kgaolong eno, e e bontshiwang ke go nna teng ga diphologolo tse di sa tlwaelegang mo Thabeng ya Rayan. &lt;ref&gt;[http://egyptian1.com/archives/6225 Wadi El-Rayan Reserve in Fayoum]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Metswedi ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Letamo la Selingue</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-22T08:38:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>9421</id>
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      <comment>Ke ranotse tsebe ya Letamo la Selingue #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA</comment>
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      <text bytes="2270" sha1="73ixmsmfwskesueal1hcnfnobq4j5tr" xml:space="preserve">'''Letamo la Sélingué''' ke letamo le le ikagetsweng le le nang le botlha jo bo agilweng ka matlapa kwa kgaolong ya Sikasso, kwa [[Noka ya Sankarani|nokeng ya Sankarani]], nngwe ya dinoka tse ditona thata kwa [[Noka ya Niger|nokeng ya Niger]]. Ke motswedi wa kgothetso o o botlhokwa thata kwa [[Mali]], le fetwa fela ke [[letamo la Manantali]] kwa [[Noka ya Bafing|nokeng ya Bafing]].

Kago ya lone, ka tlhwatlhwa ya didikadike tsa di dolara tsa America di le lekgolo le masome a mane, e bone dithuso tsa madi go tswa mo bathong le dikompone tse di farologaneng.

Letamo le na le molomo wa boleele jwa dimithara di le dikete pedi, makgolo a marataro le bokwa godimo jwa dimithara di le masome mabedi le boraro.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Zwarts, Leo; Cissé, Navon; Diallo, Mori (2005), &quot;Chapter 2: Hydrology of the Upper Niger&quot;, in Zwarts, Leo; van Beukering, Pieter; Kone, Bakary; et al. (eds.), ''[http://www.altwym.nl/uploads/file/361_1289481552.pdf The Niger, a lifeline: Effective water management in the Upper Niger Basin]'' (PDF), Veenwouden, the Netherlands: Altenburg &amp; Wymenga, pp. 15–41, ISBN 90-807150-6-9&lt;/ref&gt; Le ntsha motlakase wa dimegawatts di le masome a mane lebone, letamo le ntsha motlakase wa dikilowatts mo oureng di le didikadike tse di makgolo mabedi ka ngwaga. Letamo le le fetlhela Bamako, Kati, Koulikoro, Segou, Fana, Diola, Yanfolila le Kalana motlakase. Le simolotse go bereka ka 1982, la ntshafadiwa ka 1996 go tsena 2001.

Kgampu e e tshwarang metsi a letamo le e tlhama letsha la maitirelo la Selingue. Seelo sa metsi fa a tletse ke dimithara di le makgolo a mararo, masome a mane le borobabongwe mme se a farologana mo ngwageng. Fa le tletse, letamo le baya dikhilomithara di le pedi le bobedi tsa metsi, le bophara jwa dikhilomithara di le makgolo a mane le borobabongwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Le letla gore go nne le temothuo mo mafelong a a nosediwang a tlhokometswe ke ofisi ya ditlhabololo tsa magae kwa Selingue, ga mmog le go tshwara ditlhapi.&lt;ref&gt;Knaap, Martin van der (1994), ''[https://www.fao.org/4/V4110E/V4110E04.htm#ch4.3 Status of fish stocks and fisheries of thirteen medium-sized African reservoirs. CIFA Technical Paper] 26'', Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, ISBN 92-5-103581-4&lt;/ref&gt;

== Metswedi ==</text>
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    <title>Letsha la Manzala</title>
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        <id>11091</id>
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      <comment>#AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA  Letsha la Manzala</comment>
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      <text bytes="4553" sha1="qhp6lvm9nmljum381jf3ath802nbpvh" xml:space="preserve">'''Letsha la Manzala''' (Arabic), gape '''Manzaleh''', ke letsha la letswai, ka dinako tse dingwe le bitswang letamo, kwa bokone-botlhaba jwa Egepeto mo Nile Delta gaufi le Port Said le dikilometara di le mmalwa go tswa mo matlotleng a bogologolo kwa [[Tanis]]. &lt;ref&gt;Dinar, p.51&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Margaret S. Drower (1995). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=7TCLb4DJRLwC&amp;dq=Lake+Manzala+Suez+Canal&amp;pg=PA72 Flinders Petrie: a life in archaeology]'' (Second ed.). ASCE Publications. p. 72. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-299-14624-5|978-0-299-14624-5]]&lt;/bdi&gt;. Retrieved 2009-04-10.&lt;/ref&gt;Ke letsha le legolo go a feta otlhe a a kwa bokone jwa noka ya Nile kwa Egepeto. &lt;ref&gt;Zahran, p.283&lt;/ref&gt;Go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi  e boleele jwa  dikilometara di le masome a mane le bosupa le bophara jwa dikilometara di le masome a mararo .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Zahran, p.283&lt;/ref&gt;

== Letshwao ==
Leina la letsha leno le tswa mo lefokong la Searabia: نزل, le le ranotsweng ka Seroma: nazala, le le rayang 'go fologa, go ema, go iketla.' Mo Dingwageng tsa Bogare e ne e itsege gape jaaka '''pi-Manjōili''' (Coptic:  ⁇ , lit. 'inn, lodging'), e e ranotsweng ka Segerika e le '''Xenedokhou''' (Ancient Greek: Ξενεδόχου), ka jalo e dira leina la segompieno la Searabia go nna thanolo ya Se-Coptic, koo go tshwana ga medumo ya mantswe e leng selo se se itiragaletseng fela.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Dipopego tsa lefatshe ==
Letsha la Manzala le leleele mme ga le boteng thata. Le fa boteng jwa Letsha la Manzala bo sa fetoge e le dimetara di le 1,2 go ya go di le 1,5, boteng jwa lone bo ne jwa fetolwa fa go ne go agiwa Suez Canal gore e kgone go nna dikilometara di le masome a mane le bosupa  go ralala letsha leno. Boalo jwa yone ke letsopa le le boleta.&lt;ref&gt;Rogers, J. R. and G. Owen (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=jFGHnqSKENIC&amp;dq=Lake+Timsah&amp;pg=PA124 ''Water Resources and Environmental History''.] ASCE Publications. p. 124. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-7844-0738-7|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-7844-0738-7&lt;/bdi&gt;.]] Retrieved 2009-04-10.&lt;/ref&gt; Pele ga go agiwa ga Suez Canal, Letsha la Manzala le ne le kgaogantswe le Lewatle la Mediterranean ke moshawa wa motlhaba wa bophara jwa dimetara di le lekgolo le masome a robabobedi go ya go di le makgolo  a mabedi le masome a supa .

Port Said e ne ya tlhomiwa gaufi le Letsha la Manzala mo lekgolong la bo lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga go tshegetsa go agiwa ga kanale le maeto a a amanang le yone. Lefelo la letsha le le kwa borwa jwa Boemafofane jwa Port Said le thibela kgolo ya toropo. &lt;ref&gt;Melady, J. (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=YwSR4FsUOdMC&amp;dq=Lake+Manzala+Suez+Canal&amp;pg=PA116 ''Pearson's prize: Canada and the Suez Crisis''.] Toronto, Lancaster, New York: Dundurn Press Ltd. p. 207. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-611-5|&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-55002-611-5&lt;/bdi&gt;.]] Retrieved 2009-04-10.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mosele wa Suez

Letsha la Manzala ke lone le le kwa bokone go feta matsha a mangwe a mararo a tlholego a a kgabagantsweng ke Suez Canal, a mangwe a mabedi ke Letsha la Timsah le Letsha le Legolo la Bitter. Go agiwa ga kanale eno go ne ga simologa go tswa kwa bokone go ya kwa borwa, go fitlha kwa Manzala pele. E re ka letsha leno le ne le se boteng, go ne go tlhokega gore go epiwe mosele o o neng o tla dira gore dikepe di kgone go feta.

