Wikipedia tnwiki https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsebe_ya_konokono MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.12 first-letter Pego Faphegileng Puisano Modirisi Puisano ya modirisi Wikipedia Puisano ya Wikipedia Setshwantsho Puisano ya setshwantsho MediaWiki Puisano ya MediaWiki Tempolete Puisano ya tempolete Thuso Puisano ya thuso Karolo Puisano ya karolo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1704 53086 49412 2026-07-24T11:08:26Z JudithShe 9421 Ke tlhabolotse tsebe e #Wikipedia25BW 53086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|order=1st [[List of heads of state of Botswana|President of Botswana]]|image=Seretse_Khama_1977_(2).png|caption=Khama in 1977|predecessor=Himself as Prime Minister<ref name=Constitution>[http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 The President and Vice President]. Chapter 4, Part I, Constitution of Botswana</ref>|successor=[[Quett Masire]]|term_end=13 July 1980|term_start=30 September 1966|vicepresident=Quett Masire|signature=Seretse Khama () signature.svg|monarch2=[[Elizabeth II]]|order2=1st [[List of heads of government of Botswana|Prime Minister of Bechuanaland]]|predecessor2=Position established|party=[[Botswana Democratic Party]]|successor2=Himself as President<ref name=Constitution/>|birth_name=Seretse Goitsebeng Maphiri Khama|birth_date={{birth date|df=yes|1921|7|1}}|birth_place=[[Serowe]], [[Bechuanaland Protectorate]]|death_date={{death date and age|df=yes|1980|7|13|1921|7|1}}|death_place=[[Gaborone]], Botswana|resting_place=Royal Cemetery, [[Serowe]], Botswana|nationality=[[Botswana]]|spouse={{marriage|[[Ruth Williams Khama]]|1948}}|children={{plainlist| *Jacqueline Khama *[[Ian Khama]] *[[Tshekedi Khama II]] *Anthony Khama}}|alma_mater={{plainlist| *[[University of Fort Hare]] *[[Balliol College, Oxford]]}}|profession=[[Barrister]]|honorific-prefix=[[His Excellency]] <br> Sir|honorific-suffix={{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCB|KBE}}}} '''Sir Seretse Goitsebeng Maphiri Khama''', GCB, KBE ( Phukwi a rogwa ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mabedi le motso – Phukwi a le lesome le boraro ngwaga wa sekete, amkgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi) e ne e le mopolotiki wa [[Motswana]] yo o neng a bereka e le [[Tautona wa Botswana|Tautona]] wa ntlha wa [[Botswana]], maemo a a neng a a tshwara go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le boratarogo fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa sekeet makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Seretse-Khama "Sir Seretse Khama | president of Botswana | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''. Retrieved 11 Phalane 2025.</ref><ref name=":0">Ramsay, Jeff (1 July 2021). [https://www.mmegi.bw/opinion-analysis/seretse-khama-centenary-a-profile-of-our-first-president/news "Seretse Khama Centenary: A profile of our first president"]. ''Mmegi Online''. Retrieved 11 Phalane 2025.</ref><ref>Henderson, Willie (January 1990). [https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098278 "Seretse Khama: A Personal Appreciation"]. ''African Affairs''. '''89''' (354): 27–56. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098278|10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098278]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-2621 1468-2621].</ref> O tsholetswe mo [[lelwapeng la segosi]] le le nang le tlhotlheletso la se ka nako eo e neng e le [[tshireletso ya Borithane]] ya [[Bechuanaland]], o ne a tsena sekolo kwa moseja kwa lefatsheng le le mabapi la [[Aforika Borwa]]<ref name=":0" /> mme morago ga moo kwa [[United Kingdom]].<ref name=":0" /> Fa a le kwa Borithane, o ne a nyala mosadi wa Moesemane yo o bidiwang [[Ruth Williams Khama|Ruth Williams]], tshwetso e e neng ya ganediwa ke [[Puso ya batho ba basweu ba ba palotlase|puso ya batho ba basweu ba ba]] [[Puso ya batho ba basweu ba ba palotlase|palotlase]] ya [[Aforika Borwa]] mme e e neng ya baka kganetsano e e neng ya felela ka gore puso ya Borithane e mo dire gore a nne kwa Enyelane a le kwa [[lejwa]] gore a se ka a senya [[dikamano tsa U.K.–Aforika Borwa]]. Morago ga bokhutlo jwa go ya lejwa ga gagwe, Khama o ne a etelela pele [[Mokgatlho wa boipuso jwa lefatshe la gagwe|mokgatlho wa boipuso jwa]] [[Mokgatlho wa boipuso jwa lefatshe la gagwe|lefatshe la gagwe]] le phetogo go tswa mo pusong ya Borithane go nna setshaba se se ikemetseng. O tlhomile lekoko la [[Botswana Democratic Party]] ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le botlhano mme a nna Tonakgolo ka ngwaga wa sekete makgoloa robabongwe masome a marataro le botlhano. Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borataro, [[Botswana]] o ne a bona boipuso mme Khama a tlhophiwa go nna tautona wa lone wa ntlha.<ref name=":6">[https://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/2909/ "IFES Election Guide | Elections: Botswana Parliamentary Election 2009"]. ''www.electionguide.org''. Retrieved 11 Phalane 2025.</ref> Ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe, lefatshe le ne la nna le kgatelopele e e bonako ya itsholelo le loago.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090720233744/http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/orders_list.asp?show=152 "The Presidency – Republic of South Africa"]. Archived from [http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/orders_list.asp?show=152 the original] on 20 July 2009.</ref> Khama o ne a nna Tautona go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi, mme a tlhatlhangwa mo maemong a ke [[Quett Masire]]. Morwawe, ebong [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]], o ne a nna tautona wa bone wa Botswana go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/politics-botswana-ian-khama-crime-8087f1d5cdde4d0a0ed826a2d820e786 "Botswana issues arrest warrant for ex-President Ian Khama"]. ''AP NEWS''. 2 January 2023. Retrieved 11 Phalane 2025.</ref> == Bongwana le thuto == Rre Seretse o tsholetswe kwa [[Serowe]], mo [[Bechuanaland|Bechuanaland Protectorate]] e le ngwana wa ga MmaKgosi Tebogo le [[Sekgoma II|Sekgoma Khama II]], kgosikgolo ya morafe wa [[Bangwato|Bamangwato]], mme gape e le ngwana-wa-ngwana wa ga [[Khama III|Kgosi Khama wa boraro]], kgosi ya bone. O biditswe Seretse go lebeletswe gore seretse fa se tlhakane le metsi, se a kopana ka jalo go ka twe ke ''mokopanya setshaba''.<ref>Parsons, Neil. [http://www.thuto.org/ubh/bw/skhama.htm "Sir Seretse Khama"]. ''University of Botswana History Department website''. Retrieved 11 Phalane 2025.</ref> O ne a bidiwa jaana go keteka poelano ya bosheng ya ga rraagwe le rraagwemogolo; poelano eno e ne ya netefatsa go tlhatlogela ga ga Seretse ka boene mo setilong sa bogosi ka loso lwa ga rraagwe yo o tsofetseng ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mabedi le botlhano. Fa a le dingwaga di le nne, Seretse o ne a nna ''kgosi'', mme malomaagwe [[Tshekedi Khama]] e ne e le [[motshwaralelabogosi]] le [[motlhokomedi]] wa gagwe. O ne a tsena sekolo se segolwane sa [[Tiger Kloof Educational Institute]] kwa [[Aforika Borwa]], mme morago a ya go tsena kwa [[Fort Hare University College]] koo, a aloga ka B.A. ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le bone. O ne a ya kwa United Kingdom mme a ithuta kwa [[Kholetšheng ya Balliol, kwa Oxford]] go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le bone go ya go ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le borataro.<ref name=":1">[https://www.innertemple.org.uk/celebrating-diversity-at-the-bar/seretse-kharma/ "Seretse Kharma | The Inner Temple"]. ''www.innertemple.org.uk''. 15 November 2021. Retrieved 11 Phalane 2025.</ref><ref name=":2">[https://www.balliol.ox.ac.uk/news/2021/december/new-building-named-after-sir-seretse-khama "New building named after Sir Seretse Khama | Balliol College"]. ''www.balliol.ox.ac.uk''. Retrieved 11 Phalane 2025.</ref> Ka ntlha ya go tlhoka bokgoni jwa [[SeLatin]], o ne a tlogela Oxford mme a amogelwa kwa [[Inner Temple]] kwa London ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le borataro, kwa a neng a tswelela ka dithuto tsa gagwe tsa semolao go nna [[mmueledi]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250112003204/https://yourbotswana.com/2019/07/14/we-pay-homage-to-botswana-presidents-past-to-present/ "We pay homage to Botswana Presidents – past to present"]. ''YourBotswana''. Retrieved 11 Phalane 2025.</ref> == Nyalo le go ya lejwa == Ka Seetebosigo wa ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le bosupa, Khama o ne a kopana le [[Ruth Williams Khama|Ruth Williams]], mme wa mokwaledi wa lekgoa kwa [[Lloyd's kwa Lontone]].<ref name=":0" /> Morago ga ngwaga ba ne ba nyalana.<ref name=":1" /> Lenyalo le la motho yo montsho le yo mosweu le ne la tsosa madubadube,<ref name=":0" /> go tshosa bobedi jwa [[Union of South Africa]], e e neng e tlhomile [[Tlhaolele mo Aforika Borwa|tlhaolele]] ya semolao (kgaogano ya merafe), le bagolwane ba merafe ya Bamangwato, ba ba neng ba galefile gore ga a tlhopha mongwe wa basadi ba bona.<ref name=":0" /> Fa a itsisiwe ka lenyalo, malomaagwe Khama e bong [[Tshekedi Khama]] o ne a batla gore a boele kwa Bechuanaland le gore lenyalo [[le phimolwe]].<ref name=":0" /> Khama o ile a boela Serowe. Morago ga motseletsele wa diphuthego tsa ''kgotla'' (dikopano tsa setshaba), o ne a tlhomamisiwa gape ke bagolwane mo tirong ya gagwe ya go nna kgosi ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le borobabongwe. Ruth Williams Khama, a tsamaya le monna wa gagwe yo mosha, o ne a itshupa a ratiwa ka tsela e e tshwanang. Ka go dumela gore o fentswe, Tshekedi Khama o ne a tswa mo lefelong la Bamangwato go ya go ithaopa go ya go nna kwa lejwa kwa lefelong la Bakwena fa Khama a ne a boela kwa Lontone go ya go wetsa dithuto tsa gagwe.<ref>Benson, Mary (1976). "Tshekedi Khama as I Knew Him". ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''8''': 121–128. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0525-5090 0525-5090]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40979462 40979462].</ref> === Ditlamorago mo dikamanong tsa UK–Aforika Borwa === Le fa go ntse jalo, ditlamorago tsa boditšhabatšhaba tsa lenyalo la gagwe di ne di sa rarabologe motlhofo jalo. Ka go thibela lenyalo la merafe e e farologaneng ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le borobabongwe ka fa tlase ga tsamaiso ya tlhaolele, puso ya [[Aforika Borwa]] e ne e le kgatlhanong le gore banyalani ba merafe e e farologaneng ba buse fela go kgabaganya molelwane wa bone wa bokone. Banyalani bano ba ne ba thibelwa go tsena mo Aforika Borwa, go akaretsa le [[Mahikeng|Mafeking]], e ka nako eo e neng e dira jaaka motsemogolo wa tsamaiso ya [[Bechuanaland]]. Ka Bechuanaland ka nako eo e ne e le [[tshireletso]] ya Borithane (e seng [[kolone]]), [[puso ya Aforika Borwa]] e ne ya leka go gatelela UK ka bonako gore Khama a tlosiwe mo bogosing jwa gagwe.<ref name=":2" /> [[Lephata la Attlee]], puso ya Borithane e e neng e eteletswe pele ke [[Labour]], e ka nako eo e neng e le mo dikolotong tse dintsi go tswa mo [[Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya Bobedi|Ntweng ya Lefatshe ya Bobedi]], e ne e sa kgone go latlhegelwa ke dithoto tsa gauta le uraanium tse di tlhwatlhwatlase tsa Aforika Borwa. Ba ne ba tshaba gape gore Aforika Borwa e ka tsaya kgato e e tlhamaletseng kgatlhanong le Bechuanaland, e ka nna dikiletso tsa itsholelo kgotsa go tsenelela ga sesole.<ref>Redfern, John (1955). "An appeal". ''Ruth and Seretse: 'A Very Disreputable Transaction'''. London: [[:en:Victor_Gollancz|Victor Gollancz]]. p. 221. <q>The British government knew well enough, throughout the dispute, that the [[:en:Union_of_South_Africa|Union]] [of South Africa]'s Nationalist Government was playing up the theme of the protectorates, and that it was within the Union's power to apply economic sanctions at any time. (The latest available figures show that more than half the cattle exported from Bechuanaland go to the Union ...)</q></ref><ref>Rider, Clare (2003). [https://web.archive.org/web/20060719114915/http://www.innertemple.org.uk/archive/khama.html "The 'Unfortunate Marriage' of Seretse Khama"]. ''The Inner Temple Yearbook 2002/2003''. [[:en:Inner_Temple|Inner Temple]]. Archived from [http://www.innertemple.org.uk/archive/khama.html the original] on 19 July 2006. Retrieved 6 August 2006. <q>Under the provisions of the South Africa Act of 1909, the Union laid claim to the neighbouring tribal territories and, as the [[:en:Secretary_of_State_for_Commonwealth_Relations|Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations]] pointed out to the Cabinet in 1949, the 'demand for this transfer might become more insistent if we disregard the Union government's views'. He went on, 'indeed, we cannot exclude the possibility of an armed incursion into the Bechuanaland Protectorate from the Union if Serestse were to be recognised forthwith, while feeling on the subject is inflamed'.</q></ref> Moeteledipele wa ditshwanelo tsa baagi wa Bantsho yo o nnang kwa London [[Billy Strachan]], yo o neng a dira jaaka Mokwaledi yo o Kopanetsweng wa Komiti ya Ntwa ya Seretse Khama, o ne a kwala lekwalo le le sireletsang Khama le le neng la gatisiwa mo [[Manchester Guardian]].<ref>"Letters to the Editor: Seretse Khama". ''[[:en:The_Manchester_Guardian|The Manchester Guardian]]'' 18 March 1950. p. 6.</ref> Ka Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le boferabobedi ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano, [[Fenner Brockway]], Mopalamente wa Labour wa Borithane, o ne a pateletsa kganetsano mo Ntlong ya Dikgosi ka tshwetso ya puso ya Labour ya go leleka Seretse Khama mo lefatsheng la gagwe, fa a ntse a sa mo amogele jaaka Kgosi ya batho ba Bamangwato, ka gonne a ne a nyetse [[Ruth Williams Khama|Ruth Williams]].<ref>Dutfield, Michael (1990). ''A Marriage of Inconvenience''. London: Unwin Hyman.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne ya dira dipatlisiso tsa boatlhodi tsa gore a Khama o tshwanelega go nna kgosi. Patlisiso ga e a ka ya gana lenyalo la merafe e e farologaneng jalo mme ya bega gore o ne a tshwanelega go busa [[Bangwato|Bamangwato]], "mme ka ntlha ya lenyalo la gagwe le le sa itumediseng", le le neng la thibela dikamano tse di siameng le dipuso tsa tlhaolele tse di mabapi.<ref>Rider, Clare (2003). [https://web.archive.org/web/20060719114915/http://www.innertemple.org.uk/archive/khama.html "The 'Unfortunate Marriage' of Seretse Khama"]. ''The Inner Temple Yearbook 2002/2003''. [[:en:Inner_Temple|Inner Temple]]. Archived from [http://www.innertemple.org.uk/archive/khama.html the original] on 19 July 2006. Retrieved 6 August 2006. <q>Since, in their opinion, friendly and co-operative relations with South Africa and Rhodesia were essential to the well-being of the Bamangwato Tribe and the whole of the Protectorate, Serestse, who enjoyed neither, could not be deemed fit to rule. They concluded: 'We have no hesitation in finding that, but for his unfortunate marriage, his prospects as Chief are as bright as those of any native in Africa with whom we have come into contact'.</q></ref> Puso e ne ya laela gore pego e bipiwe (e ne e tla nna jalo dingwaga di le masome a mararo) mme ya leleka Khama le mosadi wa gagwe kwa Bechuanaland ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano le motso.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/making_history/makhist10_prog7e.shtml "Sir Seretse Khama – first President of Botswana"]. ''BBC – Radio 4 Making History''. [[:en:BBC_Radio_4|BBC Radio 4]]. 22 July 2010. Retrieved 11 Phalane 2025.</ref> == Go boela mo dipolotiking == [[Setshwantsho:Botswana Independence Talks, 1965 - 2.png|left|thumb|Khama (o o ntseng fatshe, kwa pele mo mojeng) le mothusi wa gagwe gape a mo tlhatlhame [[Quett Masire]] ka dipuisano tsa boipuso jwa Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1965]] Tshwetso ya puso ya Borithane e e amanang le Khama e ne ya itshupa e tsosa kganetsano ka bonako, kwa Borithane le kwa Bechuanaland. Dikoranta di le mmalwa tsa Borithane di ne tsa dira dipitso tsa gore [[Lord Salisbury]], tona e e neng e ikarabela ka tshwetso eno, a ithole tiro.<ref>Williams, Susan, 2006, ''Colour Bar: The Triumph of Seretse Khama and His Nation'', Allen Lane</ref><ref>Redfern, John (1955). "The mean marquis". ''Ruth and Seretse: "A Very Disreputable Transaction"''. London: [[:en:Victor_Gollancz|Victor Gollancz]]. p. 189. <q>Some sections of the press attacked him, the ''[[:en:Daily_Express|Daily Express]]'' with especial force: ... "For the nation's good, Lord Salisbury's first deed as Commonwealth Relations Secretary should be his last."</q></ref> Boemedi jwa Bamangwato ba le barataro bo ne jwa tsaya loeto go ya kwa Lontone go ya go bona Khama le Lord Salisbury ba ba neng ba isitswe lejwa, e le modumo wa boemedi jwa dikgosi di le tharo tsa Batswana ka sekete makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabongwe le botlhano kwa go [[Kgosigadi Victoria]], mme ba kopana ba sena katlego epe. Le fa go ntse jalo, fa ba laelwa ke British High Commission go batla motho yo o tshwanetseng go emisetsa Khama, Bamangwato ba ne ba gana taelo eo. Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano le borataro, bobedi Khama le mosadi wa gagwe ba ne ba letlelelwa go boela kwa Bechuanaland jaaka baagi fela, morago ga gore a latlhe setilo sa bogosi sa morafe. Khama o ne a simolola tiro e e sa atlegang e le morui wa dikgomo. O ne a tsenelela mo dipolotiking tsa selegae, a tlhophiwa mo lekgotleng la morafe ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano le bosupa go nna mokwaledi wa lone. Ka [[Ditlotla tsa Letsatsi la Matsalo la 1961]], o ne a amogelwa ka ntlha ya ditirelo tsa gagwe jaaka mokwaledi wa morafe ka go tlhomiwa jaaka Modiredi wa Taolo ya Mmusomogolo wa Borithane (OBE).<ref>[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/42370/supplement/4164 "No. 42370"]. ''The London Gazette'' (Supplement). 2 June 1961. p. 4164.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le motso, Khama o ne a boela mo dipolotiking ka go tlhoma lekoko la [[Botswana Democratic Party|Bechuanaland Democratic Party]]. Lejwa la gagwe le ne la mo naya go ikanyega mo go oketsegileng mo batlhophing ba ba neng ba rata boipuso, mme BDP e ne ya gogola kwa thoko bagaisani ba yone ba [[Socialist]] le ba [[Pan-Africanist]] go laola ditlhopho tsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le botlhano. Jaaka [[Tonakgolo]] wa [[Bechuanaland]], Khama o ne a tswelela ka go kgaratlhela boipuso jwa lefatshe la Botswana fa a ntse a le kwa toropokgolo e e sa tswang go tlhongwa ya [[Gaborone]]. Molaomotheo wa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le botlhano o ne wa tlhalosa [[puso e ntsha ya Botswana]], mme ka Lwetse a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borataro, Botswana ya bona boipuso. Jaaka go laetswe ke [[molaomotheo o mosha]], Khama o ne a nna Tautona wa one wa ntlha.<ref>[[:en:Seretse_Khama#:~:text=Mobile%20view-,The%20President%20and%20Vice%20President.%20Chapter%204%2C%20Part%20I%2C%20Constitution%20of%20Botswana|The President and Vice President]]. Chapter 4, Part I, Constitution of Botswana</ref> Malatsi a le lesome pele ga se, [[Elizabeth II]] o ne a tlhatlositse Khama mo teng ga Taolo ya Mmusomogolo wa Borithane, a mo tlhoma go nna Molaodi wa Knight (KBE).<ref>[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/44120/page/10295 "No. 44120"]. The London Gazette. 23 September 1966. p. 10295.</ref> == Botautona == Ka nako ya boipuso jwa yone ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borataro, Botswana e ne e le lefatshe la boraro mo lefatsheng le le humanegileng, le humanegile go feta bontsi jwa mafatshe a mangwe a Aforika.<ref name=":3">James Haskins, Jim Haskins. ''African Heroes''. p. 126.</ref><ref>Robert Guest (2004). ''[[iarchive:shackledcontinen00gues|The Shackled Continent]]''. Smithsonian. ISBN 978-1588342140.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090720231521/http://www.fraserinstitute.org/newsandevents/commentaries/3273.aspx "Economic Freedom, Not More Aid, will Transform Africa"]. Fraser Institute. 2002. Archived from [http://www.fraserinstitute.org/newsandevents/commentaries/3273.aspx the original] on 20 July 2009.</ref><ref name=":4">Marian L. Tupy (14 May 2008). [http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=9399 "Botswana and Zimbabwe: A Tale of Two Countries"].</ref> Ditlhabololo tsa yone di ne di le dinnye, di na le ditsela tse di tsentsweng sekontiri tsa dikilometara di le lesome le bobedi fela; mme batho ba yone ba le mmalwa fela ba ne ba na le thuto e e rulagantsweng, ka dialogane di le masome mabedi le bobedi fela tsa yunibesithi le dialogane di le lekgolo tsa sekolo se segolwane.<ref name=":5">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120524032732/https://economics.mit.edu/files/284 "An African Success Story: Botswana"]. ''Economics.mit.edu''. Archived from [http://economics.mit.edu/files/284 the original] on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 12 Phalane 2025.</ref> Khama o ne a simolola lenaneo le le matlhagatlhaga la itsholelo le le ikaeletseng go fetola setšhaba go nna itsholelo e e ikaegileng ka thomelontle, e e agilweng go dikologa [[nama ya kgomo]], [[kopore]] le [[diteemane]]. Go ribololwa ga [[Diteemane tse di epiwang kwa moepong wa Orapa|dipolokelo tsa diteemane tsa Orapa]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le bosupa go ne ga thusa thulaganyo e.<ref name=":3" /> Khama o ne a tlhoma dikgato tse di gagametseng kgatlhanong le [[tshenyetso setshaba]].Tsamaiso ya gagwe e ne ya amogela melao e e neng e siametse [[mmaraka o o gololesegileng]] go rotloetsa [[tlhabololo ya itsholelo]]. Khama o ne a solofetsa dikompone tsa meepo [[Makgetlho|makgetho]] a a kwa tlase le a a tlhomameng, [[kgwebisano e e gololosegileng]], le go oketsa [[dikgololesego tsa motho ka namana]]. O ne a boloka dikelo tse di kwa tlase tsa [[lekgetho la letseno]] go thibela go [[tila lekgetho]] le tshenyetso setshaba.<ref name=":4" /> O ne a tshegetsa [[puso ya batho ka batho e e gololesegileng]] le [[go se nne le kgetlhololo ya letso le mmala]] mo gare ga kgaolo e e neng e tseneletse mo ntweng ya selegae, bobaba jwa semorafe le tshenyetso setshaba.<ref>[http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=6&aid=8&dir=2007/July/Wednesday11 "Mmegi Online :: A glimpse of Seretse Khama's legacy"]. ''Mmegi.bw''. 26 April 2007. Retrieved 12 Phalane 2025.</ref> [[Tirelo ya setšhaba]] e nnye e ne ya fetolwa go nna [[tsamaiso]] e e dirang sentle le e e senang tshenyetso setshaba e e nang le badiri ba ba thapilweng [[go ikaegilwe ka bokgoni jwa bone]]. Dipitso tsa go "dira gore puso e nne ya selegae" ka bonako di ne tsa ganediwa, mme puso e ne ya boloka batswakwa ba ba neng ba bereka mo pusong go fitlha go ka bonwa batho ba selegae ba ba tshwanelegang go ba emisetsa. Khama le batho ba gagwe le bone ba ne ba dirisa bagakolodi le bagakolodi ba boditšhabatšhaba. Dikompone tsa meepo di ne tsa rotloediwa go batla mo lefatsheng go bona ditsompelo tse dingwe, mme seno sa dira gore go bonwe dipeeletso tse dingwe tsa kopore, [[nikele]] le [[magala]].<ref name=":5" /> Magareng ga ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi Botswana e ne e na le itsholelo e e golang ka bonako go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref>Acemoglu, D., S. Johnson and J.A. Robinson. 2003. “An African Success Story: Botswana.” Chapter 4 in 14 in D. Rodrik (Ed.). 2003. ''In Search of Prosperity: Analytical Narratives on Economic Growth.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 80–119.</ref> Kgolo e e ne e tsamaisiwa thata ke [[meepo]], mme puso e ne ya tsaya kgato go bona phesente e kgolo ya letseno lwa yone.^{[<nowiki/>[[go tlhokega nopolo]]]} Go ne ga buisanwa gape ka [[kopano ya melelwane]] fa gare ga Botswana le Aforika Borwa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le botlhano, mme puso ya Botswana e ne ya iponela karolo e kgolo ya letseno la meepo. Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le botlhano, morago ga gore go bonale sentle gore meepo eno e ne e ntsha dipoelo go le kana kang, puso e ne ya buisana gape ka tumalano ya meepo ya diteemane go itlhomamisetsa 50% ya lotseno. Ka bogare jwa dingwaga tsa ngwaga wa sekete makgoo a robabongwe masome a supa, Botswana o ne a na le [[kaboyamadi e e fitileng]]. Puso e ne ya dirisa [[madi ao]] go beeletsa thata mo go atoloseng [[ditlhabololo]], [[tlhokomelo ya kalafi]] le tsamaiso ya [[thuto]], mme seno sa felela ka tlhabololo e nngwe ya itsholelo. Segolobogolo, puso e ne ya beeletsa mo metsweding e mengwe ya [[kgolo ya itsholelo]]. Madirelo a dikgomo a ne e thusiwa thata, ka puso e ne ya dira gore lefelo le le nosi la [[matlhabelo a dikgomo]] [[e nne la puso]] mme ya aga a mangwe a mabedi, e thusiwa thata ke ditirelo tsa [[kalafi ya diphologolo]], [[mekento]] le go aga terata ya dikgomo. E ne ya tlhoma [[Botswana Meat Commission]] jaaka morekisi a le esi wa nama ya kgomo mo lefatsheng leo, ya tlhoma ditlhwatlhwa le go rekisa nama ya kgomo kwa mebarakeng ya dikgaolo le ya boditšhabatšhaba. Ka tshereganyo e e tlhamaletseng ya ga Khama, e ne ya buisana ka tumalano ya kgwebisano e e nang le poelo le [[Setšhaba sa Itsholelo sa Yuropa]], mme ya bona ditlhwatlhwa tse di kwa godimo thata ga maemo a lefatshe. Khama gape o ne a etelela pele letsholo la setshaba la go kokoanya madi go aga setheo sa ntlha sa thuto e kgolwane mo Botswana, se se neng sa felela ka gore go tlhomiwe [[Mmadikolo wa Botswana|Yunibesithi ya Botswana]] ka 1982, morago ga loso lwa ga Khama.^{[<nowiki/>[[go tlhokega nopolo]]]} [[Botswana Development Corporation]] e ne ya tlhongwa ka 1970 go ngoka [[dipeeletso tsa kwa ntle]] mo temong ya dijalo, [[bojanala]], le mo [[lephateng la bobedi]]. Ka 1976, [[Botswana pula|pula ya Botswana]] e ne ya tlhagisiwa, ya emisetsa [[Ranta|ranta ya Aforika Borwa]] jaaka madi a bosetšhaba.<ref name=":5" /><ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Botswana.aspx "Botswana facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Botswana"]. ''Encyclopedia.com''. Retrieved 21 Phalane 2025.</ref> Ka ntlha ya boineelo jwa ga Khama mo tlhabololong, go ne ga dirisiwa madi a mannye thata mo tshireletsong, mme kwa tshimologong go ne ga tlhamiwa sepodisi se sennye sa sesole mo boemong jwa sesole.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151102090611/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2194&dat=19760603&id=yKIyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tO0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=854,1465032 "Ottawa Citizen - Google News Archive Search"]. Archived from [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2194&dat=19760603&id=yKIyAAAAIBAJ&pg=854,1465032 the original] on 2 November 2015.</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, morago ga go tlhaselwa gangwe le gape ke masole a [[Sesole sa Aforika Borwa|Aforika Borwa]] le [[Sesole sa Rhodesia|Rhodesia]], [[Sesole sa Botswana|Sesole sa Tshireletso sa Botswana]] se ne sa tlhamiwa ka 1977 e le sesole se sennye sa seporofešenale. Mo lephateng la [[melao ya mafatshe a sele]], Khama o ne a le kelotlhoko mo dipolotiking mme a sa letle ditlhopha tsa dirukutlhi go dira di le mo teng ga Botswana. Go ya ka Richard Dale, .<blockquote>Puso ya ga Khama e ne e na le taolo ya go dira jalo ka ntlha ya molao wa 1963 wa Thibelo ya Tirisodikgoka kwa Moseja, mme beke morago ga boipuso, Sir Seretse Khama o ne a itsise fa pele ga [[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana]] molao wa puso ya gagwe wa go netefatsa gore Botswana ga e kitla e nna lefelo la ditiro tsa go tlhasela moagisanyi ope.<ref>Dale, Richard. ''Botswana's Search for Autonomy in Southern Africa.'' Westport: Greenwood Press, 1995: 50</ref></blockquote>Pelenyana fela ga loso lwa gagwe, Khama o ne a nna le seabe se segolo mo dipuisanong tsa bokhutlo jwa [[ntwa ya selegae ya Rhodesia]] le go tlhamiwa le boipuso jwa [[Zimbabwe]] jo bo neng jwa nna teng, le go tlhamiwa ga [[Kokoano ya Kgokaganyo ya Tlhabololo ya Aforika Borwa]].<ref>Boddy, Alistair. "Biography of the African Statesman: Sir Seretse Khama". ''Africanhistory.about.com''. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 12 Phalane 2025.</ref> Khama o ne a tlhophiwa gape makgetlho a le mararo ka ntlha ya gore BDP e ne ya fenya ditlhopho tsa [[1969]], [[1974]] le [[1979]] bonolo fela.<ref>Polhemus, James H. (1983). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/160817 "Botswana Votes: Parties and Elections in an African Democracy"]. ''The Journal of Modern African Studies''. '''21''' (3): 397–430. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0022278X00023491|10.1017/S0022278X00023491]]. ISSN 0022-278X. JSTOR 160817. S2CID 154524876.</ref> Mo Botswana, bontlhopheng ba Khuduthamaga ya Botswana ba bolela gore ba tshegetsa mang go nna tautona fa ba tsenya dipampiri tsa bone tsa go tlhophiwa, mme ntlhopheng wa botautona yo o nang le bontsi jwa ditshegetso o tlhophiwa ka go itirisa. O ne a busa ka bontsi jo bogolo thata mo pakeng yotlhe ya gagwe, a sa lebane le maloko a palamente a kganetso a a fetang supa.^{[<nowiki/>[[go tlhokega nopolo]]]} ==Loso== Mo dingwageng di le mmalwa pele ga loso lwa gagwe, botsogo jwa ga Khama bo ne jwa senyega. O ne a tshwerwe ka bolwetse jwa pelo le jwa diphilo. Ka 1960 o ne a lemogilwe gore o na le [[bolwetse jwa sukiri]].<ref>[https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/president-seretse-khama "President Seretse Khama | South African History Online"]. ''www.sahistory.org.za''. Retrieved 12 Phalane 2025.</ref> Ka 1976, o ne a dirwa karo ya pelo kwa [[Johannesburg]] go tsenngwa [[sedirisiwa se se thusang pelo]]. Go tloga ka nako eo go ya pele, o ne a tsamaya ka difofane kgapetsakgapetsa go ya kwa [[Lontone]] go ya go bona kalafi. Ka Seetebosigo 1980, fa Khama a ne a alafiwa kwa Lontone, go ne ga lemogiwa gore o na le [[kankere ya pancreas]] e e neng e ka bolaya. O ne a boela gae morago ga go tlhomamisiwa gore ga go na kalafi e e ka kgonegang.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160124094719/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19800707&id=zVsxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nKQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3402,3227920&hl=en "The Montreal Gazette - Google News Archive Search"]. Archived from [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19800707&id=zVsxAAAAIBAJ&pg=3402,3227920&hl=en the original] on 24 January 2016.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160124073657/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19800630&id=3VQ0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=abkFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1165,3836941&hl=en "The Montreal Gazette - Google News Archive Search"]. Archived from [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19800630&id=3VQ0AAAAIBAJ&pg=1165,3836941&hl=en the original] on 24 January 2016.</ref> Khama o tlhokafetse mo borokong ka Phukwi a le lesome le boraro1980 mosadi wa gagwe a le teng kwa Botswana.<ref>[[:en:Seretse_Khama#CITEREFAkyeampongGates2012|Akyeampong & Gates 2012]], p. 359.</ref> Morago ga loso lwa gagwe, Khama o ne a tlhatlhangwa ke Mothusa Tautona [[Quett Masire]]. Batho ba le dikete di le masome a mane ba ne ba tlotla Khama jaaka setopo sa gagwe [[se ne se rapaletse]] kwa Gaborone. O fitlhilwe kwa Mabitleng a Segosi mo thoteng kwa [[Serowe]], [[Kgaolo ya Legare (Botswana)|Kgaolo ya Legare]].<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou, Thomas]]; Parsons, Neil; Henderson, Willie (1995). ''Seretse Khama, 1921–1980''. Braamfontein: [[:en:Macmillan_Publishers|Macmillan]] Boleswa. pp. 391–2. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/99912-60-31-5|99912-60-31-5]]</bdi>.</ref> == Boswa == [[Setshwantsho:The First Daimler limousine used by President Sir Seretse Khama.jpg|thumb|190x190px|Limousine ya ntlha ya Daimler e e neng e dirisiwa ke Tautona Sir Seretse Khama]] Dingwaga di le masome mabedi le boferabobedi morago ga loso lwa ga Khama, [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|morwawe Ian]] o ne a tlhatlhama [[Festus Mogae]] jaaka tautona wa bone wa Botswana;<ref name=":6" /> mo [[ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa 2009]] o ne a fenya ka phenyo e e boitshegang.<ref name=":6" /> Ka ngwaga oo, ngwana wa gagwe yo mmotlana, [[Tshekedi Khama II]], o ne a tlhophiwa go nna mopalamente go tswa kwa [[Serowe]] Bokone Bophirima. Ian Khama o tlogetse tiro ka 2018.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-botswana-politics-idUSKBN1H70DO "Botswana's Khama steps down as president after a decade at helm"]. ''Reuters''. 31 March 2018. Retrieved 12 Phalane 2025.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Gaborone, Botswana - Sir Seretse Khama International Airport.jpg|thumb|210x210px|[[Sir Seretse Khama International Airport|Maemelodifofane a boditšhabatšhaba a Sir Seretse Khama]] gaufi le [[Gaborone]], Botswana]] [[Sir Seretse Khama International Airport|Maemelodifofane a Boditšhabatšhaba a Sir Seretse Khama]], maemelodifofane a magolo a Botswana, a ne a reelelwa ka Khama mme a bulwa ka 1984.<ref>[https://www.caab.co.bw/sir-seretse-khama-international-airport/#:~:text=This%20airport%20was%20opened%20in,%2FB%2FW%2FT. "Sir Seretse Khama International Airport"]. ''Civil Aviation Authority of Botswana''. Retrieved 12 Phalane 2025.</ref> Filimi ya 2016 ya ''[[A United Kingdom]]'', e e neng e laotswe ke [[Amma Asante]] mme e kwadilwe ke [[Guy Hibbert]], e ne e anela kgang ya dikganetsano tse di neng di le teng mo lenyalong la ga Khama. E ne e tshamekiwa ke [[David Oyelowo]] jaaka Khama le [[Rosamund Pike]] jaaka Ruth Williams.<ref>Fullerton, Huw (25 November 2016). [https://www.radiotimes.com/movies/how-accurate-is-david-oyelowos-a-united-kingdom/ "How accurate is David Oyelowo's A United Kingdom?"]. ''www.radiotimes.com''. Retrieved 12 Phalane 2025.</ref> Go feta foo, go ile ga akantshiwa gape gore botsalano jwa ga Sir Seretse le Mohumagadi Khama bo tlhotlheleditse bakwadi ba filimi e e fentseng [[Oscar]] ya ''[[Guess Who's Coming to Dinner]]'', e e neng e tshamekiwa ke [[Spencer Tracy]], [[Katharine Hepburn]] le [[Sidney Poitier]].<ref>Brozan, Nadine (16 February 2006), [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/16/international/africa/16appiah.html "Peggy Appiah, 84, Author Who Bridged Two Cultures, Dies"], ''[[:en:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]]''.</ref> Khama o umakiwa gangwe le gape mo dibukeng tsa ''[[The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency]]'' ka [[Alexander McCall Smith]].<ref>Counihan, Clare (2011). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/44029511 "Detecting Outside History in ''The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency''"]. ''Mosaic: An Interdisciplinary Critical Journal''. '''44''' (2): 101–118. ISSN 0027-1276. JSTOR 44029511.</ref> Mma Ramotswe, moanelwamogolo wa motseletsele oo, o mo kgatlhegela thata, o mo bapisa le [[Nelson Mandela]] mme o ikotlhaela thata ntlha ya gore ga a itsege thata jaana lefatshe ka bophara. ==Metswedi== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Khama, Seretse}} [[Category:Tautona wa Botswana]] csm8e4kjw2wft5tk0t283nzhuizjmbu 53089 53086 2026-07-24T11:16:41Z JudithShe 9421 Ke fetotse dinomore go di kwala ka botlalo ka Setswana #Wikipedia25BW 53089 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|order=1st [[List of heads of state of Botswana|President of Botswana]]|image=Seretse_Khama_1977_(2).png|caption=Khama in 1977|predecessor=Himself as Prime Minister<ref name=Constitution>[http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 The President and Vice President]. Chapter 4, Part I, Constitution of Botswana</ref>|successor=[[Quett Masire]]|term_end=13 July 1980|term_start=30 September 1966|vicepresident=Quett Masire|signature=Seretse Khama () signature.svg|monarch2=[[Elizabeth II]]|order2=1st [[List of heads of government of Botswana|Prime Minister of Bechuanaland]]|predecessor2=Position established|party=[[Botswana Democratic Party]]|successor2=Himself as President<ref name=Constitution/>|birth_name=Seretse Goitsebeng Maphiri Khama|birth_date={{birth date|df=yes|1921|7|1}}|birth_place=[[Serowe]], [[Bechuanaland Protectorate]]|death_date={{death date and age|df=yes|1980|7|13|1921|7|1}}|death_place=[[Gaborone]], Botswana|resting_place=Royal Cemetery, [[Serowe]], Botswana|nationality=[[Botswana]]|spouse={{marriage|[[Ruth Williams Khama]]|1948}}|children={{plainlist| *Jacqueline Khama *[[Ian Khama]] *[[Tshekedi Khama II]] *Anthony Khama}}|alma_mater={{plainlist| *[[University of Fort Hare]] *[[Balliol College, Oxford]]}}|profession=[[Barrister]]|honorific-prefix=[[His Excellency]] <br> Sir|honorific-suffix={{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCB|KBE}}}} '''Sir Seretse Goitsebeng Maphiri Khama''', GCB, KBE ( Phukwi a rogwa ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mabedi le motso – Phukwi a le lesome le boraro ngwaga wa sekete, amkgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi) e ne e le mopolotiki wa [[Motswana]] yo o neng a bereka e le [[Tautona wa Botswana|Tautona]] wa ntlha wa [[Botswana]], maemo a a neng a a tshwara go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le boratarogo fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa sekeet makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Seretse-Khama "Sir Seretse Khama | president of Botswana | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''. Retrieved 11 Phalane 2025.</ref><ref name=":0">Ramsay, Jeff (1 July 2021). [https://www.mmegi.bw/opinion-analysis/seretse-khama-centenary-a-profile-of-our-first-president/news "Seretse Khama Centenary: A profile of our first president"]. ''Mmegi Online''. Retrieved 11 Phalane 2025.</ref><ref>Henderson, Willie (January 1990). [https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098278 "Seretse Khama: A Personal Appreciation"]. ''African Affairs''. '''89''' (354): 27–56. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098278|10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098278]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-2621 1468-2621].</ref> O tsholetswe mo [[lelwapeng la segosi]] le le nang le tlhotlheletso la se ka nako eo e neng e le [[tshireletso ya Borithane]] ya [[Bechuanaland]], o ne a tsena sekolo kwa moseja kwa lefatsheng le le mabapi la [[Aforika Borwa]]<ref name=":0" /> mme morago ga moo kwa [[United Kingdom]].<ref name=":0" /> Fa a le kwa Borithane, o ne a nyala mosadi wa Moesemane yo o bidiwang [[Ruth Williams Khama|Ruth Williams]], tshwetso e e neng ya ganediwa ke [[Puso ya batho ba basweu ba ba palotlase|puso ya batho ba basweu ba ba]] [[Puso ya batho ba basweu ba ba palotlase|palotlase]] ya [[Aforika Borwa]] mme e e neng ya baka kganetsano e e neng ya felela ka gore puso ya Borithane e mo dire gore a nne kwa Enyelane a le kwa [[lejwa]] gore a se ka a senya [[dikamano tsa U.K.–Aforika Borwa]]. Morago ga bokhutlo jwa go ya lejwa ga gagwe, Khama o ne a etelela pele [[Mokgatlho wa boipuso jwa lefatshe la gagwe|mokgatlho wa boipuso jwa]] [[Mokgatlho wa boipuso jwa lefatshe la gagwe|lefatshe la gagwe]] le phetogo go tswa mo pusong ya Borithane go nna setshaba se se ikemetseng. O tlhomile lekoko la [[Botswana Democratic Party]] ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le botlhano mme a nna Tonakgolo ka ngwaga wa sekete makgoloa robabongwe masome a marataro le botlhano. Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borataro, [[Botswana]] o ne a bona boipuso mme Khama a tlhophiwa go nna tautona wa lone wa ntlha.<ref name=":6">[https://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/2909/ "IFES Election Guide | Elections: Botswana Parliamentary Election 2009"]. ''www.electionguide.org''. Retrieved 11 Phalane 2025.</ref> Ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe, lefatshe le ne la nna le kgatelopele e e bonako ya itsholelo le loago.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090720233744/http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/orders_list.asp?show=152 "The Presidency – Republic of South Africa"]. Archived from [http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/orders_list.asp?show=152 the original] on 20 July 2009.</ref> Khama o ne a nna Tautona go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi, mme a tlhatlhangwa mo maemong a ke [[Quett Masire]]. Morwawe, ebong [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]], o ne a nna tautona wa bone wa Botswana go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/politics-botswana-ian-khama-crime-8087f1d5cdde4d0a0ed826a2d820e786 "Botswana issues arrest warrant for ex-President Ian Khama"]. ''AP NEWS''. 2 January 2023. Retrieved 11 Phalane 2025.</ref> == Bongwana le thuto == Rre Seretse o tsholetswe kwa [[Serowe]], mo [[Bechuanaland|Bechuanaland Protectorate]] e le ngwana wa ga MmaKgosi Tebogo le [[Sekgoma II|Sekgoma Khama II]], kgosikgolo ya morafe wa [[Bangwato|Bamangwato]], mme gape e le ngwana-wa-ngwana wa ga [[Khama III|Kgosi Khama wa boraro]], kgosi ya bone. O biditswe Seretse go lebeletswe gore seretse fa se tlhakane le metsi, se a kopana ka jalo go ka twe ke ''mokopanya setshaba''.<ref>Parsons, Neil. [http://www.thuto.org/ubh/bw/skhama.htm "Sir Seretse Khama"]. ''University of Botswana History Department website''. Retrieved 11 Phalane 2025.</ref> O ne a bidiwa jaana go keteka poelano ya bosheng ya ga rraagwe le rraagwemogolo; poelano eno e ne ya netefatsa go tlhatlogela ga ga Seretse ka boene mo setilong sa bogosi ka loso lwa ga rraagwe yo o tsofetseng ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mabedi le botlhano. Fa a le dingwaga di le nne, Seretse o ne a nna ''kgosi'', mme malomaagwe [[Tshekedi Khama]] e ne e le [[motshwaralelabogosi]] le [[motlhokomedi]] wa gagwe. O ne a tsena sekolo se segolwane sa [[Tiger Kloof Educational Institute]] kwa [[Aforika Borwa]], mme morago a ya go tsena kwa [[Fort Hare University College]] koo, a aloga ka B.A. ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le bone. O ne a ya kwa United Kingdom mme a ithuta kwa [[Kholetšheng ya Balliol, kwa Oxford]] go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le bone go ya go ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le borataro.<ref name=":1">[https://www.innertemple.org.uk/celebrating-diversity-at-the-bar/seretse-kharma/ "Seretse Kharma | The Inner Temple"]. ''www.innertemple.org.uk''. 15 November 2021. Retrieved 11 Phalane 2025.</ref><ref name=":2">[https://www.balliol.ox.ac.uk/news/2021/december/new-building-named-after-sir-seretse-khama "New building named after Sir Seretse Khama | Balliol College"]. ''www.balliol.ox.ac.uk''. Retrieved 11 Phalane 2025.</ref> Ka ntlha ya go tlhoka bokgoni jwa [[SeLatin]], o ne a tlogela Oxford mme a amogelwa kwa [[Inner Temple]] kwa London ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le borataro, kwa a neng a tswelela ka dithuto tsa gagwe tsa semolao go nna [[mmueledi]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250112003204/https://yourbotswana.com/2019/07/14/we-pay-homage-to-botswana-presidents-past-to-present/ "We pay homage to Botswana Presidents – past to present"]. ''YourBotswana''. Retrieved 11 Phalane 2025.</ref> == Nyalo le go ya lejwa == Ka Seetebosigo wa ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le bosupa, Khama o ne a kopana le [[Ruth Williams Khama|Ruth Williams]], mme wa mokwaledi wa lekgoa kwa [[Lloyd's kwa Lontone]].<ref name=":0" /> Morago ga ngwaga ba ne ba nyalana.<ref name=":1" /> Lenyalo le la motho yo montsho le yo mosweu le ne la tsosa madubadube,<ref name=":0" /> go tshosa bobedi jwa [[Union of South Africa]], e e neng e tlhomile [[Tlhaolele mo Aforika Borwa|tlhaolele]] ya semolao (kgaogano ya merafe), le bagolwane ba merafe ya Bamangwato, ba ba neng ba galefile gore ga a tlhopha mongwe wa basadi ba bona.<ref name=":0" /> Fa a itsisiwe ka lenyalo, malomaagwe Khama e bong [[Tshekedi Khama]] o ne a batla gore a boele kwa Bechuanaland le gore lenyalo [[le phimolwe]].<ref name=":0" /> Khama o ile a boela Serowe. Morago ga motseletsele wa diphuthego tsa ''kgotla'' (dikopano tsa setshaba), o ne a tlhomamisiwa gape ke bagolwane mo tirong ya gagwe ya go nna kgosi ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le borobabongwe. Ruth Williams Khama, a tsamaya le monna wa gagwe yo mosha, o ne a itshupa a ratiwa ka tsela e e tshwanang. Ka go dumela gore o fentswe, Tshekedi Khama o ne a tswa mo lefelong la Bamangwato go ya go ithaopa go ya go nna kwa lejwa kwa lefelong la Bakwena fa Khama a ne a boela kwa Lontone go ya go wetsa dithuto tsa gagwe.<ref>Benson, Mary (1976). "Tshekedi Khama as I Knew Him". ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''8''': 121–128. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0525-5090 0525-5090]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40979462 40979462].</ref> === Ditlamorago mo dikamanong tsa UK–Aforika Borwa === Le fa go ntse jalo, ditlamorago tsa boditšhabatšhaba tsa lenyalo la gagwe di ne di sa rarabologe motlhofo jalo. Ka go thibela lenyalo la merafe e e farologaneng ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le borobabongwe ka fa tlase ga tsamaiso ya tlhaolele, puso ya [[Aforika Borwa]] e ne e le kgatlhanong le gore banyalani ba merafe e e farologaneng ba buse fela go kgabaganya molelwane wa bone wa bokone. Banyalani bano ba ne ba thibelwa go tsena mo Aforika Borwa, go akaretsa le [[Mahikeng|Mafeking]], e ka nako eo e neng e dira jaaka motsemogolo wa tsamaiso ya [[Bechuanaland]]. Ka Bechuanaland ka nako eo e ne e le [[tshireletso]] ya Borithane (e seng [[kolone]]), [[puso ya Aforika Borwa]] e ne ya leka go gatelela UK ka bonako gore Khama a tlosiwe mo bogosing jwa gagwe.<ref name=":2" /> [[Lephata la Attlee]], puso ya Borithane e e neng e eteletswe pele ke [[Labour]], e ka nako eo e neng e le mo dikolotong tse dintsi go tswa mo [[Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya Bobedi|Ntweng ya Lefatshe ya Bobedi]], e ne e sa kgone go latlhegelwa ke dithoto tsa gauta le uraanium tse di tlhwatlhwatlase tsa Aforika Borwa. Ba ne ba tshaba gape gore Aforika Borwa e ka tsaya kgato e e tlhamaletseng kgatlhanong le Bechuanaland, e ka nna dikiletso tsa itsholelo kgotsa go tsenelela ga sesole.<ref>Redfern, John (1955). "An appeal". ''Ruth and Seretse: 'A Very Disreputable Transaction'''. London: [[:en:Victor_Gollancz|Victor Gollancz]]. p. 221. <q>The British government knew well enough, throughout the dispute, that the [[:en:Union_of_South_Africa|Union]] [of South Africa]'s Nationalist Government was playing up the theme of the protectorates, and that it was within the Union's power to apply economic sanctions at any time. (The latest available figures show that more than half the cattle exported from Bechuanaland go to the Union ...)</q></ref><ref>Rider, Clare (2003). [https://web.archive.org/web/20060719114915/http://www.innertemple.org.uk/archive/khama.html "The 'Unfortunate Marriage' of Seretse Khama"]. ''The Inner Temple Yearbook 2002/2003''. [[:en:Inner_Temple|Inner Temple]]. Archived from [http://www.innertemple.org.uk/archive/khama.html the original] on 19 July 2006. Retrieved 6 August 2006. <q>Under the provisions of the South Africa Act of 1909, the Union laid claim to the neighbouring tribal territories and, as the [[:en:Secretary_of_State_for_Commonwealth_Relations|Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations]] pointed out to the Cabinet in 1949, the 'demand for this transfer might become more insistent if we disregard the Union government's views'. He went on, 'indeed, we cannot exclude the possibility of an armed incursion into the Bechuanaland Protectorate from the Union if Serestse were to be recognised forthwith, while feeling on the subject is inflamed'.</q></ref> Moeteledipele wa ditshwanelo tsa baagi wa Bantsho yo o nnang kwa London [[Billy Strachan]], yo o neng a dira jaaka Mokwaledi yo o Kopanetsweng wa Komiti ya Ntwa ya Seretse Khama, o ne a kwala lekwalo le le sireletsang Khama le le neng la gatisiwa mo [[Manchester Guardian]].<ref>"Letters to the Editor: Seretse Khama". ''[[:en:The_Manchester_Guardian|The Manchester Guardian]]'' 18 March 1950. p. 6.</ref> Ka Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le boferabobedi ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano, [[Fenner Brockway]], Mopalamente wa Labour wa Borithane, o ne a pateletsa kganetsano mo Ntlong ya Dikgosi ka tshwetso ya puso ya Labour ya go leleka Seretse Khama mo lefatsheng la gagwe, fa a ntse a sa mo amogele jaaka Kgosi ya batho ba Bamangwato, ka gonne a ne a nyetse [[Ruth Williams Khama|Ruth Williams]].<ref>Dutfield, Michael (1990). ''A Marriage of Inconvenience''. London: Unwin Hyman.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne ya dira dipatlisiso tsa boatlhodi tsa gore a Khama o tshwanelega go nna kgosi. Patlisiso ga e a ka ya gana lenyalo la merafe e e farologaneng jalo mme ya bega gore o ne a tshwanelega go busa [[Bangwato|Bamangwato]], "mme ka ntlha ya lenyalo la gagwe le le sa itumediseng", le le neng la thibela dikamano tse di siameng le dipuso tsa tlhaolele tse di mabapi.<ref>Rider, Clare (2003). [https://web.archive.org/web/20060719114915/http://www.innertemple.org.uk/archive/khama.html "The 'Unfortunate Marriage' of Seretse Khama"]. ''The Inner Temple Yearbook 2002/2003''. [[:en:Inner_Temple|Inner Temple]]. Archived from [http://www.innertemple.org.uk/archive/khama.html the original] on 19 July 2006. Retrieved 6 August 2006. <q>Since, in their opinion, friendly and co-operative relations with South Africa and Rhodesia were essential to the well-being of the Bamangwato Tribe and the whole of the Protectorate, Serestse, who enjoyed neither, could not be deemed fit to rule. They concluded: 'We have no hesitation in finding that, but for his unfortunate marriage, his prospects as Chief are as bright as those of any native in Africa with whom we have come into contact'.</q></ref> Puso e ne ya laela gore pego e bipiwe (e ne e tla nna jalo dingwaga di le masome a mararo) mme ya leleka Khama le mosadi wa gagwe kwa Bechuanaland ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano le motso.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/making_history/makhist10_prog7e.shtml "Sir Seretse Khama – first President of Botswana"]. ''BBC – Radio 4 Making History''. [[:en:BBC_Radio_4|BBC Radio 4]]. 22 July 2010. Retrieved 11 Phalane 2025.</ref> == Go boela mo dipolotiking == [[Setshwantsho:Botswana Independence Talks, 1965 - 2.png|left|thumb|Khama (o o ntseng fatshe, kwa pele mo mojeng) le mothusi wa gagwe gape a mo tlhatlhame [[Quett Masire]] ka dipuisano tsa boipuso jwa Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1965]] Tshwetso ya puso ya Borithane e e amanang le Khama e ne ya itshupa e tsosa kganetsano ka bonako, kwa Borithane le kwa Bechuanaland. Dikoranta di le mmalwa tsa Borithane di ne tsa dira dipitso tsa gore [[Lord Salisbury]], tona e e neng e ikarabela ka tshwetso eno, a ithole tiro.<ref>Williams, Susan, 2006, ''Colour Bar: The Triumph of Seretse Khama and His Nation'', Allen Lane</ref><ref>Redfern, John (1955). "The mean marquis". ''Ruth and Seretse: "A Very Disreputable Transaction"''. London: [[:en:Victor_Gollancz|Victor Gollancz]]. p. 189. <q>Some sections of the press attacked him, the ''[[:en:Daily_Express|Daily Express]]'' with especial force: ... "For the nation's good, Lord Salisbury's first deed as Commonwealth Relations Secretary should be his last."</q></ref> Boemedi jwa Bamangwato ba le barataro bo ne jwa tsaya loeto go ya kwa Lontone go ya go bona Khama le Lord Salisbury ba ba neng ba isitswe lejwa, e le modumo wa boemedi jwa dikgosi di le tharo tsa Batswana ka sekete makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabongwe le botlhano kwa go [[Kgosigadi Victoria]], mme ba kopana ba sena katlego epe. Le fa go ntse jalo, fa ba laelwa ke British High Commission go batla motho yo o tshwanetseng go emisetsa Khama, Bamangwato ba ne ba gana taelo eo. Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano le borataro, bobedi Khama le mosadi wa gagwe ba ne ba letlelelwa go boela kwa Bechuanaland jaaka baagi fela, morago ga gore a latlhe setilo sa bogosi sa morafe. Khama o ne a simolola tiro e e sa atlegang e le morui wa dikgomo. O ne a tsenelela mo dipolotiking tsa selegae, a tlhophiwa mo lekgotleng la morafe ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano le bosupa go nna mokwaledi wa lone. Ka [[Ditlotla tsa Letsatsi la Matsalo la 1961]], o ne a amogelwa ka ntlha ya ditirelo tsa gagwe jaaka mokwaledi wa morafe ka go tlhomiwa jaaka Modiredi wa Taolo ya Mmusomogolo wa Borithane (OBE).<ref>[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/42370/supplement/4164 "No. 42370"]. ''The London Gazette'' (Supplement). 2 June 1961. p. 4164.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le motso, Khama o ne a boela mo dipolotiking ka go tlhoma lekoko la [[Botswana Democratic Party|Bechuanaland Democratic Party]]. Lejwa la gagwe le ne la mo naya go ikanyega mo go oketsegileng mo batlhophing ba ba neng ba rata boipuso, mme BDP e ne ya gogola kwa thoko bagaisani ba yone ba [[Socialist]] le ba [[Pan-Africanist]] go laola ditlhopho tsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le botlhano. Jaaka [[Tonakgolo]] wa [[Bechuanaland]], Khama o ne a tswelela ka go kgaratlhela boipuso jwa lefatshe la Botswana fa a ntse a le kwa toropokgolo e e sa tswang go tlhongwa ya [[Gaborone]]. Molaomotheo wa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le botlhano o ne wa tlhalosa [[puso e ntsha ya Botswana]], mme ka Lwetse a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borataro, Botswana ya bona boipuso. Jaaka go laetswe ke [[molaomotheo o mosha]], Khama o ne a nna Tautona wa one wa ntlha.<ref>[[:en:Seretse_Khama#:~:text=Mobile%20view-,The%20President%20and%20Vice%20President.%20Chapter%204%2C%20Part%20I%2C%20Constitution%20of%20Botswana|The President and Vice President]]. Chapter 4, Part I, Constitution of Botswana</ref> Malatsi a le lesome pele ga se, [[Elizabeth II]] o ne a tlhatlositse Khama mo teng ga Taolo ya Mmusomogolo wa Borithane, a mo tlhoma go nna Molaodi wa Knight (KBE).<ref>[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/44120/page/10295 "No. 44120"]. The London Gazette. 23 September 1966. p. 10295.</ref> == Botautona == Ka nako ya boipuso jwa yone ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borataro, Botswana e ne e le lefatshe la boraro mo lefatsheng le le humanegileng, le humanegile go feta bontsi jwa mafatshe a mangwe a Aforika.<ref name=":3">James Haskins, Jim Haskins. ''African Heroes''. p. 126.</ref><ref>Robert Guest (2004). ''[[iarchive:shackledcontinen00gues|The Shackled Continent]]''. Smithsonian. ISBN 978-1588342140.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090720231521/http://www.fraserinstitute.org/newsandevents/commentaries/3273.aspx "Economic Freedom, Not More Aid, will Transform Africa"]. Fraser Institute. 2002. Archived from [http://www.fraserinstitute.org/newsandevents/commentaries/3273.aspx the original] on 20 July 2009.</ref><ref name=":4">Marian L. Tupy (14 May 2008). [http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=9399 "Botswana and Zimbabwe: A Tale of Two Countries"].</ref> Ditlhabololo tsa yone di ne di le dinnye, di na le ditsela tse di tsentsweng sekontiri tsa dikilometara di le lesome le bobedi fela; mme batho ba yone ba le mmalwa fela ba ne ba na le thuto e e rulagantsweng, ka dialogane di le masome mabedi le bobedi fela tsa yunibesithi le dialogane di le lekgolo tsa sekolo se segolwane.<ref name=":5">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120524032732/https://economics.mit.edu/files/284 "An African Success Story: Botswana"]. ''Economics.mit.edu''. Archived from [http://economics.mit.edu/files/284 the original] on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 12 Phalane 2025.</ref> Khama o ne a simolola lenaneo le le matlhagatlhaga la itsholelo le le ikaeletseng go fetola setšhaba go nna itsholelo e e ikaegileng ka thomelontle, e e agilweng go dikologa [[nama ya kgomo]], [[kopore]] le [[diteemane]]. Go ribololwa ga [[Diteemane tse di epiwang kwa moepong wa Orapa|dipolokelo tsa diteemane tsa Orapa]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le bosupa go ne ga thusa thulaganyo e.<ref name=":3" /> Khama o ne a tlhoma dikgato tse di gagametseng kgatlhanong le [[tshenyetso setshaba]].Tsamaiso ya gagwe e ne ya amogela melao e e neng e siametse [[mmaraka o o gololesegileng]] go rotloetsa [[tlhabololo ya itsholelo]]. Khama o ne a solofetsa dikompone tsa meepo [[Makgetlho|makgetho]] a a kwa tlase le a a tlhomameng, [[kgwebisano e e gololosegileng]], le go oketsa [[dikgololesego tsa motho ka namana]]. O ne a boloka dikelo tse di kwa tlase tsa [[lekgetho la letseno]] go thibela go [[tila lekgetho]] le tshenyetso setshaba.<ref name=":4" /> O ne a tshegetsa [[puso ya batho ka batho e e gololesegileng]] le [[go se nne le kgetlhololo ya letso le mmala]] mo gare ga kgaolo e e neng e tseneletse mo ntweng ya selegae, bobaba jwa semorafe le tshenyetso setshaba.<ref>[http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=6&aid=8&dir=2007/July/Wednesday11 "Mmegi Online :: A glimpse of Seretse Khama's legacy"]. ''Mmegi.bw''. 26 April 2007. Retrieved 12 Phalane 2025.</ref> [[Tirelo ya setšhaba]] e nnye e ne ya fetolwa go nna [[tsamaiso]] e e dirang sentle le e e senang tshenyetso setshaba e e nang le badiri ba ba thapilweng [[go ikaegilwe ka bokgoni jwa bone]]. Dipitso tsa go "dira gore puso e nne ya selegae" ka bonako di ne tsa ganediwa, mme puso e ne ya boloka batswakwa ba ba neng ba bereka mo pusong go fitlha go ka bonwa batho ba selegae ba ba tshwanelegang go ba emisetsa. Khama le batho ba gagwe le bone ba ne ba dirisa bagakolodi le bagakolodi ba boditšhabatšhaba. Dikompone tsa meepo di ne tsa rotloediwa go batla mo lefatsheng go bona ditsompelo tse dingwe, mme seno sa dira gore go bonwe dipeeletso tse dingwe tsa kopore, [[nikele]] le [[magala]].<ref name=":5" /> Magareng ga ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi Botswana e ne e na le itsholelo e e golang ka bonako go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref>Acemoglu, D., S. Johnson and J.A. Robinson. 2003. “An African Success Story: Botswana.” Chapter 4 in 14 in D. Rodrik (Ed.). 2003. ''In Search of Prosperity: Analytical Narratives on Economic Growth.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 80–119.</ref> Kgolo e e ne e tsamaisiwa thata ke [[meepo]], mme puso e ne ya tsaya kgato go bona phesente e kgolo ya letseno lwa yone.^{[<nowiki/>[[go tlhokega nopolo]]]} Go ne ga buisanwa gape ka [[kopano ya melelwane]] fa gare ga Botswana le Aforika Borwa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le botlhano, mme puso ya Botswana e ne ya iponela karolo e kgolo ya letseno la meepo. Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le botlhano, morago ga gore go bonale sentle gore meepo eno e ne e ntsha dipoelo go le kana kang, puso e ne ya buisana gape ka tumalano ya meepo ya diteemane go itlhomamisetsa 50% ya lotseno. Ka bogare jwa dingwaga tsa ngwaga wa sekete makgoo a robabongwe masome a supa, Botswana o ne a na le [[kaboyamadi e e fitileng]]. Puso e ne ya dirisa [[madi ao]] go beeletsa thata mo go atoloseng [[ditlhabololo]], [[tlhokomelo ya kalafi]] le tsamaiso ya [[thuto]], mme seno sa felela ka tlhabololo e nngwe ya itsholelo. Segolobogolo, puso e ne ya beeletsa mo metsweding e mengwe ya [[kgolo ya itsholelo]]. Madirelo a dikgomo a ne e thusiwa thata, ka puso e ne ya dira gore lefelo le le nosi la [[matlhabelo a dikgomo]] [[e nne la puso]] mme ya aga a mangwe a mabedi, e thusiwa thata ke ditirelo tsa [[kalafi ya diphologolo]], [[mekento]] le go aga terata ya dikgomo. E ne ya tlhoma [[Botswana Meat Commission]] jaaka morekisi a le esi wa nama ya kgomo mo lefatsheng leo, ya tlhoma ditlhwatlhwa le go rekisa nama ya kgomo kwa mebarakeng ya dikgaolo le ya boditšhabatšhaba. Ka tshereganyo e e tlhamaletseng ya ga Khama, e ne ya buisana ka tumalano ya kgwebisano e e nang le poelo le [[Setšhaba sa Itsholelo sa Yuropa]], mme ya bona ditlhwatlhwa tse di kwa godimo thata ga maemo a lefatshe. Khama gape o ne a etelela pele letsholo la setshaba la go kokoanya madi go aga setheo sa ntlha sa thuto e kgolwane mo Botswana, se se neng sa felela ka gore go tlhomiwe [[Mmadikolo wa Botswana|Yunibesithi ya Botswana]] ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bobedi, morago ga loso lwa ga Khama.^{[<nowiki/>[[go tlhokega nopolo]]]} [[Botswana Development Corporation]] e ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa go ngoka [[dipeeletso tsa kwa ntle]] mo temong ya dijalo, [[bojanala]], le mo [[lephateng la bobedi]]. Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borataro, [[Botswana pula|pula ya Botswana]] e ne ya tlhagisiwa, ya emisetsa [[Ranta|ranta ya Aforika Borwa]] jaaka madi a bosetšhaba.<ref name=":5" /><ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Botswana.aspx "Botswana facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Botswana"]. ''Encyclopedia.com''. Retrieved 21 Phalane 2025.</ref> Ka ntlha ya boineelo jwa ga Khama mo tlhabololong, go ne ga dirisiwa madi a mannye thata mo tshireletsong, mme kwa tshimologong go ne ga tlhamiwa sepodisi se sennye sa sesole mo boemong jwa sesole.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151102090611/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2194&dat=19760603&id=yKIyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tO0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=854,1465032 "Ottawa Citizen - Google News Archive Search"]. Archived from [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2194&dat=19760603&id=yKIyAAAAIBAJ&pg=854,1465032 the original] on 2 November 2015.</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, morago ga go tlhaselwa gangwe le gape ke masole a [[Sesole sa Aforika Borwa|Aforika Borwa]] le [[Sesole sa Rhodesia|Rhodesia]], [[Sesole sa Botswana|Sesole sa Tshireletso sa Botswana]] se ne sa tlhamiwa ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bosupa e le sesole se sennye sa seporofešenale. Mo lephateng la [[melao ya mafatshe a sele]], Khama o ne a le kelotlhoko mo dipolotiking mme a sa letle ditlhopha tsa dirukutlhi go dira di le mo teng ga Botswana. Go ya ka Richard Dale, .<blockquote>Puso ya ga Khama e ne e na le taolo ya go dira jalo ka ntlha ya molao wa ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le boraro wa Thibelo ya Tirisodikgoka kwa Moseja, mme beke morago ga boipuso, Sir Seretse Khama o ne a itsise fa pele ga [[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana]] molao wa puso ya gagwe wa go netefatsa gore Botswana ga e kitla e nna lefelo la ditiro tsa go tlhasela moagisanyi ope.<ref>Dale, Richard. ''Botswana's Search for Autonomy in Southern Africa.'' Westport: Greenwood Press, 1995: 50</ref></blockquote>Pelenyana fela ga loso lwa gagwe, Khama o ne a nna le seabe se segolo mo dipuisanong tsa bokhutlo jwa [[ntwa ya selegae ya Rhodesia]] le go tlhamiwa le boipuso jwa [[Zimbabwe]] jo bo neng jwa nna teng, le go tlhamiwa ga [[Kokoano ya Kgokaganyo ya Tlhabololo ya Aforika Borwa]].<ref>Boddy, Alistair. "Biography of the African Statesman: Sir Seretse Khama". ''Africanhistory.about.com''. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 12 Phalane 2025.</ref> Khama o ne a tlhophiwa gape makgetlho a le mararo ka ntlha ya gore BDP e ne ya fenya ditlhopho tsa ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borobabongwe , ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bone le ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borobabongwe bonolo fela.<ref>Polhemus, James H. (1983). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/160817 "Botswana Votes: Parties and Elections in an African Democracy"]. ''The Journal of Modern African Studies''. '''21''' (3): 397–430. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0022278X00023491|10.1017/S0022278X00023491]]. ISSN 0022-278X. JSTOR 160817. S2CID 154524876.</ref> Mo Botswana, bontlhopheng ba Khuduthamaga ya Botswana ba bolela gore ba tshegetsa mang go nna tautona fa ba tsenya dipampiri tsa bone tsa go tlhophiwa, mme ntlhopheng wa botautona yo o nang le bontsi jwa ditshegetso o tlhophiwa ka go itirisa. O ne a busa ka bontsi jo bogolo thata mo pakeng yotlhe ya gagwe, a sa lebane le maloko a palamente a kganetso a a fetang supa.^{[<nowiki/>[[go tlhokega nopolo]]]} ==Loso== Mo dingwageng di le mmalwa pele ga loso lwa gagwe, botsogo jwa ga Khama bo ne jwa senyega. O ne a tshwerwe ka bolwetse jwa pelo le jwa diphilo. Ka ngwaga wa skete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro o ne a lemogilwe gore o na le [[bolwetse jwa sukiri]].<ref>[https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/president-seretse-khama "President Seretse Khama | South African History Online"]. ''www.sahistory.org.za''. Retrieved 12 Phalane 2025.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borataro , o ne a dirwa karo ya pelo kwa [[Johannesburg]] go tsenngwa [[sedirisiwa se se thusang pelo]]. Go tloga ka nako eo go ya pele, o ne a tsamaya ka difofane kgapetsakgapetsa go ya kwa [[Lontone]] go ya go bona kalafi. Ka Seetebosigo ngwaga wa sekeet makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi, fa Khama a ne a alafiwa kwa Lontone, go ne ga lemogiwa gore o na le [[kankere ya pancreas]] e e neng e ka bolaya. O ne a boela gae morago ga go tlhomamisiwa gore ga go na kalafi e e ka kgonegang.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160124094719/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19800707&id=zVsxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nKQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3402,3227920&hl=en "The Montreal Gazette - Google News Archive Search"]. Archived from [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19800707&id=zVsxAAAAIBAJ&pg=3402,3227920&hl=en the original] on 24 January 2016.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160124073657/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19800630&id=3VQ0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=abkFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1165,3836941&hl=en "The Montreal Gazette - Google News Archive Search"]. Archived from [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19800630&id=3VQ0AAAAIBAJ&pg=1165,3836941&hl=en the original] on 24 January 2016.</ref> Khama o tlhokafetse mo borokong ka Phukwi a le lesome le boraro ngwaga wa seket makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi mosadi wa gagwe a le teng kwa Botswana.<ref>[[:en:Seretse_Khama#CITEREFAkyeampongGates2012|Akyeampong & Gates 2012]], p. 359.</ref> Morago ga loso lwa gagwe, Khama o ne a tlhatlhangwa ke Mothusa Tautona [[Quett Masire]]. Batho ba le dikete di le masome a mane ba ne ba tlotla Khama jaaka setopo sa gagwe [[se ne se rapaletse]] kwa Gaborone. O fitlhilwe kwa Mabitleng a Segosi mo thoteng kwa [[Serowe]], [[Kgaolo ya Legare (Botswana)|Kgaolo ya Legare]].<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou, Thomas]]; Parsons, Neil; Henderson, Willie (1995). ''Seretse Khama, 1921–1980''. Braamfontein: [[:en:Macmillan_Publishers|Macmillan]] Boleswa. pp. 391–2. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/99912-60-31-5|99912-60-31-5]]</bdi>.</ref> == Boswa == [[Setshwantsho:The First Daimler limousine used by President Sir Seretse Khama.jpg|thumb|190x190px|Limousine ya ntlha ya Daimler e e neng e dirisiwa ke Tautona Sir Seretse Khama]] Dingwaga di le masome mabedi le boferabobedi morago ga loso lwa ga Khama, [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|morwawe Ian]] o ne a tlhatlhama [[Festus Mogae]] jaaka tautona wa bone wa Botswana;<ref name=":6" /> mo [[ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa 2009]] o ne a fenya ka phenyo e e boitshegang.<ref name=":6" /> Ka ngwaga oo, ngwana wa gagwe yo mmotlana, [[Tshekedi Khama II]], o ne a tlhophiwa go nna mopalamente go tswa kwa [[Serowe]] Bokone Bophirima. Ian Khama o tlogetse tiro ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabobedi .<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-botswana-politics-idUSKBN1H70DO "Botswana's Khama steps down as president after a decade at helm"]. ''Reuters''. 31 March 2018. Retrieved 12 Phalane 2025.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Gaborone, Botswana - Sir Seretse Khama International Airport.jpg|thumb|210x210px|[[Sir Seretse Khama International Airport|Maemelodifofane a boditšhabatšhaba a Sir Seretse Khama]] gaufi le [[Gaborone]], Botswana]] [[Sir Seretse Khama International Airport|Maemelodifofane a Boditšhabatšhaba a Sir Seretse Khama]], maemelodifofane a magolo a Botswana, a ne a reelelwa ka Khama mme a bulwa ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bone .<ref>[https://www.caab.co.bw/sir-seretse-khama-international-airport/#:~:text=This%20airport%20was%20opened%20in,%2FB%2FW%2FT. "Sir Seretse Khama International Airport"]. ''Civil Aviation Authority of Botswana''. Retrieved 12 Phalane 2025.</ref> Filimi ya ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borataro ya ''[[A United Kingdom]]'', e e neng e laotswe ke [[Amma Asante]] mme e kwadilwe ke [[Guy Hibbert]], e ne e anela kgang ya dikganetsano tse di neng di le teng mo lenyalong la ga Khama. E ne e tshamekiwa ke [[David Oyelowo]] jaaka Khama le [[Rosamund Pike]] jaaka Ruth Williams.<ref>Fullerton, Huw (25 November 2016). [https://www.radiotimes.com/movies/how-accurate-is-david-oyelowos-a-united-kingdom/ "How accurate is David Oyelowo's A United Kingdom?"]. ''www.radiotimes.com''. Retrieved 12 Phalane 2025.</ref> Go feta foo, go ile ga akantshiwa gape gore botsalano jwa ga Sir Seretse le Mohumagadi Khama bo tlhotlheleditse bakwadi ba filimi e e fentseng [[Oscar]] ya ''[[Guess Who's Coming to Dinner]]'', e e neng e tshamekiwa ke [[Spencer Tracy]], [[Katharine Hepburn]] le [[Sidney Poitier]].<ref>Brozan, Nadine (16 February 2006), [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/16/international/africa/16appiah.html "Peggy Appiah, 84, Author Who Bridged Two Cultures, Dies"], ''[[:en:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]]''.</ref> Khama o umakiwa gangwe le gape mo dibukeng tsa ''[[The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency]]'' ka [[Alexander McCall Smith]].<ref>Counihan, Clare (2011). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/44029511 "Detecting Outside History in ''The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency''"]. ''Mosaic: An Interdisciplinary Critical Journal''. '''44''' (2): 101–118. ISSN 0027-1276. JSTOR 44029511.</ref> Mma Ramotswe, moanelwamogolo wa motseletsele oo, o mo kgatlhegela thata, o mo bapisa le [[Nelson Mandela]] mme o ikotlhaela thata ntlha ya gore ga a itsege thata jaana lefatshe ka bophara. ==Metswedi== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Khama, Seretse}} [[Category:Tautona wa Botswana]] pistx06egbwscp0iwyyschbi1hc03vp 0 3506 53030 42000 2026-07-23T12:15:15Z JudithShe 9421 Ke okeditse le go tlhabolola tsebe ya Batho ba letso la Setswana #Wikipedia25BW 53030 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Ethnic group |group = Batswana |image = [[File:Bechuana Congregation (relates to David Livingstone) by The London Missionary Society cropped.jpg|none|250px]] |image_caption = Setshwantsho sa phuthego ya Batswana le [[David Livingstone]], ka [[Mokgatlho wa Borongwa wa Lontone]], ka 1900 |population = |region1 = {{flag|Botswana}} |pop1 = Palo ya Batswana ga e itsiwe, palo ya morafe ya bofelo e e neng ya dirwa ka 1946 (Tlou, 1985) kwa dikgaolong tse pedi - Kwa Ngamiland Batswana ba morafe e ne e le halofo ya palo ya batho ba e seng Batswana (7,000 vs 16 000) (Wayeyi a le nosi) (Tlou 1985). Kwa Kgaolong ya Bogare, batho ba e seng Batswana - segolobogolo Ba-Kalanga, ba ne ba le bantsi go feta Batswana. Batswana ba fitlhelwa kwa karolong e e kwa borwa ya Naga eno. Walter le Ringenberg (1994) ba fopholetsa gore batho ba e seng Batswana ba dira 90% ya baagi. RETENG, e leng mokgatlho o o sa bolong go buelela go balwa ga morafe go botsa morafe wa baagi kwa ntle ga katlego, o dirile patlisiso e e dirisitseng tshedimosetso ya 2001 Population mme ya fopholetsa gore Batswana ba morafe ba dira 17,9% ya baagi fa ba e seng Batswana ba dira 60%. E re ka Setswana e le puo e e dirisiwang go ruta kwa sekolong, gone jaanong mo e ka nnang 78% ya baagi ba Botswana ba kgona go bua Setswana (Central Statistics Office, 2001) ka maemo a a farologaneng a bokgoni le go tlhaloganya. |ref1 = <ref>{{Cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bc.html#People|website=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2012-01-19|archive-date=2015-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015203531/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bc.html#People|url-status=dead}}</ref> |region2 = {{flag|South Africa}} |pop2 = 3,900,000 ([[Setswana|Ba ba buang Setswana]]) |ref2 = <ref>{{Cite web|title=South Africa's 2011 Census|url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/census01/html/CInBrief/CIB2001.pdf|url-status=dead|website=Statistics South Africa|access-date=2012-01-19|archive-date=2005-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050505140723/http://www.statssa.gov.za/census01/HTML/CInBrief/CIB2001.pdf}}</ref> |languages = [[Setswana|Puo ya Setswana]] |religions = [[Bokeresete]] le [[Bodumedi jwa setso jwa Afrika]]. |related = Batho ba [[Bangwe ba Banthu ba Aforika Borwa|bangwe ba Banthu ba Aforika Borwa]] |footnotes = }} '''Batho ba letso la Setswana''' (''Batswana'', mo bongweng ''Motswana'') ke batho ba ba tlholegang mo borwa jwa [[Aforika]]. Puo ya [[Setswana]] e buiwa ke batho ba letso la setlhopha sa Bantu ba ba tswang kwa dipuong tsa kwa Niger–Congo. Batho ba letso la Setswana ba aga bontlha jwa selekanyo sa masome a boferabobedi jwa palo ya batho ba [[Botswana]] ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le motso.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260118201122/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana/ "CIA – The World Factbook".] Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 18 January 2026. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref> Batswana ba nna kwa borwa le botlhaba jwa Botswana le [[Bokone Bophirima|Bokone-bophirima]], [[Kapa Bokone]], [[Gauteng]] le [[Foreistata|Free State]] le dikgaolo tse dingwe tsa [[Aforika Borwa]].<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tswana "Tswana &#x7C; Culture & Traditions &#x7C; Britannica".]</ref> == Ditso == === Bonno pele ga bokolone le tlhabololo ya magosi === Batswana ke morafe o o buang Setswana wa magosi a mantsi, ba ba nnag kwa borwa jwa Aforika (bontlha jwa Namibia wa gompieno, Botswana le Aforika Borwa). Pele ga molao wa bokolone, ditshaba tse di buang Setswana di ne di kgaogantswe ka merafe, gantsi e agilwe ka losika. Puso e ne e le ya kgosi, o a neng a laola ka dikhansele le ditirelo tse dingwe tsa setso. Mo tsamaong ya nako, merafe e mentsi ya Batswana e ne ya atologa ya nna le nonof ka go kopana, go fuduga le go thibelela mo dikgaolong tse di kwa teng ga borwa jwa Aforika.<ref>Smith, Edwin W. (1956). "Sebetwane and the Ma ''Kololo''". ''African Studies''. '''15''' (2): 49–74. doi:[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00020185608706984 10.1080/00020185608706984.]</ref><ref>RAMSAY, JEFF (19 November 2018). [https://www.mmegi.bw/back-4d-future/the-vekuhane-makololo-and-malozi/news-101048 "Mmegi Blogs :: The Vekuhane, Makololo And Malozi"]. ''Mmegi Blogs''.</ref> Sepolotiki sa Batswana se ne se supagala ka tlhatlologanyo ya bonno, khumo ya dikgomo le ditsamaiso tsa melao, ngwao boswa, lonyalo, tiriso ya lefatshe le selegae. Lengwe la mafelo a ntlha go nniwa ke kwa Toutswe kwa botlhaba jwa kwa e leneg Botswana gompieno, ba ikaegile ka mefuta ya dikgomo tsa Setswana di le mo masakeng e le khumo ya bone. Go goroga ga bagolwagolwane ba batho ba ba buang puo ya Setswana ba ba neng ba tla go laola kgaolo (go tswa kwa nokeng ya Vaal go ya Botswana) ga go ise go itsiwe letsatsi le le tlhomamisitsweng, le ntswa kakanyetso ya dingwaga di le makgolo a marataro tsa motlha wa gompieno e ka nna boammaruri. Go rua dikgomo mo go tseneletseng mo go ne ga atlega ga tswelela pele go fitlhelela ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a mararo. Batho ba botlhe ba ne ba amangwa ke ditsela tsa kgwebo tse di neng di le mo lotshitshing lwa noka ya Limpopo go ya lewatleng la Indian, le dithoto go tswa kwa Asia di tshwana le dibaga, di ne tsa tsena kwa Batswaneng, ba rekisa dinaka tsa tlou, gouta le dinaka tsa ditshukudu. Ditiro tsa diatla tsa ngwao di ne di akaretsa go bopa dinkgwana, go dira ka tshipi, go betla ka logong, go loga ditlatlana le go suga matlalo. Banna gantsi ba ne ba dira ditiro tsa go betla le go dirisa tshipi fa basadi ba ne ba amana thata le go bopa dinkgwana le go aga matlo a setswana.<ref>[https://www.tothevictoriafalls.com/vfpages/people/makololo.html "To the Victoria Falls – The Makololo".] ''tothevictoriafalls.com''.</ref><ref>Livingstone, David (1857). ''Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa''. London: John Murray.</ref><ref>Landau, Paul Stuart (1995). ''The Realm of the Word: Language, Gender, and Christianity in a Southern African Kingdom''. Heinemann. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0435089658|<bdi>978-0435089658</bdi>.]]</ref><ref>Parsons, Neil (2010). ''Botswana: A Short History''. Macmillan Education. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0333570104|<bdi>978-0333570104</bdi>.]]</ref> Dikwalo tsa ntlha tse di amanang le Botswana wa gompieno di tlhageletse ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi masome a mabedi le bone. Se dikwalo tse di se supang ke gore Bangwaketse ba ne ba nnile morafe o o nonofileng thata mo kgaolong. Mo pusong ya ga [[Makaba II]], [[Bangwaketse]] ba ne ba ruile dikgomo di le dintsi mo mafelong a a sekaka a a sireletsegileng ba dirisa serodumo sa bone sa sesole go tlhasela ba ba mabapi. Magosi a mangwe a a mo kgaolong eo, ka nako eo, ba ne ba na le dikete di le lesome, ka jalo ba ne ba atlegile. Mangwe a mafelo a e ne e le Kaditshwene, kwa e neng e le motsemogolo wa ngwao wa Bahurutshe, mongwe wa merafe e emegolo ya Batswana, gape e le lefelo la boremelelo la go tlhama le go gweba. Le bonwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a mane kwa go nang le kopore le tshipi.<ref>Boeyens, Jan C. A. (2000). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271812285_In_Search_of_Kaditshwene In Search of Kaditshwene".] ''The South African Archaeological Bulletin''. '''55''' (171): 3–17. doi:10.2307/3888888. JSTOR&nbsp;3888888.</ref> Masalela a manno a mangwe a matona a Batswana, a matlotla a Kweneng, a fitlhelwa kwa Suikerbosrand Reserve kwa Aforika Borwa. Lefelo le go ntswe kw go lone go tswa ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le botlhano go tsena lesome le borobabongwe, e ne e le lone le letona le le neng le nniwa ke batho ba ba buang Setswana pele ga ma Yuropa ba goroga. Mafelo a le mmalwa a a nang le mabotana a lorako a mo lefelong leo le le dikhilomithara di le lesome ka boleele le di le pedi ka bophara.<ref>Sadr, Karim (1 June 2019). [https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/INFORMIT.703735763296284 "Kweneng: How to lose a precolonial city".] ''South African Archaeological Bulletin''. '''74''' (209): 56–62.</ref><ref>Sadr, Karim (9 July 2019). [https://brill.com/view/journals/jaa/17/1/article-p1_1.xml "Kweneng: A Newly Discovered Pre-Colonial Capital Near Johannesburg"]. ''Journal of African Archaeology''. '''17''' (1): 1–22. doi:[https://brill.com/view/journals/jaa/17/1/article-p1_1.xml 10.1163/21915784-20190001.] ISSN&nbsp;1612-1651.</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/jan/08/laser-technology-shines-light-on-south-african-lost-city-of-kweneng "Laser technology shines light on South African 'lost city' of Kweneng".] ''the Guardian''. 8 January 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref> === Go kopana le barongwa ba kwa Yuropa le Sekeresete (legare la lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabongwe) === [[Setshwantsho:Robert Moffat (1795-1883), Scottish Missionary (imp-cswc-GB-237-CSWC47-LS16-014).jpg|left|thumb|151x151px|Robert Moffat (1795 go tsena 1883) Morongwa wa lotso lwa Scottish]] Ka dingwaga tsa lekgolo le le lesome le borobabongwe di le fa gare, barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba ne ba aga mafelo mo dkgaolong tsa Batswana. Ditirelo tsa borongwa di ne di na le seabe mo go anameng ga Sekeresete le go simolodisa ditsela tse disha tsa thuto, kitso le go rotloediwa ke mafelo. Dikgosi di le mmalwa di ne tsa amogela Sekeresete kgotsa tsa letla go anama ga sone, mo go neng ga baka phetogo e e bonalang ya ngwao. Go diriwa Bakeresete ga Batswana ke kgato e e botlhokwa mo ditsong tsa Aforika, bogolo jang ka gore e fetotse borongwa jo bo kgakala go tsena kwa Kalahari go nna lefelo la go ithuta dipuo le go gatisa.<ref>Schapera, Isaac (1970). ''Tribal Innovators: Tswana Chiefs and Social Change 1795–1940''. Athlone Press.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa sekete makgolo a robabobedi, London Missionary Society (LMS) e ne ya ya kwa bokone e tswa kwa koloneng ya Kapa. Setswana e ne e le nngwe ya dipuo tsa pele tsa Sotho-Tswana go kwalwa ke batsamai ba Yuropa le baithuti. ==Merafe le babusi ka go farologanya== ===Botswana=== Botswana wa gompieno (yo o neng a bidiwa ''British protectorate of Bechuanaland'') o bileditswe mo bathong ba Batswana. Merafe yotlhe e e 'tumileng' mo nageng eo e bua puo ya Setswana. Merafe yotlhe e, e busiwa ke dikgosi. Yo motona ke ''[[wikt:Kgosikgolo|Kgosikgolo]]'' , yo o busang Ntlo ya Dikgosi. Ka jalo bana ba kgosi go ya ka dintlo, tsa yone ke dikgosi, go tswa go yo mogolo go ya go yo mmotlana. Ba ka latelelana ka go busa. Mo dinakong tsa bogologolo ba ne ba abelwa mafelo kgotsa motse go busa ele dikgosi tsa motse yo o rileng. Ba na le Kgotlakgolo e mo go yone go busang Kgosikgolo mmogo le morwa yo motona. Babusi botlhe ba ba tswang mo lelapeng le le lengwe ba a sikarana fa a ba bangwe ba kgaogana go tsweng mo lelapeng kgotsa losikeng loo. Merafe e e tumileng ya Batswana ke: * [[Bakgatla -ba-ga- Kgafela|Bakgatla]] * [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]] * [[Balete]] * [[Bangwato]] * [[Bangwaketse|BaNgwaketse]] * [[Barolong]] * [[Batawana]] * [[Batlokwa]] * [[Bahurutshe]] * [[Bakubung]] * [[Batshweneng]] * [[Batlhaping]] * [[Batlharo]] ==Modimo o o nko e e metsi== Modimo o o nko e metsi Gantsi ga re lemoge fa tikologo ya rona e ama puo ya rona. Mo Setswaneng go na le dilo tse dintsi tse di amang ka fa re buang ka teng. Dingwe tsa tsone ga re di tseye tsiya, ga re tseye fa di ka nna le seabe sepe se se utlwalang mo go ameng ka fa re dirisang puo ka teng. Mme selo se se fitlhelwa mo puong nngwe le nngwe. Tsaya sekai, morafe wa MaEskimo (bangwe ba ka nna ba tsaya fa ke kgetholola, ba batla gore ke bitse morafe o ke re BaEskimo – ba tlaa nkinela diatla metsing.) go dumelwa fa o na le mafoko a mantsi a a rayang kapoko ka kapoko ke karolo e kgolo ya matshelo a bone. Fela kapoko e le karolo e kgolo ya matshelo a bone, rona jaaka Batswana kgomo ke yone pinagare ya itsholelo ya malwapa ka bontsi. Batswana ka ngwao re ba rua kgomo. E re ntswa dinamanyane di foforwa ke leuba, kgotsa bontsi bo hularela temo, kgomo e santse e le sesupo sa itsholelo e bile monna yo kgomo tsa gagwe di thibang marang a letsatsi o tlotlega setšhabeng. Kgomo e humisitse puo ya rona thata. Re ka akanya ka mafoko a mantsi a a amanang le kgomo. Ga re kitla re kgona go a nankola otlhe mme re tlaa kgotlha fela ka lotlhokwa. Le rona fela jaaka MaEsekimo re na le kgumo e e boitshegang ya mafoko a a rayang kgomo. A re simolole fela ka gore ngwana wa kgomo o bidiwa namane, mme re bo re tswelela ka go tlhalosa dinamane. Mohungwana ke namane e e fitlhetsweng mo kgomong mmaayo a sena go swa. Lebotlana ke namane e e leng gone e tsalwang. Lesolemotlhabana ke lebotlana le le godileng. Lesole ke namane e e tiileng e e godileng. Moalolelo ke namane e e tlogedisitsweng go anya mmaayo. Kgomo e tonanyana e e sa fagolwang re e bitsa re re poo. Sempoo ke poo e e sa fagolegang sentle. Tshikela ke poo e e fagtsweng e godile. Mo kgomong tse di namagadi re a tle re re, letsetse ke kgomo e fetsa go tsala. Lephusa lone ke kgomo e dusitse e palangwe ke poo. Kgomo e e gangwang yone re e bitsa leradu. Fa e sa ntshe maši a mantsi re e bitsa re re motete. Fusa ke kgomo, e sena go koba namane gore e sa tlhole e anya – ra re e husitse. Mageri ke mašwi a e leng gone a remang a re a bitsang themisani. Moreba one ke kgomo e e sa tsaleng. ==Khumo ya mafoko mo setswaneng== Ke lekile go supa fa Setswana se humile mafoko a a rayang kgomo ka kgomo e le karolo e e botlhokwa ya matshelo a Batswana. Mafoko le diane di di ntsi tse di buang ka kgomo. Go na le ditumelo tsa Setswana tse di amanang le kgomo. Go dumelwa gore fa kgomo e jele lesapo la motho madi a yone a tlhakana le maši. Gape Batswana ba dumela fa dirwe dingwe tsa kgomo di sa siamela batho bangwe. Go na le dirwe dingwe tsa kgomo tse di jewang ke bomme, dingwe e nne tsa borra fa bagodi ba na le tsa bone. Dinama tse di tshwanang le bo telele, diphilo, mokoto le dinama tse dingwe ga di jewe ke mongwe le mongwe. Ka jalo kgomo ke karolo ya tumelo ya Setswana, ke sone se bangwe ba e bitsang modimo o o nko e metsi, le fa nna ke ebisa sešabo fela. Dikai re ka tsaya tse dintsi go supa fa re le baruakgomo, ka jalo a re kgwe mowa di ise di timela batho ba ga matshaba le kgomo matlogela temo e le seholela ==Aforika Borwa== Bontsi jwa Batswana ba nna kwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. Ke bangwe ba batho ba letso la mmala wa sebilo, mme gape [[Setswana|Puo ya Setswana]] ke nngwe ya dipuo di le somelebongwe tsa semmuso tsa naga ya Aforika Borwa. Pele ga ngwaga wa 1994, Batswana ba kwa Aforika Borwa e ne e le baagi ba [[Bophuthatswana]] e leng bontlha bongwe jwa karolo ya dinaga tsa Bantustan. Ba kgaogantswe jalo ka nako ya dintwa tsa kwa Aforika Borwa tsa tlhaolele. Mo bogosing jwa Setswana go tla ''[[wikt:kgosi|Kgosi]]'' (go bo go tla yo motona ebong ''Kgosikgolo''): *Bafokeng (Lefelo la Rustenburg) **Bafokeng **Bafokeng Ba Ga Motlatla * Batlhaping (Batshwara ditlhapi ba kwa lefelong la Taung), ba kgaogane pele ga ngwaga wa 1800, Batlhaping ke setlhopa kgotsa karolo ya barolong go tswa go Lowe, ke babina tholo ka tsalo eseng tlhapi (Ba ana tlhapi), bane ba bidiwa Batlhaping fela morago ga go sala fa nokeng ba tshwara ditlhapi, le mororo ele Barolong. Botlhe ba tshwanela ke go tsaya tholo jaaka phologolo ya bonne ka go tshwana. ** Batlhaping Bagaphuduhudu ** Batlhaping Bagaphuduhutswane ** Batlhaping Ba Ga Maidi ** Batlhaping Ba Ga Mothibi ** Batlhaping Ba Ga Bantsijang * Batlôkwa ** Batlôkwa Ba Ga Sedumedi ** Batlokwa Ba Bogatsu ** Batlokwa Boo Matlapane * Barôlông Barratlou ** Barolong Boorratlou Boomokalaka **Barôlông Barratlou Boomariba ** Barôlông Barratlou Booseitshiro ** Barôlông Barratlou Boomakgobi ** Barôlông Boo Ratlou Ba Ga Phoi * Barôlông Baseleka * Barôlông Barrapulana * Barôlông Barratshidi * Barôlông Ba Ga Molefe Ba Moata * Barôlông Ba Ga Makgobi * Barolong Boo Morakile * Barôlông Boo Lefifi * Barôlông Ba Ga Moroka (Puthaditjaba, Free State, SA) * Barolong Ba Ga Phathudi * Bahurutshe (ba kgaogane pele ga ngwaga wa 1800 mo lefelong le le sa itseweng, ba bobedi ba ba ileng ba kopana le Bahurutshe ba Boomokgatlha gape le Bahurutshe Bagamoilwa, gape morago ba kgaogana gape). Mo ditsong le ne le kwadiwa gotwe ''Bahurutshe''. * Bahurutshe Ba Ga Mothogae * Bahurutshe Ba Ga Gopane * Bahurutshe Ba Ga Le-Ncoe * Bahurutshe Ba Ga Mokgoswa * Bahurutshe Ba Ga Suping * Bakgatla, ba kgaogane go nna ditlhopha tsa ** Bakgatla ba Kgafela ** Bakgatla ba Mosetlha ** Bakgatla ba Mmakau ** Bakgatla ba Mocha ** Bakgatla ba Seabe ** Bakgatla ba Moche ** Bakgatla ba Mmanaana * Bakwena ** Bakwena Ba Ga Molopyane ** Bakwena Ba Mare A Phogole ** Bakwena Ba Magopa ** Bakwena Boo Modimosana Ba Ga Mmatau ** Bakwena Ba Morare (Madikwe) ** Bakwena Ba Ga Sechele (Molepolole) * Batlharo ba kgaoganela kwa: (Kuruman, SA) ** Batlharo Ba Ga Lotlhware ** Batlharo Ba Ga Masibi * Bapo * Bapo Ba Ga Mogale * Baphalane Ba Ramokoka * Baphalane Ba Mantserre * Batlhako Boo Mututu Ba Ga Mabe * Baphiring * Bataung Ba Moubane * Bataung Ba Hlalele * Baphuting Ba Ga Nawa * Batloung Ba Ga Shole * Bakubung Ba Ratheo (Ledig/Patsima, Mankwe, Bokone-Bophirima, SA) * Bakubung ba ga Marakwana * Ba Nare * Barokologadi Ba Ga Maotwa (Pitsedisulejang, Madikwe, Bokone-Bophirima, SA) * Batlhalerwa * Batlhako (Bokone-Bophirima, Mabeskraal) * Batlhako ba Matutu * Batlhako ba Leema ===Mafelo a sele=== Mo [[Namibia]] gape le [[Zimbabwe]] Batswana ga ba age bope bontlha jwa merafe ya mafatshe e gope. Mme mo Namibia bonntse jwa Batswana ke Batlharo ba ba agang mo Metsweding, Mokaleng le Gobabis. ==Leruo== '''Tswana''' ke leina le lengwe la mefutla ya lerui la mo Botswana. ; Dikgomo : Tswana (kgomo) :Dinku :Dipudi :Dipitsi ; Ditonki : Ditonki tsa Batswana di dirisiwa thata mo nakong ya leuba. ==Dipadi tse dingwe == <references></references> * [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Botswana_native.html tsebe ya WorldStatesmen ka tsa polotiki le bodiredi jwa semmuso, goya ka lefatshe lengwe le lengwe] *http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/PULA/pula015001/pula015001004.pdf [[Karolo:Setso]] t4kd52m4t58v88h9cbd28g5mzx3y8gi 53035 53030 2026-07-23T13:36:26Z JudithShe 9421 Ke okeditse thanolo ya tsebe ya Batho ba letso la Setswana #Wikipedia25BW 53035 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Ethnic group |group = Batswana |image = [[File:Bechuana Congregation (relates to David Livingstone) by The London Missionary Society cropped.jpg|none|250px]] |image_caption = Setshwantsho sa phuthego ya Batswana le [[David Livingstone]], ka [[Mokgatlho wa Borongwa wa Lontone]], ka 1900 |population = |region1 = {{flag|Botswana}} |pop1 = Palo ya Batswana ga e itsiwe, palo ya morafe ya bofelo e e neng ya dirwa ka 1946 (Tlou, 1985) kwa dikgaolong tse pedi - Kwa Ngamiland Batswana ba morafe e ne e le halofo ya palo ya batho ba e seng Batswana (7,000 vs 16 000) (Wayeyi a le nosi) (Tlou 1985). Kwa Kgaolong ya Bogare, batho ba e seng Batswana - segolobogolo Ba-Kalanga, ba ne ba le bantsi go feta Batswana. Batswana ba fitlhelwa kwa karolong e e kwa borwa ya Naga eno. Walter le Ringenberg (1994) ba fopholetsa gore batho ba e seng Batswana ba dira 90% ya baagi. RETENG, e leng mokgatlho o o sa bolong go buelela go balwa ga morafe go botsa morafe wa baagi kwa ntle ga katlego, o dirile patlisiso e e dirisitseng tshedimosetso ya 2001 Population mme ya fopholetsa gore Batswana ba morafe ba dira 17,9% ya baagi fa ba e seng Batswana ba dira 60%. E re ka Setswana e le puo e e dirisiwang go ruta kwa sekolong, gone jaanong mo e ka nnang 78% ya baagi ba Botswana ba kgona go bua Setswana (Central Statistics Office, 2001) ka maemo a a farologaneng a bokgoni le go tlhaloganya. |ref1 = <ref>{{Cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bc.html#People|website=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2012-01-19|archive-date=2015-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015203531/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bc.html#People|url-status=dead}}</ref> |region2 = {{flag|South Africa}} |pop2 = 3,900,000 ([[Setswana|Ba ba buang Setswana]]) |ref2 = <ref>{{Cite web|title=South Africa's 2011 Census|url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/census01/html/CInBrief/CIB2001.pdf|url-status=dead|website=Statistics South Africa|access-date=2012-01-19|archive-date=2005-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050505140723/http://www.statssa.gov.za/census01/HTML/CInBrief/CIB2001.pdf}}</ref> |languages = [[Setswana|Puo ya Setswana]] |religions = [[Bokeresete]] le [[Bodumedi jwa setso jwa Afrika]]. |related = Batho ba [[Bangwe ba Banthu ba Aforika Borwa|bangwe ba Banthu ba Aforika Borwa]] |footnotes = }} '''Batho ba letso la Setswana''' (''Batswana'', mo bongweng ''Motswana'') ke batho ba ba tlholegang mo borwa jwa [[Aforika]]. Puo ya [[Setswana]] e buiwa ke batho ba letso la setlhopha sa Bantu ba ba tswang kwa dipuong tsa kwa Niger–Congo. Batho ba letso la Setswana ba aga bontlha jwa selekanyo sa masome a boferabobedi jwa palo ya batho ba [[Botswana]] ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le motso.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260118201122/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana/ "CIA – The World Factbook".] Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 18 January 2026. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref> Batswana ba nna kwa borwa le botlhaba jwa Botswana le [[Bokone Bophirima|Bokone-bophirima]], [[Kapa Bokone]], [[Gauteng]] le [[Foreistata|Free State]] le dikgaolo tse dingwe tsa [[Aforika Borwa]].<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tswana "Tswana &#x7C; Culture & Traditions &#x7C; Britannica".]</ref> == Ditso == === Bonno pele ga bokolone le tlhabololo ya magosi === Batswana ke morafe o o buang Setswana wa magosi a mantsi, ba ba nnag kwa borwa jwa Aforika (bontlha jwa Namibia wa gompieno, Botswana le Aforika Borwa). Pele ga molao wa bokolone, ditshaba tse di buang Setswana di ne di kgaogantswe ka merafe, gantsi e agilwe ka losika. Puso e ne e le ya kgosi, o a neng a laola ka dikhansele le ditirelo tse dingwe tsa setso. Mo tsamaong ya nako, merafe e mentsi ya Batswana e ne ya atologa ya nna le nonof ka go kopana, go fuduga le go thibelela mo dikgaolong tse di kwa teng ga borwa jwa Aforika.<ref>Smith, Edwin W. (1956). "Sebetwane and the Ma ''Kololo''". ''African Studies''. '''15''' (2): 49–74. doi:[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00020185608706984 10.1080/00020185608706984.]</ref><ref>RAMSAY, JEFF (19 November 2018). [https://www.mmegi.bw/back-4d-future/the-vekuhane-makololo-and-malozi/news-101048 "Mmegi Blogs :: The Vekuhane, Makololo And Malozi"]. ''Mmegi Blogs''.</ref> Sepolotiki sa Batswana se ne se supagala ka tlhatlologanyo ya bonno, khumo ya dikgomo le ditsamaiso tsa melao, ngwao boswa, lonyalo, tiriso ya lefatshe le selegae. Lengwe la mafelo a ntlha go nniwa ke kwa Toutswe kwa botlhaba jwa kwa e leneg Botswana gompieno, ba ikaegile ka mefuta ya dikgomo tsa Setswana di le mo masakeng e le khumo ya bone. Go goroga ga bagolwagolwane ba batho ba ba buang puo ya Setswana ba ba neng ba tla go laola kgaolo (go tswa kwa nokeng ya Vaal go ya Botswana) ga go ise go itsiwe letsatsi le le tlhomamisitsweng, le ntswa kakanyetso ya dingwaga di le makgolo a marataro tsa motlha wa gompieno e ka nna boammaruri. Go rua dikgomo mo go tseneletseng mo go ne ga atlega ga tswelela pele go fitlhelela ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a mararo. Batho ba botlhe ba ne ba amangwa ke ditsela tsa kgwebo tse di neng di le mo lotshitshing lwa noka ya Limpopo go ya lewatleng la Indian, le dithoto go tswa kwa Asia di tshwana le dibaga, di ne tsa tsena kwa Batswaneng, ba rekisa dinaka tsa tlou, gouta le dinaka tsa ditshukudu. Ditiro tsa diatla tsa ngwao di ne di akaretsa go bopa dinkgwana, go dira ka tshipi, go betla ka logong, go loga ditlatlana le go suga matlalo. Banna gantsi ba ne ba dira ditiro tsa go betla le go dirisa tshipi fa basadi ba ne ba amana thata le go bopa dinkgwana le go aga matlo a setswana.<ref>[https://www.tothevictoriafalls.com/vfpages/people/makololo.html "To the Victoria Falls – The Makololo".] ''tothevictoriafalls.com''.</ref><ref>Livingstone, David (1857). ''Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa''. London: John Murray.</ref><ref>Landau, Paul Stuart (1995). ''The Realm of the Word: Language, Gender, and Christianity in a Southern African Kingdom''. Heinemann. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0435089658|<bdi>978-0435089658</bdi>.]]</ref><ref>Parsons, Neil (2010). ''Botswana: A Short History''. Macmillan Education. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0333570104|<bdi>978-0333570104</bdi>.]]</ref> Dikwalo tsa ntlha tse di amanang le Botswana wa gompieno di tlhageletse ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi masome a mabedi le bone. Se dikwalo tse di se supang ke gore Bangwaketse ba ne ba nnile morafe o o nonofileng thata mo kgaolong. Mo pusong ya ga [[Makaba II]], [[Bangwaketse]] ba ne ba ruile dikgomo di le dintsi mo mafelong a a sekaka a a sireletsegileng ba dirisa serodumo sa bone sa sesole go tlhasela ba ba mabapi. Magosi a mangwe a a mo kgaolong eo, ka nako eo, ba ne ba na le dikete di le lesome, ka jalo ba ne ba atlegile. Mangwe a mafelo a e ne e le Kaditshwene, kwa e neng e le motsemogolo wa ngwao wa Bahurutshe, mongwe wa merafe e emegolo ya Batswana, gape e le lefelo la boremelelo la go tlhama le go gweba. Le bonwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a mane kwa go nang le kopore le tshipi.<ref>Boeyens, Jan C. A. (2000). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271812285_In_Search_of_Kaditshwene In Search of Kaditshwene".] ''The South African Archaeological Bulletin''. '''55''' (171): 3–17. doi:10.2307/3888888. JSTOR&nbsp;3888888.</ref> Masalela a manno a mangwe a matona a Batswana, a matlotla a Kweneng, a fitlhelwa kwa Suikerbosrand Reserve kwa Aforika Borwa. Lefelo le go ntswe kw go lone go tswa ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le botlhano go tsena lesome le borobabongwe, e ne e le lone le letona le le neng le nniwa ke batho ba ba buang Setswana pele ga ma Yuropa ba goroga. Mafelo a le mmalwa a a nang le mabotana a lorako a mo lefelong leo le le dikhilomithara di le lesome ka boleele le di le pedi ka bophara.<ref>Sadr, Karim (1 June 2019). [https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/INFORMIT.703735763296284 "Kweneng: How to lose a precolonial city".] ''South African Archaeological Bulletin''. '''74''' (209): 56–62.</ref><ref>Sadr, Karim (9 July 2019). [https://brill.com/view/journals/jaa/17/1/article-p1_1.xml "Kweneng: A Newly Discovered Pre-Colonial Capital Near Johannesburg"]. ''Journal of African Archaeology''. '''17''' (1): 1–22. doi:[https://brill.com/view/journals/jaa/17/1/article-p1_1.xml 10.1163/21915784-20190001.] ISSN&nbsp;1612-1651.</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/jan/08/laser-technology-shines-light-on-south-african-lost-city-of-kweneng "Laser technology shines light on South African 'lost city' of Kweneng".] ''the Guardian''. 8 January 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref> === Go kopana le barongwa ba kwa Yuropa le Sekeresete (legare la lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabongwe) === [[Setshwantsho:Robert Moffat (1795-1883), Scottish Missionary (imp-cswc-GB-237-CSWC47-LS16-014).jpg|left|thumb|151x151px|Robert Moffat (1795 go tsena 1883) Morongwa wa lotso lwa Scottish]] Ka dingwaga tsa lekgolo le le lesome le borobabongwe di le fa gare, barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba ne ba aga mafelo mo dkgaolong tsa Batswana. Ditirelo tsa borongwa di ne di na le seabe mo go anameng ga Sekeresete le go simolodisa ditsela tse disha tsa thuto, kitso le go rotloediwa ke mafelo. Dikgosi di le mmalwa di ne tsa amogela Sekeresete kgotsa tsa letla go anama ga sone, mo go neng ga baka phetogo e e bonalang ya ngwao. Go diriwa Bakeresete ga Batswana ke kgato e e botlhokwa mo ditsong tsa Aforika, bogolo jang ka gore e fetotse borongwa jo bo kgakala go tsena kwa Kalahari go nna lefelo la go ithuta dipuo le go gatisa.