== Tikologo ==
[[Setshwantsho:Fishermen in Egypt.jpg|thumb|Batshwaraditlhapi kwa Letsheng la Manzala]]
Letsha la Manzala e ne e le motswedi o o botlhokwa wa ditlhapi tse di sa tureng tse batho ba neng ba di ja kwa Egepeto, mme kgotlelo le go gelela ga metsi mo letsheng leno go fokoditse selekanyo se letsha leno le ntshang ditlhapi ka sone. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le botlhano, ditlhapi tsa matsha e ne e le lefelo le le bulegileng la diheketara di le dikete tse masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe (220,000 acres) mme go ne go thapilwe badiri ba ka nna dikete tse lesome le bosupa. Puso ya Egepeto e ne ya gopa dikarolo tse dintsi tsa letsha leno e le go leka go fetola metswedi e e humileng ya Nile go nna masimo. Tiro eno e ne e se na poelo: dijalo di ne di sa gole sentle mo mmung o o letswai mme boleng jwa dijo tse di neng tsa ntshiwa bo ne bo le kwa tlase ga boleng jwa ditlhapi tse di neng di rekisiwa mo mmung o o neng o dirisitswe. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le motso , Letsha la Manzala le ne la latlhegelwa ke diperesente di ka nna masome a robabobedi tsa lefelo la lone la pele ka ntlha ya matsapa a go kgelela metsi. &lt;ref&gt;Ibrahim, p.145&lt;/ref&gt;

== Metswedi ==</text>
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    <title>Letsha la Abaya</title>
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      <comment>#AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA  Letsha la Abaya</comment>
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      <text bytes="5360" sha1="qj0w9uvb6lbto2wrdcyf6o0en5emb6b" xml:space="preserve">[[Setshwantsho:Lake Abaya, Arba Minch (6194081486).jpg|thumb|Letsha la Abaya]]
'''Letsha la Abaya''' (Amharic) ke letsha le le kwa S[[outh Ethiopia Regional State]] of [[Ethiopia]]. E kwa Botlhaba jwa [[Thaba ya Guge]].

Toropo ya Arba Minch e mo lotshitshing lwa yone lo lo kafa borwabophirima, mme lotshitshi lo lo kafa borwa ke karolo ya Nechisar National Park. Go ela kwa borwa go na le [[Letsha la Chamo]]. Savanna, e e itsegeng ka diphologolo tsa naga le dinonyane, e dikologile letsha leno, le le tshwarwang ke batho ba lefelo leno. Go ya ka Lefapha la Ditlhapi le Temothuo ya Lewatle la Ethiopia, ditone di le makgolo a male le lesome le bobedi tsa ditlhapi di a tshwarwa ngwaga le ngwaga, mme lefapha le lekanyetsa gore ke 69% ya selekanyo sa ditlhapi se se kgonang go bolokiwa. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm &quot;Information on Fisheries Management in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033847/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm Archived] 2008-02-28 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]] (report dated January, 2003)&lt;/ref&gt;

Letsha la Abaya le boleele jwa dikilometara di le masome a marataro le bophara jwa dikilometara di le masome a mabedi, &lt;ref&gt;''Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia for 1967/68''&lt;/ref&gt;mme le na le bogodimo jwa dikilometara di le sekete,lekgolo le borataro le bobedi  tsa sekwere. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Baxter, R. M. ''Lake Morphology and Chemistry.'' in Taylor, W.D. and Tudorancea, C., eds. '''Ethiopian Rift Valley Lakes.''' Leiden: Backhuys Publishers, 2002.&lt;/ref&gt; Go na le ditlhaketlhake di le mmalwa mo letsheng leno, se segolo go di feta tsotlhe ke [[Aruro]];&lt;ref&gt;[http://130.238.24.99/library/resources/dossiers/local_history_of_ethiopia/A/ORTARG.pdf &quot;Local History in Ethiopia&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927023043/http://130.238.24.99/library/resources/dossiers/local_history_of_ethiopia/A/ORTARG.pdf Archived] 2007-09-27 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]] The Nordic Africa Institute website (accessed 5 November 2007)&lt;/ref&gt; tse dingwe di akaretsa Gidicho, Welege, Galmaka, le Alkali. Letsha le na le mmala o o serolwana ka ntlha ya go nna le ditoto tse dintsi tsa mmu. &lt;ref&gt;A. T. Grove; F. A. Street; A. S. Goudie, 1975: &quot;Former Lake Levels and Climatic Change in the Rift Valley of Southern Ethiopia,&quot; ''Geographical Journal'' 141, 177–194&lt;/ref&gt;

Letsha leno le nosediwa ke dinoka tse tharo tse di fa gare. Sa ntlha go na le noka ya Bilate e e simololang kwa ntlheng ya borwa jwa Thaba ya Gurage, go tswa foo e elela kwa borwa go tsena mo Letsheng la Abaya kwa lotshitshing lwa lone lo lo kwa bokone. Ya bobedi ke noka ya Gidabo, e e tlhatlogang mo mekgokoloseng e e kwa bophirima jwa Dithaba tsa Bale, e bo e elela kwa borwa go ya go wela mo Letsheng la Abaya kwa ntlheng ya bokonebotlhaba morago ga go feta mo dipoeng tsa morwalela tsa Gidabo. Noka ya boraro ke Gelana, e e simololang kwa ntlheng ya bophirima jwa Rift Valley kwa bokonebophirima jwa Toropo ya Bule Hora. Gape go na le melatswana e e elelang mo dithabeng tse di kwa botlhaba le tse di kwa bokone tsa Dithaba tsa Amaro. Gelana e elela kwa bokone go ralala Gelana Graben fa gare ga dithaba tse pedi pele ga e tsena mo mekgatšheng ya Bore mme kwa bofelong e elela kwa ntlheng ya botlhaba go tsena mo letsheng.

Metsi a a elela fela go tswa mo letsheng go ya kwa tlase ga [[Noka ya Kulfo]] ka fa tlase ga lekhubu le le nang le metsi le le botelele jwa  dimetara di le sekete,lekgolo le masome a robabongwe (kwa 6.0109°N 37.5854°E). Noka eno e nna jaaka kgogedi ya metsi fa metsi a letšha a le kwa godimo mme e tshololela metsi a a feteletseng mo Letsheng la Chamo. Ka tlwaelo, metsi a letsha a a fetofetoga, ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bosupa  a ne a le kwa godimo ga 1,175 m, 15 m kwa tlase ga metsi a a neng a tletse. &lt;ref&gt;Google Earth&lt;/ref&gt;Mo dingwageng di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng, metsi a letsha a ne a tlhatloga fela ka ±1.5 m go dikologa boleng jo bo kwa tlase ga boalo jwa metsi a a tshologetseng. &lt;ref&gt;Ababu Teklemariam, Bernd Wenclawia (2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20180207063107/https://www.uni-siegen.de/zew/publikationen/volume0405/teklemariam.pdf &quot;Water Quality monitoring within the Abaya-Chamo Drainage Basin&quot;] (PDF). Archived from [https://www.uni-siegen.de/zew/publikationen/volume0405/teklemariam.pdf the original] (PDF) on 2018-02-07. Retrieved 2018-02-06.&lt;/ref&gt; Ka jalo, boteng jo bo kwa godimo jwa letsha bo fetoga go se kae fela go tswa ngwageng go ya ngwageng, ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bobedi letsha le ne le na le boteng jo bo kwa godimo jwa 13.1 metres.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
[[Setshwantsho:Lake Abaya.jpg|thumb|Letsha la Abaya jaaka le bonwa go tswa kwa motseng wa Ba-Dorze. Kwa ntlheng ya moja go ka bonwa Arba Minch le Letsha la Chamo. Fa gare ga matsha ano a mabedi go na le Nechisar National Park.]]
Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le borataro letsha la Abaya le ne la rewa leina la &quot;Lake Margherita&quot; go ya ka Kgosigadi Margherita wa kwa Savoy, mosadi wa ga Kgosi Humbert I wa kwa Italy ke mmatlisisi wa kwa Italy Vittorio Bottego yo e neng ya nna ene wa ntlha go tlhatlhoba kgaolo eno. Leina &quot;Lake Margherita&quot; (Lago Margherita) le santse le dirisiwa kwa Italy. &lt;ref&gt;Mack Smith, Denis. Mussolini’s Roman Empire. New York: Viking, 1976.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Metswedi ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Noka ya Bero</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13846</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51258</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-22T09:20:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lucrucia98</username>
        <id>12161</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC  2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE  RANOTSE TSEBE YA  NOKA YA BERO</comment>
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      <text bytes="3310" sha1="9g827bwtq78c2jt638rhedy707o222e" xml:space="preserve">'''Noka ya Bero''' ke noka e e kwa borwa jwa lefatshe la Angola. Molomo wa yone o kwa Little Fish Bay kwa Atlantic Ocean kwa bokone jwa toropo ya Moçâmedes kwa Namibe Province.&lt;ref&gt;[http://mapcarta.com/19048986 &quot;Bero&quot;.] ''Mapcarta''. Retrieved 10 October 2016&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ditso ==
Ka ngwaga wa sekete , makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le borobabongwe (1849) bakoloniale ba Bapotokisi go tswa kwa lefatsheng la Brazil ba ne ba simolola dipolasi go bapa le noka. &lt;ref&gt;[http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00053126/00001/2j Sea fisheries and fish ports in Angola,] Irene S. Van Dongen, 1962, p. 14&lt;/ref&gt;Ka nako ya ntwa le Ovimbundu ka ngwaga wa sekete , makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bobedi (1862), Bapotokisi ba ne ba tlhoma masole mo dintshing tse pedi tsa noka ya Bero.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=Wb4NAAAAQAAJ&amp;dq=%22rio+bero%22+angola&amp;pg=PA200 Relatorio Do Governador Geral Da Provincia de Angola: Sebastiao Lopes de Calheiros E Menezes Referido Ao Anno de 1861] Angola. Govêrno Geralm Impr. Nacional, 1867, p. 200&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=mw1n9-3ZvcQC&amp;dq=1862+angola+ovimbundu&amp;pg=PA314 General history of Africa. 6. Africa in the nineteenth century until the 1880s,] J. F. Ade Ajayi, UNESCO, Jan 1, 1989, p. 314&lt;/ref&gt;Kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le borobabongwe  le kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bo masome a mabedi , dintshi tsa Noka ya Bero di ne di tshegetsa dipolase tsa maungo, katune, sukiri le kofi, gammogo le go tlamela dikepe tse di fetang ka metsi a a foreshe le fa go ne go lemogilwe gore go ne go ka nna le metsi a a ka nnang maoto a le mararo fela mo nokeng ka paka ya komelelo.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=9tINAQAAMAAJ&amp;dq=%22bero+river%22&amp;pg=PA421 Africa Pilot: The southwest coast of Africa from Cape Palmas to the Cape of Good Hope, including the islands of St. Helena, Ascension, Tristan da Cunha, and neighboring islands,] United States Hydrographic Office, 1916, pp. 420-421&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=KTEMAAAAIAAJ&amp;dq=%22bero+river%22&amp;pg=PA758 Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography, Volume 5], Edward Stanford, 1883, p. 458.&lt;/ref&gt;Go ne ga dirwa tiro ya go tlosa metsi mo nokeng le go nonotsha dintshi tsa yone gaufi le molomo wa noka ka dingwaga tsa dikete tse pedi (2000) go laola merwalela.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140106031629/http://www.opway.pt/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=484&amp;Itemid=108 &quot;Opway.pt - Rio Bero - Desassoreamento e Regularização do Leito do Rio Bero - 3ª Fase - Namibe&quot;]. Archived from the original on 2014-01-06. Retrieved 2014-01-05.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/en_us/especiais/reconstrucao-nacional/2010/9/40/Urbanisation-minister-checks-cleaning-works-Bero-River,2720f647-aee2-4fb6-898a-d003bc968928.html Urbanisation minister checks cleaning works on Bero River] Archived January 6, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, ANGOP - Angola Press News Agency, 05 Oct 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Semela se, Euphorbia berotica, se ne sa bidiwa ka leina la noka ka gonne se ne sa ribololwa mo lefelong leo.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=u2n5vusQ1DEC&amp;dq=%22rio+bero%22+angola&amp;pg=PA25 Etymological Dictionary of Succulent Plant Names], Urs Eggli, Leonard E. Newton Springer, Mar 11, 2004, p. 25&lt;/ref&gt;

== Metswedi ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Noka ya Kulfo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13847</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51259</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-22T09:37:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MmaBaggio</username>
        <id>11091</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC 2026 #WATER FOR LIFE AFRICA KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA  Noka ya Kulfo</comment>
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      <text bytes="3311" sha1="2skilim3eckb6rvgtqt27yvz155qos6" xml:space="preserve">'''Noka ya Kulfo''' ke noka e e kwa borwa jwa [[Ethiopia]] e e simololang kwa ntlheng ya bophirima jwa Main Ethiopian Rift mo dithabeng tsa Guge.

E elela go ralala Arba Minch mme e bo e ralala [[Nechisar National Park]] mo kgaolong e e fa gare ga [[Letsha la Chamo]] le [[Letsha la Abaya]]. Gantsi e tshologela mo Letsheng la Chamo mme gape e ka tshologela mo Letsheng la Abaya morago ga dipula tse di maatla ka tsela e e kgaoganang e e kwa borwabophirima jwa Boemafofane jwa Arba Minch.

Metsi a a kwa tlase a Noka ya Kulfo ke one a a tsenang mo Letsheng la Abaya a bo a tsena mo Letsheng la Chamo fa metsi a le kwa godimo. Lefelo le le elelang le ka fa tlase ga lekgwamolelo la mmu le le bogodimo jwa 1,190 m (kwa [https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kulfo_River&amp;params=6.0109_N_37.5854_E_region:ET-SN 6.0109°N 37.5854°E]). Go tswa foo noka e bo e tshololela metsi a a feteletseng a letsha mo Letsha la Chamo. &lt;ref&gt;Schütt, Brigitta, Thiemann, Stefan, [http://www.uni-siegen.de/zew/publikationen/volume0204/sch%C3%BCtt_thiemann_-_kulfo_river-_regulator_of_lake_level_c.pdf Kulfo River, Southern Ethiopia:Regulator of Lake Level Changes in the Lake Abaya–Chamo Basin] [https://web.archive.org/web/20180207010413/http://www.uni-siegen.de/zew/publikationen/volume0204/sch%C3%BCtt_thiemann_-_kulfo_river-_regulator_of_lake_level_c.pdf Archived] 2018-02-07 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]], Research Institute Water and Environment, Siegen University, Retrieved on June 22, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

Borogo jo bo botlhokwa jo bo kgabaganyang noka eno bo ne jwa tsosolosiwa ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bobedi . Noka eno e ne ya kgala thata mo dingwageng tsa bosheng.

== Dikarolo tsa yone ==
Ke noka e e logilweng, e e nang le kgaolo ya dikilometara di le makgolo a mararo . E bophara jwa dimetara di le masome a mabedi gaufi le molomo wa yone, e na le makgabana a 10 m/km. Palogare ya bophara jwa matheriale wa bolao ke 14 mm (gravel).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Hanibal Lemma, and colleagues (2019). &quot;Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia&quot;. ''Journal of Hydrology''. '''577''' 123968. doi:[[doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968|10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968.]] S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199099061 199099061.]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Go rwalwa ga sediment ==
Noka e rwala ditone di le 53,480 tsa morwalo wa metsi le ditone di le 327,230 tsa sediment tse di tlhatlhamolotsweng ngwaga le ngwaga go ya kwa Letsheng la Chamo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ditshenekegi tsa boboatsatsi ==
Tshekatsheko ya cytotaxonomic ya larval chromosomes go tswa kwa kgaolong ya Noka ya Kulfo e senotse go nna teng ga mefuta e mebedi e e sa tswang go lemogiwa ya Black flies mo nokeng, Simulium kulfoense le S. soderense; le fa go ntse jalo go farologana le Black flies tse dingwe, mefuta eno ga e tshole Onchocerca volvulus.&lt;ref&gt;Hadisa, Mamuye, Wilson, Michael, Cobblaha, Millicent, Boakyea, Daniel, (2008) [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=E7B1558D117FB95817AED35AA0CA1115.tomcat1?fromPage=online&amp;aid=1864940 Cytotaxonomy of Simulium soderense and a redescription of the 'Kulfo' form,] International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, [[:en:Cambridge_University_Press|Cambridge University Press]], Retrieved on June 22, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