<ref name=":0">Schapera, Isaac (1970). ''Tribal Innovators: Tswana Chiefs and Social Change 1795–1940''. Athlone Press.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa sekete makgolo a robabobedi, London Missionary Society (LMS) e ne ya ya kwa bokone e tswa kwa koloneng ya Kapa. Setswana e ne e le nngwe ya dipuo tsa pele tsa Sotho-Tswana go kwalwa ke batsamai ba Yuropa le baithuti. Ditshupo tsa pele tsa thuto ya diteme di akaretsa dikwalo tsa ga Heinrich Lichtenstein tsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le borataro, tsa salwa morago ke dikgobokanyo tsa go tlhaloganya puo le kelotlhoko ya puo tse di dirilweng ke barongwa le batlhatlhami ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabongwe. Dikwalo tse tsa pele di nnile le seabe mo diporojekeng tsa barongwa tsa go ranola le mo mananeong a a neng a letla tiriso ya Setswana se se kwadilweng mo thutong ya sedumedi le dibuka tse di gatisitsweng. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi masome a mabedi le bone, Robert Moffat, morongwa wa lotso lwa Scottish, o ne a tlhama lefelo la borongwa la Kuruman mo morafeng wa Batlhaping (morafe wa Batswana). Moffat o ne a lemoga gore gore Sekeresete se tsene mo bathong se tshwanetse go buiwa ka puo ya mo gae, selo se se ne se sa diriwe ke barongwa ba bangwe ka bone ba ne ba ikaegile ka baranodi. O ne a tsaya dingwaga a nna le Batswana, a ithuta ka fa ba buang ka teng ka Setswana. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mararo, bontlha jwa ntlha jwa mafoko a a molemo bo ne jwa gatisiwa ka Setswana, e le lokwalo lwa ga Luke. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi masome a matlhano le bosupa, baebele ya ntlha e ne ya ranolwa ya gatisiwa ka puo ya borwa jwa Aforika.<ref>[https://www.iexplore.com/articles/travel-guides/africa/botswana/history-and-culture "Botswana – History and Culture".] ''iexplore.com''. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref><ref>[https://www.everyculture.com/Bo-Co/Botswana.html#google_vignette "Culture of Botswana – history, people, clothing, traditions, women, beliefs, food, customs, family".] ''everyculture.com''. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref> Ditiro tsa ngwao tsa sedumedi, di akaretsa go tlotla bagolwagolwane le meletlo ya setso, di ne tsa fokotsega mo ditshabeng dingwe fa Sekeresete se ntse se anama. Ditiro dingwe tsa setso di tshwana le go nyala lefufa, di ne di ganediwa thata ebile di sa rotloediwe ke ditlhopha tsa barongwa le baokamedi ba dikolone.<ref name=":0" /> == Dikgotlhang le dintwa ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabongwe == === Dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a robabobedi tsa pele: tlhakatlhakano ya Difaqane/ Mfecane (ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi lesome le botlhano go tsena ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mane) === Ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabongwe, magosi a Batswana a ne a amilwe ke go tlhoka go iketla ga kgaolo mo go neng go bidiwa Difaqane (leina le lengwe e le Mfecane). Nako e, e ne e supagala ka ntwa e e anameng, go fudusiwa ga batho, le go phutlhama kgotsa go agiwa sesha ga ditshaba go kgabaganya borwa jwa Aforika. Fa ditlhopha tse di tshotseng dibetsa tse di neng di fuduga di ya kwa bokone kwa e leng Aforika Borwa gompieno, mafelo a Batswana ba neng ba nna mo go one ka bontsi a ne a tlhaselwa kgotsa ba patelediwa go fuduga. Batswana bangwe ba ne ba nonotsha mekgwa ya bone ya go iphemela, ba aga sesha mafelo a bonno, ba bo ba tlhopha bateledipele ba polotiki e le go tsibogela ditlhaselo tse. Nako e, e nnile le seabe mo go tlhabologeng ga mafelo a Batswana a a nonofileng le go gaisa jaaka Bangwaketse, bakwena le Bangwato.<ref>Schapera, Isaac (1938). ''A Handbook of Tswana Law and Custom''. Oxford University Press.</ref> === '''Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi masome a matlhano le bobedi go tsena ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi masome a marataro: Ntwa ya Batswana le Maburu:''' [[Ntwa ya Dimawe]] === [[Setshwantsho:Battle of Dimawe 1852.jpg|left|thumb|Setshwantsho sa ga Sechele a le kwa godimo ga thaba a lebeletse ntwa ya Dimawe ka ngwaga wa 1852]] Motlha o o bone go ya magoletsa ga go dira Batswana masole, ga mmogo le go nna le dibetsa le dipitse ka mafarattlhatlha a kgwebo. Ka dingwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mane le ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a matlhano, kgwebo le barekisi ba kolone ya Kapa e ne ya simologa ya thusa magosi a Batswana go ikaga gape. Bakwena, Bangwaketse, Bangwato le Batawana ba ne ba dirisanammogo go laola kgwebo ya dinaka tsa tlou, ba dirisa dipoelo go reka dipitse le ditlhobolo, mo go neng ag ba letla go nna le taolo mo Botswana wa gompieno. Tsamaiso e e ne ya fela ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, le masome a robabobedi, ka jalo Basarwa, Bakalaka, Bakgalagadi, Batswapong le merafe e mengwe e mebotlana e ne e gateletswe ke Batswana.<ref name=":1">Ramsay, Jeff (1 January 1991). [https://journals.co.za/content/botnotes/23/1/AJA052550590_916 "The Batswana-Boer War of 1852–53: how the Batswana achieved victory".] ''Botswana Notes & Records''. '''23''' (1). ISSN&nbsp;0525-5090.</ref> Morago ga loeto lo logolo, Maburu go tswa kwa koloneng ya Kapa ba ne ba itlhoma o melelwaneng ya mafelo a bagolwagolwane ba Batswana ba neng ba nna mo go one kwa Transvaal. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi masome a matlhano le bobedi, bokopano jwa magosi a Batswana bo eteletswe pele ke Sechele I bo ne jwa gana go fudusiwa ke Maburu, mo go neng ga baka ntwa ya Dimawe e e neng e lowa ka marumo le ditlhobolo tse di telele le molelo. Le ntswa e ne e le Maburu ba eteletswe pele ke Pieter Scholtz le Paul Kruger, e le bateledipele ba ntwa ya maburu, ba ba simolotseng ntwa, ke bone ba ba feletseng ba ikgogela morago, mo go neng ga salwa morago ke ditlhaselo tsa Batswana tsa go ipusolosetsa kwa kgolong ya nako eo ya Marique kwa Transvaal, kwa magae a Maburu, metse le masimo a neng a fisitswe. Morago ga dingwaga di robabobedi tsa dikgotlhang le ditlhaselo, ba ne ba nna le tumalano ya kagiso kwa Potchefstroom ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro. Go tswa foo, molelwane wa gompieno wa Aforika Borwa le Botswana o ne wa dumalanwa, Maburu le Batswana ba ne ba gweba mmogo ba bereka sentle ka kagiso.<ref name=":1" /> === Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabobedi go tsena ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabobedi le bone: Ntwa ya Batswana le Matebele: Ntwa ya Khutiyabasadi === Fa melelwane ya Batswana kwa borwa e ne e sireleditswe ka ntlha ya tumalano ya kagiso le Maburu, go ne go santse go na le bodiphatsa kwa bokone ka Batswana ba ne ba itemogela ditlhaselo go tswa mo masoleng a Matebele ba ba neng ba thibeletse kwa borwa jwa Zimbabwe. Batlhasedi ba Matebele ba ne ba tlhasela ditshaba gangwe le gape gaufi le kgaolo ya Okavango, ba lebagane le loruo le batshwarwa. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabobedi le bone, Batawana ka fa tlase ga ga Kgosi Moremi ba ne ba lwantsha masole a Matebele gaufi le Toteng, le kwa Khutiyabasadi. Ntwa e ne ya tswelela go nna ntwa ya Khutiyabasadi, kwa Batawana ba engwe nokeng ke Bayei ba neng ba fenya batlhasedi ba Matebele ba dirisa ditlhobolo, mekgwa ya go tsietsa, e e siametseng kgaolo ya Okavango. Ntwa e gakologelwa e le phenyo e tona ya Batswana, e e nnileng le seabe mo go latlhegelweng ke serodumo ga Matebele mo kgaolong eo le go nonotsha go etelela pele ga Batawana kwa bokone-bophirima jwa Botswana. Le ntswa ntwa ya kwa Khutiyabasadi e ne e le phenyo e tona ya Batawana le go fenya Matebele, mo kgaolong ya Wayeyi, se e neng e le tshegofatso e e e tlhakaneng. Le ntswa ba ne ba na le seabe mo phenyong ya Matebele a a neng a sa ratiwe, nngwe ya ditlamorago e ne e le go nonofa ga Batawana mo kgaolong eo ba ba gatelela ka Moremi a ntse sebaka gaufi le Nokaneng.<ref>Ramsay, Jeff. [https://www.mmegi.bw/back-4d-future/the-guns-of-khutiyabasadi-ii/news-95208 "Mmegi Blogs :: The Guns of Khutiyabasadi (II)".] ''Mmegi Blogs''. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref> === Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabongwe le boraro go tsena ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabongwe le bone: Go tsaya karolo ga Batswana mo ntweng ya ntlha ya Matebele === Ntwa ya ntlha ya Matebele e lolwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabongwe le boraro go tsena ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabongwe le bone kwa Zimbabwe wa gompieno. British South Africa Company e ne e sena mephato ya sesole e e fetang makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano kwa sepodising sa British South Africa Company, ka palo e e sa itsegaleng ya baithaopi ba diokolone le Batswana ba le makgolo a supa fa godimo ba ba neg ba gwanta go ya Bulawayo go tswa kwa borwa ba eteletswe pele ke Khama III, Kgosi o a neng a na le tlhotlheletso e e kwa godimo mo magosing a Batswana, gape a ne a dirisana thata le ba Britain. Mephato ya Salisbury le Fort Victoria e ne ya gwantela kwa Bulawayo ka Ngwanatsele a le malatsi a mane ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabongwe le boraro. Mophato wa bogosi go tswa kwa Bechuanaland o ne o seo. Ba ne ba tshwanetse go gwanta ka Phalane a le lesome le borobaobedi ba ya kwa bokone kwa Bulawayo mme ba ne ba nna le kgotlhang e e seng ya sepe le Matebele gaufi le Mphoeng ka Ngwanatsele a le malatsi a mabedi. Ba ne ba goroga kwa Bulawayo ka Ngwatsele a le lesome le botlhano, tiego e e ka tswang e thusitse lefelo le le neng le nniwa ke ba Chartered Company le lesha go kopanngwa le Bechuanaland Protectorate. Go tsaya karolo ga Batswana go ne go supa go aga botsalano le keletso ya baeteledipele ba Batswana go lwantsha nonofo ya Matebele ba ba neng ba kile ba lwantsha dikgaolo tsa Batswana ka go di tlhasela. Morago ga tatlhegelo ya Matebele, maatla a dikolone tsa Britain a ne a atologa go ya kwa bokone, ba oketsa taolo mo kagolong.<ref>[http://bsap.org/hiscampaigns.html "BSAP History: Campaigns".] ''bsap.org''. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref> ==Merafe le babusi ka go farologanya== ===Botswana=== Botswana wa gompieno o pele a neng a bidiwa ''British protectorate of Bechuanaland'') o filwe leina le a reelelwa ka Batswana. Merafe ee robabobedi e e 'tumileng' mo lefatsheng leo e bua puo ya Setswana. Merafe yotlhe e, e busiwa ke dikgosi. Yo motona ke ''[[wikt:Kgosikgolo|Kgosikgolo]]'' , yo o busang [[Ntlo ya Dikgosi tsa Botswana|Ntlo ya Dikgosi]] (lekgotla le le gakololang palamente ya lefatshe). Motho o o nnang mo Botswana ke Motswana, fa ba le bantsi ke Batswana.<ref>[https://www.sundaystandard.info/we-are-batswana-they-call-us-batswanan/ "We are Batswana; they call us Batswanan".] Linguist Chair. ''Sunday Standard''. Gaborone. 2 December 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref><ref>[https://www.cia.gov/stories/story/spotlighting-the-world-factbook-as-we-bid-a-fond-farewell/ "Botswana, People and Society, Nationality".] ''The World Factbook''. Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref> Merafe e e tumileng ya Batswana ke: * [[Bakgatla -ba-ga- Kgafela|Bakgatla]] * [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]] * [[Balete]] * [[Bangwato]] * [[Bangwaketse|BaNgwaketse]] * [[Barolong]] * [[Batawana]] * [[Batlokwa]] * [[Bahurutshe]] * [[Bakubung]] * [[Batshweneng]] * [[Batlhaping]] * [[Batlharo]] <ref>[http://www.moumo.co.za/history.html "History".] ''Moumo.co.za''. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref> ==Modimo o o nko e e metsi== Modimo o o nko e metsi Gantsi ga re lemoge fa tikologo ya rona e ama puo ya rona. Mo Setswaneng go na le dilo tse dintsi tse di amang ka fa re buang ka teng. Dingwe tsa tsone ga re di tseye tsiya, ga re tseye fa di ka nna le seabe sepe se se utlwalang mo go ameng ka fa re dirisang puo ka teng. Mme selo se se fitlhelwa mo puong nngwe le nngwe. Tsaya sekai, morafe wa MaEskimo (bangwe ba ka nna ba tsaya fa ke kgetholola, ba batla gore ke bitse morafe o ke re BaEskimo – ba tlaa nkinela diatla metsing.) go dumelwa fa o na le mafoko a mantsi a a rayang kapoko ka kapoko ke karolo e kgolo ya matshelo a bone. Fela kapoko e le karolo e kgolo ya matshelo a bone, rona jaaka Batswana kgomo ke yone pinagare ya itsholelo ya malwapa ka bontsi. Batswana ka ngwao re ba rua kgomo. E re ntswa dinamanyane di foforwa ke leuba, kgotsa bontsi bo hularela temo, kgomo e santse e le sesupo sa itsholelo e bile monna yo kgomo tsa gagwe di thibang marang a letsatsi o tlotlega setšhabeng. Kgomo e humisitse puo ya rona thata. Re ka akanya ka mafoko a mantsi a a amanang le kgomo. Ga re kitla re kgona go a nankola otlhe mme re tlaa kgotlha fela ka lotlhokwa. Le rona fela jaaka MaEsekimo re na le kgumo e e boitshegang ya mafoko a a rayang kgomo. A re simolole fela ka gore ngwana wa kgomo o bidiwa namane, mme re bo re tswelela ka go tlhalosa dinamane. Mohungwana ke namane e e fitlhetsweng mo kgomong mmaayo a sena go swa. Lebotlana ke namane e e leng gone e tsalwang. Lesolemotlhabana ke lebotlana le le godileng. Lesole ke namane e e tiileng e e godileng. Moalolelo ke namane e e tlogedisitsweng go anya mmaayo. Kgomo e tonanyana e e sa fagolwang re e bitsa re re poo. Sempoo ke poo e e sa fagolegang sentle. Tshikela ke poo e e fagtsweng e godile. Mo kgomong tse di namagadi re a tle re re, letsetse ke kgomo e fetsa go tsala. Lephusa lone ke kgomo e dusitse e palangwe ke poo. Kgomo e e gangwang yone re e bitsa leradu. Fa e sa ntshe maši a mantsi re e bitsa re re motete. Fusa ke kgomo, e sena go koba namane gore e sa tlhole e anya – ra re e husitse. Mageri ke mašwi a e leng gone a remang a re a bitsang themisani. Moreba one ke kgomo e e sa tsaleng. ==Khumo ya mafoko mo setswaneng== Ke lekile go supa fa Setswana se humile mafoko a a rayang kgomo ka kgomo e le karolo e e botlhokwa ya matshelo a Batswana. Mafoko le diane di di ntsi tse di buang ka kgomo. Go na le ditumelo tsa Setswana tse di amanang le kgomo. Go dumelwa gore fa kgomo e jele lesapo la motho madi a yone a tlhakana le maši. Gape Batswana ba dumela fa dirwe dingwe tsa kgomo di sa siamela batho bangwe. Go na le dirwe dingwe tsa kgomo tse di jewang ke bomme, dingwe e nne tsa borra fa bagodi ba na le tsa bone. Dinama tse di tshwanang le bo telele, diphilo, mokoto le dinama tse dingwe ga di jewe ke mongwe le mongwe. Ka jalo kgomo ke karolo ya tumelo ya Setswana, ke sone se bangwe ba e bitsang modimo o o nko e metsi, le fa nna ke ebisa sešabo fela. Dikai re ka tsaya tse dintsi go supa fa re le baruakgomo, ka jalo a re kgwe mowa di ise di timela batho ba ga matshaba le kgomo matlogela temo e le seholela ==Aforika Borwa== Bontsi jwa Batswana ba nna kwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. Ke bangwe ba batho ba letso la mmala wa sebilo, mme gape [[Setswana|Puo ya Setswana]] ke nngwe ya dipuo di le somelebongwe tsa semmuso tsa naga ya Aforika Borwa. Pele ga ngwaga wa 1994, Batswana ba kwa Aforika Borwa e ne e le baagi ba [[Bophuthatswana]] e leng bontlha bongwe jwa karolo ya dinaga tsa Bantustan. Ba kgaogantswe jalo ka nako ya dintwa tsa kwa Aforika Borwa tsa tlhaolele. Mo bogosing jwa Setswana go tla ''[[wikt:kgosi|Kgosi]]'' (go bo go tla yo motona ebong ''Kgosikgolo''): *Bafokeng (Lefelo la Rustenburg) **Bafokeng **Bafokeng Ba Ga Motlatla * Batlhaping (Batshwara ditlhapi ba kwa lefelong la Taung), ba kgaogane pele ga ngwaga wa 1800, Batlhaping ke setlhopa kgotsa karolo ya barolong go tswa go Lowe, ke babina tholo ka tsalo eseng tlhapi (Ba ana tlhapi), bane ba bidiwa Batlhaping fela morago ga go sala fa nokeng ba tshwara ditlhapi, le mororo ele Barolong. Botlhe ba tshwanela ke go tsaya tholo jaaka phologolo ya bonne ka go tshwana. ** Batlhaping Bagaphuduhudu ** Batlhaping Bagaphuduhutswane ** Batlhaping Ba Ga Maidi ** Batlhaping Ba Ga Mothibi ** Batlhaping Ba Ga Bantsijang * Batlôkwa ** Batlôkwa Ba Ga Sedumedi ** Batlokwa Ba Bogatsu ** Batlokwa Boo Matlapane * Barôlông Barratlou ** Barolong Boorratlou Boomokalaka **Barôlông Barratlou Boomariba ** Barôlông Barratlou Booseitshiro ** Barôlông Barratlou Boomakgobi ** Barôlông Boo Ratlou Ba Ga Phoi * Barôlông Baseleka * Barôlông Barrapulana * Barôlông Barratshidi * Barôlông Ba Ga Molefe Ba Moata * Barôlông Ba Ga Makgobi * Barolong Boo Morakile * Barôlông Boo Lefifi * Barôlông Ba Ga Moroka (Puthaditjaba, Free State, SA) * Barolong Ba Ga Phathudi * Bahurutshe (ba kgaogane pele ga ngwaga wa 1800 mo lefelong le le sa itseweng, ba bobedi ba ba ileng ba kopana le Bahurutshe ba Boomokgatlha gape le Bahurutshe Bagamoilwa, gape morago ba kgaogana gape). Mo ditsong le ne le kwadiwa gotwe ''Bahurutshe''. * Bahurutshe Ba Ga Mothogae * Bahurutshe Ba Ga Gopane * Bahurutshe Ba Ga Le-Ncoe * Bahurutshe Ba Ga Mokgoswa * Bahurutshe Ba Ga Suping * Bakgatla, ba kgaogane go nna ditlhopha tsa ** Bakgatla ba Kgafela ** Bakgatla ba Mosetlha ** Bakgatla ba Mmakau ** Bakgatla ba Mocha ** Bakgatla ba Seabe ** Bakgatla ba Moche ** Bakgatla ba Mmanaana * Bakwena ** Bakwena Ba Ga Molopyane ** Bakwena Ba Mare A Phogole ** Bakwena Ba Magopa ** Bakwena Boo Modimosana Ba Ga Mmatau ** Bakwena Ba Morare (Madikwe) ** Bakwena Ba Ga Sechele (Molepolole) * Batlharo ba kgaoganela kwa: (Kuruman, SA) ** Batlharo Ba Ga Lotlhware ** Batlharo Ba Ga Masibi * Bapo * Bapo Ba Ga Mogale * Baphalane Ba Ramokoka * Baphalane Ba Mantserre * Batlhako Boo Mututu Ba Ga Mabe * Baphiring * Bataung Ba Moubane * Bataung Ba Hlalele * Baphuting Ba Ga Nawa * Batloung Ba Ga Shole * Bakubung Ba Ratheo (Ledig/Patsima, Mankwe, Bokone-Bophirima, SA) * Bakubung ba ga Marakwana * Ba Nare * Barokologadi Ba Ga Maotwa (Pitsedisulejang, Madikwe, Bokone-Bophirima, SA) * Batlhalerwa * Batlhako (Bokone-Bophirima, Mabeskraal) * Batlhako ba Matutu * Batlhako ba Leema ===Mafelo a sele=== Mo [[Namibia]] gape le [[Zimbabwe]] Batswana ga ba age bope bontlha jwa merafe ya mafatshe e gope. Mme mo Namibia bonntse jwa Batswana ke Batlharo ba ba agang mo Metsweding, Mokaleng le Gobabis. ==Leruo== '''Tswana''' ke leina le lengwe la mefutla ya lerui la mo Botswana. ; Dikgomo : Tswana (kgomo) :Dinku :Dipudi :Dipitsi ; Ditonki : Ditonki tsa Batswana di dirisiwa thata mo nakong ya leuba. ==Dipadi tse dingwe == <references></references> * [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Botswana_native.html tsebe ya WorldStatesmen ka tsa polotiki le bodiredi jwa semmuso, goya ka lefatshe lengwe le lengwe] *http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/PULA/pula015001/pula015001004.pdf [[Karolo:Setso]] 8ik0e3o65rjnlga1fwko2cquos4lsgh 0 8940 53033 37945 2026-07-23T12:50:18Z Sevenstxrsquid 13004 fixed structure 53033 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Company|name=Square Eats|logo=Square_Eats.png|company_type=[[Privately held company|Private]]|industry=[[Logistics]]|founded={{start date and age|2020|08}}|founder={{Unbulleted list|Henry Newman|Randall Newman}}|hq_location=[[Gaborone, Botswana]]|area_served={{Unbulleted list|Botswana|Namibia|South Africa}}|services=[[Delivery (commerce)]]|num_employees=127 (2021)|website={{URL|sqeats.com}}}}~Square Eats ke lefelo la go otara le go romela dijo mo inthaneteng le le simolotsweng kwa Botswana le le dirang mo kgaolong ya Afrika. ~Square Eats ke nngwe ya dikomponi di le mmalwa tsa thekenoloji mo Afrika tse di dirisang ditirelo tsa go tsamaisa dijo go tswa kwa diresetšhurenteng le kwa mabenkeleng a pele a neng a sa di romele go ya ka ditlhokego. Gone jaanong e dira mo mafatsheng jaaka Botswana, Namibia, le Afrika Borwa. 6a2y8ab5jamb7kpzwqelnpe4escia2u 0 9302 53092 35322 2026-07-24T11:31:24Z Lucrucia98 12161 53092 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Samantha Poxinos''' (O tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong a tlhola malatsi ale mabedi ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabpngwe le masome a robabobedi le borobabobedi )1988) ke motshameki wa tsa gothuma mo Botswana a itebagantse le mabelo a makhutshwane a metsi.<ref>Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; [[:en:Bill_Mallon|Mallon, Bill;]] et al. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200418005819/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/pa/samantha-paxinos-1.html "Samantha Paxinos".] ''Olympics at Sports-Reference.com''. [[:en:Sports_Reference|Sports Reference LLC]]. Archived from [https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/pa/samantha-paxinos-1.html the original] on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2012.</ref> O ne a nna motshameki wantlha go gaisana ko [[:en:2008_Summer_Olympics|2008 summer olympics]] anale [[:en:John_Kamyuka|John Kamyuka]] abo anne motho wamme wantlha go tshololetsa flaga ya lefatshe ko godimo ko [[:en:2008_Summer_Olympics_Parade_of_Nations|opening ceremony.]]One a gaisana mo makgaolakgang a boraro mme asela [[:en:Olivia_Aya_Nakitanda|Olivia Aya Nakitanda]] wa Uganda Morago ka sebaka sa sephatlo sa motsotso se seneng sa mopadisa gatela ko mkgaolakgang. == Ka ga ene == Paxinos one a rutiwa gothuma ke [[Darrell Morton]] atsena sekolo sa gagwe gotloga ale dingwaga dile boroba-bongwe. Ka nako eo, gothuma mo lefatheng la botswana gon e gosa tuma.Ko motsubong wa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe (1990) Morton one a ikopanya lkeba [[:en:Botswana_National_Sports_Council|Botswana National Sports Council]] go simolosa lekgotla la gothuma. Gone ga bopiwa [[Botswana Swimming Sports Asscociation]], sekolo sa Darrell Morton sa bula ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe (1999).Sekolo seatologile gonna le bathumi bale makgolo ale boroba-bongwe.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20191021090004/http://www.dmss.co.bw/abhistory.php "History]". Darrell Morton School of Swimming. Retrieved 29 October 2016.</ref> Samantha o katisiwa ke Allison La Grange. Paxinos o gaisane mo [[:en:2007_All-Africa_Games|2007 All-Africa Games]] ko Algeria, o gaisana gape ko Sub-Sahara championships ko Malawi le ko World Championships ko Mancherster ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi (2008).<ref>[http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=8&aid=6&dir=2008/July/Friday25 "Paxinos ready for Olympics challenge"]. [[Mmegi|Mmegi.]] 25 July 2008. Retrieved 20 October 2012.</ref> == 2008 Summer Olympics == Paxinos one a amogela taletso ya batho botlhe gotswa ko go ba [[:en:FINA|FINA]] go tla go gaisana ele ene moemedi wa Botswana wa setlhopha sa bomme ale esi mo kgaisanong ya [[:en:Swimming_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_50_metre_freestyle|50m freestyle]] ko [[:en:2008_Summer_Olympics|2008 summer Olympics]] ko Beijing. Ke ene motho wa mme wa bobedi go gaisana koo gotswa mo Botswana wabobedi eleng Amantle Montsho wa loebelo le le nang ledi kgoreletsi.Tona wa banana,metshameko le ngwao wa nako eo [[:en:Gladys_Kokorwe|Gladys Kokorwe]] one a tlhalosa fa a tshwenyegile ka palo tsedi kotlase tsa basadi mo go tsa metshameko. Paxios one a bua are " gonale nako ekeneg ke sa ipone kele motshameki wa diolimpiki,mme ke itumeletse thata gobo ke buseditswe mo setlhopheng,gompieno kea tshwenyega kagore ga se dikgaisanyo tse di motlhofo mme gape ke motlotlo go tswa ke ya go emela lefatshe lame."<ref>"Paxinos ready for Olympics challenge"[[:en:Mmegi|. Mmegi.]] 25 July 2008. Retrieved 20 October 2012.</ref>Erile a gaisana mo makgaolakgang a lebelo la baba bonako ane agatela pele mme a feletsa a gaisitswe ke [[:en:Olivia_Aya_Nakitanda|Olivia Aya Nakitanda]] wa Uganda ka motsotswana. Paxinos one a palelwa ke go gatela pele ko makgaolakhanyeng mme a felela mo maemong a masome ale bosupa gotswa mo go ale masome ale boroba-bongwe.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120821062506/http://www.2008.nbcolympics.com/swimming/resultsandschedules/rsc%3DSWW010900/index.html "Swimming: Women's 50m Freestyle Heat 3".] ''[[:en:Beijing_2008|Beijing 2008]]''. NBC [[:en:NBC_Olympics|Olympics]]. Archived from [http://www.2008.nbcolympics.com/swimming/resultsandschedules/rsc=SWW010900/index.html the original] on 21 August 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2012.</ref> == Ditshupo == pmuzf3reqpnysinefnsyzyuzsg6uw0a 0 9412 53077 49819 2026-07-24T10:26:12Z Lame Ralosetlha 12932 Created by translating the section "Presidential term" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361458761|President of Botswana]]" 53077 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|image=Duma Boko 2025 (cropped).jpg|incumbent=[[Duma Boko]]|term=Dingwaga tse tlhano|date=Ngwanatsele a rogwa ngwaga wa 2024|residence=State House|deputy=Mothusa tona wa Botswana}} '''Tautona wa Botswana''' ke [[moeteledipele wa lefatshe]], tlhogo ya puso ya [[Botswana]], [[moetapele wa lephata la tsa tshirelso lefatshe|moetapele wa lephata la tsa tshireletso lefatshe]] go ya ka molaomotheo wa [[Botswana]].<ref>[https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Botswana_2016 "Botswana 1966 (rev. 2016) Constitution – Constitute".] ''www.constituteproject.org''. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref> Tautona o tlhophiwa ke khuduthamaga, ebong palamente, gantsi ke moeteledipele wa phathi e tona. Molaomotheo o beile sebaka sa puso mo dingwageng tse tlhano gabedi. Tautona wa ntlha go tlhophiwa ka molaomotheo ke Sir [[Seretse Khama]], o e neng e le tonakgolo go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1965 go tsena 1966, morago a dira e le tautona go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka Phukwi a le lesome le boraro, ngwaga wa 1980.<ref>[http://www.rulers.org/rulb1.html#botswana "Countries Ba-Bo".] ''www.rulers.org''. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref> Tautona wa gompieno ke [[Duma Boko]], o o tlhophilweng ke khuduthamaga ka Ngwanatsele a rogwa ngwaga wa 2024 morago ga ditlhopho tsa lefatshe tsa 2024. Tautona o ka ntshiwa mo setilong ka tshutiso ya go sa kgotsofalele ka fa a busang ka teng. == Setlha sa botautona == Tautona o tlhophiwa a bo a neelwa setlha sa dingwaga tse tlhano tse di mo setlheng sa [[National Assembly]].<ref>[https://freedomhouse.org/country/botswana/freedom-world/2023 "Botswana: Freedom in the World 2023 Country Report".] ''Freedom House''. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref> Pele tautona o ne a kgona go busediwa fela makgetho a le mantsi. Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 1997, mo pusong ya tautona wa bobedi [[Quett Masire]], setlha sa botautona se ne sa dirisiwa ele la ntlha mo pusong.<ref>Padnani, Amisha (29 June 2017). [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/29/world/africa/ketumile-masire-dead-botswana-president.html "Ketumile Masire, Who Shaped and Led a Vibrant Botswana, Dies at 91"]. ''The New York Times''. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0362-4331 0362-4331]. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref><ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210520204502/https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament/history "History"]. ''www.parliament.gov.bw''. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref> Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 1998, tautona o ka nna mo setilong dingwaga di le lesome fela, di tlhomagana kgotsa di kgaogane.<ref name=":0" /> Tautona wa ntlha yo o lekantshitseng seelo sa setlha sa botautona ke [[Festus Mogae]] yo a neng a tshwanelwa ke go tlogela ka ngwaga wa 2008.<ref>Cook, Candace; Siegle, Joseph. [https://africacenter.org/spotlight/circumvention-of-term-limits-weakens-governance-in-africa/ "Circumvention of Term Limits Weakens Governance in Africa".] ''Africa Center for Strategic Studies''. Retrieved 26 September 2025.</ref> Tautona mongwe le mongwe o fiwa madi a bogodi.<ref>[https://botswanalaws.com/consolidated-statutes/principle-legislation/presidents-pensions-and-retirement-benefits "PRESIDENTS (PENSIONS AND RETIREMENT BENEFITS)".] ''Botswana Laws''. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref> == Tlhopho == Ka nako ya letsholo la ditlhopho tsa setshaba, bontlhopheng botlhe ba Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba ba bolela gore ba tshegetsa mang go nna Tautona fa ba tsenya dipampiri tsa bone tsa go tlhopho. Fa lekoko kgotsa kgolagano e bona bontsi jo bo feletseng jwa maloko a palamente a a tlhophilweng mo ditlhophong tsa peomolao, ntlhopheng wa lone wa botautona, ka metlha e le moeteledipele wa lekoko kgotsa [[kgolagano]], o nna tautona yo mosha ka bonako ntle le go tlhoka tlhopho ya go beeletsa.<ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120804023106/http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 "Constitution of Botswana 1966"]. ''www.commonlii.org''. Retrieved 28 Lwetse 2025.</ref><ref>[[:en:President_of_Botswana#CITEREFChaudry2009|Chaudry 2009.]]</ref><ref>[[:en:President_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2006|Ntuane 2006.]]</ref> Mo tirisong, ka ditlhopho tsa peomolao di dirwa ka [[go tlhopha ga ntlha]], ditlhopho di ntse di tlhagisa mebuso ya bontsi jwa lekoko le le lengwe fa e sale ka ditlhopho tsa setshaba tsa ntlha ka 1965 mme ka jalo ditlhopho tsa botautona ka Maloko a Palamente ga di ise di ko di diragale. Tautona o tlhophiwa ke maloko a Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba morago ga ditlhopho tsa setshaba tse di tlhagisang palamente e e senang mofenyi. Fa go ka direga gore go se nne le ntlhopheng ope yo o bonang bontsi jo bo bonolo, Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba e tlhopha tautona ka ditlhopho tsa sephiri, ka bontsi jo bo bonolo jwa palogotlhe ya Maloko a Palamente (ntle le Maloko a Palamente a a 'tlhophilweng ka tsela e e faphegileng') a a tlhokegang go fenya. Ditlhopho tse di lekanyeditswe fela go bontlhopheng ba lekoko la bone le nang le bonnye jwa mapalamente a le lesome. Fa, morago ga dikgato di le tharo tsa go tlhopha, go sa tlhophiwe ntlhopheng ope, dikgato tse pedi tsa tlaleletso di ka dumelelwa ke [[sebui]], fa go tsewa gore ditlhopho tse di atlegileng di sa ntse di kgonega. Fa dikgato tseno le tsone di ka palelwa ke go ntsha mofenyi, kgotsa fa sebui se ka gana go ntsha tetla ya dikgato tse dingwe, Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba e tla phatlaladiwa mme go tla tshwarwa [[ditlhopho tsa potlako]].<ref name=":1" /> Go falola ga ga tautona mo maemong a gagwe go ikaegile ka gore a puso ya bone [[e tshepiwa]] ke bontsi jwa Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba. Ba ka tlosiwa ka [[kakanyetso ya go tlhoka tshepo]], e e dirang gore ba tlogele tiro kgotsa fa go sa nna jalo, [[palamente e phatlaladiwe]] fa tautona a ka gana go dira jalo, se se tsosang ditlhopho tsa potlako. == Dithata tsa ga Tautona == Tautona ke tlhogo ya lefatshe, tlhogo ya puso le molaodi mogolo wa [[sesole sa Botswana]]. Ditshwanelo, maikarabelo le tuelo ya ga tautona di kwadilwe mo Kgaolong ya III ya [[Molaomotheo]] le ditiro tse di latelang tse di fetisitsweng ke Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba. Dithata tsa tiragatso tsa rephaboliki di beilwe mo maruding a ga tautona, yo o firang badiredi ba ba farologanyeng mo maemong a a kwadilweng mo Molaomotheong, tse di botlhokwa thata mo go tsone ke ditona tsa kabinete le Baatlhodi ba Boikuelo ba Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo. Tautona o tshwanetse go buisana le Kabinete mo mererong e e farologaneng ya melao. Tautona o ne a ka dumela kgotsa a gana tumelelo ya gagwe mo melaong e e fetisitsweng ke Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba. Fa Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba e ka fetisa molaokakanyetso gape Tautona o tla amogela kgotsa a gana tumelelo ya gagwe mo malatsing a le masome mabedi le motso, kgotsa a ka phatlalatsa Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba. Tautona o newa dithata tsa molaomotheo tsa go itsise maemo a tshoganyetso a setšhaba le go neelana ka maitshwarelo kgotsa go fetola ka kgakololo ya Komiti ya Bogakolodi ya Prerogative of Mercy. == Prime Minister of the Bechuanaland Protectorate == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} ! style="width:80px;" |Picture !Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}} !Elected !Took office !Left office !Political Party |- ! style="background:{{party color|Botswana Democratic Party}}; color:white;" |1 | |'''[[Seretse Khama]]''' {{small|(1921–1980)}} |[[1965 Bechuanaland general election|1965]] |3 March 1965 |30 September 1966 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- |} == Tautona wa Botswana (1966–go tsena gompieno) == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} ! style="width:80px;" |Picture !Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}} !Elected !Took office !Left office !Political Party |- ! 1 | |'''[[Seretse Khama]]''' {{small|(1921–1980)}} |[[1965 Bechuanaland general election|1965]] [[1969 Botswana general election|1969]] [[1974 Botswana general election|1974]] [[1979 Botswana general election|1979]] |30 September 1966 |13 July 1980 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 2 |[[Setshwantsho:QuettMasire1980_(cropped).jpg|107x107px]] |'''[[Quett Masire]]''' {{small|(1925–2017)}} |[[1984 Botswana general election|1984]] [[1989 Botswana general election|1989]] [[1994 Botswana general election|1994]] |18 July 1980 |31 March 1998 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 3 |[[Setshwantsho:Festus_Mogae_2009-06-23.jpg|99x99px]] |'''[[Festus Mogae]]''' {{small|(1939–)}} |[[1999 Botswana general election|1999]] [[2004 Botswana general election|2004]] |1 April 1998 |1 April 2008 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 4 |[[Setshwantsho:Ian_Khama_(2014)_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg|107x107px]] |'''[[Ian Khama]]''' {{small|(1953–)}} |[[2009 Botswana general election|2009]] [[2014 Botswana general election|2014]] |1 April 2008 |1 April 2018 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 5 |[[Setshwantsho:Illegal_Wildlife_Trade_Conference_London_2018_(45245990491)_(cropped_Version_2).jpg|83x83px]] |'''[[Mokgweetsi Masisi]]''' {{small|(1961–)}} |[[2019 Botswana general election|2019]] |1 April 2018 |Incumbent |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- !6 | |[[Duma Boko]] (1969) |2024 |Ngwanatsele a rogwa ngwaga wa 2024 |O o mo pusong |BNF (UDC) |- |} == Batshwareledi ba ga Tautona wa Botswana == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}} ! rowspan="2" style="width:80px;" |Portrait ! rowspan="2" |Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}} ! colspan="2" |Term of office ! rowspan="2" |Political party |- !Took office !Left office |- ! 1 |[[Setshwantsho:QuettMasire1980_(cropped).jpg|107x107px]] |[[Quett Masire]]{{small|(1926–2017)}} |13 July 1980 |18 July 1980 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 2 |[[Setshwantsho:No_image.png|80x80px]] |[[Lenyeletse Seretse]]{{small|(1921–1983)}} |26 July 1980 |29 July 1980 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 3 | |[[Peter Mmusi]]{{small|(1928–1994)}} |9 January 1983 |10 January 1983 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 4 |[[Setshwantsho:Festus_Mogae_2009-06-23.jpg|99x99px]] |[[Festus Mogae]]{{small|(born 1939)}} |9 March 1992 |31 March 1992 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 5 |[[Setshwantsho:Ian_Khama_(2014)_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg|107x107px]] |[[Ian Khama]]{{small|(born 1953)}} |1 July 1998 |13 July 1998 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 6 |[[Setshwantsho:Mompati_Merafhe_071203-F-9074R-083_0YE9L.jpg|89x89px]] |[[Mompati Merafhe]]{{small|(1936–2015)}} |1 April 2008 |7 April 2008 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 7 |[[Setshwantsho:Ponatshego_Kedikilwe_(cropped_3x4).jpg|107x107px]] |[[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]]{{small|(born 1938)}} |1 August 2012 |1 August 2012 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 8 |[[Setshwantsho:Mokgweetsi_E.K._Masisi,_President_of_the_Republic_of_Botswana.jpg|112x112px]] |[[Mokgweetsi Masisi]]{{small|(born 1961)}} |1 April 2018 |1 April 2018 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 9 |[[Setshwantsho:Slumber_Tsogwane.JPG|95x95px]] |[[Slumber Tsogwane]]{{small|(born 1959)}} |1 April 2021 |26 April 2021 | |} == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Polotiki ya Botswana]] * [[Mothusa Tautona wa Botswana|Mothusa tautona wa Botswana]] == Metswedi == * [[Karolo:Bo tautona ba Botswana]] == Paka ya botautona == Tautona o tlhophelwa paka ya dingwaga di le tlhano e e tsamayang ka go lekalekana le paka ya lekgotla la [[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Kokoano ya matona a puso]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana: Freedom in the World 2023 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/botswana/freedom-world/2023 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref> Pele, tautona o ne a ka tlhophiwa gape makgetho a le mantsi fela. E rile ka ngwaga wa 1997, ka fa tlase ga puso ya tautona wa bobedi, rre [[Quett Masire]], go ne ga bewa ditekanyetso tsa paka mo ofising lekgetho la ntlha. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament/history |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=www.parliament.gov.bw}}</ref> Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 1998, tautona o ntse a lekanyeditswe palo ya dingwaga di le lesome mo maemong (e e lekanang le dipaka tsa go busa di le pedi tse di tletseng), e ka tswa e le tsa go latelana kgotsa di kgaogane. <ref name=":0" /> Tautona wa ntlha yo go neng ga dirisiwa ditekanyetso tsa paka ya gagwe e ne e le rre [[Festus Mogae]], yo o neng a tshwanelwa ke go tlogela setilo sa botautona go ya go ile ka ngwaga wa 2008 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cook |first=Candace |last2=Siegle |first2=Joseph |title=Circumvention of Term Limits Weakens Governance in Africa |url=https://africacenter.org/spotlight/circumvention-of-term-limits-weakens-governance-in-africa/ |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=Africa Center for Strategic Studies}}</ref> Tautona mongwe le mongwe o bona madi a a duelwang kgwedi le kgwedi a a netefaditsweng morago ga go tlogela tiro. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PRESIDENTS (PENSIONS AND RETIREMENT BENEFITS) |url=https://botswanalaws.com/consolidated-statutes/principle-legislation/presidents-pensions-and-retirement-benefits |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=Botswana Laws}}</ref> 5sx2jfyg5cerym8hksxwwpt6s5i6lga 53078 53077 2026-07-24T10:37:02Z Lame Ralosetlha 12932 Created by translating the section "Election" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361458761|President of Botswana]]" 53078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|image=Duma Boko 2025 (cropped).jpg|incumbent=[[Duma Boko]]|term=Dingwaga tse tlhano|date=Ngwanatsele a rogwa ngwaga wa 2024|residence=State House|deputy=Mothusa tona wa Botswana}} '''Tautona wa Botswana''' ke [[moeteledipele wa lefatshe]], tlhogo ya puso ya [[Botswana]], [[moetapele wa lephata la tsa tshirelso lefatshe|moetapele wa lephata la tsa tshireletso lefatshe]] go ya ka molaomotheo wa [[Botswana]].<ref>[https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Botswana_2016 "Botswana 1966 (rev. 2016) Constitution – Constitute".] ''www.constituteproject.org''. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref> Tautona o tlhophiwa ke khuduthamaga, ebong palamente, gantsi ke moeteledipele wa phathi e tona. Molaomotheo o beile sebaka sa puso mo dingwageng tse tlhano gabedi. Tautona wa ntlha go tlhophiwa ka molaomotheo ke Sir [[Seretse Khama]], o e neng e le tonakgolo go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1965 go tsena 1966, morago a dira e le tautona go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka Phukwi a le lesome le boraro, ngwaga wa 1980.<ref>[http://www.rulers.org/rulb1.html#botswana "Countries Ba-Bo".] ''www.rulers.org''. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref> Tautona wa gompieno ke [[Duma Boko]], o o tlhophilweng ke khuduthamaga ka Ngwanatsele a rogwa ngwaga wa 2024 morago ga ditlhopho tsa lefatshe tsa 2024. Tautona o ka ntshiwa mo setilong ka tshutiso ya go sa kgotsofalele ka fa a busang ka teng. == Setlha sa botautona == Tautona o tlhophiwa a bo a neelwa setlha sa dingwaga tse tlhano tse di mo setlheng sa [[National Assembly]].<ref>[https://freedomhouse.org/country/botswana/freedom-world/2023 "Botswana: Freedom in the World 2023 Country Report".] ''Freedom House''. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref> Pele tautona o ne a kgona go busediwa fela makgetho a le mantsi. Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 1997, mo pusong ya tautona wa bobedi [[Quett Masire]], setlha sa botautona se ne sa dirisiwa ele la ntlha mo pusong.<ref>Padnani, Amisha (29 June 2017). [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/29/world/africa/ketumile-masire-dead-botswana-president.html "Ketumile Masire, Who Shaped and Led a Vibrant Botswana, Dies at 91"]. ''The New York Times''. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0362-4331 0362-4331]. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref><ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210520204502/https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament/history "History"]. ''www.parliament.gov.bw''. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref> Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 1998, tautona o ka nna mo setilong dingwaga di le lesome fela, di tlhomagana kgotsa di kgaogane.<ref name=":0" /> Tautona wa ntlha yo o lekantshitseng seelo sa setlha sa botautona ke [[Festus Mogae]] yo a neng a tshwanelwa ke go tlogela ka ngwaga wa 2008.<ref>Cook, Candace; Siegle, Joseph. [https://africacenter.org/spotlight/circumvention-of-term-limits-weakens-governance-in-africa/ "Circumvention of Term Limits Weakens Governance in Africa".] ''Africa Center for Strategic Studies''. Retrieved 26 September 2025.</ref> Tautona mongwe le mongwe o fiwa madi a bogodi.<ref>[https://botswanalaws.com/consolidated-statutes/principle-legislation/presidents-pensions-and-retirement-benefits "PRESIDENTS (PENSIONS AND RETIREMENT BENEFITS)".] ''Botswana Laws''. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref> == Tlhopho == Ka nako ya letsholo la ditlhopho tsa setshaba, bontlhopheng botlhe ba Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba ba bolela gore ba tshegetsa mang go nna Tautona fa ba tsenya dipampiri tsa bone tsa go tlhopho. Fa lekoko kgotsa kgolagano e bona bontsi jo bo feletseng jwa maloko a palamente a a tlhophilweng mo ditlhophong tsa peomolao, ntlhopheng wa lone wa botautona, ka metlha e le moeteledipele wa lekoko kgotsa [[kgolagano]], o nna tautona yo mosha ka bonako ntle le go tlhoka tlhopho ya go beeletsa.<ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120804023106/http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 "Constitution of Botswana 1966"]. ''www.commonlii.org''. Retrieved 28 Lwetse 2025.</ref><ref>[[:en:President_of_Botswana#CITEREFChaudry2009|Chaudry 2009.]]</ref><ref>[[:en:President_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2006|Ntuane 2006.]]</ref> Mo tirisong, ka ditlhopho tsa peomolao di dirwa ka [[go tlhopha ga ntlha]], ditlhopho di ntse di tlhagisa mebuso ya bontsi jwa lekoko le le lengwe fa e sale ka ditlhopho tsa setshaba tsa ntlha ka 1965 mme ka jalo ditlhopho tsa botautona ka Maloko a Palamente ga di ise di ko di diragale. Tautona o tlhophiwa ke maloko a Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba morago ga ditlhopho tsa setshaba tse di tlhagisang palamente e e senang mofenyi. Fa go ka direga gore go se nne le ntlhopheng ope yo o bonang bontsi jo bo bonolo, Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba e tlhopha tautona ka ditlhopho tsa sephiri, ka bontsi jo bo bonolo jwa palogotlhe ya Maloko a Palamente (ntle le Maloko a Palamente a a 'tlhophilweng ka tsela e e faphegileng') a a tlhokegang go fenya. Ditlhopho tse di lekanyeditswe fela go bontlhopheng ba lekoko la bone le nang le bonnye jwa mapalamente a le lesome. Fa, morago ga dikgato di le tharo tsa go tlhopha, go sa tlhophiwe ntlhopheng ope, dikgato tse pedi tsa tlaleletso di ka dumelelwa ke [[sebui]], fa go tsewa gore ditlhopho tse di atlegileng di sa ntse di kgonega. Fa dikgato tseno le tsone di ka palelwa ke go ntsha mofenyi, kgotsa fa sebui se ka gana go ntsha tetla ya dikgato tse dingwe, Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba e tla phatlaladiwa mme go tla tshwarwa [[ditlhopho tsa potlako]].<ref name=":1" /> Go falola ga ga tautona mo maemong a gagwe go ikaegile ka gore a puso ya bone [[e tshepiwa]] ke bontsi jwa Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba. Ba ka tlosiwa ka [[kakanyetso ya go tlhoka tshepo]], e e dirang gore ba tlogele tiro kgotsa fa go sa nna jalo, [[palamente e phatlaladiwe]] fa tautona a ka gana go dira jalo, se se tsosang ditlhopho tsa potlako. == Dithata tsa ga Tautona == Tautona ke tlhogo ya lefatshe, tlhogo ya puso le molaodi mogolo wa [[sesole sa Botswana]]. Ditshwanelo, maikarabelo le tuelo ya ga tautona di kwadilwe mo Kgaolong ya III ya [[Molaomotheo]] le ditiro tse di latelang tse di fetisitsweng ke Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba. Dithata tsa tiragatso tsa rephaboliki di beilwe mo maruding a ga tautona, yo o firang badiredi ba ba farologanyeng mo maemong a a kwadilweng mo Molaomotheong, tse di botlhokwa thata mo go tsone ke ditona tsa kabinete le Baatlhodi ba Boikuelo ba Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo. Tautona o tshwanetse go buisana le Kabinete mo mererong e e farologaneng ya melao. Tautona o ne a ka dumela kgotsa a gana tumelelo ya gagwe mo melaong e e fetisitsweng ke Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba. Fa Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba e ka fetisa molaokakanyetso gape Tautona o tla amogela kgotsa a gana tumelelo ya gagwe mo malatsing a le masome mabedi le motso, kgotsa a ka phatlalatsa Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba. Tautona o newa dithata tsa molaomotheo tsa go itsise maemo a tshoganyetso a setšhaba le go neelana ka maitshwarelo kgotsa go fetola ka kgakololo ya Komiti ya Bogakolodi ya Prerogative of Mercy. == Prime Minister of the Bechuanaland Protectorate == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} ! style="width:80px;" |Picture !Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}} !Elected !Took office !Left office !Political Party |- ! style="background:{{party color|Botswana Democratic Party}}; color:white;" |1 | |'''[[Seretse Khama]]''' {{small|(1921–1980)}} |[[1965 Bechuanaland general election|1965]] |3 March 1965 |30 September 1966 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- |} == Tautona wa Botswana (1966–go tsena gompieno) == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} ! style="width:80px;" |Picture !Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}} !Elected !Took office !Left office !Political Party |- ! 1 | |'''[[Seretse Khama]]''' {{small|(1921–1980)}} |[[1965 Bechuanaland general election|1965]] [[1969 Botswana general election|1969]] [[1974 Botswana general election|1974]] [[1979 Botswana general election|1979]] |30 September 1966 |13 July 1980 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 2 |[[Setshwantsho:QuettMasire1980_(cropped).jpg|107x107px]] |'''[[Quett Masire]]''' {{small|(1925–2017)}} |[[1984 Botswana general election|1984]] [[1989 Botswana general election|1989]] [[1994 Botswana general election|1994]] |18 July 1980 |31 March 1998 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 3 |[[Setshwantsho:Festus_Mogae_2009-06-23.jpg|99x99px]] |'''[[Festus Mogae]]''' {{small|(1939–)}} |[[1999 Botswana general election|1999]] [[2004 Botswana general election|2004]] |1 April 1998 |1 April 2008 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 4 |[[Setshwantsho:Ian_Khama_(2014)_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg|107x107px]] |'''[[Ian Khama]]''' {{small|(1953–)}} |[[2009 Botswana general election|2009]] [[2014 Botswana general election|2014]] |1 April 2008 |1 April 2018 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 5 |[[Setshwantsho:Illegal_Wildlife_Trade_Conference_London_2018_(45245990491)_(cropped_Version_2).jpg|83x83px]] |'''[[Mokgweetsi Masisi]]''' {{small|(1961–)}} |[[2019 Botswana general election|2019]] |1 April 2018 |Incumbent |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- !6 | |[[Duma Boko]] (1969) |2024 |Ngwanatsele a rogwa ngwaga wa 2024 |O o mo pusong |BNF (UDC) |- |} == Batshwareledi ba ga Tautona wa Botswana == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}} ! rowspan="2" style="width:80px;" |Portrait ! rowspan="2" |Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}} ! colspan="2" |Term of office ! rowspan="2" |Political party |- !Took office !Left office |- ! 1 |[[Setshwantsho:QuettMasire1980_(cropped).jpg|107x107px]] |[[Quett Masire]]{{small|(1926–2017)}} |13 July 1980 |18 July 1980 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 2 |[[Setshwantsho:No_image.png|80x80px]] |[[Lenyeletse Seretse]]{{small|(1921–1983)}} |26 July 1980 |29 July 1980 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 3 | |[[Peter Mmusi]]{{small|(1928–1994)}} |9 January 1983 |10 January 1983 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 4 |[[Setshwantsho:Festus_Mogae_2009-06-23.jpg|99x99px]] |[[Festus Mogae]]{{small|(born 1939)}} |9 March 1992 |31 March 1992 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 5 |[[Setshwantsho:Ian_Khama_(2014)_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg|107x107px]] |[[Ian Khama]]{{small|(born 1953)}} |1 July 1998 |13 July 1998 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 6 |[[Setshwantsho:Mompati_Merafhe_071203-F-9074R-083_0YE9L.jpg|89x89px]] |[[Mompati Merafhe]]{{small|(1936–2015)}} |1 April 2008 |7 April 2008 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 7 |[[Setshwantsho:Ponatshego_Kedikilwe_(cropped_3x4).jpg|107x107px]] |[[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]]{{small|(born 1938)}} |1 August 2012 |1 August 2012 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 8 |[[Setshwantsho:Mokgweetsi_E.K._Masisi,_President_of_the_Republic_of_Botswana.jpg|112x112px]] |[[Mokgweetsi Masisi]]{{small|(born 1961)}} |1 April 2018 |1 April 2018 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 9 |[[Setshwantsho:Slumber_Tsogwane.JPG|95x95px]] |[[Slumber Tsogwane]]{{small|(born 1959)}} |1 April 2021 |26 April 2021 | |} == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Polotiki ya Botswana]] * [[Mothusa Tautona wa Botswana|Mothusa tautona wa Botswana]] == Metswedi == * [[Karolo:Bo tautona ba Botswana]] == Paka ya botautona == Tautona o tlhophelwa paka ya dingwaga di le tlhano e e tsamayang ka go lekalekana le paka ya lekgotla la [[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Kokoano ya matona a puso]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana: Freedom in the World 2023 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/botswana/freedom-world/2023 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref> Pele, tautona o ne a ka tlhophiwa gape makgetho a le mantsi fela. E rile ka ngwaga wa 1997, ka fa tlase ga puso ya tautona wa bobedi, rre [[Quett Masire]], go ne ga bewa ditekanyetso tsa paka mo ofising lekgetho la ntlha. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament/history |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=www.parliament.gov.bw}}</ref> Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 1998, tautona o ntse a lekanyeditswe palo ya dingwaga di le lesome mo maemong (e e lekanang le dipaka tsa go busa di le pedi tse di tletseng), e ka tswa e le tsa go latelana kgotsa di kgaogane. <ref name=":0" /> Tautona wa ntlha yo go neng ga dirisiwa ditekanyetso tsa paka ya gagwe e ne e le rre [[Festus Mogae]], yo o neng a tshwanelwa ke go tlogela setilo sa botautona go ya go ile ka ngwaga wa 2008 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cook |first=Candace |last2=Siegle |first2=Joseph |title=Circumvention of Term Limits Weakens Governance in Africa |url=https://africacenter.org/spotlight/circumvention-of-term-limits-weakens-governance-in-africa/ |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=Africa Center for Strategic Studies}}</ref> Tautona mongwe le mongwe o bona madi a a duelwang kgwedi le kgwedi a a netefaditsweng morago ga go tlogela tiro. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PRESIDENTS (PENSIONS AND RETIREMENT BENEFITS) |url=https://botswanalaws.com/consolidated-statutes/principle-legislation/presidents-pensions-and-retirement-benefits |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=Botswana Laws}}</ref> == Tlhopho == Ka nako ya letsholo la ditlhopho-kakaretso, bo ntlhopheng botlhe ba lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso ba bolela gore ba ema nokeng mang go nna tautona fa ba tsenya dipampiri tsa bone tsa go tlhophiwa. Fa lekoko kgotsa [[:en:Electoral_alliance|kgolagano]] e bona bontsi jo bo feletseng jwa maloko a palamente a a tlhophilweng mo ditlhophong tsa peomelao, ntlhopheng wa lone yo o emetseng botautona, yo e nnang fela e le moeteledipele wa lekoko kgotsa kgolagano, o nna ene tautona yo moša gone foo kwa ntle ga go tlhoka tlhopho ya go beeletsa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana 1966 |url=http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=www.commonlii.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ntuane |first=Batsalo |date=2006-05-22 |title=Democratic forces must safeguard presidential term limits |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/2006/May/Monday22/236196386145.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623170008/http://www.mmegi.bw/2006/May/Monday22/236196386145.html |archive-date=2018-06-23 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=Mmegi.bw}}</ref> Mo tirisong, ka ntlha ya fa ditlhopho tsa lekgotla la peomolao di dirwa ka mofuta wa [[:en:First-past-the-post_voting|'first-past-the-post']], ditlhopho di ntse di ntsha dipuso tsa bontsi jwa lekoko le le lengwe fa e sale ka [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa ntlha ka ngwaga wa 1965]] mme ka jalo tlhopho ya botautona ka ntlha ya maloko a palamente ga e ise e diragale. bj2om5ye5gr9wicmlzk1jqevebpihd5 53082 53078 2026-07-24T10:50:14Z Lame Ralosetlha 12932 Created by translating the section "Election" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361458761|President of Botswana]]" 53082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|image=Duma Boko 2025 (cropped).jpg|incumbent=[[Duma Boko]]|term=Dingwaga tse tlhano|date=Ngwanatsele a rogwa ngwaga wa 2024|residence=State House|deputy=Mothusa tona wa Botswana}} '''Tautona wa Botswana''' ke [[moeteledipele wa lefatshe]], tlhogo ya puso ya [[Botswana]], [[moetapele wa lephata la tsa tshirelso lefatshe|moetapele wa lephata la tsa tshireletso lefatshe]] go ya ka molaomotheo wa [[Botswana]].<ref>[https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Botswana_2016 "Botswana 1966 (rev. 2016) Constitution – Constitute".] ''www.constituteproject.org''. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref> Tautona o tlhophiwa ke khuduthamaga, ebong palamente, gantsi ke moeteledipele wa phathi e tona. Molaomotheo o beile sebaka sa puso mo dingwageng tse tlhano gabedi. Tautona wa ntlha go tlhophiwa ka molaomotheo ke Sir [[Seretse Khama]], o e neng e le tonakgolo go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1965 go tsena 1966, morago a dira e le tautona go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka Phukwi a le lesome le boraro, ngwaga wa 1980.<ref>[http://www.rulers.org/rulb1.html#botswana "Countries Ba-Bo".] ''www.rulers.org''. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref> Tautona wa gompieno ke [[Duma Boko]], o o tlhophilweng ke khuduthamaga ka Ngwanatsele a rogwa ngwaga wa 2024 morago ga ditlhopho tsa lefatshe tsa 2024. Tautona o ka ntshiwa mo setilong ka tshutiso ya go sa kgotsofalele ka fa a busang ka teng. == Setlha sa botautona == Tautona o tlhophiwa a bo a neelwa setlha sa dingwaga tse tlhano tse di mo setlheng sa [[National Assembly]].<ref>[https://freedomhouse.org/country/botswana/freedom-world/2023 "Botswana: Freedom in the World 2023 Country Report".] ''Freedom House''. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref> Pele tautona o ne a kgona go busediwa fela makgetho a le mantsi. Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 1997, mo pusong ya tautona wa bobedi [[Quett Masire]], setlha sa botautona se ne sa dirisiwa ele la ntlha mo pusong.<ref>Padnani, Amisha (29 June 2017). [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/29/world/africa/ketumile-masire-dead-botswana-president.html "Ketumile Masire, Who Shaped and Led a Vibrant Botswana, Dies at 91"]. ''The New York Times''. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0362-4331 0362-4331]. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref><ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210520204502/https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament/history "History"]. ''www.parliament.gov.bw''. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref> Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 1998, tautona o ka nna mo setilong dingwaga di le lesome fela, di tlhomagana kgotsa di kgaogane.<ref name=":0" /> Tautona wa ntlha yo o lekantshitseng seelo sa setlha sa botautona ke [[Festus Mogae]] yo a neng a tshwanelwa ke go tlogela ka ngwaga wa 2008.<ref>Cook, Candace; Siegle, Joseph. [https://africacenter.org/spotlight/circumvention-of-term-limits-weakens-governance-in-africa/ "Circumvention of Term Limits Weakens Governance in Africa".] ''Africa Center for Strategic Studies''. Retrieved 26 September 2025.</ref> Tautona mongwe le mongwe o fiwa madi a bogodi.<ref>[https://botswanalaws.com/consolidated-statutes/principle-legislation/presidents-pensions-and-retirement-benefits "PRESIDENTS (PENSIONS AND RETIREMENT BENEFITS)".] ''Botswana Laws''. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref> == Tlhopho == Ka nako ya letsholo la ditlhopho tsa setshaba, bontlhopheng botlhe ba Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba ba bolela gore ba tshegetsa mang go nna Tautona fa ba tsenya dipampiri tsa bone tsa go tlhopho. Fa lekoko kgotsa kgolagano e bona bontsi jo bo feletseng jwa maloko a palamente a a tlhophilweng mo ditlhophong tsa peomolao, ntlhopheng wa lone wa botautona, ka metlha e le moeteledipele wa lekoko kgotsa [[kgolagano]], o nna tautona yo mosha ka bonako ntle le go tlhoka tlhopho ya go beeletsa.<ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120804023106/http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 "Constitution of Botswana 1966"]. ''www.commonlii.org''. Retrieved 28 Lwetse 2025.</ref><ref>[[:en:President_of_Botswana#CITEREFChaudry2009|Chaudry 2009.]]</ref><ref>[[:en:President_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2006|Ntuane 2006.]]</ref> Mo tirisong, ka ditlhopho tsa peomolao di dirwa ka [[go tlhopha ga ntlha]], ditlhopho di ntse di tlhagisa mebuso ya bontsi jwa lekoko le le lengwe fa e sale ka ditlhopho tsa setshaba tsa ntlha ka 1965 mme ka jalo ditlhopho tsa botautona ka Maloko a Palamente ga di ise di ko di diragale. Tautona o tlhophiwa ke maloko a Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba morago ga ditlhopho tsa setshaba tse di tlhagisang palamente e e senang mofenyi. Fa go ka direga gore go se nne le ntlhopheng ope yo o bonang bontsi jo bo bonolo, Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba e tlhopha tautona ka ditlhopho tsa sephiri, ka bontsi jo bo bonolo jwa palogotlhe ya Maloko a Palamente (ntle le Maloko a Palamente a a 'tlhophilweng ka tsela e e faphegileng') a a tlhokegang go fenya. Ditlhopho tse di lekanyeditswe fela go bontlhopheng ba lekoko la bone le nang le bonnye jwa mapalamente a le lesome. Fa, morago ga dikgato di le tharo tsa go tlhopha, go sa tlhophiwe ntlhopheng ope, dikgato tse pedi tsa tlaleletso di ka dumelelwa ke [[sebui]], fa go tsewa gore ditlhopho tse di atlegileng di sa ntse di kgonega. Fa dikgato tseno le tsone di ka palelwa ke go ntsha mofenyi, kgotsa fa sebui se ka gana go ntsha tetla ya dikgato tse dingwe, Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba e tla phatlaladiwa mme go tla tshwarwa [[ditlhopho tsa potlako]].<ref name=":1" /> Go falola ga ga tautona mo maemong a gagwe go ikaegile ka gore a puso ya bone [[e tshepiwa]] ke bontsi jwa Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba. Ba ka tlosiwa ka [[kakanyetso ya go tlhoka tshepo]], e e dirang gore ba tlogele tiro kgotsa fa go sa nna jalo, [[palamente e phatlaladiwe]] fa tautona a ka gana go dira jalo, se se tsosang ditlhopho tsa potlako. == Dithata tsa ga Tautona == Tautona ke tlhogo ya lefatshe, tlhogo ya puso le molaodi mogolo wa [[sesole sa Botswana]]. Ditshwanelo, maikarabelo le tuelo ya ga tautona di kwadilwe mo Kgaolong ya III ya [[Molaomotheo]] le ditiro tse di latelang tse di fetisitsweng ke Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba. Dithata tsa tiragatso tsa rephaboliki di beilwe mo maruding a ga tautona, yo o firang badiredi ba ba farologanyeng mo maemong a a kwadilweng mo Molaomotheong, tse di botlhokwa thata mo go tsone ke ditona tsa kabinete le Baatlhodi ba Boikuelo ba Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo. Tautona o tshwanetse go buisana le Kabinete mo mererong e e farologaneng ya melao. Tautona o ne a ka dumela kgotsa a gana tumelelo ya gagwe mo melaong e e fetisitsweng ke Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba. Fa Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba e ka fetisa molaokakanyetso gape Tautona o tla amogela kgotsa a gana tumelelo ya gagwe mo malatsing a le masome mabedi le motso, kgotsa a ka phatlalatsa Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba. Tautona o newa dithata tsa molaomotheo tsa go itsise maemo a tshoganyetso a setšhaba le go neelana ka maitshwarelo kgotsa go fetola ka kgakololo ya Komiti ya Bogakolodi ya Prerogative of Mercy. == Prime Minister of the Bechuanaland Protectorate == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} ! style="width:80px;" |Picture !Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}} !Elected !Took office !Left office !Political Party |- ! style="background:{{party color|Botswana Democratic Party}}; color:white;" |1 | |'''[[Seretse Khama]]''' {{small|(1921–1980)}} |[[1965 Bechuanaland general election|1965]] |3 March 1965 |30 September 1966 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- |} == Tautona wa Botswana (1966–go tsena gompieno) == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} ! style="width:80px;" |Picture !Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}} !Elected !Took office !Left office !Political Party |- ! 1 | |'''[[Seretse Khama]]''' {{small|(1921–1980)}} |[[1965 Bechuanaland general election|1965]] [[1969 Botswana general election|1969]] [[1974 Botswana general election|1974]] [[1979 Botswana general election|1979]] |30 September 1966 |13 July 1980 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 2 |[[Setshwantsho:QuettMasire1980_(cropped).jpg|107x107px]] |'''[[Quett Masire]]''' {{small|(1925–2017)}} |[[1984 Botswana general election|1984]] [[1989 Botswana general election|1989]] [[1994 Botswana general election|1994]] |18 July 1980 |31 March 1998 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 3 |[[Setshwantsho:Festus_Mogae_2009-06-23.jpg|99x99px]] |'''[[Festus Mogae]]''' {{small|(1939–)}} |[[1999 Botswana general election|1999]] [[2004 Botswana general election|2004]] |1 April 1998 |1 April 2008 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 4 |[[Setshwantsho:Ian_Khama_(2014)_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg|107x107px]] |'''[[Ian Khama]]''' {{small|(1953–)}} |[[2009 Botswana general election|2009]] [[2014 Botswana general election|2014]] |1 April 2008 |1 April 2018 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 5 |[[Setshwantsho:Illegal_Wildlife_Trade_Conference_London_2018_(45245990491)_(cropped_Version_2).jpg|83x83px]] |'''[[Mokgweetsi Masisi]]''' {{small|(1961–)}} |[[2019 Botswana general election|2019]] |1 April 2018 |Incumbent |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- !6 | |[[Duma Boko]] (1969) |2024 |Ngwanatsele a rogwa ngwaga wa 2024 |O o mo pusong |BNF (UDC) |- |} == Batshwareledi ba ga Tautona wa Botswana == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}} ! rowspan="2" style="width:80px;" |Portrait ! rowspan="2" |Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}} ! colspan="2" |Term of office ! rowspan="2" |Political party |- !Took office !Left office |- ! 1 |[[Setshwantsho:QuettMasire1980_(cropped).jpg|107x107px]] |[[Quett Masire]]{{small|(1926–2017)}} |13 July 1980 |18 July 1980 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 2 |[[Setshwantsho:No_image.png|80x80px]] |[[Lenyeletse Seretse]]{{small|(1921–1983)}} |26 July 1980 |29 July 1980 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 3 | |[[Peter Mmusi]]{{small|(1928–1994)}} |9 January 1983 |10 January 1983 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 4 |[[Setshwantsho:Festus_Mogae_2009-06-23.jpg|99x99px]] |[[Festus Mogae]]{{small|(born 1939)}} |9 March 1992 |31 March 1992 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 5 |[[Setshwantsho:Ian_Khama_(2014)_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg|107x107px]] |[[Ian Khama]]{{small|(born 1953)}} |1 July 1998 |13 July 1998 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 6 |[[Setshwantsho:Mompati_Merafhe_071203-F-9074R-083_0YE9L.jpg|89x89px]] |[[Mompati Merafhe]]{{small|(1936–2015)}} |1 April 2008 |7 April 2008 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 7 |[[Setshwantsho:Ponatshego_Kedikilwe_(cropped_3x4).jpg|107x107px]] |[[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]]{{small|(born 1938)}} |1 August 2012 |1 August 2012 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 8 |[[Setshwantsho:Mokgweetsi_E.K._Masisi,_President_of_the_Republic_of_Botswana.jpg|112x112px]] |[[Mokgweetsi Masisi]]{{small|(born 1961)}} |1 April 2018 |1 April 2018 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 9 |[[Setshwantsho:Slumber_Tsogwane.JPG|95x95px]] |[[Slumber Tsogwane]]{{small|(born 1959)}} |1 April 2021 |26 April 2021 | |} == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Polotiki ya Botswana]] * [[Mothusa Tautona wa Botswana|Mothusa tautona wa Botswana]] == Metswedi == * [[Karolo:Bo tautona ba Botswana]] == Paka ya botautona == Tautona o tlhophelwa paka ya dingwaga di le tlhano e e tsamayang ka go lekalekana le paka ya lekgotla la [[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Kokoano ya matona a puso]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana: Freedom in the World 2023 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/botswana/freedom-world/2023 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref> Pele, tautona o ne a ka tlhophiwa gape makgetho a le mantsi fela. E rile ka ngwaga wa 1997, ka fa tlase ga puso ya tautona wa bobedi, rre [[Quett Masire]], go ne ga bewa ditekanyetso tsa paka mo ofising lekgetho la ntlha. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament/history |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=www.parliament.gov.bw}}</ref> Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 1998, tautona o ntse a lekanyeditswe palo ya dingwaga di le lesome mo maemong (e e lekanang le dipaka tsa go busa di le pedi tse di tletseng), e ka tswa e le tsa go latelana kgotsa di kgaogane. <ref name=":0" /> Tautona wa ntlha yo go neng ga dirisiwa ditekanyetso tsa paka ya gagwe e ne e le rre [[Festus Mogae]], yo o neng a tshwanelwa ke go tlogela setilo sa botautona go ya go ile ka ngwaga wa 2008 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cook |first=Candace |last2=Siegle |first2=Joseph |title=Circumvention of Term Limits Weakens Governance in Africa |url=https://africacenter.org/spotlight/circumvention-of-term-limits-weakens-governance-in-africa/ |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=Africa Center for Strategic Studies}}</ref> Tautona mongwe le mongwe o bona madi a a duelwang kgwedi le kgwedi a a netefaditsweng morago ga go tlogela tiro. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PRESIDENTS (PENSIONS AND RETIREMENT BENEFITS) |url=https://botswanalaws.com/consolidated-statutes/principle-legislation/presidents-pensions-and-retirement-benefits |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=Botswana Laws}}</ref> == Tlhopho == Ka nako ya letsholo la ditlhopho-kakaretso, bo ntlhopheng botlhe ba lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso ba bolela gore ba ema nokeng mang go nna tautona fa ba tsenya dipampiri tsa bone tsa go tlhophiwa. Fa lekoko kgotsa [[:en:Electoral_alliance|kgolagano]] e bona bontsi jo bo feletseng jwa maloko a palamente a a tlhophilweng mo ditlhophong tsa peomelao, ntlhopheng wa lone yo o emetseng botautona, yo e nnang fela e le moeteledipele wa lekoko kgotsa kgolagano, o nna ene tautona yo moša gone foo kwa ntle ga go tlhoka tlhopho ya go beeletsa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana 1966 |url=http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=www.commonlii.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ntuane |first=Batsalo |date=2006-05-22 |title=Democratic forces must safeguard presidential term limits |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/2006/May/Monday22/236196386145.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623170008/http://www.mmegi.bw/2006/May/Monday22/236196386145.html |archive-date=2018-06-23 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=Mmegi.bw}}</ref> Mo tirisong, ka ntlha ya fa ditlhopho tsa lekgotla la peomolao di dirwa ka mofuta wa [[:en:First-past-the-post_voting|'first-past-the-post']], ditlhopho di ntse di ntsha dipuso tsa bontsi jwa lekoko le le lengwe fa e sale ka [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa ntlha ka ngwaga wa 1965]] mme ka jalo tlhopho ya botautona ka ntlha ya maloko a palamente ga e ise e diragale. == Tlhopho == Ka nako ya letsholo la ditlhopho-kakaretso, bo ntlhopheng botlhe ba lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso ba bolela gore ba ema nokeng mang go nna tautona fa ba tsenya dipampiri tsa bone tsa go tlhophiwa. Fa lekoko kgotsa [[:en:Electoral_alliance|kgolagano]] e bona bontsi jo bo feletseng jwa maloko a palamente a a tlhophilweng mo ditlhophong tsa peomelao, ntlhopheng wa lone yo o emetseng botautona, yo e nnang fela e le moeteledipele wa lekoko kgotsa kgolagano, o nna ene tautona yo moša gone foo kwa ntle ga go tlhoka tlhopho ya go beeletsa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana 1966 |url=http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=www.commonlii.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ntuane |first=Batsalo |date=2006-05-22 |title=Democratic forces must safeguard presidential term limits |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/2006/May/Monday22/236196386145.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623170008/http://www.mmegi.bw/2006/May/Monday22/236196386145.html |archive-date=2018-06-23 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=Mmegi.bw}}</ref> Mo tirisong, ka ntlha ya fa ditlhopho tsa lekgotla la peomolao di dirwa ka mofuta wa [[:en:First-past-the-post_voting|'first-past-the-post']], ditlhopho di ntse di ntsha dipuso tsa bontsi jwa lekoko le le lengwe fa e sale ka [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa ntlha ka ngwaga wa 1965]] mme ka jalo tlhopho ya botautona ka ntlha ya maloko a palamente ga e ise e diragale. Tautona o tlhophiwa ke maloko a lekgotla la [[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Kokoano ya matona a puso]] morago ga ditlhophokakaretso tse di tlhagisang [[:en:Hung_parliament|palamente e e sa nneng le bontsi jwa setlhopha sepe]]. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2015-12-01 |title=Election note: Botswana's 2014 parliamentary elections |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026137941500102X |journal=Electoral Studies |language=en-US |volume=40 |pages=444–447 |doi=10.1016/j.electstud.2015.05.001 |issn=0261-3794 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Fa go ka diragala gore go seka ga nna le ntlhopheng ope yo o bonang bontsi jo bo nametsang jwa ditlhopho, lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso le tlhopha tautona ka ditlhopho tsa sephiri, ka bontsi jo bo nametsang jwa maloko a palamente (ntle le maloko a palamente a a 'tlhophilweng ka tsela e e faphegileng') a a tlhokegang go fenya. Ditlhopho tse di lekanyeditswe fela bo ntlhopheng ba lekoko la bone le nang le bonnye jwa mapalamente a ka tshwara lesome. Fa e kare, morago ga makgetho a le mararo a go tlhopha, ga seka ga tlhophiwa ntlhopheng ope, makgetho a mangwe a le mabedi a tlaleletso a ka dumelelwa ke [[:en:Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Botswana|motsamaisa dipuisano tsa palamente,]] se se diragala fa go bonwa gore ditlhopho tse di atlegileng di sa ntse di ka kgonagala. Fa makgetho a, le one a ka palelwa ke go ntsha mofenyi, kgotsa fa motsamaisa dipuisano a ka gana go ntsha tetla ya makgetho a mangwe, lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso le a phatlaladiwa mme go bo go tshwarwa [[:en:Snap_election|ditlhopho tsa ka bonako]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana 1966 |url=http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=www.commonlii.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 "Constitution of Botswana 1966"]. </cite></ref> qxr73l17b3fh7ixd0pftiwwrh2eif0p 53084 53082 2026-07-24T10:56:11Z Lame Ralosetlha 12932 Created by translating the section "Election" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361458761|President of Botswana]]" 53084 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|image=Duma Boko 2025 (cropped).jpg|incumbent=[[Duma Boko]]|term=Dingwaga tse tlhano|date=Ngwanatsele a rogwa ngwaga wa 2024|residence=State House|deputy=Mothusa tona wa Botswana}} '''Tautona wa Botswana''' ke [[moeteledipele wa lefatshe]], tlhogo ya puso ya [[Botswana]], [[moetapele wa lephata la tsa tshirelso lefatshe|moetapele wa lephata la tsa tshireletso lefatshe]] go ya ka molaomotheo wa [[Botswana]].<ref>[https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Botswana_2016 "Botswana 1966 (rev. 2016) Constitution – Constitute".] ''www.constituteproject.org''. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref> Tautona o tlhophiwa ke khuduthamaga, ebong palamente, gantsi ke moeteledipele wa phathi e tona. Molaomotheo o beile sebaka sa puso mo dingwageng tse tlhano gabedi. Tautona wa ntlha go tlhophiwa ka molaomotheo ke Sir [[Seretse Khama]], o e neng e le tonakgolo go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1965 go tsena 1966, morago a dira e le tautona go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka Phukwi a le lesome le boraro, ngwaga wa 1980.<ref>[http://www.rulers.org/rulb1.html#botswana "Countries Ba-Bo".] ''www.rulers.org''. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref> Tautona wa gompieno ke [[Duma Boko]], o o tlhophilweng ke khuduthamaga ka Ngwanatsele a rogwa ngwaga wa 2024 morago ga ditlhopho tsa lefatshe tsa 2024. Tautona o ka ntshiwa mo setilong ka tshutiso ya go sa kgotsofalele ka fa a busang ka teng. == Setlha sa botautona == Tautona o tlhophiwa a bo a neelwa setlha sa dingwaga tse tlhano tse di mo setlheng sa [[National Assembly]].<ref>[https://freedomhouse.org/country/botswana/freedom-world/2023 "Botswana: Freedom in the World 2023 Country Report".] ''Freedom House''. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref> Pele tautona o ne a kgona go busediwa fela makgetho a le mantsi. Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 1997, mo pusong ya tautona wa bobedi [[Quett Masire]], setlha sa botautona se ne sa dirisiwa ele la ntlha mo pusong.<ref>Padnani, Amisha (29 June 2017). [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/29/world/africa/ketumile-masire-dead-botswana-president.html "Ketumile Masire, Who Shaped and Led a Vibrant Botswana, Dies at 91"]. ''The New York Times''. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0362-4331 0362-4331]. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref><ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210520204502/https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament/history "History"]. ''www.parliament.gov.bw''. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref> Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 1998, tautona o ka nna mo setilong dingwaga di le lesome fela, di tlhomagana kgotsa di kgaogane.<ref name=":0" /> Tautona wa ntlha yo o lekantshitseng seelo sa setlha sa botautona ke [[Festus Mogae]] yo a neng a tshwanelwa ke go tlogela ka ngwaga wa 2008.<ref>Cook, Candace; Siegle, Joseph. [https://africacenter.org/spotlight/circumvention-of-term-limits-weakens-governance-in-africa/ "Circumvention of Term Limits Weakens Governance in Africa".] ''Africa Center for Strategic Studies''. Retrieved 26 September 2025.</ref> Tautona mongwe le mongwe o fiwa madi a bogodi.<ref>[https://botswanalaws.com/consolidated-statutes/principle-legislation/presidents-pensions-and-retirement-benefits "PRESIDENTS (PENSIONS AND RETIREMENT BENEFITS)".] ''Botswana Laws''. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref> == Tlhopho == Ka nako ya letsholo la ditlhopho tsa setshaba, bontlhopheng botlhe ba Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba ba bolela gore ba tshegetsa mang go nna Tautona fa ba tsenya dipampiri tsa bone tsa go tlhopho. Fa lekoko kgotsa kgolagano e bona bontsi jo bo feletseng jwa maloko a palamente a a tlhophilweng mo ditlhophong tsa peomolao, ntlhopheng wa lone wa botautona, ka metlha e le moeteledipele wa lekoko kgotsa [[kgolagano]], o nna tautona yo mosha ka bonako ntle le go tlhoka tlhopho ya go beeletsa.<ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120804023106/http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 "Constitution of Botswana 1966"]. ''www.commonlii.org''. Retrieved 28 Lwetse 2025.</ref><ref>[[:en:President_of_Botswana#CITEREFChaudry2009|Chaudry 2009.]]</ref><ref>[[:en:President_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2006|Ntuane 2006.]]</ref> Mo tirisong, ka ditlhopho tsa peomolao di dirwa ka [[go tlhopha ga ntlha]], ditlhopho di ntse di tlhagisa mebuso ya bontsi jwa lekoko le le lengwe fa e sale ka ditlhopho tsa setshaba tsa ntlha ka 1965 mme ka jalo ditlhopho tsa botautona ka Maloko a Palamente ga di ise di ko di diragale. Tautona o tlhophiwa ke maloko a Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba morago ga ditlhopho tsa setshaba tse di tlhagisang palamente e e senang mofenyi. Fa go ka direga gore go se nne le ntlhopheng ope yo o bonang bontsi jo bo bonolo, Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba e tlhopha tautona ka ditlhopho tsa sephiri, ka bontsi jo bo bonolo jwa palogotlhe ya Maloko a Palamente (ntle le Maloko a Palamente a a 'tlhophilweng ka tsela e e faphegileng') a a tlhokegang go fenya. Ditlhopho tse di lekanyeditswe fela go bontlhopheng ba lekoko la bone le nang le bonnye jwa mapalamente a le lesome. Fa, morago ga dikgato di le tharo tsa go tlhopha, go sa tlhophiwe ntlhopheng ope, dikgato tse pedi tsa tlaleletso di ka dumelelwa ke [[sebui]], fa go tsewa gore ditlhopho tse di atlegileng di sa ntse di kgonega. Fa dikgato tseno le tsone di ka palelwa ke go ntsha mofenyi, kgotsa fa sebui se ka gana go ntsha tetla ya dikgato tse dingwe, Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba e tla phatlaladiwa mme go tla tshwarwa [[ditlhopho tsa potlako]].<ref name=":1" /> Go falola ga ga tautona mo maemong a gagwe go ikaegile ka gore a puso ya bone [[e tshepiwa]] ke bontsi jwa Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba. Ba ka tlosiwa ka [[kakanyetso ya go tlhoka tshepo]], e e dirang gore ba tlogele tiro kgotsa fa go sa nna jalo, [[palamente e phatlaladiwe]] fa tautona a ka gana go dira jalo, se se tsosang ditlhopho tsa potlako. == Dithata tsa ga Tautona == Tautona ke tlhogo ya lefatshe, tlhogo ya puso le molaodi mogolo wa [[sesole sa Botswana]]. Ditshwanelo, maikarabelo le tuelo ya ga tautona di kwadilwe mo Kgaolong ya III ya [[Molaomotheo]] le ditiro tse di latelang tse di fetisitsweng ke Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba. Dithata tsa tiragatso tsa rephaboliki di beilwe mo maruding a ga tautona, yo o firang badiredi ba ba farologanyeng mo maemong a a kwadilweng mo Molaomotheong, tse di botlhokwa thata mo go tsone ke ditona tsa kabinete le Baatlhodi ba Boikuelo ba Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo. Tautona o tshwanetse go buisana le Kabinete mo mererong e e farologaneng ya melao. Tautona o ne a ka dumela kgotsa a gana tumelelo ya gagwe mo melaong e e fetisitsweng ke Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba. Fa Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba e ka fetisa molaokakanyetso gape Tautona o tla amogela kgotsa a gana tumelelo ya gagwe mo malatsing a le masome mabedi le motso, kgotsa a ka phatlalatsa Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba. Tautona o newa dithata tsa molaomotheo tsa go itsise maemo a tshoganyetso a setšhaba le go neelana ka maitshwarelo kgotsa go fetola ka kgakololo ya Komiti ya Bogakolodi ya Prerogative of Mercy. == Prime Minister of the Bechuanaland Protectorate == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} ! style="width:80px;" |Picture !Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}} !Elected !Took office !Left office !Political Party |- ! style="background:{{party color|Botswana Democratic Party}}; color:white;" |1 | |'''[[Seretse Khama]]''' {{small|(1921–1980)}} |[[1965 Bechuanaland general election|1965]] |3 March 1965 |30 September 1966 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- |} == Tautona wa Botswana (1966–go tsena gompieno) == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} ! style="width:80px;" |Picture !Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}} !Elected !Took office !Left office !Political Party |- ! 1 | |'''[[Seretse Khama]]''' {{small|(1921–1980)}} |[[1965 Bechuanaland general election|1965]] [[1969 Botswana general election|1969]] [[1974 Botswana general election|1974]] [[1979 Botswana general election|1979]] |30 September 1966 |13 July 1980 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 2 |[[Setshwantsho:QuettMasire1980_(cropped).jpg|107x107px]] |'''[[Quett Masire]]''' {{small|(1925–2017)}} |[[1984 Botswana general election|1984]] [[1989 Botswana general election|1989]] [[1994 Botswana general election|1994]] |18 July 1980 |31 March 1998 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 3 |[[Setshwantsho:Festus_Mogae_2009-06-23.jpg|99x99px]] |'''[[Festus Mogae]]''' {{small|(1939–)}} |[[1999 Botswana general election|1999]] [[2004 Botswana general election|2004]] |1 April 1998 |1 April 2008 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 4 |[[Setshwantsho:Ian_Khama_(2014)_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg|107x107px]] |'''[[Ian Khama]]''' {{small|(1953–)}} |[[2009 Botswana general election|2009]] [[2014 Botswana general election|2014]] |1 April 2008 |1 April 2018 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 5 |[[Setshwantsho:Illegal_Wildlife_Trade_Conference_London_2018_(45245990491)_(cropped_Version_2).jpg|83x83px]] |'''[[Mokgweetsi Masisi]]''' {{small|(1961–)}} |[[2019 Botswana general election|2019]] |1 April 2018 |Incumbent |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- !6 | |[[Duma Boko]] (1969) |2024 |Ngwanatsele a rogwa ngwaga wa 2024 |O o mo pusong |BNF (UDC) |- |} == Batshwareledi ba ga Tautona wa Botswana == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}} ! rowspan="2" style="width:80px;" |Portrait ! rowspan="2" |Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}} ! colspan="2" |Term of office ! rowspan="2" |Political party |- !Took office !Left office |- ! 1 |[[Setshwantsho:QuettMasire1980_(cropped).jpg|107x107px]] |[[Quett Masire]]{{small|(1926–2017)}} |13 July 1980 |18 July 1980 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 2 |[[Setshwantsho:No_image.png|80x80px]] |[[Lenyeletse Seretse]]{{small|(1921–1983)}} |26 July 1980 |29 July 1980 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 3 | |[[Peter Mmusi]]{{small|(1928–1994)}} |9 January 1983 |10 January 1983 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 4 |[[Setshwantsho:Festus_Mogae_2009-06-23.jpg|99x99px]] |[[Festus Mogae]]{{small|(born 1939)}} |9 March 1992 |31 March 1992 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 5 |[[Setshwantsho:Ian_Khama_(2014)_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg|107x107px]] |[[Ian Khama]]{{small|(born 1953)}} |1 July 1998 |13 July 1998 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 6 |[[Setshwantsho:Mompati_Merafhe_071203-F-9074R-083_0YE9L.jpg|89x89px]] |[[Mompati Merafhe]]{{small|(1936–2015)}} |1 April 2008 |7 April 2008 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 7 |[[Setshwantsho:Ponatshego_Kedikilwe_(cropped_3x4).jpg|107x107px]] |[[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]]{{small|(born 1938)}} |1 August 2012 |1 August 2012 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 8 |[[Setshwantsho:Mokgweetsi_E.K._Masisi,_President_of_the_Republic_of_Botswana.jpg|112x112px]] |[[Mokgweetsi Masisi]]{{small|(born 1961)}} |1 April 2018 |1 April 2018 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 9 |[[Setshwantsho:Slumber_Tsogwane.JPG|95x95px]] |[[Slumber Tsogwane]]{{small|(born 1959)}} |1 April 2021 |26 April 2021 | |} == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Polotiki ya Botswana]] * [[Mothusa Tautona wa Botswana|Mothusa tautona wa Botswana]] == Metswedi == * [[Karolo:Bo tautona ba Botswana]] == Paka ya botautona == Tautona o tlhophelwa paka ya dingwaga di le tlhano e e tsamayang ka go lekalekana le paka ya lekgotla la [[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Kokoano ya matona a puso]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana: Freedom in the World 2023 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/botswana/freedom-world/2023 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref> Pele, tautona o ne a ka tlhophiwa gape makgetho a le mantsi fela. E rile ka ngwaga wa 1997, ka fa tlase ga puso ya tautona wa bobedi, rre [[Quett Masire]], go ne ga bewa ditekanyetso tsa paka mo ofising lekgetho la ntlha. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament/history |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=www.parliament.gov.bw}}</ref> Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 1998, tautona o ntse a lekanyeditswe palo ya dingwaga di le lesome mo maemong (e e lekanang le dipaka tsa go busa di le pedi tse di tletseng), e ka tswa e le tsa go latelana kgotsa di kgaogane. <ref name=":0" /> Tautona wa ntlha yo go neng ga dirisiwa ditekanyetso tsa paka ya gagwe e ne e le rre [[Festus Mogae]], yo o neng a tshwanelwa ke go tlogela setilo sa botautona go ya go ile ka ngwaga wa 2008 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cook |first=Candace |last2=Siegle |first2=Joseph |title=Circumvention of Term Limits Weakens Governance in Africa |url=https://africacenter.org/spotlight/circumvention-of-term-limits-weakens-governance-in-africa/ |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=Africa Center for Strategic Studies}}</ref> Tautona mongwe le mongwe o bona madi a a duelwang kgwedi le kgwedi a a netefaditsweng morago ga go tlogela tiro. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PRESIDENTS (PENSIONS AND RETIREMENT BENEFITS) |url=https://botswanalaws.com/consolidated-statutes/principle-legislation/presidents-pensions-and-retirement-benefits |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=Botswana Laws}}</ref> == Tlhopho == Ka nako ya letsholo la ditlhopho-kakaretso, bo ntlhopheng botlhe ba lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso ba bolela gore ba ema nokeng mang go nna tautona fa ba tsenya dipampiri tsa bone tsa go tlhophiwa. Fa lekoko kgotsa [[:en:Electoral_alliance|kgolagano]] e bona bontsi jo bo feletseng jwa maloko a palamente a a tlhophilweng mo ditlhophong tsa peomelao, ntlhopheng wa lone yo o emetseng botautona, yo e nnang fela e le moeteledipele wa lekoko kgotsa kgolagano, o nna ene tautona yo moša gone foo kwa ntle ga go tlhoka tlhopho ya go beeletsa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana 1966 |url=http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=www.commonlii.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ntuane |first=Batsalo |date=2006-05-22 |title=Democratic forces must safeguard presidential term limits |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/2006/May/Monday22/236196386145.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623170008/http://www.mmegi.bw/2006/May/Monday22/236196386145.html |archive-date=2018-06-23 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=Mmegi.bw}}</ref> Mo tirisong, ka ntlha ya fa ditlhopho tsa lekgotla la peomolao di dirwa ka mofuta wa [[:en:First-past-the-post_voting|'first-past-the-post']], ditlhopho di ntse di ntsha dipuso tsa bontsi jwa lekoko le le lengwe fa e sale ka [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa ntlha ka ngwaga wa 1965]] mme ka jalo tlhopho ya botautona ka ntlha ya maloko a palamente ga e ise e diragale. == Tlhopho == Ka nako ya letsholo la ditlhopho-kakaretso, bo ntlhopheng botlhe ba lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso ba bolela gore ba ema nokeng mang go nna tautona fa ba tsenya dipampiri tsa bone tsa go tlhophiwa. Fa lekoko kgotsa [[:en:Electoral_alliance|kgolagano]] e bona bontsi jo bo feletseng jwa maloko a palamente a a tlhophilweng mo ditlhophong tsa peomelao, ntlhopheng wa lone yo o emetseng botautona, yo e nnang fela e le moeteledipele wa lekoko kgotsa kgolagano, o nna ene tautona yo moša gone foo kwa ntle ga go tlhoka tlhopho ya go beeletsa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana 1966 |url=http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=www.commonlii.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ntuane |first=Batsalo |date=2006-05-22 |title=Democratic forces must safeguard presidential term limits |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/2006/May/Monday22/236196386145.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623170008/http://www.mmegi.bw/2006/May/Monday22/236196386145.html |archive-date=2018-06-23 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=Mmegi.bw}}</ref> Mo tirisong, ka ntlha ya fa ditlhopho tsa lekgotla la peomolao di dirwa ka mofuta wa [[:en:First-past-the-post_voting|'first-past-the-post']], ditlhopho di ntse di ntsha dipuso tsa bontsi jwa lekoko le le lengwe fa e sale ka [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa ntlha ka ngwaga wa 1965]] mme ka jalo tlhopho ya botautona ka ntlha ya maloko a palamente ga e ise e diragale. Tautona o tlhophiwa ke maloko a lekgotla la [[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Kokoano ya matona a puso]] morago ga ditlhophokakaretso tse di tlhagisang [[:en:Hung_parliament|palamente e e sa nneng le bontsi jwa setlhopha sepe]]. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2015-12-01 |title=Election note: Botswana's 2014 parliamentary elections |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026137941500102X |journal=Electoral Studies |language=en-US |volume=40 |pages=444–447 |doi=10.1016/j.electstud.2015.05.001 |issn=0261-3794 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Fa go ka diragala gore go seka ga nna le ntlhopheng ope yo o bonang bontsi jo bo nametsang jwa ditlhopho, lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso le tlhopha tautona ka ditlhopho tsa sephiri, ka bontsi jo bo nametsang jwa maloko a palamente (ntle le maloko a palamente a a 'tlhophilweng ka tsela e e faphegileng') a a tlhokegang go fenya. Ditlhopho tse di lekanyeditswe fela bo ntlhopheng ba lekoko la bone le nang le bonnye jwa mapalamente a ka tshwara lesome. Fa e kare, morago ga makgetho a le mararo a go tlhopha, ga seka ga tlhophiwa ntlhopheng ope, makgetho a mangwe a le mabedi a tlaleletso a ka dumelelwa ke [[:en:Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Botswana|motsamaisa dipuisano tsa palamente,]] se se diragala fa go bonwa gore ditlhopho tse di atlegileng di sa ntse di ka kgonagala. Fa makgetho a, le one a ka palelwa ke go ntsha mofenyi, kgotsa fa motsamaisa dipuisano a ka gana go ntsha tetla ya makgetho a mangwe, lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso le a phatlaladiwa mme go bo go tshwarwa [[:en:Snap_election|ditlhopho tsa ka bonako]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana 1966 |url=http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=www.commonlii.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 "Constitution of Botswana 1966"]. </cite></ref> == Tlhopho == Ka nako ya letsholo la ditlhopho-kakaretso, bo ntlhopheng botlhe ba lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso ba bolela gore ba ema nokeng mang go nna tautona fa ba tsenya dipampiri tsa bone tsa go tlhophiwa. Fa lekoko kgotsa [[:en:Electoral_alliance|kgolagano]] e bona bontsi jo bo feletseng jwa maloko a palamente a a tlhophilweng mo ditlhophong tsa peomelao, ntlhopheng wa lone yo o emetseng botautona, yo e nnang fela e le moeteledipele wa lekoko kgotsa kgolagano, o nna ene tautona yo moša gone foo kwa ntle ga go tlhoka tlhopho ya go beeletsa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana 1966 |url=http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=www.commonlii.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ntuane |first=Batsalo |date=2006-05-22 |title=Democratic forces must safeguard presidential term limits |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/2006/May/Monday22/236196386145.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623170008/http://www.mmegi.bw/2006/May/Monday22/236196386145.html |archive-date=2018-06-23 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=Mmegi.bw}}</ref> Mo tirisong, ka ntlha ya fa ditlhopho tsa lekgotla la peomolao di dirwa ka mofuta wa [[:en:First-past-the-post_voting|'first-past-the-post']], ditlhopho di ntse di ntsha dipuso tsa bontsi jwa lekoko le le lengwe fa e sale ka [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa ntlha ka ngwaga wa 1965]] mme ka jalo tlhopho ya botautona ka ntlha ya maloko a palamente ga e ise e diragale. Tautona o tlhophiwa ke maloko a lekgotla la [[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Kokoano ya matona a puso]] morago ga ditlhophokakaretso tse di tlhagisang [[:en:Hung_parliament|palamente e e sa nneng le bontsi jwa setlhopha sepe]]. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2015-12-01 |title=Election note: Botswana's 2014 parliamentary elections |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026137941500102X |journal=Electoral Studies |language=en-US |volume=40 |pages=444–447 |doi=10.1016/j.electstud.2015.05.001 |issn=0261-3794 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Fa go ka diragala gore go seka ga nna le ntlhopheng ope yo o bonang bontsi jo bo nametsang jwa ditlhopho, lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso le tlhopha tautona ka ditlhopho tsa sephiri, ka bontsi jo bo nametsang jwa maloko a palamente (ntle le maloko a palamente a a 'tlhophilweng ka tsela e e faphegileng') a a tlhokegang go fenya. Ditlhopho tse di lekanyeditswe fela bo ntlhopheng ba lekoko la bone le nang le bonnye jwa mapalamente a ka tshwara lesome. Fa e kare, morago ga makgetho a le mararo a go tlhopha, ga seka ga tlhophiwa ntlhopheng ope, makgetho a mangwe a le mabedi a tlaleletso a ka dumelelwa ke [[:en:Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Botswana|motsamaisa dipuisano tsa palamente,]] se se diragala fa go bonwa gore ditlhopho tse di atlegileng di sa ntse di ka kgonagala. Fa makgetho a, le one a ka palelwa ke go ntsha mofenyi, kgotsa fa motsamaisa dipuisano a ka gana go ntsha tetla ya makgetho a mangwe, lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso le a phatlaladiwa mme go bo go tshwarwa [[:en:Snap_election|ditlhopho tsa ka bonako]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana 1966 |url=http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=www.commonlii.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 "Constitution of Botswana 1966"]. </cite></ref> Go falola ga ga tautona mo go tshwareleleng maemo a gagwe go ikaegile ka gore a puso ya gagwe e [[:en:Motion_of_no_confidence|tshepiwa]] ke bontsi jwa maloko a lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso. Tautona o ka sutisiwa mo maemong a gagwe ka [[:en:Motion_of_no_confidence|tlhopho ya go tlhoka tshepo]], e e felelang e dira gore ba tlogele setilo kgotsa fa go sa nna jalo, [[:en:Dissolution_of_parliament|palamente e a phatlaladiwa]] fa tautona a sa dumele go dira jalo, se se felela se dira gore go nne le ditlhopho tsa ka bonako. 52pqnbgcpke8kg9wfz0oww80jimtobl 53085 53084 2026-07-24T11:02:07Z Lame Ralosetlha 12932 Created by translating the section "Presidential powers" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361458761|President of Botswana]]" 53085 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|image=Duma Boko 2025 (cropped).jpg|incumbent=[[Duma Boko]]|term=Dingwaga tse tlhano|date=Ngwanatsele a rogwa ngwaga wa 2024|residence=State House|deputy=Mothusa tona wa Botswana}} '''Tautona wa Botswana''' ke [[moeteledipele wa lefatshe]], tlhogo ya puso ya [[Botswana]], [[moetapele wa lephata la tsa tshirelso lefatshe|moetapele wa lephata la tsa tshireletso lefatshe]] go ya ka molaomotheo wa [[Botswana]].<ref>[https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Botswana_2016 "Botswana 1966 (rev. 2016) Constitution – Constitute".] ''www.constituteproject.org''. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref> Tautona o tlhophiwa ke khuduthamaga, ebong palamente, gantsi ke moeteledipele wa phathi e tona. Molaomotheo o beile sebaka sa puso mo dingwageng tse tlhano gabedi. Tautona wa ntlha go tlhophiwa ka molaomotheo ke Sir [[Seretse Khama]], o e neng e le tonakgolo go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1965 go tsena 1966, morago a dira e le tautona go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka Phukwi a le lesome le boraro, ngwaga wa 1980.<ref>[http://www.rulers.org/rulb1.html#botswana "Countries Ba-Bo".] ''www.rulers.org''. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref> Tautona wa gompieno ke [[Duma Boko]], o o tlhophilweng ke khuduthamaga ka Ngwanatsele a rogwa ngwaga wa 2024 morago ga ditlhopho tsa lefatshe tsa 2024. Tautona o ka ntshiwa mo setilong ka tshutiso ya go sa kgotsofalele ka fa a busang ka teng. == Setlha sa botautona == Tautona o tlhophiwa a bo a neelwa setlha sa dingwaga tse tlhano tse di mo setlheng sa [[National Assembly]].<ref>[https://freedomhouse.org/country/botswana/freedom-world/2023 "Botswana: Freedom in the World 2023 Country Report".] ''Freedom House''. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref> Pele tautona o ne a kgona go busediwa fela makgetho a le mantsi. Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 1997, mo pusong ya tautona wa bobedi [[Quett Masire]], setlha sa botautona se ne sa dirisiwa ele la ntlha mo pusong.<ref>Padnani, Amisha (29 June 2017). [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/29/world/africa/ketumile-masire-dead-botswana-president.html "Ketumile Masire, Who Shaped and Led a Vibrant Botswana, Dies at 91"]. ''The New York Times''. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0362-4331 0362-4331]. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref><ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210520204502/https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament/history "History"]. ''www.parliament.gov.bw''. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref> Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 1998, tautona o ka nna mo setilong dingwaga di le lesome fela, di tlhomagana kgotsa di kgaogane.<ref name=":0" /> Tautona wa ntlha yo o lekantshitseng seelo sa setlha sa botautona ke [[Festus Mogae]] yo a neng a tshwanelwa ke go tlogela ka ngwaga wa 2008.<ref>Cook, Candace; Siegle, Joseph. [https://africacenter.org/spotlight/circumvention-of-term-limits-weakens-governance-in-africa/ "Circumvention of Term Limits Weakens Governance in Africa".] ''Africa Center for Strategic Studies''. Retrieved 26 September 2025.</ref> Tautona mongwe le mongwe o fiwa madi a bogodi.<ref>[https://botswanalaws.com/consolidated-statutes/principle-legislation/presidents-pensions-and-retirement-benefits "PRESIDENTS (PENSIONS AND RETIREMENT BENEFITS)".] ''Botswana Laws''. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref> == Tlhopho == Ka nako ya letsholo la ditlhopho tsa setshaba, bontlhopheng botlhe ba Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba ba bolela gore ba tshegetsa mang go nna Tautona fa ba tsenya dipampiri tsa bone tsa go tlhopho. Fa lekoko kgotsa kgolagano e bona bontsi jo bo feletseng jwa maloko a palamente a a tlhophilweng mo ditlhophong tsa peomolao, ntlhopheng wa lone wa botautona, ka metlha e le moeteledipele wa lekoko kgotsa [[kgolagano]], o nna tautona yo mosha ka bonako ntle le go tlhoka tlhopho ya go beeletsa.<ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120804023106/http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 "Constitution of Botswana 1966"]. ''www.commonlii.org''. Retrieved 28 Lwetse 2025.</ref><ref>[[:en:President_of_Botswana#CITEREFChaudry2009|Chaudry 2009.]]</ref><ref>[[:en:President_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2006|Ntuane 2006.]]</ref> Mo tirisong, ka ditlhopho tsa peomolao di dirwa ka [[go tlhopha ga ntlha]], ditlhopho di ntse di tlhagisa mebuso ya bontsi jwa lekoko le le lengwe fa e sale ka ditlhopho tsa setshaba tsa ntlha ka 1965 mme ka jalo ditlhopho tsa botautona ka Maloko a Palamente ga di ise di ko di diragale. Tautona o tlhophiwa ke maloko a Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba morago ga ditlhopho tsa setshaba tse di tlhagisang palamente e e senang mofenyi. Fa go ka direga gore go se nne le ntlhopheng ope yo o bonang bontsi jo bo bonolo, Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba e tlhopha tautona ka ditlhopho tsa sephiri, ka bontsi jo bo bonolo jwa palogotlhe ya Maloko a Palamente (ntle le Maloko a Palamente a a 'tlhophilweng ka tsela e e faphegileng') a a tlhokegang go fenya. Ditlhopho tse di lekanyeditswe fela go bontlhopheng ba lekoko la bone le nang le bonnye jwa mapalamente a le lesome. Fa, morago ga dikgato di le tharo tsa go tlhopha, go sa tlhophiwe ntlhopheng ope, dikgato tse pedi tsa tlaleletso di ka dumelelwa ke [[sebui]], fa go tsewa gore ditlhopho tse di atlegileng di sa ntse di kgonega. Fa dikgato tseno le tsone di ka palelwa ke go ntsha mofenyi, kgotsa fa sebui se ka gana go ntsha tetla ya dikgato tse dingwe, Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba e tla phatlaladiwa mme go tla tshwarwa [[ditlhopho tsa potlako]].<ref name=":1" /> Go falola ga ga tautona mo maemong a gagwe go ikaegile ka gore a puso ya bone [[e tshepiwa]] ke bontsi jwa Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba. Ba ka tlosiwa ka [[kakanyetso ya go tlhoka tshepo]], e e dirang gore ba tlogele tiro kgotsa fa go sa nna jalo, [[palamente e phatlaladiwe]] fa tautona a ka gana go dira jalo, se se tsosang ditlhopho tsa potlako. == Dithata tsa ga Tautona == Tautona ke tlhogo ya lefatshe, tlhogo ya puso le molaodi mogolo wa [[sesole sa Botswana]]. Ditshwanelo, maikarabelo le tuelo ya ga tautona di kwadilwe mo Kgaolong ya III ya [[Molaomotheo]] le ditiro tse di latelang tse di fetisitsweng ke Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba. Dithata tsa tiragatso tsa rephaboliki di beilwe mo maruding a ga tautona, yo o firang badiredi ba ba farologanyeng mo maemong a a kwadilweng mo Molaomotheong, tse di botlhokwa thata mo go tsone ke ditona tsa kabinete le Baatlhodi ba Boikuelo ba Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo. Tautona o tshwanetse go buisana le Kabinete mo mererong e e farologaneng ya melao. Tautona o ne a ka dumela kgotsa a gana tumelelo ya gagwe mo melaong e e fetisitsweng ke Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba. Fa Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba e ka fetisa molaokakanyetso gape Tautona o tla amogela kgotsa a gana tumelelo ya gagwe mo malatsing a le masome mabedi le motso, kgotsa a ka phatlalatsa Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba. Tautona o newa dithata tsa molaomotheo tsa go itsise maemo a tshoganyetso a setšhaba le go neelana ka maitshwarelo kgotsa go fetola ka kgakololo ya Komiti ya Bogakolodi ya Prerogative of Mercy. == Prime Minister of the Bechuanaland Protectorate == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} ! style="width:80px;" |Picture !Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}} !Elected !Took office !Left office !Political Party |- ! style="background:{{party color|Botswana Democratic Party}}; color:white;" |1 | |'''[[Seretse Khama]]''' {{small|(1921–1980)}} |[[1965 Bechuanaland general election|1965]] |3 March 1965 |30 September 1966 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- |} == Tautona wa Botswana (1966–go tsena gompieno) == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} ! style="width:80px;" |Picture !Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}} !Elected !Took office !Left office !Political Party |- ! 1 | |'''[[Seretse Khama]]''' {{small|(1921–1980)}} |[[1965 Bechuanaland general election|1965]] [[1969 Botswana general election|1969]] [[1974 Botswana general election|1974]] [[1979 Botswana general election|1979]] |30 September 1966 |13 July 1980 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 2 |[[Setshwantsho:QuettMasire1980_(cropped).jpg|107x107px]] |'''[[Quett Masire]]''' {{small|(1925–2017)}} |[[1984 Botswana general election|1984]] [[1989 Botswana general election|1989]] [[1994 Botswana general election|1994]] |18 July 1980 |31 March 1998 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 3 |[[Setshwantsho:Festus_Mogae_2009-06-23.jpg|99x99px]] |'''[[Festus Mogae]]''' {{small|(1939–)}} |[[1999 Botswana general election|1999]] [[2004 Botswana general election|2004]] |1 April 1998 |1 April 2008 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 4 |[[Setshwantsho:Ian_Khama_(2014)_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg|107x107px]] |'''[[Ian Khama]]''' {{small|(1953–)}} |[[2009 Botswana general election|2009]] [[2014 Botswana general election|2014]] |1 April 2008 |1 April 2018 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 5 |[[Setshwantsho:Illegal_Wildlife_Trade_Conference_London_2018_(45245990491)_(cropped_Version_2).jpg|83x83px]] |'''[[Mokgweetsi Masisi]]''' {{small|(1961–)}} |[[2019 Botswana general election|2019]] |1 April 2018 |Incumbent |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- !6 | |[[Duma Boko]] (1969) |2024 |Ngwanatsele a rogwa ngwaga wa 2024 |O o mo pusong |BNF (UDC) |- |} == Batshwareledi ba ga Tautona wa Botswana == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}} ! rowspan="2" style="width:80px;" |Portrait ! rowspan="2" |Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}} ! colspan="2" |Term of office ! rowspan="2" |Political party |- !Took office !Left office |- ! 1 |[[Setshwantsho:QuettMasire1980_(cropped).jpg|107x107px]] |[[Quett Masire]]{{small|(1926–2017)}} |13 July 1980 |18 July 1980 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 2 |[[Setshwantsho:No_image.png|80x80px]] |[[Lenyeletse Seretse]]{{small|(1921–1983)}} |26 July 1980 |29 July 1980 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 3 | |[[Peter Mmusi]]{{small|(1928–1994)}} |9 January 1983 |10 January 1983 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 4 |[[Setshwantsho:Festus_Mogae_2009-06-23.jpg|99x99px]] |[[Festus Mogae]]{{small|(born 1939)}} |9 March 1992 |31 March 1992 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 5 |[[Setshwantsho:Ian_Khama_(2014)_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg|107x107px]] |[[Ian Khama]]{{small|(born 1953)}} |1 July 1998 |13 July 1998 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 6 |[[Setshwantsho:Mompati_Merafhe_071203-F-9074R-083_0YE9L.jpg|89x89px]] |[[Mompati Merafhe]]{{small|(1936–2015)}} |1 April 2008 |7 April 2008 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 7 |[[Setshwantsho:Ponatshego_Kedikilwe_(cropped_3x4).jpg|107x107px]] |[[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]]{{small|(born 1938)}} |1 August 2012 |1 August 2012 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 8 |[[Setshwantsho:Mokgweetsi_E.K._Masisi,_President_of_the_Republic_of_Botswana.jpg|112x112px]] |[[Mokgweetsi Masisi]]{{small|(born 1961)}} |1 April 2018 |1 April 2018 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 9 |[[Setshwantsho:Slumber_Tsogwane.JPG|95x95px]] |[[Slumber Tsogwane]]{{small|(born 1959)}} |1 April 2021 |26 April 2021 | |} == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Polotiki ya Botswana]] * [[Mothusa Tautona wa Botswana|Mothusa tautona wa Botswana]] == Metswedi == * [[Karolo:Bo tautona ba Botswana]] == Paka ya botautona == Tautona o tlhophelwa paka ya dingwaga di le tlhano e e tsamayang ka go lekalekana le paka ya lekgotla la [[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Kokoano ya matona a puso]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana: Freedom in the World 2023 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/botswana/freedom-world/2023 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref> Pele, tautona o ne a ka tlhophiwa gape makgetho a le mantsi fela. E rile ka ngwaga wa 1997, ka fa tlase ga puso ya tautona wa bobedi, rre [[Quett Masire]], go ne ga bewa ditekanyetso tsa paka mo ofising lekgetho la ntlha. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament/history |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=www.parliament.gov.bw}}</ref> Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 1998, tautona o ntse a lekanyeditswe palo ya dingwaga di le lesome mo maemong (e e lekanang le dipaka tsa go busa di le pedi tse di tletseng), e ka tswa e le tsa go latelana kgotsa di kgaogane. <ref name=":0" /> Tautona wa ntlha yo go neng ga dirisiwa ditekanyetso tsa paka ya gagwe e ne e le rre [[Festus Mogae]], yo o neng a tshwanelwa ke go tlogela setilo sa botautona go ya go ile ka ngwaga wa 2008 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cook |first=Candace |last2=Siegle |first2=Joseph |title=Circumvention of Term Limits Weakens Governance in Africa |url=https://africacenter.org/spotlight/circumvention-of-term-limits-weakens-governance-in-africa/ |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=Africa Center for Strategic Studies}}</ref> Tautona mongwe le mongwe o bona madi a a duelwang kgwedi le kgwedi a a netefaditsweng morago ga go tlogela tiro. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PRESIDENTS (PENSIONS AND RETIREMENT BENEFITS) |url=https://botswanalaws.com/consolidated-statutes/principle-legislation/presidents-pensions-and-retirement-benefits |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=Botswana Laws}}</ref> == Tlhopho == Ka nako ya letsholo la ditlhopho-kakaretso, bo ntlhopheng botlhe ba lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso ba bolela gore ba ema nokeng mang go nna tautona fa ba tsenya dipampiri tsa bone tsa go tlhophiwa. Fa lekoko kgotsa [[:en:Electoral_alliance|kgolagano]] e bona bontsi jo bo feletseng jwa maloko a palamente a a tlhophilweng mo ditlhophong tsa peomelao, ntlhopheng wa lone yo o emetseng botautona, yo e nnang fela e le moeteledipele wa lekoko kgotsa kgolagano, o nna ene tautona yo moša gone foo kwa ntle ga go tlhoka tlhopho ya go beeletsa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana 1966 |url=http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=www.commonlii.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ntuane |first=Batsalo |date=2006-05-22 |title=Democratic forces must safeguard presidential term limits |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/2006/May/Monday22/236196386145.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623170008/http://www.mmegi.bw/2006/May/Monday22/236196386145.html |archive-date=2018-06-23 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=Mmegi.bw}}</ref> Mo tirisong, ka ntlha ya fa ditlhopho tsa lekgotla la peomolao di dirwa ka mofuta wa [[:en:First-past-the-post_voting|'first-past-the-post']], ditlhopho di ntse di ntsha dipuso tsa bontsi jwa lekoko le le lengwe fa e sale ka [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa ntlha ka ngwaga wa 1965]] mme ka jalo tlhopho ya botautona ka ntlha ya maloko a palamente ga e ise e diragale. == Tlhopho == Ka nako ya letsholo la ditlhopho-kakaretso, bo ntlhopheng botlhe ba lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso ba bolela gore ba ema nokeng mang go nna tautona fa ba tsenya dipampiri tsa bone tsa go tlhophiwa. Fa lekoko kgotsa [[:en:Electoral_alliance|kgolagano]] e bona bontsi jo bo feletseng jwa maloko a palamente a a tlhophilweng mo ditlhophong tsa peomelao, ntlhopheng wa lone yo o emetseng botautona, yo e nnang fela e le moeteledipele wa lekoko kgotsa kgolagano, o nna ene tautona yo moša gone foo kwa ntle ga go tlhoka tlhopho ya go beeletsa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana 1966 |url=http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=www.commonlii.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ntuane |first=Batsalo |date=2006-05-22 |title=Democratic forces must safeguard presidential term limits |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/2006/May/Monday22/236196386145.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623170008/http://www.mmegi.bw/2006/May/Monday22/236196386145.html |archive-date=2018-06-23 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=Mmegi.bw}}</ref> Mo tirisong, ka ntlha ya fa ditlhopho tsa lekgotla la peomolao di dirwa ka mofuta wa [[:en:First-past-the-post_voting|'first-past-the-post']], ditlhopho di ntse di ntsha dipuso tsa bontsi jwa lekoko le le lengwe fa e sale ka [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa ntlha ka ngwaga wa 1965]] mme ka jalo tlhopho ya botautona ka ntlha ya maloko a palamente ga e ise e diragale. Tautona o tlhophiwa ke maloko a lekgotla la [[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Kokoano ya matona a puso]] morago ga ditlhophokakaretso tse di tlhagisang [[:en:Hung_parliament|palamente e e sa nneng le bontsi jwa setlhopha sepe]]. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2015-12-01 |title=Election note: Botswana's 2014 parliamentary elections |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026137941500102X |journal=Electoral Studies |language=en-US |volume=40 |pages=444–447 |doi=10.1016/j.electstud.2015.05.001 |issn=0261-3794 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Fa go ka diragala gore go seka ga nna le ntlhopheng ope yo o bonang bontsi jo bo nametsang jwa ditlhopho, lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso le tlhopha tautona ka ditlhopho tsa sephiri, ka bontsi jo bo nametsang jwa maloko a palamente (ntle le maloko a palamente a a 'tlhophilweng ka tsela e e faphegileng') a a tlhokegang go fenya. Ditlhopho tse di lekanyeditswe fela bo ntlhopheng ba lekoko la bone le nang le bonnye jwa mapalamente a ka tshwara lesome. Fa e kare, morago ga makgetho a le mararo a go tlhopha, ga seka ga tlhophiwa ntlhopheng ope, makgetho a mangwe a le mabedi a tlaleletso a ka dumelelwa ke [[:en:Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Botswana|motsamaisa dipuisano tsa palamente,]] se se diragala fa go bonwa gore ditlhopho tse di atlegileng di sa ntse di ka kgonagala. Fa makgetho a, le one a ka palelwa ke go ntsha mofenyi, kgotsa fa motsamaisa dipuisano a ka gana go ntsha tetla ya makgetho a mangwe, lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso le a phatlaladiwa mme go bo go tshwarwa [[:en:Snap_election|ditlhopho tsa ka bonako]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana 1966 |url=http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=www.commonlii.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 "Constitution of Botswana 1966"]. </cite></ref> == Tlhopho == Ka nako ya letsholo la ditlhopho-kakaretso, bo ntlhopheng botlhe ba lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso ba bolela gore ba ema nokeng mang go nna tautona fa ba tsenya dipampiri tsa bone tsa go tlhophiwa. Fa lekoko kgotsa [[:en:Electoral_alliance|kgolagano]] e bona bontsi jo bo feletseng jwa maloko a palamente a a tlhophilweng mo ditlhophong tsa peomelao, ntlhopheng wa lone yo o emetseng botautona, yo e nnang fela e le moeteledipele wa lekoko kgotsa kgolagano, o nna ene tautona yo moša gone foo kwa ntle ga go tlhoka tlhopho ya go beeletsa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana 1966 |url=http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=www.commonlii.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ntuane |first=Batsalo |date=2006-05-22 |title=Democratic forces must safeguard presidential term limits |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/2006/May/Monday22/236196386145.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623170008/http://www.mmegi.bw/2006/May/Monday22/236196386145.html |archive-date=2018-06-23 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=Mmegi.bw}}</ref> Mo tirisong, ka ntlha ya fa ditlhopho tsa lekgotla la peomolao di dirwa ka mofuta wa [[:en:First-past-the-post_voting|'first-past-the-post']], ditlhopho di ntse di ntsha dipuso tsa bontsi jwa lekoko le le lengwe fa e sale ka [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa ntlha ka ngwaga wa 1965]] mme ka jalo tlhopho ya botautona ka ntlha ya maloko a palamente ga e ise e diragale. Tautona o tlhophiwa ke maloko a lekgotla la [[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Kokoano ya matona a puso]] morago ga ditlhophokakaretso tse di tlhagisang [[:en:Hung_parliament|palamente e e sa nneng le bontsi jwa setlhopha sepe]]. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2015-12-01 |title=Election note: Botswana's 2014 parliamentary elections |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026137941500102X |journal=Electoral Studies |language=en-US |volume=40 |pages=444–447 |doi=10.1016/j.electstud.2015.05.001 |issn=0261-3794 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Fa go ka diragala gore go seka ga nna le ntlhopheng ope yo o bonang bontsi jo bo nametsang jwa ditlhopho, lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso le tlhopha tautona ka ditlhopho tsa sephiri, ka bontsi jo bo nametsang jwa maloko a palamente (ntle le maloko a palamente a a 'tlhophilweng ka tsela e e faphegileng') a a tlhokegang go fenya. Ditlhopho tse di lekanyeditswe fela bo ntlhopheng ba lekoko la bone le nang le bonnye jwa mapalamente a ka tshwara lesome. Fa e kare, morago ga makgetho a le mararo a go tlhopha, ga seka ga tlhophiwa ntlhopheng ope, makgetho a mangwe a le mabedi a tlaleletso a ka dumelelwa ke [[:en:Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Botswana|motsamaisa dipuisano tsa palamente,]] se se diragala fa go bonwa gore ditlhopho tse di atlegileng di sa ntse di ka kgonagala. Fa makgetho a, le one a ka palelwa ke go ntsha mofenyi, kgotsa fa motsamaisa dipuisano a ka gana go ntsha tetla ya makgetho a mangwe, lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso le a phatlaladiwa mme go bo go tshwarwa [[:en:Snap_election|ditlhopho tsa ka bonako]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana 1966 |url=http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=www.commonlii.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 "Constitution of Botswana 1966"]. </cite></ref> Go falola ga ga tautona mo go tshwareleleng maemo a gagwe go ikaegile ka gore a puso ya gagwe e [[:en:Motion_of_no_confidence|tshepiwa]] ke bontsi jwa maloko a lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso. Tautona o ka sutisiwa mo maemong a gagwe ka [[:en:Motion_of_no_confidence|tlhopho ya go tlhoka tshepo]], e e felelang e dira gore ba tlogele setilo kgotsa fa go sa nna jalo, [[:en:Dissolution_of_parliament|palamente e a phatlaladiwa]] fa tautona a sa dumele go dira jalo, se se felela se dira gore go nne le ditlhopho tsa ka bonako. == Dithata tsa botautona == Tautona ke mookamedi wa lefatshe, mookamedi wa puso le molaodi-mogolo wa [[:en:South_African_National_Defence_Force|sesole sa Botswana]] . Ditshwanelo, maikarabelo le dituelo tsa ga tautona di kwadilwe mo kgaolong ya boraro ya [[:en:Constitution_of_South_Africa|Molaotheo]] le ditiro tse di latelang tse di fetisitsweng ke lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso. fb32fqjzy0lpyvleb5qayrgisbidm17 53087 53085 2026-07-24T11:14:21Z Lame Ralosetlha 12932 Created by translating the section "Presidential powers" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361458761|President of Botswana]]" 53087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|image=Duma Boko 2025 (cropped).jpg|incumbent=[[Duma Boko]]|term=Dingwaga tse tlhano|date=Ngwanatsele a rogwa ngwaga wa 2024|residence=State House|deputy=Mothusa tona wa Botswana}} '''Tautona wa Botswana''' ke [[moeteledipele wa lefatshe]], tlhogo ya puso ya [[Botswana]], [[moetapele wa lephata la tsa tshirelso lefatshe|moetapele wa lephata la tsa tshireletso lefatshe]] go ya ka molaomotheo wa [[Botswana]].<ref>[https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Botswana_2016 "Botswana 1966 (rev. 2016) Constitution – Constitute".] ''www.constituteproject.org''. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref> Tautona o tlhophiwa ke khuduthamaga, ebong palamente, gantsi ke moeteledipele wa phathi e tona. Molaomotheo o beile sebaka sa puso mo dingwageng tse tlhano gabedi. Tautona wa ntlha go tlhophiwa ka molaomotheo ke Sir [[Seretse Khama]], o e neng e le tonakgolo go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1965 go tsena 1966, morago a dira e le tautona go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka Phukwi a le lesome le boraro, ngwaga wa 1980.<ref>[http://www.rulers.org/rulb1.html#botswana "Countries Ba-Bo".] ''www.rulers.org''. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref> Tautona wa gompieno ke [[Duma Boko]], o o tlhophilweng ke khuduthamaga ka Ngwanatsele a rogwa ngwaga wa 2024 morago ga ditlhopho tsa lefatshe tsa 2024. Tautona o ka ntshiwa mo setilong ka tshutiso ya go sa kgotsofalele ka fa a busang ka teng. == Setlha sa botautona == Tautona o tlhophiwa a bo a neelwa setlha sa dingwaga tse tlhano tse di mo setlheng sa [[National Assembly]].<ref>[https://freedomhouse.org/country/botswana/freedom-world/2023 "Botswana: Freedom in the World 2023 Country Report".] ''Freedom House''. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref> Pele tautona o ne a kgona go busediwa fela makgetho a le mantsi. Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 1997, mo pusong ya tautona wa bobedi [[Quett Masire]], setlha sa botautona se ne sa dirisiwa ele la ntlha mo pusong.<ref>Padnani, Amisha (29 June 2017). [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/29/world/africa/ketumile-masire-dead-botswana-president.html "Ketumile Masire, Who Shaped and Led a Vibrant Botswana, Dies at 91"]. ''The New York Times''. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0362-4331 0362-4331]. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref><ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210520204502/https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament/history "History"]. ''www.parliament.gov.bw''. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref> Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 1998, tautona o ka nna mo setilong dingwaga di le lesome fela, di tlhomagana kgotsa di kgaogane.<ref name=":0" /> Tautona wa ntlha yo o lekantshitseng seelo sa setlha sa botautona ke [[Festus Mogae]] yo a neng a tshwanelwa ke go tlogela ka ngwaga wa 2008.<ref>Cook, Candace; Siegle, Joseph. [https://africacenter.org/spotlight/circumvention-of-term-limits-weakens-governance-in-africa/ "Circumvention of Term Limits Weakens Governance in Africa".] ''Africa Center for Strategic Studies''. Retrieved 26 September 2025.</ref> Tautona mongwe le mongwe o fiwa madi a bogodi.<ref>[https://botswanalaws.com/consolidated-statutes/principle-legislation/presidents-pensions-and-retirement-benefits "PRESIDENTS (PENSIONS AND RETIREMENT BENEFITS)".] ''Botswana Laws''. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref> == Tlhopho == Ka nako ya letsholo la ditlhopho tsa setshaba, bontlhopheng botlhe ba Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba ba bolela gore ba tshegetsa mang go nna Tautona fa ba tsenya dipampiri tsa bone tsa go tlhopho. Fa lekoko kgotsa kgolagano e bona bontsi jo bo feletseng jwa maloko a palamente a a tlhophilweng mo ditlhophong tsa peomolao, ntlhopheng wa lone wa botautona, ka metlha e le moeteledipele wa lekoko kgotsa [[kgolagano]], o nna tautona yo mosha ka bonako ntle le go tlhoka tlhopho ya go beeletsa.<ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120804023106/http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 "Constitution of Botswana 1966"]. ''www.commonlii.org''. Retrieved 28 Lwetse 2025.</ref><ref>[[:en:President_of_Botswana#CITEREFChaudry2009|Chaudry 2009.]]</ref><ref>[[:en:President_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2006|Ntuane 2006.]]</ref> Mo tirisong, ka ditlhopho tsa peomolao di dirwa ka [[go tlhopha ga ntlha]], ditlhopho di ntse di tlhagisa mebuso ya bontsi jwa lekoko le le lengwe fa e sale ka ditlhopho tsa setshaba tsa ntlha ka 1965 mme ka jalo ditlhopho tsa botautona ka Maloko a Palamente ga di ise di ko di diragale. Tautona o tlhophiwa ke maloko a Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba morago ga ditlhopho tsa setshaba tse di tlhagisang palamente e e senang mofenyi. Fa go ka direga gore go se nne le ntlhopheng ope yo o bonang bontsi jo bo bonolo, Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba e tlhopha tautona ka ditlhopho tsa sephiri, ka bontsi jo bo bonolo jwa palogotlhe ya Maloko a Palamente (ntle le Maloko a Palamente a a 'tlhophilweng ka tsela e e faphegileng') a a tlhokegang go fenya. Ditlhopho tse di lekanyeditswe fela go bontlhopheng ba lekoko la bone le nang le bonnye jwa mapalamente a le lesome. Fa, morago ga dikgato di le tharo tsa go tlhopha, go sa tlhophiwe ntlhopheng ope, dikgato tse pedi tsa tlaleletso di ka dumelelwa ke [[sebui]], fa go tsewa gore ditlhopho tse di atlegileng di sa ntse di kgonega. Fa dikgato tseno le tsone di ka palelwa ke go ntsha mofenyi, kgotsa fa sebui se ka gana go ntsha tetla ya dikgato tse dingwe, Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba e tla phatlaladiwa mme go tla tshwarwa [[ditlhopho tsa potlako]].<ref name=":1" /> Go falola ga ga tautona mo maemong a gagwe go ikaegile ka gore a puso ya bone [[e tshepiwa]] ke bontsi jwa Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba. Ba ka tlosiwa ka [[kakanyetso ya go tlhoka tshepo]], e e dirang gore ba tlogele tiro kgotsa fa go sa nna jalo, [[palamente e phatlaladiwe]] fa tautona a ka gana go dira jalo, se se tsosang ditlhopho tsa potlako. == Dithata tsa ga Tautona == Tautona ke tlhogo ya lefatshe, tlhogo ya puso le molaodi mogolo wa [[sesole sa Botswana]]. Ditshwanelo, maikarabelo le tuelo ya ga tautona di kwadilwe mo Kgaolong ya III ya [[Molaomotheo]] le ditiro tse di latelang tse di fetisitsweng ke Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba. Dithata tsa tiragatso tsa rephaboliki di beilwe mo maruding a ga tautona, yo o firang badiredi ba ba farologanyeng mo maemong a a kwadilweng mo Molaomotheong, tse di botlhokwa thata mo go tsone ke ditona tsa kabinete le Baatlhodi ba Boikuelo ba Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo. Tautona o tshwanetse go buisana le Kabinete mo mererong e e farologaneng ya melao. Tautona o ne a ka dumela kgotsa a gana tumelelo ya gagwe mo melaong e e fetisitsweng ke Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba. Fa Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba e ka fetisa molaokakanyetso gape Tautona o tla amogela kgotsa a gana tumelelo ya gagwe mo malatsing a le masome mabedi le motso, kgotsa a ka phatlalatsa Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba. Tautona o newa dithata tsa molaomotheo tsa go itsise maemo a tshoganyetso a setšhaba le go neelana ka maitshwarelo kgotsa go fetola ka kgakololo ya Komiti ya Bogakolodi ya Prerogative of Mercy. == Prime Minister of the Bechuanaland Protectorate == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} ! style="width:80px;" |Picture !Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}} !Elected !Took office !Left office !Political Party |- ! style="background:{{party color|Botswana Democratic Party}}; color:white;" |1 | |'''[[Seretse Khama]]''' {{small|(1921–1980)}} |[[1965 Bechuanaland general election|1965]] |3 March 1965 |30 September 1966 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- |} == Tautona wa Botswana (1966–go tsena gompieno) == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} ! style="width:80px;" |Picture !Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}} !Elected !Took office !Left office !Political Party |- ! 1 | |'''[[Seretse Khama]]''' {{small|(1921–1980)}} |[[1965 Bechuanaland general election|1965]] [[1969 Botswana general election|1969]] [[1974 Botswana general election|1974]] [[1979 Botswana general election|1979]] |30 September 1966 |13 July 1980 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 2 |[[Setshwantsho:QuettMasire1980_(cropped).jpg|107x107px]] |'''[[Quett Masire]]''' {{small|(1925–2017)}} |[[1984 Botswana general election|1984]] [[1989 Botswana general election|1989]] [[1994 Botswana general election|1994]] |18 July 1980 |31 March 1998 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 3 |[[Setshwantsho:Festus_Mogae_2009-06-23.jpg|99x99px]] |'''[[Festus Mogae]]''' {{small|(1939–)}} |[[1999 Botswana general election|1999]] [[2004 Botswana general election|2004]] |1 April 1998 |1 April 2008 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 4 |[[Setshwantsho:Ian_Khama_(2014)_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg|107x107px]] |'''[[Ian Khama]]''' {{small|(1953–)}} |[[2009 Botswana general election|2009]] [[2014 Botswana general election|2014]] |1 April 2008 |1 April 2018 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 5 |[[Setshwantsho:Illegal_Wildlife_Trade_Conference_London_2018_(45245990491)_(cropped_Version_2).jpg|83x83px]] |'''[[Mokgweetsi Masisi]]''' {{small|(1961–)}} |[[2019 Botswana general election|2019]] |1 April 2018 |Incumbent |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- !6 | |[[Duma Boko]] (1969) |2024 |Ngwanatsele a rogwa ngwaga wa 2024 |O o mo pusong |BNF (UDC) |- |} == Batshwareledi ba ga Tautona wa Botswana == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}} ! rowspan="2" style="width:80px;" |Portrait ! rowspan="2" |Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}} ! colspan="2" |Term of office ! rowspan="2" |Political party |- !Took office !Left office |- ! 1 |[[Setshwantsho:QuettMasire1980_(cropped).jpg|107x107px]] |[[Quett Masire]]{{small|(1926–2017)}} |13 July 1980 |18 July 1980 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 2 |[[Setshwantsho:No_image.png|80x80px]] |[[Lenyeletse Seretse]]{{small|(1921–1983)}} |26 July 1980 |29 July 1980 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 3 | |[[Peter Mmusi]]{{small|(1928–1994)}} |9 January 1983 |10 January 1983 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 4 |[[Setshwantsho:Festus_Mogae_2009-06-23.jpg|99x99px]] |[[Festus Mogae]]{{small|(born 1939)}} |9 March 1992 |31 March 1992 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 5 |[[Setshwantsho:Ian_Khama_(2014)_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg|107x107px]] |[[Ian Khama]]{{small|(born 1953)}} |1 July 1998 |13 July 1998 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 6 |[[Setshwantsho:Mompati_Merafhe_071203-F-9074R-083_0YE9L.jpg|89x89px]] |[[Mompati Merafhe]]{{small|(1936–2015)}} |1 April 2008 |7 April 2008 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 7 |[[Setshwantsho:Ponatshego_Kedikilwe_(cropped_3x4).jpg|107x107px]] |[[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]]{{small|(born 1938)}} |1 August 2012 |1 August 2012 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 8 |[[Setshwantsho:Mokgweetsi_E.K._Masisi,_President_of_the_Republic_of_Botswana.jpg|112x112px]] |[[Mokgweetsi Masisi]]{{small|(born 1961)}} |1 April 2018 |1 April 2018 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 9 |[[Setshwantsho:Slumber_Tsogwane.JPG|95x95px]] |[[Slumber Tsogwane]]{{small|(born 1959)}} |1 April 2021 |26 April 2021 | |} == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Polotiki ya Botswana]] * [[Mothusa Tautona wa Botswana|Mothusa tautona wa Botswana]] == Metswedi == * [[Karolo:Bo tautona ba Botswana]] == Paka ya botautona == Tautona o tlhophelwa paka ya dingwaga di le tlhano e e tsamayang ka go lekalekana le paka ya lekgotla la [[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Kokoano ya matona a puso]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana: Freedom in the World 2023 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/botswana/freedom-world/2023 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref> Pele, tautona o ne a ka tlhophiwa gape makgetho a le mantsi fela. E rile ka ngwaga wa 1997, ka fa tlase ga puso ya tautona wa bobedi, rre [[Quett Masire]], go ne ga bewa ditekanyetso tsa paka mo ofising lekgetho la ntlha. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament/history |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=www.parliament.gov.bw}}</ref> Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 1998, tautona o ntse a lekanyeditswe palo ya dingwaga di le lesome mo maemong (e e lekanang le dipaka tsa go busa di le pedi tse di tletseng), e ka tswa e le tsa go latelana kgotsa di kgaogane. <ref name=":0" /> Tautona wa ntlha yo go neng ga dirisiwa ditekanyetso tsa paka ya gagwe e ne e le rre [[Festus Mogae]], yo o neng a tshwanelwa ke go tlogela setilo sa botautona go ya go ile ka ngwaga wa 2008 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cook |first=Candace |last2=Siegle |first2=Joseph |title=Circumvention of Term Limits Weakens Governance in Africa |url=https://africacenter.org/spotlight/circumvention-of-term-limits-weakens-governance-in-africa/ |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=Africa Center for Strategic Studies}}</ref> Tautona mongwe le mongwe o bona madi a a duelwang kgwedi le kgwedi a a netefaditsweng morago ga go tlogela tiro. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PRESIDENTS (PENSIONS AND RETIREMENT BENEFITS) |url=https://botswanalaws.com/consolidated-statutes/principle-legislation/presidents-pensions-and-retirement-benefits |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=Botswana Laws}}</ref> == Tlhopho == Ka nako ya letsholo la ditlhopho-kakaretso, bo ntlhopheng botlhe ba lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso ba bolela gore ba ema nokeng mang go nna tautona fa ba tsenya dipampiri tsa bone tsa go tlhophiwa. Fa lekoko kgotsa [[:en:Electoral_alliance|kgolagano]] e bona bontsi jo bo feletseng jwa maloko a palamente a a tlhophilweng mo ditlhophong tsa peomelao, ntlhopheng wa lone yo o emetseng botautona, yo e nnang fela e le moeteledipele wa lekoko kgotsa kgolagano, o nna ene tautona yo moša gone foo kwa ntle ga go tlhoka tlhopho ya go beeletsa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana 1966 |url=http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=www.commonlii.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ntuane |first=Batsalo |date=2006-05-22 |title=Democratic forces must safeguard presidential term limits |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/2006/May/Monday22/236196386145.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623170008/http://www.mmegi.bw/2006/May/Monday22/236196386145.html |archive-date=2018-06-23 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=Mmegi.bw}}</ref> Mo tirisong, ka ntlha ya fa ditlhopho tsa lekgotla la peomolao di dirwa ka mofuta wa [[:en:First-past-the-post_voting|'first-past-the-post']], ditlhopho di ntse di ntsha dipuso tsa bontsi jwa lekoko le le lengwe fa e sale ka [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa ntlha ka ngwaga wa 1965]] mme ka jalo tlhopho ya botautona ka ntlha ya maloko a palamente ga e ise e diragale. == Tlhopho == Ka nako ya letsholo la ditlhopho-kakaretso, bo ntlhopheng botlhe ba lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso ba bolela gore ba ema nokeng mang go nna tautona fa ba tsenya dipampiri tsa bone tsa go tlhophiwa. Fa lekoko kgotsa [[:en:Electoral_alliance|kgolagano]] e bona bontsi jo bo feletseng jwa maloko a palamente a a tlhophilweng mo ditlhophong tsa peomelao, ntlhopheng wa lone yo o emetseng botautona, yo e nnang fela e le moeteledipele wa lekoko kgotsa kgolagano, o nna ene tautona yo moša gone foo kwa ntle ga go tlhoka tlhopho ya go beeletsa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana 1966 |url=http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=www.commonlii.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ntuane |first=Batsalo |date=2006-05-22 |title=Democratic forces must safeguard presidential term limits |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/2006/May/Monday22/236196386145.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623170008/http://www.mmegi.bw/2006/May/Monday22/236196386145.html |archive-date=2018-06-23 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=Mmegi.bw}}</ref> Mo tirisong, ka ntlha ya fa ditlhopho tsa lekgotla la peomolao di dirwa ka mofuta wa [[:en:First-past-the-post_voting|'first-past-the-post']], ditlhopho di ntse di ntsha dipuso tsa bontsi jwa lekoko le le lengwe fa e sale ka [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa ntlha ka ngwaga wa 1965]] mme ka jalo tlhopho ya botautona ka ntlha ya maloko a palamente ga e ise e diragale. Tautona o tlhophiwa ke maloko a lekgotla la [[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Kokoano ya matona a puso]] morago ga ditlhophokakaretso tse di tlhagisang [[:en:Hung_parliament|palamente e e sa nneng le bontsi jwa setlhopha sepe]]. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2015-12-01 |title=Election note: Botswana's 2014 parliamentary elections |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026137941500102X |journal=Electoral Studies |language=en-US |volume=40 |pages=444–447 |doi=10.1016/j.electstud.2015.05.001 |issn=0261-3794 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Fa go ka diragala gore go seka ga nna le ntlhopheng ope yo o bonang bontsi jo bo nametsang jwa ditlhopho, lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso le tlhopha tautona ka ditlhopho tsa sephiri, ka bontsi jo bo nametsang jwa maloko a palamente (ntle le maloko a palamente a a 'tlhophilweng ka tsela e e faphegileng') a a tlhokegang go fenya. Ditlhopho tse di lekanyeditswe fela bo ntlhopheng ba lekoko la bone le nang le bonnye jwa mapalamente a ka tshwara lesome. Fa e kare, morago ga makgetho a le mararo a go tlhopha, ga seka ga tlhophiwa ntlhopheng ope, makgetho a mangwe a le mabedi a tlaleletso a ka dumelelwa ke [[:en:Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Botswana|motsamaisa dipuisano tsa palamente,]] se se diragala fa go bonwa gore ditlhopho tse di atlegileng di sa ntse di ka kgonagala. Fa makgetho a, le one a ka palelwa ke go ntsha mofenyi, kgotsa fa motsamaisa dipuisano a ka gana go ntsha tetla ya makgetho a mangwe, lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso le a phatlaladiwa mme go bo go tshwarwa [[:en:Snap_election|ditlhopho tsa ka bonako]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana 1966 |url=http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=www.commonlii.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 "Constitution of Botswana 1966"]. </cite></ref> == Tlhopho == Ka nako ya letsholo la ditlhopho-kakaretso, bo ntlhopheng botlhe ba lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso ba bolela gore ba ema nokeng mang go nna tautona fa ba tsenya dipampiri tsa bone tsa go tlhophiwa. Fa lekoko kgotsa [[:en:Electoral_alliance|kgolagano]] e bona bontsi jo bo feletseng jwa maloko a palamente a a tlhophilweng mo ditlhophong tsa peomelao, ntlhopheng wa lone yo o emetseng botautona, yo e nnang fela e le moeteledipele wa lekoko kgotsa kgolagano, o nna ene tautona yo moša gone foo kwa ntle ga go tlhoka tlhopho ya go beeletsa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana 1966 |url=http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=www.commonlii.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ntuane |first=Batsalo |date=2006-05-22 |title=Democratic forces must safeguard presidential term limits |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/2006/May/Monday22/236196386145.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623170008/http://www.mmegi.bw/2006/May/Monday22/236196386145.html |archive-date=2018-06-23 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=Mmegi.bw}}</ref> Mo tirisong, ka ntlha ya fa ditlhopho tsa lekgotla la peomolao di dirwa ka mofuta wa [[:en:First-past-the-post_voting|'first-past-the-post']], ditlhopho di ntse di ntsha dipuso tsa bontsi jwa lekoko le le lengwe fa e sale ka [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa ntlha ka ngwaga wa 1965]] mme ka jalo tlhopho ya botautona ka ntlha ya maloko a palamente ga e ise e diragale. Tautona o tlhophiwa ke maloko a lekgotla la [[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Kokoano ya matona a puso]] morago ga ditlhophokakaretso tse di tlhagisang [[:en:Hung_parliament|palamente e e sa nneng le bontsi jwa setlhopha sepe]]. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2015-12-01 |title=Election note: Botswana's 2014 parliamentary elections |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026137941500102X |journal=Electoral Studies |language=en-US |volume=40 |pages=444–447 |doi=10.1016/j.electstud.2015.05.001 |issn=0261-3794 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Fa go ka diragala gore go seka ga nna le ntlhopheng ope yo o bonang bontsi jo bo nametsang jwa ditlhopho, lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso le tlhopha tautona ka ditlhopho tsa sephiri, ka bontsi jo bo nametsang jwa maloko a palamente (ntle le maloko a palamente a a 'tlhophilweng ka tsela e e faphegileng') a a tlhokegang go fenya. Ditlhopho tse di lekanyeditswe fela bo ntlhopheng ba lekoko la bone le nang le bonnye jwa mapalamente a ka tshwara lesome. Fa e kare, morago ga makgetho a le mararo a go tlhopha, ga seka ga tlhophiwa ntlhopheng ope, makgetho a mangwe a le mabedi a tlaleletso a ka dumelelwa ke [[:en:Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Botswana|motsamaisa dipuisano tsa palamente,]] se se diragala fa go bonwa gore ditlhopho tse di atlegileng di sa ntse di ka kgonagala. Fa makgetho a, le one a ka palelwa ke go ntsha mofenyi, kgotsa fa motsamaisa dipuisano a ka gana go ntsha tetla ya makgetho a mangwe, lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso le a phatlaladiwa mme go bo go tshwarwa [[:en:Snap_election|ditlhopho tsa ka bonako]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana 1966 |url=http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=www.commonlii.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 "Constitution of Botswana 1966"]. </cite></ref> Go falola ga ga tautona mo go tshwareleleng maemo a gagwe go ikaegile ka gore a puso ya gagwe e [[:en:Motion_of_no_confidence|tshepiwa]] ke bontsi jwa maloko a lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso. Tautona o ka sutisiwa mo maemong a gagwe ka [[:en:Motion_of_no_confidence|tlhopho ya go tlhoka tshepo]], e e felelang e dira gore ba tlogele setilo kgotsa fa go sa nna jalo, [[:en:Dissolution_of_parliament|palamente e a phatlaladiwa]] fa tautona a sa dumele go dira jalo, se se felela se dira gore go nne le ditlhopho tsa ka bonako. == Dithata tsa botautona == Tautona ke mookamedi wa lefatshe, mookamedi wa puso le molaodi-mogolo wa [[:en:South_African_National_Defence_Force|sesole sa Botswana]] . Ditshwanelo, maikarabelo le dituelo tsa ga tautona di kwadilwe mo kgaolong ya boraro ya [[:en:Constitution_of_South_Africa|Molaotheo]] le ditiro tse di latelang tse di fetisitsweng ke lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso. == Dithata tsa botautona == Tautona ke mookamedi wa lefatshe, mookamedi wa puso le molaodi-mogolo wa [[:en:South_African_National_Defence_Force|sesole sa Botswana]] . Ditshwanelo, maikarabelo le dituelo tsa ga tautona di kwadilwe mo kgaolong ya boraro ya [[:en:Constitution_of_South_Africa|Molaotheo]] le ditiro tse di latelang tse di fetisitsweng ke lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso. Dithata tsa tsamaiso ya lefatshe di beilwe mo go tautona, yo o thapang matona a a farologaneng mo maemong a a balolotsweng mo Molaomotheong, a a botlhokwa le go feta go akaretsa matona a makalana a a farologaneng a puso le baatlhodi ba Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo. Tautona o tshwanetse go buisana le khabinete ya gagwe mo mererong e e farologaneng ya melao. Tautona o ka dumela kgotsa a gana tetla ya gagwe mo melaong e e fetisitsweng ke lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso. Fa lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso le ka fetisa molaokakanyetso gape tautona o tlaa tshwanelwa ke go amogela kgotsa go gana tumelelo ya gagwe mo malatsing a le masome a mabedi le bongwe, kgotsa a ka phatlalatsa lekgotla la matona a puso. Tautona o fiwa dithata tsa molaotheo tsa go itsise diemo tsa tshoganetso tsa setšhaba le go aba maitshwarelo ka kgakololo ya komiti ya Bogakolodi ya maatla a go itshwarela kgotsa go fokotsa katlholo. shbai3jgzxsz8uwrxezwjv2qynoabp3 53088 53087 2026-07-24T11:15:57Z Lame Ralosetlha 12932 #Wikipedia25BW 53088 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|image=Duma Boko 2025 (cropped).jpg|incumbent=[[Duma Boko]]|term=Dingwaga tse tlhano|date=Ngwanatsele a rogwa ngwaga wa 2024|residence=State House|deputy=Mothusa tona wa Botswana}} '''Tautona wa Botswana''' ke [[moeteledipele wa lefatshe]], tlhogo ya puso ya [[Botswana]], [[moetapele wa lephata la tsa tshirelso lefatshe|moetapele wa lephata la tsa tshireletso lefatshe]] go ya ka molaomotheo wa [[Botswana]].<ref>[https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Botswana_2016 "Botswana 1966 (rev. 2016) Constitution – Constitute".] ''www.constituteproject.org''. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref> Tautona o tlhophiwa ke khuduthamaga, ebong palamente, gantsi ke moeteledipele wa phathi e tona. Molaomotheo o beile sebaka sa puso mo dingwageng tse tlhano gabedi. Tautona wa ntlha go tlhophiwa ka molaomotheo ke Sir [[Seretse Khama]], o e neng e le tonakgolo go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1965 go tsena 1966, morago a dira e le tautona go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka Phukwi a le lesome le boraro, ngwaga wa 1980.<ref>[http://www.rulers.org/rulb1.html#botswana "Countries Ba-Bo".] ''www.rulers.org''. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref> Tautona wa gompieno ke [[Duma Boko]], o o tlhophilweng ke khuduthamaga ka Ngwanatsele a rogwa ngwaga wa 2024 morago ga ditlhopho tsa lefatshe tsa 2024. Tautona o ka ntshiwa mo setilong ka tshutiso ya go sa kgotsofalele ka fa a busang ka teng. == Setlha sa botautona == Tautona o tlhophiwa a bo a neelwa setlha sa dingwaga tse tlhano tse di mo setlheng sa [[National Assembly]].<ref>[https://freedomhouse.org/country/botswana/freedom-world/2023 "Botswana: Freedom in the World 2023 Country Report".] ''Freedom House''. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref> Pele tautona o ne a kgona go busediwa fela makgetho a le mantsi. Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 1997, mo pusong ya tautona wa bobedi [[Quett Masire]], setlha sa botautona se ne sa dirisiwa ele la ntlha mo pusong.<ref>Padnani, Amisha (29 June 2017). [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/29/world/africa/ketumile-masire-dead-botswana-president.html "Ketumile Masire, Who Shaped and Led a Vibrant Botswana, Dies at 91"]. ''The New York Times''. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0362-4331 0362-4331]. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref><ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210520204502/https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament/history "History"]. ''www.parliament.gov.bw''. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref> Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 1998, tautona o ka nna mo setilong dingwaga di le lesome fela, di tlhomagana kgotsa di kgaogane.<ref name=":0" /> Tautona wa ntlha yo o lekantshitseng seelo sa setlha sa botautona ke [[Festus Mogae]] yo a neng a tshwanelwa ke go tlogela ka ngwaga wa 2008.<ref>Cook, Candace; Siegle, Joseph. [https://africacenter.org/spotlight/circumvention-of-term-limits-weakens-governance-in-africa/ "Circumvention of Term Limits Weakens Governance in Africa".] ''Africa Center for Strategic Studies''. Retrieved 26 September 2025.</ref> Tautona mongwe le mongwe o fiwa madi a bogodi.<ref>[https://botswanalaws.com/consolidated-statutes/principle-legislation/presidents-pensions-and-retirement-benefits "PRESIDENTS (PENSIONS AND RETIREMENT BENEFITS)".] ''Botswana Laws''. Retrieved 26 September 2025</ref> == Tlhopho == Ka nako ya letsholo la ditlhopho tsa setshaba, bontlhopheng botlhe ba Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba ba bolela gore ba tshegetsa mang go nna Tautona fa ba tsenya dipampiri tsa bone tsa go tlhopho. Fa lekoko kgotsa kgolagano e bona bontsi jo bo feletseng jwa maloko a palamente a a tlhophilweng mo ditlhophong tsa peomolao, ntlhopheng wa lone wa botautona, ka metlha e le moeteledipele wa lekoko kgotsa [[kgolagano]], o nna tautona o mosha ka bonako ntle le go tlhoka tlhopho ya go beeletsa.<ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120804023106/http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 "Constitution of Botswana 1966"]. ''www.commonlii.org''. Retrieved 28 Lwetse 2025.</ref><ref>[[:en:President_of_Botswana#CITEREFChaudry2009|Chaudry 2009.]]</ref><ref>[[:en:President_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2006|Ntuane 2006.]]</ref> Mo tirisong, ka ditlhopho tsa peomolao di dirwa ka [[go tlhopha ga ntlha]], ditlhopho di ntse di tlhagisa mebuso ya bontsi jwa lekoko le le lengwe fa e sale ka ditlhopho tsa setshaba tsa ntlha ka 1965 mme ka jalo ditlhopho tsa botautona ka Maloko a Palamente ga di ise di ko di diragale. Tautona o tlhophiwa ke maloko a Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba morago ga ditlhopho tsa setshaba tse di tlhagisang palamente e e senang mofenyi. Fa go ka direga gore go se nne le ntlhopheng ope yo o bonang bontsi jo bo bonolo, Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba e tlhopha tautona ka ditlhopho tsa sephiri, ka bontsi jo bo bonolo jwa palogotlhe ya Maloko a Palamente (ntle le Maloko a Palamente a a 'tlhophilweng ka tsela e e faphegileng') a a tlhokegang go fenya. Ditlhopho tse di lekanyeditswe fela go bontlhopheng ba lekoko la bone le nang le bonnye jwa mapalamente a le lesome. Fa, morago ga dikgato di le tharo tsa go tlhopha, go sa tlhophiwe ntlhopheng ope, dikgato tse pedi tsa tlaleletso di ka dumelelwa ke [[sebui]], fa go tsewa gore ditlhopho tse di atlegileng di sa ntse di kgonega. Fa dikgato tseno le tsone di ka palelwa ke go ntsha mofenyi, kgotsa fa sebui se ka gana go ntsha tetla ya dikgato tse dingwe, Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba e tla phatlaladiwa mme go tla tshwarwa [[ditlhopho tsa potlako]].<ref name=":1" /> Go falola ga ga tautona mo maemong a gagwe go ikaegile ka gore a puso ya bone [[e tshepiwa]] ke bontsi jwa Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba. Ba ka tlosiwa ka [[kakanyetso ya go tlhoka tshepo]], e e dirang gore ba tlogele tiro kgotsa fa go sa nna jalo, [[palamente e phatlaladiwe]] fa tautona a ka gana go dira jalo, se se tsosang ditlhopho tsa potlako. == Dithata tsa ga Tautona == Tautona ke tlhogo ya lefatshe, tlhogo ya puso le molaodi mogolo wa [[sesole sa Botswana]]. Ditshwanelo, maikarabelo le tuelo ya ga tautona di kwadilwe mo Kgaolong ya III ya [[Molaomotheo]] le ditiro tse di latelang tse di fetisitsweng ke Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba. Dithata tsa tiragatso tsa rephaboliki di beilwe mo maruding a ga tautona, yo o firang badiredi ba ba farologanyeng mo maemong a a kwadilweng mo Molaomotheong, tse di botlhokwa thata mo go tsone ke ditona tsa kabinete le Baatlhodi ba Boikuelo ba Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo. Tautona o tshwanetse go buisana le Kabinete mo mererong e e farologaneng ya melao. Tautona o ne a ka dumela kgotsa a gana tumelelo ya gagwe mo melaong e e fetisitsweng ke Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba. Fa Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba e ka fetisa molaokakanyetso gape Tautona o tla amogela kgotsa a gana tumelelo ya gagwe mo malatsing a le masome mabedi le motso, kgotsa a ka phatlalatsa Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba. Tautona o newa dithata tsa molaomotheo tsa go itsise maemo a tshoganyetso a setšhaba le go neelana ka maitshwarelo kgotsa go fetola ka kgakololo ya Komiti ya Bogakolodi ya Prerogative of Mercy. == Prime Minister of the Bechuanaland Protectorate == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} ! style="width:80px;" |Picture !Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}} !Elected !Took office !Left office !Political Party |- ! style="background:{{party color|Botswana Democratic Party}}; color:white;" |1 | |'''[[Seretse Khama]]''' {{small|(1921–1980)}} |[[1965 Bechuanaland general election|1965]] |3 March 1965 |30 September 1966 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- |} == Tautona wa Botswana (1966–go tsena gompieno) == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} ! style="width:80px;" |Picture !Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}} !Elected !Took office !Left office !Political Party |- ! 1 | |'''[[Seretse Khama]]''' {{small|(1921–1980)}} |[[1965 Bechuanaland general election|1965]] [[1969 Botswana general election|1969]] [[1974 Botswana general election|1974]] [[1979 Botswana general election|1979]] |30 September 1966 |13 July 1980 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 2 |[[Setshwantsho:QuettMasire1980_(cropped).jpg|107x107px]] |'''[[Quett Masire]]''' {{small|(1925–2017)}} |[[1984 Botswana general election|1984]] [[1989 Botswana general election|1989]] [[1994 Botswana general election|1994]] |18 July 1980 |31 March 1998 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 3 |[[Setshwantsho:Festus_Mogae_2009-06-23.jpg|99x99px]] |'''[[Festus Mogae]]''' {{small|(1939–)}} |[[1999 Botswana general election|1999]] [[2004 Botswana general election|2004]] |1 April 1998 |1 April 2008 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 4 |[[Setshwantsho:Ian_Khama_(2014)_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg|107x107px]] |'''[[Ian Khama]]''' {{small|(1953–)}} |[[2009 Botswana general election|2009]] [[2014 Botswana general election|2014]] |1 April 2008 |1 April 2018 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 5 |[[Setshwantsho:Illegal_Wildlife_Trade_Conference_London_2018_(45245990491)_(cropped_Version_2).jpg|83x83px]] |'''[[Mokgweetsi Masisi]]''' {{small|(1961–)}} |[[2019 Botswana general election|2019]] |1 April 2018 |Incumbent |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- !6 | |[[Duma Boko]] (1969) |2024 |Ngwanatsele a rogwa ngwaga wa 2024 |O o mo pusong |BNF (UDC) |- |} == Batshwareledi ba ga Tautona wa Botswana == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}} ! rowspan="2" style="width:80px;" |Portrait ! rowspan="2" |Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}} ! colspan="2" |Term of office ! rowspan="2" |Political party |- !Took office !Left office |- ! 1 |[[Setshwantsho:QuettMasire1980_(cropped).jpg|107x107px]] |[[Quett Masire]]{{small|(1926–2017)}} |13 July 1980 |18 July 1980 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 2 |[[Setshwantsho:No_image.png|80x80px]] |[[Lenyeletse Seretse]]{{small|(1921–1983)}} |26 July 1980 |29 July 1980 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 3 | |[[Peter Mmusi]]{{small|(1928–1994)}} |9 January 1983 |10 January 1983 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 4 |[[Setshwantsho:Festus_Mogae_2009-06-23.jpg|99x99px]] |[[Festus Mogae]]{{small|(born 1939)}} |9 March 1992 |31 March 1992 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 5 |[[Setshwantsho:Ian_Khama_(2014)_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg|107x107px]] |[[Ian Khama]]{{small|(born 1953)}} |1 July 1998 |13 July 1998 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 6 |[[Setshwantsho:Mompati_Merafhe_071203-F-9074R-083_0YE9L.jpg|89x89px]] |[[Mompati Merafhe]]{{small|(1936–2015)}} |1 April 2008 |7 April 2008 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 7 |[[Setshwantsho:Ponatshego_Kedikilwe_(cropped_3x4).jpg|107x107px]] |[[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]]{{small|(born 1938)}} |1 August 2012 |1 August 2012 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 8 |[[Setshwantsho:Mokgweetsi_E.K._Masisi,_President_of_the_Republic_of_Botswana.jpg|112x112px]] |[[Mokgweetsi Masisi]]{{small|(born 1961)}} |1 April 2018 |1 April 2018 |[[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] |- ! 9 |[[Setshwantsho:Slumber_Tsogwane.JPG|95x95px]] |[[Slumber Tsogwane]]{{small|(born 1959)}} |1 April 2021 |26 April 2021 | |} == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Polotiki ya Botswana]] * [[Mothusa Tautona wa Botswana|Mothusa tautona wa Botswana]] == Metswedi == * [[Karolo:Bo tautona ba Botswana]] == Paka ya botautona == Tautona o tlhophelwa paka ya dingwaga di le tlhano e e tsamayang ka go lekalekana le paka ya lekgotla la [[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Kokoano ya matona a puso]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana: Freedom in the World 2023 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/botswana/freedom-world/2023 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref> Pele, tautona o ne a ka tlhophiwa gape makgetho a le mantsi fela. E rile ka ngwaga wa 1997, ka fa tlase ga puso ya tautona wa bobedi, rre [[Quett Masire]], go ne ga bewa ditekanyetso tsa paka mo ofising lekgetho la ntlha. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament/history |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=www.parliament.gov.bw}}</ref> Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 1998, tautona o ntse a lekanyeditswe palo ya dingwaga di le lesome mo maemong (e e lekanang le dipaka tsa go busa di le pedi tse di tletseng), e ka tswa e le tsa go latelana kgotsa di kgaogane. <ref name=":0" /> Tautona wa ntlha yo go neng ga dirisiwa ditekanyetso tsa paka ya gagwe e ne e le rre [[Festus Mogae]], yo o neng a tshwanelwa ke go tlogela setilo sa botautona go ya go ile ka ngwaga wa 2008 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cook |first=Candace |last2=Siegle |first2=Joseph |title=Circumvention of Term Limits Weakens Governance in Africa |url=https://africacenter.org/spotlight/circumvention-of-term-limits-weakens-governance-in-africa/ |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=Africa Center for Strategic Studies}}</ref> Tautona mongwe le mongwe o bona madi a a duelwang kgwedi le kgwedi a a netefaditsweng morago ga go tlogela tiro. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PRESIDENTS (PENSIONS AND RETIREMENT BENEFITS) |url=https://botswanalaws.com/consolidated-statutes/principle-legislation/presidents-pensions-and-retirement-benefits |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=Botswana Laws}}</ref> == Tlhopho == Ka nako ya letsholo la ditlhopho-kakaretso, bo ntlhopheng botlhe ba lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso ba bolela gore ba ema nokeng mang go nna tautona fa ba tsenya dipampiri tsa bone tsa go tlhophiwa. Fa lekoko kgotsa [[:en:Electoral_alliance|kgolagano]] e bona bontsi jo bo feletseng jwa maloko a palamente a a tlhophilweng mo ditlhophong tsa peomelao, ntlhopheng wa lone yo o emetseng botautona, yo e nnang fela e le moeteledipele wa lekoko kgotsa kgolagano, o nna ene tautona yo moša gone foo kwa ntle ga go tlhoka tlhopho ya go beeletsa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana 1966 |url=http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=www.commonlii.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ntuane |first=Batsalo |date=2006-05-22 |title=Democratic forces must safeguard presidential term limits |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/2006/May/Monday22/236196386145.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623170008/http://www.mmegi.bw/2006/May/Monday22/236196386145.html |archive-date=2018-06-23 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=Mmegi.bw}}</ref> Mo tirisong, ka ntlha ya fa ditlhopho tsa lekgotla la peomolao di dirwa ka mofuta wa [[:en:First-past-the-post_voting|'first-past-the-post']], ditlhopho di ntse di ntsha dipuso tsa bontsi jwa lekoko le le lengwe fa e sale ka [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa ntlha ka ngwaga wa 1965]] mme ka jalo tlhopho ya botautona ka ntlha ya maloko a palamente ga e ise e diragale. == Tlhopho == Ka nako ya letsholo la ditlhopho-kakaretso, bo ntlhopheng botlhe ba lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso ba bolela gore ba ema nokeng mang go nna tautona fa ba tsenya dipampiri tsa bone tsa go tlhophiwa. Fa lekoko kgotsa [[:en:Electoral_alliance|kgolagano]] e bona bontsi jo bo feletseng jwa maloko a palamente a a tlhophilweng mo ditlhophong tsa peomelao, ntlhopheng wa lone yo o emetseng botautona, yo e nnang fela e le moeteledipele wa lekoko kgotsa kgolagano, o nna ene tautona yo moša gone foo kwa ntle ga go tlhoka tlhopho ya go beeletsa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana 1966 |url=http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=www.commonlii.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ntuane |first=Batsalo |date=2006-05-22 |title=Democratic forces must safeguard presidential term limits |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/2006/May/Monday22/236196386145.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623170008/http://www.mmegi.bw/2006/May/Monday22/236196386145.html |archive-date=2018-06-23 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=Mmegi.bw}}</ref> Mo tirisong, ka ntlha ya fa ditlhopho tsa lekgotla la peomolao di dirwa ka mofuta wa [[:en:First-past-the-post_voting|'first-past-the-post']], ditlhopho di ntse di ntsha dipuso tsa bontsi jwa lekoko le le lengwe fa e sale ka [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa ntlha ka ngwaga wa 1965]] mme ka jalo tlhopho ya botautona ka ntlha ya maloko a palamente ga e ise e diragale. Tautona o tlhophiwa ke maloko a lekgotla la [[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Kokoano ya matona a puso]] morago ga ditlhophokakaretso tse di tlhagisang [[:en:Hung_parliament|palamente e e sa nneng le bontsi jwa setlhopha sepe]]. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2015-12-01 |title=Election note: Botswana's 2014 parliamentary elections |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026137941500102X |journal=Electoral Studies |language=en-US |volume=40 |pages=444–447 |doi=10.1016/j.electstud.2015.05.001 |issn=0261-3794 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Fa go ka diragala gore go seka ga nna le ntlhopheng ope yo o bonang bontsi jo bo nametsang jwa ditlhopho, lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso le tlhopha tautona ka ditlhopho tsa sephiri, ka bontsi jo bo nametsang jwa maloko a palamente (ntle le maloko a palamente a a 'tlhophilweng ka tsela e e faphegileng') a a tlhokegang go fenya. Ditlhopho tse di lekanyeditswe fela bo ntlhopheng ba lekoko la bone le nang le bonnye jwa mapalamente a ka tshwara lesome. Fa e kare, morago ga makgetho a le mararo a go tlhopha, ga seka ga tlhophiwa ntlhopheng ope, makgetho a mangwe a le mabedi a tlaleletso a ka dumelelwa ke [[:en:Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Botswana|motsamaisa dipuisano tsa palamente,]] se se diragala fa go bonwa gore ditlhopho tse di atlegileng di sa ntse di ka kgonagala. Fa makgetho a, le one a ka palelwa ke go ntsha mofenyi, kgotsa fa motsamaisa dipuisano a ka gana go ntsha tetla ya makgetho a mangwe, lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso le a phatlaladiwa mme go bo go tshwarwa [[:en:Snap_election|ditlhopho tsa ka bonako]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana 1966 |url=http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=www.commonlii.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 "Constitution of Botswana 1966"]. </cite></ref> == Tlhopho == Ka nako ya letsholo la ditlhopho-kakaretso, bo ntlhopheng botlhe ba lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso ba bolela gore ba ema nokeng mang go nna tautona fa ba tsenya dipampiri tsa bone tsa go tlhophiwa. Fa lekoko kgotsa [[:en:Electoral_alliance|kgolagano]] e bona bontsi jo bo feletseng jwa maloko a palamente a a tlhophilweng mo ditlhophong tsa peomelao, ntlhopheng wa lone yo o emetseng botautona, yo e nnang fela e le moeteledipele wa lekoko kgotsa kgolagano, o nna ene tautona yo moša gone foo kwa ntle ga go tlhoka tlhopho ya go beeletsa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana 1966 |url=http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=www.commonlii.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ntuane |first=Batsalo |date=2006-05-22 |title=Democratic forces must safeguard presidential term limits |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/2006/May/Monday22/236196386145.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623170008/http://www.mmegi.bw/2006/May/Monday22/236196386145.html |archive-date=2018-06-23 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=Mmegi.bw}}</ref> Mo tirisong, ka ntlha ya fa ditlhopho tsa lekgotla la peomolao di dirwa ka mofuta wa [[:en:First-past-the-post_voting|'first-past-the-post']], ditlhopho di ntse di ntsha dipuso tsa bontsi jwa lekoko le le lengwe fa e sale ka [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa ntlha ka ngwaga wa 1965]] mme ka jalo tlhopho ya botautona ka ntlha ya maloko a palamente ga e ise e diragale. Tautona o tlhophiwa ke maloko a lekgotla la [[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Kokoano ya matona a puso]] morago ga ditlhophokakaretso tse di tlhagisang [[:en:Hung_parliament|palamente e e sa nneng le bontsi jwa setlhopha sepe]]. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2015-12-01 |title=Election note: Botswana's 2014 parliamentary elections |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026137941500102X |journal=Electoral Studies |language=en-US |volume=40 |pages=444–447 |doi=10.1016/j.electstud.2015.05.001 |issn=0261-3794 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Fa go ka diragala gore go seka ga nna le ntlhopheng ope yo o bonang bontsi jo bo nametsang jwa ditlhopho, lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso le tlhopha tautona ka ditlhopho tsa sephiri, ka bontsi jo bo nametsang jwa maloko a palamente (ntle le maloko a palamente a a 'tlhophilweng ka tsela e e faphegileng') a a tlhokegang go fenya. Ditlhopho tse di lekanyeditswe fela bo ntlhopheng ba lekoko la bone le nang le bonnye jwa mapalamente a ka tshwara lesome. Fa e kare, morago ga makgetho a le mararo a go tlhopha, ga seka ga tlhophiwa ntlhopheng ope, makgetho a mangwe a le mabedi a tlaleletso a ka dumelelwa ke [[:en:Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Botswana|motsamaisa dipuisano tsa palamente,]] se se diragala fa go bonwa gore ditlhopho tse di atlegileng di sa ntse di ka kgonagala. Fa makgetho a, le one a ka palelwa ke go ntsha mofenyi, kgotsa fa motsamaisa dipuisano a ka gana go ntsha tetla ya makgetho a mangwe, lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso le a phatlaladiwa mme go bo go tshwarwa [[:en:Snap_election|ditlhopho tsa ka bonako]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana 1966 |url=http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=www.commonlii.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html#Ch4P1 "Constitution of Botswana 1966"]. </cite></ref> Go falola ga ga tautona mo go tshwareleleng maemo a gagwe go ikaegile ka gore a puso ya gagwe e [[:en:Motion_of_no_confidence|tshepiwa]] ke bontsi jwa maloko a lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso. Tautona o ka sutisiwa mo maemong a gagwe ka [[:en:Motion_of_no_confidence|tlhopho ya go tlhoka tshepo]], e e felelang e dira gore ba tlogele setilo kgotsa fa go sa nna jalo, [[:en:Dissolution_of_parliament|palamente e a phatlaladiwa]] fa tautona a sa dumele go dira jalo, se se felela se dira gore go nne le ditlhopho tsa ka bonako. == Dithata tsa botautona == Tautona ke mookamedi wa lefatshe, mookamedi wa puso le molaodi-mogolo wa [[:en:South_African_National_Defence_Force|sesole sa Botswana]] . Ditshwanelo, maikarabelo le dituelo tsa ga tautona di kwadilwe mo kgaolong ya boraro ya [[:en:Constitution_of_South_Africa|Molaotheo]] le ditiro tse di latelang tse di fetisitsweng ke lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso. == Dithata tsa botautona == Tautona ke mookamedi wa lefatshe, mookamedi wa puso le molaodi-mogolo wa [[:en:South_African_National_Defence_Force|sesole sa Botswana]] . Ditshwanelo, maikarabelo le dituelo tsa ga tautona di kwadilwe mo kgaolong ya boraro ya [[:en:Constitution_of_South_Africa|Molaotheo]] le ditiro tse di latelang tse di fetisitsweng ke lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso. Dithata tsa tsamaiso ya lefatshe di beilwe mo go tautona, yo o thapang matona a a farologaneng mo maemong a a balolotsweng mo Molaomotheong, a a botlhokwa le go feta go akaretsa matona a makalana a a farologaneng a puso le baatlhodi ba Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo. Tautona o tshwanetse go buisana le khabinete ya gagwe mo mererong e e farologaneng ya melao. Tautona o ka dumela kgotsa a gana tetla ya gagwe mo melaong e e fetisitsweng ke lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso. Fa lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso le ka fetisa molaokakanyetso gape tautona o tlaa tshwanelwa ke go amogela kgotsa go gana tumelelo ya gagwe mo malatsing a le masome a mabedi le bongwe, kgotsa a ka phatlalatsa lekgotla la matona a puso. Tautona o fiwa dithata tsa molaotheo tsa go itsise diemo tsa tshoganetso tsa setšhaba le go aba maitshwarelo ka kgakololo ya komiti ya Bogakolodi ya maatla a go itshwarela kgotsa go fokotsa katlholo. 9btps7bvfqy1icck4u5ebmscjt4m2wx 3 10024 53048 42103 2026-07-23T16:14:04Z Boss-well63 10697 /* Request writing about Isabelle de Charriere (Q123386) */ new section 53048 wikitext text/x-wiki == Flower of the month == [[File:Vahlia capensis vulgaris 57867252.jpg|thumb|<center>Vahlia capensis</center>]] Dear KatieKea. For your huge efforts on Setswana Wikipedia I want to award you with the [[:als:Wikipedia:Blueme vum Monet|Flower of the month]]. Best regards, --[[Modirisi:Holder|Holder]] ([[Puisano ya modirisi:Holder|talk]]) 19:05, 14 Phatwe 2024 (CAT) :Thank you very much. [[Modirisi:KatieKea|KatieKea]] ([[Puisano ya modirisi:KatieKea|talk]]) 14:30, 15 Phatwe 2024 (CAT) == Wikimedia South Africa Engagement == Good Morning KatieKea The South African Chapter would like to thank you for your contributions to the Setswana Wikipedia. I would like to engage with you around the Language Wikipedia and how you can assist in improving Setswana. If you are interested please reach out to me on my email [[Modirisi:Herschal Jackson (WMZA)|Herschal Jackson (WMZA)]] ([[Puisano ya modirisi:Herschal Jackson (WMZA)|talk]]) 09:12, 26 Phatwe 2025 (CAT) :Good day, thanks for the recognition. I will communicate via email. [[Modirisi:KatieKea|KatieKea]] ([[Puisano ya modirisi:KatieKea|talk]]) 15:46, 26 Phatwe 2025 (CAT) == Request writing about Isabelle de Charriere (Q123386) == hi KatieKea Would you like to write about Isabelle de Charriere (Q123386) for the TN Wikipedia? It'll be appreciated if it'll be done. [[Modirisi:Boss-well63|Boss-well63]] ([[Puisano ya modirisi:Boss-well63|talk]]) 18:14, 23 Phukwi 2026 (CAT) dhjk1cmhyy8b4kwrae9nd0j16txqso9 53061 53048 2026-07-23T21:30:19Z KatieKea 10150 /* Request writing about Isabelle de Charriere (Q123386) */ Reply 53061 wikitext text/x-wiki == Flower of the month == [[File:Vahlia capensis vulgaris 57867252.jpg|thumb|<center>Vahlia capensis</center>]] Dear KatieKea. For your huge efforts on Setswana Wikipedia I want to award you with the [[:als:Wikipedia:Blueme vum Monet|Flower of the month]]. Best regards, --[[Modirisi:Holder|Holder]] ([[Puisano ya modirisi:Holder|talk]]) 19:05, 14 Phatwe 2024 (CAT) :Thank you very much. [[Modirisi:KatieKea|KatieKea]] ([[Puisano ya modirisi:KatieKea|talk]]) 14:30, 15 Phatwe 2024 (CAT) == Wikimedia South Africa Engagement == Good Morning KatieKea The South African Chapter would like to thank you for your contributions to the Setswana Wikipedia. I would like to engage with you around the Language Wikipedia and how you can assist in improving Setswana. If you are interested please reach out to me on my email [[Modirisi:Herschal Jackson (WMZA)|Herschal Jackson (WMZA)]] ([[Puisano ya modirisi:Herschal Jackson (WMZA)|talk]]) 09:12, 26 Phatwe 2025 (CAT) :Good day, thanks for the recognition. I will communicate via email. [[Modirisi:KatieKea|KatieKea]] ([[Puisano ya modirisi:KatieKea|talk]]) 15:46, 26 Phatwe 2025 (CAT) == Request writing about Isabelle de Charriere (Q123386) == hi KatieKea Would you like to write about Isabelle de Charriere (Q123386) for the TN Wikipedia? It'll be appreciated if it'll be done. [[Modirisi:Boss-well63|Boss-well63]] ([[Puisano ya modirisi:Boss-well63|talk]]) 18:14, 23 Phukwi 2026 (CAT) :hello...I will look into doing it as soon as I possibly can. [[Modirisi:KatieKea|KatieKea]] ([[Puisano ya modirisi:KatieKea|talk]]) 23:30, 23 Phukwi 2026 (CAT) 57c4l7ft3692lgwga49io81tlxcpffn 0 10749 53080 41062 2026-07-24T10:45:08Z JudithShe 9421 Ke okeditse thanolo ya tsebe ya Public holidays in Botswana #Wikipedia25BW 53080 wikitext text/x-wiki [[:en:Public_holidays|Malatsi a boikhutso]] a [[Botswana]] a laolwa thata ke bathapi ba puso ba ba fiwang malatsi a boikhutso a a duelwang. Thulaganyo ya malatsi a boikhutso a puso e solegela badiredi ba puso le ba dikgwebo tse di laolwang ke puso molemo thata. Ka fa mothapi a bonang ka teng, malatsi a mangwe a boikhutso a e seng a semmuso a jaaka [[:en:Christmas_Eve|maitseboa a Keresemose]] ke a a tlwaelegileng a okediwang mo palong ya malatsi a boikhutso a a duelwang.<ref name=":0">[2]</ref> Malatsi a magolo a boikhutso a [[:en:Christianity|bakeresete]] a jaaka [[:en:Christmas|Keresemose]] le [[:en:Good_Friday|Labotlhano yo o Molemo]] a ketekwa semmuso, go letlelelwa malatsi a boikhutso a mangwe a bodumedi. Ka sekai, bana bangwe ba sekolo le badiri ba tsaya malatsi a boikhutso ka malatsi a boikhutso a [[:en:Muslim_holidays|Bamoseleme]], [[:en:List_of_Hindu_festivals|malatsi a boikhutso a Bahindu]], kana malatsi a boikhutso a [[:en:Eastern_Orthodox_Church|Eastern Orthodox]] go ya ka [[:en:Julian_calendar|khalendara ya ga Julian]]. Le fa ka tlwaelo batho ba Batswana ba sa ye tirong, ba keteka [[:en:Valentine's_Day|Letsatsi la Baratiwa,]] [[:en:Halloween|Halowine]], [[:en:Mother's_Day|letsatsi la Bomme]] le [[:en:Father's_Day|letsatsi la Borre]]<nowiki/>ke ditlwaelo tsa setso tsa [[:en:Tswana_people|Batswana]].<ref name=":0" /> == Malatsi a boikhutso a setshaba == Letsatsi la boikhutso mo Botswana le laolwa ka molao ke palamente ya Botswana. Bontsi jwa babereki, ba puso le ba mohama o o ikemetseng, ba na le tshwanelo ya go tsaya letsatsi ba sa theogela mme ba duelwa madi a a lekanang le a dinako tsotlhe. Le fa go ntse jalo, bahiri bangwe ba tlhoka gore babereki ba bone ba bereke ka letsatsi leo la boikhutso, mme mohiri o tshwanetse go amogela letsatsi a sa theogela mo boemong jwa letsatsi la boikhutso kgotsa o tshwanetse go duelwa ka seelo se se kwa godimo - gantsi ke bongwe le sephatlho kgotsa gabedi, tuelo ya gale le gale ya nako e ba e berekileng ka letsatsi leo, fa godimo ga letsatsi la boikhutso.<ref>[http://www.bse.co.bw/holidays.php "BSE - Public Holidays and None Trading days".] ''www.bse.co.bw''. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> == Malatsi a boikhutso a lefatshe la Botswana == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Letsatsi !Leina !ditshwaelo |- |Firikgong a rogwa go tsena a le malatsi a mabedi |Letsatsi la ngwaga o mosha |go ipelelwa letsatsi la ntlha la ngwaga mongwe le mongwe. |- |Mopitlo kgotsa Moranang |Labotlhano o o molemo |Go ipelelwa segopotso sa papolo ya ga Keresete |- |Mopitlo kgotsa Moranang |Letsatsi la tsogo ya ga Kereesete |Go ipelelwa tsogo ya ga Keresete go tswa mo losong<ref>Vicki K. Black (1 July 2004). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=GZsHDG1-4X0C&q=Many+congregations+today+continue+to+have+Easter+egg+hunts+for+the+children+after+the+services+on+Easter+Day.&pg=PT109&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Many%20congregations%20today%20continue%20to%20have%20Easter%20egg%20hunts%20for%20the%20children%20after%20the%20services%20on%20Easter%20Day.&f=false The Church Standard,] Volume 74''. Church Publishing, Inc. ISBN[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780819225757|&nbsp;<bdi>9780819225757</bdi>]]. Retrieved 24 July 2026. <q>In parts of Europe, the eggs were dyed red and were then cracked together when people exchanged Easter greetings. Many congregations today continue to have Easter egg hunts for the children after the services on Easter Day.</q></ref> |- |Motsheganong a rogwa |Letsatsi la babereki |go ipelelwa dikatlgeo tsa babereki<ref>Marsh, James H. "[https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/origins-of-labour-day-feature Origins of Labour Day"]. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090910163817/http://www.jis.gov.jm/special_sections/labourDay2008/history.htm "History of Labour Day".] ''National Labour Day 2008''. Jamaica Information Service. Archived from [https://jis.gov.jm/special_sections/labourDay2008/history.htm the original] on 10 September 2009.</ref> |- |Motsheganong kgotsa Seetebosigo |Letsatsi la tlhatlogo ya Morena |Go ipelelwa go tlhatloga ga ga Keresete go ya legodimong.<ref>[https://www.goarch.org/special/listen_learn_share/ascension/index_html "Feast of the Ascension of Our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ".] Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America. 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2026. <q>The Feast of the Ascension of our Lord God and Savior Jesus Christ is celebrated each year on the fortieth day after the Great and Holy Feast of Pascha (Easter). Since the date of Pascha changes each year, the date of the Feast of the Ascension changes. The Feast is always celebrated on a Thursday.</q></ref><ref>[https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-worship/worship/texts/the-calendar/common-worship-rules/rulesyear.aspx "Rules to Order the Christian Year".] [[:en:Church_of_England|Church of England]]. 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2026. <q>Rogation Days are the three days before Ascension Day, when prayer is offered for God's blessing on the fruits of the earth and on human labour. The nine days after Ascension Day until Pentecost are days of prayer and preparation to celebrate the outpouring of the Spirit.</q></ref> |- |Phukwi a rogwa |Letsatsi la matsalo a ga tautona wa pele [[Seretse Khama]] |Go ipelelwa letsatsi la matsalo a ga tautona wa ntlha<ref>[https://www.mmegi.bw/business/a-new-aon-ceda-venture-to-enhance-citizen-empowerment/news "Mmegi Online :: A glimpse of Seretse Khama's legacy"]. 26 April 2007. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |- |Mosupologo le Labobedi wa boraro wa Phukwi |Letsatsi la botautona |Letsatsi le lengwe fela la Mosupologo kgotsa Labobedi wa boraro mo kgweding ya Phukwi.<ref>[http://aglobalworld.com/holidays-around-the-world/botswana-presidents-day/ "Botswana Presidents Day".] ''aglobalworld.com''. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |- |Lwetse a le masome mararo |Letsatsi la Botswana |Go ipelelwa letsatsi le lefatshe la Botswana le tsereng boipuso ka lone go tswa kwa United Kingdom ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome amarataro le borataro<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13041658 "Botswana profile - Timeline".] ''BBC News''. 5 August 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |- |Morule a le masome mabedi le botlhano |Letsatsi la matsalo a ga Keresete |Go ipelelwa matsalo a ga Keresete |- |Morule a le masome mabedi le borataro |Letsatsi la dimpho |Le ipelelwa morago ga letsatsi la matsalo a ga Keresete, fa batlhanka le bagwebi ba amogela dimpho tse di itsegeng e le lebokoso la matsalo a ga Keresete go tswa kwa go beng ba bone, bahiri kgotsa bareki.<ref>(pseud.), Peter Parley (1 January 1838). [https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=UVcEAAAAQAAJ&redir_esc=y ''Tales About Christmas''.] Thomas Tegg and Son.</ref> |} == Malatsi a boikhutso a a nang le sesupo sa tumelo kgotsa ngwao == Malatsi a boikhutso a tumelo le ngwao mo Botswana a supagala ka go farologana ga ditumelo. === Malatsi a Sekeresete === Dikgwebo dingwe tse di ikemetseng le makgotla a mangwe di a tswalwa ka letsatsi la papolo ya Morena. Mmaraka wa madi le dipeeletso o a tswalwa le one ka letsatsi la papolo ya Morena. Bontsi jwa mabentlele a nna a butswe le ntswa mangwe a tswalwa pele ga nako e e tlwaelesegileng. Dikolo tsa puso le tse dikgolwane di a tswalwa ka letsatsi la papolo ya Morena, e le letsatsi la boikhutso le le ikemetseng kgotsa bontlha jwa malatsi a boikhutso a nako eo. Poso e a bulwa, dibanka tse di laolwang ke puso ga di tswalwe. Bontsi jwa dikompone, di akaretsa dibanka, marekisetso le mabentlele a a bulwang ka letsatsi la Tshipi a a tswalwa ka malatsi a papolo ya ga Keresete. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Letsatsi !Leina !Ditshwaelo |- |Tlhakole a le lesome le bone |Letsatsi la baratani |ke letsatsi le le reeletsweng ka Saint Valentine le tlhamilwe ke mopapa Gelasius. Bontsi jwa batho mo bosheng ba ipelela lorato lwa bone, ba neelana dikarata, dilekere, dithunya le dimpho tse dingwe |- |Tlhakole kgotsa Mopitlo, letsatsi le a farologana |Laboraro wa molora |malatsi a le masome a mane pele ga papolo ya ga Kereesete, go sa balelelwe letsatsi la Tshipi |- |Letsatsi la Tshipi pele ga papolo |Palm Sunday |go ipelelwa go tsena ga ga Keresete kwa Jerusalema |- |Labotlhano pele ga papolo |Papolo ya Morena |Labotlhano wa beke e e molemo fa Bakeresete ba bophirima ba ipelela papolo ya Morena le loso lwa gagwe. Dibanka le diposo tse di mo kagong ee tswalwang ka letsatsi le le tsone di a tswalwa. |- |Letsatsi la Tshipi morago ga ngwedi o o tletseng, malatsi a a farologana go tswa ka Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le bobedi go tsena Moranang a le masome mabedi le botlhano |Papolo |Go ipelelwa tsogo ya ga Keresete |- |Phalane a le masome mararo le motso |Halloween |pele e ne e supa phelelo ya paka ya go roba, gompieno go ipelelwa letsatsi pele ga letsatsi la baithephi. Mekgabisa e akaretsa dipone. Bana ba ya go kopa dilekere tse ba di neelwang ke baagisanyi. |- |Morule a le masome mabedi le bone |Letsatsi pele ga matsalo a ga Keresete |Letsatsi pele ga matsalo a ga Keresete, dikgwebo di tswalwa pele ga nako, le ntswa di le mmalwa di bulwa letsatsi lotlhe le bosigo jotlhe. |- |Morule a le masome mararo le motso |Letsatsi pele ga ngwaga o mosha |Letsatsi pele ga ngwaga o mosha. Kgwebo nngwe le nngwe e tswalwa pele ga nako, le ntswa di le mmalwa di bulwa letsatsi lotlhe le bosigo jotlhe. |} == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * Dingangisano tsa papolo ya Morena == Metswedi == ag0kjmzvdxwrs5jyp4a4nrwsf34qca1 0 11063 53083 52276 2026-07-24T10:55:24Z JudithShe 9421 Ke okeditse thanolo ya Letsatsi la boipuso jwa Botswana #Wikipedia25BW 53083 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Letsatsi la Boipuso jwa lefatshe la Botswana''', ke letsatsi la boikhutso le le ipelelwang mo [[Botswana]] ka Lwetse a le malatsi a a masome mararo ngwaga le ngwaga. Letsatsi le le ipelela kgololesego ya Botswana go tswa mo [[United Kingdom]] ka Lwetse a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borataro.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120804023106/http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/1.html "Constitution of Botswana 1966".] ''www.commonlii.org''. Retrieved 2025-09-26</ref> Letsatsi la boipuso gantsi le amanngwa le dipontsho tsa melelo e e tlolang ditlhase, megwanto, ditshupo, meletlo, le go kopana le ba lolwapa, le mafoko a sepolotiki, fa godimo ga ditiragalo tsa setšhaba le tsa sepolotiki go ipelelwa ditso, puso le ngwao ya Botswana. Letsatsi la boipuso ke letsatsi la Botswana.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210127202549/https://publicholidays.africa/botswana/botswana-day/ "Botswana Day 2020, 2021 and 2022 in Botswana".] ''PublicHolidays.africa''. Retrieved 2025-09-26</ref> == Tse di diragetseng pele == [[Setshwantsho:1953 Coronation Bechuanaland Protectorate stamp.jpg|thumb|Setempe se se nang le senepe sa ga Mmamosadinyana 1953]] Moeteledipele o a neng a nonofile thata ke Kgosi [[Khama III]], o a neng a na le kemo nokeng e e nonofileng go tswa mo pusong ya Britain, ebile a ratega thata mo bathong ba kereke ya Evangelical kwa Britain. O ne a bereka thata le sesole sa Britain, ebile a sireletsa lefatshe le le neng le le letona mme le sena batho ba bantsi mo ditsuoloding tsa [[Aforika Borwa]].<ref>[[:en:Jackson_Mutero_Chirenje|J. Mutero Chirenje]], ''Chief Kgama and his times c. 1835-1923: the story of a Southern African ruler'' (1978).</ref> Morwa Khama o motona e ne e le [[Sekgoma II]], o a neng a nna kgosi ya [[Bangwato]] fa Khama a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mabedi le boraro. Morwa Sekgoma II o motona e ne e le [[Seretse Khama|Seretse.]] Mo botshelong jwa gagwe jotlhe Khama o ne a nyala basadi ba le bantsi (fa o mongwe a sena go tlhokafala). Mongwe wa basadi ba gagwe ebong [[Semane]], o ne a mo tsholela ngwana wa mosimane [[Tshekedi Khama|Tshekedi]].<ref>Professor Henry Louis Gates, Jr.; Professor Emmanuel Akyeampong; Mr. Steven J. Niven (2 February 2012). ''Dictionary of African Biography''. OUP USA. pp. 355–. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538207-5|<bdi>978-0-19-538207-5</bdi>.]]</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Bbp.jpg|thumb|Tshipi e e faphegileng ya lefelo la dijo la molelwane wa Bechuanaland]] Puso ya ga Sekgoma II e nnile lobaka lwa ngwaga dfela, a tlogela morwaagwe Seretse, o ka nako eo e neng e santse e le losea, e le ene mojaboswa wa bogosi (Tshekedi o ne a se mo lenaneong la go nna kgosi ka a ne a se ngwana wa ga Sekgoma II. Ka jalo go diragatsa setso, Tshekedi o ne a tshwarelela bogosi jwa morafe go fitlhelela Seretse a lekana go tsaya bogosi. Go neelana bogosi go tswa kwa go Tshekedi go ya kwa go Seretse go ne go rulaganyeditswe go diragala morago ga Seretse a boa kwa dithutong tsa gagwe tsa molao kwa Britain. Go tshwarelela bogosi ga ga Tshekedi go gakologelwa ka go atolosa mephato ga gagwe, go aga dikolo, go aga di sigo tsa mabele, go buisana le bagogi ba kolone ba Britain ka tsamaiso ya bogosi jwa Bangwato; le ka maiteko a gagwe a go berekisana le kgaogano ya morafe morago ga Seretse a nyala mosadi o mosweu, [[Ruth Williams Khama|Ruth Williams]], fa a ithuta kwa Britain. Tshekedi o ne a le kgatlhanong le lonaylo lo ka mo setsong tsa Botswana kgosi o ka se nyale jaaka a batla. E ne e le motlhanka wa batho; bogosi bo ne bo ka mo tswa diatleng. Seretse o ne a sa boele morago go nyala Ruth (selo se a neng a se dira fa a tshabetse kwa Britain ka ngwga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le borobabobedi), le dikakanyo tsa morafe ka lonyalo di ne tsa baka kgaogano, bagolo ba dumalana le Tshekedi, ba ba nnye ba dumalana le Seretse. kwa phelelong bagogi ba Britain ba ne ba koba banna ba botlhe ka bobedi (Tshekedi go tswa kwa ga Mma Ngwato, Seretse go tswa mo lefatsheng ka kakaretso). Go tsuologo go ne ga nna gontsi, batho ba bolawa.<ref>[https://sahistory.org.za/people/president-seretse-khama "President Seretse Khama | South African History Online".] ''www.sahistory.org.za''. Retrieved 2025-09-26</ref> Seretse le Ruth ba ne ba letlelelwa go boela Botswana, mme ene le Tshekedi ba kgona go baakanya dilo gareng ga bone. Ka nako e, Seretse o nea sa ipone e le kgosi ya [[Bangwato]], o ne a ipona e le moeteledipele wa [[Botswana Democratic Party]] ebile e le tautona wa lefatshe la Botswana le le neng le tloga le tsaya boipuso ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borataro. O ne a nna tautona wa Botswana go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ntlha ya kankere ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19800630&id=3VQ0AAAAIBAJ&pg=1165,3836941&hl=en "Botswana president reported near death"]. ''The Montreal Gazette''. Retrieved 2025-09-26– via Google News Archive.</ref> == Ngwao == Letsatsi la booipuso ke letsatsi la lefatshe la boikhutso le le supiwang ka ditshupo tsa borata lefatshe. Jaka meletlo e mengwe, letsatsi la boipuso le ketekelwa kwa ntle. Ditirelo tsotlhe tsa puso jaaka tsa poso, le dikgotlatshekelo di a tswala ka letsatsi le. Mapolotiki a le mantsi a iponagatsa kwa meletlong go galaletsa ngwao, ditso, le batho.<ref>Makgala, Christian John; Bolaane, Maitseo (2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250909092846/https://journals.ub.bw/index.php/bnr "Gobe Matenge's Social Engineering Through Milestone Independence Anniversary Celebrations in Botswana, 1975–2016"]. ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''48''': 218–228.</ref> Malwapa a ipelela boipuso ka go tsenelela meletlo; bangwe ba tsaya sebaka go ikhutsa kgotsa go tsaya mafelo a beke a maleele go iketla le ba lolwapa kgotsa ditsala. Mekgabisa (dibaluni, lediaparo) e a bo e le ya mmal wa botala jwa loapi, bosweu le bontsho, mebala ya [[folaga ya Botswana]]. Megwanto e dirwa mo mosong, pele ga ba lolwapa ba kopana, fa ditshupo tsa melelo ya ditlhase di diragala mo maitseboeng morago ga go nna lefifi kwa lobalelng lwa metshameko.<ref>Mogalakwe, Monageng; Nyamnjoh, Francis (2017-01-02). [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 "Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty"]. ''Journal of Contemporary African Studies''. '''35''' (1): 1–14. doi:[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636.] [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0258-9001 0258-9001.]</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Bechuanaland|Bechuanaland Protectorate]] * [[Ditso tsa lefatshe la Botswana]] == Metswedi == 8choum44dusi2llffcfxlokjk02vjab 0 11811 53058 53002 2026-07-23T20:24:33Z Lame Ralosetlha 12932 Created by translating the section "Human rights" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360729162|Politics of Botswana]]" 53058 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Botswana]] ke [[rephaboliki ya palamente|r]]<nowiki/>lefatshe la palamente e mo go yone [[tautona wa Botswana]] e leng [[Tlhogo ya lefatshe|tlhogo ya]] [[Tlhogo ya lefatshe|lefatshe]] le [[tlhogo ya puso]]. Dipolotiki tsa setshaba di ikaegile thata ka [[tsamaiso ya Westminster]] le ka bogosi jwa setso jwa Setswana. Lekgotla la peomolao le dirilwe ke [[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Kokoano Bosetšhaba]] ya kamore e le nngwe le setlhopha sa bagakolodi sa dikgosi tsa merafe, e leng ''[[Ntlo ya Dikgosi tsa Botswana|Ntlo ya Dikgosi]]''. Kokoano Bosetšhaba e tlhopha tautona, fela fa tautona a setse a le mo maemong a gagwe o na le taolo e e bonalang mo lekgotleng la peomolao ka kgaoganyo e e lekanyeditsweng fela ya dithata. Tautona, ka tlholego, ke moeteledipele wa phathi ya sepolotiki e e kgonang go tshegetsa serodumo sa khuduthamaga. Fa a setse a le mo maemong, go okamela molao go gagamadiwa ka tsamaiso ya go tlhophiwa, e gantsi e sekamelang mo bontsing jwa phathi e e busang. Tsamaiso e gape e tsepamisiwa ke palo ya matona fa e tshwantshanngwa le ya malapamente, e e tlogela palo potlana ya ba ba nnang kwa morago mo palamenteng, mo go nyenyafatsang seabe sa babusi ka go busa mmogo ga matona go dira palo e tona ya badira molao.<ref>Osei, Anja; Seabo, Batlang (3 July 2024). [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03057070.2024.2476901 "A Coalition for Change? Role Orientations in the 12th Parliament of Botswana".] ''Journal of Southern African Studies''. '''50''' (4): 643–663. doi:[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03057070.2024.2476901 10.1080/03057070.2024.2476901]. ISSN&nbsp;0305-7070. PMC&nbsp;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11974910/ 11974910]. PMID&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40201336/ 40201336.]</ref> Lekoko la [[Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) le ne la busa e le lone le le neng le le kwa godimo go tloga ka boipuso ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro go fitlhelela le fenngwa mo [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 2024|ditlhophong tsa setshaba tsa Botswana tsa 2024]]. Ditlhopho di tsewa [[di gololesegile e bile di siame]] ke babogedi. Ka nako ya puso e telele ya dingwaga di le masome matlhano le borobabobedi tsa puso ya BDP, kganetso ya sepolotiki e ne e kgaogane ebile e itemogela dikgwetlho. Tse di e di akaretsa tsamaiso ya go tlhopha ka go tsholetsa letsogo kwa palamenteng, mo go neng gantsi go kgaoganya tlhopho ya diphathi tsa kganetso go letla BDP go fenya ditilo tse dintsi, le tlhaelo ya madi a a thusang diphathi a a ntshiwang ke lefatshe. Makgamu le go kgaogana go ne go tlwaelesegile mo diphathing tsa kganetso, gantsi di ne di nna le palo potlana fela mo khuduthamageng ka nako eo. Gantsi e ne e le diphathi tsa Botswana National Front (BNF) le Botswana Congress Part (BCP). Umbrella for Democratic Change (UDC) e e eteletsweng pele ke BNF e tlhamilwe ke ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le bobedi e le bokopano jwa diphathi tsa kganetso go tsaya tlhopho di e tsenya mo phathing e nngwe. Ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa Botswana di diragetse ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le botlhano, fa lefatshe la Botswana le tsaya boipuso go tswa mo [[United Kingdom]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro.<ref>Cheeseman, Nic, ed. (2015), [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/democracy-in-africa/fate-of-africas-democratic-experiments-19892014/DA50F32498C1D14DF4AAA43175265455 "The Fate of Africa's Democratic Experiments 1989–2014]", ''Democracy in Africa: Successes, Failures, and the Struggle for Political Reform'', Cambridge University Press, pp.&nbsp;234–238, doi:[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/democracy-in-africa/fate-of-africas-democratic-experiments-19892014/DA50F32498C1D14DF4AAA43175265455 10.1017/CBO9781139030892.009], ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-521-13842-0|978-0-521-13842-0]]</bdi></ref> Go tswa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro go tsena ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome mabedi le bone, BDP e ne ya fenya ditlhopho tsotlhe.<ref>[https://freedomhouse.org/country/botswana/freedom-world/2025 "Botswana: Freedom in the World 2025 Country Report".] ''Freedom House''. Retrieved 17 July 2026</ref> BDP e eteletswe pele ke Seretse Khama e ne ya tlhama puso ya ntlha ya tswelela ka go fenya ditlhopho dingwaga di le ditlhano dingwe le dingwe. [[Quett Masire]] o n a nna tautona morago ga go tlhokafala ga ga Seretse Khama ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi, BDP e ne ya apesiwa ke makgamu ka dingwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe. Makgamu a, a ne a tswelela mo go botautona ba ba latelang ebong [[Festus Mogae]] go tswa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi go tsena ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi, le Ian Khama go tswa ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi go tsena wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabobedi. Phathi ya kganetso ya Botswana Movement for Democracy e tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le lesome go gwetlha se ba se boneng e le go gatelela ga ga Khama, ke phathi ya ntlha go tswa mo BDP. Motlhatlhami wa ga Khama, Mokgweetsi Masisi, o nnile tautona ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le borobabobedi, a gotlhagotlhana le Khama ka bofefo, mo go neng ga fetola dipolotiki tsa Botswana mo dingwageng tse di latelang. Lefatshe la Botswana le itsege ka go nonofa mo ditshwanelong le puso ya batho ka batho mo Aforika; Freedom House e supa fa lefatshe le le gololesegile, fa Afrobarometer e le tlhalosa e le puso ya batho ka batho e kgologolo thata mo Botswana, e na le diphathi tse dintsi fa e sale ka boipuso ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro.<ref>[https://freedomhouse.org/country/botswana/freedom-world/2025 "Botswana: Freedom in the World 2025 Country Report".] ''Freedom House''. Retrieved 17 July 2026</ref><ref>Lekalake, Rorisang (January 2016). [https://www.afrobarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/ab_r6_policypaperno30_democracy_in_botswana.pdf "Botswana's democratic consolidation: What will it take?]" (PDF). ''Afrobarometer''. Afrobarometer Policy Paper No. 30. Retrieved 17 July 2026</ref> Molao wa itsholelo wa Botswana o ikaegile ka mohama wa diteemane tsa lefatshe le, o o dirang masome a robabobedi mo lekgolong la didirisiwa tse di rekisiwang ke lefatshe le, bongwe mo borarong jwa dipoelo, le bongwe mo boneng jwa GDP.<ref>Jefferis, Keith (8 July 2024). [https://blog-pfm.imf.org/en/pfmblog/2024/07/management-of-botswana-diamond-revenues "Management of Botswana's Diamond Revenues"]. ''Public Financial Management Blog''. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 17 July 2026</ref> Lefatshe le le galaleditswe katlego ya lone mo itsholelong, le kopanya dipoelo tsa diteemane le melao ya itsholelo le bookamedi jo bo siameng, le ntswa letlhoko la ditiro le go tlhoka go dira methale e mengwe ya itsholelo ke dikgwetlho tse di tsweletseng.<ref>Acemoglu, Daron; Johnson, Simon; Robinson, James A. (2002). [https://ideas.repec.org/p/cpr/ceprdp/3219.html "An African Success Story: Botswana".] CEPR Discussion Paper No. 3219. Centre for Economic Policy Research. Retrieved 17 July 2026</ref><ref>[https://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2018/09/05/na090518botswana "Botswana: Mining a New Growth Model".] International Monetary Fund. 5 September 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2026</ref><ref>[https://www.ifc.org/content/dam/ifc/doc/mgrt/cpsd-botswana-report-cw03.pdf Creating Markets in Botswana: Country Private Sector Diagnostic] (PDF) (Report). International Finance Corporation. 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2026</ref> == Ditso == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo la Botswana la gompieno go tswa mo ditsong le ne le laolwa ke [[merafe ya Bantu]], segolobogolo [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|batho ba Tswana]]. Dingwao tse dintsi tsa semolao tse di neng di dirisiwa ke morafe wa Tswana, jaaka go tlotla taolo ya setso le tshireletso ya [[ditshwanelo tsa dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya dipolotiki tsa Botswana tsa morago ga bokolone. Dibopego tsa sepolotiki tse magare tse ntsheditsweng pele ga bokolone le tsone di ile tsa bolokwa. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa Tswana pele ga puso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana. Mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, dikgosi tse di ne tsa nna dipuso tsa merafe.<ref>Hjort, Jonas (14 September 2009). [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x "Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE"]. ''The Economic History Review''. '''63''' (3): 688–709. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x. <nowiki>PMID 20617585</nowiki>. S2CID 44742736.</ref> Dipuso tse tsa merafe di ne di akaretsa puso e e lekanyeditsweng le bontsi jwa merafe.<ref name=":0">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). [https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': 100–139. doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007.</ref> [[United Kingdom]] e simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo eo la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e e ne ya nna karolo ya [[Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 jaaka [[Bechuanaland|Bechuanaland Protectorate]]. Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba Kgosi mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[molao wa Borithane]].<ref>Hall, Kenneth O. (1973). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 "British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection".] ''The International Journal of African Historical Studies''. '''6''' (2): 183–197. doi:10.2307/216773. ISSN 0361-7882. JSTOR 216773.</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Mokgatlho wa Batho wa Bechuanaland]] o o neng o le bogale. Lekoko la [[Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) le ne la tlhamiwa ke [[Seretse Khama]] ka 1962 e le karolo ya thulaganyo ya boipuso ka dipuisano.<ref>[[:en:Politics_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom & Bolt 2018]], p. 74.</ref> Botswana e ne ya ipusa ka 1965 mme ya nna rephaboliki e e ikemetseng ka nosi ka 1966. United Kingdom e ne ya tswelela go beeletsa mo lefatsheng le ka madi le go duela ditshenyegelo dingwe tsa yone go fitlha ka 1971.<ref name=":0" /> Ditheo le dingwao go tswa mo setšhabeng sa BaTswana sa pele ga bokolone le puso ya bokolone ya Borithane di ne tsa bolokwa morago ga boipuso mme di tswelela go tlhotlheletsa dipolotiki tsa Botswana.<ref>[[:en:Politics_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom & Bolt 2018]], pp. 12–13.</ref> === Botautona jwa ga Seretse Khama === Fa setšhaba se sena go bona boipuso, se ne sa tshwara [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa Bechuanaland tsa 1965]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya gapa phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong di le masome mararo le motso mo lekgotleng la peomolao, BDP e ne ya fenya di le masome mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira lekoko la kganetso, botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng e le ditoropo.<ref>[[:en:Politics_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p. 31.</ref> Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e tshwanang le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga bokolone. Melao gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le khuduthamaga pele di amogelwa.<ref>[[:en:Politics_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p. 56.</ref> Khama o ne a netefatsa gape gore go nna le seabe ga mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le kgatlhanong le bosetšhaba jo bo neng bo thibela tshono.<ref>[[:en:Politics_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p. 57.</ref> Fa Khama a ne a le tautona, mothusa tautona wa gagwe, [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a mantsi. Mo godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme e ne e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[Maano a Tlhabololo a Bosetšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao ya puso.<ref>[[:en:Politics_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p. 58.</ref> Go sa tlhomama ga kgaolo go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, e leng [[Botswana Defence Force|Sesole sa Tshireletso sa Botswana]], ka 1977. Pele ga seo, [[Botswana Police|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba.<ref>Beaulier, Scott A.; Subrick, J. Robert (2006). [http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x "The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana"]. ''Constitutional Political Economy''. '''17''' (2): 103–115. doi:10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x. ISSN 1043-4062. S2CID 59354401.</ref><ref>Zaffiro, James (1998). [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro "Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas"]. In Wright, Stephen (ed.). ''[https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright African Foreign Policies]''. Taylor & Francis. pp. 66–83. doi:10.4324/9780429502521-4. ISBN 9780429502521.</ref> [[Botswana National Front]] (BNF) e ne ya tlhongwa ke [[Kenneth Koma]] e le lekoko la molema mme ya nna lekoko la kganetso ka [[ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969]].<ref>[[:en:Politics_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p. 33.</ref> === Botautona jwa ga Quett Masire === Khama o ne a nna tautona go fitlha a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1980, mme ka nako eo Motlatsa Tautona Masire o ne a nna tautona. Kganetso e ne ya bona tshegetso ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 le bo 1990 fa naga e ne e nna ditoropo le motheo wa sepolotiki wa BDP kwa metseselegaeng o ne o ngotlega.<ref>Leith, J. Clark (2005). ''Why Botswana Prospered''. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN[[:en:Special:BookSources/0-7735-2820-2|&nbsp;<bdi>0-7735-2820-2</bdi>.]]</ref> Khomišene ya Kgabo, e e neng e le karolo ya kganetsano ya bonweenwee e e neng e akaretsa Motlatsamopresidente Peter Mmusi le Mokwaledikakaretso wa BDP Daniel Kwelagobe, e ne ya laola dipolotiki tsa Botswana ka 1991 mme ya tlisa motlha wa go nna le ditlhopha mo BDP.[13][14] Go tlogela tiro ga ga Mmusi go dirile gore Festus Mogae a tlhophiwe go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang. Tiragalo e e ne ya tlhomamisa ka thata kgotlhang e e golang ya ditlhopha mo teng ga BDP. Mmusi le Kwelagobe ba ne ba bopa lekoko le le lengwe, e leng Big Two. Mompati Merafhe le baemanokeng ba gagwe—e leng David Magang, Bahiti Temane, Roy Ditedu tse Ntsho le Chapson Butale—ba ne ba bopa lekoko le le ganetsanang, e leng Big Five.[13] Moragonyana Merafhe o ne a tsaya Jacob Nkate jaaka molekane wa gagwe yo o gaufi mme ba ipitsa A-Team.[14] Ba Big Two ba ne ba ikuela kgatlhanong le diphitlhelelo tsa khomišene kwa kgotlatshekelo, mme kgabagare ba ne ba emisiwa mo palamenteng. Morago ga moo baemanokeng ba bone ba ne ba nna le puso morago ga ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1994. Mo gare ga kgotlhang eno ya makoko, BNF e ne ya nna kganetso e e nonofileng thata, ya fenya manno a le lesome le boraro.[13] Kwelagobe o ne a tlhomagana le Ponatshego Kedikilwe morago ga loso lwa ga Mmusi mme ba ipitsa Barata-Phathi.[14] Morago ga tiragatso e e bokoa ya BDP mo ditlhophong tsa 1994, morutegi wa Aforika Borwa Lawrence Schlemmer o ne a tlisiwa ke lekoko go tla go tlamela ka leano la sepolotiki. O ne a akantsha gore go emisediwe maloko a BDP a a sa bolong go nna teng ka maloko a mašwa, a e seng a lekoko, go tlhomilwe mogopolo thata mo boporesidenteng.[14] Diphetogo tse dintsi tsa molaotheo di ne tsa tsenngwa tirisong mo Botswana morago ga referentamo ka 1997: motlatsamopresidente o ne a tlhomiwa go nna motlhatlhami wa mopresidente ka go itirisa, dingwaga tsa go bouta di ne tsa fokodiwa go nna lesomerobedi mme ga tlhomiwa khomišene e e ikemetseng ya ditlhopho.[13] Diphetogo tse di ne tsa tshegediwa ke Masire, ka gonne go tlhatlhamana ka go itirisa go ne go mo letla go tlotsa motlhatlhami.[13][14] == Metswedi == == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> E ne ya re fa rre Khama e le tautona, mothusa-tautona wa gagwe e bong, rre [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a nametsang pelo. Fa godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme ebile e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[National Development Plan (Botswana)|Maano a Tlhabololo ya setšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao-kakanyetso ya puso. Go seke go itshetlele ga lefatshe la Botswana go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, [[Botswana Defence Force]], ka ngwaga wa 1977. Pele ga seno, [[Sepodise sa Botswana|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> BNF e tlhomilwe ke [[Kenneth Koma]] ele lekoko la molema mme la nna lekokokganetso ka [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1969]]. == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> E ne ya re fa rre Khama e le tautona, mothusa-tautona wa gagwe e bong, rre [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a nametsang pelo. Fa godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme ebile e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[National Development Plan (Botswana)|Maano a Tlhabololo ya setšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao-kakanyetso ya puso. Go seke go itshetlele ga lefatshe la Botswana go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, [[Botswana Defence Force]], ka ngwaga wa 1977. Pele ga seno, [[Sepodise sa Botswana|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> BNF e tlhomilwe ke [[Kenneth Koma]] ele lekoko la molema mme la nna lekokokganetso ka [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1969]]. === Puso ya ga rre Quett Masire === Rre Khama o ne a busa e le tautona mo lefatsheng la Botswana go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1980 mme ya re go tlhokafaleng ga gagwe mothusa-tautona rre Masire a tsaya botautona. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go bona baema-nokeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go ya kwa go tsa bo 1990 fa lefatshe le tlhabololwa mme baema-nokeng ba lekoko la BDP ba ne ba fokotsega ka jaanong dikgaolwana di ne di fokotsega ko go neng go itsege BDP e le lekoko la konokono teng.<ref name=":12" /> == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> E ne ya re fa rre Khama e le tautona, mothusa-tautona wa gagwe e bong, rre [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a nametsang pelo. Fa godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme ebile e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[National Development Plan (Botswana)|Maano a Tlhabololo ya setšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao-kakanyetso ya puso. Go seke go itshetlele ga lefatshe la Botswana go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, [[Botswana Defence Force]], ka ngwaga wa 1977. Pele ga seno, [[Sepodise sa Botswana|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> BNF e tlhomilwe ke [[Kenneth Koma]] ele lekoko la molema mme la nna lekokokganetso ka [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1969]]. === Puso ya ga rre Quett Masire === Rre Khama o ne a busa e le tautona mo lefatsheng la Botswana go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1980 mme ya re go tlhokafaleng ga gagwe mothusa-tautona rre Masire a tsaya botautona. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go bona baema-nokeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go ya kwa go tsa bo 1990 fa lefatshe le tlhabololwa mme baema-nokeng ba lekoko la BDP ba ne ba fokotsega ka jaanong dikgaolwana di ne di fokotsega ko go neng go itsege BDP e le lekoko la konokono teng.<ref name=":12" /> Lekgotla la [[:en:Kgabo_Commission|Thomo ya ga Kgabo]] le e neng e le karolo ya menahune ya tsa bogodu e e neng e ama mothusa tautona rre [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] ga mmogo le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP rre [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]] e ne ya laola dipolotiki tsa lefatshe la Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1991 mme ya tsisa dikgaogano mo lekokong la BDP. <ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go tlogela tiro ga ga rre Mmusi go ne ga dira gore rre [[Festus Mogae]] a tlhomiwe go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang.Kgang e o e ne ya tsisa go gola ga dikarolwana tsa dikgotlhang mo BDP. Rre Mmusi le rre Kwelagobe ba ne ba simolola lekoko la bone mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Two'. Rre [[Mompati Merafhe]] ga mmogo le baema-nokeng ba gagwe e bong rre [[David Magang]], [[Bahiti Temane]], [[Roy Blackbeard]] le rre [[Chapson Butale]] ba ne ba tlhoma lekoko la kganetso mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Five'.<ref name="Ntuane" /> E ne ya re moragonyana rre Merafhe a tsaya rre [[Jacob Nkate]] go nna mothusi wa gagwe mme ba ne ba ipitsa ditswerere .<ref name=":16" /> Baemedi ba 'The Big Two' ba ne ba ikuela kgatlhanong le diphitlhelelo tsa lekgotla kwa kgotlatshekelong mme ba ne ba felela ba emisitswe go nna maloko a palamente. Batlhatlheledi ba bone ba ne ba bona maatla morago ga ditlhopho-kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994. E rile fa gare ga dikgogagakgogano tsa maloko, lekoko la BNF le ne la nna lekoko-kganetso le le nonofileng le go feta e bile la fenya ditilo tsa palamente di le lesome le boraro.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}</ref> Rre Kwelagobe o ne a itebaganya le rre [[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]] morago ga go tlhokafala ga ga rre Mmusi mme bobedi joo ba ipitsa [[Barata-Phathi]].<ref name=":16" /> == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> E ne ya re fa rre Khama e le tautona, mothusa-tautona wa gagwe e bong, rre [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a nametsang pelo. Fa godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme ebile e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[National Development Plan (Botswana)|Maano a Tlhabololo ya setšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao-kakanyetso ya puso. Go seke go itshetlele ga lefatshe la Botswana go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, [[Botswana Defence Force]], ka ngwaga wa 1977. Pele ga seno, [[Sepodise sa Botswana|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> BNF e tlhomilwe ke [[Kenneth Koma]] ele lekoko la molema mme la nna lekokokganetso ka [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1969]]. === Puso ya ga rre Quett Masire === Rre Khama o ne a busa e le tautona mo lefatsheng la Botswana go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1980 mme ya re go tlhokafaleng ga gagwe mothusa-tautona rre Masire a tsaya botautona. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go bona baema-nokeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go ya kwa go tsa bo 1990 fa lefatshe le tlhabololwa mme baema-nokeng ba lekoko la BDP ba ne ba fokotsega ka jaanong dikgaolwana di ne di fokotsega ko go neng go itsege BDP e le lekoko la konokono teng.<ref name=":12" /> Lekgotla la [[:en:Kgabo_Commission|Thomo ya ga Kgabo]] le e neng e le karolo ya menahune ya tsa bogodu e e neng e ama mothusa tautona rre [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] ga mmogo le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP rre [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]] e ne ya laola dipolotiki tsa lefatshe la Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1991 mme ya tsisa dikgaogano mo lekokong la BDP. <ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go tlogela tiro ga ga rre Mmusi go ne ga dira gore rre [[Festus Mogae]] a tlhomiwe go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang.Kgang e o e ne ya tsisa go gola ga dikarolwana tsa dikgotlhang mo BDP. Rre Mmusi le rre Kwelagobe ba ne ba simolola lekoko la bone mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Two'. Rre [[Mompati Merafhe]] ga mmogo le baema-nokeng ba gagwe e bong rre [[David Magang]], [[Bahiti Temane]], [[Roy Blackbeard]] le rre [[Chapson Butale]] ba ne ba tlhoma lekoko la kganetso mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Five'.<ref name="Ntuane" /> E ne ya re moragonyana rre Merafhe a tsaya rre [[Jacob Nkate]] go nna mothusi wa gagwe mme ba ne ba ipitsa ditswerere .<ref name=":16" /> Baemedi ba 'The Big Two' ba ne ba ikuela kgatlhanong le diphitlhelelo tsa lekgotla kwa kgotlatshekelong mme ba ne ba felela ba emisitswe go nna maloko a palamente. Batlhatlheledi ba bone ba ne ba bona maatla morago ga ditlhopho-kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994. E rile fa gare ga dikgogagakgogano tsa maloko, lekoko la BNF le ne la nna lekoko-kganetso le le nonofileng le go feta e bile la fenya ditilo tsa palamente di le lesome le boraro.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}</ref> Rre Kwelagobe o ne a itebaganya le rre [[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]] morago ga go tlhokafala ga ga rre Mmusi mme bobedi joo ba ipitsa [[Barata-Phathi]].<ref name=":16" /> Morago ga maduo a a bokowa mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa 1994,moithuti wa dithuto tsa sepolotiki e bong rre [[Lawrence Schlemmer]] o ne a tsisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana ke lekoko la BDP go tla go ba thusa ka maano.O ne a tla ka mogopolo wa gore maloko a a nang le sebaka se se rileng mo pusong ya BDP a tseelwe sebaka ke maloko a masa a a sa amaneng le dikarolo dipe segolo jang mo maemong a botautona.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Diphetogo di le dintsi tsa molaomotheo di ne tsa diragadiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga tseo ya megopolo mo baageding ba lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 1997.Mothusa tautona a tlhomamisiwa gore e tlaa nna ene mojaboswa wa setilo sa botautona, dingwaga tsa go tlhopha di ne tsa fokolediwa kwa go lesome le boferabobedi fa godimo ga moo ga tlhomiwa lekgotla la ditlhopho le le ikemetseng ka nosi.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNtuane2018">Ntuane, Botsalo (2018). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 "President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King"]. ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''50''': <span class="nowrap">333–</span>338. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0525-5090 0525-5090]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 90026925].</cite></ref> Diphetogo tse, di ne di eteletswe pele ke rre Masire ka gore tatelano ya go tsena mo maemong e ne e mo letlelela go tlhopha yo o tlaa mo latelelang.<ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16" /> == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> E ne ya re fa rre Khama e le tautona, mothusa-tautona wa gagwe e bong, rre [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a nametsang pelo. Fa godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme ebile e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[National Development Plan (Botswana)|Maano a Tlhabololo ya setšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao-kakanyetso ya puso. Go seke go itshetlele ga lefatshe la Botswana go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, [[Botswana Defence Force]], ka ngwaga wa 1977. Pele ga seno, [[Sepodise sa Botswana|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> BNF e tlhomilwe ke [[Kenneth Koma]] ele lekoko la molema mme la nna lekokokganetso ka [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1969]]. === Puso ya ga rre Quett Masire === Rre Khama o ne a busa e le tautona mo lefatsheng la Botswana go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1980 mme ya re go tlhokafaleng ga gagwe mothusa-tautona rre Masire a tsaya botautona. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go bona baema-nokeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go ya kwa go tsa bo 1990 fa lefatshe le tlhabololwa mme baema-nokeng ba lekoko la BDP ba ne ba fokotsega ka jaanong dikgaolwana di ne di fokotsega ko go neng go itsege BDP e le lekoko la konokono teng.<ref name=":12" /> Lekgotla la [[:en:Kgabo_Commission|Thomo ya ga Kgabo]] le e neng e le karolo ya menahune ya tsa bogodu e e neng e ama mothusa tautona rre [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] ga mmogo le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP rre [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]] e ne ya laola dipolotiki tsa lefatshe la Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1991 mme ya tsisa dikgaogano mo lekokong la BDP. <ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go tlogela tiro ga ga rre Mmusi go ne ga dira gore rre [[Festus Mogae]] a tlhomiwe go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang.Kgang e o e ne ya tsisa go gola ga dikarolwana tsa dikgotlhang mo BDP. Rre Mmusi le rre Kwelagobe ba ne ba simolola lekoko la bone mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Two'. Rre [[Mompati Merafhe]] ga mmogo le baema-nokeng ba gagwe e bong rre [[David Magang]], [[Bahiti Temane]], [[Roy Blackbeard]] le rre [[Chapson Butale]] ba ne ba tlhoma lekoko la kganetso mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Five'.<ref name="Ntuane" /> E ne ya re moragonyana rre Merafhe a tsaya rre [[Jacob Nkate]] go nna mothusi wa gagwe mme ba ne ba ipitsa ditswerere .<ref name=":16" /> Baemedi ba 'The Big Two' ba ne ba ikuela kgatlhanong le diphitlhelelo tsa lekgotla kwa kgotlatshekelong mme ba ne ba felela ba emisitswe go nna maloko a palamente. Batlhatlheledi ba bone ba ne ba bona maatla morago ga ditlhopho-kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994. E rile fa gare ga dikgogagakgogano tsa maloko, lekoko la BNF le ne la nna lekoko-kganetso le le nonofileng le go feta e bile la fenya ditilo tsa palamente di le lesome le boraro.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}</ref> Rre Kwelagobe o ne a itebaganya le rre [[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]] morago ga go tlhokafala ga ga rre Mmusi mme bobedi joo ba ipitsa [[Barata-Phathi]].<ref name=":16" /> Morago ga maduo a a bokowa mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa 1994,moithuti wa dithuto tsa sepolotiki e bong rre [[Lawrence Schlemmer]] o ne a tsisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana ke lekoko la BDP go tla go ba thusa ka maano.O ne a tla ka mogopolo wa gore maloko a a nang le sebaka se se rileng mo pusong ya BDP a tseelwe sebaka ke maloko a masa a a sa amaneng le dikarolo dipe segolo jang mo maemong a botautona.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Diphetogo di le dintsi tsa molaomotheo di ne tsa diragadiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga tseo ya megopolo mo baageding ba lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 1997.Mothusa tautona a tlhomamisiwa gore e tlaa nna ene mojaboswa wa setilo sa botautona, dingwaga tsa go tlhopha di ne tsa fokolediwa kwa go lesome le boferabobedi fa godimo ga moo ga tlhomiwa lekgotla la ditlhopho le le ikemetseng ka nosi.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNtuane2018">Ntuane, Botsalo (2018). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 "President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King"]. ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''50''': <span class="nowrap">333–</span>338. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0525-5090 0525-5090]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 90026925].</cite></ref> Diphetogo tse, di ne di eteletswe pele ke rre Masire ka gore tatelano ya go tsena mo maemong e ne e mo letlelela go tlhopha yo o tlaa mo latelelang.<ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16" /> === 1998 go fitlhelela gompieno === Rre Masire o ne a fologa maemo a bo tautona ka ngwaga wa 1998 mme mothusa-tautona rre Mogae a nna tautona.O ne a tlhopha rre [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]] go nna mothusa-tautona mme le fa bobedi jo bo ne bo se mo lekokong ka leina, ba ne ba tshegetsa lekoko la A-Team la ga rre Merafhe le rre Nkate ka katlego. Seo se ne sa dira gore dipharologano tsa ditlhopha mo lekokong di nne maswe le go feta. <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Go ne ga nna le kgogakgogano gape mo lekokongkganetso la BNF, e e neng ya dira gore go tlhamiwe [[Botswana Congress Party]] ka ngwaga wa 1998. Maloko mangwe a a lekanetseng a kokoano a a neng a tswa mo lekokong le lešwa a ne a lemoga fa lekoko le le ne la nna la kganetso e kgolo, mme ba ne ba emisediwa ka bontlhopheng ba BNF mo [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1999 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1999]] . == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> E ne ya re fa rre Khama e le tautona, mothusa-tautona wa gagwe e bong, rre [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a nametsang pelo. Fa godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme ebile e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[National Development Plan (Botswana)|Maano a Tlhabololo ya setšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao-kakanyetso ya puso. Go seke go itshetlele ga lefatshe la Botswana go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, [[Botswana Defence Force]], ka ngwaga wa 1977. Pele ga seno, [[Sepodise sa Botswana|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> BNF e tlhomilwe ke [[Kenneth Koma]] ele lekoko la molema mme la nna lekokokganetso ka [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1969]]. === Puso ya ga rre Quett Masire === Rre Khama o ne a busa e le tautona mo lefatsheng la Botswana go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1980 mme ya re go tlhokafaleng ga gagwe mothusa-tautona rre Masire a tsaya botautona. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go bona baema-nokeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go ya kwa go tsa bo 1990 fa lefatshe le tlhabololwa mme baema-nokeng ba lekoko la BDP ba ne ba fokotsega ka jaanong dikgaolwana di ne di fokotsega ko go neng go itsege BDP e le lekoko la konokono teng.<ref name=":12" /> Lekgotla la [[:en:Kgabo_Commission|Thomo ya ga Kgabo]] le e neng e le karolo ya menahune ya tsa bogodu e e neng e ama mothusa tautona rre [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] ga mmogo le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP rre [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]] e ne ya laola dipolotiki tsa lefatshe la Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1991 mme ya tsisa dikgaogano mo lekokong la BDP. <ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go tlogela tiro ga ga rre Mmusi go ne ga dira gore rre [[Festus Mogae]] a tlhomiwe go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang.Kgang e o e ne ya tsisa go gola ga dikarolwana tsa dikgotlhang mo BDP. Rre Mmusi le rre Kwelagobe ba ne ba simolola lekoko la bone mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Two'. Rre [[Mompati Merafhe]] ga mmogo le baema-nokeng ba gagwe e bong rre [[David Magang]], [[Bahiti Temane]], [[Roy Blackbeard]] le rre [[Chapson Butale]] ba ne ba tlhoma lekoko la kganetso mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Five'.<ref name="Ntuane" /> E ne ya re moragonyana rre Merafhe a tsaya rre [[Jacob Nkate]] go nna mothusi wa gagwe mme ba ne ba ipitsa ditswerere .<ref name=":16" /> Baemedi ba 'The Big Two' ba ne ba ikuela kgatlhanong le diphitlhelelo tsa lekgotla kwa kgotlatshekelong mme ba ne ba felela ba emisitswe go nna maloko a palamente. Batlhatlheledi ba bone ba ne ba bona maatla morago ga ditlhopho-kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994. E rile fa gare ga dikgogagakgogano tsa maloko, lekoko la BNF le ne la nna lekoko-kganetso le le nonofileng le go feta e bile la fenya ditilo tsa palamente di le lesome le boraro.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}</ref> Rre Kwelagobe o ne a itebaganya le rre [[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]] morago ga go tlhokafala ga ga rre Mmusi mme bobedi joo ba ipitsa [[Barata-Phathi]].<ref name=":16" /> Morago ga maduo a a bokowa mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa 1994,moithuti wa dithuto tsa sepolotiki e bong rre [[Lawrence Schlemmer]] o ne a tsisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana ke lekoko la BDP go tla go ba thusa ka maano.O ne a tla ka mogopolo wa gore maloko a a nang le sebaka se se rileng mo pusong ya BDP a tseelwe sebaka ke maloko a masa a a sa amaneng le dikarolo dipe segolo jang mo maemong a botautona.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Diphetogo di le dintsi tsa molaomotheo di ne tsa diragadiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga tseo ya megopolo mo baageding ba lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 1997.Mothusa tautona a tlhomamisiwa gore e tlaa nna ene mojaboswa wa setilo sa botautona, dingwaga tsa go tlhopha di ne tsa fokolediwa kwa go lesome le boferabobedi fa godimo ga moo ga tlhomiwa lekgotla la ditlhopho le le ikemetseng ka nosi.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNtuane2018">Ntuane, Botsalo (2018). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 "President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King"]. ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''50''': <span class="nowrap">333–</span>338. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0525-5090 0525-5090]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 90026925].</cite></ref> Diphetogo tse, di ne di eteletswe pele ke rre Masire ka gore tatelano ya go tsena mo maemong e ne e mo letlelela go tlhopha yo o tlaa mo latelelang.<ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16" /> === 1998 go fitlhelela gompieno === Rre Masire o ne a fologa maemo a bo tautona ka ngwaga wa 1998 mme mothusa-tautona rre Mogae a nna tautona.O ne a tlhopha rre [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]] go nna mothusa-tautona mme le fa bobedi jo bo ne bo se mo lekokong ka leina, ba ne ba tshegetsa lekoko la A-Team la ga rre Merafhe le rre Nkate ka katlego. Seo se ne sa dira gore dipharologano tsa ditlhopha mo lekokong di nne maswe le go feta. <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Go ne ga nna le kgogakgogano gape mo lekokongkganetso la BNF, e e neng ya dira gore go tlhamiwe [[Botswana Congress Party]] ka ngwaga wa 1998. Maloko mangwe a a lekanetseng a kokoano a a neng a tswa mo lekokong le lešwa a ne a lemoga fa lekoko le le ne la nna la kganetso e kgolo, mme ba ne ba emisediwa ka bontlhopheng ba BNF mo [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1999 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1999]] . Nako ya ga Mogae ya go busa e le tautona e ne ya fela ka ngwaga wa 2008 mme Ian Khama, morwa tautona Seretse Khama, a nna tautona. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2008 |title=Botswana's Mogae wins $5m award |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2008/10/21/botswanas-mogae-wins-5m-award |access-date=2023-09-30 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> BDP e ne ya kgaogana lekgetlho la ntlha ka ngwaga wa 2010 fa Khama a ne a rotloetsa lekoko la 'Barata-Phathi' go tswa mo lekokong la BDP mme ba tlhama Mokgatlho wa [[Lekoko la Botswana Movement for Democracy|Botswana Movement for Democracy]], o o neng o eteletswe pele ke rre [[Gomolemo Motswaledi]] . <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Freedom House e ne ya isa maemo a Botswana kwa tlase ka dingwaga tsa bo 2010 ka go ne ga nna le kgatelelo kgatlhanong le babegadikgang. <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Nyenhuis |first2=Robert |date=2021 |title=Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article |journal=African Studies Review |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=854–883 |doi=10.1017/asr.2021.69 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=244539238 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> E ne ya re fa rre Khama e le tautona, mothusa-tautona wa gagwe e bong, rre [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a nametsang pelo. Fa godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme ebile e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[National Development Plan (Botswana)|Maano a Tlhabololo ya setšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao-kakanyetso ya puso. Go seke go itshetlele ga lefatshe la Botswana go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, [[Botswana Defence Force]], ka ngwaga wa 1977. Pele ga seno, [[Sepodise sa Botswana|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> BNF e tlhomilwe ke [[Kenneth Koma]] ele lekoko la molema mme la nna lekokokganetso ka [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1969]]. === Puso ya ga rre Quett Masire === Rre Khama o ne a busa e le tautona mo lefatsheng la Botswana go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1980 mme ya re go tlhokafaleng ga gagwe mothusa-tautona rre Masire a tsaya botautona. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go bona baema-nokeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go ya kwa go tsa bo 1990 fa lefatshe le tlhabololwa mme baema-nokeng ba lekoko la BDP ba ne ba fokotsega ka jaanong dikgaolwana di ne di fokotsega ko go neng go itsege BDP e le lekoko la konokono teng.<ref name=":12" /> Lekgotla la [[:en:Kgabo_Commission|Thomo ya ga Kgabo]] le e neng e le karolo ya menahune ya tsa bogodu e e neng e ama mothusa tautona rre [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] ga mmogo le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP rre [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]] e ne ya laola dipolotiki tsa lefatshe la Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1991 mme ya tsisa dikgaogano mo lekokong la BDP. <ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go tlogela tiro ga ga rre Mmusi go ne ga dira gore rre [[Festus Mogae]] a tlhomiwe go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang.Kgang e o e ne ya tsisa go gola ga dikarolwana tsa dikgotlhang mo BDP. Rre Mmusi le rre Kwelagobe ba ne ba simolola lekoko la bone mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Two'. Rre [[Mompati Merafhe]] ga mmogo le baema-nokeng ba gagwe e bong rre [[David Magang]], [[Bahiti Temane]], [[Roy Blackbeard]] le rre [[Chapson Butale]] ba ne ba tlhoma lekoko la kganetso mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Five'.<ref name="Ntuane" /> E ne ya re moragonyana rre Merafhe a tsaya rre [[Jacob Nkate]] go nna mothusi wa gagwe mme ba ne ba ipitsa ditswerere .<ref name=":16" /> Baemedi ba 'The Big Two' ba ne ba ikuela kgatlhanong le diphitlhelelo tsa lekgotla kwa kgotlatshekelong mme ba ne ba felela ba emisitswe go nna maloko a palamente. Batlhatlheledi ba bone ba ne ba bona maatla morago ga ditlhopho-kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994. E rile fa gare ga dikgogagakgogano tsa maloko, lekoko la BNF le ne la nna lekoko-kganetso le le nonofileng le go feta e bile la fenya ditilo tsa palamente di le lesome le boraro.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}</ref> Rre Kwelagobe o ne a itebaganya le rre [[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]] morago ga go tlhokafala ga ga rre Mmusi mme bobedi joo ba ipitsa [[Barata-Phathi]].<ref name=":16" /> Morago ga maduo a a bokowa mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa 1994,moithuti wa dithuto tsa sepolotiki e bong rre [[Lawrence Schlemmer]] o ne a tsisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana ke lekoko la BDP go tla go ba thusa ka maano.O ne a tla ka mogopolo wa gore maloko a a nang le sebaka se se rileng mo pusong ya BDP a tseelwe sebaka ke maloko a masa a a sa amaneng le dikarolo dipe segolo jang mo maemong a botautona.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Diphetogo di le dintsi tsa molaomotheo di ne tsa diragadiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga tseo ya megopolo mo baageding ba lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 1997.Mothusa tautona a tlhomamisiwa gore e tlaa nna ene mojaboswa wa setilo sa botautona, dingwaga tsa go tlhopha di ne tsa fokolediwa kwa go lesome le boferabobedi fa godimo ga moo ga tlhomiwa lekgotla la ditlhopho le le ikemetseng ka nosi.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNtuane2018">Ntuane, Botsalo (2018). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 "President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King"]. ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''50''': <span class="nowrap">333–</span>338. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0525-5090 0525-5090]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 90026925].</cite></ref> Diphetogo tse, di ne di eteletswe pele ke rre Masire ka gore tatelano ya go tsena mo maemong e ne e mo letlelela go tlhopha yo o tlaa mo latelelang.<ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16" /> === 1998 go fitlhelela gompieno === Rre Masire o ne a fologa maemo a bo-tautona ka ngwaga wa 1998 mme mothusa-tautona rre Mogae a nna tautona.O ne a tlhopha rre [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]] go nna mothusa-tautona mme le fa bobedi jo bo ne bo se mo lekokong ka leina, ba ne ba tshegetsa lekoko la A-Team la ga rre Merafhe le rre Nkate ka katlego. Seo se ne sa dira gore dipharologano tsa ditlhopha mo lekokong di nne maswe le go feta. <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go ne ga nna le kgogakgogano gape mo lekokongkganetso la BNF, e e neng ya dira gore go tlhamiwe [[Botswana Congress Party]] ka ngwaga wa 1998. Maloko mangwe a a lekanetseng a kokoano a a neng a tswa mo lekokong le lešwa a ne a lemoga fa lekoko le le ne la nna la kganetso e kgolo, mme ba ne ba emisediwa ka bontlhopheng ba BNF mo [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1999 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1999]] . Nako ya ga Mogae ya go busa e le tautona e ne ya fela ka ngwaga wa 2008 mme Ian Khama, morwa tautona Seretse Khama, a nna tautona. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2008 |title=Botswana's Mogae wins $5m award |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2008/10/21/botswanas-mogae-wins-5m-award |access-date=2023-09-30 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> BDP e ne ya kgaogana lekgetlho la ntlha ka ngwaga wa 2010 fa Khama a ne a rotloetsa lekoko la 'Barata-Phathi' go tswa mo lekokong la BDP mme ba tlhama Mokgatlho wa [[Lekoko la Botswana Movement for Democracy|Botswana Movement for Democracy]], o o neng o eteletswe pele ke rre [[Gomolemo Motswaledi]] . <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Freedom House e ne ya isa maemo a Botswana kwa tlase ka dingwaga tsa bo 2010 ka go ne ga nna le kgatelelo kgatlhanong le babegadikgang. <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Nyenhuis |first2=Robert |date=2021 |title=Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article |journal=African Studies Review |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=854–883 |doi=10.1017/asr.2021.69 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=244539238 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Rre Khama o ne a fologa setilo ka ngwaga wa 2018 mme mothusa tautona rre [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] a tsaya setilo sa bo-tautona. A tloga a busetsa morago melawana ya ga rre Khama mme a ntsha badiredibagolo ba ba neng ba tlhomilwe ke rre Khama mo maemomg a bone. Bobedi bo bo neng bo dirisana mmogo ebile bo ntshana seinong bo ne ba fetoga go nna baganetsi ba sepolotiki ka bonako mme Khama a tswa mo lekokong la Botswana Democratic Party. Go na le moo o ne a ikgolaganya le lekoko le le sa tswang go tlhamiwa [[Botswana Patriotic Front|la Botswana Patriotic Front]] mo godimo ga go ema nokeng lekoko la Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho. Se se dirile gore [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 2019 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 2019]] e nne ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kgaisano e e rileng mo dipakeng tsa ditlhopho tsa setšhaba sa Botswana, fela BDP e ne ya nna mo pusong ka selekanyo sa ditlhopho se se sa feteng makgolo a le matlhano le boraro (52.7%) , ya gapa manno a le masome a mararo le borobabobedi mo go a le masome a le matlhano le bosupa mo lekgotleng la kokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Nyenhuis |first2=Robert |date=2021 |title=Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article |journal=African Studies Review |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=854–883 |doi=10.1017/asr.2021.69 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=244539238 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSeaboNyenhuis2021">Seabo, Batlang; Nyenhuis, Robert (2021). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article "Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama"]</span>. ''African Studies Review''. '''64''' (4): <span class="nowrap">854–</span>883. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/asr.2021.69|10.1017/asr.2021.69]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-0206 0002-0206]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244539238 244539238].</cite></ref> Kgaisano e ne ya gola thata fa rre Masisi a ne a latelela ditatofatso tsa bosenyi kgatlhanong le rre Khama ka ntlha ya go nna le ditlhobolo e se ka fa molaong ka ngwaga wa 2022, mme seo se ne sa dira gore rre Khama a batle botshabelo kwa Aferika Borwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ndebele |first=Lenin |title=Ex-Botswana president Ian Khama vows to make successor 'one-term' president |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/ex-botswana-president-ian-khama-vows-to-make-successor-one-term-president-20230412 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=News24}}</ref> == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> E ne ya re fa rre Khama e le tautona, mothusa-tautona wa gagwe e bong, rre [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a nametsang pelo. Fa godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme ebile e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[National Development Plan (Botswana)|Maano a Tlhabololo ya setšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao-kakanyetso ya puso. Go seke go itshetlele ga lefatshe la Botswana go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, [[Botswana Defence Force]], ka ngwaga wa 1977. Pele ga seno, [[Sepodise sa Botswana|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> BNF e tlhomilwe ke [[Kenneth Koma]] ele lekoko la molema mme la nna lekokokganetso ka [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1969]]. === Puso ya ga rre Quett Masire === Rre Khama o ne a busa e le tautona mo lefatsheng la Botswana go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1980 mme ya re go tlhokafaleng ga gagwe mothusa-tautona rre Masire a tsaya botautona. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go bona baema-nokeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go ya kwa go tsa bo 1990 fa lefatshe le tlhabololwa mme baema-nokeng ba lekoko la BDP ba ne ba fokotsega ka jaanong dikgaolwana di ne di fokotsega ko go neng go itsege BDP e le lekoko la konokono teng.<ref name=":12" /> Lekgotla la [[:en:Kgabo_Commission|Thomo ya ga Kgabo]] le e neng e le karolo ya menahune ya tsa bogodu e e neng e ama mothusa tautona rre [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] ga mmogo le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP rre [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]] e ne ya laola dipolotiki tsa lefatshe la Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1991 mme ya tsisa dikgaogano mo lekokong la BDP. <ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go tlogela tiro ga ga rre Mmusi go ne ga dira gore rre [[Festus Mogae]] a tlhomiwe go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang.Kgang e o e ne ya tsisa go gola ga dikarolwana tsa dikgotlhang mo BDP. Rre Mmusi le rre Kwelagobe ba ne ba simolola lekoko la bone mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Two'. Rre [[Mompati Merafhe]] ga mmogo le baema-nokeng ba gagwe e bong rre [[David Magang]], [[Bahiti Temane]], [[Roy Blackbeard]] le rre [[Chapson Butale]] ba ne ba tlhoma lekoko la kganetso mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Five'.<ref name="Ntuane" /> E ne ya re moragonyana rre Merafhe a tsaya rre [[Jacob Nkate]] go nna mothusi wa gagwe mme ba ne ba ipitsa ditswerere .<ref name=":16" /> Baemedi ba 'The Big Two' ba ne ba ikuela kgatlhanong le diphitlhelelo tsa lekgotla kwa kgotlatshekelong mme ba ne ba felela ba emisitswe go nna maloko a palamente. Batlhatlheledi ba bone ba ne ba bona maatla morago ga ditlhopho-kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994. E rile fa gare ga dikgogagakgogano tsa maloko, lekoko la BNF le ne la nna lekoko-kganetso le le nonofileng le go feta e bile la fenya ditilo tsa palamente di le lesome le boraro.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}</ref> Rre Kwelagobe o ne a itebaganya le rre [[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]] morago ga go tlhokafala ga ga rre Mmusi mme bobedi joo ba ipitsa [[Barata-Phathi]].<ref name=":16" /> Morago ga maduo a a bokowa mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa 1994,moithuti wa dithuto tsa sepolotiki e bong rre [[Lawrence Schlemmer]] o ne a tsisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana ke lekoko la BDP go tla go ba thusa ka maano.O ne a tla ka mogopolo wa gore maloko a a nang le sebaka se se rileng mo pusong ya BDP a tseelwe sebaka ke maloko a masa a a sa amaneng le dikarolo dipe segolo jang mo maemong a botautona.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Diphetogo di le dintsi tsa molaomotheo di ne tsa diragadiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga tseo ya megopolo mo baageding ba lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 1997.Mothusa tautona a tlhomamisiwa gore e tlaa nna ene mojaboswa wa setilo sa botautona, dingwaga tsa go tlhopha di ne tsa fokolediwa kwa go lesome le boferabobedi fa godimo ga moo ga tlhomiwa lekgotla la ditlhopho le le ikemetseng ka nosi.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNtuane2018">Ntuane, Botsalo (2018). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 "President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King"]. ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''50''': <span class="nowrap">333–</span>338. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0525-5090 0525-5090]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 90026925].</cite></ref> Diphetogo tse, di ne di eteletswe pele ke rre Masire ka gore tatelano ya go tsena mo maemong e ne e mo letlelela go tlhopha yo o tlaa mo latelelang.<ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16" /> === 1998 go fitlhelela gompieno === Rre Masire o ne a fologa maemo a bo-tautona ka ngwaga wa 1998 mme mothusa-tautona rre Mogae a nna tautona.O ne a tlhopha rre [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]] go nna mothusa-tautona mme le fa bobedi jo bo ne bo se mo lekokong ka leina, ba ne ba tshegetsa lekoko la A-Team la ga rre Merafhe le rre Nkate ka katlego. Seo se ne sa dira gore dipharologano tsa ditlhopha mo lekokong di nne maswe le go feta. <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go ne ga nna le kgogakgogano gape mo lekokongkganetso la BNF, e e neng ya dira gore go tlhamiwe [[Botswana Congress Party]] ka ngwaga wa 1998. Maloko mangwe a a lekanetseng a kokoano a a neng a tswa mo lekokong le lešwa a ne a lemoga fa lekoko le le ne la nna la kganetso e kgolo, mme ba ne ba emisediwa ka bontlhopheng ba BNF mo [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1999 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1999]] . Nako ya ga Mogae ya go busa e le tautona e ne ya fela ka ngwaga wa 2008 mme Ian Khama, morwa tautona Seretse Khama, a nna tautona. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2008 |title=Botswana's Mogae wins $5m award |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2008/10/21/botswanas-mogae-wins-5m-award |access-date=2023-09-30 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> BDP e ne ya kgaogana lekgetlho la ntlha ka ngwaga wa 2010 fa Khama a ne a rotloetsa lekoko la 'Barata-Phathi' go tswa mo lekokong la BDP mme ba tlhama Mokgatlho wa [[Lekoko la Botswana Movement for Democracy|Botswana Movement for Democracy]], o o neng o eteletswe pele ke rre [[Gomolemo Motswaledi]] . <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Freedom House e ne ya isa maemo a Botswana kwa tlase ka dingwaga tsa bo 2010 ka go ne ga nna le kgatelelo kgatlhanong le babegadikgang. <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Nyenhuis |first2=Robert |date=2021 |title=Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article |journal=African Studies Review |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=854–883 |doi=10.1017/asr.2021.69 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=244539238 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Rre Khama o ne a fologa setilo ka ngwaga wa 2018 mme mothusa tautona rre [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] a tsaya setilo sa bo-tautona. A tloga a busetsa morago melawana ya ga rre Khama mme a ntsha badiredibagolo ba ba neng ba tlhomilwe ke rre Khama mo maemomg a bone. Bobedi bo bo neng bo dirisana mmogo ebile bo ntshana seinong bo ne ba fetoga go nna baganetsi ba sepolotiki ka bonako mme Khama a tswa mo lekokong la Botswana Democratic Party. Go na le moo o ne a ikgolaganya le lekoko le le sa tswang go tlhamiwa [[Botswana Patriotic Front|la Botswana Patriotic Front]] mo godimo ga go ema nokeng lekoko la Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho. Se se dirile gore [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 2019 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 2019]] e nne ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kgaisano e e rileng mo dipakeng tsa ditlhopho tsa setšhaba sa Botswana, fela BDP e ne ya nna mo pusong ka selekanyo sa ditlhopho se se sa feteng makgolo a le matlhano le boraro (52.7%) , ya gapa manno a le masome a mararo le borobabobedi mo go a le masome a le matlhano le bosupa mo lekgotleng la kokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Nyenhuis |first2=Robert |date=2021 |title=Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article |journal=African Studies Review |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=854–883 |doi=10.1017/asr.2021.69 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=244539238 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSeaboNyenhuis2021">Seabo, Batlang; Nyenhuis, Robert (2021). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article "Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama"]</span>. ''African Studies Review''. '''64''' (4): <span class="nowrap">854–</span>883. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/asr.2021.69|10.1017/asr.2021.69]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-0206 0002-0206]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244539238 244539238].</cite></ref> Kgaisano e ne ya gola thata fa rre Masisi a ne a latelela ditatofatso tsa bosenyi kgatlhanong le rre Khama ka ntlha ya go nna le ditlhobolo e se ka fa molaong ka ngwaga wa 2022, mme seo se ne sa dira gore rre Khama a batle botshabelo kwa Aferika Borwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ndebele |first=Lenin |title=Ex-Botswana president Ian Khama vows to make successor 'one-term' president |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/ex-botswana-president-ian-khama-vows-to-make-successor-one-term-president-20230412 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=News24}}</ref> == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> E ne ya re fa rre Khama e le tautona, mothusa-tautona wa gagwe e bong, rre [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a nametsang pelo. Fa godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme ebile e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[National Development Plan (Botswana)|Maano a Tlhabololo ya setšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao-kakanyetso ya puso. Go seke go itshetlele ga lefatshe la Botswana go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, [[Botswana Defence Force]], ka ngwaga wa 1977. Pele ga seno, [[Sepodise sa Botswana|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> BNF e tlhomilwe ke [[Kenneth Koma]] ele lekoko la molema mme la nna lekokokganetso ka [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1969]]. === Puso ya ga rre Quett Masire === Rre Khama o ne a busa e le tautona mo lefatsheng la Botswana go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1980 mme ya re go tlhokafaleng ga gagwe mothusa-tautona rre Masire a tsaya botautona. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go bona baema-nokeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go ya kwa go tsa bo 1990 fa lefatshe le tlhabololwa mme baema-nokeng ba lekoko la BDP ba ne ba fokotsega ka jaanong dikgaolwana di ne di fokotsega ko go neng go itsege BDP e le lekoko la konokono teng.<ref name=":12" /> Lekgotla la [[:en:Kgabo_Commission|Thomo ya ga Kgabo]] le e neng e le karolo ya menahune ya tsa bogodu e e neng e ama mothusa tautona rre [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] ga mmogo le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP rre [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]] e ne ya laola dipolotiki tsa lefatshe la Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1991 mme ya tsisa dikgaogano mo lekokong la BDP. <ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go tlogela tiro ga ga rre Mmusi go ne ga dira gore rre [[Festus Mogae]] a tlhomiwe go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang.Kgang e o e ne ya tsisa go gola ga dikarolwana tsa dikgotlhang mo BDP. Rre Mmusi le rre Kwelagobe ba ne ba simolola lekoko la bone mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Two'. Rre [[Mompati Merafhe]] ga mmogo le baema-nokeng ba gagwe e bong rre [[David Magang]], [[Bahiti Temane]], [[Roy Blackbeard]] le rre [[Chapson Butale]] ba ne ba tlhoma lekoko la kganetso mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Five'.<ref name="Ntuane" /> E ne ya re moragonyana rre Merafhe a tsaya rre [[Jacob Nkate]] go nna mothusi wa gagwe mme ba ne ba ipitsa ditswerere .<ref name=":16" /> Baemedi ba 'The Big Two' ba ne ba ikuela kgatlhanong le diphitlhelelo tsa lekgotla kwa kgotlatshekelong mme ba ne ba felela ba emisitswe go nna maloko a palamente. Batlhatlheledi ba bone ba ne ba bona maatla morago ga ditlhopho-kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994. E rile fa gare ga dikgogagakgogano tsa maloko, lekoko la BNF le ne la nna lekoko-kganetso le le nonofileng le go feta e bile la fenya ditilo tsa palamente di le lesome le boraro.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}</ref> Rre Kwelagobe o ne a itebaganya le rre [[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]] morago ga go tlhokafala ga ga rre Mmusi mme bobedi joo ba ipitsa [[Barata-Phathi]].<ref name=":16" /> Morago ga maduo a a bokowa mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa 1994,moithuti wa dithuto tsa sepolotiki e bong rre [[Lawrence Schlemmer]] o ne a tsisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana ke lekoko la BDP go tla go ba thusa ka maano.O ne a tla ka mogopolo wa gore maloko a a nang le sebaka se se rileng mo pusong ya BDP a tseelwe sebaka ke maloko a masa a a sa amaneng le dikarolo dipe segolo jang mo maemong a botautona.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Diphetogo di le dintsi tsa molaomotheo di ne tsa diragadiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga tseo ya megopolo mo baageding ba lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 1997.Mothusa tautona a tlhomamisiwa gore e tlaa nna ene mojaboswa wa setilo sa botautona, dingwaga tsa go tlhopha di ne tsa fokolediwa kwa go lesome le boferabobedi fa godimo ga moo ga tlhomiwa lekgotla la ditlhopho le le ikemetseng ka nosi.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNtuane2018">Ntuane, Botsalo (2018). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 "President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King"]. ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''50''': <span class="nowrap">333–</span>338. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0525-5090 0525-5090]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 90026925].</cite></ref> Diphetogo tse, di ne di eteletswe pele ke rre Masire ka gore tatelano ya go tsena mo maemong e ne e mo letlelela go tlhopha yo o tlaa mo latelelang.<ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16" /> === 1998 go fitlhelela gompieno === Rre Masire o ne a fologa maemo a bo-tautona ka ngwaga wa 1998 mme mothusa-tautona rre Mogae a nna tautona.O ne a tlhopha rre [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]] go nna mothusa-tautona mme le fa bobedi jo bo ne bo se mo lekokong ka leina, ba ne ba tshegetsa lekoko la A-Team la ga rre Merafhe le rre Nkate ka katlego. Seo se ne sa dira gore dipharologano tsa ditlhopha mo lekokong di nne maswe le go feta. <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go ne ga nna le kgogakgogano gape mo lekokongkganetso la BNF, e e neng ya dira gore go tlhamiwe [[Botswana Congress Party]] ka ngwaga wa 1998. Maloko mangwe a a lekanetseng a kokoano a a neng a tswa mo lekokong le lešwa a ne a lemoga fa lekoko le le ne la nna la kganetso e kgolo, mme ba ne ba emisediwa ka bontlhopheng ba BNF mo [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1999 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1999]] . Nako ya ga Mogae ya go busa e le tautona e ne ya fela ka ngwaga wa 2008 mme Ian Khama, morwa tautona Seretse Khama, a nna tautona. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2008 |title=Botswana's Mogae wins $5m award |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2008/10/21/botswanas-mogae-wins-5m-award |access-date=2023-09-30 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> BDP e ne ya kgaogana lekgetlho la ntlha ka ngwaga wa 2010 fa Khama a ne a rotloetsa lekoko la 'Barata-Phathi' go tswa mo lekokong la BDP mme ba tlhama Mokgatlho wa [[Lekoko la Botswana Movement for Democracy|Botswana Movement for Democracy]], o o neng o eteletswe pele ke rre [[Gomolemo Motswaledi]] . <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Freedom House e ne ya isa maemo a Botswana kwa tlase ka dingwaga tsa bo 2010 ka go ne ga nna le kgatelelo kgatlhanong le babegadikgang. <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Nyenhuis |first2=Robert |date=2021 |title=Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article |journal=African Studies Review |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=854–883 |doi=10.1017/asr.2021.69 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=244539238 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Rre Khama o ne a fologa setilo ka ngwaga wa 2018 mme mothusa tautona rre [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] a tsaya setilo sa bo-tautona. A tloga a busetsa morago melawana ya ga rre Khama mme a ntsha badiredibagolo ba ba neng ba tlhomilwe ke rre Khama mo maemomg a bone. Bobedi bo bo neng bo dirisana mmogo ebile bo ntshana seinong bo ne ba fetoga go nna baganetsi ba sepolotiki ka bonako mme Khama a tswa mo lekokong la Botswana Democratic Party. Go na le moo o ne a ikgolaganya le lekoko le le sa tswang go tlhamiwa [[Botswana Patriotic Front|la Botswana Patriotic Front]] mo godimo ga go ema nokeng lekoko la Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho. Se se dirile gore [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 2019 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 2019]] e nne ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kgaisano e e rileng mo dipakeng tsa ditlhopho tsa setšhaba sa Botswana, fela BDP e ne ya nna mo pusong ka selekanyo sa ditlhopho se se sa feteng makgolo a le matlhano le boraro (52.7%) , ya gapa manno a le masome a mararo le borobabobedi mo go a le masome a le matlhano le bosupa mo lekgotleng la kokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Nyenhuis |first2=Robert |date=2021 |title=Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article |journal=African Studies Review |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=854–883 |doi=10.1017/asr.2021.69 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=244539238 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kgaisano e ne ya gola thata fa rre Masisi a ne a latelela ditatofatso tsa bosenyi kgatlhanong le rre Khama ka ntlha ya go nna le ditlhobolo e se ka fa molaong ka ngwaga wa 2022, mme seo se ne sa dira gore rre Khama a batle botshabelo kwa Aferika Borwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ndebele |first=Lenin |title=Ex-Botswana president Ian Khama vows to make successor 'one-term' president |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/ex-botswana-president-ian-khama-vows-to-make-successor-one-term-president-20230412 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=News24}}</ref> === Go tlhatloga gapuso ya kganetso mo pusong === == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> E ne ya re fa rre Khama e le tautona, mothusa-tautona wa gagwe e bong, rre [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a nametsang pelo. Fa godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme ebile e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[National Development Plan (Botswana)|Maano a Tlhabololo ya setšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao-kakanyetso ya puso. Go seke go itshetlele ga lefatshe la Botswana go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, [[Botswana Defence Force]], ka ngwaga wa 1977. Pele ga seno, [[Sepodise sa Botswana|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> BNF e tlhomilwe ke [[Kenneth Koma]] ele lekoko la molema mme la nna lekokokganetso ka [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1969]]. === Puso ya ga rre Quett Masire === Rre Khama o ne a busa e le tautona mo lefatsheng la Botswana go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1980 mme ya re go tlhokafaleng ga gagwe mothusa-tautona rre Masire a tsaya botautona. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go bona baema-nokeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go ya kwa go tsa bo 1990 fa lefatshe le tlhabololwa mme baema-nokeng ba lekoko la BDP ba ne ba fokotsega ka jaanong dikgaolwana di ne di fokotsega ko go neng go itsege BDP e le lekoko la konokono teng.<ref name=":12" /> Lekgotla la [[:en:Kgabo_Commission|Thomo ya ga Kgabo]] le e neng e le karolo ya menahune ya tsa bogodu e e neng e ama mothusa tautona rre [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] ga mmogo le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP rre [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]] e ne ya laola dipolotiki tsa lefatshe la Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1991 mme ya tsisa dikgaogano mo lekokong la BDP. <ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go tlogela tiro ga ga rre Mmusi go ne ga dira gore rre [[Festus Mogae]] a tlhomiwe go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang.Kgang e o e ne ya tsisa go gola ga dikarolwana tsa dikgotlhang mo BDP. Rre Mmusi le rre Kwelagobe ba ne ba simolola lekoko la bone mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Two'. Rre [[Mompati Merafhe]] ga mmogo le baema-nokeng ba gagwe e bong rre [[David Magang]], [[Bahiti Temane]], [[Roy Blackbeard]] le rre [[Chapson Butale]] ba ne ba tlhoma lekoko la kganetso mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Five'.<ref name="Ntuane" /> E ne ya re moragonyana rre Merafhe a tsaya rre [[Jacob Nkate]] go nna mothusi wa gagwe mme ba ne ba ipitsa ditswerere .<ref name=":16" /> Baemedi ba 'The Big Two' ba ne ba ikuela kgatlhanong le diphitlhelelo tsa lekgotla kwa kgotlatshekelong mme ba ne ba felela ba emisitswe go nna maloko a palamente. Batlhatlheledi ba bone ba ne ba bona maatla morago ga ditlhopho-kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994. E rile fa gare ga dikgogagakgogano tsa maloko, lekoko la BNF le ne la nna lekoko-kganetso le le nonofileng le go feta e bile la fenya ditilo tsa palamente di le lesome le boraro.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}</ref> Rre Kwelagobe o ne a itebaganya le rre [[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]] morago ga go tlhokafala ga ga rre Mmusi mme bobedi joo ba ipitsa [[Barata-Phathi]].<ref name=":16" /> Morago ga maduo a a bokowa mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa 1994,moithuti wa dithuto tsa sepolotiki e bong rre [[Lawrence Schlemmer]] o ne a tsisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana ke lekoko la BDP go tla go ba thusa ka maano.O ne a tla ka mogopolo wa gore maloko a a nang le sebaka se se rileng mo pusong ya BDP a tseelwe sebaka ke maloko a masa a a sa amaneng le dikarolo dipe segolo jang mo maemong a botautona.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Diphetogo di le dintsi tsa molaomotheo di ne tsa diragadiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga tseo ya megopolo mo baageding ba lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 1997.Mothusa tautona a tlhomamisiwa gore e tlaa nna ene mojaboswa wa setilo sa botautona, dingwaga tsa go tlhopha di ne tsa fokolediwa kwa go lesome le boferabobedi fa godimo ga moo ga tlhomiwa lekgotla la ditlhopho le le ikemetseng ka nosi.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNtuane2018">Ntuane, Botsalo (2018). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 "President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King"]. ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''50''': <span class="nowrap">333–</span>338. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0525-5090 0525-5090]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 90026925].</cite></ref> Diphetogo tse, di ne di eteletswe pele ke rre Masire ka gore tatelano ya go tsena mo maemong e ne e mo letlelela go tlhopha yo o tlaa mo latelelang.<ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16" /> === 1998 go fitlhelela gompieno === Rre Masire o ne a fologa maemo a bo-tautona ka ngwaga wa 1998 mme mothusa-tautona rre Mogae a nna tautona.O ne a tlhopha rre [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]] go nna mothusa-tautona mme le fa bobedi jo bo ne bo se mo lekokong ka leina, ba ne ba tshegetsa lekoko la A-Team la ga rre Merafhe le rre Nkate ka katlego. Seo se ne sa dira gore dipharologano tsa ditlhopha mo lekokong di nne maswe le go feta. <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go ne ga nna le kgogakgogano gape mo lekokongkganetso la BNF, e e neng ya dira gore go tlhamiwe [[Botswana Congress Party]] ka ngwaga wa 1998. Maloko mangwe a a lekanetseng a kokoano a a neng a tswa mo lekokong le lešwa a ne a lemoga fa lekoko le le ne la nna la kganetso e kgolo, mme ba ne ba emisediwa ka bontlhopheng ba BNF mo [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1999 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1999]] . Nako ya ga Mogae ya go busa e le tautona e ne ya fela ka ngwaga wa 2008 mme Ian Khama, morwa tautona Seretse Khama, a nna tautona. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2008 |title=Botswana's Mogae wins $5m award |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2008/10/21/botswanas-mogae-wins-5m-award |access-date=2023-09-30 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> BDP e ne ya kgaogana lekgetlho la ntlha ka ngwaga wa 2010 fa Khama a ne a rotloetsa lekoko la 'Barata-Phathi' go tswa mo lekokong la BDP mme ba tlhama Mokgatlho wa [[Lekoko la Botswana Movement for Democracy|Botswana Movement for Democracy]], o o neng o eteletswe pele ke rre [[Gomolemo Motswaledi]] . <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Freedom House e ne ya isa maemo a Botswana kwa tlase ka dingwaga tsa bo 2010 ka go ne ga nna le kgatelelo kgatlhanong le babegadikgang. <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Nyenhuis |first2=Robert |date=2021 |title=Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article |journal=African Studies Review |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=854–883 |doi=10.1017/asr.2021.69 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=244539238 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Rre Khama o ne a fologa setilo ka ngwaga wa 2018 mme mothusa tautona rre [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] a tsaya setilo sa bo-tautona. A tloga a busetsa morago melawana ya ga rre Khama mme a ntsha badiredibagolo ba ba neng ba tlhomilwe ke rre Khama mo maemomg a bone. Bobedi bo bo neng bo dirisana mmogo ebile bo ntshana seinong bo ne ba fetoga go nna baganetsi ba sepolotiki ka bonako mme Khama a tswa mo lekokong la Botswana Democratic Party. Go na le moo o ne a ikgolaganya le lekoko le le sa tswang go tlhamiwa [[Botswana Patriotic Front|la Botswana Patriotic Front]] mo godimo ga go ema nokeng lekoko la Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho. Se se dirile gore [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 2019 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 2019]] e nne ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kgaisano e e rileng mo dipakeng tsa ditlhopho tsa setšhaba sa Botswana, fela BDP e ne ya nna mo pusong ka selekanyo sa ditlhopho se se sa feteng makgolo a le matlhano le boraro (52.7%) , ya gapa manno a le masome a mararo le borobabobedi mo go a le masome a le matlhano le bosupa mo lekgotleng la kokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Nyenhuis |first2=Robert |date=2021 |title=Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article |journal=African Studies Review |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=854–883 |doi=10.1017/asr.2021.69 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=244539238 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kgaisano e ne ya gola thata fa rre Masisi a ne a latelela ditatofatso tsa bosenyi kgatlhanong le rre Khama ka ntlha ya go nna le ditlhobolo e se ka fa molaong ka ngwaga wa 2022, mme seo se ne sa dira gore rre Khama a batle botshabelo kwa Aferika Borwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ndebele |first=Lenin |title=Ex-Botswana president Ian Khama vows to make successor 'one-term' president |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/ex-botswana-president-ian-khama-vows-to-make-successor-one-term-president-20230412 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=News24}}</ref> === Go tlhatloga gapuso ya kganetso mo pusong === == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> E ne ya re fa rre Khama e le tautona, mothusa-tautona wa gagwe e bong, rre [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a nametsang pelo. Fa godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme ebile e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[National Development Plan (Botswana)|Maano a Tlhabololo ya setšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao-kakanyetso ya puso. Go seke go itshetlele ga lefatshe la Botswana go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, [[Botswana Defence Force]], ka ngwaga wa 1977. Pele ga seno, [[Sepodise sa Botswana|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> BNF e tlhomilwe ke [[Kenneth Koma]] ele lekoko la molema mme la nna lekokokganetso ka [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1969]]. === Puso ya ga rre Quett Masire === Rre Khama o ne a busa e le tautona mo lefatsheng la Botswana go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1980 mme ya re go tlhokafaleng ga gagwe mothusa-tautona rre Masire a tsaya botautona. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go bona baema-nokeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go ya kwa go tsa bo 1990 fa lefatshe le tlhabololwa mme baema-nokeng ba lekoko la BDP ba ne ba fokotsega ka jaanong dikgaolwana di ne di fokotsega ko go neng go itsege BDP e le lekoko la konokono teng.<ref name=":12" /> Lekgotla la [[:en:Kgabo_Commission|Thomo ya ga Kgabo]] le e neng e le karolo ya menahune ya tsa bogodu e e neng e ama mothusa tautona rre [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] ga mmogo le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP rre [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]] e ne ya laola dipolotiki tsa lefatshe la Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1991 mme ya tsisa dikgaogano mo lekokong la BDP. <ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go tlogela tiro ga ga rre Mmusi go ne ga dira gore rre [[Festus Mogae]] a tlhomiwe go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang.Kgang e o e ne ya tsisa go gola ga dikarolwana tsa dikgotlhang mo BDP. Rre Mmusi le rre Kwelagobe ba ne ba simolola lekoko la bone mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Two'. Rre [[Mompati Merafhe]] ga mmogo le baema-nokeng ba gagwe e bong rre [[David Magang]], [[Bahiti Temane]], [[Roy Blackbeard]] le rre [[Chapson Butale]] ba ne ba tlhoma lekoko la kganetso mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Five'.<ref name="Ntuane" /> E ne ya re moragonyana rre Merafhe a tsaya rre [[Jacob Nkate]] go nna mothusi wa gagwe mme ba ne ba ipitsa ditswerere .<ref name=":16" /> Baemedi ba 'The Big Two' ba ne ba ikuela kgatlhanong le diphitlhelelo tsa lekgotla kwa kgotlatshekelong mme ba ne ba felela ba emisitswe go nna maloko a palamente. Batlhatlheledi ba bone ba ne ba bona maatla morago ga ditlhopho-kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994. E rile fa gare ga dikgogagakgogano tsa maloko, lekoko la BNF le ne la nna lekoko-kganetso le le nonofileng le go feta e bile la fenya ditilo tsa palamente di le lesome le boraro.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}</ref> Rre Kwelagobe o ne a itebaganya le rre [[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]] morago ga go tlhokafala ga ga rre Mmusi mme bobedi joo ba ipitsa [[Barata-Phathi]].<ref name=":16" /> Morago ga maduo a a bokowa mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa 1994,moithuti wa dithuto tsa sepolotiki e bong rre [[Lawrence Schlemmer]] o ne a tsisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana ke lekoko la BDP go tla go ba thusa ka maano.O ne a tla ka mogopolo wa gore maloko a a nang le sebaka se se rileng mo pusong ya BDP a tseelwe sebaka ke maloko a masa a a sa amaneng le dikarolo dipe segolo jang mo maemong a botautona.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Diphetogo di le dintsi tsa molaomotheo di ne tsa diragadiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga tseo ya megopolo mo baageding ba lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 1997.Mothusa tautona a tlhomamisiwa gore e tlaa nna ene mojaboswa wa setilo sa botautona, dingwaga tsa go tlhopha di ne tsa fokolediwa kwa go lesome le boferabobedi fa godimo ga moo ga tlhomiwa lekgotla la ditlhopho le le ikemetseng ka nosi.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNtuane2018">Ntuane, Botsalo (2018). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 "President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King"]. ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''50''': <span class="nowrap">333–</span>338. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0525-5090 0525-5090]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 90026925].</cite></ref> Diphetogo tse, di ne di eteletswe pele ke rre Masire ka gore tatelano ya go tsena mo maemong e ne e mo letlelela go tlhopha yo o tlaa mo latelelang.<ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16" /> === 1998 go fitlhelela gompieno === Rre Masire o ne a fologa maemo a bo-tautona ka ngwaga wa 1998 mme mothusa-tautona rre Mogae a nna tautona.O ne a tlhopha rre [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]] go nna mothusa-tautona mme le fa bobedi jo bo ne bo se mo lekokong ka leina, ba ne ba tshegetsa lekoko la A-Team la ga rre Merafhe le rre Nkate ka katlego. Seo se ne sa dira gore dipharologano tsa ditlhopha mo lekokong di nne maswe le go feta. <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go ne ga nna le kgogakgogano gape mo lekokongkganetso la BNF, e e neng ya dira gore go tlhamiwe [[Botswana Congress Party]] ka ngwaga wa 1998. Maloko mangwe a a lekanetseng a kokoano a a neng a tswa mo lekokong le lešwa a ne a lemoga fa lekoko le le ne la nna la kganetso e kgolo, mme ba ne ba emisediwa ka bontlhopheng ba BNF mo [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1999 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1999]] . Nako ya ga Mogae ya go busa e le tautona e ne ya fela ka ngwaga wa 2008 mme Ian Khama, morwa tautona Seretse Khama, a nna tautona. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2008 |title=Botswana's Mogae wins $5m award |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2008/10/21/botswanas-mogae-wins-5m-award |access-date=2023-09-30 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> BDP e ne ya kgaogana lekgetlho la ntlha ka ngwaga wa 2010 fa Khama a ne a rotloetsa lekoko la 'Barata-Phathi' go tswa mo lekokong la BDP mme ba tlhama Mokgatlho wa [[Lekoko la Botswana Movement for Democracy|Botswana Movement for Democracy]], o o neng o eteletswe pele ke rre [[Gomolemo Motswaledi]] . <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Freedom House e ne ya isa maemo a Botswana kwa tlase ka dingwaga tsa bo 2010 ka go ne ga nna le kgatelelo kgatlhanong le babegadikgang. <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Nyenhuis |first2=Robert |date=2021 |title=Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article |journal=African Studies Review |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=854–883 |doi=10.1017/asr.2021.69 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=244539238 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Rre Khama o ne a fologa setilo ka ngwaga wa 2018 mme mothusa tautona rre [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] a tsaya setilo sa bo-tautona. A tloga a busetsa morago melawana ya ga rre Khama mme a ntsha badiredibagolo ba ba neng ba tlhomilwe ke rre Khama mo maemomg a bone. Bobedi bo bo neng bo dirisana mmogo ebile bo ntshana seinong bo ne ba fetoga go nna baganetsi ba sepolotiki ka bonako mme Khama a tswa mo lekokong la Botswana Democratic Party. Go na le moo o ne a ikgolaganya le lekoko le le sa tswang go tlhamiwa [[Botswana Patriotic Front|la Botswana Patriotic Front]] mo godimo ga go ema nokeng lekoko la Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho. Se se dirile gore [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 2019 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 2019]] e nne ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kgaisano e e rileng mo dipakeng tsa ditlhopho tsa setšhaba sa Botswana, fela BDP e ne ya nna mo pusong ka selekanyo sa ditlhopho se se sa feteng makgolo a le matlhano le boraro (52.7%) , ya gapa manno a le masome a mararo le borobabobedi mo go a le masome a le matlhano le bosupa mo lekgotleng la kokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Nyenhuis |first2=Robert |date=2021 |title=Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article |journal=African Studies Review |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=854–883 |doi=10.1017/asr.2021.69 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=244539238 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kgaisano e ne ya gola thata fa rre Masisi a ne a latelela ditatofatso tsa bosenyi kgatlhanong le rre Khama ka ntlha ya go nna le ditlhobolo e se ka fa molaong ka ngwaga wa 2022, mme seo se ne sa dira gore rre Khama a batle botshabelo kwa Aferika Borwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ndebele |first=Lenin |title=Ex-Botswana president Ian Khama vows to make successor 'one-term' president |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/ex-botswana-president-ian-khama-vows-to-make-successor-one-term-president-20230412 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=News24}}</ref> === Go tlhatloga gapuso ya kganetso mo pusong === == Goromente wa lefatshe == Botswana ke [[:en:Parliamentary_republic|lefatshe le le nang le puso ya palamente,]] e e laolwang ke [[Molaomotheo wa Botswana|molaotheo wa Botswana]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}</ref> Molaomotheo o sale o simolola go dirisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana fa e sa le lefatshe le tsaya boipuso go tswa mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola malatsi a le masome a le mararo ka ngwaga wa 1966. <ref name=":15">{{Citation}}</ref> Se se dirile gore lefatshe la Botswana e nne la puso ya batho ka batho e e sa tshwenngweng ka tsela epe ka sebaka se seleele go gaisa mafatshe a mangwe a le mantsi mo Aferika ka bophara. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=Keratilwe |last3=Kwerepe |first3=Phana |date=2016 |title=The Politics of Opposition Electoral Coalitions and Alliances in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45342124 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45342124}}</ref> Botswana e dira ka fa tlase ga metswako ya [[:en:Roman-Dutch_law|melao e le meraro go akaretsa wa seRoma le seDutch]], [[:en:Customary_law|molao wa setso sa Setswana]] le [[:en:Common_law|molao wa tlwaelo yo o itsegeng ka leina la 'common law']] . Setilo sa goromente wa lefatshe la Botswana se kwa toropokgolong ya [[Gaborone]] . <ref name=":15" /> == Goromente wa lefatshe == Botswana ke [[:en:Parliamentary_republic|lefatshe le le nang le puso ya palamente,]] e e laolwang ke [[Molaomotheo wa Botswana|molaotheo wa Botswana]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}</ref> Molaomotheo o sale o simolola go dirisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana fa e sa le lefatshe le tsaya boipuso go tswa mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola malatsi a le masome a le mararo ka ngwaga wa 1966. <ref name=":15">{{Citation}}</ref> Se se dirile gore lefatshe la Botswana e nne la puso ya batho ka batho e e sa tshwenngweng ka tsela epe ka sebaka se seleele go gaisa mafatshe a mangwe a le mantsi mo Aferika ka bophara. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=Keratilwe |last3=Kwerepe |first3=Phana |date=2016 |title=The Politics of Opposition Electoral Coalitions and Alliances in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45342124 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45342124}}</ref> Botswana e dira ka fa tlase ga metswako ya [[:en:Roman-Dutch_law|melao e le meraro go akaretsa wa seRoma le seDutch]], [[:en:Customary_law|molao wa setso sa Setswana]] le [[:en:Common_law|molao wa tlwaelo yo o itsegeng ka leina la 'common law']] . Setilo sa goromente wa lefatshe la Botswana se kwa toropokgolong ya [[Gaborone]] . <ref name=":15" /> [[Setshwantsho:BotswanaParliament.jpg|thumb|[[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Ntlokokoano ya lekgotla la khuduthamaga ya Botswana]]]] Lekgotla la peo-melao la Botswana le tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]] e e leng ya lefatshe la United Kingdom, le fa le na le dikarolo di le mmalwa tse di le farologanyang le tsamaiso e ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom. Tiro ya lekgotla le, ya semmuso ka fa tlase ga molaotheo wa lefatshe la Botswana ke go "dira melao e e tlaa netefatsang [[:en:Peace,_order_and_good_government|kagiso, tolamo le puso e e siameng ya lefatshe la Botswana"]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSebudubuduMaripeBotlhomilweMalila2013">Sebudubudu, David; Maripe, Bugalo; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Z.; Malila, Ikanyeng S. (2013). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 "The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana"]. ''The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs''. '''40''' (2): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>59. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0856-0056 0856-0056]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 45341655].</cite></ref> Lekgotla la peomolao le ikemeseditse go dira jaaka lekalana la tlhotlhomiso mo khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, mme le fa go ntse jalo ga le na maatla a mantsi a a tlhamaletseng a go lekanyetsa maatla a khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, go lebilwe go kopanngwa ga dithata le ntlha ya gore mafatshe ka bontsi a a etelelwang pele ke lekoko le le lengwe e sale e le yone kgang ya konokono go ya go ileng. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Botlhomilwe |first=M. Z. |last2=Molebatsi |first2=R. M. |date=2014-09-01 |title=A democracy with weak oversight intitutions : an application to the "African miracle", Botswana |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC164768 |journal=Journal of Public Administration |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=813–820 |hdl=10520/EJC164768}}</ref> <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Goromente wa lefatshe == Botswana ke [[:en:Parliamentary_republic|lefatshe le le nang le puso ya palamente,]] e e laolwang ke [[Molaomotheo wa Botswana|molaotheo wa Botswana]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}</ref> Molaomotheo o sale o simolola go dirisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana fa e sa le lefatshe le tsaya boipuso go tswa mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola malatsi a le masome a le mararo ka ngwaga wa 1966. <ref name=":15">{{Citation}}</ref> Se se dirile gore lefatshe la Botswana e nne la puso ya batho ka batho e e sa tshwenngweng ka tsela epe ka sebaka se seleele go gaisa mafatshe a mangwe a le mantsi mo Aferika ka bophara. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=Keratilwe |last3=Kwerepe |first3=Phana |date=2016 |title=The Politics of Opposition Electoral Coalitions and Alliances in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45342124 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45342124}}</ref> Botswana e dira ka fa tlase ga metswako ya [[:en:Roman-Dutch_law|melao e le meraro go akaretsa wa seRoma le seDutch]], [[:en:Customary_law|molao wa setso sa Setswana]] le [[:en:Common_law|molao wa tlwaelo yo o itsegeng ka leina la 'common law']] . Setilo kgotsa bokopanelo jwa matona a puso ya lefatshe la Botswana bo kwa toropokgolong ya [[Gaborone]] . <ref name=":15" /> === Lekalana la peomelao === [[Setshwantsho:BotswanaParliament.jpg|thumb|[[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Ntlokokoano ya lekgotla la khuduthamaga ya Botswana]]]] Lekgotla la peo-melao la Botswana le tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]] e e leng ya lefatshe la United Kingdom, le fa le na le dikarolo di le mmalwa tse di le farologanyang le tsamaiso e ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom. Tiro ya lekgotla le, ya semmuso ka fa tlase ga molaotheo wa lefatshe la Botswana ke go "dira melao e e tlaa netefatsang [[:en:Peace,_order_and_good_government|kagiso, tolamo le puso e e siameng ya lefatshe la Botswana"]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSebudubuduMaripeBotlhomilweMalila2013">Sebudubudu, David; Maripe, Bugalo; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Z.; Malila, Ikanyeng S. (2013). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 "The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana"]. ''The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs''. '''40''' (2): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>59. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0856-0056 0856-0056]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 45341655].</cite></ref> Lekgotla la peomolao le ikemeseditse go dira jaaka lekalana la tlhotlhomiso mo khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, mme le fa go ntse jalo ga le na maatla a mantsi a a tlhamaletseng a go lekanyetsa maatla a khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, go lebilwe go [[:en:Fusion_of_powers|kopanngwa ga dithata]] le ntlha ya gore [[:en:Majority_government|mafatshe ka bontsi a a etelelwang pele]] ke lekoko le le lengwe e sale e le yone kgang ya konokono go ya go ileng. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Botlhomilwe |first=M. Z. |last2=Molebatsi |first2=R. M. |date=2014-09-01 |title=A democracy with weak oversight intitutions : an application to the "African miracle", Botswana |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC164768 |journal=Journal of Public Administration |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=813–820 |hdl=10520/EJC164768}}</ref> <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lekgotla la peomolao la Botswana ke lekgotla la[[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Kokoano ya matona a puso]], ke lekgotla la [[:en:Unicameral|kamore e le nngwe]] le le nang le maloko a le masome a marataro le borobabongwe . Maloko a, a ka tshwara masome a marataro le bongwe a tlhophiwa ka tlhamalalo ke batlhophi ba bone go tswa dikgaolong tsa bone mme a le marataro, a tlhophiwa ke lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso. [[Tautona wa Botswana|Tautona wa lefatshe la Botswana]] le [[:en:Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Botswana|motsamaisa dipuisano tsa lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso]] ke [[:en:Ex_officio_member|maloko a lekgotla le ka ntlha ya boemo jwa tiro ya bone]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019190047/https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament |archive-date=19 October 2022 |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=Parliament of Botswana}}</ref> Gore molao-kakanyetso e nne molao, o tshwanetse go amogelwa ke lekgotla la ntlokokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Norton |first=Philip |date=2004-12-21 |title=How many bicameral legislatures are there? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1357233042000322436 |journal=The Journal of Legislative Studies |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/1357233042000322436 |issn=1357-2334 |s2cid=143950774 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lekgotla le, le dirisa tsamaiso ya [[:en:Question_time|nako-potso]] go phutha tshedimosetso ka molao-kakanyetso. <ref name=":2" /> == Goromente wa lefatshe == Botswana ke [[:en:Parliamentary_republic|lefatshe le le nang le puso ya palamente,]] e e laolwang ke [[Molaomotheo wa Botswana|molaotheo wa Botswana]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}</ref> Molaomotheo o sale o simolola go dirisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana fa e sa le lefatshe le tsaya boipuso go tswa mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola malatsi a le masome a le mararo ka ngwaga wa 1966. <ref name=":15">{{Citation}}</ref> Se se dirile gore lefatshe la Botswana e nne la puso ya batho ka batho e e sa tshwenngweng ka tsela epe ka sebaka se seleele go gaisa mafatshe a mangwe a le mantsi mo Aferika ka bophara. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=Keratilwe |last3=Kwerepe |first3=Phana |date=2016 |title=The Politics of Opposition Electoral Coalitions and Alliances in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45342124 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45342124}}</ref> Botswana e dira ka fa tlase ga metswako ya [[:en:Roman-Dutch_law|melao e le meraro go akaretsa wa seRoma le seDutch]], [[:en:Customary_law|molao wa setso sa Setswana]] le [[:en:Common_law|molao wa tlwaelo yo o itsegeng ka leina la 'common law']] . Setilo kgotsa bokopanelo jwa matona a puso ya lefatshe la Botswana bo kwa toropokgolong ya [[Gaborone]] . <ref name=":15" /> === Lekalana la peomelao === [[Setshwantsho:BotswanaParliament.jpg|thumb|[[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Ntlokokoano ya lekgotla la khuduthamaga ya Botswana]]]] Lekgotla la peo-melao la Botswana le tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]] e e leng ya lefatshe la United Kingdom, le fa le na le dikarolo di le mmalwa tse di le farologanyang le tsamaiso e ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom. Tiro ya lekgotla le, ya semmuso ka fa tlase ga molaotheo wa lefatshe la Botswana ke go "dira melao e e tlaa netefatsang [[:en:Peace,_order_and_good_government|kagiso, tolamo le puso e e siameng ya lefatshe la Botswana"]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSebudubuduMaripeBotlhomilweMalila2013">Sebudubudu, David; Maripe, Bugalo; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Z.; Malila, Ikanyeng S. (2013). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 "The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana"]. ''The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs''. '''40''' (2): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>59. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0856-0056 0856-0056]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 45341655].</cite></ref> Lekgotla la peomolao le ikemeseditse go dira jaaka lekalana la tlhotlhomiso mo khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, mme le fa go ntse jalo ga le na maatla a mantsi a a tlhamaletseng a go lekanyetsa maatla a khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, go lebilwe go [[:en:Fusion_of_powers|kopanngwa ga dithata]] le ntlha ya gore [[:en:Majority_government|mafatshe ka bontsi a a etelelwang pele]] ke lekoko le le lengwe e sale e le yone kgang ya konokono go ya go ileng. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Botlhomilwe |first=M. Z. |last2=Molebatsi |first2=R. M. |date=2014-09-01 |title=A democracy with weak oversight intitutions : an application to the "African miracle", Botswana |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC164768 |journal=Journal of Public Administration |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=813–820 |hdl=10520/EJC164768}}</ref> <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lekgotla la peomolao la Botswana ke lekgotla la[[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Kokoano ya matona a puso]], ke lekgotla la [[:en:Unicameral|kamore e le nngwe]] le le nang le maloko a le masome a marataro le borobabongwe . Maloko a, a ka tshwara masome a marataro le bongwe a tlhophiwa ka tlhamalalo ke batlhophi ba bone go tswa dikgaolong tsa bone mme a le marataro, a tlhophiwa ke lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso. [[Tautona wa Botswana|Tautona wa lefatshe la Botswana]] le [[:en:Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Botswana|motsamaisa dipuisano tsa lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso]] ke [[:en:Ex_officio_member|maloko a lekgotla le ka ntlha ya boemo jwa tiro ya bone]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019190047/https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament |archive-date=19 October 2022 |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=Parliament of Botswana}}</ref> Gore molao-kakanyetso e nne molao, o tshwanetse go amogelwa ke lekgotla la ntlokokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Norton |first=Philip |date=2004-12-21 |title=How many bicameral legislatures are there? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1357233042000322436 |journal=The Journal of Legislative Studies |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/1357233042000322436 |issn=1357-2334 |s2cid=143950774 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lekgotla le, le dirisa tsamaiso ya [[:en:Question_time|nako-potso]] go phutha tshedimosetso ka molao-kakanyetso. <ref name=":2" /> ''[[Ntlo ya Dikgosi tsa Botswana|Ntlo ya Dikgosi]]'' ke lekgotla la dikgakololo le le tlhomilweng ka fa tlase ga molaomotheo wa lefatshe la Botswana. Maloko a lone a akaretsa dikgosi tsa morafe wa Batswana di le borobabobedi, maloko a le matlhano a a tlhomilweng ke tautona le maloko a le masome a mabedi le bobedi a a tlhophilweng ke dikgosi tse di borobabobedi tse go builweng ka tsone fa godimo. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Norton |first=Philip |date=2004-12-21 |title=How many bicameral legislatures are there? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1357233042000322436 |journal=The Journal of Legislative Studies |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/1357233042000322436 |issn=1357-2334 |s2cid=143950774 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNorton2004">Norton, Philip (21 December 2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[[doi:10.1080/1357233042000322436|"How many bicameral legislatures are there?"]]</span>. ''The Journal of Legislative Studies''. '''10''' (4): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>9. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/1357233042000322436|10.1080/1357233042000322436]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1357-2334 1357-2334]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143950774 143950774].