== Metswedi ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Noka ya Curoca</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13848</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51260</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-22T09:39:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lucrucia98</username>
        <id>12161</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC  2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE  RANOTSE TSEBE YA  NOKA YA CUROCA</comment>
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      <text bytes="1639" sha1="53vn8bjnldekvcyh2f9jm1p3ob388av" xml:space="preserve">'''Noka ya Curoca''' ke noka e e kgaoganang kwa metseng ya Namibe, kwa borwa jwa Angola e e nang le matsha a a setseng ka dipaka tse di omileng. Ke nngwe ya dinoka tse pedi fela mo Iona National Park, e e akaretsang gape le dithotana tsa motlhaba tsa sekaka sa Namib.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/ao/ao-nr-04-en.pdf FRAMEWORK REPORT ON ANGOLA’S BIODIVERSITY], Soki Kuedikuenda, Miguel N. G. Xavier, Ministry of Environment, Angola, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.africanbudgetsafaris.com/locations/namib-desert/ Namib desert.]Saturday, 21 July 2018&lt;/ref&gt;Noka ya Curoca e bopa karolo ya molelwane o o kwa bokone wa phaka mme gape e ralala Lagoa dos Arcos le Regional Natural Park ya Namibe (Parque Natural Regional do Namibe). Molomo wa yone o mo Lewatleng la Atlantic, kwa bokone jwa motse wa Tômbwa. Matamo ano a na le dimela tse di jaaka ditlhare tsa bamboo le tsa mitlwa le diphologolo tse di jaaka springbok le oryx. Oasis ya Lagoa dos Arcos e itsege jaaka lefelo la bojanala.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=8WeNJD2RW3YC&amp;dq=curoca+municipality+river&amp;pg=PA206 Sustainable Tourism V], F. D. Pineda, C. A. Brebbia,WIT Press, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;Metsi a a elelang ka dinako tsa ngwaga a tshegetsa temothuo e e lekanyeditsweng le phulo e e dirwang mo lefelong leno.

Setlhopha sa Ba-San ba ba neng ba nna gaufi le noka mme ba bua puo e e bidiwang Curoca mme gone jaanong puo eo e tsewa e nyeletse. Maloko a setlhopha a amogetse puo ya Bantu.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=p-7ON7Rvx_AC&amp;dq=curoca+ethnic&amp;pg=PT942 Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages,] Christopher Moseley, Routledge, Dec 6, 2012,&lt;/ref&gt;

== Metswedi ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Noka ya Lungwebungu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13849</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51261</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-22T10:02:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lucrucia98</username>
        <id>12161</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC  2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA KE  RANOTSE TSEBE YA  NOKA YA LUNGWEBUNGU</comment>
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      <text bytes="1785" sha1="fp0fmahsbu9rbjmrrs0ieb5tafitoe8" xml:space="preserve">'''Noka ya Lungwebungu''' (kwa Angola Lungué Bungo) ya Afrika Bogare ke nngwe ya dinoka tse dikgolo tse di tsenang mo nokeng ya Zambezi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/place/Lungwebungu-River &quot;Lungwebungu River | Congo Basin, Central Africa, tributary | Britannica&quot;]. ''www.britannica.com''. Retrieved 2025-06-29.&lt;/ref&gt;Ka fa gare ga dikilometara tse masome a matlhano e dirile semelo se e se bolokang ka bontsi jwa tsela ya yone, ya meanders e e raraaneng thata, ka dikanale tse dintsi le matsha a oxbow, mo kanaleng ya seretse e e ka nnang makgolo a robabobedi(800 m (2,600 ft) bophara e e leng mo mokgatšheng o o se boteng o o nang le lebala la merwalela la boraro go ya go botlhano (5 km (1.9 go ya go 3.1 mi) bophara, le le tletseng metsi mo setlheng sa pula.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Dikgaolo tsa mokgatšha ono wa morwalela ke mmu o mosweu wa motlhaba o o apesitsweng ke sekgwa se sennye. Noka e kgolo e gola go tswa go masome a matlhano (50 m (160 ft) bophara go ya go makgolo a mabedi (200 m (660 ft) bophara gaufi le Zambezi, mme lefelo la yone la go khurumetsa metsi ka bonako le a atologa fa le kopana le Zambezi, kwa tshimologong ya Barotse Floodplain, e e leng masome a mabedi le botlhano (25 km (16 mi) bophara ka nako eo. 

Patlisiso ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe (2021) e fitlhetse noka e le legae la mofuta wa Hippopotamyrus o o farologaneng le mefuta e mengwe ya ditlhapi.&lt;ref&gt;[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jfb.14743]&lt;/ref&gt;

Le fa gone noka eno e le motswedi o o botlhokwa wa ditlhapi mo bathong ba ba nnang gaufi le yone, e dira gore go se ka ga kgonega go tsamaya mo go yone kwantle fela ga fa pula e na mme go na le mekoro e mennye e e kgonang go tsamaya mo metsing a morwalela.

== Metswedi ==

== Metswedi ==</text>
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    <title>Noka ya Cross (Nigeria)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13850</id>
    <revision>
      <id>51262</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-22T10:03:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JudithShe</username>
        <id>9421</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ke ranotse tsebe ya Noka ya Cross #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA</comment>
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      <text bytes="5930" sha1="cj2jyinrygxo2r8vjr40cstf30cp8ay" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox river|name=Noka ya Cross|image_name=Cross River (Cameroon).jpg|caption=Noka ya Cross gaufi le toropo ya Mamfe kwa [[Cameroon]]|image_map=Cross River OSM.png|river_name=Oyono|origin=[[Cameroon]]|mouth=Bight of Biafra|basin_countries=[[Cameroon]] [[Nigeria]]|elevation=2,728 m|length=489 km|river_system=Cross River|left_tribs=Mfi, Mbu, [[noka ya Bali]] Munaya, Awa, ibe, Ukpon, Ekpor, Udep, Calabar,Great Kwa|right_tribs=Bagwor, Mak, Mo, Mam, Munaya, Oyi, Obokum, Afi,Ikpa,Enyong, Aboine}}

'''Noka ya Cross''' (leina la mo gae e le Oyono)&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Élisée_Reclus|Reclus, Élisée]] (1892). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=D1pAa9idGX0C&amp;pg=PA341&amp;redir_esc=y Africa]''. Vol. 3 (reprint ed.). Forgotten Books. p. 341. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/1-4400-9130-7|&lt;bdi&gt;1-4400-9130-7&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt; ke yone noka ya konokono kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa [[Nigeria]], kgaolo ya Cross River e tsaya leina mo go yone. E simolola kwa [[Cameroon]], kwa leina la [[noka ya Manyu]] le tswang teng.&lt;ref&gt;L. Zapfack; J. S. O. Ayeni; S. Besong; M. Mdaihli (November 2001). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110708112712/http://cameroun-foret.com/system/files/18_18_01.pdf &quot;ETHNOBOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TAKAMANDA FOREST RESERVE&quot;] (PDF). Archived from [https://cameroun-foret.com/system/files/18_18_01.pdf the original] (PDF) on 2011-07-08. Retrieved 2026-06-22&lt;/ref&gt; Le ntswa le se le leele ka seelo sa mo [[Aferika|Aforika]], lefelo le e mo go lone le itemogela dipula tse dinamagadi ebile e nne bophara thata. Mo dikhilomithareng tsa yone tsa bofelo tse di masome a robabobedi go ya kwa lewatleng, e elela go kgabaganya sekgwa se se bongola se na le melatswana e le mmalwa, e tlhama makgadikagdi gaufi le bokopano jwa yone le noka ya Calabar,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20100505220021/http://www.mowca.org/new%20design/member-states/nigeria.html &quot;Maritime Organisation of West and Central Africa, Nigeria]&quot;. Archived from [http://www.mowca.org/new%20design/member-states/nigeria.html the original] on 2010-05-05. Retrieved 2026-06-22&lt;/ref&gt; dikhilomithara di le masome mabedi ka bophara le di le masome a matlhano ka boleele gareng ga ditoropo tsa Oron kwa lotshitshing lwa bophirima le Calabar, kwa lotshitshing lo lo kwa botlhaba, dikhilomithara di feta masome a mararo go tswa kwa lewatleng. Makgadikgadi a tshela kwa letamong le legolwane&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Hugh_Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh,]] ed. (1911). [[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Cross_River|&quot;Cross River&quot; .]] ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 510.&lt;/ref&gt; le e le kopanetseng le dinoka tse dingwe tse dipotlana. Kwa molomong wa yone kwa lewatleng la Atlantic, letamo le dikhilomithara di le masome a mabedi le bone ka bophara. Botlhaba jwa letamo bo mo lefatsheng le le mabapi la [[Cameroon]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/place/Cross-River-state-Nigeria &quot;Cross River | Nigeria, Map, &amp; Facts | Britannica&quot;.] ''www.britannica.com''. 2023-09-12. Retrieved 2026-06-22&lt;/ref&gt;

Motswedi o motona wa noka ya Cross ke noka ya Aloma, e tswa kwa kgaolong ya Benue go kopana le noka ya Cross kwa kgaolong ya Cross River. Kgaolo ya Cross River e kopane le tsela e tona e e yang kwa kgaolong e e mabapi ya Akwa Ibom. Sekgele gareng ga Oron le Calabat ke dikhilomithara di le masome mabedi le motso ka mokoro le dikhilomithara di le makgolo a mabedi ka tsela. Palo ya batho ba Cross River kwa tlase ba dirisa dipalamo tsa metsi, toropo ya Calabar e tswa boglogolong e na le maemelo a dikepe, mo nokeng ya Calabar dikhilomithara di le lesome go tswa kwa bokopanelong jwa yone le noka ya Cross le dikhilomithara di le masome a matlhano le botlhano go tswa kwa lewatleng. Borogo jwa Itu kwa nokeng ya Cross bo mo tseleng ya Itu-Calabar, bo bolelwa fa e le nngwe ya dikatlego tsa tsamaiso ya Gowon fa bo fediwa ka 1975.&lt;ref&gt;admin. [https://seaempowerment.org/?p=981 &quot;Major Rivers in Nigeria (Details and Pictures) – Sea Empowerment and Research&quot;.] Retrieved 2026-06-22&lt;/ref&gt;

Noka ya Cross e dira molelwane gareng ga dikgaolo tse di ratiwang ke pula tsa dikgwa tsa Cross Niger kwa bophirima jwa noka gareng ga dinoka tsa Cross le Niger, le Cross-Sanaga-Bioko kwa botlhaba gareng ga noka ya Cross le noka ya Sanaga kwa [[Cameroon]]. Pula ya ngwaga e farologana go tswa dimilimithara di le seke, makgolo a supa le masome a marataro kwa bokone jwa kgaolo go tsena dimilimithara di le dikete tharo, le lekgolo kwa borwa.&lt;ref&gt;Nkpa M., Ogarekpe; Ekpe A., Obio; Imokhai T., Tenebe; Praise God C., Emenike; Chidozie C., Nnaji (23 Jul 2020). [[doi:10.1080/19475705.2020.1785954|&quot;Flood vulnerability assessment of the upper Cross River basin using morphometric analysis&quot;.]] ''Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk''. '''11''' (1): 1378–1403. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020GNHR...11.1378O 2020GNHR...11.1378O.] doi:[[doi:10.1080/19475705.2020.1785954|10.1080/19475705.2020.1785954.]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Noka ya Cross e file lefelo la itloso bodutu le lolwapa la diteme leina.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.traveldigest.com.ng/index.php/travel-and-tourism-events/item/664-brief-history-of-cross-river-national-park &quot;Brief History of Cross River National Park&quot;.] ''www.traveldigest.com.ng''. Retrieved 2026-06-22&lt;/ref&gt;

Kgaolo ya Cross Riber ke e e botlhokwa thata mo ditsong ka e le a) mo legaeng le go belaesegang batho bantsho ba ba buang [[dipuo tsa Bantu]] ba fudugile teng go kgabaganya Aforika dingwaga di le dikete tharo go tsena di le dikete tlhano tse di fetileng, b) ke lefelo le mokwalo wa Nsibidi o tlhamilweng teng, c) ke lefelo la Calabar, lengwe la marekisetso a matona ka nako ya [[kgwebo ya makgoba ya Atlantic]].

== Kgotlhelesego ==
Ka dikgwedi tse go neng go sekasekiwa, iron, manganese, lead, arsenic le chromium di ne tsa bonwa mo metsing ka dielo tse di borai go ka nowa; ka jalo metsi a ne a kgotlhelesegile ka ditshipi tse a ka se ikanngwe go nosa batho ba [[Nigeria]].

== Metswedi ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Noka ya Manyu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-22T10:15:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>9421</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ke ranotse tsebe ya Noka ya Manyu #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA</comment>
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      <text bytes="1762" sha1="535kjj3sp0rd4dx68mbp6me0iutv381" xml:space="preserve">[[Setshwantsho:Cross River (Cameroon).jpg|thumb|Noka ya Manyu]]
'''Noka ya Manyu''' e tlhatloga gaufi le Wabane kwa kgaolong ya Banyang kwa godimo kwa lephateng la Manyu kwa borwa-bophirima jwa [[Cameroon]].&lt;ref&gt;David Harmon; Allen D. Putney (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=XzptE5A3IrwC&amp;pg=PA78 The full value of parks: from economics to the intangible]''. Rowman &amp; Littlefield. p. 78. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-7425-2715-8|&lt;bdi&gt;0-7425-2715-8&lt;/bdi&gt;.]]&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Setshwantsho:German Bridge (Cross River, Mamfe).jpg|thumb|Borogo jwa German (kwa nokeng ya Cross - Mamfe)]]
[[Setshwantsho:Cross river gorilla.jpg|thumb|Ditshwene tsa noka ya Cross]]
[[Setshwantsho:130915 Wabane.JPG|thumb|130915 Wabane]]
Noka e, e elela go kgabaganya molelwane o o kwa borwa jwa sekgwa sa Mone River Reserve. Kwa tlase ga Mamfe, e kopana le dinoka tse di tshelwang ke Takamanda Forest Reserve le lefelo la itloso bodutu la noka ya Cross kwa lefatsheng le le mabapi la [[Nigeria]]. Mafelo a a sireleditsweng a, ke magae a a botlhokwa a ditshwene tse ditona tsa [[Noka ya Cross (Nigeria)|noka ya Cross]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110724222448/http://www.berggorilla.org/english/gjournal/crossr.html &quot;Cross River Gorillas&quot;.] ''Gorilla-Journal''. Archived from [http://www.berggorilla.org/english/gjournal/crossr.html the original] on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2026-06-22&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa molelwaneng wa Nigeria noka e tsaya leina la noka ya Cross.&lt;ref&gt;L. Zapfack; J. S. O. Ayeni; S. Besong; M. Mdaihli (November 2001). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110708112712/http://cameroun-foret.com/system/files/18_18_01.pdf &quot;ETHNOBOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TAKAMANDA FOREST RESERVE&quot;] (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-08. Retrieved 2026-06-22&lt;/ref&gt;

== Metswedi ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Noka ya Great Kwa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-22T10:31:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JudithShe</username>
        <id>9421</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ke ranotse tsebe ya noka ya Great Kwa #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA</comment>
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      <text bytes="3448" sha1="sg2zpax02y1zdxhcega3d2hn5eifgsa" xml:space="preserve">[[Setshwantsho:Kwafalls.jpg|thumb|Diphororo tsa Kwa kwa lefelong la itloso bodutu la noka ya Cross]]
'''Noka ya Great Kwa''' e elela go kgabaganya kgaolo ya [[Noka ya Cross (Nigeria)|noka ya Cross]], kwa [[Nigeria]], e tshelwa ke toropo ya Calabar kwa botlhaba.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cometonigeria.com/uncategorized/the-great-kwa-river/ &quot;The Mythology Behind the Great Kwa River - Guide to Nigeria tourism, local culture &amp; investments&quot;.] ''www.cometonigeria.com''. Retrieved 2026-06-22&lt;/ref&gt; Tikologo ya noka e mo diphatseng ka ntlha ya ditiro tsa batho.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://www.cometonigeria.com/uncategorized/the-great-kwa-river/ &quot;The Mythology Behind the Great Kwa River - Guide to Nigeria tourism, local culture &amp; investments&quot;]. ''www.cometonigeria.com''. Retrieved 2026-06-22&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lefelo ==
Noka e simologa kwa dithabeng tsa Oban, kwa lefelong la itloso bodutu la Cross River Nnational Park,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; e elelela kwa borwa kwa letamong la noka ya Cross.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;E. R. Akpan; J. O. Offem; A. E. Nya. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120402084001/http://www.ecoservepublishers.org/article_11.htm &quot;Baseline ecological studies of the Great Kwa River, Nigeria I: Physico-chemical studies&quot;]. ''EcoServ''. Archived from the original on 2012-04-02. Retrieved 2026-06-22&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwa tlase le na le makhubu, le diretse, e tshelwa ke lotshitshi lwa toropo ya Calabar kwa botlhaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Ditiro tsa setho ==
Ditiro tsa setho kwa kgampung ya Great Kwa di akaretsa tsa temothuo e potlana, go tshwara ditlhapi bogolo jang tsa shrimp.&lt;ref&gt;Ephraim, Bassey. [https://www.academia.edu/36806612/Compositional_evaluation_and_quality_status_of_surface_waters_of_MBAT_ABIATI_and_Oberekkai_Creeks_of_the_great_Kwa_River_Southeastern_Nigeria &quot;Compositional evaluation and quality status of surface waters of MBAT- ABIATI and Oberekkai Creeks of the great Kwa River, Southeastern Nigeria&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt; Le fa go ntse jalo, kwa Calabar go ya gola, ka ntlha ya lefelo la thekiso le le bulegileng kwa Calabar, mo go bakang go gola ga dipalo tsa matlo le madirelo go agiwa kwa metsing le mafelo a a bokgola a Great Kwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;Sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa university of Calabar se mo lefelong la diheketara di le lesome lebosupa fa gare ga noka ya Great Kwa le noka ya Calabar. Sekolo se, se bone lefatshe le lengwe mo lotshitshing lwa noka go tlhabologela kwa pele.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120402092019/http://www.unicaledu.com/about/Default.aspx &quot;About Us&quot;.] University of Calabar. Archived from [http://www.unicaledu.com/about/Default.aspx the original] on 2012-04-02. Retrieved 2026-06-22&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kgotlhelesego ==
Mmasepala wa Calabar ga o na distela tsa go tshwara matlakala, dipula tse dintsi di gopela leswe le matlaka a madirelo kwa nokeng.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Patlisiso ya ngwaga wa 2008 ya mogare wa Vibrio mo ditlhaping kwa mokeng ya Great Kwa e ne ya supa fa metsi a nna a kgotlhelwa ke boloko jwa setho, le gore ditlhapi di amegile thata. Se se baka diphatasa mo botsogong jwa banwa ba metsi di akaretsa malwetsi a cholera.&lt;ref&gt;Eja ME, Abriba C, Etok CA, Ikpeme EM, Arikpo GE, Enyi-Idoh KH, Ofor UA (15 July 2008). &quot;Seasonal occurrence of vibrios in water and shellfish obtained from the Great Kwa River estuary, Calabar, Nigeria&quot;. ''Bull Environ Contam Toxicol''. '''81''' (3): 245–8. doi:[[doi:10.1007/s00128-008-9482-x|10.1007/s00128-008-9482-x]]. &lt;nowiki&gt;PMID 18626562&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Metswedi ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Noka ya Okpara</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13853</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-22T10:45:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JudithShe</username>
        <id>9421</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ke ranotse tsebe ya Noka ya Okpara #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA</comment>
      <origin>51265</origin>
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      <text bytes="2471" sha1="p9oin9rafr2zpx4bi4thy5h6eqw87qq" xml:space="preserve">[[Setshwantsho:Fleuve Okpara.jpg|thumb|Metsi a noka ya Okpara kwa Benin&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/okpara-river.html &quot;Okpara river hi-res stock photography and images&quot;.] ''Alamy''. Retrieved 2026-06-22&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Setshwantsho:Les rives du Fleuve Okpara au Bénin.jpg|thumb|Noka ya Okpara]]
'''Noka ya Okpara''' ke noka e e kwa [[Benin|Benin.]]&lt;ref&gt;Rand McNally, ''The New International Atlas'', 1993.&lt;/ref&gt; E simologa kwa lephateng la Borgou, e elelela kwa borwa go nna molelwane gareng ga lefatshe la [[Nigeria]] le [[Benin]] pele ga e tsena gape mo Benin e elelela kwa nokeng ya Oueme, kwa e felelang e tshela kwa lewatleng la Atlantic.&lt;ref&gt;Guo, Rongxing (6 September 2006). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=z5Le627xQLgC&amp;pg=PA199 Territorial Disputes and Resource Management: A Global Handbook]''. Nova Publishers. p. 199. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-60021-445-5|978-1-60021-445-5]]&lt;/bdi&gt;. Retrieved 22 June 2026&lt;/ref&gt; Metse e le mmalwa mo lotshitshing lwa noka e a tsietsega gore a e mo [[Benin]] kgotsa [[Nigeria]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://ng.geoview.info/river_okpara,501255117n &quot;River Okpara, Nigeria&quot;.] ''ng.geoview.info''. Retrieved 2026-06-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1927448&amp;fid=722&amp;c=benin &quot;Okpara River, Benin - Geographical Names, map, geographic coordinates&quot;]. ''geographic.org''. Retrieved 2026-06-22&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kgotlhelesego ==
Pego ya re noka ya Okpara e kgotlhelesegile thata ka dilo tse di sa nnang sentle.&lt;ref&gt;Edorh, P. A.; Agonkpahoun, E.; Gnandi, K.; Guedenon, P.; Koumolou, L.; Amoussou, C.; Ayedoun, A. M.; Boko, M.; Gbeassor, M.; Rihn, M. H.; Creppy, E. E. (2009). [https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs/article/view/53542 &quot;An assessment of the contamination of Achatina achatina by toxic metals in Okpara village (Benin)&quot;]. ''International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences''. '''3''' (6). doi:[[doi:10.4314/ijbcs.v3i6.53542|10.4314/ijbcs.v3i6.53542.]] ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1997-342X 1997-342X.]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Seemo sa loapi ==
Noka ya Okpara ke molatswana kwa [[Nigeria]]. E kwa dimithareng di le masome a supa le botlhano kwa godimo ga lewatle.  Ke molatswana wa metsi a a elelelang kwa tlase mo mokgatsheng wa lefatshe.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.getamap.net/maps/nigeria/nigeria_(general)/_okpara_river/ &quot;River Okpara (Okpara River) Map, Weather and Photos - Nigeria: stream - Lat:7.75 and Long:2.48333&quot;.] ''www.getamap.net''. Retrieved 2026-06-22&lt;/ref&gt;

== Metswedi ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Noka ya Jama'are</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-22T11:04:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JudithShe</username>
        <id>9421</id>
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      <comment>Ke ranotse tsebe ya Noka ya Jama'are #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA</comment>
      <origin>51266</origin>
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      <text bytes="2081" sha1="k4nm3zayg7r7rykfwsvm9jv7e6faf9t" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox river|name=Noka ya Jama'are|river_name=Noka ya Bunga|image_name=Bunga River Ningi.jpg|basin_countries=[[Nigeria]]|mouth=[[Noka ya Yobe]]|left_tribs=Noka ya Jama'are|right_tribs=Noka ya Hadejia}}
[[Setshwantsho:Yobe river catchment area.png|thumb|Lefelo la [[Noka ya Yobe]] &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162942/https://www.researchgate.net/figure/a-Map-of-Hadejia-Jamaare-River-Basin-showing-some-Dam-locations-in-Northern-Nigeria_fig1_280082347 &quot;a: Map of Hadejia-Jama'are River Basin showing some Dam locations in... | Download Scientific Diagram&quot;]. Archived from the original on 2023-07-07. Retrieved 2026-06-22&lt;/ref&gt;]]
'''Noka ya Jama'are''', e e itsegeng gape ka leina la '''noka ya Bunga''' kwa godimo, e simolola gaufi le Jos, kwa kgaolong ya Plateau kwa [[Nigeria]] e elelela kwa bokone-botlhaba go kgabaganya kgaolo ya Bauchi le ya Yobe pele ga e kopana le [[noka ya Hadeja]] go tlhama [[noka ya Yobe]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/place/Jamaare &quot;Jama'are | Hausa Town, Local Government &amp; History | Britannica&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt; Mo bosheng go ntse go na le manganga ka leano la go aga [[letamo la Kafin Zaki]] mo nokeng e, ka matshenyego a ditlamorago mo merwaleleng ya dipaka le mothale wa metsi.&lt;ref&gt;Kole Ahmed Shettima. [http://pi.library.yorku.ca/ojs/index.php/refuge/article/viewFile/21922/20591 &quot;Dam Politics in Northern Nigeria: The Case of the Kafin Zaki Dam&quot;.] York University, Canada. Retrieved 2026006-22&lt;/ref&gt;

== Seemo sa bosa kgotsa loapi ==
Kwa Jamaare, e kwa dimithareng di le lefela kwa godimo ga lewatle,e  itemogelang bokgola le komelelo ya sekaka. Kgaolo e nna e le mogote wa 30.37 degrees ka ngwaga, mo e leng 0.91% kwa godimo ga bothito jwa Nigeria. Pula kwa Jamaare e na ka dimilimithara di le masome a robabongwe ka ngwaga, malatsi a a bokgolola a ka nna lekgolo, masome a mabedi le motso.&lt;ref&gt;[https://weatherspark.com/y/61874/Average-Weather-in-Jama%E2%80%99are-Nigeria-Year-Round &quot;Jama'are Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark&quot;]. ''weatherspark.com''. Retrieved 2026-06-22&lt;/ref&gt;

== Metswedi ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Noka ya Komadugu Gana</title>
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      <comment>Ke ranotse tsebe ya Noka ya Komadugu Gana #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA</comment>
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      <text bytes="2361" sha1="ivkxqu1bw7bmu80nwi70koiljutgoxg" xml:space="preserve">[[Setshwantsho:Yobe river catchment area.png|thumb|Kgampu ya [[Noka ya Yobe]]]]
[[Setshwantsho:Bridge crossing Komadugu-gana River.jpg|thumb]]
'''Noka ya Komadugu Gana''' kgotsa noka ya Misau ke noka e e kwa kgampung ya [[Chad]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/place/Komadugu-Yobe-River &quot;Komadugu Yobe River | Nigeria, Chad, Benue | Britannica&quot;.] ''www.britannica.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162049/https://www.britannica.com/place/Komadugu-Yobe-River Archived] from the original on 2023-07-07. Retrieved 2026-06-22&lt;/ref&gt; kwa bokone-botlhaba jwa [[Nigeria]] e e kopanang le [[noka ya Yobe]] kwa Damasak, kwa lefelong la Mobbar kwa kgaolong ya Borno.&lt;ref&gt;Mortimore, Michael. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Dx89AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA244 Adapting to Drought: Farmers, Famines, and Desertification in West Africa] [https://web.archive.org/web/20240428003256/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dx89AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA244#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Archived] 2024-04-28 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]], p. 244 (1989)(note 3 notes that the Komadugu Gana joins the Yobe at Damasak)&lt;/ref&gt; E tlhatloga kwa bokone jwa Bauchi.&lt;ref&gt;Oyebande, Lekan. [https://books.google.com/books?id=GLtvmRYwMrAC&amp;pg=PA101 Streamflow regime change and the ecological response in the Lake Chad basin in Nigeria] [https://web.archive.org/web/20240428003253/https://books.google.com/books?id=GLtvmRYwMrAC&amp;pg=PA101#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Archived 2]024-04-28 at the Wayback Machine, in ''Hydro-ecology: Linking Hydrology and Aquatic Ecology'', p. 101, 104 (2001) (Acreman, M.C., ed.)&lt;/ref&gt;

Go ya ka pego ya 2011 ya lekgotla la mafatshefatshe la tshomarelo ditsa tlholego, kelelo ya metsi a noka ga a sa tlhole a goroga kwa Yobe.&lt;ref&gt;[http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/Rep-2011-009.pdf Komadugu Yobe Basin, upstream of Lake Chad, Nigeria, WANI Case Study] [https://web.archive.org/web/20120513010349/http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/Rep-2011-009.pdf Archived] 2012-05-13 at the Wayback Machine, IUCN, Report 2011-009&lt;/ref&gt;

Mokoro wa Dufuna o o dingwaga di le dikete di robabobedi le makgolo a matlhano o bonwe fa go epiwa gaufi le noka ka ngwaga wa 1987 kwa lefelong la puso la Fune.&lt;ref&gt;(24 May 1998). [https://apnews.com/5ec75d9985dde784e7141917e3e74633 6,000-Year-Old Canoe To Be Removed] Archived 2023-01-06 at the Wayback Machine, ''Associated Press''&lt;/ref&gt;

== Metswedi ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Noka ya Ngadda</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-22T11:26:15Z</timestamp>
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        <username>JudithShe</username>
        <id>9421</id>
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      <comment>Ke ranotse tsebe ya Noka ya Ngadda #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA</comment>
      <origin>51268</origin>
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      <text bytes="2881" sha1="kdv0rwusbe7kxrxkli3su2yx9rd3qh1" xml:space="preserve">[[Setshwantsho:Lake Chad OSM.png|thumb|Noka ya Ngadda e supilwe mo mmepeng wa letsha la Chad &lt;ref&gt;[https://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-2809640&amp;fid=4305&amp;c=nigeria &quot;River Ngadda, Nigeria - Geographical Names, map, geographic coordinates&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;]]
'''Noka ya Ngadda''' (e dinako tse dingwe e bidiwang '''Ngabadul)''' ke noka e e elelang ka dipaka kwa [[Nigeria|Nigeria,]] e e elelelang kwa [[Letsha la Chad|letsheng la Chad]] le kgampu ya Chad. [[Letamo la Alau|Letamo la Ala]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;u le agilwe mo nokeng le kganetse dikgampu tse di nonneng kwa kgaolong ya Maiduguri.&lt;ref&gt;Thambyapillay, G. G. R. (1993-05-13). &quot;Drought chronology dating in the lake Chad basin (Nigeria command)&quot;. ''Colloques et séminaires - Institut français de recherche scientifique pour le développement en coopération''. Paris: ORSTOM Soil Research Centre: 31–61.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;S-Davies Wande (26 August 2017). [https://tribuneonlineng.com/borno-govt-constructs-2-bridges-maiduguri/ &quot;Borno govt constructs 2 bridges in Maiduguri&quot;.] ''Nigerian Tribune''. Retrieved 2026-06-22&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.getamap.net/maps/nigeria/nigeria_(general)/_ngadda_river/ &quot;River Ngadda (Ngadda River) Map, Weather and Photos - Nigeria: stream - Lat:12.6667 and Long:13.8333&quot;.] ''www.getamap.net''. Retrieved 2026-06-22&lt;/ref&gt;

== Morwalela wa 2024 ==
Morago ga merwalela ya 2024, noka ya Ngabadul kwa Maiduguri, kwa kgaolong ya Borno go begiwa fa e bolaile batho ba feta lesome lebotlhano, go ya ka lekgotla la bookamedi jwa tsa potlako,&lt;ref&gt;[https://nema.gov.ng/ &quot;NEMA Nigeria – Official Site&quot;.] ''nema.gov.ng''. Retrieved 2026-06-22&lt;/ref&gt; NEMA. Se se tlhomamisitswe ke Muhammad Usman, mogolaganyi wa kwa bokone-botlhaba wa NEMA, mo potsolosong le motswedi wa dikgang wa News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) kwa Maiduguri.&lt;ref&gt;Oluwafemi, Ayodele (31 August 2022). [https://www.thecable.ng/flood-15-bodies-recovered-from-river-in-borno-says-nema/ &quot;Flood: 15 bodies recovered from river in Borno, says NEMA&quot;]. [[:en:TheCable|''TheCable''. R]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;etrieved 22 June 2026&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kgotlhelesego ==
Noka ya Ngadda e amogela matlaka ka mefuta go tswa kwa matlonga bonno, e kgotlhetswe gape ke tshipi. Noka ya Ngadda ke motswedi o o botlhokwa kwa toropong ya Maiduguri. Ditshimo le matshitshi a yone a itsege ka go nna le ditirelo le dithoto tse di farologaneng. Kwa noka e tlhatsetsang mo lotshitshing teng, go bapa le mafelo a mangwe, masimo a ka nyelediwa, ga nna le tatlhegelo ya matshelo le dithoto fa se se diragala.&lt;ref&gt;Oveka, Obroh; Sambo, Garba (2022). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358086749 &quot;Flood Vulnerability Mapping of River Ngadda Using Geospatial and Remote Sensing Techniques Maiduguri Metropolis, Borno State&quot;]. ''Journal of Global Ecology and Environment'': 44–58. doi:[[doi:10.56557/jogee/2022/v14i47453|10.56557/jogee/2022/v14i47453]]. Retrieved 2026-06-22&lt;/ref&gt;

== Metswedi ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Noka ya Bonny</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-22T11:48:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JudithShe</username>
        <id>9421</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ke ranotse tsebe ya Noka ya Bonny #AWC2026 #WATER FOR LIFE IN AFRICA</comment>
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      <text bytes="4677" sha1="2sfu8cvowwzjxfpbgtatap1f52ho7d7" xml:space="preserve">[[Setshwantsho:In Bonny River - panoramio.jpg|thumb]]
[[Setshwantsho:Golden Sunset at Bonny River.jpg|thumb|Letsatsi le phirima kwa Bonny]]
'''Noka ya Bonny''' ke noka e e kwa kgaolong ya Rivers, kwa [[Nigeria]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20100310095049/http://www.nlng.com/NLNGnew/environment/EIA+For+NLNGPlus/Description+Of+The+Environment.htm &quot;Description Of The Environment&quot;]. Nigeria LNG Limited. Archived from [http://www.nlng.com/NLNGnew/environment/EIA+For+NLNGPlus/Description+Of+The+Environment.htm the original] on 2010-03-10. Retrieved 2026-06-22&lt;/ref&gt; Dipalamo tsa setshaba tsa metsi tse do tsamayang mo lotshitshing lwa noka di kopanya [[setlhaketlhake sa Bonny]] le maemelo a dikepe a Harcourt, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;toropokgolo ya kgaolo ya Rivers, e e mo lotshitshing lwa noka.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/place/Bonny-River &quot;Bonny River | river, Nigeria | Britannica&quot;.] ''www.britannica.com''. Retrieved 2026-06-22&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.portharcourt.net/php/visitorinfo.php &quot;Welcome to Port Harcourt&quot;.] ''AfricanCities.net''. White Pages Limited. Retrieved 2026-06-22&lt;/ref&gt; Ke bontlha jwa makgadikgadi a noka ya Niger gape.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/place/Bonny-River &quot;Bonny River | river, Nigeria | Britannica&quot;]. ''www.britannica.com''. Retrieved 2026-06-22&lt;/ref&gt; Ditlhapi tse di nang le dikgapa di tshwana le di prawn, pweriwinkle le di crab tse di bonwang kwa dinokeng tsa Bonny go lemogilwe fa di na le tshipi e e kwa godimo.&lt;ref&gt;Oyewole, Oe; Pepple, Mm (2011-11-07). [http://www.ajol.info/index.php/njns/article/view/71721 &quot;Mineral and Heavy Metal Contents of some Shellfish in Bonny River, Rivers State, Nigeria: Public Health Implication&quot;.] ''Nigerian Journal of Nutritional Sciences''. '''32''' (2): 71–78. doi:[[doi:10.4314/njns.v32i2.71721|10.4314/njns.v32i2.71721.]] ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0189-0913 0189-0913.]&lt;/ref&gt; Ditirelo tse di diriwang thata kwa nokeng ya Bonny ke go tshwara ditlhapi le go tsamaisa batho le dithoto.&lt;ref&gt;Bankole, Idowu (2024-01-10). [https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/01/5-infants-6-adults-die-as-2-wooden-boats-capsize-in-rivers/ &quot;5 infants, 6 adults die as 2 wooden boats capsize in Rivers&quot;.] ''Vanguard News''. Retrieved 2026-06-22&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://allafrica.com/view/group/main/main/id/00072281.html &quot;Fishing in Nigerian State Threatened As Bandits Take Over Rivers&quot;.] ''allAfrica.com''. 2020-03-09. Retrieved 2026-06-22.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Madirelo kwa nokeng ya Bonny ==

* Nigeria Liquefiled Natural Gas Limited&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nigerialng.com/Pages/locations.aspx &quot;Locations&quot;.] ''www.nigerialng.com''. Retrieved 2026-06-22&lt;/ref&gt;
* Federal Light and Ocean Terminals
* Saipem Contracting Limited
* Aveon Offshore Limited
* International Hydrographic Organisation

== Seemo sa loapi ==
Noka ya Bonny e na le seemo se se bongola, paka ya dipula e nan e le bothito. paka ya komelelo e molelo gantsi go thibile maru. Mo ngwageng, bothitho bo a farologana go tswa kwa go 21 degrees go stena 31 degrees ga se gantsi bo le kwa tlase ga 18 kgotsa kwa godimo ga 33.&lt;ref&gt;[https://weatherspark.com/y/54974/Average-Weather-in-Bonny-Nigeria-Year-Round &quot;Bonny Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark&quot;.] ''weatherspark.com''. Retrieved 2026-06-22.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kgotlhelesego ==
Go begilwe ka 2014 gore noka ya Bonny e kgotlhelwa ke go tshologa ga ole.&lt;ref&gt;Azubuike, Victor (2014-11-24). [https://dailypost.ng/2014/11/24/devastating-crude-oil-spill-hits-bonny-rivers-state/ &quot;Devastating crude oil spill hits Bonny, Rivers state&quot;]. ''Daily Post''. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2026-06-22&lt;/ref&gt;

Setlhaketlhake sa Bonny se bonwe se na le kgotlhelesego e e tsisitsweng ke go thunya ga gase e e amileng ditshedi le dimela tsa loapi&lt;ref&gt;Nigeria, Guardian (2021-01-07). [https://guardian.ng/news/pipeline-explosion-causes-panic-in-rivers-community/ &quot;Pipeline explosion causes panic in Rivers community&quot;.] ''The Guardian''. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2026-06-22&lt;/ref&gt;. Go ntshiwa mo ga gase go bakile gore batho bangwe ba tlhokafale fa bangwe ba le bansti ba le mo dikokelwaneng; ditlhapi di a bolawa, mmu o kgothege. Se se gakaditse mathata a lehuma, tshotlego, bolwetse le tlala mo bathong.&lt;ref&gt;Amos, Kobor (2023-07-09). [https://guardian.ng/news/rivers-worries-over-conflicting-reports-on-oil-spill/ &quot;Rivers: Worries over conflicting reports on oil spill&quot;.] ''The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News''. Retrieved 2026-06-22&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Okogba, Emmanuel (2024-05-05). [https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/05/the-press-and-environmental-crisis-in-niger-delta/ &quot;The press and environmental crisis in Niger Delta&quot;.] ''Vanguard News''. Retrieved 2026-06-22.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Metswedi ==</text>
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