</cite></ref> Molaokakanyetso mongwe le mongwe o o amang molaomotheo kgotsa melao ya setso ya merafe o tshwanetse go romelwa kwa lekgotleng la ''Ntlo ya Dikgosi'', kwa le tlaa fetang le buisa molaokakanyetso o le bo le fetisa tshwetso e e tlhalosang boemo jwa lone mo molaokakanyetsong o. Ntlo ya Dikgosi ga e na dithata tsa go dira melao ka bo yone. <ref name=":2" /> === Lekalana la Khuduthamaga === Lekalana la khuduthamaga la Botswana le eteletswe pele ke tautona wa lefatshe la Botswana, yo o dirang jaaka [[:en:Head_of_state|tlhogo ya lefatshe]] le [[:en:Head_of_government|tlhogo ya puso]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSebudubuduMaripeBotlhomilweMalila2013">Sebudubudu, David; Maripe, Bugalo; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Z.; Malila, Ikanyeng S. (2013). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 "The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana"]. ''The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs''. '''40''' (2): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>59. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0856-0056 0856-0056]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 45341655].</cite></ref> Tautona o tshwara maemo ka ntlha ya bokgoni jwa gagwe jwa go [[:en:Motion_of_no_confidence|laola tshepo]] ya lekgotla la Kokoano ya khuduthamaga ya Botswana. Fa lekoko le le lengwe le ka gapa bontsi jwa manno a ditilo tsa palamente, moeteledipele wa lekoko leo o nna tautona yo montsha ka tsela e e ntseng fela jalo. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo ntlheng ya [[:en:Hung_parliament|go tlhoka lekoko le le tsayang bontsi jwa manno a ditilo tsa palamente]], tautona o tlhophiwa ke maloko a lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso, mme se ke selo se se iseng se diragale mo lefatsheng la Botswana. <ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Botlhale |first=Emmanuel |last2=Lotshwao |first2=Kebapetse |date=2013 |title=The Uneasy Relationship Between Parliament and the Executive in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90024373 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=45 |pages=39–51 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90024373}}</ref> Lekgotla la khuduthamaga ya lefatshe la Botswana ke lekalana le le nonofileng go gaisa a mangwe la puso mo Botswana mme tautona o na le dithata tse di rileng, mme ebile o etelela pele lekalana la puso la peomolao le lone. Lekalana la boatlhodi ke lone fela le le lemogilweng e le l''one'' le le tlholang maatla a ga tautona. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMogalakweNyamnjoh2017">Mogalakwe, Monageng; Nyamnjoh, Francis (2 January 2017). [[doi:10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636|"Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty"]]. ''Journal of Contemporary African Studies''. '''35''' (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>14. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636|10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636]]</span>. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0258-9001 0258-9001].</cite></ref> <ref name=":13" />Tautona o na le thibelo e e ka emisiwang, se se raya gore kwa tshimologong o ka seke a dumalane go amogela molao-kakanyetso go nna molao mme o ka se kgone go o thibela ruri . Fa tautona a sa amogele, molao-kakanyetso o busediwa kwa lekgotleng la Kokoano ya matona a puso. Fa lekgotla le ka netefatsa tshegetso ya lone gape ka tlhopho e e bonolo ya bontsi mo dikgweding di le thataro mme ya romela molao-kakanyetso gape, tautona o patelesega go amogela mo malatsing a le masome a mabedi le bongwe. Go palelwa ke go dira jalo go felela go dira gore go nne le ditlhopho tsa ka bonako tse di neng di sa rulaganngwa pele, ntle le fa tautona a tlhopha go ithola marapo a tiro pele ga nako e a e beetsweng. Fa molaokakanyetso o sena go bewa monwana o nna molao mme o phatlaladiwe mo pampiring ya melao ya Puso. Sebopego se, se letlelela tautona go diega go dira molao mme kwa bofelelong se fa lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso maatla a a kwa godimo a go tlola thibelo. Fa godimo ga moo, tautona ke [[:en:Commander-in-chief|molaodi yo mogolo]] wa sesole sa lefatshe la Botswana. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Mothusa Tautona wa Botswana|Mothusa-tautona wa Botswana]] le matona a puso a Botswana a tlhomiwa a bo a fiwa melawana ya bone ke tautona. <ref name=":13" /> Khuduthamaga e tsewa ka botlalo go tswa mo lekgotleng la Kokoano ya matona a puso, ka jalo matona a puso a tshwanetse gore a bo ele [[:en:Member_of_Parliament_(Botswana)|Maloko a Palamente]] ka dinako tsotlhe . <ref name=":12" /> Matona a puso a a mo teng ga khabinete a tsaya ditshwetso tse dikgolo ga mmogo ka jalo ba na le maikarabelo a ditshwetso tseo ga mmogo. <ref name=":0" /> == Goromente wa lefatshe == Botswana ke [[:en:Parliamentary_republic|lefatshe le le nang le puso ya palamente,]] e e laolwang ke [[Molaomotheo wa Botswana|molaotheo wa Botswana]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}</ref> Molaomotheo o sale o simolola go dirisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana fa e sa le lefatshe le tsaya boipuso go tswa mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola malatsi a le masome a le mararo ka ngwaga wa 1966. <ref name=":15">{{Citation}}</ref> Se se dirile gore lefatshe la Botswana e nne la puso ya batho ka batho e e sa tshwenngweng ka tsela epe ka sebaka se seleele go gaisa mafatshe a mangwe a le mantsi mo Aferika ka bophara. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=Keratilwe |last3=Kwerepe |first3=Phana |date=2016 |title=The Politics of Opposition Electoral Coalitions and Alliances in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45342124 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45342124}}</ref> Botswana e dira ka fa tlase ga metswako ya [[:en:Roman-Dutch_law|melao e le meraro go akaretsa wa seRoma le seDutch]], [[:en:Customary_law|molao wa setso sa Setswana]] le [[:en:Common_law|molao wa tlwaelo yo o itsegeng ka leina la 'common law']] . Setilo kgotsa bokopanelo jwa matona a puso ya lefatshe la Botswana bo kwa toropokgolong ya [[Gaborone]] . <ref name=":15" /> === Lekalana la peomelao === [[Setshwantsho:BotswanaParliament.jpg|thumb|[[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Ntlokokoano ya lekgotla la khuduthamaga ya Botswana]]]] Lekgotla la peo-melao la Botswana le tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]] e e leng ya lefatshe la United Kingdom, le fa le na le dikarolo di le mmalwa tse di le farologanyang le tsamaiso e ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom. Tiro ya lekgotla le, ya semmuso ka fa tlase ga molaotheo wa lefatshe la Botswana ke go "dira melao e e tlaa netefatsang [[:en:Peace,_order_and_good_government|kagiso, tolamo le puso e e siameng ya lefatshe la Botswana"]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSebudubuduMaripeBotlhomilweMalila2013">Sebudubudu, David; Maripe, Bugalo; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Z.; Malila, Ikanyeng S. (2013). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 "The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana"]. ''The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs''. '''40''' (2): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>59. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0856-0056 0856-0056]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 45341655].</cite></ref> Lekgotla la peomolao le ikemeseditse go dira jaaka lekalana la tlhotlhomiso mo khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, mme le fa go ntse jalo ga le na maatla a mantsi a a tlhamaletseng a go lekanyetsa maatla a khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, go lebilwe go [[:en:Fusion_of_powers|kopanngwa ga dithata]] le ntlha ya gore [[:en:Majority_government|mafatshe ka bontsi a a etelelwang pele]] ke lekoko le le lengwe e sale e le yone kgang ya konokono go ya go ileng. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Botlhomilwe |first=M. Z. |last2=Molebatsi |first2=R. M. |date=2014-09-01 |title=A democracy with weak oversight intitutions : an application to the "African miracle", Botswana |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC164768 |journal=Journal of Public Administration |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=813–820 |hdl=10520/EJC164768}}</ref> <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lekgotla la peomolao la Botswana ke lekgotla la[[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Kokoano ya matona a puso]], ke lekgotla la [[:en:Unicameral|kamore e le nngwe]] le le nang le maloko a le masome a marataro le borobabongwe . Maloko a, a ka tshwara masome a marataro le bongwe a tlhophiwa ka tlhamalalo ke batlhophi ba bone go tswa dikgaolong tsa bone mme a le marataro, a tlhophiwa ke lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso. [[Tautona wa Botswana|Tautona wa lefatshe la Botswana]] le [[:en:Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Botswana|motsamaisa dipuisano tsa lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso]] ke [[:en:Ex_officio_member|maloko a lekgotla le ka ntlha ya boemo jwa tiro ya bone]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019190047/https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament |archive-date=19 October 2022 |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=Parliament of Botswana}}</ref> Gore molao-kakanyetso e nne molao, o tshwanetse go amogelwa ke lekgotla la ntlokokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Norton |first=Philip |date=2004-12-21 |title=How many bicameral legislatures are there? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1357233042000322436 |journal=The Journal of Legislative Studies |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/1357233042000322436 |issn=1357-2334 |s2cid=143950774 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lekgotla le, le dirisa tsamaiso ya [[:en:Question_time|nako-potso]] go phutha tshedimosetso ka molao-kakanyetso. <ref name=":2" /> ''[[Ntlo ya Dikgosi tsa Botswana|Ntlo ya Dikgosi]]'' ke lekgotla la dikgakololo le le tlhomilweng ka fa tlase ga molaomotheo wa lefatshe la Botswana. Maloko a lone a akaretsa dikgosi tsa morafe wa Batswana di le borobabobedi, maloko a le matlhano a a tlhomilweng ke tautona le maloko a le masome a mabedi le bobedi a a tlhophilweng ke dikgosi tse di borobabobedi tse go builweng ka tsone fa godimo. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Norton |first=Philip |date=2004-12-21 |title=How many bicameral legislatures are there? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1357233042000322436 |journal=The Journal of Legislative Studies |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/1357233042000322436 |issn=1357-2334 |s2cid=143950774 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNorton2004">Norton, Philip (21 December 2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[[doi:10.1080/1357233042000322436|"How many bicameral legislatures are there?"]]</span>. ''The Journal of Legislative Studies''. '''10''' (4): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>9. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/1357233042000322436|10.1080/1357233042000322436]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1357-2334 1357-2334]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143950774 143950774].</cite></ref> Molaokakanyetso mongwe le mongwe o o amang molaomotheo kgotsa melao ya setso ya merafe o tshwanetse go romelwa kwa lekgotleng la ''Ntlo ya Dikgosi'', kwa le tlaa fetang le buisa molaokakanyetso o le bo le fetisa tshwetso e e tlhalosang boemo jwa lone mo molaokakanyetsong o. Ntlo ya Dikgosi ga e na dithata tsa go dira melao ka bo yone. <ref name=":2" /> === Lekalana la Khuduthamaga === Lekalana la khuduthamaga la Botswana le eteletswe pele ke tautona wa lefatshe la Botswana, yo o dirang jaaka [[:en:Head_of_state|tlhogo ya lefatshe]] le [[:en:Head_of_government|tlhogo ya puso]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSebudubuduMaripeBotlhomilweMalila2013">Sebudubudu, David; Maripe, Bugalo; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Z.; Malila, Ikanyeng S. (2013). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 "The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana"]. ''The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs''. '''40''' (2): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>59. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0856-0056 0856-0056]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 45341655].</cite></ref> Tautona o tshwara maemo ka ntlha ya bokgoni jwa gagwe jwa go [[:en:Motion_of_no_confidence|laola tshepo]] ya lekgotla la Kokoano ya khuduthamaga ya Botswana. Fa lekoko le le lengwe le ka gapa bontsi jwa manno a ditilo tsa palamente, moeteledipele wa lekoko leo o nna tautona yo montsha ka tsela e e ntseng fela jalo. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo ntlheng ya [[:en:Hung_parliament|go tlhoka lekoko le le tsayang bontsi jwa manno a ditilo tsa palamente]], tautona o tlhophiwa ke maloko a lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso, mme se ke selo se se iseng se diragale mo lefatsheng la Botswana. <ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Botlhale |first=Emmanuel |last2=Lotshwao |first2=Kebapetse |date=2013 |title=The Uneasy Relationship Between Parliament and the Executive in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90024373 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=45 |pages=39–51 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90024373}}</ref> Lekgotla la khuduthamaga ya lefatshe la Botswana ke lekalana le le nonofileng go gaisa a mangwe la puso mo Botswana mme tautona o na le dithata tse di rileng, mme ebile o etelela pele lekalana la puso la peomolao le lone. Lekalana la boatlhodi ke lone fela le le lemogilweng e le l''one'' le le tlholang maatla a ga tautona. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMogalakweNyamnjoh2017">Mogalakwe, Monageng; Nyamnjoh, Francis (2 January 2017). [[doi:10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636|"Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty"]]. ''Journal of Contemporary African Studies''. '''35''' (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>14. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636|10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636]]</span>. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0258-9001 0258-9001].</cite></ref> <ref name=":13" />Tautona o na le thibelo e e ka emisiwang, se se raya gore kwa tshimologong o ka seke a dumalane go amogela molao-kakanyetso go nna molao mme o ka se kgone go o thibela ruri . Fa tautona a sa amogele, molao-kakanyetso o busediwa kwa lekgotleng la Kokoano ya matona a puso. Fa lekgotla le ka netefatsa tshegetso ya lone gape ka tlhopho e e bonolo ya bontsi mo dikgweding di le thataro mme ya romela molao-kakanyetso gape, tautona o patelesega go amogela mo malatsing a le masome a mabedi le bongwe. Go palelwa ke go dira jalo go felela go dira gore go nne le ditlhopho tsa ka bonako tse di neng di sa rulaganngwa pele, ntle le fa tautona a tlhopha go ithola marapo a tiro pele ga nako e a e beetsweng. Fa molaokakanyetso o sena go bewa monwana o nna molao mme o phatlaladiwe mo pampiring ya melao ya Puso. Sebopego se, se letlelela tautona go diega go dira molao mme kwa bofelelong se fa lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso maatla a a kwa godimo a go tlola thibelo. Fa godimo ga moo, tautona ke [[:en:Commander-in-chief|molaodi yo mogolo]] wa sesole sa lefatshe la Botswana. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Mothusa Tautona wa Botswana|Mothusa-tautona wa Botswana]] le matona a puso a Botswana a tlhomiwa a bo a fiwa melawana ya bone ke tautona. <ref name=":13" /> Khuduthamaga e tsewa ka botlalo go tswa mo lekgotleng la Kokoano ya matona a puso, ka jalo matona a puso a tshwanetse gore a bo ele [[:en:Member_of_Parliament_(Botswana)|Maloko a Palamente]] ka dinako tsotlhe . <ref name=":12" /> Matona a puso a a mo teng ga khabinete a tsaya ditshwetso tse dikgolo ga mmogo ka jalo ba na le maikarabelo a ditshwetso tseo ga mmogo. <ref name=":0" /> === Lekalana la Boatlhodi === Kgotlatshekelokgolo ya Botswana ke Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo, e e tlhamilweng ka fa tlase ga karolo ya masome a le boferabobedi le boferabobedi ya Molaomotheo wa Botswana mme e na le tautona le palo ya baatlhodi ba boikuelo e e bewang ke lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name="constitution">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana |url=http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09}}</ref> Go na le baatlhodi ba le borobabobedi ba Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo, ba botlhe e leng batswakwa ba ba tswang kwa dikarolong tse di farologaneng tsa [[Mafatshe a selekane|mafatshe a selekanyo]] . Go fitlha gompieno ga go ise go nne le Motswana ope yo o kileng a bewa mo kgotlatshekelong ya boikuelo. <ref name="hierarchy">{{Cite web |title=The Hierarchy of the Courts |url=http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218013129/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-date=18 February 2011 |website=Government of Botswana}}</ref> == Goromente wa lefatshe == Botswana ke [[:en:Parliamentary_republic|lefatshe le le nang le puso ya palamente,]] e e laolwang ke [[Molaomotheo wa Botswana|molaotheo wa Botswana]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}</ref> Molaomotheo o sale o simolola go dirisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana fa e sa le lefatshe le tsaya boipuso go tswa mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola malatsi a le masome a le mararo ka ngwaga wa 1966. <ref name=":15">{{Citation}}</ref> Se se dirile gore lefatshe la Botswana e nne la puso ya batho ka batho e e sa tshwenngweng ka tsela epe ka sebaka se seleele go gaisa mafatshe a mangwe a le mantsi mo Aferika ka bophara. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=Keratilwe |last3=Kwerepe |first3=Phana |date=2016 |title=The Politics of Opposition Electoral Coalitions and Alliances in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45342124 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45342124}}</ref> Botswana e dira ka fa tlase ga metswako ya [[:en:Roman-Dutch_law|melao e le meraro go akaretsa wa seRoma le seDutch]], [[:en:Customary_law|molao wa setso sa Setswana]] le [[:en:Common_law|molao wa tlwaelo yo o itsegeng ka leina la 'common law']] . Setilo kgotsa bokopanelo jwa matona a puso ya lefatshe la Botswana bo kwa toropokgolong ya [[Gaborone]] . <ref name=":15" /> === Lekalana la peomelao === [[Setshwantsho:BotswanaParliament.jpg|thumb|[[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Ntlokokoano ya lekgotla la khuduthamaga ya Botswana]]]] Lekgotla la peo-melao la Botswana le tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]] e e leng ya lefatshe la United Kingdom, le fa le na le dikarolo di le mmalwa tse di le farologanyang le tsamaiso e ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom. Tiro ya lekgotla le, ya semmuso ka fa tlase ga molaotheo wa lefatshe la Botswana ke go "dira melao e e tlaa netefatsang [[:en:Peace,_order_and_good_government|kagiso, tolamo le puso e e siameng ya lefatshe la Botswana"]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSebudubuduMaripeBotlhomilweMalila2013">Sebudubudu, David; Maripe, Bugalo; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Z.; Malila, Ikanyeng S. (2013). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 "The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana"]. ''The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs''. '''40''' (2): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>59. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0856-0056 0856-0056]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 45341655].</cite></ref> Lekgotla la peomolao le ikemeseditse go dira jaaka lekalana la tlhotlhomiso mo khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, mme le fa go ntse jalo ga le na maatla a mantsi a a tlhamaletseng a go lekanyetsa maatla a khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, go lebilwe go [[:en:Fusion_of_powers|kopanngwa ga dithata]] le ntlha ya gore [[:en:Majority_government|mafatshe ka bontsi a a etelelwang pele]] ke lekoko le le lengwe e sale e le yone kgang ya konokono go ya go ileng. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Botlhomilwe |first=M. Z. |last2=Molebatsi |first2=R. M. |date=2014-09-01 |title=A democracy with weak oversight intitutions : an application to the "African miracle", Botswana |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC164768 |journal=Journal of Public Administration |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=813–820 |hdl=10520/EJC164768}}</ref> <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lekgotla la peomolao la Botswana ke lekgotla la[[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Kokoano ya matona a puso]], ke lekgotla la [[:en:Unicameral|kamore e le nngwe]] le le nang le maloko a le masome a marataro le borobabongwe . Maloko a, a ka tshwara masome a marataro le bongwe a tlhophiwa ka tlhamalalo ke batlhophi ba bone go tswa dikgaolong tsa bone mme a le marataro, a tlhophiwa ke lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso. [[Tautona wa Botswana|Tautona wa lefatshe la Botswana]] le [[:en:Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Botswana|motsamaisa dipuisano tsa lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso]] ke [[:en:Ex_officio_member|maloko a lekgotla le ka ntlha ya boemo jwa tiro ya bone]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019190047/https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament |archive-date=19 October 2022 |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=Parliament of Botswana}}</ref> Gore molao-kakanyetso e nne molao, o tshwanetse go amogelwa ke lekgotla la ntlokokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Norton |first=Philip |date=2004-12-21 |title=How many bicameral legislatures are there? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1357233042000322436 |journal=The Journal of Legislative Studies |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/1357233042000322436 |issn=1357-2334 |s2cid=143950774 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lekgotla le, le dirisa tsamaiso ya [[:en:Question_time|nako-potso]] go phutha tshedimosetso ka molao-kakanyetso. <ref name=":2" /> ''[[Ntlo ya Dikgosi tsa Botswana|Ntlo ya Dikgosi]]'' ke lekgotla la dikgakololo le le tlhomilweng ka fa tlase ga molaomotheo wa lefatshe la Botswana. Maloko a lone a akaretsa dikgosi tsa morafe wa Batswana di le borobabobedi, maloko a le matlhano a a tlhomilweng ke tautona le maloko a le masome a mabedi le bobedi a a tlhophilweng ke dikgosi tse di borobabobedi tse go builweng ka tsone fa godimo. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Norton |first=Philip |date=2004-12-21 |title=How many bicameral legislatures are there? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1357233042000322436 |journal=The Journal of Legislative Studies |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/1357233042000322436 |issn=1357-2334 |s2cid=143950774 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNorton2004">Norton, Philip (21 December 2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[[doi:10.1080/1357233042000322436|"How many bicameral legislatures are there?"]]</span>. ''The Journal of Legislative Studies''. '''10''' (4): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>9. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/1357233042000322436|10.1080/1357233042000322436]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1357-2334 1357-2334]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143950774 143950774].</cite></ref> Molaokakanyetso mongwe le mongwe o o amang molaomotheo kgotsa melao ya setso ya merafe o tshwanetse go romelwa kwa lekgotleng la ''Ntlo ya Dikgosi'', kwa le tlaa fetang le buisa molaokakanyetso o le bo le fetisa tshwetso e e tlhalosang boemo jwa lone mo molaokakanyetsong o. Ntlo ya Dikgosi ga e na dithata tsa go dira melao ka bo yone. <ref name=":2" /> === Lekalana la Khuduthamaga === Lekalana la khuduthamaga la Botswana le eteletswe pele ke tautona wa lefatshe la Botswana, yo o dirang jaaka [[:en:Head_of_state|tlhogo ya lefatshe]] le [[:en:Head_of_government|tlhogo ya puso]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSebudubuduMaripeBotlhomilweMalila2013">Sebudubudu, David; Maripe, Bugalo; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Z.; Malila, Ikanyeng S. (2013). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 "The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana"]. ''The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs''. '''40''' (2): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>59. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0856-0056 0856-0056]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 45341655].</cite></ref> Tautona o tshwara maemo ka ntlha ya bokgoni jwa gagwe jwa go [[:en:Motion_of_no_confidence|laola tshepo]] ya lekgotla la Kokoano ya khuduthamaga ya Botswana. Fa lekoko le le lengwe le ka gapa bontsi jwa manno a ditilo tsa palamente, moeteledipele wa lekoko leo o nna tautona yo montsha ka tsela e e ntseng fela jalo. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo ntlheng ya [[:en:Hung_parliament|go tlhoka lekoko le le tsayang bontsi jwa manno a ditilo tsa palamente]], tautona o tlhophiwa ke maloko a lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso, mme se ke selo se se iseng se diragale mo lefatsheng la Botswana. <ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Botlhale |first=Emmanuel |last2=Lotshwao |first2=Kebapetse |date=2013 |title=The Uneasy Relationship Between Parliament and the Executive in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90024373 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=45 |pages=39–51 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90024373}}</ref> Lekgotla la khuduthamaga ya lefatshe la Botswana ke lekalana le le nonofileng go gaisa a mangwe la puso mo Botswana mme tautona o na le dithata tse di rileng, mme ebile o etelela pele lekalana la puso la peomolao le lone. Lekalana la boatlhodi ke lone fela le le lemogilweng e le l''one'' le le tlholang maatla a ga tautona. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMogalakweNyamnjoh2017">Mogalakwe, Monageng; Nyamnjoh, Francis (2 January 2017). [[doi:10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636|"Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty"]]. ''Journal of Contemporary African Studies''. '''35''' (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>14. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636|10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636]]</span>. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0258-9001 0258-9001].</cite></ref> <ref name=":13" />Tautona o na le thibelo e e ka emisiwang, se se raya gore kwa tshimologong o ka seke a dumalane go amogela molao-kakanyetso go nna molao mme o ka se kgone go o thibela ruri . Fa tautona a sa amogele, molao-kakanyetso o busediwa kwa lekgotleng la Kokoano ya matona a puso. Fa lekgotla le ka netefatsa tshegetso ya lone gape ka tlhopho e e bonolo ya bontsi mo dikgweding di le thataro mme ya romela molao-kakanyetso gape, tautona o patelesega go amogela mo malatsing a le masome a mabedi le bongwe. Go palelwa ke go dira jalo go felela go dira gore go nne le ditlhopho tsa ka bonako tse di neng di sa rulaganngwa pele, ntle le fa tautona a tlhopha go ithola marapo a tiro pele ga nako e a e beetsweng. Fa molaokakanyetso o sena go bewa monwana o nna molao mme o phatlaladiwe mo pampiring ya melao ya Puso. Sebopego se, se letlelela tautona go diega go dira molao mme kwa bofelelong se fa lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso maatla a a kwa godimo a go tlola thibelo. Fa godimo ga moo, tautona ke [[:en:Commander-in-chief|molaodi yo mogolo]] wa sesole sa lefatshe la Botswana. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Mothusa Tautona wa Botswana|Mothusa-tautona wa Botswana]] le matona a puso a Botswana a tlhomiwa a bo a fiwa melawana ya bone ke tautona. <ref name=":13" /> Khuduthamaga e tsewa ka botlalo go tswa mo lekgotleng la Kokoano ya matona a puso, ka jalo matona a puso a tshwanetse gore a bo ele [[:en:Member_of_Parliament_(Botswana)|Maloko a Palamente]] ka dinako tsotlhe . <ref name=":12" /> Matona a puso a a mo teng ga khabinete a tsaya ditshwetso tse dikgolo ga mmogo ka jalo ba na le maikarabelo a ditshwetso tseo ga mmogo. <ref name=":0" /> === Lekalana la Boatlhodi === Kgotlatshekelokgolo ya Botswana ke Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo, e e tlhamilweng ka fa tlase ga karolo ya masome a le boferabobedi le boferabobedi ya Molaomotheo wa Botswana mme e na le tautona le palo ya baatlhodi ba boikuelo e e bewang ke lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name="constitution">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana |url=http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09}}</ref> Go na le baatlhodi ba le borobabobedi ba Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo, ba botlhe e leng batswakwa ba ba tswang kwa dikarolong tse di farologaneng tsa [[Mafatshe a selekane|mafatshe a selekanyo]] . Go fitlha gompieno ga go ise go nne le Motswana ope yo o kileng a bewa mo kgotlatshekelong ya boikuelo. <ref name="hierarchy">{{Cite web |title=The Hierarchy of the Courts |url=http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218013129/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-date=18 February 2011 |website=Government of Botswana}}</ref> [[Kgotlakgolo ya ditsheko ya Botswana|Kgotlatshekelokgolo]] ke kgotlatshekelo ya maemo a a kwa godimo fela thata ebile e e nang le taolo e e sa lekanyediwang ya go reetsa le go tlhomamisa ditsheko dipe tsa bosenyi le tsa selegae ka fa tlase ga molao mongwe le mongwe. Kgotlatshekelokgolo e tlhamilwe ka fa tlase ga karolo ya masome a le borobabobedi le botlhano ya molaomotheo mme e na le Moatlhodimogolo le palo ya baatlhodi ba bangwe ba Kgotlatshekelokgolo ba palo ya bone e bewang ke lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name="constitution">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana |url=http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf "Constitution of Botswana"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. [https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite></ref> Go na le baatlhodi ba le lesome le borataro ba sennela-ruri ba kgotlatshekelokgolo. Go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1992, baatlhodi ba Kgotlatshekelokgolo e ne e le baatlhodi ba ba tswang kwa mafatsheng a sele ba ba neng ba tlhomiwa ka dikonteraka tsa nako e khutshwane tsa dingwaga di le pedi go ya go di le tharo. Ka ngwaga wa 1992 baatlhodi ba ntlha ba baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba tlhomiwa. Go na le dikgaolo tse tharo tsa kgotlatshekelokgolo kwa [[Lobatse]], Gaborone le [[Francistown]] . <ref name="hierarchy">{{Cite web |title=The Hierarchy of the Courts |url=http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218013129/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-date=18 February 2011 |website=Government of Botswana}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110218013129/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ "The Hierarchy of the Courts"]. ''Government of Botswana''. Archived from [http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ the original] on 18 February 2011.</cite></ref> == Goromente wa lefatshe == Botswana ke [[:en:Parliamentary_republic|lefatshe le le nang le puso ya palamente,]] e e laolwang ke [[Molaomotheo wa Botswana|molaotheo wa Botswana]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}</ref> Molaomotheo o sale o simolola go dirisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana fa e sa le lefatshe le tsaya boipuso go tswa mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola malatsi a le masome a le mararo ka ngwaga wa 1966. <ref name=":15">{{Citation}}</ref> Se se dirile gore lefatshe la Botswana e nne la puso ya batho ka batho e e sa tshwenngweng ka tsela epe ka sebaka se seleele go gaisa mafatshe a mangwe a le mantsi mo Aferika ka bophara. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=Keratilwe |last3=Kwerepe |first3=Phana |date=2016 |title=The Politics of Opposition Electoral Coalitions and Alliances in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45342124 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45342124}}</ref> Botswana e dira ka fa tlase ga metswako ya [[:en:Roman-Dutch_law|melao e le meraro go akaretsa wa seRoma le seDutch]], [[:en:Customary_law|molao wa setso sa Setswana]] le [[:en:Common_law|molao wa tlwaelo yo o itsegeng ka leina la 'common law']] . Setilo kgotsa bokopanelo jwa matona a puso ya lefatshe la Botswana bo kwa toropokgolong ya [[Gaborone]] . <ref name=":15" /> === Lekalana la peomelao === [[Setshwantsho:BotswanaParliament.jpg|thumb|[[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Ntlokokoano ya lekgotla la khuduthamaga ya Botswana]]]] Lekgotla la peo-melao la Botswana le tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]] e e leng ya lefatshe la United Kingdom, le fa le na le dikarolo di le mmalwa tse di le farologanyang le tsamaiso e ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom. Tiro ya lekgotla le, ya semmuso ka fa tlase ga molaotheo wa lefatshe la Botswana ke go "dira melao e e tlaa netefatsang [[:en:Peace,_order_and_good_government|kagiso, tolamo le puso e e siameng ya lefatshe la Botswana"]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSebudubuduMaripeBotlhomilweMalila2013">Sebudubudu, David; Maripe, Bugalo; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Z.; Malila, Ikanyeng S. (2013). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 "The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana"]. ''The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs''. '''40''' (2): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>59. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0856-0056 0856-0056]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 45341655].</cite></ref> Lekgotla la peomolao le ikemeseditse go dira jaaka lekalana la tlhotlhomiso mo khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, mme le fa go ntse jalo ga le na maatla a mantsi a a tlhamaletseng a go lekanyetsa maatla a khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, go lebilwe go [[:en:Fusion_of_powers|kopanngwa ga dithata]] le ntlha ya gore [[:en:Majority_government|mafatshe ka bontsi a a etelelwang pele]] ke lekoko le le lengwe e sale e le yone kgang ya konokono go ya go ileng. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Botlhomilwe |first=M. Z. |last2=Molebatsi |first2=R. M. |date=2014-09-01 |title=A democracy with weak oversight intitutions : an application to the "African miracle", Botswana |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC164768 |journal=Journal of Public Administration |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=813–820 |hdl=10520/EJC164768}}</ref> <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lekgotla la peomolao la Botswana ke lekgotla la[[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Kokoano ya matona a puso]], ke lekgotla la [[:en:Unicameral|kamore e le nngwe]] le le nang le maloko a le masome a marataro le borobabongwe . Maloko a, a ka tshwara masome a marataro le bongwe a tlhophiwa ka tlhamalalo ke batlhophi ba bone go tswa dikgaolong tsa bone mme a le marataro, a tlhophiwa ke lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso. [[Tautona wa Botswana|Tautona wa lefatshe la Botswana]] le [[:en:Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Botswana|motsamaisa dipuisano tsa lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso]] ke [[:en:Ex_officio_member|maloko a lekgotla le ka ntlha ya boemo jwa tiro ya bone]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019190047/https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament |archive-date=19 October 2022 |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=Parliament of Botswana}}</ref> Gore molao-kakanyetso e nne molao, o tshwanetse go amogelwa ke lekgotla la ntlokokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Norton |first=Philip |date=2004-12-21 |title=How many bicameral legislatures are there? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1357233042000322436 |journal=The Journal of Legislative Studies |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/1357233042000322436 |issn=1357-2334 |s2cid=143950774 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lekgotla le, le dirisa tsamaiso ya [[:en:Question_time|nako-potso]] go phutha tshedimosetso ka molao-kakanyetso. <ref name=":2" /> ''[[Ntlo ya Dikgosi tsa Botswana|Ntlo ya Dikgosi]]'' ke lekgotla la dikgakololo le le tlhomilweng ka fa tlase ga molaomotheo wa lefatshe la Botswana. Maloko a lone a akaretsa dikgosi tsa morafe wa Batswana di le borobabobedi, maloko a le matlhano a a tlhomilweng ke tautona le maloko a le masome a mabedi le bobedi a a tlhophilweng ke dikgosi tse di borobabobedi tse go builweng ka tsone fa godimo. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Norton |first=Philip |date=2004-12-21 |title=How many bicameral legislatures are there? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1357233042000322436 |journal=The Journal of Legislative Studies |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/1357233042000322436 |issn=1357-2334 |s2cid=143950774 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNorton2004">Norton, Philip (21 December 2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[[doi:10.1080/1357233042000322436|"How many bicameral legislatures are there?"]]</span>. ''The Journal of Legislative Studies''. '''10''' (4): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>9. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/1357233042000322436|10.1080/1357233042000322436]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1357-2334 1357-2334]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143950774 143950774].</cite></ref> Molaokakanyetso mongwe le mongwe o o amang molaomotheo kgotsa melao ya setso ya merafe o tshwanetse go romelwa kwa lekgotleng la ''Ntlo ya Dikgosi'', kwa le tlaa fetang le buisa molaokakanyetso o le bo le fetisa tshwetso e e tlhalosang boemo jwa lone mo molaokakanyetsong o. Ntlo ya Dikgosi ga e na dithata tsa go dira melao ka bo yone. <ref name=":2" /> === Lekalana la Khuduthamaga === Lekalana la khuduthamaga la Botswana le eteletswe pele ke tautona wa lefatshe la Botswana, yo o dirang jaaka [[:en:Head_of_state|tlhogo ya lefatshe]] le [[:en:Head_of_government|tlhogo ya puso]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSebudubuduMaripeBotlhomilweMalila2013">Sebudubudu, David; Maripe, Bugalo; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Z.; Malila, Ikanyeng S. (2013). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 "The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana"]. ''The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs''. '''40''' (2): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>59. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0856-0056 0856-0056]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 45341655].</cite></ref> Tautona o tshwara maemo ka ntlha ya bokgoni jwa gagwe jwa go [[:en:Motion_of_no_confidence|laola tshepo]] ya lekgotla la Kokoano ya khuduthamaga ya Botswana. Fa lekoko le le lengwe le ka gapa bontsi jwa manno a ditilo tsa palamente, moeteledipele wa lekoko leo o nna tautona yo montsha ka tsela e e ntseng fela jalo. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo ntlheng ya [[:en:Hung_parliament|go tlhoka lekoko le le tsayang bontsi jwa manno a ditilo tsa palamente]], tautona o tlhophiwa ke maloko a lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso, mme se ke selo se se iseng se diragale mo lefatsheng la Botswana. <ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Botlhale |first=Emmanuel |last2=Lotshwao |first2=Kebapetse |date=2013 |title=The Uneasy Relationship Between Parliament and the Executive in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90024373 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=45 |pages=39–51 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90024373}}</ref> Lekgotla la khuduthamaga ya lefatshe la Botswana ke lekalana le le nonofileng go gaisa a mangwe la puso mo Botswana mme tautona o na le dithata tse di rileng, mme ebile o etelela pele lekalana la puso la peomolao le lone. Lekalana la boatlhodi ke lone fela le le lemogilweng e le l''one'' le le tlholang maatla a ga tautona. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMogalakweNyamnjoh2017">Mogalakwe, Monageng; Nyamnjoh, Francis (2 January 2017). [[doi:10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636|"Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty"]]. ''Journal of Contemporary African Studies''. '''35''' (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>14. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636|10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636]]</span>. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0258-9001 0258-9001].</cite></ref> <ref name=":13" />Tautona o na le thibelo e e ka emisiwang, se se raya gore kwa tshimologong o ka seke a dumalane go amogela molao-kakanyetso go nna molao mme o ka se kgone go o thibela ruri . Fa tautona a sa amogele, molao-kakanyetso o busediwa kwa lekgotleng la Kokoano ya matona a puso. Fa lekgotla le ka netefatsa tshegetso ya lone gape ka tlhopho e e bonolo ya bontsi mo dikgweding di le thataro mme ya romela molao-kakanyetso gape, tautona o patelesega go amogela mo malatsing a le masome a mabedi le bongwe. Go palelwa ke go dira jalo go felela go dira gore go nne le ditlhopho tsa ka bonako tse di neng di sa rulaganngwa pele, ntle le fa tautona a tlhopha go ithola marapo a tiro pele ga nako e a e beetsweng. Fa molaokakanyetso o sena go bewa monwana o nna molao mme o phatlaladiwe mo pampiring ya melao ya Puso. Sebopego se, se letlelela tautona go diega go dira molao mme kwa bofelelong se fa lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso maatla a a kwa godimo a go tlola thibelo. Fa godimo ga moo, tautona ke [[:en:Commander-in-chief|molaodi yo mogolo]] wa sesole sa lefatshe la Botswana. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Mothusa Tautona wa Botswana|Mothusa-tautona wa Botswana]] le matona a puso a Botswana a tlhomiwa a bo a fiwa melawana ya bone ke tautona. <ref name=":13" /> Khuduthamaga e tsewa ka botlalo go tswa mo lekgotleng la Kokoano ya matona a puso, ka jalo matona a puso a tshwanetse gore a bo ele [[:en:Member_of_Parliament_(Botswana)|Maloko a Palamente]] ka dinako tsotlhe . <ref name=":12" /> Matona a puso a a mo teng ga khabinete a tsaya ditshwetso tse dikgolo ga mmogo ka jalo ba na le maikarabelo a ditshwetso tseo ga mmogo. <ref name=":0" /> === Lekalana la Boatlhodi === Kgotlatshekelokgolo ya Botswana ke Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo, e e tlhamilweng ka fa tlase ga karolo ya masome a le boferabobedi le boferabobedi ya Molaomotheo wa Botswana mme e na le tautona le palo ya baatlhodi ba boikuelo e e bewang ke lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name="constitution">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana |url=http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09}}</ref> Go na le baatlhodi ba le borobabobedi ba Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo, ba botlhe e leng batswakwa ba ba tswang kwa dikarolong tse di farologaneng tsa [[Mafatshe a selekane|mafatshe a selekanyo]] . Go fitlha gompieno ga go ise go nne le Motswana ope yo o kileng a bewa mo kgotlatshekelong ya boikuelo. <ref name="hierarchy">{{Cite web |title=The Hierarchy of the Courts |url=http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218013129/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-date=18 February 2011 |website=Government of Botswana}}</ref> [[Kgotlakgolo ya ditsheko ya Botswana|Kgotlatshekelokgolo]] ke kgotlatshekelo ya maemo a a kwa godimo fela thata ebile e e nang le taolo e e sa lekanyediwang ya go reetsa le go tlhomamisa ditsheko dipe tsa bosenyi le tsa selegae ka fa tlase ga molao mongwe le mongwe. Kgotlatshekelokgolo e tlhamilwe ka fa tlase ga karolo ya masome a le borobabobedi le botlhano ya molaomotheo mme e na le Moatlhodimogolo le palo ya baatlhodi ba bangwe ba Kgotlatshekelokgolo ba palo ya bone e bewang ke lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name="constitution">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana |url=http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf "Constitution of Botswana"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. [https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite></ref> Go na le baatlhodi ba le lesome le borataro ba sennela-ruri ba kgotlatshekelokgolo. Go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1992, baatlhodi ba Kgotlatshekelokgolo e ne e le baatlhodi ba ba tswang kwa mafatsheng a sele ba ba neng ba tlhomiwa ka dikonteraka tsa nako e khutshwane tsa dingwaga di le pedi go ya go di le tharo. Ka ngwaga wa 1992 baatlhodi ba ntlha ba baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba tlhomiwa. Go na le dikgaolo tse tharo tsa kgotlatshekelokgolo kwa [[Lobatse]], Gaborone le [[Francistown]] . <ref name="hierarchy">{{Cite web |title=The Hierarchy of the Courts |url=http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218013129/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-date=18 February 2011 |website=Government of Botswana}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110218013129/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ "The Hierarchy of the Courts"]. ''Government of Botswana''. Archived from [http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ the original] on 18 February 2011.</cite></ref> Bontsi jwa ditsheko di rarabololwa ke dikgotlatshekelo tsa setso, tse di okametsweng ke dikgosi tsa merafe. Dikgotlatshekelo tse gantsi di ratwa ke baagedi ba Botswana ka ntlha ya go nna bonolo ga tsone. <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Keshav C. |date=2020-08-23 |title=Role of local government in Botswana for effective service delivery: Challenges, prospects and lessons |url=https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.928945225837497 |journal=Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance |issue=7 |pages=135–142}}</ref> Gape go na le [[:en:Magistrates'_Courts|makgotla a ga mmakaseterata]] mo Botswana. Dikgotlatshekelo tse di ka fa tlase ga Kgotlatshekelokgolo mme di reetsa mefuta e e farologaneng ya ditsheko tsa molao wa selegae, wa bosenyi le wa lelwapa. Go na le dikgotlatshekelo tsa bommakaseterata di le lesome le boferabongwe mo lefatsheng la Botswana, ka bommakaseterata ba le masome a le matlhano mme ba le lesome le bosupa ba bone ke batswakwa. <ref name="hierarchy">{{Cite web |title=The Hierarchy of the Courts |url=http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218013129/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-date=18 February 2011 |website=Government of Botswana}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110218013129/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ "The Hierarchy of the Courts"]. ''Government of Botswana''. Archived from [http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ the original] on 18 February 2011.</cite></ref> == Puso ya mono-gae le ya merafe == Puso ya lefatshe la Botswana e laolwa ke [[:en:Centralized_government|legare la lefatshe]] mme dithata tsa puso ya selegae di laolwa ke molao wa setshaba ka bophara. Puso ya selegae e letleletswe ka fa tlase ga molao wa Pusoselegae yo o ka fa tlase ga Makgotla a Dikgaolo ebile o tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa1965. Karolo e potlana mo go tsotlhe tse di leng teng, ya puso mo Botswana ke khansele ya selegae kgotsa ya kwa magaeng. Ditoropokgolo mo Botswana di ka fa tlase ga taolo ya ga ratoropo le lekgotla la toropokgolo, le le eteletsweng pele ke modulasetilo wa lekgotla la khansele. <ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Mooketsane |first=K. |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=K. |last3=Motshekgwa |first3=B. |date=2017 |title=Is decentralisation in Botswana a democratic fallacy? |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC-6a061f80d |journal=African Journal of Public Affairs |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=47–60 |hdl=10520/EJC-6a061f80d}}</ref> Ditoropo le tsone di na le makgotla a ditoropo a khansele, fa dikgaolo tsa magae tsone di kokoanngwa ka fa tlase ga makgotla a dikgaolo. Makgotla a, ke one a a okametseng thata tlhokomelo ya thuto, botsogo, ditsela, metsi, ditlhabololo tsa mono-gae le boipelego ka kakaretso. Makalana a pusoselegae ga a kokoanye madi a a rileng mme madi a selekanyo se se bapileng le se se ka tlamelang ditiro tsotlhe tsa selegae a tlamelwa ke puso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Keshav C. |date=2020-08-23 |title=Role of local government in Botswana for effective service delivery: Challenges, prospects and lessons |url=https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.928945225837497 |journal=Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance |issue=7 |pages=135–142}}</ref> == Puso ya mono-gae le ya merafe == Puso ya lefatshe la Botswana e laolwa ke [[:en:Centralized_government|legare la lefatshe]] mme dithata tsa puso ya selegae di laolwa ke molao wa setshaba ka bophara. Puso ya selegae e letleletswe ka fa tlase ga molao wa Pusoselegae yo o ka fa tlase ga Makgotla a Dikgaolo ebile o tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa1965. Karolo e potlana mo go tsotlhe tse di leng teng, ya puso mo Botswana ke khansele ya selegae kgotsa ya kwa magaeng. Ditoropokgolo mo Botswana di ka fa tlase ga taolo ya ga ratoropo le lekgotla la toropokgolo, le le eteletsweng pele ke modulasetilo wa lekgotla la khansele. <ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Mooketsane |first=K. |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=K. |last3=Motshekgwa |first3=B. |date=2017 |title=Is decentralisation in Botswana a democratic fallacy? |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC-6a061f80d |journal=African Journal of Public Affairs |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=47–60 |hdl=10520/EJC-6a061f80d}}</ref> Ditoropo le tsone di na le makgotla a ditoropo a khansele, fa dikgaolo tsa magae tsone di kokoanngwa ka fa tlase ga makgotla a dikgaolo. Makgotla a, ke one a a okametseng thata tlhokomelo ya thuto, botsogo, ditsela, metsi, ditlhabololo tsa mono-gae le boipelego ka kakaretso. Makalana a pusoselegae ga a kokoanye madi a a rileng mme madi a selekanyo se se bapileng le se se ka tlamelang ditiro tsotlhe tsa selegae a tlamelwa ke puso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Keshav C. |date=2020-08-23 |title=Role of local government in Botswana for effective service delivery: Challenges, prospects and lessons |url=https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.928945225837497 |journal=Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance |issue=7 |pages=135–142}}</ref> Merafe e eteletswe pele ke dikgosi tsa merafe, tse gantsi di nang le maatla a tlhotlheletso a magolo mo mererong epe ya puso-selegae. Dikgosi di na le maikarabelo a go nna badulasetilo ba [[Kgotla|''dikgotla'']], go etelela pele dikopano tsa setso tsa merafe le go okamela dikgotlatshekelo tsa setso . <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Keshav C. |date=2020-08-23 |title=Role of local government in Botswana for effective service delivery: Challenges, prospects and lessons |url=https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.928945225837497 |journal=Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance |issue=7 |pages=135–142}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSharma2020">Sharma, Keshav C. (23 August 2020). [https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.928945225837497 "Role of local government in Botswana for effective service delivery: Challenges, prospects and lessons"]. ''Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance'' (7): <span class="nowrap">135–</span>142.</cite></ref> ''Dikgotla'' di simolotse pele ga boipuso jwa lefatshe la Botswana mme di emela puso ya setso e mo go yone kgosi e neng e busa ebile e tsewa jaaka [[:en:First_among_equals|motho wa ntlha mo go ba ba lekanang]] . Dikgosi tsa letso la Setswana go tswa mo dipakeng tsa bogologolo di ne di na le maikarabelo a mantsi mo bathong go feta merafe e mengwe ya Aferika, jaaka e ne e le tselana ya go itshetsa e kgolo ya kgaolo, thuo ya dikgomo, e ne e letla balemibarui go tsamaya mafelo ka go farologana le go ikemela ka nosi go fetisa ka fa ba neng ba thusiwa ke go lema ka teng. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe le le fitlhelwang mo magaeng a merafe le ka fa tlase ebile le abelwa ke boto ya tsa ditsha. Diboto tse tsa Ditsha di bopilwe ka maloko a a tlhophilweng ke morafe ga mmogo le maloko a a tlhophilweng ke [[:en:Minister_of_Lands_(Botswana)|Tona ya Ditsha]] . <ref name=":8" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le kgaogantswe ka [[Dikgaolo tsa Botswana|dikgaolo di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 Population and Housing Census Preliminary Results |url=https://www.statsbots.org.bw/sites/default/files/publications/2022%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Preliminary%20Results.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527193128/https://www.statsbots.org.bw/sites/default/files/publications/2022%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Preliminary%20Results.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2022 |website=Statistics Botswana |page=5}}</ref> Kgaolo nngwe le nngwe e ka fa tlase ga taolo ya tsamaiso ya kgaolo, e e eteletsweng pele ke molaodi wa kgaolo. <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Keshav C. |date=2020-08-23 |title=Role of local government in Botswana for effective service delivery: Challenges, prospects and lessons |url=https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.928945225837497 |journal=Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance |issue=7 |pages=135–142}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSharma2020">Sharma, Keshav C. (23 August 2020). [https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.928945225837497 "Role of local government in Botswana for effective service delivery: Challenges, prospects and lessons"]. ''Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance'' (7): <span class="nowrap">135–</span>142.</cite></ref> == Makoko a tsa sepolotiki == Lefatshe la Botswana le tlhaolwa ka [[:en:Multi-party_system|tsamaiso ya makoko a le mantsi]] a a phadisanang mo go tsa polotiki. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne le na le [[:en:Dominant-party_system|tsamaiso ya lekoko le le laolang]] le sa tswe mo pusong le e neng e le la BDP, le ne le nna fela le fenya ditlhopho ngwaga go ya ngwageng go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1965 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 2024. Lekoko le, le ne la tlhamiwa ke rre Seretse Khama ka ngwaga wa 1962 ka nako ya fa setšhaba se ne se tsamaela kwa boipusong mme le ne la busa ka bontsi mo pusong nngwe le nngwe go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 2024. Go ya ka ditso, [[Botswana National Front]] e nnile lekoko la kganetso le legolo, le buelela tsamaiso ya polotiki ya [[:en:Left-wing_politics|tekatekanyo le tlhakanelo ya didirisiwa ka tsela e e bonolo]] . <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=Keratilwe |last3=Kwerepe |first3=Phana |date=2016 |title=The Politics of Opposition Electoral Coalitions and Alliances in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45342124 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45342124}}</ref> Makokokganetso mo lekgotleng la peomolao la Botswana gantsi a ne a kgaogane, go na le makoko a le mmalwa a a neng a phadisana mo godimo ga go gwetlha lekoko la BDP. <ref name=":3" /> Lekoko la kganetso le ne le emilwe nokeng thata ke batho ba ba nnang kwa ditoropong, merafe e e neng e le kwa ntle ga bontsi jwa baagedi ba Batswana le dikgosi dingwe tsa merafe jaaka kgosi [[Kgosi Bathoen Gaseitsiwe|Bathoen II]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Masilo |first2=Bontle |date=2018 |title=Social Cleavages and Party Alignment in Botswana: Dominant Party System Debate Revisited |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026898 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=59–71 |issn=0525-5090}}</ref> Go oketsega ga go banni mo ditoropong mo go simologileng ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe le masome a robabobedi go ne ga fa makokokganetso maatla a mantsi. [[:en:Political_faction|Go kgaogana ka ditlhopha]] go tlwaelesegile mo makokong a sepolotiki a Botswana mme makoko a le mmalwa a kgaogane le lekoko la Botswana National Front, go akaretsa lekoko la [[Botswana Congress Party]] e e neng ya nna lekoko le lengwe le le botlhokwa la kganetso morago ga go tlhamiwa ga lone ka ngwaga wa 1998. Go ne ga dirwa maiteko a le mmalwa a go dira [[:en:Political_group|dikgolagano]] magareng ga makokokganetso. Segolobogolo ka ngwaga wa 2012, Botswana National Front, [[Lekoko la Botswana Movement for Democracy|Botswana Movement for Democracy]] le [[Botswana People's Party|Botswana People’s Party]] di ne tsa bopa [[Umbrella for Democratic Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] se se neng sa fenya BDP kwa [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa Botswana tsa ngwaga wa 2024]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-06-06 |title='Umbrella for Democratic Change' party to be registered |url=https://www.sundaystandard.info/ocyumbrella-for-democratic-changeoco-party-to-be-registered/ |access-date=2024-03-31}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=EPHRAIM KEORENG<br>Staff |date=2012-06-21 |title=Umbrella MPs in double membership |url=https://www.mmegi.bw/news/umbrella-mps-in-double-membership/news |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=Mmegi Online}}</ref> == Ditlhopho == Lefatshe la Botswana le ntse le tshwara ditlhopho gangwe le gape fa e sale le tsaya boipuso, ditlhopho tse di tshwarwa morago ga dingwaga tse tlhano di fetsa go feta, tse tsotlhe di fentsweng ke lekoko la Botswana Democratic Party. Ditlhopho tsa lefatshe la Botswana di okamilwe ke [[:en:Independent_Electoral_Commission_(Botswana)|Khomišene e e Ikemetseng ya Ditlhopho]] (IEC). <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |date=2015-01-02 |title=An assessment of Botswana's electoral management body to deliver fair elections |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2015.1021210 |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=105–120 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2015.1021210 |issn=0258-9001 |s2cid=154949350 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ditlhopho mo Botswana di dirisa mokgwa wa go tlhopha yo o bidiwang [[:en:First-past-the-post_voting|'first-past-the-post']] o mo go one mofenyi e leng ntlhopheng yo o bonang [[:en:Majority|bontsi]] kgotsa [[:en:Plurality_(voting)|palo e e kwa godimo]] ga tsa bo ntlhopheng ba bangwe ya ditlhopho. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=Keratilwe |last3=Kwerepe |first3=Phana |date=2016 |title=The Politics of Opposition Electoral Coalitions and Alliances in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45342124 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45342124}}</ref> Botswana e bonwa e le lefatshe la sewelo tota mo mafatsheng a Aferika ka gore ditlhopho tsa teng ga di ise di ko di amanngwe le [[:en:Political_violence|tiriso ya dikgoka e e anameng ya sepolotiki]] jaaka mo mafatsheng a mangwe. <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Botlhomilwe |first2=Mokganedi Zara |date=2010 |title=The management of elections: the case of Botswana |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/10.10520/EJC88240 |journal=Politeia |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=65–77}}</ref> == Ditlhopho == Lefatshe la Botswana le ntse le tshwara ditlhopho gangwe le gape fa e sale le tsaya boipuso, ditlhopho tse di tshwarwa morago ga dingwaga tse tlhano di fetsa go feta, tse tsotlhe di fentsweng ke lekoko la Botswana Democratic Party. Ditlhopho tsa lefatshe la Botswana di okamilwe ke [[:en:Independent_Electoral_Commission_(Botswana)|Khomišene e e Ikemetseng ya Ditlhopho]] (IEC). <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |date=2015-01-02 |title=An assessment of Botswana's electoral management body to deliver fair elections |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2015.1021210 |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=105–120 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2015.1021210 |issn=0258-9001 |s2cid=154949350 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ditlhopho mo Botswana di dirisa mokgwa wa go tlhopha yo o bidiwang [[:en:First-past-the-post_voting|'first-past-the-post']] o mo go one mofenyi e leng ntlhopheng yo o bonang [[:en:Majority|bontsi]] kgotsa [[:en:Plurality_(voting)|palo e e kwa godimo]] ga tsa bo ntlhopheng ba bangwe ya ditlhopho. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=Keratilwe |last3=Kwerepe |first3=Phana |date=2016 |title=The Politics of Opposition Electoral Coalitions and Alliances in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45342124 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45342124}}</ref> Botswana e bonwa e le lefatshe la sewelo tota mo mafatsheng a Aferika ka gore ditlhopho tsa teng ga di ise di ko di amanngwe le [[:en:Political_violence|tiriso ya dikgoka e e anameng ya sepolotiki]] jaaka mo mafatsheng a mangwe. <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Botlhomilwe |first2=Mokganedi Zara |date=2010 |title=The management of elections: the case of Botswana |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/10.10520/EJC88240 |journal=Politeia |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=65–77}}</ref> Boemanosi jwa ditlhopho tsa lefatshe la Botswana bo ntse bo sekasekwa mo dingwageng tse di fetileng. Le fa ditlhopho di gololesegile ebile makoko a kganetso a sa thibelwe, lekoko le le mo maemong le na le bokgoni le tetla ya dilo dingwe tse di ka fetolang maduo. Pele ga go tlhamiwa ga lekgotla la IEC, lekoko le le busang le ne le laola ditlhopho ka kantoro ya Motlhokomedi wa Ditlhopho, e e neng e wela ka fa tlase ga taolo e e tlhamaletseng ya kantoro ya tautona wa lefatshe. Go tlhamiwa ga lekgotla la IEC, jaaka karolo ya diphetogo tsa puso ya batho ka batho tse di dirilweng ka dingwaga di le sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabobedi fa di simologa, fa e sale ka nako e o go fokoditse se ka bokete bo bo rileng, le fa dipotso tse di amanang le boipuso jwa lone di ne tsa nna teng mo nakong e e neng e setse ya puso ya lekoko le le lengwe. <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |date=2015-01-02 |title=An assessment of Botswana's electoral management body to deliver fair elections |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2015.1021210 |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=105–120 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2015.1021210 |issn=0258-9001 |s2cid=154949350 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMogalakwe2015">Mogalakwe, Monageng (2 January 2015). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[[doi:10.1080/02589001.2015.1021210|"An assessment of Botswana's electoral management body to deliver fair elections"]]</span>. ''Journal of Contemporary African Studies''. '''33''' (1): <span class="nowrap">105–</span>120. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/02589001.2015.1021210|10.1080/02589001.2015.1021210]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0258-9001 0258-9001]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154949350 154949350].</cite></ref> <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Botlhomilwe |first2=Mokganedi Zara |date=2010 |title=The management of elections: the case of Botswana |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/10.10520/EJC88240 |journal=Politeia |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=65–77}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2010">Sebudubudu, David; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Zara (2010). [https://journals.co.za/doi/10.10520/EJC88240 "The management of elections: the case of Botswana"]. ''Politeia''. '''29''' (1): <span class="nowrap">65–</span>77.</cite></ref> == Dikgang tse di amanang le melao ya puso == === Melao ya puso e e amanang le tsa madi === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Botswana ke lefatshe la letseno le le kwa godimo mme mo go lekanetseng ebile le le nang le [[:en:Mixed_economy|itsholelo e e tlhakaneng]] mme ebile lefatshe la Botswana ke lengwe la mafatshe a a nang le itsholelo e e nonofileng thata mo Aferika. Motheo wa molao wa ntlha wa puso o o amanang le tsa madi wa lefatshe la Botswana o beilwe ke puso ya ntlha ya morago ga boipuso ka dingwaga tsa bo 1960, e akaretsa thulaganyo ya tekanyetso ya tiriso ya itsholelo ya lefatshe go itshetsa ka metseletsele ya maano a tlhabololo ya setshaba. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go na le [[:en:Income_inequality|go tlhoka tekatekano ya letseno mo go bonalang fela thata]] mo Botswana, bogolosegolo fa gare ga ditoropo tse di tlhabologileng le dikgaolo tsa magae tse di humanegileng. <ref name=":14" />Seelo sa botlhokatiro mo Botswana se ne se eme mo makgolong a le mabedi go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2015. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go ikaega ga lefatshe la Botswana ka kgwebo ya thekiso ya diteemane go dirile gore go farologanngwe mananeo a go tsholetsa itsholelo ya lefatshe se ebile e nnile lengwe la maikaelelo a magolo a molao wa itsholelo ya setšhaba mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa lone. Mananeo a puso a a tshwanang le [[:en:National_Development_Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya setšhaba ya ditlhabololo]], [[:en:Botswana_Development_Corporation|Koporasi ya dilhabololo ya Botswana]], [[:en:Financial_Assistance_Policy|Pholisi ya Thuso ya Matlole]] le [[:en:Economic_Diversification_Drive|Letsholo la Pharologanyo ya itsholelo]] a tsentswe mo tirisong go rotloetsa kgolo ya itsholelo mo madirelong a mangwe, fela ga a fokotsa thata go ikaega ga setšhaba ka kgwebo ya sone ya thekiso ya diteemane. [ 56 ] == Dikgang tse di amanang le melao ya puso == === Melao ya puso e e amanang le tsa madi === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Botswana ke lefatshe la letseno le le kwa godimo mme mo go lekanetseng ebile le le nang le [[:en:Mixed_economy|itsholelo e e tlhakaneng]] mme ebile lefatshe la Botswana ke lengwe la mafatshe a a nang le itsholelo e e nonofileng thata mo Aferika. Motheo wa molao wa ntlha wa puso o o amanang le tsa madi wa lefatshe la Botswana o beilwe ke puso ya ntlha ya morago ga boipuso ka dingwaga tsa bo 1960, e akaretsa thulaganyo ya tekanyetso ya tiriso ya itsholelo ya lefatshe go itshetsa ka metseletsele ya maano a tlhabololo ya setshaba. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go na le [[:en:Income_inequality|go tlhoka tekatekano ya letseno mo go bonalang fela thata]] mo Botswana, bogolosegolo fa gare ga ditoropo tse di tlhabologileng le dikgaolo tsa magae tse di humanegileng. <ref name=":14" />Seelo sa botlhokatiro mo Botswana se ne se eme mo makgolong a le mabedi go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2015. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go ikaega ga lefatshe la Botswana ka kgwebo ya thekiso ya diteemane go dirile gore go farologanngwe mananeo a go tsholetsa itsholelo ya lefatshe se ebile e nnile lengwe la maikaelelo a magolo a molao wa itsholelo ya setšhaba mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa lone. Mananeo a puso a a tshwanang le [[:en:National_Development_Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya setšhaba ya ditlhabololo]], [[:en:Botswana_Development_Corporation|Koporasi ya dilhabololo ya Botswana]], [[:en:Financial_Assistance_Policy|Pholisi ya Thuso ya Matlole]] le [[:en:Economic_Diversification_Drive|Letsholo la Pharologanyo ya itsholelo]] a tsentswe mo tirisong go rotloetsa kgolo ya itsholelo mo madirelong a mangwe, fela ga a fokotsa thata go ikaega ga setšhaba ka kgwebo ya sone ya thekiso ya diteemane. <ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 129–164)</ref> Itsholelo ya Bechuanaland ya dinako tsa puso ya batho-basweu e ne e tsepamisitse mogopolo mo thuong ya dikgomo mme e ne e le kgwebo ya ntlha mo dingwageng tse di lesome tsa ntlha tsa boipuso ya lefatshe la Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 16)</ref> Ka bontsi jwa setšhaba bo ne bo amega mo lephateng le ka tsela nngwe, go ne go sena mabaka a kgotlhang ya maemo mo bathong ba bontsi jwa bone ba neng ba nna kwa magaeng. Le fa kabo ya lefatshe ka dinako tse dingwe e ne e le kgang, go ne go na le lefatshe le le lekaneng le le neng le sena bannga lone le barui ba dikgomo ba neng ba ka le dirisa ba ntse ba le mo tseleng kgotsa ba feta, go fokotsa dikgogakgogano mo dikgannyeng tsa itsholelo.<ref>(Leith 2005, p. 55)</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, go ne ga fitlhelwa dipeeletso tsa diteemane mo Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso go latelela [[:en:Commodity_economy|kgwebo ya dithoto]] go tswa mo [[:en:Mining|meepong]], e tlaleleditswe ka madirelo a mannye jaaka thuo ya dikgomo, tlhagiso le bojanala. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMwansaJacques2014">Mwansa, Lengwe-Katembula; Jacques, Gloria (2014). [[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|"Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care"]]. ''The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare''. '''41''' (2): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>125. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|10.15453/0191-5096.3953]]</span>. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54529195 54529195].</cite></ref> Katlego ya itsholelo ya lefatshe e amana le [[:en:Neoliberalism|melawana ya itsholelo e e fokotsang taolo ya puso mo go tsa itsholelo]] go akaretsa mebaraka e e gololesegileng le tshireletso ya dithoto tsa batho, se se okeditseng thata maemo a botshelo a baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana morago ga boipuso. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":7" /> Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya dipuso fela tsa borwa jwa Sahara tse di neng di sa tsenelele mo melawaneng e e botlhokwa ya taolo kgotsa ya kabosešwa morago ga go ntshiwa ga puso ya batho-basweu. Se, ga mmogo le taolo ya lone le maikarabelo mo go tsa madi ya thekiso ya diteemane, di ne tsa dira gore go nne le kgolo thata ya itsholelo mo lefatsheng mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. <ref name=":12" /><ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Tlhabololo ya bošeng e gateletse [[:en:Welfare_state|puso e e tlhokomelang boitekanelo jwa batho]] ka molao wa kabosešwa ya itsholelo. <ref name=":7" /> == Dikgang tse di amanang le melao ya puso == === Melao ya puso e e amanang le tsa madi === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Botswana ke lefatshe la letseno le le kwa godimo mme mo go lekanetseng ebile le le nang le [[:en:Mixed_economy|itsholelo e e tlhakaneng]] mme ebile lefatshe la Botswana ke lengwe la mafatshe a a nang le itsholelo e e nonofileng thata mo Aferika. Motheo wa molao wa ntlha wa puso o o amanang le tsa madi wa lefatshe la Botswana o beilwe ke puso ya ntlha ya morago ga boipuso ka dingwaga tsa bo 1960, e akaretsa thulaganyo ya tekanyetso ya tiriso ya itsholelo ya lefatshe go itshetsa ka metseletsele ya maano a tlhabololo ya setshaba. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go na le [[:en:Income_inequality|go tlhoka tekatekano ya letseno mo go bonalang fela thata]] mo Botswana, bogolosegolo fa gare ga ditoropo tse di tlhabologileng le dikgaolo tsa magae tse di humanegileng. <ref name=":14" />Seelo sa botlhokatiro mo Botswana se ne se eme mo makgolong a le mabedi go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2015. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go ikaega ga lefatshe la Botswana ka kgwebo ya thekiso ya diteemane go dirile gore go farologanngwe mananeo a go tsholetsa itsholelo ya lefatshe se ebile e nnile lengwe la maikaelelo a magolo a molao wa itsholelo ya setšhaba mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa lone. Mananeo a puso a a tshwanang le [[:en:National_Development_Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya setšhaba ya ditlhabololo]], [[:en:Botswana_Development_Corporation|Koporasi ya dilhabololo ya Botswana]], [[:en:Financial_Assistance_Policy|Pholisi ya Thuso ya Matlole]] le [[:en:Economic_Diversification_Drive|Letsholo la Pharologanyo ya itsholelo]] a tsentswe mo tirisong go rotloetsa kgolo ya itsholelo mo madirelong a mangwe, fela ga a fokotsa thata go ikaega ga setšhaba ka kgwebo ya sone ya thekiso ya diteemane. <ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 129–164)</ref> Itsholelo ya Bechuanaland ya dinako tsa puso ya batho-basweu e ne e tsepamisitse mogopolo mo thuong ya dikgomo mme e ne e le kgwebo ya ntlha mo dingwageng tse di lesome tsa ntlha tsa boipuso ya lefatshe la Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 16)</ref> Ka bontsi jwa setšhaba bo ne bo amega mo lephateng le ka tsela nngwe, go ne go sena mabaka a kgotlhang ya maemo mo bathong ba bontsi jwa bone ba neng ba nna kwa magaeng. Le fa kabo ya lefatshe ka dinako tse dingwe e ne e le kgang, go ne go na le lefatshe le le lekaneng le le neng le sena bannga lone le barui ba dikgomo ba neng ba ka le dirisa ba ntse ba le mo tseleng kgotsa ba feta, go fokotsa dikgogakgogano mo dikgannyeng tsa itsholelo.<ref>(Leith 2005, p. 55)</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, go ne ga fitlhelwa dipeeletso tsa diteemane mo Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso go latelela [[:en:Commodity_economy|kgwebo ya dithoto]] go tswa mo [[:en:Mining|meepong]], e tlaleleditswe ka madirelo a mannye jaaka thuo ya dikgomo, tlhagiso le bojanala. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMwansaJacques2014">Mwansa, Lengwe-Katembula; Jacques, Gloria (2014). [[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|"Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care"]]. ''The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare''. '''41''' (2): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>125. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|10.15453/0191-5096.3953]]</span>. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54529195 54529195].</cite></ref> Katlego ya itsholelo ya lefatshe e amana le [[:en:Neoliberalism|melawana ya itsholelo e e fokotsang taolo ya puso mo go tsa itsholelo]] go akaretsa mebaraka e e gololesegileng le tshireletso ya dithoto tsa batho, se se okeditseng thata maemo a botshelo a baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana morago ga boipuso. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":7" /> Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya dipuso fela tsa borwa jwa Sahara tse di neng di sa tsenelele mo melawaneng e e botlhokwa ya taolo kgotsa ya kabosešwa morago ga go ntshiwa ga puso ya batho-basweu. Se, ga mmogo le taolo ya lone le maikarabelo mo go tsa madi ya thekiso ya diteemane, di ne tsa dira gore go nne le kgolo thata ya itsholelo mo lefatsheng mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. <ref name=":12" /><ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Tlhabololo ya bošeng e gateletse [[:en:Welfare_state|puso e e tlhokomelang boitekanelo jwa batho]] ka molao wa kabosešwa ya itsholelo. <ref name=":7" /> === Melao ya dikanamo tsa mafatshe a sele === Tautona o na le maikarabelo a melao ya dikanamo tsa mafatshe a sele ya Botswana, a okametse [[:en:Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Botswana)|Tona ya Merero ya mafatshe a sele]] . Katlego ya Botswana mo go tsa sepolotiki le itsholelo fa e bapisiwa le mafatshe a mangwe mo Aferika e dirile gore e nne le seabe se segolwane mo mererong ya dikgaolo le lefatshe ka bophara. Kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo masome a le mabedi, lefatshe la Botswana le ne la simolola go romela dithuso tsa madi le tsa sesole kwa mafatsheng a a mabapi ga mmogo le mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba. <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> Lefatshe la Botswana le gateletse [[:en:Multilateralism|tirisanommogo ya mafatshe a mantsi]] mo melaong ya lone ya tsa kamano le mafatshe a sele. <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Lekoa |first=LC |date=2019 |title=Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=51 |pages=118–122}}</ref> Go dikologiwa ke lewatle ga lefatshe le, le itsholelo e e tlhotlhelediwang ke thekisetso mafatshe a mangwe go rotloeditse go tshegetsa dikamano tse di tiileng le mafatshe a mangwe, <ref name=":10" /> mme palo ya lone e e kwa tlase le go nna gaufi le mafatshe a dipuso tse di sa tlhomamang go dirile gore Botswana e dirisane mmogo le [[:en:International_organisations|mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba]] go bona tshireletso le ditsompelo. <ref name=":11" /> == Dikgang tse di amanang le melao ya puso == === Melao ya puso e e amanang le tsa madi === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Botswana ke lefatshe la letseno le le kwa godimo mme mo go lekanetseng ebile le le nang le [[:en:Mixed_economy|itsholelo e e tlhakaneng]] mme ebile lefatshe la Botswana ke lengwe la mafatshe a a nang le itsholelo e e nonofileng thata mo Aferika. Motheo wa molao wa ntlha wa puso o o amanang le tsa madi wa lefatshe la Botswana o beilwe ke puso ya ntlha ya morago ga boipuso ka dingwaga tsa bo 1960, e akaretsa thulaganyo ya tekanyetso ya tiriso ya itsholelo ya lefatshe go itshetsa ka metseletsele ya maano a tlhabololo ya setshaba. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go na le [[:en:Income_inequality|go tlhoka tekatekano ya letseno mo go bonalang fela thata]] mo Botswana, bogolosegolo fa gare ga ditoropo tse di tlhabologileng le dikgaolo tsa magae tse di humanegileng. <ref name=":14" />Seelo sa botlhokatiro mo Botswana se ne se eme mo makgolong a le mabedi go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2015. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go ikaega ga lefatshe la Botswana ka kgwebo ya thekiso ya diteemane go dirile gore go farologanngwe mananeo a go tsholetsa itsholelo ya lefatshe se ebile e nnile lengwe la maikaelelo a magolo a molao wa itsholelo ya setšhaba mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa lone. Mananeo a puso a a tshwanang le [[:en:National_Development_Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya setšhaba ya ditlhabololo]], [[:en:Botswana_Development_Corporation|Koporasi ya dilhabololo ya Botswana]], [[:en:Financial_Assistance_Policy|Pholisi ya Thuso ya Matlole]] le [[:en:Economic_Diversification_Drive|Letsholo la Pharologanyo ya itsholelo]] a tsentswe mo tirisong go rotloetsa kgolo ya itsholelo mo madirelong a mangwe, fela ga a fokotsa thata go ikaega ga setšhaba ka kgwebo ya sone ya thekiso ya diteemane. <ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 129–164)</ref> Itsholelo ya Bechuanaland ya dinako tsa puso ya batho-basweu e ne e tsepamisitse mogopolo mo thuong ya dikgomo mme e ne e le kgwebo ya ntlha mo dingwageng tse di lesome tsa ntlha tsa boipuso ya lefatshe la Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 16)</ref> Ka bontsi jwa setšhaba bo ne bo amega mo lephateng le ka tsela nngwe, go ne go sena mabaka a kgotlhang ya maemo mo bathong ba bontsi jwa bone ba neng ba nna kwa magaeng. Le fa kabo ya lefatshe ka dinako tse dingwe e ne e le kgang, go ne go na le lefatshe le le lekaneng le le neng le sena bannga lone le barui ba dikgomo ba neng ba ka le dirisa ba ntse ba le mo tseleng kgotsa ba feta, go fokotsa dikgogakgogano mo dikgannyeng tsa itsholelo.<ref>(Leith 2005, p. 55)</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, go ne ga fitlhelwa dipeeletso tsa diteemane mo Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso go latelela [[:en:Commodity_economy|kgwebo ya dithoto]] go tswa mo [[:en:Mining|meepong]], e tlaleleditswe ka madirelo a mannye jaaka thuo ya dikgomo, tlhagiso le bojanala. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMwansaJacques2014">Mwansa, Lengwe-Katembula; Jacques, Gloria (2014). [[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|"Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care"]]. ''The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare''. '''41''' (2): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>125. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|10.15453/0191-5096.3953]]</span>. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54529195 54529195].</cite></ref> Katlego ya itsholelo ya lefatshe e amana le [[:en:Neoliberalism|melawana ya itsholelo e e fokotsang taolo ya puso mo go tsa itsholelo]] go akaretsa mebaraka e e gololesegileng le tshireletso ya dithoto tsa batho, se se okeditseng thata maemo a botshelo a baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana morago ga boipuso. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":7" /> Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya dipuso fela tsa borwa jwa Sahara tse di neng di sa tsenelele mo melawaneng e e botlhokwa ya taolo kgotsa ya kabosešwa morago ga go ntshiwa ga puso ya batho-basweu. Se, ga mmogo le taolo ya lone le maikarabelo mo go tsa madi ya thekiso ya diteemane, di ne tsa dira gore go nne le kgolo thata ya itsholelo mo lefatsheng mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. <ref name=":12" /><ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Tlhabololo ya bošeng e gateletse [[:en:Welfare_state|puso e e tlhokomelang boitekanelo jwa batho]] ka molao wa kabosešwa ya itsholelo. <ref name=":7" /> === Melao ya dikanamo tsa mafatshe a sele === Tautona o na le maikarabelo a melao ya dikanamo tsa mafatshe a sele ya Botswana, a okametse [[:en:Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Botswana)|Tona ya Merero ya mafatshe a sele]] . Katlego ya Botswana mo go tsa sepolotiki le itsholelo fa e bapisiwa le mafatshe a mangwe mo Aferika e dirile gore e nne le seabe se segolwane mo mererong ya dikgaolo le lefatshe ka bophara. Kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo masome a le mabedi, lefatshe la Botswana le ne la simolola go romela dithuso tsa madi le tsa sesole kwa mafatsheng a a mabapi ga mmogo le mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba. <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> Lefatshe la Botswana le gateletse [[:en:Multilateralism|tirisanommogo ya mafatshe a mantsi]] mo melaong ya lone ya tsa kamano le mafatshe a sele. <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Lekoa |first=LC |date=2019 |title=Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=51 |pages=118–122}}</ref> Go dikologiwa ke lewatle ga lefatshe le, le itsholelo e e tlhotlhelediwang ke thekisetso mafatshe a mangwe go rotloeditse go tshegetsa dikamano tse di tiileng le mafatshe a mangwe, <ref name=":10" /> mme palo ya lone e e kwa tlase le go nna gaufi le mafatshe a dipuso tse di sa tlhomamang go dirile gore Botswana e dirisane mmogo le [[:en:International_organisations|mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba]] go bona tshireletso le ditsompelo. <ref name=":11" /> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1966 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1994, mafatshe a a bapileng le Botswana a ne a sa iketla kgotsa ka tsela nngwe a ne a le borai mo Botswana. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne le sa tlhoma dikamano tsa semmuso le moagisani wa lone yo mogolo, Aferika Borwa, ka nako ya puso [[Tlhaolele|ya tlhaolele]] ya lefatshe la Aferika Borwa. <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Lekoa |first=LC |date=2019 |title=Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=51 |pages=118–122}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLekoa2019">Lekoa, LC (2019). "Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy". ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''51''': <span class="nowrap">118–</span>122.</cite></ref> Mo dingwageng tsa lone tsa ntlha, lefatshe la Botswana le ne le sena sesole. Sesole sa Botswana se ne sa felela se tlhamilwe go tsibogela go sa iketlang ga kgaolo. <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZaffiro1998">Zaffiro, James (1998). [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro "Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas"]. In Wright, Stephen (ed.). [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright ''African Foreign Policies'']. Taylor & Francis. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">66–</span>83. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4324/9780429502521-4|10.4324/9780429502521-4]]. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780429502521|<bdi>9780429502521</bdi>]].</cite></ref>E rile fa Aferika Borwa e gololesega morago ga ngwaga wa 1994, tlhobaboroko e kgolo ya melao ya kamano le mafatshe a sele, mo Botswana e ne ya nna go sa tlhomamang ga lefatshe la mabapi e bong Zimbabwe. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006">Beaulier, Scott A.; Subrick, J. Robert (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x "The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana"]</span>. ''Constitutional Political Economy''. '''17''' (2): <span class="nowrap">103–</span>115. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x|10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1043-4062 1043-4062]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59354401 59354401].</cite></ref> == Dikgang tse di amanang le melao ya puso == === Melao ya puso e e amanang le tsa madi === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Botswana ke lefatshe la letseno le le kwa godimo mme mo go lekanetseng ebile le le nang le [[:en:Mixed_economy|itsholelo e e tlhakaneng]] mme ebile lefatshe la Botswana ke lengwe la mafatshe a a nang le itsholelo e e nonofileng thata mo Aferika. Motheo wa molao wa ntlha wa puso o o amanang le tsa madi wa lefatshe la Botswana o beilwe ke puso ya ntlha ya morago ga boipuso ka dingwaga tsa bo 1960, e akaretsa thulaganyo ya tekanyetso ya tiriso ya itsholelo ya lefatshe go itshetsa ka metseletsele ya maano a tlhabololo ya setshaba. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go na le [[:en:Income_inequality|go tlhoka tekatekano ya letseno mo go bonalang fela thata]] mo Botswana, bogolosegolo fa gare ga ditoropo tse di tlhabologileng le dikgaolo tsa magae tse di humanegileng. <ref name=":14" />Seelo sa botlhokatiro mo Botswana se ne se eme mo makgolong a le mabedi go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2015. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go ikaega ga lefatshe la Botswana ka kgwebo ya thekiso ya diteemane go dirile gore go farologanngwe mananeo a go tsholetsa itsholelo ya lefatshe se ebile e nnile lengwe la maikaelelo a magolo a molao wa itsholelo ya setšhaba mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa lone. Mananeo a puso a a tshwanang le [[:en:National_Development_Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya setšhaba ya ditlhabololo]], [[:en:Botswana_Development_Corporation|Koporasi ya dilhabololo ya Botswana]], [[:en:Financial_Assistance_Policy|Pholisi ya Thuso ya Matlole]] le [[:en:Economic_Diversification_Drive|Letsholo la Pharologanyo ya itsholelo]] a tsentswe mo tirisong go rotloetsa kgolo ya itsholelo mo madirelong a mangwe, fela ga a fokotsa thata go ikaega ga setšhaba ka kgwebo ya sone ya thekiso ya diteemane. <ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 129–164)</ref> Itsholelo ya Bechuanaland ya dinako tsa puso ya batho-basweu e ne e tsepamisitse mogopolo mo thuong ya dikgomo mme e ne e le kgwebo ya ntlha mo dingwageng tse di lesome tsa ntlha tsa boipuso ya lefatshe la Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 16)</ref> Ka bontsi jwa setšhaba bo ne bo amega mo lephateng le ka tsela nngwe, go ne go sena mabaka a kgotlhang ya maemo mo bathong ba bontsi jwa bone ba neng ba nna kwa magaeng. Le fa kabo ya lefatshe ka dinako tse dingwe e ne e le kgang, go ne go na le lefatshe le le lekaneng le le neng le sena bannga lone le barui ba dikgomo ba neng ba ka le dirisa ba ntse ba le mo tseleng kgotsa ba feta, go fokotsa dikgogakgogano mo dikgannyeng tsa itsholelo.<ref>(Leith 2005, p. 55)</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, go ne ga fitlhelwa dipeeletso tsa diteemane mo Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso go latelela [[:en:Commodity_economy|kgwebo ya dithoto]] go tswa mo [[:en:Mining|meepong]], e tlaleleditswe ka madirelo a mannye jaaka thuo ya dikgomo, tlhagiso le bojanala. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMwansaJacques2014">Mwansa, Lengwe-Katembula; Jacques, Gloria (2014). [[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|"Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care"]]. ''The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare''. '''41''' (2): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>125. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|10.15453/0191-5096.3953]]</span>. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54529195 54529195].</cite></ref> Katlego ya itsholelo ya lefatshe e amana le [[:en:Neoliberalism|melawana ya itsholelo e e fokotsang taolo ya puso mo go tsa itsholelo]] go akaretsa mebaraka e e gololesegileng le tshireletso ya dithoto tsa batho, se se okeditseng thata maemo a botshelo a baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana morago ga boipuso. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":7" /> Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya dipuso fela tsa borwa jwa Sahara tse di neng di sa tsenelele mo melawaneng e e botlhokwa ya taolo kgotsa ya kabosešwa morago ga go ntshiwa ga puso ya batho-basweu. Se, ga mmogo le taolo ya lone le maikarabelo mo go tsa madi ya thekiso ya diteemane, di ne tsa dira gore go nne le kgolo thata ya itsholelo mo lefatsheng mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. <ref name=":12" /><ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Tlhabololo ya bošeng e gateletse [[:en:Welfare_state|puso e e tlhokomelang boitekanelo jwa batho]] ka molao wa kabosešwa ya itsholelo. <ref name=":7" /> === Melao ya dikanamo tsa mafatshe a sele === Tautona o na le maikarabelo a melao ya dikanamo tsa mafatshe a sele ya Botswana, a okametse [[:en:Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Botswana)|Tona ya Merero ya mafatshe a sele]] . Katlego ya Botswana mo go tsa sepolotiki le itsholelo fa e bapisiwa le mafatshe a mangwe mo Aferika e dirile gore e nne le seabe se segolwane mo mererong ya dikgaolo le lefatshe ka bophara. Kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo masome a le mabedi, lefatshe la Botswana le ne la simolola go romela dithuso tsa madi le tsa sesole kwa mafatsheng a a mabapi ga mmogo le mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba. <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> Lefatshe la Botswana le gateletse [[:en:Multilateralism|tirisanommogo ya mafatshe a mantsi]] mo melaong ya lone ya tsa kamano le mafatshe a sele. <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Lekoa |first=LC |date=2019 |title=Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=51 |pages=118–122}}</ref> Go dikologiwa ke lewatle ga lefatshe le, le itsholelo e e tlhotlhelediwang ke thekisetso mafatshe a mangwe go rotloeditse go tshegetsa dikamano tse di tiileng le mafatshe a mangwe, <ref name=":10" /> mme palo ya lone e e kwa tlase le go nna gaufi le mafatshe a dipuso tse di sa tlhomamang go dirile gore Botswana e dirisane mmogo le [[:en:International_organisations|mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba]] go bona tshireletso le ditsompelo. <ref name=":11" /> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1966 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1994, mafatshe a a bapileng le Botswana a ne a sa iketla kgotsa ka tsela nngwe a ne a le borai mo Botswana. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne le sa tlhoma dikamano tsa semmuso le moagisani wa lone yo mogolo, Aferika Borwa, ka nako ya puso [[Tlhaolele|ya tlhaolele]] ya lefatshe la Aferika Borwa. <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Lekoa |first=LC |date=2019 |title=Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=51 |pages=118–122}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLekoa2019">Lekoa, LC (2019). "Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy". ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''51''': <span class="nowrap">118–</span>122.</cite></ref> Mo dingwageng tsa lone tsa ntlha, lefatshe la Botswana le ne le sena sesole. Sesole sa Botswana se ne sa felela se tlhamilwe go tsibogela go sa iketlang ga kgaolo. <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZaffiro1998">Zaffiro, James (1998). [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro "Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas"]. In Wright, Stephen (ed.). [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright ''African Foreign Policies'']. Taylor & Francis. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">66–</span>83. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4324/9780429502521-4|10.4324/9780429502521-4]]. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780429502521|<bdi>9780429502521</bdi>]].</cite></ref>E rile fa Aferika Borwa e gololesega morago ga ngwaga wa 1994, tlhobaboroko e kgolo ya melao ya kamano le mafatshe a sele, mo Botswana e ne ya nna go sa tlhomamang ga lefatshe la mabapi e bong Zimbabwe. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006">Beaulier, Scott A.; Subrick, J. Robert (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x "The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana"]</span>. ''Constitutional Political Economy''. '''17''' (2): <span class="nowrap">103–</span>115. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x|10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1043-4062 1043-4062]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59354401 59354401].</cite></ref> Mo nakong e ntsi ya ditso tsa lone jaaka lefatshe le le ikemetseng, Botswana o ne a dirisa melawana ya dinaga di sele [[:en:Realpolitik|e e ikaegileng ka tsotlhe tse di nang le boleng]] . Ka nako ya botautona jwa ga rre Ian Khama, le ne la fetogela kwa molaong wa dinaga di sele o o ikaegileng ka [[:en:Idealism_in_international_relations|molaomotheo le maitsholo]], e mo go one go neng go na le kgalo ya dipuso ka ntlha ya go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho. Mo pakeng yeo, gantsi e ne e le lone fela leloko la [[African Union]] le le neng le ema nokeng Kgotlatshekelo ya Bosenyi ya Boditšhabatšhaba kgotsa le le neng le kgala go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho mo ditšhabeng tse di busang ka bobusaesi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malila |first=Ikanyeng S. |last2=Molebatsi |first2=Robert M. |year=2014 |title=Botswana's Experimentation with 'Ethical Foreign Policy' |url=https://saccps.org/pdf/3-1/SAPSS%203(1)%20Malila%20and%20Molebatsi.pdf |journal=Southern African Peace and Security Studies |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=5–25}}</ref> == Dikgang tse di amanang le melao ya puso == === Melao ya puso e e amanang le tsa madi === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Botswana ke lefatshe la letseno le le kwa godimo mme mo go lekanetseng ebile le le nang le [[:en:Mixed_economy|itsholelo e e tlhakaneng]] mme ebile lefatshe la Botswana ke lengwe la mafatshe a a nang le itsholelo e e nonofileng thata mo Aferika. Motheo wa molao wa ntlha wa puso o o amanang le tsa madi wa lefatshe la Botswana o beilwe ke puso ya ntlha ya morago ga boipuso ka dingwaga tsa bo 1960, e akaretsa thulaganyo ya tekanyetso ya tiriso ya itsholelo ya lefatshe go itshetsa ka metseletsele ya maano a tlhabololo ya setshaba. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go na le [[:en:Income_inequality|go tlhoka tekatekano ya letseno mo go bonalang fela thata]] mo Botswana, bogolosegolo fa gare ga ditoropo tse di tlhabologileng le dikgaolo tsa magae tse di humanegileng. <ref name=":14" />Seelo sa botlhokatiro mo Botswana se ne se eme mo makgolong a le mabedi go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2015. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go ikaega ga lefatshe la Botswana ka kgwebo ya thekiso ya diteemane go dirile gore go farologanngwe mananeo a go tsholetsa itsholelo ya lefatshe se ebile e nnile lengwe la maikaelelo a magolo a molao wa itsholelo ya setšhaba mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa lone. Mananeo a puso a a tshwanang le [[:en:National_Development_Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya setšhaba ya ditlhabololo]], [[:en:Botswana_Development_Corporation|Koporasi ya dilhabololo ya Botswana]], [[:en:Financial_Assistance_Policy|Pholisi ya Thuso ya Matlole]] le [[:en:Economic_Diversification_Drive|Letsholo la Pharologanyo ya itsholelo]] a tsentswe mo tirisong go rotloetsa kgolo ya itsholelo mo madirelong a mangwe, fela ga a fokotsa thata go ikaega ga setšhaba ka kgwebo ya sone ya thekiso ya diteemane. <ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 129–164)</ref> Itsholelo ya Bechuanaland ya dinako tsa puso ya batho-basweu e ne e tsepamisitse mogopolo mo thuong ya dikgomo mme e ne e le kgwebo ya ntlha mo dingwageng tse di lesome tsa ntlha tsa boipuso ya lefatshe la Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 16)</ref> Ka bontsi jwa setšhaba bo ne bo amega mo lephateng le ka tsela nngwe, go ne go sena mabaka a kgotlhang ya maemo mo bathong ba bontsi jwa bone ba neng ba nna kwa magaeng. Le fa kabo ya lefatshe ka dinako tse dingwe e ne e le kgang, go ne go na le lefatshe le le lekaneng le le neng le sena bannga lone le barui ba dikgomo ba neng ba ka le dirisa ba ntse ba le mo tseleng kgotsa ba feta, go fokotsa dikgogakgogano mo dikgannyeng tsa itsholelo.<ref>(Leith 2005, p. 55)</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, go ne ga fitlhelwa dipeeletso tsa diteemane mo Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso go latelela [[:en:Commodity_economy|kgwebo ya dithoto]] go tswa mo [[:en:Mining|meepong]], e tlaleleditswe ka madirelo a mannye jaaka thuo ya dikgomo, tlhagiso le bojanala. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMwansaJacques2014">Mwansa, Lengwe-Katembula; Jacques, Gloria (2014). [[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|"Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care"]]. ''The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare''. '''41''' (2): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>125. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|10.15453/0191-5096.3953]]</span>. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54529195 54529195].</cite></ref> Katlego ya itsholelo ya lefatshe e amana le [[:en:Neoliberalism|melawana ya itsholelo e e fokotsang taolo ya puso mo go tsa itsholelo]] go akaretsa mebaraka e e gololesegileng le tshireletso ya dithoto tsa batho, se se okeditseng thata maemo a botshelo a baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana morago ga boipuso. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":7" /> Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya dipuso fela tsa borwa jwa Sahara tse di neng di sa tsenelele mo melawaneng e e botlhokwa ya taolo kgotsa ya kabosešwa morago ga go ntshiwa ga puso ya batho-basweu. Se, ga mmogo le taolo ya lone le maikarabelo mo go tsa madi ya thekiso ya diteemane, di ne tsa dira gore go nne le kgolo thata ya itsholelo mo lefatsheng mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. <ref name=":12" /><ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Tlhabololo ya bošeng e gateletse [[:en:Welfare_state|puso e e tlhokomelang boitekanelo jwa batho]] ka molao wa kabosešwa ya itsholelo. <ref name=":7" /> === Melao ya dikanamo tsa mafatshe a sele === Tautona o na le maikarabelo a melao ya dikanamo tsa mafatshe a sele ya Botswana, a okametse [[:en:Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Botswana)|Tona ya Merero ya mafatshe a sele]] . Katlego ya Botswana mo go tsa sepolotiki le itsholelo fa e bapisiwa le mafatshe a mangwe mo Aferika e dirile gore e nne le seabe se segolwane mo mererong ya dikgaolo le lefatshe ka bophara. Kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo masome a le mabedi, lefatshe la Botswana le ne la simolola go romela dithuso tsa madi le tsa sesole kwa mafatsheng a a mabapi ga mmogo le mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba. <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> Lefatshe la Botswana le gateletse [[:en:Multilateralism|tirisanommogo ya mafatshe a mantsi]] mo melaong ya lone ya tsa kamano le mafatshe a sele. <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Lekoa |first=LC |date=2019 |title=Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=51 |pages=118–122}}</ref> Go dikologiwa ke lewatle ga lefatshe le, le itsholelo e e tlhotlhelediwang ke thekisetso mafatshe a mangwe go rotloeditse go tshegetsa dikamano tse di tiileng le mafatshe a mangwe, <ref name=":10" /> mme palo ya lone e e kwa tlase le go nna gaufi le mafatshe a dipuso tse di sa tlhomamang go dirile gore Botswana e dirisane mmogo le [[:en:International_organisations|mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba]] go bona tshireletso le ditsompelo. <ref name=":11" /> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1966 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1994, mafatshe a a bapileng le Botswana a ne a sa iketla kgotsa ka tsela nngwe a ne a le borai mo Botswana. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne le sa tlhoma dikamano tsa semmuso le moagisani wa lone yo mogolo, Aferika Borwa, ka nako ya puso [[Tlhaolele|ya tlhaolele]] ya lefatshe la Aferika Borwa. <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Lekoa |first=LC |date=2019 |title=Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=51 |pages=118–122}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLekoa2019">Lekoa, LC (2019). "Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy". ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''51''': <span class="nowrap">118–</span>122.</cite></ref> Mo dingwageng tsa lone tsa ntlha, lefatshe la Botswana le ne le sena sesole. Sesole sa Botswana se ne sa felela se tlhamilwe go tsibogela go sa iketlang ga kgaolo. <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZaffiro1998">Zaffiro, James (1998). [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro "Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas"]. In Wright, Stephen (ed.). [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright ''African Foreign Policies'']. Taylor & Francis. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">66–</span>83. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4324/9780429502521-4|10.4324/9780429502521-4]]. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780429502521|<bdi>9780429502521</bdi>]].</cite></ref>E rile fa Aferika Borwa e gololesega morago ga ngwaga wa 1994, tlhobaboroko e kgolo ya melao ya kamano le mafatshe a sele, mo Botswana e ne ya nna go sa tlhomamang ga lefatshe la mabapi e bong Zimbabwe. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006">Beaulier, Scott A.; Subrick, J. Robert (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x "The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana"]</span>. ''Constitutional Political Economy''. '''17''' (2): <span class="nowrap">103–</span>115. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x|10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1043-4062 1043-4062]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59354401 59354401].</cite></ref> Mo nakong e ntsi ya ditso tsa lone jaaka lefatshe le le ikemetseng, Botswana o ne a dirisa melawana ya dinaga di sele [[:en:Realpolitik|e e ikaegileng ka tsotlhe tse di nang le boleng]] . Ka nako ya botautona jwa ga rre Ian Khama, le ne la fetogela kwa molaong wa dinaga di sele o o ikaegileng ka [[:en:Idealism_in_international_relations|molaomotheo le maitsholo]], e mo go one go neng go na le kgalo ya dipuso ka ntlha ya go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho. Mo pakeng yeo, gantsi e ne e le lone fela leloko la [[African Union]] le le neng le ema nokeng Kgotlatshekelo ya Bosenyi ya Boditšhabatšhaba kgotsa le le neng le kgala go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho mo ditšhabeng tse di busang ka bobusaesi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malila |first=Ikanyeng S. |last2=Molebatsi |first2=Robert M. |year=2014 |title=Botswana's Experimentation with 'Ethical Foreign Policy' |url=https://saccps.org/pdf/3-1/SAPSS%203(1)%20Malila%20and%20Molebatsi.pdf |journal=Southern African Peace and Security Studies |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=5–25}}</ref> === Melao ya tsa loago === Khumo ya lefatshe la Botswana fa e bapisiwa le mafatshe a mangwe mo kgaolong ya borwa jwa Aferika e dirile gore go dirisiwe madi a mantsi mo ditirelong tsa setshaba jaaka thuto, botsogo le mafaratlhatlha.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 9)</ref> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2014, [[:en:Ministry_of_Education_and_Skills_Development|Lephata la Thuto le Tlhabololo ya Bokgoni]] le ne le na le tekanyetsokabo e kgolo go gaisa maiteko ape a puso. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMwansaJacques2014">Mwansa, Lengwe-Katembula; Jacques, Gloria (2014). [[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|"Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care"]]. ''The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare''. '''41''' (2): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>125. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|10.15453/0191-5096.3953]]</span>. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54529195 54529195].</cite></ref> Dikhilomithara di ka nna dikete di le lesome tsa ditsela di ne tsa tsenngwa ditsela mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tse di masome a matlhano tsa boipuso jwa Botswana, fa di bapisiwa le dikilometara di le masome a matlhano tse di neng di le teng pele ga boipuso. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006">Beaulier, Scott A.; Subrick, J. Robert (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x "The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana"]</span>. ''Constitutional Political Economy''. '''17''' (2): <span class="nowrap">103–</span>115. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x|10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1043-4062 1043-4062]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59354401 59354401].</cite></ref> == Dikgang tse di amanang le melao ya puso == === Melao ya puso e e amanang le tsa madi === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Botswana ke lefatshe la letseno le le kwa godimo mme mo go lekanetseng ebile le le nang le [[:en:Mixed_economy|itsholelo e e tlhakaneng]] mme ebile lefatshe la Botswana ke lengwe la mafatshe a a nang le itsholelo e e nonofileng thata mo Aferika. Motheo wa molao wa ntlha wa puso o o amanang le tsa madi wa lefatshe la Botswana o beilwe ke puso ya ntlha ya morago ga boipuso ka dingwaga tsa bo 1960, e akaretsa thulaganyo ya tekanyetso ya tiriso ya itsholelo ya lefatshe go itshetsa ka metseletsele ya maano a tlhabololo ya setshaba. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go na le [[:en:Income_inequality|go tlhoka tekatekano ya letseno mo go bonalang fela thata]] mo Botswana, bogolosegolo fa gare ga ditoropo tse di tlhabologileng le dikgaolo tsa magae tse di humanegileng. <ref name=":14" />Seelo sa botlhokatiro mo Botswana se ne se eme mo makgolong a le mabedi go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2015. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go ikaega ga lefatshe la Botswana ka kgwebo ya thekiso ya diteemane go dirile gore go farologanngwe mananeo a go tsholetsa itsholelo ya lefatshe se ebile e nnile lengwe la maikaelelo a magolo a molao wa itsholelo ya setšhaba mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa lone. Mananeo a puso a a tshwanang le [[:en:National_Development_Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya setšhaba ya ditlhabololo]], [[:en:Botswana_Development_Corporation|Koporasi ya dilhabololo ya Botswana]], [[:en:Financial_Assistance_Policy|Pholisi ya Thuso ya Matlole]] le [[:en:Economic_Diversification_Drive|Letsholo la Pharologanyo ya itsholelo]] a tsentswe mo tirisong go rotloetsa kgolo ya itsholelo mo madirelong a mangwe, fela ga a fokotsa thata go ikaega ga setšhaba ka kgwebo ya sone ya thekiso ya diteemane. <ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 129–164)</ref> Itsholelo ya Bechuanaland ya dinako tsa puso ya batho-basweu e ne e tsepamisitse mogopolo mo thuong ya dikgomo mme e ne e le kgwebo ya ntlha mo dingwageng tse di lesome tsa ntlha tsa boipuso ya lefatshe la Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 16)</ref> Ka bontsi jwa setšhaba bo ne bo amega mo lephateng le ka tsela nngwe, go ne go sena mabaka a kgotlhang ya maemo mo bathong ba bontsi jwa bone ba neng ba nna kwa magaeng. Le fa kabo ya lefatshe ka dinako tse dingwe e ne e le kgang, go ne go na le lefatshe le le lekaneng le le neng le sena bannga lone le barui ba dikgomo ba neng ba ka le dirisa ba ntse ba le mo tseleng kgotsa ba feta, go fokotsa dikgogakgogano mo dikgannyeng tsa itsholelo.<ref>(Leith 2005, p. 55)</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, go ne ga fitlhelwa dipeeletso tsa diteemane mo Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso go latelela [[:en:Commodity_economy|kgwebo ya dithoto]] go tswa mo [[:en:Mining|meepong]], e tlaleleditswe ka madirelo a mannye jaaka thuo ya dikgomo, tlhagiso le bojanala. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMwansaJacques2014">Mwansa, Lengwe-Katembula; Jacques, Gloria (2014). [[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|"Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care"]]. ''The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare''. '''41''' (2): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>125. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|10.15453/0191-5096.3953]]</span>. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54529195 54529195].</cite></ref> Katlego ya itsholelo ya lefatshe e amana le [[:en:Neoliberalism|melawana ya itsholelo e e fokotsang taolo ya puso mo go tsa itsholelo]] go akaretsa mebaraka e e gololesegileng le tshireletso ya dithoto tsa batho, se se okeditseng thata maemo a botshelo a baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana morago ga boipuso. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":7" /> Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya dipuso fela tsa borwa jwa Sahara tse di neng di sa tsenelele mo melawaneng e e botlhokwa ya taolo kgotsa ya kabosešwa morago ga go ntshiwa ga puso ya batho-basweu. Se, ga mmogo le taolo ya lone le maikarabelo mo go tsa madi ya thekiso ya diteemane, di ne tsa dira gore go nne le kgolo thata ya itsholelo mo lefatsheng mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. <ref name=":12" /><ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Tlhabololo ya bošeng e gateletse [[:en:Welfare_state|puso e e tlhokomelang boitekanelo jwa batho]] ka molao wa kabosešwa ya itsholelo. <ref name=":7" /> === Melao ya dikanamo tsa mafatshe a sele === Tautona o na le maikarabelo a melao ya dikanamo tsa mafatshe a sele ya Botswana, a okametse [[:en:Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Botswana)|Tona ya Merero ya mafatshe a sele]] . Katlego ya Botswana mo go tsa sepolotiki le itsholelo fa e bapisiwa le mafatshe a mangwe mo Aferika e dirile gore e nne le seabe se segolwane mo mererong ya dikgaolo le lefatshe ka bophara. Kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo masome a le mabedi, lefatshe la Botswana le ne la simolola go romela dithuso tsa madi le tsa sesole kwa mafatsheng a a mabapi ga mmogo le mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba. <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> Lefatshe la Botswana le gateletse [[:en:Multilateralism|tirisanommogo ya mafatshe a mantsi]] mo melaong ya lone ya tsa kamano le mafatshe a sele. <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Lekoa |first=LC |date=2019 |title=Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=51 |pages=118–122}}</ref> Go dikologiwa ke lewatle ga lefatshe le, le itsholelo e e tlhotlhelediwang ke thekisetso mafatshe a mangwe go rotloeditse go tshegetsa dikamano tse di tiileng le mafatshe a mangwe, <ref name=":10" /> mme palo ya lone e e kwa tlase le go nna gaufi le mafatshe a dipuso tse di sa tlhomamang go dirile gore Botswana e dirisane mmogo le [[:en:International_organisations|mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba]] go bona tshireletso le ditsompelo. <ref name=":11" /> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1966 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1994, mafatshe a a bapileng le Botswana a ne a sa iketla kgotsa ka tsela nngwe a ne a le borai mo Botswana. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne le sa tlhoma dikamano tsa semmuso le moagisani wa lone yo mogolo, Aferika Borwa, ka nako ya puso [[Tlhaolele|ya tlhaolele]] ya lefatshe la Aferika Borwa. <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Lekoa |first=LC |date=2019 |title=Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=51 |pages=118–122}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLekoa2019">Lekoa, LC (2019). "Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy". ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''51''': <span class="nowrap">118–</span>122.</cite></ref> Mo dingwageng tsa lone tsa ntlha, lefatshe la Botswana le ne le sena sesole. Sesole sa Botswana se ne sa felela se tlhamilwe go tsibogela go sa iketlang ga kgaolo. <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZaffiro1998">Zaffiro, James (1998). [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro "Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas"]. In Wright, Stephen (ed.). [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright ''African Foreign Policies'']. Taylor & Francis. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">66–</span>83. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4324/9780429502521-4|10.4324/9780429502521-4]]. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780429502521|<bdi>9780429502521</bdi>]].</cite></ref>E rile fa Aferika Borwa e gololesega morago ga ngwaga wa 1994, tlhobaboroko e kgolo ya melao ya kamano le mafatshe a sele, mo Botswana e ne ya nna go sa tlhomamang ga lefatshe la mabapi e bong Zimbabwe. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006">Beaulier, Scott A.; Subrick, J. Robert (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x "The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana"]</span>. ''Constitutional Political Economy''. '''17''' (2): <span class="nowrap">103–</span>115. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x|10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1043-4062 1043-4062]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59354401 59354401].</cite></ref> Mo nakong e ntsi ya ditso tsa lone jaaka lefatshe le le ikemetseng, Botswana o ne a dirisa melawana ya dinaga di sele [[:en:Realpolitik|e e ikaegileng ka tsotlhe tse di nang le boleng]] . Ka nako ya botautona jwa ga rre Ian Khama, le ne la fetogela kwa molaong wa dinaga di sele o o ikaegileng ka [[:en:Idealism_in_international_relations|molaomotheo le maitsholo]], e mo go one go neng go na le kgalo ya dipuso ka ntlha ya go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho. Mo pakeng yeo, gantsi e ne e le lone fela leloko la [[African Union]] le le neng le ema nokeng Kgotlatshekelo ya Bosenyi ya Boditšhabatšhaba kgotsa le le neng le kgala go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho mo ditšhabeng tse di busang ka bobusaesi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malila |first=Ikanyeng S. |last2=Molebatsi |first2=Robert M. |year=2014 |title=Botswana's Experimentation with 'Ethical Foreign Policy' |url=https://saccps.org/pdf/3-1/SAPSS%203(1)%20Malila%20and%20Molebatsi.pdf |journal=Southern African Peace and Security Studies |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=5–25}}</ref> === Melao ya tsa loago === Khumo ya lefatshe la Botswana fa e bapisiwa le mafatshe a mangwe mo kgaolong ya borwa jwa Aferika e dirile gore go dirisiwe madi a mantsi mo ditirelong tsa setshaba jaaka thuto, botsogo le mafaratlhatlha.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 9)</ref> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2014, [[:en:Ministry_of_Education_and_Skills_Development|Lephata la Thuto le Tlhabololo ya Bokgoni]] le ne le na le tekanyetsokabo e kgolo go gaisa maiteko ape a puso. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMwansaJacques2014">Mwansa, Lengwe-Katembula; Jacques, Gloria (2014). [[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|"Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care"]]. ''The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare''. '''41''' (2): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>125. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|10.15453/0191-5096.3953]]</span>. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54529195 54529195].</cite></ref> Dikhilomithara di ka nna dikete di le lesome tsa ditsela di ne tsa tsenngwa ditsela mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tse di masome a matlhano tsa boipuso jwa Botswana, fa di bapisiwa le dikilometara di le masome a matlhano tse di neng di le teng pele ga boipuso. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006">Beaulier, Scott A.; Subrick, J. Robert (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x "The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana"]</span>. ''Constitutional Political Economy''. '''17''' (2): <span class="nowrap">103–</span>115. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x|10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1043-4062 1043-4062]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59354401 59354401].</cite></ref> [[:en:Welfare_spending|Mananeo a katlaatleloloago]] mo Botswana a lekanyeditswe mme a lekwa ka fa tlase ga diteko tsa bokgoni mme ga go na tshireletso ya loago ya maemo a setšhaba. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMwansaJacques2014">Mwansa, Lengwe-Katembula; Jacques, Gloria (2014). [[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|"Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care"]]. ''The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare''. '''41''' (2): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>125. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|10.15453/0191-5096.3953]]</span>. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54529195 54529195].</cite></ref> Tikologo ya lefatshe e e omeletseng thata e felela e baka gore leuba e nne selo se se tshwenyang setšhaba kgapetsakgapetsa. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006">Beaulier, Scott A.; Subrick, J. Robert (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x "The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana"]</span>. ''Constitutional Political Economy''. '''17''' (2): <span class="nowrap">103–</span>115. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x|10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1043-4062 1043-4062]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59354401 59354401].</cite></ref> [[HIV/AIDS]] ke kgang e e masisi thata ya tlhokomelo ya boitekanelo mo lefatsheng mme leroborobo la HIV/AIDS mo Botswana ke lengwe la malwetse a a maswe thata mo lefatsheng ka bophara. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la bona dithuso tse dinnye tsa mafatshe a sele fa le ne le lwantshana le segajaja se ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990, mme seo sa dira gore le kgone go anama. <ref name=":7" /> == Ditshwanelo tsa setho == Freedom House e tsaya Botswana le lefatshe le le gololesegileng ka maduo a le masome a le supa le bobedi mo selekanyong sa lekgolo mo pegong ya yone ya ngwaga wa 2022 [[:en:Freedom_in_the_World|ya Kgololesego mo Lefatsheng Ka Bophara .]] E bone maduo a a kwa godimo mo ditshwanelong tse di amanang le tsa sepolotiki, le fa Freedom House e tlhagisitse matshwenyego mabapi le kemelo ya basadi le batho ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane le go tlhoka [[:en:Freedom_of_information_laws|kgololesego ya melao ya tshedimosetso]] . Fa godimo ga moo e bone maduo a a kwa godimo mo ditshwanelong tsa baagedi ba lefatshe, le fa Freedom House e tlhagisitse matshwenyego mabapi le [[:en:Freedom_of_the_press|kgololesego ya bobegadikgang]] le [[:en:Right_to_strike|tshwanelo ya go ngala tiro]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/botswana/freedom-world/2022 |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=Freedom House}}</ref>Lekgotla la [[:en:Transparency_International|'Transparency International']] le ntse le lemoga lefatshe la Botswana jaaka lefatshe le le senang bonweenwee thata mo Aferika ka dinako tsotlhe. <ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Mooketsane |first=K. |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=K. |last3=Motshekgwa |first3=B. |date=2017 |title=Is decentralisation in Botswana a democratic fallacy? |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC-6a061f80d |journal=African Journal of Public Affairs |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=47–60 |hdl=10520/EJC-6a061f80d}}</ref> mme gantsi le tlhalosiwa e le lefatshe le le ka bapisiwang le mafatshe a kgaolo ya Bophirima jwa Yuropa a a nang le puso ya batho ka batho e e gololesegileng.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 9)</ref> Nngwe ya dintlha tse di ka nnang teng tsa ditshwanelo tsa batho mo lefatsheng la Botswana ke go tlhoka ditshekatsheko tse di nonofileng mo tsamaisong ya puso, tse di letlang tautona go dirisa kgololesego e e anameng mo melaong le go fokotsa kgololesego ya puo ka boithatelo. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go tsepamisa mogopolo nako e santse e le teng mo mananeong a ditiro tsa setšhaba morago ga boipuso jwa lefatshe la Botswana go na le go dira gore puso e nne le sesole go tlotliwa ka ntlha ya gore go thusitse ka tsa molao wa puso nako e sa ntse e le teng, ebile go buile gape ga letla tlhomamo mo dipolotiking tsa setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> 0pa225joi71wvxicatt5icq3huu6dnt 53059 53058 2026-07-23T20:26:18Z Lame Ralosetlha 12932 Created by translating the section "Human rights" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360729162|Politics of Botswana]]" 53059 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Botswana]] ke [[rephaboliki ya palamente|r]]<nowiki/>lefatshe la palamente e mo go yone [[tautona wa Botswana]] e leng [[Tlhogo ya lefatshe|tlhogo ya]] [[Tlhogo ya lefatshe|lefatshe]] le [[tlhogo ya puso]]. Dipolotiki tsa setshaba di ikaegile thata ka [[tsamaiso ya Westminster]] le ka bogosi jwa setso jwa Setswana. Lekgotla la peomolao le dirilwe ke [[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Kokoano Bosetšhaba]] ya kamore e le nngwe le setlhopha sa bagakolodi sa dikgosi tsa merafe, e leng ''[[Ntlo ya Dikgosi tsa Botswana|Ntlo ya Dikgosi]]''. Kokoano Bosetšhaba e tlhopha tautona, fela fa tautona a setse a le mo maemong a gagwe o na le taolo e e bonalang mo lekgotleng la peomolao ka kgaoganyo e e lekanyeditsweng fela ya dithata. Tautona, ka tlholego, ke moeteledipele wa phathi ya sepolotiki e e kgonang go tshegetsa serodumo sa khuduthamaga. Fa a setse a le mo maemong, go okamela molao go gagamadiwa ka tsamaiso ya go tlhophiwa, e gantsi e sekamelang mo bontsing jwa phathi e e busang. Tsamaiso e gape e tsepamisiwa ke palo ya matona fa e tshwantshanngwa le ya malapamente, e e tlogela palo potlana ya ba ba nnang kwa morago mo palamenteng, mo go nyenyafatsang seabe sa babusi ka go busa mmogo ga matona go dira palo e tona ya badira molao.<ref>Osei, Anja; Seabo, Batlang (3 July 2024). [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03057070.2024.2476901 "A Coalition for Change? Role Orientations in the 12th Parliament of Botswana".] ''Journal of Southern African Studies''. '''50''' (4): 643–663. doi:[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03057070.2024.2476901 10.1080/03057070.2024.2476901]. ISSN&nbsp;0305-7070. PMC&nbsp;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11974910/ 11974910]. PMID&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40201336/ 40201336.]</ref> Lekoko la [[Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) le ne la busa e le lone le le neng le le kwa godimo go tloga ka boipuso ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro go fitlhelela le fenngwa mo [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 2024|ditlhophong tsa setshaba tsa Botswana tsa 2024]]. Ditlhopho di tsewa [[di gololesegile e bile di siame]] ke babogedi. Ka nako ya puso e telele ya dingwaga di le masome matlhano le borobabobedi tsa puso ya BDP, kganetso ya sepolotiki e ne e kgaogane ebile e itemogela dikgwetlho. Tse di e di akaretsa tsamaiso ya go tlhopha ka go tsholetsa letsogo kwa palamenteng, mo go neng gantsi go kgaoganya tlhopho ya diphathi tsa kganetso go letla BDP go fenya ditilo tse dintsi, le tlhaelo ya madi a a thusang diphathi a a ntshiwang ke lefatshe. Makgamu le go kgaogana go ne go tlwaelesegile mo diphathing tsa kganetso, gantsi di ne di nna le palo potlana fela mo khuduthamageng ka nako eo. Gantsi e ne e le diphathi tsa Botswana National Front (BNF) le Botswana Congress Part (BCP). Umbrella for Democratic Change (UDC) e e eteletsweng pele ke BNF e tlhamilwe ke ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le bobedi e le bokopano jwa diphathi tsa kganetso go tsaya tlhopho di e tsenya mo phathing e nngwe. Ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa Botswana di diragetse ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le botlhano, fa lefatshe la Botswana le tsaya boipuso go tswa mo [[United Kingdom]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro.<ref>Cheeseman, Nic, ed. (2015), [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/democracy-in-africa/fate-of-africas-democratic-experiments-19892014/DA50F32498C1D14DF4AAA43175265455 "The Fate of Africa's Democratic Experiments 1989–2014]", ''Democracy in Africa: Successes, Failures, and the Struggle for Political Reform'', Cambridge University Press, pp.&nbsp;234–238, doi:[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/democracy-in-africa/fate-of-africas-democratic-experiments-19892014/DA50F32498C1D14DF4AAA43175265455 10.1017/CBO9781139030892.009], ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-521-13842-0|978-0-521-13842-0]]</bdi></ref> Go tswa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro go tsena ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome mabedi le bone, BDP e ne ya fenya ditlhopho tsotlhe.<ref>[https://freedomhouse.org/country/botswana/freedom-world/2025 "Botswana: Freedom in the World 2025 Country Report".] ''Freedom House''. Retrieved 17 July 2026</ref> BDP e eteletswe pele ke Seretse Khama e ne ya tlhama puso ya ntlha ya tswelela ka go fenya ditlhopho dingwaga di le ditlhano dingwe le dingwe. [[Quett Masire]] o n a nna tautona morago ga go tlhokafala ga ga Seretse Khama ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi, BDP e ne ya apesiwa ke makgamu ka dingwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe. Makgamu a, a ne a tswelela mo go botautona ba ba latelang ebong [[Festus Mogae]] go tswa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi go tsena ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi, le Ian Khama go tswa ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi go tsena wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabobedi. Phathi ya kganetso ya Botswana Movement for Democracy e tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le lesome go gwetlha se ba se boneng e le go gatelela ga ga Khama, ke phathi ya ntlha go tswa mo BDP. Motlhatlhami wa ga Khama, Mokgweetsi Masisi, o nnile tautona ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le borobabobedi, a gotlhagotlhana le Khama ka bofefo, mo go neng ga fetola dipolotiki tsa Botswana mo dingwageng tse di latelang. Lefatshe la Botswana le itsege ka go nonofa mo ditshwanelong le puso ya batho ka batho mo Aforika; Freedom House e supa fa lefatshe le le gololesegile, fa Afrobarometer e le tlhalosa e le puso ya batho ka batho e kgologolo thata mo Botswana, e na le diphathi tse dintsi fa e sale ka boipuso ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro.<ref>[https://freedomhouse.org/country/botswana/freedom-world/2025 "Botswana: Freedom in the World 2025 Country Report".] ''Freedom House''. Retrieved 17 July 2026</ref><ref>Lekalake, Rorisang (January 2016). [https://www.afrobarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/ab_r6_policypaperno30_democracy_in_botswana.pdf "Botswana's democratic consolidation: What will it take?]" (PDF). ''Afrobarometer''. Afrobarometer Policy Paper No. 30. Retrieved 17 July 2026</ref> Molao wa itsholelo wa Botswana o ikaegile ka mohama wa diteemane tsa lefatshe le, o o dirang masome a robabobedi mo lekgolong la didirisiwa tse di rekisiwang ke lefatshe le, bongwe mo borarong jwa dipoelo, le bongwe mo boneng jwa GDP.<ref>Jefferis, Keith (8 July 2024). [https://blog-pfm.imf.org/en/pfmblog/2024/07/management-of-botswana-diamond-revenues "Management of Botswana's Diamond Revenues"]. ''Public Financial Management Blog''. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 17 July 2026</ref> Lefatshe le le galaleditswe katlego ya lone mo itsholelong, le kopanya dipoelo tsa diteemane le melao ya itsholelo le bookamedi jo bo siameng, le ntswa letlhoko la ditiro le go tlhoka go dira methale e mengwe ya itsholelo ke dikgwetlho tse di tsweletseng.<ref>Acemoglu, Daron; Johnson, Simon; Robinson, James A. (2002). [https://ideas.repec.org/p/cpr/ceprdp/3219.html "An African Success Story: Botswana".] CEPR Discussion Paper No. 3219. Centre for Economic Policy Research. Retrieved 17 July 2026</ref><ref>[https://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2018/09/05/na090518botswana "Botswana: Mining a New Growth Model".] International Monetary Fund. 5 September 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2026</ref><ref>[https://www.ifc.org/content/dam/ifc/doc/mgrt/cpsd-botswana-report-cw03.pdf Creating Markets in Botswana: Country Private Sector Diagnostic] (PDF) (Report). International Finance Corporation. 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2026</ref> == Ditso == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo la Botswana la gompieno go tswa mo ditsong le ne le laolwa ke [[merafe ya Bantu]], segolobogolo [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|batho ba Tswana]]. Dingwao tse dintsi tsa semolao tse di neng di dirisiwa ke morafe wa Tswana, jaaka go tlotla taolo ya setso le tshireletso ya [[ditshwanelo tsa dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya dipolotiki tsa Botswana tsa morago ga bokolone. Dibopego tsa sepolotiki tse magare tse ntsheditsweng pele ga bokolone le tsone di ile tsa bolokwa. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa Tswana pele ga puso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana. Mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, dikgosi tse di ne tsa nna dipuso tsa merafe.<ref>Hjort, Jonas (14 September 2009). [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x "Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE"]. ''The Economic History Review''. '''63''' (3): 688–709. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x. <nowiki>PMID 20617585</nowiki>. S2CID 44742736.</ref> Dipuso tse tsa merafe di ne di akaretsa puso e e lekanyeditsweng le bontsi jwa merafe.<ref name=":0">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). [https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': 100–139. doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007.</ref> [[United Kingdom]] e simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo eo la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e e ne ya nna karolo ya [[Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 jaaka [[Bechuanaland|Bechuanaland Protectorate]]. Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba Kgosi mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[molao wa Borithane]].<ref>Hall, Kenneth O. (1973). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 "British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection".] ''The International Journal of African Historical Studies''. '''6''' (2): 183–197. doi:10.2307/216773. ISSN 0361-7882. JSTOR 216773.</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Mokgatlho wa Batho wa Bechuanaland]] o o neng o le bogale. Lekoko la [[Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) le ne la tlhamiwa ke [[Seretse Khama]] ka 1962 e le karolo ya thulaganyo ya boipuso ka dipuisano.<ref>[[:en:Politics_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom & Bolt 2018]], p. 74.</ref> Botswana e ne ya ipusa ka 1965 mme ya nna rephaboliki e e ikemetseng ka nosi ka 1966. United Kingdom e ne ya tswelela go beeletsa mo lefatsheng le ka madi le go duela ditshenyegelo dingwe tsa yone go fitlha ka 1971.<ref name=":0" /> Ditheo le dingwao go tswa mo setšhabeng sa BaTswana sa pele ga bokolone le puso ya bokolone ya Borithane di ne tsa bolokwa morago ga boipuso mme di tswelela go tlhotlheletsa dipolotiki tsa Botswana.<ref>[[:en:Politics_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom & Bolt 2018]], pp. 12–13.</ref> === Botautona jwa ga Seretse Khama === Fa setšhaba se sena go bona boipuso, se ne sa tshwara [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa Bechuanaland tsa 1965]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya gapa phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong di le masome mararo le motso mo lekgotleng la peomolao, BDP e ne ya fenya di le masome mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira lekoko la kganetso, botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng e le ditoropo.<ref>[[:en:Politics_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p. 31.</ref> Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e tshwanang le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga bokolone. Melao gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le khuduthamaga pele di amogelwa.<ref>[[:en:Politics_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p. 56.</ref> Khama o ne a netefatsa gape gore go nna le seabe ga mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le kgatlhanong le bosetšhaba jo bo neng bo thibela tshono.<ref>[[:en:Politics_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p. 57.</ref> Fa Khama a ne a le tautona, mothusa tautona wa gagwe, [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a mantsi. Mo godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme e ne e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[Maano a Tlhabololo a Bosetšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao ya puso.<ref>[[:en:Politics_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p. 58.</ref> Go sa tlhomama ga kgaolo go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, e leng [[Botswana Defence Force|Sesole sa Tshireletso sa Botswana]], ka 1977. Pele ga seo, [[Botswana Police|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba.<ref>Beaulier, Scott A.; Subrick, J. Robert (2006). [http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x "The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana"]. ''Constitutional Political Economy''. '''17''' (2): 103–115. doi:10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x. ISSN 1043-4062. S2CID 59354401.</ref><ref>Zaffiro, James (1998). [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro "Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas"]. In Wright, Stephen (ed.). ''[https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright African Foreign Policies]''. Taylor & Francis. pp. 66–83. doi:10.4324/9780429502521-4. ISBN 9780429502521.</ref> [[Botswana National Front]] (BNF) e ne ya tlhongwa ke [[Kenneth Koma]] e le lekoko la molema mme ya nna lekoko la kganetso ka [[ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969]].<ref>[[:en:Politics_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p. 33.</ref> === Botautona jwa ga Quett Masire === Khama o ne a nna tautona go fitlha a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1980, mme ka nako eo Motlatsa Tautona Masire o ne a nna tautona. Kganetso e ne ya bona tshegetso ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 le bo 1990 fa naga e ne e nna ditoropo le motheo wa sepolotiki wa BDP kwa metseselegaeng o ne o ngotlega.<ref>Leith, J. Clark (2005). ''Why Botswana Prospered''. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN[[:en:Special:BookSources/0-7735-2820-2|&nbsp;<bdi>0-7735-2820-2</bdi>.]]</ref> Khomišene ya Kgabo, e e neng e le karolo ya kganetsano ya bonweenwee e e neng e akaretsa Motlatsamopresidente Peter Mmusi le Mokwaledikakaretso wa BDP Daniel Kwelagobe, e ne ya laola dipolotiki tsa Botswana ka 1991 mme ya tlisa motlha wa go nna le ditlhopha mo BDP.[13][14] Go tlogela tiro ga ga Mmusi go dirile gore Festus Mogae a tlhophiwe go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang. Tiragalo e e ne ya tlhomamisa ka thata kgotlhang e e golang ya ditlhopha mo teng ga BDP. Mmusi le Kwelagobe ba ne ba bopa lekoko le le lengwe, e leng Big Two. Mompati Merafhe le baemanokeng ba gagwe—e leng David Magang, Bahiti Temane, Roy Ditedu tse Ntsho le Chapson Butale—ba ne ba bopa lekoko le le ganetsanang, e leng Big Five.[13] Moragonyana Merafhe o ne a tsaya Jacob Nkate jaaka molekane wa gagwe yo o gaufi mme ba ipitsa A-Team.[14] Ba Big Two ba ne ba ikuela kgatlhanong le diphitlhelelo tsa khomišene kwa kgotlatshekelo, mme kgabagare ba ne ba emisiwa mo palamenteng. Morago ga moo baemanokeng ba bone ba ne ba nna le puso morago ga ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1994. Mo gare ga kgotlhang eno ya makoko, BNF e ne ya nna kganetso e e nonofileng thata, ya fenya manno a le lesome le boraro.[13] Kwelagobe o ne a tlhomagana le Ponatshego Kedikilwe morago ga loso lwa ga Mmusi mme ba ipitsa Barata-Phathi.[14] Morago ga tiragatso e e bokoa ya BDP mo ditlhophong tsa 1994, morutegi wa Aforika Borwa Lawrence Schlemmer o ne a tlisiwa ke lekoko go tla go tlamela ka leano la sepolotiki. O ne a akantsha gore go emisediwe maloko a BDP a a sa bolong go nna teng ka maloko a mašwa, a e seng a lekoko, go tlhomilwe mogopolo thata mo boporesidenteng.[14] Diphetogo tse dintsi tsa molaotheo di ne tsa tsenngwa tirisong mo Botswana morago ga referentamo ka 1997: motlatsamopresidente o ne a tlhomiwa go nna motlhatlhami wa mopresidente ka go itirisa, dingwaga tsa go bouta di ne tsa fokodiwa go nna lesomerobedi mme ga tlhomiwa khomišene e e ikemetseng ya ditlhopho.[13] Diphetogo tse di ne tsa tshegediwa ke Masire, ka gonne go tlhatlhamana ka go itirisa go ne go mo letla go tlotsa motlhatlhami.[13][14] == Metswedi == == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> E ne ya re fa rre Khama e le tautona, mothusa-tautona wa gagwe e bong, rre [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a nametsang pelo. Fa godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme ebile e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[National Development Plan (Botswana)|Maano a Tlhabololo ya setšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao-kakanyetso ya puso. Go seke go itshetlele ga lefatshe la Botswana go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, [[Botswana Defence Force]], ka ngwaga wa 1977. Pele ga seno, [[Sepodise sa Botswana|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> BNF e tlhomilwe ke [[Kenneth Koma]] ele lekoko la molema mme la nna lekokokganetso ka [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1969]]. == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> E ne ya re fa rre Khama e le tautona, mothusa-tautona wa gagwe e bong, rre [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a nametsang pelo. Fa godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme ebile e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[National Development Plan (Botswana)|Maano a Tlhabololo ya setšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao-kakanyetso ya puso. Go seke go itshetlele ga lefatshe la Botswana go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, [[Botswana Defence Force]], ka ngwaga wa 1977. Pele ga seno, [[Sepodise sa Botswana|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> BNF e tlhomilwe ke [[Kenneth Koma]] ele lekoko la molema mme la nna lekokokganetso ka [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1969]]. === Puso ya ga rre Quett Masire === Rre Khama o ne a busa e le tautona mo lefatsheng la Botswana go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1980 mme ya re go tlhokafaleng ga gagwe mothusa-tautona rre Masire a tsaya botautona. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go bona baema-nokeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go ya kwa go tsa bo 1990 fa lefatshe le tlhabololwa mme baema-nokeng ba lekoko la BDP ba ne ba fokotsega ka jaanong dikgaolwana di ne di fokotsega ko go neng go itsege BDP e le lekoko la konokono teng.<ref name=":12" /> == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> E ne ya re fa rre Khama e le tautona, mothusa-tautona wa gagwe e bong, rre [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a nametsang pelo. Fa godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme ebile e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[National Development Plan (Botswana)|Maano a Tlhabololo ya setšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao-kakanyetso ya puso. Go seke go itshetlele ga lefatshe la Botswana go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, [[Botswana Defence Force]], ka ngwaga wa 1977. Pele ga seno, [[Sepodise sa Botswana|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> BNF e tlhomilwe ke [[Kenneth Koma]] ele lekoko la molema mme la nna lekokokganetso ka [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1969]]. === Puso ya ga rre Quett Masire === Rre Khama o ne a busa e le tautona mo lefatsheng la Botswana go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1980 mme ya re go tlhokafaleng ga gagwe mothusa-tautona rre Masire a tsaya botautona. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go bona baema-nokeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go ya kwa go tsa bo 1990 fa lefatshe le tlhabololwa mme baema-nokeng ba lekoko la BDP ba ne ba fokotsega ka jaanong dikgaolwana di ne di fokotsega ko go neng go itsege BDP e le lekoko la konokono teng.<ref name=":12" /> Lekgotla la [[:en:Kgabo_Commission|Thomo ya ga Kgabo]] le e neng e le karolo ya menahune ya tsa bogodu e e neng e ama mothusa tautona rre [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] ga mmogo le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP rre [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]] e ne ya laola dipolotiki tsa lefatshe la Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1991 mme ya tsisa dikgaogano mo lekokong la BDP. <ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go tlogela tiro ga ga rre Mmusi go ne ga dira gore rre [[Festus Mogae]] a tlhomiwe go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang.Kgang e o e ne ya tsisa go gola ga dikarolwana tsa dikgotlhang mo BDP. Rre Mmusi le rre Kwelagobe ba ne ba simolola lekoko la bone mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Two'. Rre [[Mompati Merafhe]] ga mmogo le baema-nokeng ba gagwe e bong rre [[David Magang]], [[Bahiti Temane]], [[Roy Blackbeard]] le rre [[Chapson Butale]] ba ne ba tlhoma lekoko la kganetso mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Five'.<ref name="Ntuane" /> E ne ya re moragonyana rre Merafhe a tsaya rre [[Jacob Nkate]] go nna mothusi wa gagwe mme ba ne ba ipitsa ditswerere .<ref name=":16" /> Baemedi ba 'The Big Two' ba ne ba ikuela kgatlhanong le diphitlhelelo tsa lekgotla kwa kgotlatshekelong mme ba ne ba felela ba emisitswe go nna maloko a palamente. Batlhatlheledi ba bone ba ne ba bona maatla morago ga ditlhopho-kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994. E rile fa gare ga dikgogagakgogano tsa maloko, lekoko la BNF le ne la nna lekoko-kganetso le le nonofileng le go feta e bile la fenya ditilo tsa palamente di le lesome le boraro.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}</ref> Rre Kwelagobe o ne a itebaganya le rre [[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]] morago ga go tlhokafala ga ga rre Mmusi mme bobedi joo ba ipitsa [[Barata-Phathi]].<ref name=":16" /> == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> E ne ya re fa rre Khama e le tautona, mothusa-tautona wa gagwe e bong, rre [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a nametsang pelo. Fa godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme ebile e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[National Development Plan (Botswana)|Maano a Tlhabololo ya setšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao-kakanyetso ya puso. Go seke go itshetlele ga lefatshe la Botswana go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, [[Botswana Defence Force]], ka ngwaga wa 1977. Pele ga seno, [[Sepodise sa Botswana|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> BNF e tlhomilwe ke [[Kenneth Koma]] ele lekoko la molema mme la nna lekokokganetso ka [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1969]]. === Puso ya ga rre Quett Masire === Rre Khama o ne a busa e le tautona mo lefatsheng la Botswana go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1980 mme ya re go tlhokafaleng ga gagwe mothusa-tautona rre Masire a tsaya botautona. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go bona baema-nokeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go ya kwa go tsa bo 1990 fa lefatshe le tlhabololwa mme baema-nokeng ba lekoko la BDP ba ne ba fokotsega ka jaanong dikgaolwana di ne di fokotsega ko go neng go itsege BDP e le lekoko la konokono teng.<ref name=":12" /> Lekgotla la [[:en:Kgabo_Commission|Thomo ya ga Kgabo]] le e neng e le karolo ya menahune ya tsa bogodu e e neng e ama mothusa tautona rre [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] ga mmogo le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP rre [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]] e ne ya laola dipolotiki tsa lefatshe la Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1991 mme ya tsisa dikgaogano mo lekokong la BDP. <ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go tlogela tiro ga ga rre Mmusi go ne ga dira gore rre [[Festus Mogae]] a tlhomiwe go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang.Kgang e o e ne ya tsisa go gola ga dikarolwana tsa dikgotlhang mo BDP. Rre Mmusi le rre Kwelagobe ba ne ba simolola lekoko la bone mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Two'. Rre [[Mompati Merafhe]] ga mmogo le baema-nokeng ba gagwe e bong rre [[David Magang]], [[Bahiti Temane]], [[Roy Blackbeard]] le rre [[Chapson Butale]] ba ne ba tlhoma lekoko la kganetso mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Five'.<ref name="Ntuane" /> E ne ya re moragonyana rre Merafhe a tsaya rre [[Jacob Nkate]] go nna mothusi wa gagwe mme ba ne ba ipitsa ditswerere .<ref name=":16" /> Baemedi ba 'The Big Two' ba ne ba ikuela kgatlhanong le diphitlhelelo tsa lekgotla kwa kgotlatshekelong mme ba ne ba felela ba emisitswe go nna maloko a palamente. Batlhatlheledi ba bone ba ne ba bona maatla morago ga ditlhopho-kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994. E rile fa gare ga dikgogagakgogano tsa maloko, lekoko la BNF le ne la nna lekoko-kganetso le le nonofileng le go feta e bile la fenya ditilo tsa palamente di le lesome le boraro.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}</ref> Rre Kwelagobe o ne a itebaganya le rre [[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]] morago ga go tlhokafala ga ga rre Mmusi mme bobedi joo ba ipitsa [[Barata-Phathi]].<ref name=":16" /> Morago ga maduo a a bokowa mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa 1994,moithuti wa dithuto tsa sepolotiki e bong rre [[Lawrence Schlemmer]] o ne a tsisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana ke lekoko la BDP go tla go ba thusa ka maano.O ne a tla ka mogopolo wa gore maloko a a nang le sebaka se se rileng mo pusong ya BDP a tseelwe sebaka ke maloko a masa a a sa amaneng le dikarolo dipe segolo jang mo maemong a botautona.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Diphetogo di le dintsi tsa molaomotheo di ne tsa diragadiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga tseo ya megopolo mo baageding ba lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 1997.Mothusa tautona a tlhomamisiwa gore e tlaa nna ene mojaboswa wa setilo sa botautona, dingwaga tsa go tlhopha di ne tsa fokolediwa kwa go lesome le boferabobedi fa godimo ga moo ga tlhomiwa lekgotla la ditlhopho le le ikemetseng ka nosi.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNtuane2018">Ntuane, Botsalo (2018). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 "President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King"]. ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''50''': <span class="nowrap">333–</span>338. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0525-5090 0525-5090]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 90026925].</cite></ref> Diphetogo tse, di ne di eteletswe pele ke rre Masire ka gore tatelano ya go tsena mo maemong e ne e mo letlelela go tlhopha yo o tlaa mo latelelang.<ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16" /> == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> E ne ya re fa rre Khama e le tautona, mothusa-tautona wa gagwe e bong, rre [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a nametsang pelo. Fa godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme ebile e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[National Development Plan (Botswana)|Maano a Tlhabololo ya setšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao-kakanyetso ya puso. Go seke go itshetlele ga lefatshe la Botswana go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, [[Botswana Defence Force]], ka ngwaga wa 1977. Pele ga seno, [[Sepodise sa Botswana|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> BNF e tlhomilwe ke [[Kenneth Koma]] ele lekoko la molema mme la nna lekokokganetso ka [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1969]]. === Puso ya ga rre Quett Masire === Rre Khama o ne a busa e le tautona mo lefatsheng la Botswana go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1980 mme ya re go tlhokafaleng ga gagwe mothusa-tautona rre Masire a tsaya botautona. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go bona baema-nokeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go ya kwa go tsa bo 1990 fa lefatshe le tlhabololwa mme baema-nokeng ba lekoko la BDP ba ne ba fokotsega ka jaanong dikgaolwana di ne di fokotsega ko go neng go itsege BDP e le lekoko la konokono teng.<ref name=":12" /> Lekgotla la [[:en:Kgabo_Commission|Thomo ya ga Kgabo]] le e neng e le karolo ya menahune ya tsa bogodu e e neng e ama mothusa tautona rre [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] ga mmogo le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP rre [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]] e ne ya laola dipolotiki tsa lefatshe la Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1991 mme ya tsisa dikgaogano mo lekokong la BDP. <ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go tlogela tiro ga ga rre Mmusi go ne ga dira gore rre [[Festus Mogae]] a tlhomiwe go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang.Kgang e o e ne ya tsisa go gola ga dikarolwana tsa dikgotlhang mo BDP. Rre Mmusi le rre Kwelagobe ba ne ba simolola lekoko la bone mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Two'. Rre [[Mompati Merafhe]] ga mmogo le baema-nokeng ba gagwe e bong rre [[David Magang]], [[Bahiti Temane]], [[Roy Blackbeard]] le rre [[Chapson Butale]] ba ne ba tlhoma lekoko la kganetso mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Five'.<ref name="Ntuane" /> E ne ya re moragonyana rre Merafhe a tsaya rre [[Jacob Nkate]] go nna mothusi wa gagwe mme ba ne ba ipitsa ditswerere .<ref name=":16" /> Baemedi ba 'The Big Two' ba ne ba ikuela kgatlhanong le diphitlhelelo tsa lekgotla kwa kgotlatshekelong mme ba ne ba felela ba emisitswe go nna maloko a palamente. Batlhatlheledi ba bone ba ne ba bona maatla morago ga ditlhopho-kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994. E rile fa gare ga dikgogagakgogano tsa maloko, lekoko la BNF le ne la nna lekoko-kganetso le le nonofileng le go feta e bile la fenya ditilo tsa palamente di le lesome le boraro.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}</ref> Rre Kwelagobe o ne a itebaganya le rre [[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]] morago ga go tlhokafala ga ga rre Mmusi mme bobedi joo ba ipitsa [[Barata-Phathi]].<ref name=":16" /> Morago ga maduo a a bokowa mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa 1994,moithuti wa dithuto tsa sepolotiki e bong rre [[Lawrence Schlemmer]] o ne a tsisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana ke lekoko la BDP go tla go ba thusa ka maano.O ne a tla ka mogopolo wa gore maloko a a nang le sebaka se se rileng mo pusong ya BDP a tseelwe sebaka ke maloko a masa a a sa amaneng le dikarolo dipe segolo jang mo maemong a botautona.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Diphetogo di le dintsi tsa molaomotheo di ne tsa diragadiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga tseo ya megopolo mo baageding ba lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 1997.Mothusa tautona a tlhomamisiwa gore e tlaa nna ene mojaboswa wa setilo sa botautona, dingwaga tsa go tlhopha di ne tsa fokolediwa kwa go lesome le boferabobedi fa godimo ga moo ga tlhomiwa lekgotla la ditlhopho le le ikemetseng ka nosi.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNtuane2018">Ntuane, Botsalo (2018). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 "President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King"]. ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''50''': <span class="nowrap">333–</span>338. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0525-5090 0525-5090]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 90026925].</cite></ref> Diphetogo tse, di ne di eteletswe pele ke rre Masire ka gore tatelano ya go tsena mo maemong e ne e mo letlelela go tlhopha yo o tlaa mo latelelang.<ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16" /> === 1998 go fitlhelela gompieno === Rre Masire o ne a fologa maemo a bo tautona ka ngwaga wa 1998 mme mothusa-tautona rre Mogae a nna tautona.O ne a tlhopha rre [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]] go nna mothusa-tautona mme le fa bobedi jo bo ne bo se mo lekokong ka leina, ba ne ba tshegetsa lekoko la A-Team la ga rre Merafhe le rre Nkate ka katlego. Seo se ne sa dira gore dipharologano tsa ditlhopha mo lekokong di nne maswe le go feta. <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Go ne ga nna le kgogakgogano gape mo lekokongkganetso la BNF, e e neng ya dira gore go tlhamiwe [[Botswana Congress Party]] ka ngwaga wa 1998. Maloko mangwe a a lekanetseng a kokoano a a neng a tswa mo lekokong le lešwa a ne a lemoga fa lekoko le le ne la nna la kganetso e kgolo, mme ba ne ba emisediwa ka bontlhopheng ba BNF mo [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1999 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1999]] . == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> E ne ya re fa rre Khama e le tautona, mothusa-tautona wa gagwe e bong, rre [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a nametsang pelo. Fa godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme ebile e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[National Development Plan (Botswana)|Maano a Tlhabololo ya setšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao-kakanyetso ya puso. Go seke go itshetlele ga lefatshe la Botswana go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, [[Botswana Defence Force]], ka ngwaga wa 1977. Pele ga seno, [[Sepodise sa Botswana|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> BNF e tlhomilwe ke [[Kenneth Koma]] ele lekoko la molema mme la nna lekokokganetso ka [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1969]]. === Puso ya ga rre Quett Masire === Rre Khama o ne a busa e le tautona mo lefatsheng la Botswana go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1980 mme ya re go tlhokafaleng ga gagwe mothusa-tautona rre Masire a tsaya botautona. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go bona baema-nokeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go ya kwa go tsa bo 1990 fa lefatshe le tlhabololwa mme baema-nokeng ba lekoko la BDP ba ne ba fokotsega ka jaanong dikgaolwana di ne di fokotsega ko go neng go itsege BDP e le lekoko la konokono teng.<ref name=":12" /> Lekgotla la [[:en:Kgabo_Commission|Thomo ya ga Kgabo]] le e neng e le karolo ya menahune ya tsa bogodu e e neng e ama mothusa tautona rre [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] ga mmogo le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP rre [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]] e ne ya laola dipolotiki tsa lefatshe la Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1991 mme ya tsisa dikgaogano mo lekokong la BDP. <ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go tlogela tiro ga ga rre Mmusi go ne ga dira gore rre [[Festus Mogae]] a tlhomiwe go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang.Kgang e o e ne ya tsisa go gola ga dikarolwana tsa dikgotlhang mo BDP. Rre Mmusi le rre Kwelagobe ba ne ba simolola lekoko la bone mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Two'. Rre [[Mompati Merafhe]] ga mmogo le baema-nokeng ba gagwe e bong rre [[David Magang]], [[Bahiti Temane]], [[Roy Blackbeard]] le rre [[Chapson Butale]] ba ne ba tlhoma lekoko la kganetso mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Five'.<ref name="Ntuane" /> E ne ya re moragonyana rre Merafhe a tsaya rre [[Jacob Nkate]] go nna mothusi wa gagwe mme ba ne ba ipitsa ditswerere .<ref name=":16" /> Baemedi ba 'The Big Two' ba ne ba ikuela kgatlhanong le diphitlhelelo tsa lekgotla kwa kgotlatshekelong mme ba ne ba felela ba emisitswe go nna maloko a palamente. Batlhatlheledi ba bone ba ne ba bona maatla morago ga ditlhopho-kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994. E rile fa gare ga dikgogagakgogano tsa maloko, lekoko la BNF le ne la nna lekoko-kganetso le le nonofileng le go feta e bile la fenya ditilo tsa palamente di le lesome le boraro.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}</ref> Rre Kwelagobe o ne a itebaganya le rre [[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]] morago ga go tlhokafala ga ga rre Mmusi mme bobedi joo ba ipitsa [[Barata-Phathi]].<ref name=":16" /> Morago ga maduo a a bokowa mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa 1994,moithuti wa dithuto tsa sepolotiki e bong rre [[Lawrence Schlemmer]] o ne a tsisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana ke lekoko la BDP go tla go ba thusa ka maano.O ne a tla ka mogopolo wa gore maloko a a nang le sebaka se se rileng mo pusong ya BDP a tseelwe sebaka ke maloko a masa a a sa amaneng le dikarolo dipe segolo jang mo maemong a botautona.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Diphetogo di le dintsi tsa molaomotheo di ne tsa diragadiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga tseo ya megopolo mo baageding ba lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 1997.Mothusa tautona a tlhomamisiwa gore e tlaa nna ene mojaboswa wa setilo sa botautona, dingwaga tsa go tlhopha di ne tsa fokolediwa kwa go lesome le boferabobedi fa godimo ga moo ga tlhomiwa lekgotla la ditlhopho le le ikemetseng ka nosi.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNtuane2018">Ntuane, Botsalo (2018). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 "President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King"]. ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''50''': <span class="nowrap">333–</span>338. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0525-5090 0525-5090]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 90026925].</cite></ref> Diphetogo tse, di ne di eteletswe pele ke rre Masire ka gore tatelano ya go tsena mo maemong e ne e mo letlelela go tlhopha yo o tlaa mo latelelang.<ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16" /> === 1998 go fitlhelela gompieno === Rre Masire o ne a fologa maemo a bo tautona ka ngwaga wa 1998 mme mothusa-tautona rre Mogae a nna tautona.O ne a tlhopha rre [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]] go nna mothusa-tautona mme le fa bobedi jo bo ne bo se mo lekokong ka leina, ba ne ba tshegetsa lekoko la A-Team la ga rre Merafhe le rre Nkate ka katlego. Seo se ne sa dira gore dipharologano tsa ditlhopha mo lekokong di nne maswe le go feta. <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Go ne ga nna le kgogakgogano gape mo lekokongkganetso la BNF, e e neng ya dira gore go tlhamiwe [[Botswana Congress Party]] ka ngwaga wa 1998. Maloko mangwe a a lekanetseng a kokoano a a neng a tswa mo lekokong le lešwa a ne a lemoga fa lekoko le le ne la nna la kganetso e kgolo, mme ba ne ba emisediwa ka bontlhopheng ba BNF mo [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1999 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1999]] . Nako ya ga Mogae ya go busa e le tautona e ne ya fela ka ngwaga wa 2008 mme Ian Khama, morwa tautona Seretse Khama, a nna tautona. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2008 |title=Botswana's Mogae wins $5m award |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2008/10/21/botswanas-mogae-wins-5m-award |access-date=2023-09-30 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> BDP e ne ya kgaogana lekgetlho la ntlha ka ngwaga wa 2010 fa Khama a ne a rotloetsa lekoko la 'Barata-Phathi' go tswa mo lekokong la BDP mme ba tlhama Mokgatlho wa [[Lekoko la Botswana Movement for Democracy|Botswana Movement for Democracy]], o o neng o eteletswe pele ke rre [[Gomolemo Motswaledi]] . <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Freedom House e ne ya isa maemo a Botswana kwa tlase ka dingwaga tsa bo 2010 ka go ne ga nna le kgatelelo kgatlhanong le babegadikgang. <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Nyenhuis |first2=Robert |date=2021 |title=Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article |journal=African Studies Review |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=854–883 |doi=10.1017/asr.2021.69 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=244539238 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> E ne ya re fa rre Khama e le tautona, mothusa-tautona wa gagwe e bong, rre [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a nametsang pelo. Fa godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme ebile e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[National Development Plan (Botswana)|Maano a Tlhabololo ya setšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao-kakanyetso ya puso. Go seke go itshetlele ga lefatshe la Botswana go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, [[Botswana Defence Force]], ka ngwaga wa 1977. Pele ga seno, [[Sepodise sa Botswana|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> BNF e tlhomilwe ke [[Kenneth Koma]] ele lekoko la molema mme la nna lekokokganetso ka [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1969]]. === Puso ya ga rre Quett Masire === Rre Khama o ne a busa e le tautona mo lefatsheng la Botswana go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1980 mme ya re go tlhokafaleng ga gagwe mothusa-tautona rre Masire a tsaya botautona. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go bona baema-nokeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go ya kwa go tsa bo 1990 fa lefatshe le tlhabololwa mme baema-nokeng ba lekoko la BDP ba ne ba fokotsega ka jaanong dikgaolwana di ne di fokotsega ko go neng go itsege BDP e le lekoko la konokono teng.<ref name=":12" /> Lekgotla la [[:en:Kgabo_Commission|Thomo ya ga Kgabo]] le e neng e le karolo ya menahune ya tsa bogodu e e neng e ama mothusa tautona rre [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] ga mmogo le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP rre [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]] e ne ya laola dipolotiki tsa lefatshe la Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1991 mme ya tsisa dikgaogano mo lekokong la BDP. <ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go tlogela tiro ga ga rre Mmusi go ne ga dira gore rre [[Festus Mogae]] a tlhomiwe go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang.Kgang e o e ne ya tsisa go gola ga dikarolwana tsa dikgotlhang mo BDP. Rre Mmusi le rre Kwelagobe ba ne ba simolola lekoko la bone mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Two'. Rre [[Mompati Merafhe]] ga mmogo le baema-nokeng ba gagwe e bong rre [[David Magang]], [[Bahiti Temane]], [[Roy Blackbeard]] le rre [[Chapson Butale]] ba ne ba tlhoma lekoko la kganetso mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Five'.<ref name="Ntuane" /> E ne ya re moragonyana rre Merafhe a tsaya rre [[Jacob Nkate]] go nna mothusi wa gagwe mme ba ne ba ipitsa ditswerere .<ref name=":16" /> Baemedi ba 'The Big Two' ba ne ba ikuela kgatlhanong le diphitlhelelo tsa lekgotla kwa kgotlatshekelong mme ba ne ba felela ba emisitswe go nna maloko a palamente. Batlhatlheledi ba bone ba ne ba bona maatla morago ga ditlhopho-kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994. E rile fa gare ga dikgogagakgogano tsa maloko, lekoko la BNF le ne la nna lekoko-kganetso le le nonofileng le go feta e bile la fenya ditilo tsa palamente di le lesome le boraro.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}</ref> Rre Kwelagobe o ne a itebaganya le rre [[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]] morago ga go tlhokafala ga ga rre Mmusi mme bobedi joo ba ipitsa [[Barata-Phathi]].<ref name=":16" /> Morago ga maduo a a bokowa mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa 1994,moithuti wa dithuto tsa sepolotiki e bong rre [[Lawrence Schlemmer]] o ne a tsisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana ke lekoko la BDP go tla go ba thusa ka maano.O ne a tla ka mogopolo wa gore maloko a a nang le sebaka se se rileng mo pusong ya BDP a tseelwe sebaka ke maloko a masa a a sa amaneng le dikarolo dipe segolo jang mo maemong a botautona.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Diphetogo di le dintsi tsa molaomotheo di ne tsa diragadiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga tseo ya megopolo mo baageding ba lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 1997.Mothusa tautona a tlhomamisiwa gore e tlaa nna ene mojaboswa wa setilo sa botautona, dingwaga tsa go tlhopha di ne tsa fokolediwa kwa go lesome le boferabobedi fa godimo ga moo ga tlhomiwa lekgotla la ditlhopho le le ikemetseng ka nosi.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNtuane2018">Ntuane, Botsalo (2018). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 "President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King"]. ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''50''': <span class="nowrap">333–</span>338. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0525-5090 0525-5090]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 90026925].</cite></ref> Diphetogo tse, di ne di eteletswe pele ke rre Masire ka gore tatelano ya go tsena mo maemong e ne e mo letlelela go tlhopha yo o tlaa mo latelelang.<ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16" /> === 1998 go fitlhelela gompieno === Rre Masire o ne a fologa maemo a bo-tautona ka ngwaga wa 1998 mme mothusa-tautona rre Mogae a nna tautona.O ne a tlhopha rre [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]] go nna mothusa-tautona mme le fa bobedi jo bo ne bo se mo lekokong ka leina, ba ne ba tshegetsa lekoko la A-Team la ga rre Merafhe le rre Nkate ka katlego. Seo se ne sa dira gore dipharologano tsa ditlhopha mo lekokong di nne maswe le go feta. <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go ne ga nna le kgogakgogano gape mo lekokongkganetso la BNF, e e neng ya dira gore go tlhamiwe [[Botswana Congress Party]] ka ngwaga wa 1998. Maloko mangwe a a lekanetseng a kokoano a a neng a tswa mo lekokong le lešwa a ne a lemoga fa lekoko le le ne la nna la kganetso e kgolo, mme ba ne ba emisediwa ka bontlhopheng ba BNF mo [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1999 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1999]] . Nako ya ga Mogae ya go busa e le tautona e ne ya fela ka ngwaga wa 2008 mme Ian Khama, morwa tautona Seretse Khama, a nna tautona. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2008 |title=Botswana's Mogae wins $5m award |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2008/10/21/botswanas-mogae-wins-5m-award |access-date=2023-09-30 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> BDP e ne ya kgaogana lekgetlho la ntlha ka ngwaga wa 2010 fa Khama a ne a rotloetsa lekoko la 'Barata-Phathi' go tswa mo lekokong la BDP mme ba tlhama Mokgatlho wa [[Lekoko la Botswana Movement for Democracy|Botswana Movement for Democracy]], o o neng o eteletswe pele ke rre [[Gomolemo Motswaledi]] . <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Freedom House e ne ya isa maemo a Botswana kwa tlase ka dingwaga tsa bo 2010 ka go ne ga nna le kgatelelo kgatlhanong le babegadikgang. <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Nyenhuis |first2=Robert |date=2021 |title=Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article |journal=African Studies Review |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=854–883 |doi=10.1017/asr.2021.69 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=244539238 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Rre Khama o ne a fologa setilo ka ngwaga wa 2018 mme mothusa tautona rre [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] a tsaya setilo sa bo-tautona. A tloga a busetsa morago melawana ya ga rre Khama mme a ntsha badiredibagolo ba ba neng ba tlhomilwe ke rre Khama mo maemomg a bone. Bobedi bo bo neng bo dirisana mmogo ebile bo ntshana seinong bo ne ba fetoga go nna baganetsi ba sepolotiki ka bonako mme Khama a tswa mo lekokong la Botswana Democratic Party. Go na le moo o ne a ikgolaganya le lekoko le le sa tswang go tlhamiwa [[Botswana Patriotic Front|la Botswana Patriotic Front]] mo godimo ga go ema nokeng lekoko la Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho. Se se dirile gore [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 2019 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 2019]] e nne ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kgaisano e e rileng mo dipakeng tsa ditlhopho tsa setšhaba sa Botswana, fela BDP e ne ya nna mo pusong ka selekanyo sa ditlhopho se se sa feteng makgolo a le matlhano le boraro (52.7%) , ya gapa manno a le masome a mararo le borobabobedi mo go a le masome a le matlhano le bosupa mo lekgotleng la kokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Nyenhuis |first2=Robert |date=2021 |title=Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article |journal=African Studies Review |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=854–883 |doi=10.1017/asr.2021.69 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=244539238 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSeaboNyenhuis2021">Seabo, Batlang; Nyenhuis, Robert (2021). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article "Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama"]</span>. ''African Studies Review''. '''64''' (4): <span class="nowrap">854–</span>883. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/asr.2021.69|10.1017/asr.2021.69]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-0206 0002-0206]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244539238 244539238].</cite></ref> Kgaisano e ne ya gola thata fa rre Masisi a ne a latelela ditatofatso tsa bosenyi kgatlhanong le rre Khama ka ntlha ya go nna le ditlhobolo e se ka fa molaong ka ngwaga wa 2022, mme seo se ne sa dira gore rre Khama a batle botshabelo kwa Aferika Borwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ndebele |first=Lenin |title=Ex-Botswana president Ian Khama vows to make successor 'one-term' president |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/ex-botswana-president-ian-khama-vows-to-make-successor-one-term-president-20230412 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=News24}}</ref> == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> E ne ya re fa rre Khama e le tautona, mothusa-tautona wa gagwe e bong, rre [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a nametsang pelo. Fa godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme ebile e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[National Development Plan (Botswana)|Maano a Tlhabololo ya setšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao-kakanyetso ya puso. Go seke go itshetlele ga lefatshe la Botswana go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, [[Botswana Defence Force]], ka ngwaga wa 1977. Pele ga seno, [[Sepodise sa Botswana|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> BNF e tlhomilwe ke [[Kenneth Koma]] ele lekoko la molema mme la nna lekokokganetso ka [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1969]]. === Puso ya ga rre Quett Masire === Rre Khama o ne a busa e le tautona mo lefatsheng la Botswana go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1980 mme ya re go tlhokafaleng ga gagwe mothusa-tautona rre Masire a tsaya botautona. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go bona baema-nokeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go ya kwa go tsa bo 1990 fa lefatshe le tlhabololwa mme baema-nokeng ba lekoko la BDP ba ne ba fokotsega ka jaanong dikgaolwana di ne di fokotsega ko go neng go itsege BDP e le lekoko la konokono teng.<ref name=":12" /> Lekgotla la [[:en:Kgabo_Commission|Thomo ya ga Kgabo]] le e neng e le karolo ya menahune ya tsa bogodu e e neng e ama mothusa tautona rre [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] ga mmogo le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP rre [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]] e ne ya laola dipolotiki tsa lefatshe la Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1991 mme ya tsisa dikgaogano mo lekokong la BDP. <ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go tlogela tiro ga ga rre Mmusi go ne ga dira gore rre [[Festus Mogae]] a tlhomiwe go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang.Kgang e o e ne ya tsisa go gola ga dikarolwana tsa dikgotlhang mo BDP. Rre Mmusi le rre Kwelagobe ba ne ba simolola lekoko la bone mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Two'. Rre [[Mompati Merafhe]] ga mmogo le baema-nokeng ba gagwe e bong rre [[David Magang]], [[Bahiti Temane]], [[Roy Blackbeard]] le rre [[Chapson Butale]] ba ne ba tlhoma lekoko la kganetso mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Five'.<ref name="Ntuane" /> E ne ya re moragonyana rre Merafhe a tsaya rre [[Jacob Nkate]] go nna mothusi wa gagwe mme ba ne ba ipitsa ditswerere .<ref name=":16" /> Baemedi ba 'The Big Two' ba ne ba ikuela kgatlhanong le diphitlhelelo tsa lekgotla kwa kgotlatshekelong mme ba ne ba felela ba emisitswe go nna maloko a palamente. Batlhatlheledi ba bone ba ne ba bona maatla morago ga ditlhopho-kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994. E rile fa gare ga dikgogagakgogano tsa maloko, lekoko la BNF le ne la nna lekoko-kganetso le le nonofileng le go feta e bile la fenya ditilo tsa palamente di le lesome le boraro.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}</ref> Rre Kwelagobe o ne a itebaganya le rre [[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]] morago ga go tlhokafala ga ga rre Mmusi mme bobedi joo ba ipitsa [[Barata-Phathi]].<ref name=":16" /> Morago ga maduo a a bokowa mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa 1994,moithuti wa dithuto tsa sepolotiki e bong rre [[Lawrence Schlemmer]] o ne a tsisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana ke lekoko la BDP go tla go ba thusa ka maano.O ne a tla ka mogopolo wa gore maloko a a nang le sebaka se se rileng mo pusong ya BDP a tseelwe sebaka ke maloko a masa a a sa amaneng le dikarolo dipe segolo jang mo maemong a botautona.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Diphetogo di le dintsi tsa molaomotheo di ne tsa diragadiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga tseo ya megopolo mo baageding ba lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 1997.Mothusa tautona a tlhomamisiwa gore e tlaa nna ene mojaboswa wa setilo sa botautona, dingwaga tsa go tlhopha di ne tsa fokolediwa kwa go lesome le boferabobedi fa godimo ga moo ga tlhomiwa lekgotla la ditlhopho le le ikemetseng ka nosi.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNtuane2018">Ntuane, Botsalo (2018). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 "President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King"]. ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''50''': <span class="nowrap">333–</span>338. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0525-5090 0525-5090]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 90026925].</cite></ref> Diphetogo tse, di ne di eteletswe pele ke rre Masire ka gore tatelano ya go tsena mo maemong e ne e mo letlelela go tlhopha yo o tlaa mo latelelang.<ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16" /> === 1998 go fitlhelela gompieno === Rre Masire o ne a fologa maemo a bo-tautona ka ngwaga wa 1998 mme mothusa-tautona rre Mogae a nna tautona.O ne a tlhopha rre [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]] go nna mothusa-tautona mme le fa bobedi jo bo ne bo se mo lekokong ka leina, ba ne ba tshegetsa lekoko la A-Team la ga rre Merafhe le rre Nkate ka katlego. Seo se ne sa dira gore dipharologano tsa ditlhopha mo lekokong di nne maswe le go feta. <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go ne ga nna le kgogakgogano gape mo lekokongkganetso la BNF, e e neng ya dira gore go tlhamiwe [[Botswana Congress Party]] ka ngwaga wa 1998. Maloko mangwe a a lekanetseng a kokoano a a neng a tswa mo lekokong le lešwa a ne a lemoga fa lekoko le le ne la nna la kganetso e kgolo, mme ba ne ba emisediwa ka bontlhopheng ba BNF mo [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1999 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1999]] . Nako ya ga Mogae ya go busa e le tautona e ne ya fela ka ngwaga wa 2008 mme Ian Khama, morwa tautona Seretse Khama, a nna tautona. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2008 |title=Botswana's Mogae wins $5m award |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2008/10/21/botswanas-mogae-wins-5m-award |access-date=2023-09-30 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> BDP e ne ya kgaogana lekgetlho la ntlha ka ngwaga wa 2010 fa Khama a ne a rotloetsa lekoko la 'Barata-Phathi' go tswa mo lekokong la BDP mme ba tlhama Mokgatlho wa [[Lekoko la Botswana Movement for Democracy|Botswana Movement for Democracy]], o o neng o eteletswe pele ke rre [[Gomolemo Motswaledi]] . <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Freedom House e ne ya isa maemo a Botswana kwa tlase ka dingwaga tsa bo 2010 ka go ne ga nna le kgatelelo kgatlhanong le babegadikgang. <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Nyenhuis |first2=Robert |date=2021 |title=Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article |journal=African Studies Review |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=854–883 |doi=10.1017/asr.2021.69 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=244539238 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Rre Khama o ne a fologa setilo ka ngwaga wa 2018 mme mothusa tautona rre [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] a tsaya setilo sa bo-tautona. A tloga a busetsa morago melawana ya ga rre Khama mme a ntsha badiredibagolo ba ba neng ba tlhomilwe ke rre Khama mo maemomg a bone. Bobedi bo bo neng bo dirisana mmogo ebile bo ntshana seinong bo ne ba fetoga go nna baganetsi ba sepolotiki ka bonako mme Khama a tswa mo lekokong la Botswana Democratic Party. Go na le moo o ne a ikgolaganya le lekoko le le sa tswang go tlhamiwa [[Botswana Patriotic Front|la Botswana Patriotic Front]] mo godimo ga go ema nokeng lekoko la Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho. Se se dirile gore [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 2019 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 2019]] e nne ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kgaisano e e rileng mo dipakeng tsa ditlhopho tsa setšhaba sa Botswana, fela BDP e ne ya nna mo pusong ka selekanyo sa ditlhopho se se sa feteng makgolo a le matlhano le boraro (52.7%) , ya gapa manno a le masome a mararo le borobabobedi mo go a le masome a le matlhano le bosupa mo lekgotleng la kokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Nyenhuis |first2=Robert |date=2021 |title=Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article |journal=African Studies Review |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=854–883 |doi=10.1017/asr.2021.69 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=244539238 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSeaboNyenhuis2021">Seabo, Batlang; Nyenhuis, Robert (2021). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article "Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama"]</span>. ''African Studies Review''. '''64''' (4): <span class="nowrap">854–</span>883. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/asr.2021.69|10.1017/asr.2021.69]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-0206 0002-0206]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244539238 244539238].</cite></ref> Kgaisano e ne ya gola thata fa rre Masisi a ne a latelela ditatofatso tsa bosenyi kgatlhanong le rre Khama ka ntlha ya go nna le ditlhobolo e se ka fa molaong ka ngwaga wa 2022, mme seo se ne sa dira gore rre Khama a batle botshabelo kwa Aferika Borwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ndebele |first=Lenin |title=Ex-Botswana president Ian Khama vows to make successor 'one-term' president |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/ex-botswana-president-ian-khama-vows-to-make-successor-one-term-president-20230412 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=News24}}</ref> == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> E ne ya re fa rre Khama e le tautona, mothusa-tautona wa gagwe e bong, rre [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a nametsang pelo. Fa godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme ebile e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[National Development Plan (Botswana)|Maano a Tlhabololo ya setšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao-kakanyetso ya puso. Go seke go itshetlele ga lefatshe la Botswana go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, [[Botswana Defence Force]], ka ngwaga wa 1977. Pele ga seno, [[Sepodise sa Botswana|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> BNF e tlhomilwe ke [[Kenneth Koma]] ele lekoko la molema mme la nna lekokokganetso ka [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1969]]. === Puso ya ga rre Quett Masire === Rre Khama o ne a busa e le tautona mo lefatsheng la Botswana go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1980 mme ya re go tlhokafaleng ga gagwe mothusa-tautona rre Masire a tsaya botautona. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go bona baema-nokeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go ya kwa go tsa bo 1990 fa lefatshe le tlhabololwa mme baema-nokeng ba lekoko la BDP ba ne ba fokotsega ka jaanong dikgaolwana di ne di fokotsega ko go neng go itsege BDP e le lekoko la konokono teng.<ref name=":12" /> Lekgotla la [[:en:Kgabo_Commission|Thomo ya ga Kgabo]] le e neng e le karolo ya menahune ya tsa bogodu e e neng e ama mothusa tautona rre [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] ga mmogo le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP rre [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]] e ne ya laola dipolotiki tsa lefatshe la Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1991 mme ya tsisa dikgaogano mo lekokong la BDP. <ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go tlogela tiro ga ga rre Mmusi go ne ga dira gore rre [[Festus Mogae]] a tlhomiwe go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang.Kgang e o e ne ya tsisa go gola ga dikarolwana tsa dikgotlhang mo BDP. Rre Mmusi le rre Kwelagobe ba ne ba simolola lekoko la bone mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Two'. Rre [[Mompati Merafhe]] ga mmogo le baema-nokeng ba gagwe e bong rre [[David Magang]], [[Bahiti Temane]], [[Roy Blackbeard]] le rre [[Chapson Butale]] ba ne ba tlhoma lekoko la kganetso mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Five'.<ref name="Ntuane" /> E ne ya re moragonyana rre Merafhe a tsaya rre [[Jacob Nkate]] go nna mothusi wa gagwe mme ba ne ba ipitsa ditswerere .<ref name=":16" /> Baemedi ba 'The Big Two' ba ne ba ikuela kgatlhanong le diphitlhelelo tsa lekgotla kwa kgotlatshekelong mme ba ne ba felela ba emisitswe go nna maloko a palamente. Batlhatlheledi ba bone ba ne ba bona maatla morago ga ditlhopho-kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994. E rile fa gare ga dikgogagakgogano tsa maloko, lekoko la BNF le ne la nna lekoko-kganetso le le nonofileng le go feta e bile la fenya ditilo tsa palamente di le lesome le boraro.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}</ref> Rre Kwelagobe o ne a itebaganya le rre [[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]] morago ga go tlhokafala ga ga rre Mmusi mme bobedi joo ba ipitsa [[Barata-Phathi]].<ref name=":16" /> Morago ga maduo a a bokowa mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa 1994,moithuti wa dithuto tsa sepolotiki e bong rre [[Lawrence Schlemmer]] o ne a tsisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana ke lekoko la BDP go tla go ba thusa ka maano.O ne a tla ka mogopolo wa gore maloko a a nang le sebaka se se rileng mo pusong ya BDP a tseelwe sebaka ke maloko a masa a a sa amaneng le dikarolo dipe segolo jang mo maemong a botautona.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Diphetogo di le dintsi tsa molaomotheo di ne tsa diragadiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga tseo ya megopolo mo baageding ba lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 1997.Mothusa tautona a tlhomamisiwa gore e tlaa nna ene mojaboswa wa setilo sa botautona, dingwaga tsa go tlhopha di ne tsa fokolediwa kwa go lesome le boferabobedi fa godimo ga moo ga tlhomiwa lekgotla la ditlhopho le le ikemetseng ka nosi.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNtuane2018">Ntuane, Botsalo (2018). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 "President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King"]. ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''50''': <span class="nowrap">333–</span>338. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0525-5090 0525-5090]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 90026925].</cite></ref> Diphetogo tse, di ne di eteletswe pele ke rre Masire ka gore tatelano ya go tsena mo maemong e ne e mo letlelela go tlhopha yo o tlaa mo latelelang.<ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16" /> === 1998 go fitlhelela gompieno === Rre Masire o ne a fologa maemo a bo-tautona ka ngwaga wa 1998 mme mothusa-tautona rre Mogae a nna tautona.O ne a tlhopha rre [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]] go nna mothusa-tautona mme le fa bobedi jo bo ne bo se mo lekokong ka leina, ba ne ba tshegetsa lekoko la A-Team la ga rre Merafhe le rre Nkate ka katlego. Seo se ne sa dira gore dipharologano tsa ditlhopha mo lekokong di nne maswe le go feta. <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go ne ga nna le kgogakgogano gape mo lekokongkganetso la BNF, e e neng ya dira gore go tlhamiwe [[Botswana Congress Party]] ka ngwaga wa 1998. Maloko mangwe a a lekanetseng a kokoano a a neng a tswa mo lekokong le lešwa a ne a lemoga fa lekoko le le ne la nna la kganetso e kgolo, mme ba ne ba emisediwa ka bontlhopheng ba BNF mo [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1999 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1999]] . Nako ya ga Mogae ya go busa e le tautona e ne ya fela ka ngwaga wa 2008 mme Ian Khama, morwa tautona Seretse Khama, a nna tautona. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2008 |title=Botswana's Mogae wins $5m award |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2008/10/21/botswanas-mogae-wins-5m-award |access-date=2023-09-30 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> BDP e ne ya kgaogana lekgetlho la ntlha ka ngwaga wa 2010 fa Khama a ne a rotloetsa lekoko la 'Barata-Phathi' go tswa mo lekokong la BDP mme ba tlhama Mokgatlho wa [[Lekoko la Botswana Movement for Democracy|Botswana Movement for Democracy]], o o neng o eteletswe pele ke rre [[Gomolemo Motswaledi]] . <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Freedom House e ne ya isa maemo a Botswana kwa tlase ka dingwaga tsa bo 2010 ka go ne ga nna le kgatelelo kgatlhanong le babegadikgang. <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Nyenhuis |first2=Robert |date=2021 |title=Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article |journal=African Studies Review |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=854–883 |doi=10.1017/asr.2021.69 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=244539238 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Rre Khama o ne a fologa setilo ka ngwaga wa 2018 mme mothusa tautona rre [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] a tsaya setilo sa bo-tautona. A tloga a busetsa morago melawana ya ga rre Khama mme a ntsha badiredibagolo ba ba neng ba tlhomilwe ke rre Khama mo maemomg a bone. Bobedi bo bo neng bo dirisana mmogo ebile bo ntshana seinong bo ne ba fetoga go nna baganetsi ba sepolotiki ka bonako mme Khama a tswa mo lekokong la Botswana Democratic Party. Go na le moo o ne a ikgolaganya le lekoko le le sa tswang go tlhamiwa [[Botswana Patriotic Front|la Botswana Patriotic Front]] mo godimo ga go ema nokeng lekoko la Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho. Se se dirile gore [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 2019 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 2019]] e nne ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kgaisano e e rileng mo dipakeng tsa ditlhopho tsa setšhaba sa Botswana, fela BDP e ne ya nna mo pusong ka selekanyo sa ditlhopho se se sa feteng makgolo a le matlhano le boraro (52.7%) , ya gapa manno a le masome a mararo le borobabobedi mo go a le masome a le matlhano le bosupa mo lekgotleng la kokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Nyenhuis |first2=Robert |date=2021 |title=Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article |journal=African Studies Review |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=854–883 |doi=10.1017/asr.2021.69 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=244539238 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kgaisano e ne ya gola thata fa rre Masisi a ne a latelela ditatofatso tsa bosenyi kgatlhanong le rre Khama ka ntlha ya go nna le ditlhobolo e se ka fa molaong ka ngwaga wa 2022, mme seo se ne sa dira gore rre Khama a batle botshabelo kwa Aferika Borwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ndebele |first=Lenin |title=Ex-Botswana president Ian Khama vows to make successor 'one-term' president |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/ex-botswana-president-ian-khama-vows-to-make-successor-one-term-president-20230412 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=News24}}</ref> === Go tlhatloga gapuso ya kganetso mo pusong === == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> E ne ya re fa rre Khama e le tautona, mothusa-tautona wa gagwe e bong, rre [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a nametsang pelo. Fa godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme ebile e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[National Development Plan (Botswana)|Maano a Tlhabololo ya setšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao-kakanyetso ya puso. Go seke go itshetlele ga lefatshe la Botswana go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, [[Botswana Defence Force]], ka ngwaga wa 1977. Pele ga seno, [[Sepodise sa Botswana|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> BNF e tlhomilwe ke [[Kenneth Koma]] ele lekoko la molema mme la nna lekokokganetso ka [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1969]]. === Puso ya ga rre Quett Masire === Rre Khama o ne a busa e le tautona mo lefatsheng la Botswana go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1980 mme ya re go tlhokafaleng ga gagwe mothusa-tautona rre Masire a tsaya botautona. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go bona baema-nokeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go ya kwa go tsa bo 1990 fa lefatshe le tlhabololwa mme baema-nokeng ba lekoko la BDP ba ne ba fokotsega ka jaanong dikgaolwana di ne di fokotsega ko go neng go itsege BDP e le lekoko la konokono teng.<ref name=":12" /> Lekgotla la [[:en:Kgabo_Commission|Thomo ya ga Kgabo]] le e neng e le karolo ya menahune ya tsa bogodu e e neng e ama mothusa tautona rre [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] ga mmogo le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP rre [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]] e ne ya laola dipolotiki tsa lefatshe la Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1991 mme ya tsisa dikgaogano mo lekokong la BDP. <ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go tlogela tiro ga ga rre Mmusi go ne ga dira gore rre [[Festus Mogae]] a tlhomiwe go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang.Kgang e o e ne ya tsisa go gola ga dikarolwana tsa dikgotlhang mo BDP. Rre Mmusi le rre Kwelagobe ba ne ba simolola lekoko la bone mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Two'. Rre [[Mompati Merafhe]] ga mmogo le baema-nokeng ba gagwe e bong rre [[David Magang]], [[Bahiti Temane]], [[Roy Blackbeard]] le rre [[Chapson Butale]] ba ne ba tlhoma lekoko la kganetso mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Five'.<ref name="Ntuane" /> E ne ya re moragonyana rre Merafhe a tsaya rre [[Jacob Nkate]] go nna mothusi wa gagwe mme ba ne ba ipitsa ditswerere .<ref name=":16" /> Baemedi ba 'The Big Two' ba ne ba ikuela kgatlhanong le diphitlhelelo tsa lekgotla kwa kgotlatshekelong mme ba ne ba felela ba emisitswe go nna maloko a palamente. Batlhatlheledi ba bone ba ne ba bona maatla morago ga ditlhopho-kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994. E rile fa gare ga dikgogagakgogano tsa maloko, lekoko la BNF le ne la nna lekoko-kganetso le le nonofileng le go feta e bile la fenya ditilo tsa palamente di le lesome le boraro.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}</ref> Rre Kwelagobe o ne a itebaganya le rre [[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]] morago ga go tlhokafala ga ga rre Mmusi mme bobedi joo ba ipitsa [[Barata-Phathi]].<ref name=":16" /> Morago ga maduo a a bokowa mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa 1994,moithuti wa dithuto tsa sepolotiki e bong rre [[Lawrence Schlemmer]] o ne a tsisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana ke lekoko la BDP go tla go ba thusa ka maano.O ne a tla ka mogopolo wa gore maloko a a nang le sebaka se se rileng mo pusong ya BDP a tseelwe sebaka ke maloko a masa a a sa amaneng le dikarolo dipe segolo jang mo maemong a botautona.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Diphetogo di le dintsi tsa molaomotheo di ne tsa diragadiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga tseo ya megopolo mo baageding ba lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 1997.Mothusa tautona a tlhomamisiwa gore e tlaa nna ene mojaboswa wa setilo sa botautona, dingwaga tsa go tlhopha di ne tsa fokolediwa kwa go lesome le boferabobedi fa godimo ga moo ga tlhomiwa lekgotla la ditlhopho le le ikemetseng ka nosi.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNtuane2018">Ntuane, Botsalo (2018). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 "President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King"]. ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''50''': <span class="nowrap">333–</span>338. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0525-5090 0525-5090]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 90026925].</cite></ref> Diphetogo tse, di ne di eteletswe pele ke rre Masire ka gore tatelano ya go tsena mo maemong e ne e mo letlelela go tlhopha yo o tlaa mo latelelang.<ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16" /> === 1998 go fitlhelela gompieno === Rre Masire o ne a fologa maemo a bo-tautona ka ngwaga wa 1998 mme mothusa-tautona rre Mogae a nna tautona.O ne a tlhopha rre [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]] go nna mothusa-tautona mme le fa bobedi jo bo ne bo se mo lekokong ka leina, ba ne ba tshegetsa lekoko la A-Team la ga rre Merafhe le rre Nkate ka katlego. Seo se ne sa dira gore dipharologano tsa ditlhopha mo lekokong di nne maswe le go feta. <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go ne ga nna le kgogakgogano gape mo lekokongkganetso la BNF, e e neng ya dira gore go tlhamiwe [[Botswana Congress Party]] ka ngwaga wa 1998. Maloko mangwe a a lekanetseng a kokoano a a neng a tswa mo lekokong le lešwa a ne a lemoga fa lekoko le le ne la nna la kganetso e kgolo, mme ba ne ba emisediwa ka bontlhopheng ba BNF mo [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1999 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1999]] . Nako ya ga Mogae ya go busa e le tautona e ne ya fela ka ngwaga wa 2008 mme Ian Khama, morwa tautona Seretse Khama, a nna tautona. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2008 |title=Botswana's Mogae wins $5m award |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2008/10/21/botswanas-mogae-wins-5m-award |access-date=2023-09-30 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> BDP e ne ya kgaogana lekgetlho la ntlha ka ngwaga wa 2010 fa Khama a ne a rotloetsa lekoko la 'Barata-Phathi' go tswa mo lekokong la BDP mme ba tlhama Mokgatlho wa [[Lekoko la Botswana Movement for Democracy|Botswana Movement for Democracy]], o o neng o eteletswe pele ke rre [[Gomolemo Motswaledi]] . <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Freedom House e ne ya isa maemo a Botswana kwa tlase ka dingwaga tsa bo 2010 ka go ne ga nna le kgatelelo kgatlhanong le babegadikgang. <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Nyenhuis |first2=Robert |date=2021 |title=Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article |journal=African Studies Review |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=854–883 |doi=10.1017/asr.2021.69 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=244539238 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Rre Khama o ne a fologa setilo ka ngwaga wa 2018 mme mothusa tautona rre [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] a tsaya setilo sa bo-tautona. A tloga a busetsa morago melawana ya ga rre Khama mme a ntsha badiredibagolo ba ba neng ba tlhomilwe ke rre Khama mo maemomg a bone. Bobedi bo bo neng bo dirisana mmogo ebile bo ntshana seinong bo ne ba fetoga go nna baganetsi ba sepolotiki ka bonako mme Khama a tswa mo lekokong la Botswana Democratic Party. Go na le moo o ne a ikgolaganya le lekoko le le sa tswang go tlhamiwa [[Botswana Patriotic Front|la Botswana Patriotic Front]] mo godimo ga go ema nokeng lekoko la Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho. Se se dirile gore [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 2019 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 2019]] e nne ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kgaisano e e rileng mo dipakeng tsa ditlhopho tsa setšhaba sa Botswana, fela BDP e ne ya nna mo pusong ka selekanyo sa ditlhopho se se sa feteng makgolo a le matlhano le boraro (52.7%) , ya gapa manno a le masome a mararo le borobabobedi mo go a le masome a le matlhano le bosupa mo lekgotleng la kokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Nyenhuis |first2=Robert |date=2021 |title=Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article |journal=African Studies Review |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=854–883 |doi=10.1017/asr.2021.69 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=244539238 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kgaisano e ne ya gola thata fa rre Masisi a ne a latelela ditatofatso tsa bosenyi kgatlhanong le rre Khama ka ntlha ya go nna le ditlhobolo e se ka fa molaong ka ngwaga wa 2022, mme seo se ne sa dira gore rre Khama a batle botshabelo kwa Aferika Borwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ndebele |first=Lenin |title=Ex-Botswana president Ian Khama vows to make successor 'one-term' president |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/ex-botswana-president-ian-khama-vows-to-make-successor-one-term-president-20230412 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=News24}}</ref> === Go tlhatloga gapuso ya kganetso mo pusong === == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> E ne ya re fa rre Khama e le tautona, mothusa-tautona wa gagwe e bong, rre [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a nametsang pelo. Fa godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme ebile e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[National Development Plan (Botswana)|Maano a Tlhabololo ya setšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao-kakanyetso ya puso. Go seke go itshetlele ga lefatshe la Botswana go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, [[Botswana Defence Force]], ka ngwaga wa 1977. Pele ga seno, [[Sepodise sa Botswana|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> BNF e tlhomilwe ke [[Kenneth Koma]] ele lekoko la molema mme la nna lekokokganetso ka [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1969]]. === Puso ya ga rre Quett Masire === Rre Khama o ne a busa e le tautona mo lefatsheng la Botswana go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1980 mme ya re go tlhokafaleng ga gagwe mothusa-tautona rre Masire a tsaya botautona. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go bona baema-nokeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go ya kwa go tsa bo 1990 fa lefatshe le tlhabololwa mme baema-nokeng ba lekoko la BDP ba ne ba fokotsega ka jaanong dikgaolwana di ne di fokotsega ko go neng go itsege BDP e le lekoko la konokono teng.<ref name=":12" /> Lekgotla la [[:en:Kgabo_Commission|Thomo ya ga Kgabo]] le e neng e le karolo ya menahune ya tsa bogodu e e neng e ama mothusa tautona rre [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] ga mmogo le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP rre [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]] e ne ya laola dipolotiki tsa lefatshe la Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1991 mme ya tsisa dikgaogano mo lekokong la BDP. <ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go tlogela tiro ga ga rre Mmusi go ne ga dira gore rre [[Festus Mogae]] a tlhomiwe go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang.Kgang e o e ne ya tsisa go gola ga dikarolwana tsa dikgotlhang mo BDP. Rre Mmusi le rre Kwelagobe ba ne ba simolola lekoko la bone mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Two'. Rre [[Mompati Merafhe]] ga mmogo le baema-nokeng ba gagwe e bong rre [[David Magang]], [[Bahiti Temane]], [[Roy Blackbeard]] le rre [[Chapson Butale]] ba ne ba tlhoma lekoko la kganetso mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Five'.<ref name="Ntuane" /> E ne ya re moragonyana rre Merafhe a tsaya rre [[Jacob Nkate]] go nna mothusi wa gagwe mme ba ne ba ipitsa ditswerere .<ref name=":16" /> Baemedi ba 'The Big Two' ba ne ba ikuela kgatlhanong le diphitlhelelo tsa lekgotla kwa kgotlatshekelong mme ba ne ba felela ba emisitswe go nna maloko a palamente. Batlhatlheledi ba bone ba ne ba bona maatla morago ga ditlhopho-kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994. E rile fa gare ga dikgogagakgogano tsa maloko, lekoko la BNF le ne la nna lekoko-kganetso le le nonofileng le go feta e bile la fenya ditilo tsa palamente di le lesome le boraro.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}</ref> Rre Kwelagobe o ne a itebaganya le rre [[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]] morago ga go tlhokafala ga ga rre Mmusi mme bobedi joo ba ipitsa [[Barata-Phathi]].<ref name=":16" /> Morago ga maduo a a bokowa mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa 1994,moithuti wa dithuto tsa sepolotiki e bong rre [[Lawrence Schlemmer]] o ne a tsisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana ke lekoko la BDP go tla go ba thusa ka maano.O ne a tla ka mogopolo wa gore maloko a a nang le sebaka se se rileng mo pusong ya BDP a tseelwe sebaka ke maloko a masa a a sa amaneng le dikarolo dipe segolo jang mo maemong a botautona.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Diphetogo di le dintsi tsa molaomotheo di ne tsa diragadiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga tseo ya megopolo mo baageding ba lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 1997.Mothusa tautona a tlhomamisiwa gore e tlaa nna ene mojaboswa wa setilo sa botautona, dingwaga tsa go tlhopha di ne tsa fokolediwa kwa go lesome le boferabobedi fa godimo ga moo ga tlhomiwa lekgotla la ditlhopho le le ikemetseng ka nosi.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNtuane2018">Ntuane, Botsalo (2018). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 "President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King"]. ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''50''': <span class="nowrap">333–</span>338. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0525-5090 0525-5090]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 90026925].</cite></ref> Diphetogo tse, di ne di eteletswe pele ke rre Masire ka gore tatelano ya go tsena mo maemong e ne e mo letlelela go tlhopha yo o tlaa mo latelelang.<ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16" /> === 1998 go fitlhelela gompieno === Rre Masire o ne a fologa maemo a bo-tautona ka ngwaga wa 1998 mme mothusa-tautona rre Mogae a nna tautona.O ne a tlhopha rre [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]] go nna mothusa-tautona mme le fa bobedi jo bo ne bo se mo lekokong ka leina, ba ne ba tshegetsa lekoko la A-Team la ga rre Merafhe le rre Nkate ka katlego. Seo se ne sa dira gore dipharologano tsa ditlhopha mo lekokong di nne maswe le go feta. <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go ne ga nna le kgogakgogano gape mo lekokongkganetso la BNF, e e neng ya dira gore go tlhamiwe [[Botswana Congress Party]] ka ngwaga wa 1998. Maloko mangwe a a lekanetseng a kokoano a a neng a tswa mo lekokong le lešwa a ne a lemoga fa lekoko le le ne la nna la kganetso e kgolo, mme ba ne ba emisediwa ka bontlhopheng ba BNF mo [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1999 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1999]] . Nako ya ga Mogae ya go busa e le tautona e ne ya fela ka ngwaga wa 2008 mme Ian Khama, morwa tautona Seretse Khama, a nna tautona. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2008 |title=Botswana's Mogae wins $5m award |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2008/10/21/botswanas-mogae-wins-5m-award |access-date=2023-09-30 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> BDP e ne ya kgaogana lekgetlho la ntlha ka ngwaga wa 2010 fa Khama a ne a rotloetsa lekoko la 'Barata-Phathi' go tswa mo lekokong la BDP mme ba tlhama Mokgatlho wa [[Lekoko la Botswana Movement for Democracy|Botswana Movement for Democracy]], o o neng o eteletswe pele ke rre [[Gomolemo Motswaledi]] . <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Freedom House e ne ya isa maemo a Botswana kwa tlase ka dingwaga tsa bo 2010 ka go ne ga nna le kgatelelo kgatlhanong le babegadikgang. <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Nyenhuis |first2=Robert |date=2021 |title=Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article |journal=African Studies Review |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=854–883 |doi=10.1017/asr.2021.69 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=244539238 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Rre Khama o ne a fologa setilo ka ngwaga wa 2018 mme mothusa tautona rre [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] a tsaya setilo sa bo-tautona. A tloga a busetsa morago melawana ya ga rre Khama mme a ntsha badiredibagolo ba ba neng ba tlhomilwe ke rre Khama mo maemomg a bone. Bobedi bo bo neng bo dirisana mmogo ebile bo ntshana seinong bo ne ba fetoga go nna baganetsi ba sepolotiki ka bonako mme Khama a tswa mo lekokong la Botswana Democratic Party. Go na le moo o ne a ikgolaganya le lekoko le le sa tswang go tlhamiwa [[Botswana Patriotic Front|la Botswana Patriotic Front]] mo godimo ga go ema nokeng lekoko la Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho. Se se dirile gore [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 2019 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 2019]] e nne ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kgaisano e e rileng mo dipakeng tsa ditlhopho tsa setšhaba sa Botswana, fela BDP e ne ya nna mo pusong ka selekanyo sa ditlhopho se se sa feteng makgolo a le matlhano le boraro (52.7%) , ya gapa manno a le masome a mararo le borobabobedi mo go a le masome a le matlhano le bosupa mo lekgotleng la kokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Nyenhuis |first2=Robert |date=2021 |title=Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article |journal=African Studies Review |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=854–883 |doi=10.1017/asr.2021.69 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=244539238 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kgaisano e ne ya gola thata fa rre Masisi a ne a latelela ditatofatso tsa bosenyi kgatlhanong le rre Khama ka ntlha ya go nna le ditlhobolo e se ka fa molaong ka ngwaga wa 2022, mme seo se ne sa dira gore rre Khama a batle botshabelo kwa Aferika Borwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ndebele |first=Lenin |title=Ex-Botswana president Ian Khama vows to make successor 'one-term' president |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/ex-botswana-president-ian-khama-vows-to-make-successor-one-term-president-20230412 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=News24}}</ref> === Go tlhatloga gapuso ya kganetso mo pusong === == Goromente wa lefatshe == Botswana ke [[:en:Parliamentary_republic|lefatshe le le nang le puso ya palamente,]] e e laolwang ke [[Molaomotheo wa Botswana|molaotheo wa Botswana]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}</ref> Molaomotheo o sale o simolola go dirisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana fa e sa le lefatshe le tsaya boipuso go tswa mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola malatsi a le masome a le mararo ka ngwaga wa 1966. <ref name=":15">{{Citation}}</ref> Se se dirile gore lefatshe la Botswana e nne la puso ya batho ka batho e e sa tshwenngweng ka tsela epe ka sebaka se seleele go gaisa mafatshe a mangwe a le mantsi mo Aferika ka bophara. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=Keratilwe |last3=Kwerepe |first3=Phana |date=2016 |title=The Politics of Opposition Electoral Coalitions and Alliances in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45342124 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45342124}}</ref> Botswana e dira ka fa tlase ga metswako ya [[:en:Roman-Dutch_law|melao e le meraro go akaretsa wa seRoma le seDutch]], [[:en:Customary_law|molao wa setso sa Setswana]] le [[:en:Common_law|molao wa tlwaelo yo o itsegeng ka leina la 'common law']] . Setilo sa goromente wa lefatshe la Botswana se kwa toropokgolong ya [[Gaborone]] . <ref name=":15" /> == Goromente wa lefatshe == Botswana ke [[:en:Parliamentary_republic|lefatshe le le nang le puso ya palamente,]] e e laolwang ke [[Molaomotheo wa Botswana|molaotheo wa Botswana]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}</ref> Molaomotheo o sale o simolola go dirisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana fa e sa le lefatshe le tsaya boipuso go tswa mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola malatsi a le masome a le mararo ka ngwaga wa 1966. <ref name=":15">{{Citation}}</ref> Se se dirile gore lefatshe la Botswana e nne la puso ya batho ka batho e e sa tshwenngweng ka tsela epe ka sebaka se seleele go gaisa mafatshe a mangwe a le mantsi mo Aferika ka bophara. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=Keratilwe |last3=Kwerepe |first3=Phana |date=2016 |title=The Politics of Opposition Electoral Coalitions and Alliances in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45342124 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45342124}}</ref> Botswana e dira ka fa tlase ga metswako ya [[:en:Roman-Dutch_law|melao e le meraro go akaretsa wa seRoma le seDutch]], [[:en:Customary_law|molao wa setso sa Setswana]] le [[:en:Common_law|molao wa tlwaelo yo o itsegeng ka leina la 'common law']] . Setilo sa goromente wa lefatshe la Botswana se kwa toropokgolong ya [[Gaborone]] . <ref name=":15" /> [[Setshwantsho:BotswanaParliament.jpg|thumb|[[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Ntlokokoano ya lekgotla la khuduthamaga ya Botswana]]]] Lekgotla la peo-melao la Botswana le tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]] e e leng ya lefatshe la United Kingdom, le fa le na le dikarolo di le mmalwa tse di le farologanyang le tsamaiso e ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom. Tiro ya lekgotla le, ya semmuso ka fa tlase ga molaotheo wa lefatshe la Botswana ke go "dira melao e e tlaa netefatsang [[:en:Peace,_order_and_good_government|kagiso, tolamo le puso e e siameng ya lefatshe la Botswana"]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSebudubuduMaripeBotlhomilweMalila2013">Sebudubudu, David; Maripe, Bugalo; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Z.; Malila, Ikanyeng S. (2013). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 "The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana"]. ''The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs''. '''40''' (2): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>59. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0856-0056 0856-0056]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 45341655].</cite></ref> Lekgotla la peomolao le ikemeseditse go dira jaaka lekalana la tlhotlhomiso mo khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, mme le fa go ntse jalo ga le na maatla a mantsi a a tlhamaletseng a go lekanyetsa maatla a khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, go lebilwe go kopanngwa ga dithata le ntlha ya gore mafatshe ka bontsi a a etelelwang pele ke lekoko le le lengwe e sale e le yone kgang ya konokono go ya go ileng. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Botlhomilwe |first=M. Z. |last2=Molebatsi |first2=R. M. |date=2014-09-01 |title=A democracy with weak oversight intitutions : an application to the "African miracle", Botswana |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC164768 |journal=Journal of Public Administration |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=813–820 |hdl=10520/EJC164768}}</ref> <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Goromente wa lefatshe == Botswana ke [[:en:Parliamentary_republic|lefatshe le le nang le puso ya palamente,]] e e laolwang ke [[Molaomotheo wa Botswana|molaotheo wa Botswana]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}</ref> Molaomotheo o sale o simolola go dirisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana fa e sa le lefatshe le tsaya boipuso go tswa mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola malatsi a le masome a le mararo ka ngwaga wa 1966. <ref name=":15">{{Citation}}</ref> Se se dirile gore lefatshe la Botswana e nne la puso ya batho ka batho e e sa tshwenngweng ka tsela epe ka sebaka se seleele go gaisa mafatshe a mangwe a le mantsi mo Aferika ka bophara. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=Keratilwe |last3=Kwerepe |first3=Phana |date=2016 |title=The Politics of Opposition Electoral Coalitions and Alliances in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45342124 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45342124}}</ref> Botswana e dira ka fa tlase ga metswako ya [[:en:Roman-Dutch_law|melao e le meraro go akaretsa wa seRoma le seDutch]], [[:en:Customary_law|molao wa setso sa Setswana]] le [[:en:Common_law|molao wa tlwaelo yo o itsegeng ka leina la 'common law']] . Setilo kgotsa bokopanelo jwa matona a puso ya lefatshe la Botswana bo kwa toropokgolong ya [[Gaborone]] . <ref name=":15" /> === Lekalana la peomelao === [[Setshwantsho:BotswanaParliament.jpg|thumb|[[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Ntlokokoano ya lekgotla la khuduthamaga ya Botswana]]]] Lekgotla la peo-melao la Botswana le tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]] e e leng ya lefatshe la United Kingdom, le fa le na le dikarolo di le mmalwa tse di le farologanyang le tsamaiso e ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom. Tiro ya lekgotla le, ya semmuso ka fa tlase ga molaotheo wa lefatshe la Botswana ke go "dira melao e e tlaa netefatsang [[:en:Peace,_order_and_good_government|kagiso, tolamo le puso e e siameng ya lefatshe la Botswana"]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSebudubuduMaripeBotlhomilweMalila2013">Sebudubudu, David; Maripe, Bugalo; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Z.; Malila, Ikanyeng S. (2013). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 "The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana"]. ''The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs''. '''40''' (2): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>59. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0856-0056 0856-0056]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 45341655].</cite></ref> Lekgotla la peomolao le ikemeseditse go dira jaaka lekalana la tlhotlhomiso mo khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, mme le fa go ntse jalo ga le na maatla a mantsi a a tlhamaletseng a go lekanyetsa maatla a khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, go lebilwe go [[:en:Fusion_of_powers|kopanngwa ga dithata]] le ntlha ya gore [[:en:Majority_government|mafatshe ka bontsi a a etelelwang pele]] ke lekoko le le lengwe e sale e le yone kgang ya konokono go ya go ileng. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Botlhomilwe |first=M. Z. |last2=Molebatsi |first2=R. M. |date=2014-09-01 |title=A democracy with weak oversight intitutions : an application to the "African miracle", Botswana |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC164768 |journal=Journal of Public Administration |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=813–820 |hdl=10520/EJC164768}}</ref> <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lekgotla la peomolao la Botswana ke lekgotla la[[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Kokoano ya matona a puso]], ke lekgotla la [[:en:Unicameral|kamore e le nngwe]] le le nang le maloko a le masome a marataro le borobabongwe . Maloko a, a ka tshwara masome a marataro le bongwe a tlhophiwa ka tlhamalalo ke batlhophi ba bone go tswa dikgaolong tsa bone mme a le marataro, a tlhophiwa ke lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso. [[Tautona wa Botswana|Tautona wa lefatshe la Botswana]] le [[:en:Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Botswana|motsamaisa dipuisano tsa lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso]] ke [[:en:Ex_officio_member|maloko a lekgotla le ka ntlha ya boemo jwa tiro ya bone]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019190047/https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament |archive-date=19 October 2022 |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=Parliament of Botswana}}</ref> Gore molao-kakanyetso e nne molao, o tshwanetse go amogelwa ke lekgotla la ntlokokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Norton |first=Philip |date=2004-12-21 |title=How many bicameral legislatures are there? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1357233042000322436 |journal=The Journal of Legislative Studies |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/1357233042000322436 |issn=1357-2334 |s2cid=143950774 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lekgotla le, le dirisa tsamaiso ya [[:en:Question_time|nako-potso]] go phutha tshedimosetso ka molao-kakanyetso. <ref name=":2" /> == Goromente wa lefatshe == Botswana ke [[:en:Parliamentary_republic|lefatshe le le nang le puso ya palamente,]] e e laolwang ke [[Molaomotheo wa Botswana|molaotheo wa Botswana]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}</ref> Molaomotheo o sale o simolola go dirisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana fa e sa le lefatshe le tsaya boipuso go tswa mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola malatsi a le masome a le mararo ka ngwaga wa 1966. <ref name=":15">{{Citation}}</ref> Se se dirile gore lefatshe la Botswana e nne la puso ya batho ka batho e e sa tshwenngweng ka tsela epe ka sebaka se seleele go gaisa mafatshe a mangwe a le mantsi mo Aferika ka bophara. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=Keratilwe |last3=Kwerepe |first3=Phana |date=2016 |title=The Politics of Opposition Electoral Coalitions and Alliances in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45342124 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45342124}}</ref> Botswana e dira ka fa tlase ga metswako ya [[:en:Roman-Dutch_law|melao e le meraro go akaretsa wa seRoma le seDutch]], [[:en:Customary_law|molao wa setso sa Setswana]] le [[:en:Common_law|molao wa tlwaelo yo o itsegeng ka leina la 'common law']] . Setilo kgotsa bokopanelo jwa matona a puso ya lefatshe la Botswana bo kwa toropokgolong ya [[Gaborone]] . <ref name=":15" /> === Lekalana la peomelao === [[Setshwantsho:BotswanaParliament.jpg|thumb|[[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Ntlokokoano ya lekgotla la khuduthamaga ya Botswana]]]] Lekgotla la peo-melao la Botswana le tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]] e e leng ya lefatshe la United Kingdom, le fa le na le dikarolo di le mmalwa tse di le farologanyang le tsamaiso e ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom. Tiro ya lekgotla le, ya semmuso ka fa tlase ga molaotheo wa lefatshe la Botswana ke go "dira melao e e tlaa netefatsang [[:en:Peace,_order_and_good_government|kagiso, tolamo le puso e e siameng ya lefatshe la Botswana"]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSebudubuduMaripeBotlhomilweMalila2013">Sebudubudu, David; Maripe, Bugalo; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Z.; Malila, Ikanyeng S. (2013). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 "The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana"]. ''The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs''. '''40''' (2): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>59. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0856-0056 0856-0056]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 45341655].</cite></ref> Lekgotla la peomolao le ikemeseditse go dira jaaka lekalana la tlhotlhomiso mo khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, mme le fa go ntse jalo ga le na maatla a mantsi a a tlhamaletseng a go lekanyetsa maatla a khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, go lebilwe go [[:en:Fusion_of_powers|kopanngwa ga dithata]] le ntlha ya gore [[:en:Majority_government|mafatshe ka bontsi a a etelelwang pele]] ke lekoko le le lengwe e sale e le yone kgang ya konokono go ya go ileng. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Botlhomilwe |first=M. Z. |last2=Molebatsi |first2=R. M. |date=2014-09-01 |title=A democracy with weak oversight intitutions : an application to the "African miracle", Botswana |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC164768 |journal=Journal of Public Administration |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=813–820 |hdl=10520/EJC164768}}</ref> <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lekgotla la peomolao la Botswana ke lekgotla la[[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Kokoano ya matona a puso]], ke lekgotla la [[:en:Unicameral|kamore e le nngwe]] le le nang le maloko a le masome a marataro le borobabongwe . Maloko a, a ka tshwara masome a marataro le bongwe a tlhophiwa ka tlhamalalo ke batlhophi ba bone go tswa dikgaolong tsa bone mme a le marataro, a tlhophiwa ke lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso. [[Tautona wa Botswana|Tautona wa lefatshe la Botswana]] le [[:en:Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Botswana|motsamaisa dipuisano tsa lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso]] ke [[:en:Ex_officio_member|maloko a lekgotla le ka ntlha ya boemo jwa tiro ya bone]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019190047/https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament |archive-date=19 October 2022 |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=Parliament of Botswana}}</ref> Gore molao-kakanyetso e nne molao, o tshwanetse go amogelwa ke lekgotla la ntlokokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Norton |first=Philip |date=2004-12-21 |title=How many bicameral legislatures are there? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1357233042000322436 |journal=The Journal of Legislative Studies |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/1357233042000322436 |issn=1357-2334 |s2cid=143950774 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lekgotla le, le dirisa tsamaiso ya [[:en:Question_time|nako-potso]] go phutha tshedimosetso ka molao-kakanyetso. <ref name=":2" /> ''[[Ntlo ya Dikgosi tsa Botswana|Ntlo ya Dikgosi]]'' ke lekgotla la dikgakololo le le tlhomilweng ka fa tlase ga molaomotheo wa lefatshe la Botswana. Maloko a lone a akaretsa dikgosi tsa morafe wa Batswana di le borobabobedi, maloko a le matlhano a a tlhomilweng ke tautona le maloko a le masome a mabedi le bobedi a a tlhophilweng ke dikgosi tse di borobabobedi tse go builweng ka tsone fa godimo. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Norton |first=Philip |date=2004-12-21 |title=How many bicameral legislatures are there? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1357233042000322436 |journal=The Journal of Legislative Studies |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/1357233042000322436 |issn=1357-2334 |s2cid=143950774 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNorton2004">Norton, Philip (21 December 2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[[doi:10.1080/1357233042000322436|"How many bicameral legislatures are there?"]]</span>. ''The Journal of Legislative Studies''. '''10''' (4): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>9. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/1357233042000322436|10.1080/1357233042000322436]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1357-2334 1357-2334]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143950774 143950774].</cite></ref> Molaokakanyetso mongwe le mongwe o o amang molaomotheo kgotsa melao ya setso ya merafe o tshwanetse go romelwa kwa lekgotleng la ''Ntlo ya Dikgosi'', kwa le tlaa fetang le buisa molaokakanyetso o le bo le fetisa tshwetso e e tlhalosang boemo jwa lone mo molaokakanyetsong o. Ntlo ya Dikgosi ga e na dithata tsa go dira melao ka bo yone. <ref name=":2" /> === Lekalana la Khuduthamaga === Lekalana la khuduthamaga la Botswana le eteletswe pele ke tautona wa lefatshe la Botswana, yo o dirang jaaka [[:en:Head_of_state|tlhogo ya lefatshe]] le [[:en:Head_of_government|tlhogo ya puso]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSebudubuduMaripeBotlhomilweMalila2013">Sebudubudu, David; Maripe, Bugalo; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Z.; Malila, Ikanyeng S. (2013). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 "The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana"]. ''The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs''. '''40''' (2): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>59. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0856-0056 0856-0056]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 45341655].</cite></ref> Tautona o tshwara maemo ka ntlha ya bokgoni jwa gagwe jwa go [[:en:Motion_of_no_confidence|laola tshepo]] ya lekgotla la Kokoano ya khuduthamaga ya Botswana. Fa lekoko le le lengwe le ka gapa bontsi jwa manno a ditilo tsa palamente, moeteledipele wa lekoko leo o nna tautona yo montsha ka tsela e e ntseng fela jalo. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo ntlheng ya [[:en:Hung_parliament|go tlhoka lekoko le le tsayang bontsi jwa manno a ditilo tsa palamente]], tautona o tlhophiwa ke maloko a lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso, mme se ke selo se se iseng se diragale mo lefatsheng la Botswana. <ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Botlhale |first=Emmanuel |last2=Lotshwao |first2=Kebapetse |date=2013 |title=The Uneasy Relationship Between Parliament and the Executive in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90024373 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=45 |pages=39–51 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90024373}}</ref> Lekgotla la khuduthamaga ya lefatshe la Botswana ke lekalana le le nonofileng go gaisa a mangwe la puso mo Botswana mme tautona o na le dithata tse di rileng, mme ebile o etelela pele lekalana la puso la peomolao le lone. Lekalana la boatlhodi ke lone fela le le lemogilweng e le l''one'' le le tlholang maatla a ga tautona. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMogalakweNyamnjoh2017">Mogalakwe, Monageng; Nyamnjoh, Francis (2 January 2017). [[doi:10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636|"Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty"]]. ''Journal of Contemporary African Studies''. '''35''' (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>14. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636|10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636]]</span>. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0258-9001 0258-9001].</cite></ref> <ref name=":13" />Tautona o na le thibelo e e ka emisiwang, se se raya gore kwa tshimologong o ka seke a dumalane go amogela molao-kakanyetso go nna molao mme o ka se kgone go o thibela ruri . Fa tautona a sa amogele, molao-kakanyetso o busediwa kwa lekgotleng la Kokoano ya matona a puso. Fa lekgotla le ka netefatsa tshegetso ya lone gape ka tlhopho e e bonolo ya bontsi mo dikgweding di le thataro mme ya romela molao-kakanyetso gape, tautona o patelesega go amogela mo malatsing a le masome a mabedi le bongwe. Go palelwa ke go dira jalo go felela go dira gore go nne le ditlhopho tsa ka bonako tse di neng di sa rulaganngwa pele, ntle le fa tautona a tlhopha go ithola marapo a tiro pele ga nako e a e beetsweng. Fa molaokakanyetso o sena go bewa monwana o nna molao mme o phatlaladiwe mo pampiring ya melao ya Puso. Sebopego se, se letlelela tautona go diega go dira molao mme kwa bofelelong se fa lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso maatla a a kwa godimo a go tlola thibelo. Fa godimo ga moo, tautona ke [[:en:Commander-in-chief|molaodi yo mogolo]] wa sesole sa lefatshe la Botswana. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Mothusa Tautona wa Botswana|Mothusa-tautona wa Botswana]] le matona a puso a Botswana a tlhomiwa a bo a fiwa melawana ya bone ke tautona. <ref name=":13" /> Khuduthamaga e tsewa ka botlalo go tswa mo lekgotleng la Kokoano ya matona a puso, ka jalo matona a puso a tshwanetse gore a bo ele [[:en:Member_of_Parliament_(Botswana)|Maloko a Palamente]] ka dinako tsotlhe . <ref name=":12" /> Matona a puso a a mo teng ga khabinete a tsaya ditshwetso tse dikgolo ga mmogo ka jalo ba na le maikarabelo a ditshwetso tseo ga mmogo. <ref name=":0" /> == Goromente wa lefatshe == Botswana ke [[:en:Parliamentary_republic|lefatshe le le nang le puso ya palamente,]] e e laolwang ke [[Molaomotheo wa Botswana|molaotheo wa Botswana]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}</ref> Molaomotheo o sale o simolola go dirisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana fa e sa le lefatshe le tsaya boipuso go tswa mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola malatsi a le masome a le mararo ka ngwaga wa 1966. <ref name=":15">{{Citation}}</ref> Se se dirile gore lefatshe la Botswana e nne la puso ya batho ka batho e e sa tshwenngweng ka tsela epe ka sebaka se seleele go gaisa mafatshe a mangwe a le mantsi mo Aferika ka bophara. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=Keratilwe |last3=Kwerepe |first3=Phana |date=2016 |title=The Politics of Opposition Electoral Coalitions and Alliances in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45342124 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45342124}}</ref> Botswana e dira ka fa tlase ga metswako ya [[:en:Roman-Dutch_law|melao e le meraro go akaretsa wa seRoma le seDutch]], [[:en:Customary_law|molao wa setso sa Setswana]] le [[:en:Common_law|molao wa tlwaelo yo o itsegeng ka leina la 'common law']] . Setilo kgotsa bokopanelo jwa matona a puso ya lefatshe la Botswana bo kwa toropokgolong ya [[Gaborone]] . <ref name=":15" /> === Lekalana la peomelao === [[Setshwantsho:BotswanaParliament.jpg|thumb|[[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Ntlokokoano ya lekgotla la khuduthamaga ya Botswana]]]] Lekgotla la peo-melao la Botswana le tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]] e e leng ya lefatshe la United Kingdom, le fa le na le dikarolo di le mmalwa tse di le farologanyang le tsamaiso e ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom. Tiro ya lekgotla le, ya semmuso ka fa tlase ga molaotheo wa lefatshe la Botswana ke go "dira melao e e tlaa netefatsang [[:en:Peace,_order_and_good_government|kagiso, tolamo le puso e e siameng ya lefatshe la Botswana"]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSebudubuduMaripeBotlhomilweMalila2013">Sebudubudu, David; Maripe, Bugalo; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Z.; Malila, Ikanyeng S. (2013). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 "The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana"]. ''The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs''. '''40''' (2): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>59. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0856-0056 0856-0056]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 45341655].</cite></ref> Lekgotla la peomolao le ikemeseditse go dira jaaka lekalana la tlhotlhomiso mo khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, mme le fa go ntse jalo ga le na maatla a mantsi a a tlhamaletseng a go lekanyetsa maatla a khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, go lebilwe go [[:en:Fusion_of_powers|kopanngwa ga dithata]] le ntlha ya gore [[:en:Majority_government|mafatshe ka bontsi a a etelelwang pele]] ke lekoko le le lengwe e sale e le yone kgang ya konokono go ya go ileng. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Botlhomilwe |first=M. Z. |last2=Molebatsi |first2=R. M. |date=2014-09-01 |title=A democracy with weak oversight intitutions : an application to the "African miracle", Botswana |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC164768 |journal=Journal of Public Administration |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=813–820 |hdl=10520/EJC164768}}</ref> <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lekgotla la peomolao la Botswana ke lekgotla la[[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Kokoano ya matona a puso]], ke lekgotla la [[:en:Unicameral|kamore e le nngwe]] le le nang le maloko a le masome a marataro le borobabongwe . Maloko a, a ka tshwara masome a marataro le bongwe a tlhophiwa ka tlhamalalo ke batlhophi ba bone go tswa dikgaolong tsa bone mme a le marataro, a tlhophiwa ke lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso. [[Tautona wa Botswana|Tautona wa lefatshe la Botswana]] le [[:en:Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Botswana|motsamaisa dipuisano tsa lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso]] ke [[:en:Ex_officio_member|maloko a lekgotla le ka ntlha ya boemo jwa tiro ya bone]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019190047/https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament |archive-date=19 October 2022 |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=Parliament of Botswana}}</ref> Gore molao-kakanyetso e nne molao, o tshwanetse go amogelwa ke lekgotla la ntlokokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Norton |first=Philip |date=2004-12-21 |title=How many bicameral legislatures are there? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1357233042000322436 |journal=The Journal of Legislative Studies |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/1357233042000322436 |issn=1357-2334 |s2cid=143950774 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lekgotla le, le dirisa tsamaiso ya [[:en:Question_time|nako-potso]] go phutha tshedimosetso ka molao-kakanyetso. <ref name=":2" /> ''[[Ntlo ya Dikgosi tsa Botswana|Ntlo ya Dikgosi]]'' ke lekgotla la dikgakololo le le tlhomilweng ka fa tlase ga molaomotheo wa lefatshe la Botswana. Maloko a lone a akaretsa dikgosi tsa morafe wa Batswana di le borobabobedi, maloko a le matlhano a a tlhomilweng ke tautona le maloko a le masome a mabedi le bobedi a a tlhophilweng ke dikgosi tse di borobabobedi tse go builweng ka tsone fa godimo. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Norton |first=Philip |date=2004-12-21 |title=How many bicameral legislatures are there? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1357233042000322436 |journal=The Journal of Legislative Studies |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/1357233042000322436 |issn=1357-2334 |s2cid=143950774 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNorton2004">Norton, Philip (21 December 2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[[doi:10.1080/1357233042000322436|"How many bicameral legislatures are there?"]]</span>. ''The Journal of Legislative Studies''. '''10''' (4): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>9. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/1357233042000322436|10.1080/1357233042000322436]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1357-2334 1357-2334]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143950774 143950774].</cite></ref> Molaokakanyetso mongwe le mongwe o o amang molaomotheo kgotsa melao ya setso ya merafe o tshwanetse go romelwa kwa lekgotleng la ''Ntlo ya Dikgosi'', kwa le tlaa fetang le buisa molaokakanyetso o le bo le fetisa tshwetso e e tlhalosang boemo jwa lone mo molaokakanyetsong o. Ntlo ya Dikgosi ga e na dithata tsa go dira melao ka bo yone. <ref name=":2" /> === Lekalana la Khuduthamaga === Lekalana la khuduthamaga la Botswana le eteletswe pele ke tautona wa lefatshe la Botswana, yo o dirang jaaka [[:en:Head_of_state|tlhogo ya lefatshe]] le [[:en:Head_of_government|tlhogo ya puso]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSebudubuduMaripeBotlhomilweMalila2013">Sebudubudu, David; Maripe, Bugalo; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Z.; Malila, Ikanyeng S. (2013). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 "The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana"]. ''The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs''. '''40''' (2): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>59. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0856-0056 0856-0056]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 45341655].</cite></ref> Tautona o tshwara maemo ka ntlha ya bokgoni jwa gagwe jwa go [[:en:Motion_of_no_confidence|laola tshepo]] ya lekgotla la Kokoano ya khuduthamaga ya Botswana. Fa lekoko le le lengwe le ka gapa bontsi jwa manno a ditilo tsa palamente, moeteledipele wa lekoko leo o nna tautona yo montsha ka tsela e e ntseng fela jalo. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo ntlheng ya [[:en:Hung_parliament|go tlhoka lekoko le le tsayang bontsi jwa manno a ditilo tsa palamente]], tautona o tlhophiwa ke maloko a lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso, mme se ke selo se se iseng se diragale mo lefatsheng la Botswana. <ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Botlhale |first=Emmanuel |last2=Lotshwao |first2=Kebapetse |date=2013 |title=The Uneasy Relationship Between Parliament and the Executive in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90024373 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=45 |pages=39–51 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90024373}}</ref> Lekgotla la khuduthamaga ya lefatshe la Botswana ke lekalana le le nonofileng go gaisa a mangwe la puso mo Botswana mme tautona o na le dithata tse di rileng, mme ebile o etelela pele lekalana la puso la peomolao le lone. Lekalana la boatlhodi ke lone fela le le lemogilweng e le l''one'' le le tlholang maatla a ga tautona. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMogalakweNyamnjoh2017">Mogalakwe, Monageng; Nyamnjoh, Francis (2 January 2017). [[doi:10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636|"Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty"]]. ''Journal of Contemporary African Studies''. '''35''' (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>14. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636|10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636]]</span>. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0258-9001 0258-9001].</cite></ref> <ref name=":13" />Tautona o na le thibelo e e ka emisiwang, se se raya gore kwa tshimologong o ka seke a dumalane go amogela molao-kakanyetso go nna molao mme o ka se kgone go o thibela ruri . Fa tautona a sa amogele, molao-kakanyetso o busediwa kwa lekgotleng la Kokoano ya matona a puso. Fa lekgotla le ka netefatsa tshegetso ya lone gape ka tlhopho e e bonolo ya bontsi mo dikgweding di le thataro mme ya romela molao-kakanyetso gape, tautona o patelesega go amogela mo malatsing a le masome a mabedi le bongwe. Go palelwa ke go dira jalo go felela go dira gore go nne le ditlhopho tsa ka bonako tse di neng di sa rulaganngwa pele, ntle le fa tautona a tlhopha go ithola marapo a tiro pele ga nako e a e beetsweng. Fa molaokakanyetso o sena go bewa monwana o nna molao mme o phatlaladiwe mo pampiring ya melao ya Puso. Sebopego se, se letlelela tautona go diega go dira molao mme kwa bofelelong se fa lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso maatla a a kwa godimo a go tlola thibelo. Fa godimo ga moo, tautona ke [[:en:Commander-in-chief|molaodi yo mogolo]] wa sesole sa lefatshe la Botswana. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Mothusa Tautona wa Botswana|Mothusa-tautona wa Botswana]] le matona a puso a Botswana a tlhomiwa a bo a fiwa melawana ya bone ke tautona. <ref name=":13" /> Khuduthamaga e tsewa ka botlalo go tswa mo lekgotleng la Kokoano ya matona a puso, ka jalo matona a puso a tshwanetse gore a bo ele [[:en:Member_of_Parliament_(Botswana)|Maloko a Palamente]] ka dinako tsotlhe . <ref name=":12" /> Matona a puso a a mo teng ga khabinete a tsaya ditshwetso tse dikgolo ga mmogo ka jalo ba na le maikarabelo a ditshwetso tseo ga mmogo. <ref name=":0" /> === Lekalana la Boatlhodi === Kgotlatshekelokgolo ya Botswana ke Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo, e e tlhamilweng ka fa tlase ga karolo ya masome a le boferabobedi le boferabobedi ya Molaomotheo wa Botswana mme e na le tautona le palo ya baatlhodi ba boikuelo e e bewang ke lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name="constitution">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana |url=http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09}}</ref> Go na le baatlhodi ba le borobabobedi ba Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo, ba botlhe e leng batswakwa ba ba tswang kwa dikarolong tse di farologaneng tsa [[Mafatshe a selekane|mafatshe a selekanyo]] . Go fitlha gompieno ga go ise go nne le Motswana ope yo o kileng a bewa mo kgotlatshekelong ya boikuelo. <ref name="hierarchy">{{Cite web |title=The Hierarchy of the Courts |url=http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218013129/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-date=18 February 2011 |website=Government of Botswana}}</ref> == Goromente wa lefatshe == Botswana ke [[:en:Parliamentary_republic|lefatshe le le nang le puso ya palamente,]] e e laolwang ke [[Molaomotheo wa Botswana|molaotheo wa Botswana]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}</ref> Molaomotheo o sale o simolola go dirisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana fa e sa le lefatshe le tsaya boipuso go tswa mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola malatsi a le masome a le mararo ka ngwaga wa 1966. <ref name=":15">{{Citation}}</ref> Se se dirile gore lefatshe la Botswana e nne la puso ya batho ka batho e e sa tshwenngweng ka tsela epe ka sebaka se seleele go gaisa mafatshe a mangwe a le mantsi mo Aferika ka bophara. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=Keratilwe |last3=Kwerepe |first3=Phana |date=2016 |title=The Politics of Opposition Electoral Coalitions and Alliances in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45342124 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45342124}}</ref> Botswana e dira ka fa tlase ga metswako ya [[:en:Roman-Dutch_law|melao e le meraro go akaretsa wa seRoma le seDutch]], [[:en:Customary_law|molao wa setso sa Setswana]] le [[:en:Common_law|molao wa tlwaelo yo o itsegeng ka leina la 'common law']] . Setilo kgotsa bokopanelo jwa matona a puso ya lefatshe la Botswana bo kwa toropokgolong ya [[Gaborone]] . <ref name=":15" /> === Lekalana la peomelao === [[Setshwantsho:BotswanaParliament.jpg|thumb|[[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Ntlokokoano ya lekgotla la khuduthamaga ya Botswana]]]] Lekgotla la peo-melao la Botswana le tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]] e e leng ya lefatshe la United Kingdom, le fa le na le dikarolo di le mmalwa tse di le farologanyang le tsamaiso e ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom. Tiro ya lekgotla le, ya semmuso ka fa tlase ga molaotheo wa lefatshe la Botswana ke go "dira melao e e tlaa netefatsang [[:en:Peace,_order_and_good_government|kagiso, tolamo le puso e e siameng ya lefatshe la Botswana"]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSebudubuduMaripeBotlhomilweMalila2013">Sebudubudu, David; Maripe, Bugalo; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Z.; Malila, Ikanyeng S. (2013). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 "The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana"]. ''The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs''. '''40''' (2): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>59. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0856-0056 0856-0056]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 45341655].</cite></ref> Lekgotla la peomolao le ikemeseditse go dira jaaka lekalana la tlhotlhomiso mo khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, mme le fa go ntse jalo ga le na maatla a mantsi a a tlhamaletseng a go lekanyetsa maatla a khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, go lebilwe go [[:en:Fusion_of_powers|kopanngwa ga dithata]] le ntlha ya gore [[:en:Majority_government|mafatshe ka bontsi a a etelelwang pele]] ke lekoko le le lengwe e sale e le yone kgang ya konokono go ya go ileng. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Botlhomilwe |first=M. Z. |last2=Molebatsi |first2=R. M. |date=2014-09-01 |title=A democracy with weak oversight intitutions : an application to the "African miracle", Botswana |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC164768 |journal=Journal of Public Administration |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=813–820 |hdl=10520/EJC164768}}</ref> <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lekgotla la peomolao la Botswana ke lekgotla la[[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Kokoano ya matona a puso]], ke lekgotla la [[:en:Unicameral|kamore e le nngwe]] le le nang le maloko a le masome a marataro le borobabongwe . Maloko a, a ka tshwara masome a marataro le bongwe a tlhophiwa ka tlhamalalo ke batlhophi ba bone go tswa dikgaolong tsa bone mme a le marataro, a tlhophiwa ke lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso. [[Tautona wa Botswana|Tautona wa lefatshe la Botswana]] le [[:en:Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Botswana|motsamaisa dipuisano tsa lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso]] ke [[:en:Ex_officio_member|maloko a lekgotla le ka ntlha ya boemo jwa tiro ya bone]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019190047/https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament |archive-date=19 October 2022 |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=Parliament of Botswana}}</ref> Gore molao-kakanyetso e nne molao, o tshwanetse go amogelwa ke lekgotla la ntlokokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Norton |first=Philip |date=2004-12-21 |title=How many bicameral legislatures are there? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1357233042000322436 |journal=The Journal of Legislative Studies |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/1357233042000322436 |issn=1357-2334 |s2cid=143950774 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lekgotla le, le dirisa tsamaiso ya [[:en:Question_time|nako-potso]] go phutha tshedimosetso ka molao-kakanyetso. <ref name=":2" /> ''[[Ntlo ya Dikgosi tsa Botswana|Ntlo ya Dikgosi]]'' ke lekgotla la dikgakololo le le tlhomilweng ka fa tlase ga molaomotheo wa lefatshe la Botswana. Maloko a lone a akaretsa dikgosi tsa morafe wa Batswana di le borobabobedi, maloko a le matlhano a a tlhomilweng ke tautona le maloko a le masome a mabedi le bobedi a a tlhophilweng ke dikgosi tse di borobabobedi tse go builweng ka tsone fa godimo. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Norton |first=Philip |date=2004-12-21 |title=How many bicameral legislatures are there? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1357233042000322436 |journal=The Journal of Legislative Studies |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/1357233042000322436 |issn=1357-2334 |s2cid=143950774 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNorton2004">Norton, Philip (21 December 2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[[doi:10.1080/1357233042000322436|"How many bicameral legislatures are there?"]]</span>. ''The Journal of Legislative Studies''. '''10''' (4): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>9. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/1357233042000322436|10.1080/1357233042000322436]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1357-2334 1357-2334]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143950774 143950774].</cite></ref> Molaokakanyetso mongwe le mongwe o o amang molaomotheo kgotsa melao ya setso ya merafe o tshwanetse go romelwa kwa lekgotleng la ''Ntlo ya Dikgosi'', kwa le tlaa fetang le buisa molaokakanyetso o le bo le fetisa tshwetso e e tlhalosang boemo jwa lone mo molaokakanyetsong o. Ntlo ya Dikgosi ga e na dithata tsa go dira melao ka bo yone. <ref name=":2" /> === Lekalana la Khuduthamaga === Lekalana la khuduthamaga la Botswana le eteletswe pele ke tautona wa lefatshe la Botswana, yo o dirang jaaka [[:en:Head_of_state|tlhogo ya lefatshe]] le [[:en:Head_of_government|tlhogo ya puso]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSebudubuduMaripeBotlhomilweMalila2013">Sebudubudu, David; Maripe, Bugalo; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Z.; Malila, Ikanyeng S. (2013). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 "The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana"]. ''The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs''. '''40''' (2): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>59. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0856-0056 0856-0056]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 45341655].</cite></ref> Tautona o tshwara maemo ka ntlha ya bokgoni jwa gagwe jwa go [[:en:Motion_of_no_confidence|laola tshepo]] ya lekgotla la Kokoano ya khuduthamaga ya Botswana. Fa lekoko le le lengwe le ka gapa bontsi jwa manno a ditilo tsa palamente, moeteledipele wa lekoko leo o nna tautona yo montsha ka tsela e e ntseng fela jalo. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo ntlheng ya [[:en:Hung_parliament|go tlhoka lekoko le le tsayang bontsi jwa manno a ditilo tsa palamente]], tautona o tlhophiwa ke maloko a lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso, mme se ke selo se se iseng se diragale mo lefatsheng la Botswana. <ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Botlhale |first=Emmanuel |last2=Lotshwao |first2=Kebapetse |date=2013 |title=The Uneasy Relationship Between Parliament and the Executive in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90024373 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=45 |pages=39–51 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90024373}}</ref> Lekgotla la khuduthamaga ya lefatshe la Botswana ke lekalana le le nonofileng go gaisa a mangwe la puso mo Botswana mme tautona o na le dithata tse di rileng, mme ebile o etelela pele lekalana la puso la peomolao le lone. Lekalana la boatlhodi ke lone fela le le lemogilweng e le l''one'' le le tlholang maatla a ga tautona. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMogalakweNyamnjoh2017">Mogalakwe, Monageng; Nyamnjoh, Francis (2 January 2017). [[doi:10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636|"Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty"]]. ''Journal of Contemporary African Studies''. '''35''' (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>14. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636|10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636]]</span>. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0258-9001 0258-9001].</cite></ref> <ref name=":13" />Tautona o na le thibelo e e ka emisiwang, se se raya gore kwa tshimologong o ka seke a dumalane go amogela molao-kakanyetso go nna molao mme o ka se kgone go o thibela ruri . Fa tautona a sa amogele, molao-kakanyetso o busediwa kwa lekgotleng la Kokoano ya matona a puso. Fa lekgotla le ka netefatsa tshegetso ya lone gape ka tlhopho e e bonolo ya bontsi mo dikgweding di le thataro mme ya romela molao-kakanyetso gape, tautona o patelesega go amogela mo malatsing a le masome a mabedi le bongwe. Go palelwa ke go dira jalo go felela go dira gore go nne le ditlhopho tsa ka bonako tse di neng di sa rulaganngwa pele, ntle le fa tautona a tlhopha go ithola marapo a tiro pele ga nako e a e beetsweng. Fa molaokakanyetso o sena go bewa monwana o nna molao mme o phatlaladiwe mo pampiring ya melao ya Puso. Sebopego se, se letlelela tautona go diega go dira molao mme kwa bofelelong se fa lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso maatla a a kwa godimo a go tlola thibelo. Fa godimo ga moo, tautona ke [[:en:Commander-in-chief|molaodi yo mogolo]] wa sesole sa lefatshe la Botswana. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Mothusa Tautona wa Botswana|Mothusa-tautona wa Botswana]] le matona a puso a Botswana a tlhomiwa a bo a fiwa melawana ya bone ke tautona. <ref name=":13" /> Khuduthamaga e tsewa ka botlalo go tswa mo lekgotleng la Kokoano ya matona a puso, ka jalo matona a puso a tshwanetse gore a bo ele [[:en:Member_of_Parliament_(Botswana)|Maloko a Palamente]] ka dinako tsotlhe . <ref name=":12" /> Matona a puso a a mo teng ga khabinete a tsaya ditshwetso tse dikgolo ga mmogo ka jalo ba na le maikarabelo a ditshwetso tseo ga mmogo. <ref name=":0" /> === Lekalana la Boatlhodi === Kgotlatshekelokgolo ya Botswana ke Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo, e e tlhamilweng ka fa tlase ga karolo ya masome a le boferabobedi le boferabobedi ya Molaomotheo wa Botswana mme e na le tautona le palo ya baatlhodi ba boikuelo e e bewang ke lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name="constitution">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana |url=http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09}}</ref> Go na le baatlhodi ba le borobabobedi ba Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo, ba botlhe e leng batswakwa ba ba tswang kwa dikarolong tse di farologaneng tsa [[Mafatshe a selekane|mafatshe a selekanyo]] . Go fitlha gompieno ga go ise go nne le Motswana ope yo o kileng a bewa mo kgotlatshekelong ya boikuelo. <ref name="hierarchy">{{Cite web |title=The Hierarchy of the Courts |url=http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218013129/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-date=18 February 2011 |website=Government of Botswana}}</ref> [[Kgotlakgolo ya ditsheko ya Botswana|Kgotlatshekelokgolo]] ke kgotlatshekelo ya maemo a a kwa godimo fela thata ebile e e nang le taolo e e sa lekanyediwang ya go reetsa le go tlhomamisa ditsheko dipe tsa bosenyi le tsa selegae ka fa tlase ga molao mongwe le mongwe. Kgotlatshekelokgolo e tlhamilwe ka fa tlase ga karolo ya masome a le borobabobedi le botlhano ya molaomotheo mme e na le Moatlhodimogolo le palo ya baatlhodi ba bangwe ba Kgotlatshekelokgolo ba palo ya bone e bewang ke lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name="constitution">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana |url=http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf "Constitution of Botswana"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. [https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite></ref> Go na le baatlhodi ba le lesome le borataro ba sennela-ruri ba kgotlatshekelokgolo. Go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1992, baatlhodi ba Kgotlatshekelokgolo e ne e le baatlhodi ba ba tswang kwa mafatsheng a sele ba ba neng ba tlhomiwa ka dikonteraka tsa nako e khutshwane tsa dingwaga di le pedi go ya go di le tharo. Ka ngwaga wa 1992 baatlhodi ba ntlha ba baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba tlhomiwa. Go na le dikgaolo tse tharo tsa kgotlatshekelokgolo kwa [[Lobatse]], Gaborone le [[Francistown]] . <ref name="hierarchy">{{Cite web |title=The Hierarchy of the Courts |url=http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218013129/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-date=18 February 2011 |website=Government of Botswana}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110218013129/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ "The Hierarchy of the Courts"]. ''Government of Botswana''. Archived from [http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ the original] on 18 February 2011.</cite></ref> == Goromente wa lefatshe == Botswana ke [[:en:Parliamentary_republic|lefatshe le le nang le puso ya palamente,]] e e laolwang ke [[Molaomotheo wa Botswana|molaotheo wa Botswana]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}</ref> Molaomotheo o sale o simolola go dirisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana fa e sa le lefatshe le tsaya boipuso go tswa mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola malatsi a le masome a le mararo ka ngwaga wa 1966. <ref name=":15">{{Citation}}</ref> Se se dirile gore lefatshe la Botswana e nne la puso ya batho ka batho e e sa tshwenngweng ka tsela epe ka sebaka se seleele go gaisa mafatshe a mangwe a le mantsi mo Aferika ka bophara. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=Keratilwe |last3=Kwerepe |first3=Phana |date=2016 |title=The Politics of Opposition Electoral Coalitions and Alliances in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45342124 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45342124}}</ref> Botswana e dira ka fa tlase ga metswako ya [[:en:Roman-Dutch_law|melao e le meraro go akaretsa wa seRoma le seDutch]], [[:en:Customary_law|molao wa setso sa Setswana]] le [[:en:Common_law|molao wa tlwaelo yo o itsegeng ka leina la 'common law']] . Setilo kgotsa bokopanelo jwa matona a puso ya lefatshe la Botswana bo kwa toropokgolong ya [[Gaborone]] . <ref name=":15" /> === Lekalana la peomelao === [[Setshwantsho:BotswanaParliament.jpg|thumb|[[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Ntlokokoano ya lekgotla la khuduthamaga ya Botswana]]]] Lekgotla la peo-melao la Botswana le tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]] e e leng ya lefatshe la United Kingdom, le fa le na le dikarolo di le mmalwa tse di le farologanyang le tsamaiso e ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom. Tiro ya lekgotla le, ya semmuso ka fa tlase ga molaotheo wa lefatshe la Botswana ke go "dira melao e e tlaa netefatsang [[:en:Peace,_order_and_good_government|kagiso, tolamo le puso e e siameng ya lefatshe la Botswana"]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSebudubuduMaripeBotlhomilweMalila2013">Sebudubudu, David; Maripe, Bugalo; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Z.; Malila, Ikanyeng S. (2013). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 "The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana"]. ''The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs''. '''40''' (2): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>59. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0856-0056 0856-0056]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 45341655].</cite></ref> Lekgotla la peomolao le ikemeseditse go dira jaaka lekalana la tlhotlhomiso mo khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, mme le fa go ntse jalo ga le na maatla a mantsi a a tlhamaletseng a go lekanyetsa maatla a khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, go lebilwe go [[:en:Fusion_of_powers|kopanngwa ga dithata]] le ntlha ya gore [[:en:Majority_government|mafatshe ka bontsi a a etelelwang pele]] ke lekoko le le lengwe e sale e le yone kgang ya konokono go ya go ileng. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Botlhomilwe |first=M. Z. |last2=Molebatsi |first2=R. M. |date=2014-09-01 |title=A democracy with weak oversight intitutions : an application to the "African miracle", Botswana |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC164768 |journal=Journal of Public Administration |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=813–820 |hdl=10520/EJC164768}}</ref> <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lekgotla la peomolao la Botswana ke lekgotla la[[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Kokoano ya matona a puso]], ke lekgotla la [[:en:Unicameral|kamore e le nngwe]] le le nang le maloko a le masome a marataro le borobabongwe . Maloko a, a ka tshwara masome a marataro le bongwe a tlhophiwa ka tlhamalalo ke batlhophi ba bone go tswa dikgaolong tsa bone mme a le marataro, a tlhophiwa ke lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso. [[Tautona wa Botswana|Tautona wa lefatshe la Botswana]] le [[:en:Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Botswana|motsamaisa dipuisano tsa lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso]] ke [[:en:Ex_officio_member|maloko a lekgotla le ka ntlha ya boemo jwa tiro ya bone]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019190047/https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament |archive-date=19 October 2022 |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=Parliament of Botswana}}</ref> Gore molao-kakanyetso e nne molao, o tshwanetse go amogelwa ke lekgotla la ntlokokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Norton |first=Philip |date=2004-12-21 |title=How many bicameral legislatures are there? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1357233042000322436 |journal=The Journal of Legislative Studies |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/1357233042000322436 |issn=1357-2334 |s2cid=143950774 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lekgotla le, le dirisa tsamaiso ya [[:en:Question_time|nako-potso]] go phutha tshedimosetso ka molao-kakanyetso. <ref name=":2" /> ''[[Ntlo ya Dikgosi tsa Botswana|Ntlo ya Dikgosi]]'' ke lekgotla la dikgakololo le le tlhomilweng ka fa tlase ga molaomotheo wa lefatshe la Botswana. Maloko a lone a akaretsa dikgosi tsa morafe wa Batswana di le borobabobedi, maloko a le matlhano a a tlhomilweng ke tautona le maloko a le masome a mabedi le bobedi a a tlhophilweng ke dikgosi tse di borobabobedi tse go builweng ka tsone fa godimo. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Norton |first=Philip |date=2004-12-21 |title=How many bicameral legislatures are there? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1357233042000322436 |journal=The Journal of Legislative Studies |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/1357233042000322436 |issn=1357-2334 |s2cid=143950774 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNorton2004">Norton, Philip (21 December 2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[[doi:10.1080/1357233042000322436|"How many bicameral legislatures are there?"]]</span>. ''The Journal of Legislative Studies''. '''10''' (4): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>9. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/1357233042000322436|10.1080/1357233042000322436]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1357-2334 1357-2334]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143950774 143950774].</cite></ref> Molaokakanyetso mongwe le mongwe o o amang molaomotheo kgotsa melao ya setso ya merafe o tshwanetse go romelwa kwa lekgotleng la ''Ntlo ya Dikgosi'', kwa le tlaa fetang le buisa molaokakanyetso o le bo le fetisa tshwetso e e tlhalosang boemo jwa lone mo molaokakanyetsong o. Ntlo ya Dikgosi ga e na dithata tsa go dira melao ka bo yone. <ref name=":2" /> === Lekalana la Khuduthamaga === Lekalana la khuduthamaga la Botswana le eteletswe pele ke tautona wa lefatshe la Botswana, yo o dirang jaaka [[:en:Head_of_state|tlhogo ya lefatshe]] le [[:en:Head_of_government|tlhogo ya puso]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSebudubuduMaripeBotlhomilweMalila2013">Sebudubudu, David; Maripe, Bugalo; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Z.; Malila, Ikanyeng S. (2013). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 "The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana"]. ''The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs''. '''40''' (2): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>59. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0856-0056 0856-0056]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 45341655].</cite></ref> Tautona o tshwara maemo ka ntlha ya bokgoni jwa gagwe jwa go [[:en:Motion_of_no_confidence|laola tshepo]] ya lekgotla la Kokoano ya khuduthamaga ya Botswana. Fa lekoko le le lengwe le ka gapa bontsi jwa manno a ditilo tsa palamente, moeteledipele wa lekoko leo o nna tautona yo montsha ka tsela e e ntseng fela jalo. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo ntlheng ya [[:en:Hung_parliament|go tlhoka lekoko le le tsayang bontsi jwa manno a ditilo tsa palamente]], tautona o tlhophiwa ke maloko a lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso, mme se ke selo se se iseng se diragale mo lefatsheng la Botswana. <ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Botlhale |first=Emmanuel |last2=Lotshwao |first2=Kebapetse |date=2013 |title=The Uneasy Relationship Between Parliament and the Executive in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90024373 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=45 |pages=39–51 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90024373}}</ref> Lekgotla la khuduthamaga ya lefatshe la Botswana ke lekalana le le nonofileng go gaisa a mangwe la puso mo Botswana mme tautona o na le dithata tse di rileng, mme ebile o etelela pele lekalana la puso la peomolao le lone. Lekalana la boatlhodi ke lone fela le le lemogilweng e le l''one'' le le tlholang maatla a ga tautona. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMogalakweNyamnjoh2017">Mogalakwe, Monageng; Nyamnjoh, Francis (2 January 2017). [[doi:10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636|"Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty"]]. ''Journal of Contemporary African Studies''. '''35''' (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>14. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636|10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636]]</span>. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0258-9001 0258-9001].</cite></ref> <ref name=":13" />Tautona o na le thibelo e e ka emisiwang, se se raya gore kwa tshimologong o ka seke a dumalane go amogela molao-kakanyetso go nna molao mme o ka se kgone go o thibela ruri . Fa tautona a sa amogele, molao-kakanyetso o busediwa kwa lekgotleng la Kokoano ya matona a puso. Fa lekgotla le ka netefatsa tshegetso ya lone gape ka tlhopho e e bonolo ya bontsi mo dikgweding di le thataro mme ya romela molao-kakanyetso gape, tautona o patelesega go amogela mo malatsing a le masome a mabedi le bongwe. Go palelwa ke go dira jalo go felela go dira gore go nne le ditlhopho tsa ka bonako tse di neng di sa rulaganngwa pele, ntle le fa tautona a tlhopha go ithola marapo a tiro pele ga nako e a e beetsweng. Fa molaokakanyetso o sena go bewa monwana o nna molao mme o phatlaladiwe mo pampiring ya melao ya Puso. Sebopego se, se letlelela tautona go diega go dira molao mme kwa bofelelong se fa lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso maatla a a kwa godimo a go tlola thibelo. Fa godimo ga moo, tautona ke [[:en:Commander-in-chief|molaodi yo mogolo]] wa sesole sa lefatshe la Botswana. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Mothusa Tautona wa Botswana|Mothusa-tautona wa Botswana]] le matona a puso a Botswana a tlhomiwa a bo a fiwa melawana ya bone ke tautona. <ref name=":13" /> Khuduthamaga e tsewa ka botlalo go tswa mo lekgotleng la Kokoano ya matona a puso, ka jalo matona a puso a tshwanetse gore a bo ele [[:en:Member_of_Parliament_(Botswana)|Maloko a Palamente]] ka dinako tsotlhe . <ref name=":12" /> Matona a puso a a mo teng ga khabinete a tsaya ditshwetso tse dikgolo ga mmogo ka jalo ba na le maikarabelo a ditshwetso tseo ga mmogo. <ref name=":0" /> === Lekalana la Boatlhodi === Kgotlatshekelokgolo ya Botswana ke Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo, e e tlhamilweng ka fa tlase ga karolo ya masome a le boferabobedi le boferabobedi ya Molaomotheo wa Botswana mme e na le tautona le palo ya baatlhodi ba boikuelo e e bewang ke lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name="constitution">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana |url=http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09}}</ref> Go na le baatlhodi ba le borobabobedi ba Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo, ba botlhe e leng batswakwa ba ba tswang kwa dikarolong tse di farologaneng tsa [[Mafatshe a selekane|mafatshe a selekanyo]] . Go fitlha gompieno ga go ise go nne le Motswana ope yo o kileng a bewa mo kgotlatshekelong ya boikuelo. <ref name="hierarchy">{{Cite web |title=The Hierarchy of the Courts |url=http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218013129/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-date=18 February 2011 |website=Government of Botswana}}</ref> [[Kgotlakgolo ya ditsheko ya Botswana|Kgotlatshekelokgolo]] ke kgotlatshekelo ya maemo a a kwa godimo fela thata ebile e e nang le taolo e e sa lekanyediwang ya go reetsa le go tlhomamisa ditsheko dipe tsa bosenyi le tsa selegae ka fa tlase ga molao mongwe le mongwe. Kgotlatshekelokgolo e tlhamilwe ka fa tlase ga karolo ya masome a le borobabobedi le botlhano ya molaomotheo mme e na le Moatlhodimogolo le palo ya baatlhodi ba bangwe ba Kgotlatshekelokgolo ba palo ya bone e bewang ke lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name="constitution">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana |url=http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf "Constitution of Botswana"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. [https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite></ref> Go na le baatlhodi ba le lesome le borataro ba sennela-ruri ba kgotlatshekelokgolo. Go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1992, baatlhodi ba Kgotlatshekelokgolo e ne e le baatlhodi ba ba tswang kwa mafatsheng a sele ba ba neng ba tlhomiwa ka dikonteraka tsa nako e khutshwane tsa dingwaga di le pedi go ya go di le tharo. Ka ngwaga wa 1992 baatlhodi ba ntlha ba baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba tlhomiwa. Go na le dikgaolo tse tharo tsa kgotlatshekelokgolo kwa [[Lobatse]], Gaborone le [[Francistown]] . <ref name="hierarchy">{{Cite web |title=The Hierarchy of the Courts |url=http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218013129/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-date=18 February 2011 |website=Government of Botswana}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110218013129/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ "The Hierarchy of the Courts"]. ''Government of Botswana''. Archived from [http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ the original] on 18 February 2011.</cite></ref> Bontsi jwa ditsheko di rarabololwa ke dikgotlatshekelo tsa setso, tse di okametsweng ke dikgosi tsa merafe. Dikgotlatshekelo tse gantsi di ratwa ke baagedi ba Botswana ka ntlha ya go nna bonolo ga tsone. <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Keshav C. |date=2020-08-23 |title=Role of local government in Botswana for effective service delivery: Challenges, prospects and lessons |url=https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.928945225837497 |journal=Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance |issue=7 |pages=135–142}}</ref> Gape go na le [[:en:Magistrates'_Courts|makgotla a ga mmakaseterata]] mo Botswana. Dikgotlatshekelo tse di ka fa tlase ga Kgotlatshekelokgolo mme di reetsa mefuta e e farologaneng ya ditsheko tsa molao wa selegae, wa bosenyi le wa lelwapa. Go na le dikgotlatshekelo tsa bommakaseterata di le lesome le boferabongwe mo lefatsheng la Botswana, ka bommakaseterata ba le masome a le matlhano mme ba le lesome le bosupa ba bone ke batswakwa. <ref name="hierarchy">{{Cite web |title=The Hierarchy of the Courts |url=http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218013129/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-date=18 February 2011 |website=Government of Botswana}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110218013129/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ "The Hierarchy of the Courts"]. ''Government of Botswana''. Archived from [http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ the original] on 18 February 2011.</cite></ref> == Puso ya mono-gae le ya merafe == Puso ya lefatshe la Botswana e laolwa ke [[:en:Centralized_government|legare la lefatshe]] mme dithata tsa puso ya selegae di laolwa ke molao wa setshaba ka bophara. Puso ya selegae e letleletswe ka fa tlase ga molao wa Pusoselegae yo o ka fa tlase ga Makgotla a Dikgaolo ebile o tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa1965. Karolo e potlana mo go tsotlhe tse di leng teng, ya puso mo Botswana ke khansele ya selegae kgotsa ya kwa magaeng. Ditoropokgolo mo Botswana di ka fa tlase ga taolo ya ga ratoropo le lekgotla la toropokgolo, le le eteletsweng pele ke modulasetilo wa lekgotla la khansele. <ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Mooketsane |first=K. |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=K. |last3=Motshekgwa |first3=B. |date=2017 |title=Is decentralisation in Botswana a democratic fallacy? |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC-6a061f80d |journal=African Journal of Public Affairs |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=47–60 |hdl=10520/EJC-6a061f80d}}</ref> Ditoropo le tsone di na le makgotla a ditoropo a khansele, fa dikgaolo tsa magae tsone di kokoanngwa ka fa tlase ga makgotla a dikgaolo. Makgotla a, ke one a a okametseng thata tlhokomelo ya thuto, botsogo, ditsela, metsi, ditlhabololo tsa mono-gae le boipelego ka kakaretso. Makalana a pusoselegae ga a kokoanye madi a a rileng mme madi a selekanyo se se bapileng le se se ka tlamelang ditiro tsotlhe tsa selegae a tlamelwa ke puso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Keshav C. |date=2020-08-23 |title=Role of local government in Botswana for effective service delivery: Challenges, prospects and lessons |url=https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.928945225837497 |journal=Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance |issue=7 |pages=135–142}}</ref> == Puso ya mono-gae le ya merafe == Puso ya lefatshe la Botswana e laolwa ke [[:en:Centralized_government|legare la lefatshe]] mme dithata tsa puso ya selegae di laolwa ke molao wa setshaba ka bophara. Puso ya selegae e letleletswe ka fa tlase ga molao wa Pusoselegae yo o ka fa tlase ga Makgotla a Dikgaolo ebile o tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa1965. Karolo e potlana mo go tsotlhe tse di leng teng, ya puso mo Botswana ke khansele ya selegae kgotsa ya kwa magaeng. Ditoropokgolo mo Botswana di ka fa tlase ga taolo ya ga ratoropo le lekgotla la toropokgolo, le le eteletsweng pele ke modulasetilo wa lekgotla la khansele. <ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Mooketsane |first=K. |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=K. |last3=Motshekgwa |first3=B. |date=2017 |title=Is decentralisation in Botswana a democratic fallacy? |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC-6a061f80d |journal=African Journal of Public Affairs |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=47–60 |hdl=10520/EJC-6a061f80d}}</ref> Ditoropo le tsone di na le makgotla a ditoropo a khansele, fa dikgaolo tsa magae tsone di kokoanngwa ka fa tlase ga makgotla a dikgaolo. Makgotla a, ke one a a okametseng thata tlhokomelo ya thuto, botsogo, ditsela, metsi, ditlhabololo tsa mono-gae le boipelego ka kakaretso. Makalana a pusoselegae ga a kokoanye madi a a rileng mme madi a selekanyo se se bapileng le se se ka tlamelang ditiro tsotlhe tsa selegae a tlamelwa ke puso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Keshav C. |date=2020-08-23 |title=Role of local government in Botswana for effective service delivery: Challenges, prospects and lessons |url=https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.928945225837497 |journal=Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance |issue=7 |pages=135–142}}</ref> Merafe e eteletswe pele ke dikgosi tsa merafe, tse gantsi di nang le maatla a tlhotlheletso a magolo mo mererong epe ya puso-selegae. Dikgosi di na le maikarabelo a go nna badulasetilo ba [[Kgotla|''dikgotla'']], go etelela pele dikopano tsa setso tsa merafe le go okamela dikgotlatshekelo tsa setso . <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Keshav C. |date=2020-08-23 |title=Role of local government in Botswana for effective service delivery: Challenges, prospects and lessons |url=https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.928945225837497 |journal=Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance |issue=7 |pages=135–142}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSharma2020">Sharma, Keshav C. (23 August 2020). [https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.928945225837497 "Role of local government in Botswana for effective service delivery: Challenges, prospects and lessons"]. ''Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance'' (7): <span class="nowrap">135–</span>142.</cite></ref> ''Dikgotla'' di simolotse pele ga boipuso jwa lefatshe la Botswana mme di emela puso ya setso e mo go yone kgosi e neng e busa ebile e tsewa jaaka [[:en:First_among_equals|motho wa ntlha mo go ba ba lekanang]] . Dikgosi tsa letso la Setswana go tswa mo dipakeng tsa bogologolo di ne di na le maikarabelo a mantsi mo bathong go feta merafe e mengwe ya Aferika, jaaka e ne e le tselana ya go itshetsa e kgolo ya kgaolo, thuo ya dikgomo, e ne e letla balemibarui go tsamaya mafelo ka go farologana le go ikemela ka nosi go fetisa ka fa ba neng ba thusiwa ke go lema ka teng. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe le le fitlhelwang mo magaeng a merafe le ka fa tlase ebile le abelwa ke boto ya tsa ditsha. Diboto tse tsa Ditsha di bopilwe ka maloko a a tlhophilweng ke morafe ga mmogo le maloko a a tlhophilweng ke [[:en:Minister_of_Lands_(Botswana)|Tona ya Ditsha]] . <ref name=":8" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le kgaogantswe ka [[Dikgaolo tsa Botswana|dikgaolo di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 Population and Housing Census Preliminary Results |url=https://www.statsbots.org.bw/sites/default/files/publications/2022%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Preliminary%20Results.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527193128/https://www.statsbots.org.bw/sites/default/files/publications/2022%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Preliminary%20Results.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2022 |website=Statistics Botswana |page=5}}</ref> Kgaolo nngwe le nngwe e ka fa tlase ga taolo ya tsamaiso ya kgaolo, e e eteletsweng pele ke molaodi wa kgaolo. <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Keshav C. |date=2020-08-23 |title=Role of local government in Botswana for effective service delivery: Challenges, prospects and lessons |url=https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.928945225837497 |journal=Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance |issue=7 |pages=135–142}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSharma2020">Sharma, Keshav C. (23 August 2020). [https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.928945225837497 "Role of local government in Botswana for effective service delivery: Challenges, prospects and lessons"]. ''Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance'' (7): <span class="nowrap">135–</span>142.</cite></ref> == Makoko a tsa sepolotiki == Lefatshe la Botswana le tlhaolwa ka [[:en:Multi-party_system|tsamaiso ya makoko a le mantsi]] a a phadisanang mo go tsa polotiki. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne le na le [[:en:Dominant-party_system|tsamaiso ya lekoko le le laolang]] le sa tswe mo pusong le e neng e le la BDP, le ne le nna fela le fenya ditlhopho ngwaga go ya ngwageng go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1965 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 2024. Lekoko le, le ne la tlhamiwa ke rre Seretse Khama ka ngwaga wa 1962 ka nako ya fa setšhaba se ne se tsamaela kwa boipusong mme le ne la busa ka bontsi mo pusong nngwe le nngwe go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 2024. Go ya ka ditso, [[Botswana National Front]] e nnile lekoko la kganetso le legolo, le buelela tsamaiso ya polotiki ya [[:en:Left-wing_politics|tekatekanyo le tlhakanelo ya didirisiwa ka tsela e e bonolo]] . <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=Keratilwe |last3=Kwerepe |first3=Phana |date=2016 |title=The Politics of Opposition Electoral Coalitions and Alliances in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45342124 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45342124}}</ref> Makokokganetso mo lekgotleng la peomolao la Botswana gantsi a ne a kgaogane, go na le makoko a le mmalwa a a neng a phadisana mo godimo ga go gwetlha lekoko la BDP. <ref name=":3" /> Lekoko la kganetso le ne le emilwe nokeng thata ke batho ba ba nnang kwa ditoropong, merafe e e neng e le kwa ntle ga bontsi jwa baagedi ba Batswana le dikgosi dingwe tsa merafe jaaka kgosi [[Kgosi Bathoen Gaseitsiwe|Bathoen II]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Masilo |first2=Bontle |date=2018 |title=Social Cleavages and Party Alignment in Botswana: Dominant Party System Debate Revisited |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026898 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=59–71 |issn=0525-5090}}</ref> Go oketsega ga go banni mo ditoropong mo go simologileng ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe le masome a robabobedi go ne ga fa makokokganetso maatla a mantsi. [[:en:Political_faction|Go kgaogana ka ditlhopha]] go tlwaelesegile mo makokong a sepolotiki a Botswana mme makoko a le mmalwa a kgaogane le lekoko la Botswana National Front, go akaretsa lekoko la [[Botswana Congress Party]] e e neng ya nna lekoko le lengwe le le botlhokwa la kganetso morago ga go tlhamiwa ga lone ka ngwaga wa 1998. Go ne ga dirwa maiteko a le mmalwa a go dira [[:en:Political_group|dikgolagano]] magareng ga makokokganetso. Segolobogolo ka ngwaga wa 2012, Botswana National Front, [[Lekoko la Botswana Movement for Democracy|Botswana Movement for Democracy]] le [[Botswana People's Party|Botswana People’s Party]] di ne tsa bopa [[Umbrella for Democratic Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] se se neng sa fenya BDP kwa [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa Botswana tsa ngwaga wa 2024]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-06-06 |title='Umbrella for Democratic Change' party to be registered |url=https://www.sundaystandard.info/ocyumbrella-for-democratic-changeoco-party-to-be-registered/ |access-date=2024-03-31}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=EPHRAIM KEORENG<br>Staff |date=2012-06-21 |title=Umbrella MPs in double membership |url=https://www.mmegi.bw/news/umbrella-mps-in-double-membership/news |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=Mmegi Online}}</ref> == Ditlhopho == Lefatshe la Botswana le ntse le tshwara ditlhopho gangwe le gape fa e sale le tsaya boipuso, ditlhopho tse di tshwarwa morago ga dingwaga tse tlhano di fetsa go feta, tse tsotlhe di fentsweng ke lekoko la Botswana Democratic Party. Ditlhopho tsa lefatshe la Botswana di okamilwe ke [[:en:Independent_Electoral_Commission_(Botswana)|Khomišene e e Ikemetseng ya Ditlhopho]] (IEC). <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |date=2015-01-02 |title=An assessment of Botswana's electoral management body to deliver fair elections |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2015.1021210 |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=105–120 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2015.1021210 |issn=0258-9001 |s2cid=154949350 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ditlhopho mo Botswana di dirisa mokgwa wa go tlhopha yo o bidiwang [[:en:First-past-the-post_voting|'first-past-the-post']] o mo go one mofenyi e leng ntlhopheng yo o bonang [[:en:Majority|bontsi]] kgotsa [[:en:Plurality_(voting)|palo e e kwa godimo]] ga tsa bo ntlhopheng ba bangwe ya ditlhopho. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=Keratilwe |last3=Kwerepe |first3=Phana |date=2016 |title=The Politics of Opposition Electoral Coalitions and Alliances in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45342124 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45342124}}</ref> Botswana e bonwa e le lefatshe la sewelo tota mo mafatsheng a Aferika ka gore ditlhopho tsa teng ga di ise di ko di amanngwe le [[:en:Political_violence|tiriso ya dikgoka e e anameng ya sepolotiki]] jaaka mo mafatsheng a mangwe. <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Botlhomilwe |first2=Mokganedi Zara |date=2010 |title=The management of elections: the case of Botswana |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/10.10520/EJC88240 |journal=Politeia |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=65–77}}</ref> == Ditlhopho == Lefatshe la Botswana le ntse le tshwara ditlhopho gangwe le gape fa e sale le tsaya boipuso, ditlhopho tse di tshwarwa morago ga dingwaga tse tlhano di fetsa go feta, tse tsotlhe di fentsweng ke lekoko la Botswana Democratic Party. Ditlhopho tsa lefatshe la Botswana di okamilwe ke [[:en:Independent_Electoral_Commission_(Botswana)|Khomišene e e Ikemetseng ya Ditlhopho]] (IEC). <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |date=2015-01-02 |title=An assessment of Botswana's electoral management body to deliver fair elections |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2015.1021210 |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=105–120 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2015.1021210 |issn=0258-9001 |s2cid=154949350 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ditlhopho mo Botswana di dirisa mokgwa wa go tlhopha yo o bidiwang [[:en:First-past-the-post_voting|'first-past-the-post']] o mo go one mofenyi e leng ntlhopheng yo o bonang [[:en:Majority|bontsi]] kgotsa [[:en:Plurality_(voting)|palo e e kwa godimo]] ga tsa bo ntlhopheng ba bangwe ya ditlhopho. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=Keratilwe |last3=Kwerepe |first3=Phana |date=2016 |title=The Politics of Opposition Electoral Coalitions and Alliances in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45342124 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45342124}}</ref> Botswana e bonwa e le lefatshe la sewelo tota mo mafatsheng a Aferika ka gore ditlhopho tsa teng ga di ise di ko di amanngwe le [[:en:Political_violence|tiriso ya dikgoka e e anameng ya sepolotiki]] jaaka mo mafatsheng a mangwe. <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Botlhomilwe |first2=Mokganedi Zara |date=2010 |title=The management of elections: the case of Botswana |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/10.10520/EJC88240 |journal=Politeia |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=65–77}}</ref> Boemanosi jwa ditlhopho tsa lefatshe la Botswana bo ntse bo sekasekwa mo dingwageng tse di fetileng. Le fa ditlhopho di gololesegile ebile makoko a kganetso a sa thibelwe, lekoko le le mo maemong le na le bokgoni le tetla ya dilo dingwe tse di ka fetolang maduo. Pele ga go tlhamiwa ga lekgotla la IEC, lekoko le le busang le ne le laola ditlhopho ka kantoro ya Motlhokomedi wa Ditlhopho, e e neng e wela ka fa tlase ga taolo e e tlhamaletseng ya kantoro ya tautona wa lefatshe. Go tlhamiwa ga lekgotla la IEC, jaaka karolo ya diphetogo tsa puso ya batho ka batho tse di dirilweng ka dingwaga di le sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabobedi fa di simologa, fa e sale ka nako e o go fokoditse se ka bokete bo bo rileng, le fa dipotso tse di amanang le boipuso jwa lone di ne tsa nna teng mo nakong e e neng e setse ya puso ya lekoko le le lengwe. <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |date=2015-01-02 |title=An assessment of Botswana's electoral management body to deliver fair elections |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2015.1021210 |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=105–120 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2015.1021210 |issn=0258-9001 |s2cid=154949350 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMogalakwe2015">Mogalakwe, Monageng (2 January 2015). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[[doi:10.1080/02589001.2015.1021210|"An assessment of Botswana's electoral management body to deliver fair elections"]]</span>. ''Journal of Contemporary African Studies''. '''33''' (1): <span class="nowrap">105–</span>120. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/02589001.2015.1021210|10.1080/02589001.2015.1021210]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0258-9001 0258-9001]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154949350 154949350].</cite></ref> <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Botlhomilwe |first2=Mokganedi Zara |date=2010 |title=The management of elections: the case of Botswana |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/10.10520/EJC88240 |journal=Politeia |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=65–77}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2010">Sebudubudu, David; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Zara (2010). [https://journals.co.za/doi/10.10520/EJC88240 "The management of elections: the case of Botswana"]. ''Politeia''. '''29''' (1): <span class="nowrap">65–</span>77.</cite></ref> == Dikgang tse di amanang le melao ya puso == === Melao ya puso e e amanang le tsa madi === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Botswana ke lefatshe la letseno le le kwa godimo mme mo go lekanetseng ebile le le nang le [[:en:Mixed_economy|itsholelo e e tlhakaneng]] mme ebile lefatshe la Botswana ke lengwe la mafatshe a a nang le itsholelo e e nonofileng thata mo Aferika. Motheo wa molao wa ntlha wa puso o o amanang le tsa madi wa lefatshe la Botswana o beilwe ke puso ya ntlha ya morago ga boipuso ka dingwaga tsa bo 1960, e akaretsa thulaganyo ya tekanyetso ya tiriso ya itsholelo ya lefatshe go itshetsa ka metseletsele ya maano a tlhabololo ya setshaba. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go na le [[:en:Income_inequality|go tlhoka tekatekano ya letseno mo go bonalang fela thata]] mo Botswana, bogolosegolo fa gare ga ditoropo tse di tlhabologileng le dikgaolo tsa magae tse di humanegileng. <ref name=":14" />Seelo sa botlhokatiro mo Botswana se ne se eme mo makgolong a le mabedi go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2015. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go ikaega ga lefatshe la Botswana ka kgwebo ya thekiso ya diteemane go dirile gore go farologanngwe mananeo a go tsholetsa itsholelo ya lefatshe se ebile e nnile lengwe la maikaelelo a magolo a molao wa itsholelo ya setšhaba mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa lone. Mananeo a puso a a tshwanang le [[:en:National_Development_Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya setšhaba ya ditlhabololo]], [[:en:Botswana_Development_Corporation|Koporasi ya dilhabololo ya Botswana]], [[:en:Financial_Assistance_Policy|Pholisi ya Thuso ya Matlole]] le [[:en:Economic_Diversification_Drive|Letsholo la Pharologanyo ya itsholelo]] a tsentswe mo tirisong go rotloetsa kgolo ya itsholelo mo madirelong a mangwe, fela ga a fokotsa thata go ikaega ga setšhaba ka kgwebo ya sone ya thekiso ya diteemane. [ 56 ] == Dikgang tse di amanang le melao ya puso == === Melao ya puso e e amanang le tsa madi === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Botswana ke lefatshe la letseno le le kwa godimo mme mo go lekanetseng ebile le le nang le [[:en:Mixed_economy|itsholelo e e tlhakaneng]] mme ebile lefatshe la Botswana ke lengwe la mafatshe a a nang le itsholelo e e nonofileng thata mo Aferika. Motheo wa molao wa ntlha wa puso o o amanang le tsa madi wa lefatshe la Botswana o beilwe ke puso ya ntlha ya morago ga boipuso ka dingwaga tsa bo 1960, e akaretsa thulaganyo ya tekanyetso ya tiriso ya itsholelo ya lefatshe go itshetsa ka metseletsele ya maano a tlhabololo ya setshaba. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go na le [[:en:Income_inequality|go tlhoka tekatekano ya letseno mo go bonalang fela thata]] mo Botswana, bogolosegolo fa gare ga ditoropo tse di tlhabologileng le dikgaolo tsa magae tse di humanegileng. <ref name=":14" />Seelo sa botlhokatiro mo Botswana se ne se eme mo makgolong a le mabedi go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2015. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go ikaega ga lefatshe la Botswana ka kgwebo ya thekiso ya diteemane go dirile gore go farologanngwe mananeo a go tsholetsa itsholelo ya lefatshe se ebile e nnile lengwe la maikaelelo a magolo a molao wa itsholelo ya setšhaba mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa lone. Mananeo a puso a a tshwanang le [[:en:National_Development_Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya setšhaba ya ditlhabololo]], [[:en:Botswana_Development_Corporation|Koporasi ya dilhabololo ya Botswana]], [[:en:Financial_Assistance_Policy|Pholisi ya Thuso ya Matlole]] le [[:en:Economic_Diversification_Drive|Letsholo la Pharologanyo ya itsholelo]] a tsentswe mo tirisong go rotloetsa kgolo ya itsholelo mo madirelong a mangwe, fela ga a fokotsa thata go ikaega ga setšhaba ka kgwebo ya sone ya thekiso ya diteemane. <ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 129–164)</ref> Itsholelo ya Bechuanaland ya dinako tsa puso ya batho-basweu e ne e tsepamisitse mogopolo mo thuong ya dikgomo mme e ne e le kgwebo ya ntlha mo dingwageng tse di lesome tsa ntlha tsa boipuso ya lefatshe la Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 16)</ref> Ka bontsi jwa setšhaba bo ne bo amega mo lephateng le ka tsela nngwe, go ne go sena mabaka a kgotlhang ya maemo mo bathong ba bontsi jwa bone ba neng ba nna kwa magaeng. Le fa kabo ya lefatshe ka dinako tse dingwe e ne e le kgang, go ne go na le lefatshe le le lekaneng le le neng le sena bannga lone le barui ba dikgomo ba neng ba ka le dirisa ba ntse ba le mo tseleng kgotsa ba feta, go fokotsa dikgogakgogano mo dikgannyeng tsa itsholelo.<ref>(Leith 2005, p. 55)</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, go ne ga fitlhelwa dipeeletso tsa diteemane mo Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso go latelela [[:en:Commodity_economy|kgwebo ya dithoto]] go tswa mo [[:en:Mining|meepong]], e tlaleleditswe ka madirelo a mannye jaaka thuo ya dikgomo, tlhagiso le bojanala. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMwansaJacques2014">Mwansa, Lengwe-Katembula; Jacques, Gloria (2014). [[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|"Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care"]]. ''The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare''. '''41''' (2): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>125. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|10.15453/0191-5096.3953]]</span>. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54529195 54529195].</cite></ref> Katlego ya itsholelo ya lefatshe e amana le [[:en:Neoliberalism|melawana ya itsholelo e e fokotsang taolo ya puso mo go tsa itsholelo]] go akaretsa mebaraka e e gololesegileng le tshireletso ya dithoto tsa batho, se se okeditseng thata maemo a botshelo a baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana morago ga boipuso. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":7" /> Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya dipuso fela tsa borwa jwa Sahara tse di neng di sa tsenelele mo melawaneng e e botlhokwa ya taolo kgotsa ya kabosešwa morago ga go ntshiwa ga puso ya batho-basweu. Se, ga mmogo le taolo ya lone le maikarabelo mo go tsa madi ya thekiso ya diteemane, di ne tsa dira gore go nne le kgolo thata ya itsholelo mo lefatsheng mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. <ref name=":12" /><ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Tlhabololo ya bošeng e gateletse [[:en:Welfare_state|puso e e tlhokomelang boitekanelo jwa batho]] ka molao wa kabosešwa ya itsholelo. <ref name=":7" /> == Dikgang tse di amanang le melao ya puso == === Melao ya puso e e amanang le tsa madi === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Botswana ke lefatshe la letseno le le kwa godimo mme mo go lekanetseng ebile le le nang le [[:en:Mixed_economy|itsholelo e e tlhakaneng]] mme ebile lefatshe la Botswana ke lengwe la mafatshe a a nang le itsholelo e e nonofileng thata mo Aferika. Motheo wa molao wa ntlha wa puso o o amanang le tsa madi wa lefatshe la Botswana o beilwe ke puso ya ntlha ya morago ga boipuso ka dingwaga tsa bo 1960, e akaretsa thulaganyo ya tekanyetso ya tiriso ya itsholelo ya lefatshe go itshetsa ka metseletsele ya maano a tlhabololo ya setshaba. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go na le [[:en:Income_inequality|go tlhoka tekatekano ya letseno mo go bonalang fela thata]] mo Botswana, bogolosegolo fa gare ga ditoropo tse di tlhabologileng le dikgaolo tsa magae tse di humanegileng. <ref name=":14" />Seelo sa botlhokatiro mo Botswana se ne se eme mo makgolong a le mabedi go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2015. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go ikaega ga lefatshe la Botswana ka kgwebo ya thekiso ya diteemane go dirile gore go farologanngwe mananeo a go tsholetsa itsholelo ya lefatshe se ebile e nnile lengwe la maikaelelo a magolo a molao wa itsholelo ya setšhaba mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa lone. Mananeo a puso a a tshwanang le [[:en:National_Development_Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya setšhaba ya ditlhabololo]], [[:en:Botswana_Development_Corporation|Koporasi ya dilhabololo ya Botswana]], [[:en:Financial_Assistance_Policy|Pholisi ya Thuso ya Matlole]] le [[:en:Economic_Diversification_Drive|Letsholo la Pharologanyo ya itsholelo]] a tsentswe mo tirisong go rotloetsa kgolo ya itsholelo mo madirelong a mangwe, fela ga a fokotsa thata go ikaega ga setšhaba ka kgwebo ya sone ya thekiso ya diteemane. <ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 129–164)</ref> Itsholelo ya Bechuanaland ya dinako tsa puso ya batho-basweu e ne e tsepamisitse mogopolo mo thuong ya dikgomo mme e ne e le kgwebo ya ntlha mo dingwageng tse di lesome tsa ntlha tsa boipuso ya lefatshe la Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 16)</ref> Ka bontsi jwa setšhaba bo ne bo amega mo lephateng le ka tsela nngwe, go ne go sena mabaka a kgotlhang ya maemo mo bathong ba bontsi jwa bone ba neng ba nna kwa magaeng. Le fa kabo ya lefatshe ka dinako tse dingwe e ne e le kgang, go ne go na le lefatshe le le lekaneng le le neng le sena bannga lone le barui ba dikgomo ba neng ba ka le dirisa ba ntse ba le mo tseleng kgotsa ba feta, go fokotsa dikgogakgogano mo dikgannyeng tsa itsholelo.<ref>(Leith 2005, p. 55)</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, go ne ga fitlhelwa dipeeletso tsa diteemane mo Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso go latelela [[:en:Commodity_economy|kgwebo ya dithoto]] go tswa mo [[:en:Mining|meepong]], e tlaleleditswe ka madirelo a mannye jaaka thuo ya dikgomo, tlhagiso le bojanala. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMwansaJacques2014">Mwansa, Lengwe-Katembula; Jacques, Gloria (2014). [[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|"Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care"]]. ''The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare''. '''41''' (2): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>125. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|10.15453/0191-5096.3953]]</span>. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54529195 54529195].</cite></ref> Katlego ya itsholelo ya lefatshe e amana le [[:en:Neoliberalism|melawana ya itsholelo e e fokotsang taolo ya puso mo go tsa itsholelo]] go akaretsa mebaraka e e gololesegileng le tshireletso ya dithoto tsa batho, se se okeditseng thata maemo a botshelo a baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana morago ga boipuso. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":7" /> Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya dipuso fela tsa borwa jwa Sahara tse di neng di sa tsenelele mo melawaneng e e botlhokwa ya taolo kgotsa ya kabosešwa morago ga go ntshiwa ga puso ya batho-basweu. Se, ga mmogo le taolo ya lone le maikarabelo mo go tsa madi ya thekiso ya diteemane, di ne tsa dira gore go nne le kgolo thata ya itsholelo mo lefatsheng mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. <ref name=":12" /><ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Tlhabololo ya bošeng e gateletse [[:en:Welfare_state|puso e e tlhokomelang boitekanelo jwa batho]] ka molao wa kabosešwa ya itsholelo. <ref name=":7" /> === Melao ya dikanamo tsa mafatshe a sele === Tautona o na le maikarabelo a melao ya dikanamo tsa mafatshe a sele ya Botswana, a okametse [[:en:Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Botswana)|Tona ya Merero ya mafatshe a sele]] . Katlego ya Botswana mo go tsa sepolotiki le itsholelo fa e bapisiwa le mafatshe a mangwe mo Aferika e dirile gore e nne le seabe se segolwane mo mererong ya dikgaolo le lefatshe ka bophara. Kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo masome a le mabedi, lefatshe la Botswana le ne la simolola go romela dithuso tsa madi le tsa sesole kwa mafatsheng a a mabapi ga mmogo le mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba. <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> Lefatshe la Botswana le gateletse [[:en:Multilateralism|tirisanommogo ya mafatshe a mantsi]] mo melaong ya lone ya tsa kamano le mafatshe a sele. <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Lekoa |first=LC |date=2019 |title=Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=51 |pages=118–122}}</ref> Go dikologiwa ke lewatle ga lefatshe le, le itsholelo e e tlhotlhelediwang ke thekisetso mafatshe a mangwe go rotloeditse go tshegetsa dikamano tse di tiileng le mafatshe a mangwe, <ref name=":10" /> mme palo ya lone e e kwa tlase le go nna gaufi le mafatshe a dipuso tse di sa tlhomamang go dirile gore Botswana e dirisane mmogo le [[:en:International_organisations|mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba]] go bona tshireletso le ditsompelo. <ref name=":11" /> == Dikgang tse di amanang le melao ya puso == === Melao ya puso e e amanang le tsa madi === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Botswana ke lefatshe la letseno le le kwa godimo mme mo go lekanetseng ebile le le nang le [[:en:Mixed_economy|itsholelo e e tlhakaneng]] mme ebile lefatshe la Botswana ke lengwe la mafatshe a a nang le itsholelo e e nonofileng thata mo Aferika. Motheo wa molao wa ntlha wa puso o o amanang le tsa madi wa lefatshe la Botswana o beilwe ke puso ya ntlha ya morago ga boipuso ka dingwaga tsa bo 1960, e akaretsa thulaganyo ya tekanyetso ya tiriso ya itsholelo ya lefatshe go itshetsa ka metseletsele ya maano a tlhabololo ya setshaba. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go na le [[:en:Income_inequality|go tlhoka tekatekano ya letseno mo go bonalang fela thata]] mo Botswana, bogolosegolo fa gare ga ditoropo tse di tlhabologileng le dikgaolo tsa magae tse di humanegileng. <ref name=":14" />Seelo sa botlhokatiro mo Botswana se ne se eme mo makgolong a le mabedi go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2015. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go ikaega ga lefatshe la Botswana ka kgwebo ya thekiso ya diteemane go dirile gore go farologanngwe mananeo a go tsholetsa itsholelo ya lefatshe se ebile e nnile lengwe la maikaelelo a magolo a molao wa itsholelo ya setšhaba mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa lone. Mananeo a puso a a tshwanang le [[:en:National_Development_Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya setšhaba ya ditlhabololo]], [[:en:Botswana_Development_Corporation|Koporasi ya dilhabololo ya Botswana]], [[:en:Financial_Assistance_Policy|Pholisi ya Thuso ya Matlole]] le [[:en:Economic_Diversification_Drive|Letsholo la Pharologanyo ya itsholelo]] a tsentswe mo tirisong go rotloetsa kgolo ya itsholelo mo madirelong a mangwe, fela ga a fokotsa thata go ikaega ga setšhaba ka kgwebo ya sone ya thekiso ya diteemane. <ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 129–164)</ref> Itsholelo ya Bechuanaland ya dinako tsa puso ya batho-basweu e ne e tsepamisitse mogopolo mo thuong ya dikgomo mme e ne e le kgwebo ya ntlha mo dingwageng tse di lesome tsa ntlha tsa boipuso ya lefatshe la Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 16)</ref> Ka bontsi jwa setšhaba bo ne bo amega mo lephateng le ka tsela nngwe, go ne go sena mabaka a kgotlhang ya maemo mo bathong ba bontsi jwa bone ba neng ba nna kwa magaeng. Le fa kabo ya lefatshe ka dinako tse dingwe e ne e le kgang, go ne go na le lefatshe le le lekaneng le le neng le sena bannga lone le barui ba dikgomo ba neng ba ka le dirisa ba ntse ba le mo tseleng kgotsa ba feta, go fokotsa dikgogakgogano mo dikgannyeng tsa itsholelo.<ref>(Leith 2005, p. 55)</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, go ne ga fitlhelwa dipeeletso tsa diteemane mo Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso go latelela [[:en:Commodity_economy|kgwebo ya dithoto]] go tswa mo [[:en:Mining|meepong]], e tlaleleditswe ka madirelo a mannye jaaka thuo ya dikgomo, tlhagiso le bojanala. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMwansaJacques2014">Mwansa, Lengwe-Katembula; Jacques, Gloria (2014). [[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|"Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care"]]. ''The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare''. '''41''' (2): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>125. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|10.15453/0191-5096.3953]]</span>. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54529195 54529195].</cite></ref> Katlego ya itsholelo ya lefatshe e amana le [[:en:Neoliberalism|melawana ya itsholelo e e fokotsang taolo ya puso mo go tsa itsholelo]] go akaretsa mebaraka e e gololesegileng le tshireletso ya dithoto tsa batho, se se okeditseng thata maemo a botshelo a baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana morago ga boipuso. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":7" /> Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya dipuso fela tsa borwa jwa Sahara tse di neng di sa tsenelele mo melawaneng e e botlhokwa ya taolo kgotsa ya kabosešwa morago ga go ntshiwa ga puso ya batho-basweu. Se, ga mmogo le taolo ya lone le maikarabelo mo go tsa madi ya thekiso ya diteemane, di ne tsa dira gore go nne le kgolo thata ya itsholelo mo lefatsheng mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. <ref name=":12" /><ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Tlhabololo ya bošeng e gateletse [[:en:Welfare_state|puso e e tlhokomelang boitekanelo jwa batho]] ka molao wa kabosešwa ya itsholelo. <ref name=":7" /> === Melao ya dikanamo tsa mafatshe a sele === Tautona o na le maikarabelo a melao ya dikanamo tsa mafatshe a sele ya Botswana, a okametse [[:en:Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Botswana)|Tona ya Merero ya mafatshe a sele]] . Katlego ya Botswana mo go tsa sepolotiki le itsholelo fa e bapisiwa le mafatshe a mangwe mo Aferika e dirile gore e nne le seabe se segolwane mo mererong ya dikgaolo le lefatshe ka bophara. Kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo masome a le mabedi, lefatshe la Botswana le ne la simolola go romela dithuso tsa madi le tsa sesole kwa mafatsheng a a mabapi ga mmogo le mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba. <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> Lefatshe la Botswana le gateletse [[:en:Multilateralism|tirisanommogo ya mafatshe a mantsi]] mo melaong ya lone ya tsa kamano le mafatshe a sele. <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Lekoa |first=LC |date=2019 |title=Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=51 |pages=118–122}}</ref> Go dikologiwa ke lewatle ga lefatshe le, le itsholelo e e tlhotlhelediwang ke thekisetso mafatshe a mangwe go rotloeditse go tshegetsa dikamano tse di tiileng le mafatshe a mangwe, <ref name=":10" /> mme palo ya lone e e kwa tlase le go nna gaufi le mafatshe a dipuso tse di sa tlhomamang go dirile gore Botswana e dirisane mmogo le [[:en:International_organisations|mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba]] go bona tshireletso le ditsompelo. <ref name=":11" /> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1966 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1994, mafatshe a a bapileng le Botswana a ne a sa iketla kgotsa ka tsela nngwe a ne a le borai mo Botswana. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne le sa tlhoma dikamano tsa semmuso le moagisani wa lone yo mogolo, Aferika Borwa, ka nako ya puso [[Tlhaolele|ya tlhaolele]] ya lefatshe la Aferika Borwa. <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Lekoa |first=LC |date=2019 |title=Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=51 |pages=118–122}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLekoa2019">Lekoa, LC (2019). "Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy". ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''51''': <span class="nowrap">118–</span>122.</cite></ref> Mo dingwageng tsa lone tsa ntlha, lefatshe la Botswana le ne le sena sesole. Sesole sa Botswana se ne sa felela se tlhamilwe go tsibogela go sa iketlang ga kgaolo. <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZaffiro1998">Zaffiro, James (1998). [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro "Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas"]. In Wright, Stephen (ed.). [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright ''African Foreign Policies'']. Taylor & Francis. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">66–</span>83. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4324/9780429502521-4|10.4324/9780429502521-4]]. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780429502521|<bdi>9780429502521</bdi>]].</cite></ref>E rile fa Aferika Borwa e gololesega morago ga ngwaga wa 1994, tlhobaboroko e kgolo ya melao ya kamano le mafatshe a sele, mo Botswana e ne ya nna go sa tlhomamang ga lefatshe la mabapi e bong Zimbabwe. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006">Beaulier, Scott A.; Subrick, J. Robert (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x "The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana"]</span>. ''Constitutional Political Economy''. '''17''' (2): <span class="nowrap">103–</span>115. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x|10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1043-4062 1043-4062]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59354401 59354401].</cite></ref> == Dikgang tse di amanang le melao ya puso == === Melao ya puso e e amanang le tsa madi === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Botswana ke lefatshe la letseno le le kwa godimo mme mo go lekanetseng ebile le le nang le [[:en:Mixed_economy|itsholelo e e tlhakaneng]] mme ebile lefatshe la Botswana ke lengwe la mafatshe a a nang le itsholelo e e nonofileng thata mo Aferika. Motheo wa molao wa ntlha wa puso o o amanang le tsa madi wa lefatshe la Botswana o beilwe ke puso ya ntlha ya morago ga boipuso ka dingwaga tsa bo 1960, e akaretsa thulaganyo ya tekanyetso ya tiriso ya itsholelo ya lefatshe go itshetsa ka metseletsele ya maano a tlhabololo ya setshaba. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go na le [[:en:Income_inequality|go tlhoka tekatekano ya letseno mo go bonalang fela thata]] mo Botswana, bogolosegolo fa gare ga ditoropo tse di tlhabologileng le dikgaolo tsa magae tse di humanegileng. <ref name=":14" />Seelo sa botlhokatiro mo Botswana se ne se eme mo makgolong a le mabedi go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2015. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go ikaega ga lefatshe la Botswana ka kgwebo ya thekiso ya diteemane go dirile gore go farologanngwe mananeo a go tsholetsa itsholelo ya lefatshe se ebile e nnile lengwe la maikaelelo a magolo a molao wa itsholelo ya setšhaba mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa lone. Mananeo a puso a a tshwanang le [[:en:National_Development_Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya setšhaba ya ditlhabololo]], [[:en:Botswana_Development_Corporation|Koporasi ya dilhabololo ya Botswana]], [[:en:Financial_Assistance_Policy|Pholisi ya Thuso ya Matlole]] le [[:en:Economic_Diversification_Drive|Letsholo la Pharologanyo ya itsholelo]] a tsentswe mo tirisong go rotloetsa kgolo ya itsholelo mo madirelong a mangwe, fela ga a fokotsa thata go ikaega ga setšhaba ka kgwebo ya sone ya thekiso ya diteemane. <ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 129–164)</ref> Itsholelo ya Bechuanaland ya dinako tsa puso ya batho-basweu e ne e tsepamisitse mogopolo mo thuong ya dikgomo mme e ne e le kgwebo ya ntlha mo dingwageng tse di lesome tsa ntlha tsa boipuso ya lefatshe la Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 16)</ref> Ka bontsi jwa setšhaba bo ne bo amega mo lephateng le ka tsela nngwe, go ne go sena mabaka a kgotlhang ya maemo mo bathong ba bontsi jwa bone ba neng ba nna kwa magaeng. Le fa kabo ya lefatshe ka dinako tse dingwe e ne e le kgang, go ne go na le lefatshe le le lekaneng le le neng le sena bannga lone le barui ba dikgomo ba neng ba ka le dirisa ba ntse ba le mo tseleng kgotsa ba feta, go fokotsa dikgogakgogano mo dikgannyeng tsa itsholelo.<ref>(Leith 2005, p. 55)</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, go ne ga fitlhelwa dipeeletso tsa diteemane mo Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso go latelela [[:en:Commodity_economy|kgwebo ya dithoto]] go tswa mo [[:en:Mining|meepong]], e tlaleleditswe ka madirelo a mannye jaaka thuo ya dikgomo, tlhagiso le bojanala. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMwansaJacques2014">Mwansa, Lengwe-Katembula; Jacques, Gloria (2014). [[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|"Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care"]]. ''The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare''. '''41''' (2): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>125. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|10.15453/0191-5096.3953]]</span>. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54529195 54529195].</cite></ref> Katlego ya itsholelo ya lefatshe e amana le [[:en:Neoliberalism|melawana ya itsholelo e e fokotsang taolo ya puso mo go tsa itsholelo]] go akaretsa mebaraka e e gololesegileng le tshireletso ya dithoto tsa batho, se se okeditseng thata maemo a botshelo a baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana morago ga boipuso. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":7" /> Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya dipuso fela tsa borwa jwa Sahara tse di neng di sa tsenelele mo melawaneng e e botlhokwa ya taolo kgotsa ya kabosešwa morago ga go ntshiwa ga puso ya batho-basweu. Se, ga mmogo le taolo ya lone le maikarabelo mo go tsa madi ya thekiso ya diteemane, di ne tsa dira gore go nne le kgolo thata ya itsholelo mo lefatsheng mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. <ref name=":12" /><ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Tlhabololo ya bošeng e gateletse [[:en:Welfare_state|puso e e tlhokomelang boitekanelo jwa batho]] ka molao wa kabosešwa ya itsholelo. <ref name=":7" /> === Melao ya dikanamo tsa mafatshe a sele === Tautona o na le maikarabelo a melao ya dikanamo tsa mafatshe a sele ya Botswana, a okametse [[:en:Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Botswana)|Tona ya Merero ya mafatshe a sele]] . Katlego ya Botswana mo go tsa sepolotiki le itsholelo fa e bapisiwa le mafatshe a mangwe mo Aferika e dirile gore e nne le seabe se segolwane mo mererong ya dikgaolo le lefatshe ka bophara. Kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo masome a le mabedi, lefatshe la Botswana le ne la simolola go romela dithuso tsa madi le tsa sesole kwa mafatsheng a a mabapi ga mmogo le mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba. <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> Lefatshe la Botswana le gateletse [[:en:Multilateralism|tirisanommogo ya mafatshe a mantsi]] mo melaong ya lone ya tsa kamano le mafatshe a sele. <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Lekoa |first=LC |date=2019 |title=Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=51 |pages=118–122}}</ref> Go dikologiwa ke lewatle ga lefatshe le, le itsholelo e e tlhotlhelediwang ke thekisetso mafatshe a mangwe go rotloeditse go tshegetsa dikamano tse di tiileng le mafatshe a mangwe, <ref name=":10" /> mme palo ya lone e e kwa tlase le go nna gaufi le mafatshe a dipuso tse di sa tlhomamang go dirile gore Botswana e dirisane mmogo le [[:en:International_organisations|mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba]] go bona tshireletso le ditsompelo. <ref name=":11" /> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1966 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1994, mafatshe a a bapileng le Botswana a ne a sa iketla kgotsa ka tsela nngwe a ne a le borai mo Botswana. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne le sa tlhoma dikamano tsa semmuso le moagisani wa lone yo mogolo, Aferika Borwa, ka nako ya puso [[Tlhaolele|ya tlhaolele]] ya lefatshe la Aferika Borwa. <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Lekoa |first=LC |date=2019 |title=Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=51 |pages=118–122}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLekoa2019">Lekoa, LC (2019). "Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy". ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''51''': <span class="nowrap">118–</span>122.</cite></ref> Mo dingwageng tsa lone tsa ntlha, lefatshe la Botswana le ne le sena sesole. Sesole sa Botswana se ne sa felela se tlhamilwe go tsibogela go sa iketlang ga kgaolo. <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZaffiro1998">Zaffiro, James (1998). [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro "Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas"]. In Wright, Stephen (ed.). [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright ''African Foreign Policies'']. Taylor & Francis. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">66–</span>83. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4324/9780429502521-4|10.4324/9780429502521-4]]. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780429502521|<bdi>9780429502521</bdi>]].</cite></ref>E rile fa Aferika Borwa e gololesega morago ga ngwaga wa 1994, tlhobaboroko e kgolo ya melao ya kamano le mafatshe a sele, mo Botswana e ne ya nna go sa tlhomamang ga lefatshe la mabapi e bong Zimbabwe. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006">Beaulier, Scott A.; Subrick, J. Robert (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x "The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana"]</span>. ''Constitutional Political Economy''. '''17''' (2): <span class="nowrap">103–</span>115. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x|10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1043-4062 1043-4062]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59354401 59354401].</cite></ref> Mo nakong e ntsi ya ditso tsa lone jaaka lefatshe le le ikemetseng, Botswana o ne a dirisa melawana ya dinaga di sele [[:en:Realpolitik|e e ikaegileng ka tsotlhe tse di nang le boleng]] . Ka nako ya botautona jwa ga rre Ian Khama, le ne la fetogela kwa molaong wa dinaga di sele o o ikaegileng ka [[:en:Idealism_in_international_relations|molaomotheo le maitsholo]], e mo go one go neng go na le kgalo ya dipuso ka ntlha ya go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho. Mo pakeng yeo, gantsi e ne e le lone fela leloko la [[African Union]] le le neng le ema nokeng Kgotlatshekelo ya Bosenyi ya Boditšhabatšhaba kgotsa le le neng le kgala go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho mo ditšhabeng tse di busang ka bobusaesi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malila |first=Ikanyeng S. |last2=Molebatsi |first2=Robert M. |year=2014 |title=Botswana's Experimentation with 'Ethical Foreign Policy' |url=https://saccps.org/pdf/3-1/SAPSS%203(1)%20Malila%20and%20Molebatsi.pdf |journal=Southern African Peace and Security Studies |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=5–25}}</ref> == Dikgang tse di amanang le melao ya puso == === Melao ya puso e e amanang le tsa madi === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Botswana ke lefatshe la letseno le le kwa godimo mme mo go lekanetseng ebile le le nang le [[:en:Mixed_economy|itsholelo e e tlhakaneng]] mme ebile lefatshe la Botswana ke lengwe la mafatshe a a nang le itsholelo e e nonofileng thata mo Aferika. Motheo wa molao wa ntlha wa puso o o amanang le tsa madi wa lefatshe la Botswana o beilwe ke puso ya ntlha ya morago ga boipuso ka dingwaga tsa bo 1960, e akaretsa thulaganyo ya tekanyetso ya tiriso ya itsholelo ya lefatshe go itshetsa ka metseletsele ya maano a tlhabololo ya setshaba. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go na le [[:en:Income_inequality|go tlhoka tekatekano ya letseno mo go bonalang fela thata]] mo Botswana, bogolosegolo fa gare ga ditoropo tse di tlhabologileng le dikgaolo tsa magae tse di humanegileng. <ref name=":14" />Seelo sa botlhokatiro mo Botswana se ne se eme mo makgolong a le mabedi go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2015. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go ikaega ga lefatshe la Botswana ka kgwebo ya thekiso ya diteemane go dirile gore go farologanngwe mananeo a go tsholetsa itsholelo ya lefatshe se ebile e nnile lengwe la maikaelelo a magolo a molao wa itsholelo ya setšhaba mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa lone. Mananeo a puso a a tshwanang le [[:en:National_Development_Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya setšhaba ya ditlhabololo]], [[:en:Botswana_Development_Corporation|Koporasi ya dilhabololo ya Botswana]], [[:en:Financial_Assistance_Policy|Pholisi ya Thuso ya Matlole]] le [[:en:Economic_Diversification_Drive|Letsholo la Pharologanyo ya itsholelo]] a tsentswe mo tirisong go rotloetsa kgolo ya itsholelo mo madirelong a mangwe, fela ga a fokotsa thata go ikaega ga setšhaba ka kgwebo ya sone ya thekiso ya diteemane. <ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 129–164)</ref> Itsholelo ya Bechuanaland ya dinako tsa puso ya batho-basweu e ne e tsepamisitse mogopolo mo thuong ya dikgomo mme e ne e le kgwebo ya ntlha mo dingwageng tse di lesome tsa ntlha tsa boipuso ya lefatshe la Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 16)</ref> Ka bontsi jwa setšhaba bo ne bo amega mo lephateng le ka tsela nngwe, go ne go sena mabaka a kgotlhang ya maemo mo bathong ba bontsi jwa bone ba neng ba nna kwa magaeng. Le fa kabo ya lefatshe ka dinako tse dingwe e ne e le kgang, go ne go na le lefatshe le le lekaneng le le neng le sena bannga lone le barui ba dikgomo ba neng ba ka le dirisa ba ntse ba le mo tseleng kgotsa ba feta, go fokotsa dikgogakgogano mo dikgannyeng tsa itsholelo.<ref>(Leith 2005, p. 55)</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, go ne ga fitlhelwa dipeeletso tsa diteemane mo Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso go latelela [[:en:Commodity_economy|kgwebo ya dithoto]] go tswa mo [[:en:Mining|meepong]], e tlaleleditswe ka madirelo a mannye jaaka thuo ya dikgomo, tlhagiso le bojanala. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMwansaJacques2014">Mwansa, Lengwe-Katembula; Jacques, Gloria (2014). [[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|"Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care"]]. ''The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare''. '''41''' (2): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>125. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|10.15453/0191-5096.3953]]</span>. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54529195 54529195].</cite></ref> Katlego ya itsholelo ya lefatshe e amana le [[:en:Neoliberalism|melawana ya itsholelo e e fokotsang taolo ya puso mo go tsa itsholelo]] go akaretsa mebaraka e e gololesegileng le tshireletso ya dithoto tsa batho, se se okeditseng thata maemo a botshelo a baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana morago ga boipuso. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":7" /> Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya dipuso fela tsa borwa jwa Sahara tse di neng di sa tsenelele mo melawaneng e e botlhokwa ya taolo kgotsa ya kabosešwa morago ga go ntshiwa ga puso ya batho-basweu. Se, ga mmogo le taolo ya lone le maikarabelo mo go tsa madi ya thekiso ya diteemane, di ne tsa dira gore go nne le kgolo thata ya itsholelo mo lefatsheng mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. <ref name=":12" /><ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Tlhabololo ya bošeng e gateletse [[:en:Welfare_state|puso e e tlhokomelang boitekanelo jwa batho]] ka molao wa kabosešwa ya itsholelo. <ref name=":7" /> === Melao ya dikanamo tsa mafatshe a sele === Tautona o na le maikarabelo a melao ya dikanamo tsa mafatshe a sele ya Botswana, a okametse [[:en:Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Botswana)|Tona ya Merero ya mafatshe a sele]] . Katlego ya Botswana mo go tsa sepolotiki le itsholelo fa e bapisiwa le mafatshe a mangwe mo Aferika e dirile gore e nne le seabe se segolwane mo mererong ya dikgaolo le lefatshe ka bophara. Kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo masome a le mabedi, lefatshe la Botswana le ne la simolola go romela dithuso tsa madi le tsa sesole kwa mafatsheng a a mabapi ga mmogo le mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba. <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> Lefatshe la Botswana le gateletse [[:en:Multilateralism|tirisanommogo ya mafatshe a mantsi]] mo melaong ya lone ya tsa kamano le mafatshe a sele. <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Lekoa |first=LC |date=2019 |title=Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=51 |pages=118–122}}</ref> Go dikologiwa ke lewatle ga lefatshe le, le itsholelo e e tlhotlhelediwang ke thekisetso mafatshe a mangwe go rotloeditse go tshegetsa dikamano tse di tiileng le mafatshe a mangwe, <ref name=":10" /> mme palo ya lone e e kwa tlase le go nna gaufi le mafatshe a dipuso tse di sa tlhomamang go dirile gore Botswana e dirisane mmogo le [[:en:International_organisations|mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba]] go bona tshireletso le ditsompelo. <ref name=":11" /> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1966 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1994, mafatshe a a bapileng le Botswana a ne a sa iketla kgotsa ka tsela nngwe a ne a le borai mo Botswana. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne le sa tlhoma dikamano tsa semmuso le moagisani wa lone yo mogolo, Aferika Borwa, ka nako ya puso [[Tlhaolele|ya tlhaolele]] ya lefatshe la Aferika Borwa. <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Lekoa |first=LC |date=2019 |title=Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=51 |pages=118–122}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLekoa2019">Lekoa, LC (2019). "Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy". ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''51''': <span class="nowrap">118–</span>122.</cite></ref> Mo dingwageng tsa lone tsa ntlha, lefatshe la Botswana le ne le sena sesole. Sesole sa Botswana se ne sa felela se tlhamilwe go tsibogela go sa iketlang ga kgaolo. <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZaffiro1998">Zaffiro, James (1998). [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro "Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas"]. In Wright, Stephen (ed.). [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright ''African Foreign Policies'']. Taylor & Francis. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">66–</span>83. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4324/9780429502521-4|10.4324/9780429502521-4]]. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780429502521|<bdi>9780429502521</bdi>]].</cite></ref>E rile fa Aferika Borwa e gololesega morago ga ngwaga wa 1994, tlhobaboroko e kgolo ya melao ya kamano le mafatshe a sele, mo Botswana e ne ya nna go sa tlhomamang ga lefatshe la mabapi e bong Zimbabwe. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006">Beaulier, Scott A.; Subrick, J. Robert (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x "The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana"]</span>. ''Constitutional Political Economy''. '''17''' (2): <span class="nowrap">103–</span>115. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x|10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1043-4062 1043-4062]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59354401 59354401].</cite></ref> Mo nakong e ntsi ya ditso tsa lone jaaka lefatshe le le ikemetseng, Botswana o ne a dirisa melawana ya dinaga di sele [[:en:Realpolitik|e e ikaegileng ka tsotlhe tse di nang le boleng]] . Ka nako ya botautona jwa ga rre Ian Khama, le ne la fetogela kwa molaong wa dinaga di sele o o ikaegileng ka [[:en:Idealism_in_international_relations|molaomotheo le maitsholo]], e mo go one go neng go na le kgalo ya dipuso ka ntlha ya go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho. Mo pakeng yeo, gantsi e ne e le lone fela leloko la [[African Union]] le le neng le ema nokeng Kgotlatshekelo ya Bosenyi ya Boditšhabatšhaba kgotsa le le neng le kgala go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho mo ditšhabeng tse di busang ka bobusaesi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malila |first=Ikanyeng S. |last2=Molebatsi |first2=Robert M. |year=2014 |title=Botswana's Experimentation with 'Ethical Foreign Policy' |url=https://saccps.org/pdf/3-1/SAPSS%203(1)%20Malila%20and%20Molebatsi.pdf |journal=Southern African Peace and Security Studies |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=5–25}}</ref> === Melao ya tsa loago === Khumo ya lefatshe la Botswana fa e bapisiwa le mafatshe a mangwe mo kgaolong ya borwa jwa Aferika e dirile gore go dirisiwe madi a mantsi mo ditirelong tsa setshaba jaaka thuto, botsogo le mafaratlhatlha.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 9)</ref> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2014, [[:en:Ministry_of_Education_and_Skills_Development|Lephata la Thuto le Tlhabololo ya Bokgoni]] le ne le na le tekanyetsokabo e kgolo go gaisa maiteko ape a puso. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMwansaJacques2014">Mwansa, Lengwe-Katembula; Jacques, Gloria (2014). [[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|"Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care"]]. ''The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare''. '''41''' (2): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>125. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|10.15453/0191-5096.3953]]</span>. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54529195 54529195].</cite></ref> Dikhilomithara di ka nna dikete di le lesome tsa ditsela di ne tsa tsenngwa ditsela mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tse di masome a matlhano tsa boipuso jwa Botswana, fa di bapisiwa le dikilometara di le masome a matlhano tse di neng di le teng pele ga boipuso. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006">Beaulier, Scott A.; Subrick, J. Robert (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x "The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana"]</span>. ''Constitutional Political Economy''. '''17''' (2): <span class="nowrap">103–</span>115. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x|10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1043-4062 1043-4062]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59354401 59354401].</cite></ref> == Dikgang tse di amanang le melao ya puso == === Melao ya puso e e amanang le tsa madi === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Botswana ke lefatshe la letseno le le kwa godimo mme mo go lekanetseng ebile le le nang le [[:en:Mixed_economy|itsholelo e e tlhakaneng]] mme ebile lefatshe la Botswana ke lengwe la mafatshe a a nang le itsholelo e e nonofileng thata mo Aferika. Motheo wa molao wa ntlha wa puso o o amanang le tsa madi wa lefatshe la Botswana o beilwe ke puso ya ntlha ya morago ga boipuso ka dingwaga tsa bo 1960, e akaretsa thulaganyo ya tekanyetso ya tiriso ya itsholelo ya lefatshe go itshetsa ka metseletsele ya maano a tlhabololo ya setshaba. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go na le [[:en:Income_inequality|go tlhoka tekatekano ya letseno mo go bonalang fela thata]] mo Botswana, bogolosegolo fa gare ga ditoropo tse di tlhabologileng le dikgaolo tsa magae tse di humanegileng. <ref name=":14" />Seelo sa botlhokatiro mo Botswana se ne se eme mo makgolong a le mabedi go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2015. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go ikaega ga lefatshe la Botswana ka kgwebo ya thekiso ya diteemane go dirile gore go farologanngwe mananeo a go tsholetsa itsholelo ya lefatshe se ebile e nnile lengwe la maikaelelo a magolo a molao wa itsholelo ya setšhaba mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa lone. Mananeo a puso a a tshwanang le [[:en:National_Development_Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya setšhaba ya ditlhabololo]], [[:en:Botswana_Development_Corporation|Koporasi ya dilhabololo ya Botswana]], [[:en:Financial_Assistance_Policy|Pholisi ya Thuso ya Matlole]] le [[:en:Economic_Diversification_Drive|Letsholo la Pharologanyo ya itsholelo]] a tsentswe mo tirisong go rotloetsa kgolo ya itsholelo mo madirelong a mangwe, fela ga a fokotsa thata go ikaega ga setšhaba ka kgwebo ya sone ya thekiso ya diteemane. <ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 129–164)</ref> Itsholelo ya Bechuanaland ya dinako tsa puso ya batho-basweu e ne e tsepamisitse mogopolo mo thuong ya dikgomo mme e ne e le kgwebo ya ntlha mo dingwageng tse di lesome tsa ntlha tsa boipuso ya lefatshe la Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 16)</ref> Ka bontsi jwa setšhaba bo ne bo amega mo lephateng le ka tsela nngwe, go ne go sena mabaka a kgotlhang ya maemo mo bathong ba bontsi jwa bone ba neng ba nna kwa magaeng. Le fa kabo ya lefatshe ka dinako tse dingwe e ne e le kgang, go ne go na le lefatshe le le lekaneng le le neng le sena bannga lone le barui ba dikgomo ba neng ba ka le dirisa ba ntse ba le mo tseleng kgotsa ba feta, go fokotsa dikgogakgogano mo dikgannyeng tsa itsholelo.<ref>(Leith 2005, p. 55)</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, go ne ga fitlhelwa dipeeletso tsa diteemane mo Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso go latelela [[:en:Commodity_economy|kgwebo ya dithoto]] go tswa mo [[:en:Mining|meepong]], e tlaleleditswe ka madirelo a mannye jaaka thuo ya dikgomo, tlhagiso le bojanala. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMwansaJacques2014">Mwansa, Lengwe-Katembula; Jacques, Gloria (2014). [[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|"Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care"]]. ''The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare''. '''41''' (2): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>125. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|10.15453/0191-5096.3953]]</span>. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54529195 54529195].</cite></ref> Katlego ya itsholelo ya lefatshe e amana le [[:en:Neoliberalism|melawana ya itsholelo e e fokotsang taolo ya puso mo go tsa itsholelo]] go akaretsa mebaraka e e gololesegileng le tshireletso ya dithoto tsa batho, se se okeditseng thata maemo a botshelo a baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana morago ga boipuso. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":7" /> Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya dipuso fela tsa borwa jwa Sahara tse di neng di sa tsenelele mo melawaneng e e botlhokwa ya taolo kgotsa ya kabosešwa morago ga go ntshiwa ga puso ya batho-basweu. Se, ga mmogo le taolo ya lone le maikarabelo mo go tsa madi ya thekiso ya diteemane, di ne tsa dira gore go nne le kgolo thata ya itsholelo mo lefatsheng mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. <ref name=":12" /><ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Tlhabololo ya bošeng e gateletse [[:en:Welfare_state|puso e e tlhokomelang boitekanelo jwa batho]] ka molao wa kabosešwa ya itsholelo. <ref name=":7" /> === Melao ya dikanamo tsa mafatshe a sele === Tautona o na le maikarabelo a melao ya dikanamo tsa mafatshe a sele ya Botswana, a okametse [[:en:Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Botswana)|Tona ya Merero ya mafatshe a sele]] . Katlego ya Botswana mo go tsa sepolotiki le itsholelo fa e bapisiwa le mafatshe a mangwe mo Aferika e dirile gore e nne le seabe se segolwane mo mererong ya dikgaolo le lefatshe ka bophara. Kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo masome a le mabedi, lefatshe la Botswana le ne la simolola go romela dithuso tsa madi le tsa sesole kwa mafatsheng a a mabapi ga mmogo le mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba. <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> Lefatshe la Botswana le gateletse [[:en:Multilateralism|tirisanommogo ya mafatshe a mantsi]] mo melaong ya lone ya tsa kamano le mafatshe a sele. <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Lekoa |first=LC |date=2019 |title=Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=51 |pages=118–122}}</ref> Go dikologiwa ke lewatle ga lefatshe le, le itsholelo e e tlhotlhelediwang ke thekisetso mafatshe a mangwe go rotloeditse go tshegetsa dikamano tse di tiileng le mafatshe a mangwe, <ref name=":10" /> mme palo ya lone e e kwa tlase le go nna gaufi le mafatshe a dipuso tse di sa tlhomamang go dirile gore Botswana e dirisane mmogo le [[:en:International_organisations|mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba]] go bona tshireletso le ditsompelo. <ref name=":11" /> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1966 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1994, mafatshe a a bapileng le Botswana a ne a sa iketla kgotsa ka tsela nngwe a ne a le borai mo Botswana. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne le sa tlhoma dikamano tsa semmuso le moagisani wa lone yo mogolo, Aferika Borwa, ka nako ya puso [[Tlhaolele|ya tlhaolele]] ya lefatshe la Aferika Borwa. <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Lekoa |first=LC |date=2019 |title=Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=51 |pages=118–122}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLekoa2019">Lekoa, LC (2019). "Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy". ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''51''': <span class="nowrap">118–</span>122.</cite></ref> Mo dingwageng tsa lone tsa ntlha, lefatshe la Botswana le ne le sena sesole. Sesole sa Botswana se ne sa felela se tlhamilwe go tsibogela go sa iketlang ga kgaolo. <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZaffiro1998">Zaffiro, James (1998). [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro "Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas"]. In Wright, Stephen (ed.). [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright ''African Foreign Policies'']. Taylor & Francis. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">66–</span>83. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4324/9780429502521-4|10.4324/9780429502521-4]]. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780429502521|<bdi>9780429502521</bdi>]].</cite></ref>E rile fa Aferika Borwa e gololesega morago ga ngwaga wa 1994, tlhobaboroko e kgolo ya melao ya kamano le mafatshe a sele, mo Botswana e ne ya nna go sa tlhomamang ga lefatshe la mabapi e bong Zimbabwe. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006">Beaulier, Scott A.; Subrick, J. Robert (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x "The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana"]</span>. ''Constitutional Political Economy''. '''17''' (2): <span class="nowrap">103–</span>115. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x|10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1043-4062 1043-4062]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59354401 59354401].</cite></ref> Mo nakong e ntsi ya ditso tsa lone jaaka lefatshe le le ikemetseng, Botswana o ne a dirisa melawana ya dinaga di sele [[:en:Realpolitik|e e ikaegileng ka tsotlhe tse di nang le boleng]] . Ka nako ya botautona jwa ga rre Ian Khama, le ne la fetogela kwa molaong wa dinaga di sele o o ikaegileng ka [[:en:Idealism_in_international_relations|molaomotheo le maitsholo]], e mo go one go neng go na le kgalo ya dipuso ka ntlha ya go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho. Mo pakeng yeo, gantsi e ne e le lone fela leloko la [[African Union]] le le neng le ema nokeng Kgotlatshekelo ya Bosenyi ya Boditšhabatšhaba kgotsa le le neng le kgala go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho mo ditšhabeng tse di busang ka bobusaesi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malila |first=Ikanyeng S. |last2=Molebatsi |first2=Robert M. |year=2014 |title=Botswana's Experimentation with 'Ethical Foreign Policy' |url=https://saccps.org/pdf/3-1/SAPSS%203(1)%20Malila%20and%20Molebatsi.pdf |journal=Southern African Peace and Security Studies |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=5–25}}</ref> === Melao ya tsa loago === Khumo ya lefatshe la Botswana fa e bapisiwa le mafatshe a mangwe mo kgaolong ya borwa jwa Aferika e dirile gore go dirisiwe madi a mantsi mo ditirelong tsa setshaba jaaka thuto, botsogo le mafaratlhatlha.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 9)</ref> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2014, [[:en:Ministry_of_Education_and_Skills_Development|Lephata la Thuto le Tlhabololo ya Bokgoni]] le ne le na le tekanyetsokabo e kgolo go gaisa maiteko ape a puso. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMwansaJacques2014">Mwansa, Lengwe-Katembula; Jacques, Gloria (2014). [[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|"Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care"]]. ''The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare''. '''41''' (2): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>125. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|10.15453/0191-5096.3953]]</span>. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54529195 54529195].</cite></ref> Dikhilomithara di ka nna dikete di le lesome tsa ditsela di ne tsa tsenngwa ditsela mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tse di masome a matlhano tsa boipuso jwa Botswana, fa di bapisiwa le dikilometara di le masome a matlhano tse di neng di le teng pele ga boipuso. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006">Beaulier, Scott A.; Subrick, J. Robert (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x "The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana"]</span>. ''Constitutional Political Economy''. '''17''' (2): <span class="nowrap">103–</span>115. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x|10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1043-4062 1043-4062]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59354401 59354401].</cite></ref> [[:en:Welfare_spending|Mananeo a katlaatleloloago]] mo Botswana a lekanyeditswe mme a lekwa ka fa tlase ga diteko tsa bokgoni mme ga go na tshireletso ya loago ya maemo a setšhaba. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMwansaJacques2014">Mwansa, Lengwe-Katembula; Jacques, Gloria (2014). [[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|"Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care"]]. ''The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare''. '''41''' (2): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>125. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|10.15453/0191-5096.3953]]</span>. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54529195 54529195].</cite></ref> Tikologo ya lefatshe e e omeletseng thata e felela e baka gore leuba e nne selo se se tshwenyang setšhaba kgapetsakgapetsa. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006">Beaulier, Scott A.; Subrick, J. Robert (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x "The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana"]</span>. ''Constitutional Political Economy''. '''17''' (2): <span class="nowrap">103–</span>115. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x|10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1043-4062 1043-4062]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59354401 59354401].</cite></ref> [[HIV/AIDS]] ke kgang e e masisi thata ya tlhokomelo ya boitekanelo mo lefatsheng mme leroborobo la HIV/AIDS mo Botswana ke lengwe la malwetse a a maswe thata mo lefatsheng ka bophara. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la bona dithuso tse dinnye tsa mafatshe a sele fa le ne le lwantshana le segajaja se ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990, mme seo sa dira gore le kgone go anama. <ref name=":7" /> == Ditshwanelo tsa setho == Freedom House e tsaya Botswana le lefatshe le le gololesegileng ka maduo a le masome a le supa le bobedi mo selekanyong sa lekgolo mo pegong ya yone ya ngwaga wa 2022 [[:en:Freedom_in_the_World|ya Kgololesego mo Lefatsheng Ka Bophara .]] E bone maduo a a kwa godimo mo ditshwanelong tse di amanang le tsa sepolotiki, le fa Freedom House e tlhagisitse matshwenyego mabapi le kemelo ya basadi le batho ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane le go tlhoka [[:en:Freedom_of_information_laws|kgololesego ya melao ya tshedimosetso]] . Fa godimo ga moo e bone maduo a a kwa godimo mo ditshwanelong tsa baagedi ba lefatshe, le fa Freedom House e tlhagisitse matshwenyego mabapi le [[:en:Freedom_of_the_press|kgololesego ya bobegadikgang]] le [[:en:Right_to_strike|tshwanelo ya go ngala tiro]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/botswana/freedom-world/2022 |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=Freedom House}}</ref>Lekgotla la [[:en:Transparency_International|'Transparency International']] le ntse le lemoga lefatshe la Botswana jaaka lefatshe le le senang bonweenwee thata mo Aferika ka dinako tsotlhe. <ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Mooketsane |first=K. |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=K. |last3=Motshekgwa |first3=B. |date=2017 |title=Is decentralisation in Botswana a democratic fallacy? |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC-6a061f80d |journal=African Journal of Public Affairs |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=47–60 |hdl=10520/EJC-6a061f80d}}</ref> mme gantsi le tlhalosiwa e le lefatshe le le ka bapisiwang le mafatshe a kgaolo ya Bophirima jwa Yuropa a a nang le puso ya batho ka batho e e gololesegileng.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 9)</ref> Nngwe ya dintlha tse di ka nnang teng tsa ditshwanelo tsa batho mo lefatsheng la Botswana ke go tlhoka ditshekatsheko tse di nonofileng mo tsamaisong ya puso, tse di letlang tautona go dirisa kgololesego e e anameng mo melaong le go fokotsa kgololesego ya puo ka boithatelo. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go tsepamisa mogopolo nako e santse e le teng mo mananeong a ditiro tsa setšhaba morago ga boipuso jwa lefatshe la Botswana go na le go dira gore puso e nne le sesole go tlotliwa ka ntlha ya gore go thusitse ka tsa molao wa puso nako e sa ntse e le teng, ebile go buile gape ga letla tlhomamo mo dipolotiking tsa setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Ditshwanelo tsa setho == Freedom House e tsaya Botswana le lefatshe le le gololesegileng ka maduo a le masome a le supa le bobedi mo selekanyong sa lekgolo mo pegong ya yone ya ngwaga wa 2022 [[:en:Freedom_in_the_World|ya Kgololesego mo Lefatsheng Ka Bophara .]] E bone maduo a a kwa godimo mo ditshwanelong tse di amanang le tsa sepolotiki, le fa Freedom House e tlhagisitse matshwenyego mabapi le kemelo ya basadi le batho ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane le go tlhoka [[:en:Freedom_of_information_laws|kgololesego ya melao ya tshedimosetso]] . Fa godimo ga moo e bone maduo a a kwa godimo mo ditshwanelong tsa baagedi ba lefatshe, le fa Freedom House e tlhagisitse matshwenyego mabapi le [[:en:Freedom_of_the_press|kgololesego ya bobegadikgang]] le [[:en:Right_to_strike|tshwanelo ya go ngala tiro]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/botswana/freedom-world/2022 |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=Freedom House}}</ref>Lekgotla la [[:en:Transparency_International|'Transparency International']] le ntse le lemoga lefatshe la Botswana jaaka lefatshe le le senang bonweenwee thata mo Aferika ka dinako tsotlhe. <ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Mooketsane |first=K. |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=K. |last3=Motshekgwa |first3=B. |date=2017 |title=Is decentralisation in Botswana a democratic fallacy? |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC-6a061f80d |journal=African Journal of Public Affairs |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=47–60 |hdl=10520/EJC-6a061f80d}}</ref> mme gantsi le tlhalosiwa e le lefatshe le le ka bapisiwang le mafatshe a kgaolo ya Bophirima jwa Yuropa a a nang le puso ya batho ka batho e e gololesegileng.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 9)</ref> Nngwe ya dintlha tse di ka nnang teng tsa ditshwanelo tsa batho mo lefatsheng la Botswana ke go tlhoka ditshekatsheko tse di nonofileng mo tsamaisong ya puso, tse di letlang tautona go dirisa kgololesego e e anameng mo melaong le go fokotsa kgololesego ya puo ka boithatelo. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go tsepamisa mogopolo nako e santse e le teng mo mananeong a ditiro tsa setšhaba morago ga boipuso jwa lefatshe la Botswana go na le go dira gore puso e nne le sesole go tlotliwa ka ntlha ya gore go thusitse ka tsa molao wa puso nako e sa ntse e le teng, ebile go buile gape ga letla tlhomamo mo dipolotiking tsa setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> 7ni11o9f57orzqpt3d6be6jtiipacpz 53060 53059 2026-07-23T20:27:56Z Lame Ralosetlha 12932 Created by translating the section "Human rights" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360729162|Politics of Botswana]]" 53060 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Botswana]] ke [[rephaboliki ya palamente|r]]<nowiki/>lefatshe la palamente e mo go yone [[tautona wa Botswana]] e leng [[Tlhogo ya lefatshe|tlhogo ya]] [[Tlhogo ya lefatshe|lefatshe]] le [[tlhogo ya puso]]. Dipolotiki tsa setshaba di ikaegile thata ka [[tsamaiso ya Westminster]] le ka bogosi jwa setso jwa Setswana. Lekgotla la peomolao le dirilwe ke [[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Kokoano Bosetšhaba]] ya kamore e le nngwe le setlhopha sa bagakolodi sa dikgosi tsa merafe, e leng ''[[Ntlo ya Dikgosi tsa Botswana|Ntlo ya Dikgosi]]''. Kokoano Bosetšhaba e tlhopha tautona, fela fa tautona a setse a le mo maemong a gagwe o na le taolo e e bonalang mo lekgotleng la peomolao ka kgaoganyo e e lekanyeditsweng fela ya dithata. Tautona, ka tlholego, ke moeteledipele wa phathi ya sepolotiki e e kgonang go tshegetsa serodumo sa khuduthamaga. Fa a setse a le mo maemong, go okamela molao go gagamadiwa ka tsamaiso ya go tlhophiwa, e gantsi e sekamelang mo bontsing jwa phathi e e busang. Tsamaiso e gape e tsepamisiwa ke palo ya matona fa e tshwantshanngwa le ya malapamente, e e tlogela palo potlana ya ba ba nnang kwa morago mo palamenteng, mo go nyenyafatsang seabe sa babusi ka go busa mmogo ga matona go dira palo e tona ya badira molao.<ref>Osei, Anja; Seabo, Batlang (3 July 2024). [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03057070.2024.2476901 "A Coalition for Change? Role Orientations in the 12th Parliament of Botswana".] ''Journal of Southern African Studies''. '''50''' (4): 643–663. doi:[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03057070.2024.2476901 10.1080/03057070.2024.2476901]. ISSN&nbsp;0305-7070. PMC&nbsp;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11974910/ 11974910]. PMID&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40201336/ 40201336.]</ref> Lekoko la [[Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) le ne la busa e le lone le le neng le le kwa godimo go tloga ka boipuso ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro go fitlhelela le fenngwa mo [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 2024|ditlhophong tsa setshaba tsa Botswana tsa 2024]]. Ditlhopho di tsewa [[di gololesegile e bile di siame]] ke babogedi. Ka nako ya puso e telele ya dingwaga di le masome matlhano le borobabobedi tsa puso ya BDP, kganetso ya sepolotiki e ne e kgaogane ebile e itemogela dikgwetlho. Tse di e di akaretsa tsamaiso ya go tlhopha ka go tsholetsa letsogo kwa palamenteng, mo go neng gantsi go kgaoganya tlhopho ya diphathi tsa kganetso go letla BDP go fenya ditilo tse dintsi, le tlhaelo ya madi a a thusang diphathi a a ntshiwang ke lefatshe. Makgamu le go kgaogana go ne go tlwaelesegile mo diphathing tsa kganetso, gantsi di ne di nna le palo potlana fela mo khuduthamageng ka nako eo. Gantsi e ne e le diphathi tsa Botswana National Front (BNF) le Botswana Congress Part (BCP). Umbrella for Democratic Change (UDC) e e eteletsweng pele ke BNF e tlhamilwe ke ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le bobedi e le bokopano jwa diphathi tsa kganetso go tsaya tlhopho di e tsenya mo phathing e nngwe. Ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa Botswana di diragetse ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le botlhano, fa lefatshe la Botswana le tsaya boipuso go tswa mo [[United Kingdom]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro.<ref>Cheeseman, Nic, ed. (2015), [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/democracy-in-africa/fate-of-africas-democratic-experiments-19892014/DA50F32498C1D14DF4AAA43175265455 "The Fate of Africa's Democratic Experiments 1989–2014]", ''Democracy in Africa: Successes, Failures, and the Struggle for Political Reform'', Cambridge University Press, pp.&nbsp;234–238, doi:[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/democracy-in-africa/fate-of-africas-democratic-experiments-19892014/DA50F32498C1D14DF4AAA43175265455 10.1017/CBO9781139030892.009], ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-521-13842-0|978-0-521-13842-0]]</bdi></ref> Go tswa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro go tsena ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome mabedi le bone, BDP e ne ya fenya ditlhopho tsotlhe.<ref>[https://freedomhouse.org/country/botswana/freedom-world/2025 "Botswana: Freedom in the World 2025 Country Report".] ''Freedom House''. Retrieved 17 July 2026</ref> BDP e eteletswe pele ke Seretse Khama e ne ya tlhama puso ya ntlha ya tswelela ka go fenya ditlhopho dingwaga di le ditlhano dingwe le dingwe. [[Quett Masire]] o n a nna tautona morago ga go tlhokafala ga ga Seretse Khama ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi, BDP e ne ya apesiwa ke makgamu ka dingwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe. Makgamu a, a ne a tswelela mo go botautona ba ba latelang ebong [[Festus Mogae]] go tswa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi go tsena ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi, le Ian Khama go tswa ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi go tsena wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabobedi. Phathi ya kganetso ya Botswana Movement for Democracy e tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le lesome go gwetlha se ba se boneng e le go gatelela ga ga Khama, ke phathi ya ntlha go tswa mo BDP. Motlhatlhami wa ga Khama, Mokgweetsi Masisi, o nnile tautona ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le borobabobedi, a gotlhagotlhana le Khama ka bofefo, mo go neng ga fetola dipolotiki tsa Botswana mo dingwageng tse di latelang. Lefatshe la Botswana le itsege ka go nonofa mo ditshwanelong le puso ya batho ka batho mo Aforika; Freedom House e supa fa lefatshe le le gololesegile, fa Afrobarometer e le tlhalosa e le puso ya batho ka batho e kgologolo thata mo Botswana, e na le diphathi tse dintsi fa e sale ka boipuso ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro.<ref>[https://freedomhouse.org/country/botswana/freedom-world/2025 "Botswana: Freedom in the World 2025 Country Report".] ''Freedom House''. Retrieved 17 July 2026</ref><ref>Lekalake, Rorisang (January 2016). [https://www.afrobarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/ab_r6_policypaperno30_democracy_in_botswana.pdf "Botswana's democratic consolidation: What will it take?]" (PDF). ''Afrobarometer''. Afrobarometer Policy Paper No. 30. Retrieved 17 July 2026</ref> Molao wa itsholelo wa Botswana o ikaegile ka mohama wa diteemane tsa lefatshe le, o o dirang masome a robabobedi mo lekgolong la didirisiwa tse di rekisiwang ke lefatshe le, bongwe mo borarong jwa dipoelo, le bongwe mo boneng jwa GDP.<ref>Jefferis, Keith (8 July 2024). [https://blog-pfm.imf.org/en/pfmblog/2024/07/management-of-botswana-diamond-revenues "Management of Botswana's Diamond Revenues"]. ''Public Financial Management Blog''. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 17 July 2026</ref> Lefatshe le le galaleditswe katlego ya lone mo itsholelong, le kopanya dipoelo tsa diteemane le melao ya itsholelo le bookamedi jo bo siameng, le ntswa letlhoko la ditiro le go tlhoka go dira methale e mengwe ya itsholelo ke dikgwetlho tse di tsweletseng.<ref>Acemoglu, Daron; Johnson, Simon; Robinson, James A. (2002). [https://ideas.repec.org/p/cpr/ceprdp/3219.html "An African Success Story: Botswana".] CEPR Discussion Paper No. 3219. Centre for Economic Policy Research. Retrieved 17 July 2026</ref><ref>[https://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2018/09/05/na090518botswana "Botswana: Mining a New Growth Model".] International Monetary Fund. 5 September 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2026</ref><ref>[https://www.ifc.org/content/dam/ifc/doc/mgrt/cpsd-botswana-report-cw03.pdf Creating Markets in Botswana: Country Private Sector Diagnostic] (PDF) (Report). International Finance Corporation. 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2026</ref> == Ditso == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo la Botswana la gompieno go tswa mo ditsong le ne le laolwa ke [[merafe ya Bantu]], segolobogolo [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|batho ba Tswana]]. Dingwao tse dintsi tsa semolao tse di neng di dirisiwa ke morafe wa Tswana, jaaka go tlotla taolo ya setso le tshireletso ya [[ditshwanelo tsa dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya dipolotiki tsa Botswana tsa morago ga bokolone. Dibopego tsa sepolotiki tse magare tse ntsheditsweng pele ga bokolone le tsone di ile tsa bolokwa. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa Tswana pele ga puso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana. Mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, dikgosi tse di ne tsa nna dipuso tsa merafe.<ref>Hjort, Jonas (14 September 2009). [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x "Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE"]. ''The Economic History Review''. '''63''' (3): 688–709. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x. <nowiki>PMID 20617585</nowiki>. S2CID 44742736.</ref> Dipuso tse tsa merafe di ne di akaretsa puso e e lekanyeditsweng le bontsi jwa merafe.<ref name=":0">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). [https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': 100–139. doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007.</ref> [[United Kingdom]] e simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo eo la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e e ne ya nna karolo ya [[Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 jaaka [[Bechuanaland|Bechuanaland Protectorate]]. Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba Kgosi mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[molao wa Borithane]].<ref>Hall, Kenneth O. (1973). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 "British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection".] ''The International Journal of African Historical Studies''. '''6''' (2): 183–197. doi:10.2307/216773. ISSN 0361-7882. JSTOR 216773.</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Mokgatlho wa Batho wa Bechuanaland]] o o neng o le bogale. Lekoko la [[Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) le ne la tlhamiwa ke [[Seretse Khama]] ka 1962 e le karolo ya thulaganyo ya boipuso ka dipuisano.<ref>[[:en:Politics_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom & Bolt 2018]], p. 74.</ref> Botswana e ne ya ipusa ka 1965 mme ya nna rephaboliki e e ikemetseng ka nosi ka 1966. United Kingdom e ne ya tswelela go beeletsa mo lefatsheng le ka madi le go duela ditshenyegelo dingwe tsa yone go fitlha ka 1971.<ref name=":0" /> Ditheo le dingwao go tswa mo setšhabeng sa BaTswana sa pele ga bokolone le puso ya bokolone ya Borithane di ne tsa bolokwa morago ga boipuso mme di tswelela go tlhotlheletsa dipolotiki tsa Botswana.<ref>[[:en:Politics_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom & Bolt 2018]], pp. 12–13.</ref> === Botautona jwa ga Seretse Khama === Fa setšhaba se sena go bona boipuso, se ne sa tshwara [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa Bechuanaland tsa 1965]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya gapa phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong di le masome mararo le motso mo lekgotleng la peomolao, BDP e ne ya fenya di le masome mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira lekoko la kganetso, botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng e le ditoropo.<ref>[[:en:Politics_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p. 31.</ref> Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e tshwanang le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga bokolone. Melao gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le khuduthamaga pele di amogelwa.<ref>[[:en:Politics_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p. 56.</ref> Khama o ne a netefatsa gape gore go nna le seabe ga mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le kgatlhanong le bosetšhaba jo bo neng bo thibela tshono.<ref>[[:en:Politics_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p. 57.</ref> Fa Khama a ne a le tautona, mothusa tautona wa gagwe, [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a mantsi. Mo godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme e ne e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[Maano a Tlhabololo a Bosetšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao ya puso.<ref>[[:en:Politics_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p. 58.</ref> Go sa tlhomama ga kgaolo go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, e leng [[Botswana Defence Force|Sesole sa Tshireletso sa Botswana]], ka 1977. Pele ga seo, [[Botswana Police|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba.<ref>Beaulier, Scott A.; Subrick, J. Robert (2006). [http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x "The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana"]. ''Constitutional Political Economy''. '''17''' (2): 103–115. doi:10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x. ISSN 1043-4062. S2CID 59354401.</ref><ref>Zaffiro, James (1998). [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro "Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas"]. In Wright, Stephen (ed.). ''[https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright African Foreign Policies]''. Taylor & Francis. pp. 66–83. doi:10.4324/9780429502521-4. ISBN 9780429502521.</ref> [[Botswana National Front]] (BNF) e ne ya tlhongwa ke [[Kenneth Koma]] e le lekoko la molema mme ya nna lekoko la kganetso ka [[ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969]].<ref>[[:en:Politics_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p. 33.</ref> === Botautona jwa ga Quett Masire === Khama o ne a nna tautona go fitlha a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1980, mme ka nako eo Motlatsa Tautona Masire o ne a nna tautona. Kganetso e ne ya bona tshegetso ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 le bo 1990 fa naga e ne e nna ditoropo le motheo wa sepolotiki wa BDP kwa metseselegaeng o ne o ngotlega.<ref>Leith, J. Clark (2005). ''Why Botswana Prospered''. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN[[:en:Special:BookSources/0-7735-2820-2|&nbsp;<bdi>0-7735-2820-2</bdi>.]]</ref> Khomišene ya Kgabo, e e neng e le karolo ya kganetsano ya bonweenwee e e neng e akaretsa Motlatsamopresidente Peter Mmusi le Mokwaledikakaretso wa BDP Daniel Kwelagobe, e ne ya laola dipolotiki tsa Botswana ka 1991 mme ya tlisa motlha wa go nna le ditlhopha mo BDP.[13][14] Go tlogela tiro ga ga Mmusi go dirile gore Festus Mogae a tlhophiwe go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang. Tiragalo e e ne ya tlhomamisa ka thata kgotlhang e e golang ya ditlhopha mo teng ga BDP. Mmusi le Kwelagobe ba ne ba bopa lekoko le le lengwe, e leng Big Two. Mompati Merafhe le baemanokeng ba gagwe—e leng David Magang, Bahiti Temane, Roy Ditedu tse Ntsho le Chapson Butale—ba ne ba bopa lekoko le le ganetsanang, e leng Big Five.[13] Moragonyana Merafhe o ne a tsaya Jacob Nkate jaaka molekane wa gagwe yo o gaufi mme ba ipitsa A-Team.[14] Ba Big Two ba ne ba ikuela kgatlhanong le diphitlhelelo tsa khomišene kwa kgotlatshekelo, mme kgabagare ba ne ba emisiwa mo palamenteng. Morago ga moo baemanokeng ba bone ba ne ba nna le puso morago ga ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1994. Mo gare ga kgotlhang eno ya makoko, BNF e ne ya nna kganetso e e nonofileng thata, ya fenya manno a le lesome le boraro.[13] Kwelagobe o ne a tlhomagana le Ponatshego Kedikilwe morago ga loso lwa ga Mmusi mme ba ipitsa Barata-Phathi.[14] Morago ga tiragatso e e bokoa ya BDP mo ditlhophong tsa 1994, morutegi wa Aforika Borwa Lawrence Schlemmer o ne a tlisiwa ke lekoko go tla go tlamela ka leano la sepolotiki. O ne a akantsha gore go emisediwe maloko a BDP a a sa bolong go nna teng ka maloko a mašwa, a e seng a lekoko, go tlhomilwe mogopolo thata mo boporesidenteng.[14] Diphetogo tse dintsi tsa molaotheo di ne tsa tsenngwa tirisong mo Botswana morago ga referentamo ka 1997: motlatsamopresidente o ne a tlhomiwa go nna motlhatlhami wa mopresidente ka go itirisa, dingwaga tsa go bouta di ne tsa fokodiwa go nna lesomerobedi mme ga tlhomiwa khomišene e e ikemetseng ya ditlhopho.[13] Diphetogo tse di ne tsa tshegediwa ke Masire, ka gonne go tlhatlhamana ka go itirisa go ne go mo letla go tlotsa motlhatlhami.[13][14] == Metswedi == == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> E ne ya re fa rre Khama e le tautona, mothusa-tautona wa gagwe e bong, rre [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a nametsang pelo. Fa godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme ebile e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[National Development Plan (Botswana)|Maano a Tlhabololo ya setšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao-kakanyetso ya puso. Go seke go itshetlele ga lefatshe la Botswana go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, [[Botswana Defence Force]], ka ngwaga wa 1977. Pele ga seno, [[Sepodise sa Botswana|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> BNF e tlhomilwe ke [[Kenneth Koma]] ele lekoko la molema mme la nna lekokokganetso ka [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1969]]. == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> E ne ya re fa rre Khama e le tautona, mothusa-tautona wa gagwe e bong, rre [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a nametsang pelo. Fa godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme ebile e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[National Development Plan (Botswana)|Maano a Tlhabololo ya setšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao-kakanyetso ya puso. Go seke go itshetlele ga lefatshe la Botswana go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, [[Botswana Defence Force]], ka ngwaga wa 1977. Pele ga seno, [[Sepodise sa Botswana|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> BNF e tlhomilwe ke [[Kenneth Koma]] ele lekoko la molema mme la nna lekokokganetso ka [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1969]]. === Puso ya ga rre Quett Masire === Rre Khama o ne a busa e le tautona mo lefatsheng la Botswana go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1980 mme ya re go tlhokafaleng ga gagwe mothusa-tautona rre Masire a tsaya botautona. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go bona baema-nokeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go ya kwa go tsa bo 1990 fa lefatshe le tlhabololwa mme baema-nokeng ba lekoko la BDP ba ne ba fokotsega ka jaanong dikgaolwana di ne di fokotsega ko go neng go itsege BDP e le lekoko la konokono teng.<ref name=":12" /> == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> E ne ya re fa rre Khama e le tautona, mothusa-tautona wa gagwe e bong, rre [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a nametsang pelo. Fa godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme ebile e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[National Development Plan (Botswana)|Maano a Tlhabololo ya setšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao-kakanyetso ya puso. Go seke go itshetlele ga lefatshe la Botswana go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, [[Botswana Defence Force]], ka ngwaga wa 1977. Pele ga seno, [[Sepodise sa Botswana|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> BNF e tlhomilwe ke [[Kenneth Koma]] ele lekoko la molema mme la nna lekokokganetso ka [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1969]]. === Puso ya ga rre Quett Masire === Rre Khama o ne a busa e le tautona mo lefatsheng la Botswana go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1980 mme ya re go tlhokafaleng ga gagwe mothusa-tautona rre Masire a tsaya botautona. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go bona baema-nokeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go ya kwa go tsa bo 1990 fa lefatshe le tlhabololwa mme baema-nokeng ba lekoko la BDP ba ne ba fokotsega ka jaanong dikgaolwana di ne di fokotsega ko go neng go itsege BDP e le lekoko la konokono teng.<ref name=":12" /> Lekgotla la [[:en:Kgabo_Commission|Thomo ya ga Kgabo]] le e neng e le karolo ya menahune ya tsa bogodu e e neng e ama mothusa tautona rre [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] ga mmogo le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP rre [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]] e ne ya laola dipolotiki tsa lefatshe la Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1991 mme ya tsisa dikgaogano mo lekokong la BDP. <ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go tlogela tiro ga ga rre Mmusi go ne ga dira gore rre [[Festus Mogae]] a tlhomiwe go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang.Kgang e o e ne ya tsisa go gola ga dikarolwana tsa dikgotlhang mo BDP. Rre Mmusi le rre Kwelagobe ba ne ba simolola lekoko la bone mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Two'. Rre [[Mompati Merafhe]] ga mmogo le baema-nokeng ba gagwe e bong rre [[David Magang]], [[Bahiti Temane]], [[Roy Blackbeard]] le rre [[Chapson Butale]] ba ne ba tlhoma lekoko la kganetso mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Five'.<ref name="Ntuane" /> E ne ya re moragonyana rre Merafhe a tsaya rre [[Jacob Nkate]] go nna mothusi wa gagwe mme ba ne ba ipitsa ditswerere .<ref name=":16" /> Baemedi ba 'The Big Two' ba ne ba ikuela kgatlhanong le diphitlhelelo tsa lekgotla kwa kgotlatshekelong mme ba ne ba felela ba emisitswe go nna maloko a palamente. Batlhatlheledi ba bone ba ne ba bona maatla morago ga ditlhopho-kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994. E rile fa gare ga dikgogagakgogano tsa maloko, lekoko la BNF le ne la nna lekoko-kganetso le le nonofileng le go feta e bile la fenya ditilo tsa palamente di le lesome le boraro.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}</ref> Rre Kwelagobe o ne a itebaganya le rre [[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]] morago ga go tlhokafala ga ga rre Mmusi mme bobedi joo ba ipitsa [[Barata-Phathi]].<ref name=":16" /> == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> E ne ya re fa rre Khama e le tautona, mothusa-tautona wa gagwe e bong, rre [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a nametsang pelo. Fa godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme ebile e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[National Development Plan (Botswana)|Maano a Tlhabololo ya setšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao-kakanyetso ya puso. Go seke go itshetlele ga lefatshe la Botswana go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, [[Botswana Defence Force]], ka ngwaga wa 1977. Pele ga seno, [[Sepodise sa Botswana|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> BNF e tlhomilwe ke [[Kenneth Koma]] ele lekoko la molema mme la nna lekokokganetso ka [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1969]]. === Puso ya ga rre Quett Masire === Rre Khama o ne a busa e le tautona mo lefatsheng la Botswana go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1980 mme ya re go tlhokafaleng ga gagwe mothusa-tautona rre Masire a tsaya botautona. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go bona baema-nokeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go ya kwa go tsa bo 1990 fa lefatshe le tlhabololwa mme baema-nokeng ba lekoko la BDP ba ne ba fokotsega ka jaanong dikgaolwana di ne di fokotsega ko go neng go itsege BDP e le lekoko la konokono teng.<ref name=":12" /> Lekgotla la [[:en:Kgabo_Commission|Thomo ya ga Kgabo]] le e neng e le karolo ya menahune ya tsa bogodu e e neng e ama mothusa tautona rre [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] ga mmogo le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP rre [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]] e ne ya laola dipolotiki tsa lefatshe la Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1991 mme ya tsisa dikgaogano mo lekokong la BDP. <ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go tlogela tiro ga ga rre Mmusi go ne ga dira gore rre [[Festus Mogae]] a tlhomiwe go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang.Kgang e o e ne ya tsisa go gola ga dikarolwana tsa dikgotlhang mo BDP. Rre Mmusi le rre Kwelagobe ba ne ba simolola lekoko la bone mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Two'. Rre [[Mompati Merafhe]] ga mmogo le baema-nokeng ba gagwe e bong rre [[David Magang]], [[Bahiti Temane]], [[Roy Blackbeard]] le rre [[Chapson Butale]] ba ne ba tlhoma lekoko la kganetso mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Five'.<ref name="Ntuane" /> E ne ya re moragonyana rre Merafhe a tsaya rre [[Jacob Nkate]] go nna mothusi wa gagwe mme ba ne ba ipitsa ditswerere .<ref name=":16" /> Baemedi ba 'The Big Two' ba ne ba ikuela kgatlhanong le diphitlhelelo tsa lekgotla kwa kgotlatshekelong mme ba ne ba felela ba emisitswe go nna maloko a palamente. Batlhatlheledi ba bone ba ne ba bona maatla morago ga ditlhopho-kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994. E rile fa gare ga dikgogagakgogano tsa maloko, lekoko la BNF le ne la nna lekoko-kganetso le le nonofileng le go feta e bile la fenya ditilo tsa palamente di le lesome le boraro.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}</ref> Rre Kwelagobe o ne a itebaganya le rre [[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]] morago ga go tlhokafala ga ga rre Mmusi mme bobedi joo ba ipitsa [[Barata-Phathi]].<ref name=":16" /> Morago ga maduo a a bokowa mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa 1994,moithuti wa dithuto tsa sepolotiki e bong rre [[Lawrence Schlemmer]] o ne a tsisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana ke lekoko la BDP go tla go ba thusa ka maano.O ne a tla ka mogopolo wa gore maloko a a nang le sebaka se se rileng mo pusong ya BDP a tseelwe sebaka ke maloko a masa a a sa amaneng le dikarolo dipe segolo jang mo maemong a botautona.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Diphetogo di le dintsi tsa molaomotheo di ne tsa diragadiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga tseo ya megopolo mo baageding ba lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 1997.Mothusa tautona a tlhomamisiwa gore e tlaa nna ene mojaboswa wa setilo sa botautona, dingwaga tsa go tlhopha di ne tsa fokolediwa kwa go lesome le boferabobedi fa godimo ga moo ga tlhomiwa lekgotla la ditlhopho le le ikemetseng ka nosi.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNtuane2018">Ntuane, Botsalo (2018). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 "President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King"]. ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''50''': <span class="nowrap">333–</span>338. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0525-5090 0525-5090]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 90026925].</cite></ref> Diphetogo tse, di ne di eteletswe pele ke rre Masire ka gore tatelano ya go tsena mo maemong e ne e mo letlelela go tlhopha yo o tlaa mo latelelang.<ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16" /> == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> E ne ya re fa rre Khama e le tautona, mothusa-tautona wa gagwe e bong, rre [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a nametsang pelo. Fa godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme ebile e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[National Development Plan (Botswana)|Maano a Tlhabololo ya setšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao-kakanyetso ya puso. Go seke go itshetlele ga lefatshe la Botswana go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, [[Botswana Defence Force]], ka ngwaga wa 1977. Pele ga seno, [[Sepodise sa Botswana|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> BNF e tlhomilwe ke [[Kenneth Koma]] ele lekoko la molema mme la nna lekokokganetso ka [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1969]]. === Puso ya ga rre Quett Masire === Rre Khama o ne a busa e le tautona mo lefatsheng la Botswana go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1980 mme ya re go tlhokafaleng ga gagwe mothusa-tautona rre Masire a tsaya botautona. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go bona baema-nokeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go ya kwa go tsa bo 1990 fa lefatshe le tlhabololwa mme baema-nokeng ba lekoko la BDP ba ne ba fokotsega ka jaanong dikgaolwana di ne di fokotsega ko go neng go itsege BDP e le lekoko la konokono teng.<ref name=":12" /> Lekgotla la [[:en:Kgabo_Commission|Thomo ya ga Kgabo]] le e neng e le karolo ya menahune ya tsa bogodu e e neng e ama mothusa tautona rre [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] ga mmogo le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP rre [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]] e ne ya laola dipolotiki tsa lefatshe la Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1991 mme ya tsisa dikgaogano mo lekokong la BDP. <ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go tlogela tiro ga ga rre Mmusi go ne ga dira gore rre [[Festus Mogae]] a tlhomiwe go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang.Kgang e o e ne ya tsisa go gola ga dikarolwana tsa dikgotlhang mo BDP. Rre Mmusi le rre Kwelagobe ba ne ba simolola lekoko la bone mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Two'. Rre [[Mompati Merafhe]] ga mmogo le baema-nokeng ba gagwe e bong rre [[David Magang]], [[Bahiti Temane]], [[Roy Blackbeard]] le rre [[Chapson Butale]] ba ne ba tlhoma lekoko la kganetso mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Five'.<ref name="Ntuane" /> E ne ya re moragonyana rre Merafhe a tsaya rre [[Jacob Nkate]] go nna mothusi wa gagwe mme ba ne ba ipitsa ditswerere .<ref name=":16" /> Baemedi ba 'The Big Two' ba ne ba ikuela kgatlhanong le diphitlhelelo tsa lekgotla kwa kgotlatshekelong mme ba ne ba felela ba emisitswe go nna maloko a palamente. Batlhatlheledi ba bone ba ne ba bona maatla morago ga ditlhopho-kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994. E rile fa gare ga dikgogagakgogano tsa maloko, lekoko la BNF le ne la nna lekoko-kganetso le le nonofileng le go feta e bile la fenya ditilo tsa palamente di le lesome le boraro.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}</ref> Rre Kwelagobe o ne a itebaganya le rre [[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]] morago ga go tlhokafala ga ga rre Mmusi mme bobedi joo ba ipitsa [[Barata-Phathi]].<ref name=":16" /> Morago ga maduo a a bokowa mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa 1994,moithuti wa dithuto tsa sepolotiki e bong rre [[Lawrence Schlemmer]] o ne a tsisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana ke lekoko la BDP go tla go ba thusa ka maano.O ne a tla ka mogopolo wa gore maloko a a nang le sebaka se se rileng mo pusong ya BDP a tseelwe sebaka ke maloko a masa a a sa amaneng le dikarolo dipe segolo jang mo maemong a botautona.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Diphetogo di le dintsi tsa molaomotheo di ne tsa diragadiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga tseo ya megopolo mo baageding ba lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 1997.Mothusa tautona a tlhomamisiwa gore e tlaa nna ene mojaboswa wa setilo sa botautona, dingwaga tsa go tlhopha di ne tsa fokolediwa kwa go lesome le boferabobedi fa godimo ga moo ga tlhomiwa lekgotla la ditlhopho le le ikemetseng ka nosi.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNtuane2018">Ntuane, Botsalo (2018). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 "President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King"]. ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''50''': <span class="nowrap">333–</span>338. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0525-5090 0525-5090]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 90026925].</cite></ref> Diphetogo tse, di ne di eteletswe pele ke rre Masire ka gore tatelano ya go tsena mo maemong e ne e mo letlelela go tlhopha yo o tlaa mo latelelang.<ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16" /> === 1998 go fitlhelela gompieno === Rre Masire o ne a fologa maemo a bo tautona ka ngwaga wa 1998 mme mothusa-tautona rre Mogae a nna tautona.O ne a tlhopha rre [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]] go nna mothusa-tautona mme le fa bobedi jo bo ne bo se mo lekokong ka leina, ba ne ba tshegetsa lekoko la A-Team la ga rre Merafhe le rre Nkate ka katlego. Seo se ne sa dira gore dipharologano tsa ditlhopha mo lekokong di nne maswe le go feta. <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Go ne ga nna le kgogakgogano gape mo lekokongkganetso la BNF, e e neng ya dira gore go tlhamiwe [[Botswana Congress Party]] ka ngwaga wa 1998. Maloko mangwe a a lekanetseng a kokoano a a neng a tswa mo lekokong le lešwa a ne a lemoga fa lekoko le le ne la nna la kganetso e kgolo, mme ba ne ba emisediwa ka bontlhopheng ba BNF mo [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1999 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1999]] . == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> E ne ya re fa rre Khama e le tautona, mothusa-tautona wa gagwe e bong, rre [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a nametsang pelo. Fa godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme ebile e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[National Development Plan (Botswana)|Maano a Tlhabololo ya setšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao-kakanyetso ya puso. Go seke go itshetlele ga lefatshe la Botswana go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, [[Botswana Defence Force]], ka ngwaga wa 1977. Pele ga seno, [[Sepodise sa Botswana|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> BNF e tlhomilwe ke [[Kenneth Koma]] ele lekoko la molema mme la nna lekokokganetso ka [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1969]]. === Puso ya ga rre Quett Masire === Rre Khama o ne a busa e le tautona mo lefatsheng la Botswana go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1980 mme ya re go tlhokafaleng ga gagwe mothusa-tautona rre Masire a tsaya botautona. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go bona baema-nokeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go ya kwa go tsa bo 1990 fa lefatshe le tlhabololwa mme baema-nokeng ba lekoko la BDP ba ne ba fokotsega ka jaanong dikgaolwana di ne di fokotsega ko go neng go itsege BDP e le lekoko la konokono teng.<ref name=":12" /> Lekgotla la [[:en:Kgabo_Commission|Thomo ya ga Kgabo]] le e neng e le karolo ya menahune ya tsa bogodu e e neng e ama mothusa tautona rre [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] ga mmogo le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP rre [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]] e ne ya laola dipolotiki tsa lefatshe la Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1991 mme ya tsisa dikgaogano mo lekokong la BDP. <ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go tlogela tiro ga ga rre Mmusi go ne ga dira gore rre [[Festus Mogae]] a tlhomiwe go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang.Kgang e o e ne ya tsisa go gola ga dikarolwana tsa dikgotlhang mo BDP. Rre Mmusi le rre Kwelagobe ba ne ba simolola lekoko la bone mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Two'. Rre [[Mompati Merafhe]] ga mmogo le baema-nokeng ba gagwe e bong rre [[David Magang]], [[Bahiti Temane]], [[Roy Blackbeard]] le rre [[Chapson Butale]] ba ne ba tlhoma lekoko la kganetso mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Five'.<ref name="Ntuane" /> E ne ya re moragonyana rre Merafhe a tsaya rre [[Jacob Nkate]] go nna mothusi wa gagwe mme ba ne ba ipitsa ditswerere .<ref name=":16" /> Baemedi ba 'The Big Two' ba ne ba ikuela kgatlhanong le diphitlhelelo tsa lekgotla kwa kgotlatshekelong mme ba ne ba felela ba emisitswe go nna maloko a palamente. Batlhatlheledi ba bone ba ne ba bona maatla morago ga ditlhopho-kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994. E rile fa gare ga dikgogagakgogano tsa maloko, lekoko la BNF le ne la nna lekoko-kganetso le le nonofileng le go feta e bile la fenya ditilo tsa palamente di le lesome le boraro.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}</ref> Rre Kwelagobe o ne a itebaganya le rre [[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]] morago ga go tlhokafala ga ga rre Mmusi mme bobedi joo ba ipitsa [[Barata-Phathi]].<ref name=":16" /> Morago ga maduo a a bokowa mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa 1994,moithuti wa dithuto tsa sepolotiki e bong rre [[Lawrence Schlemmer]] o ne a tsisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana ke lekoko la BDP go tla go ba thusa ka maano.O ne a tla ka mogopolo wa gore maloko a a nang le sebaka se se rileng mo pusong ya BDP a tseelwe sebaka ke maloko a masa a a sa amaneng le dikarolo dipe segolo jang mo maemong a botautona.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Diphetogo di le dintsi tsa molaomotheo di ne tsa diragadiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga tseo ya megopolo mo baageding ba lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 1997.Mothusa tautona a tlhomamisiwa gore e tlaa nna ene mojaboswa wa setilo sa botautona, dingwaga tsa go tlhopha di ne tsa fokolediwa kwa go lesome le boferabobedi fa godimo ga moo ga tlhomiwa lekgotla la ditlhopho le le ikemetseng ka nosi.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNtuane2018">Ntuane, Botsalo (2018). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 "President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King"]. ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''50''': <span class="nowrap">333–</span>338. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0525-5090 0525-5090]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 90026925].</cite></ref> Diphetogo tse, di ne di eteletswe pele ke rre Masire ka gore tatelano ya go tsena mo maemong e ne e mo letlelela go tlhopha yo o tlaa mo latelelang.<ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16" /> === 1998 go fitlhelela gompieno === Rre Masire o ne a fologa maemo a bo tautona ka ngwaga wa 1998 mme mothusa-tautona rre Mogae a nna tautona.O ne a tlhopha rre [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]] go nna mothusa-tautona mme le fa bobedi jo bo ne bo se mo lekokong ka leina, ba ne ba tshegetsa lekoko la A-Team la ga rre Merafhe le rre Nkate ka katlego. Seo se ne sa dira gore dipharologano tsa ditlhopha mo lekokong di nne maswe le go feta. <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Go ne ga nna le kgogakgogano gape mo lekokongkganetso la BNF, e e neng ya dira gore go tlhamiwe [[Botswana Congress Party]] ka ngwaga wa 1998. Maloko mangwe a a lekanetseng a kokoano a a neng a tswa mo lekokong le lešwa a ne a lemoga fa lekoko le le ne la nna la kganetso e kgolo, mme ba ne ba emisediwa ka bontlhopheng ba BNF mo [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1999 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1999]] . Nako ya ga Mogae ya go busa e le tautona e ne ya fela ka ngwaga wa 2008 mme Ian Khama, morwa tautona Seretse Khama, a nna tautona. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2008 |title=Botswana's Mogae wins $5m award |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2008/10/21/botswanas-mogae-wins-5m-award |access-date=2023-09-30 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> BDP e ne ya kgaogana lekgetlho la ntlha ka ngwaga wa 2010 fa Khama a ne a rotloetsa lekoko la 'Barata-Phathi' go tswa mo lekokong la BDP mme ba tlhama Mokgatlho wa [[Lekoko la Botswana Movement for Democracy|Botswana Movement for Democracy]], o o neng o eteletswe pele ke rre [[Gomolemo Motswaledi]] . <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Freedom House e ne ya isa maemo a Botswana kwa tlase ka dingwaga tsa bo 2010 ka go ne ga nna le kgatelelo kgatlhanong le babegadikgang. <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Nyenhuis |first2=Robert |date=2021 |title=Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article |journal=African Studies Review |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=854–883 |doi=10.1017/asr.2021.69 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=244539238 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> E ne ya re fa rre Khama e le tautona, mothusa-tautona wa gagwe e bong, rre [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a nametsang pelo. Fa godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme ebile e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[National Development Plan (Botswana)|Maano a Tlhabololo ya setšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao-kakanyetso ya puso. Go seke go itshetlele ga lefatshe la Botswana go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, [[Botswana Defence Force]], ka ngwaga wa 1977. Pele ga seno, [[Sepodise sa Botswana|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> BNF e tlhomilwe ke [[Kenneth Koma]] ele lekoko la molema mme la nna lekokokganetso ka [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1969]]. === Puso ya ga rre Quett Masire === Rre Khama o ne a busa e le tautona mo lefatsheng la Botswana go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1980 mme ya re go tlhokafaleng ga gagwe mothusa-tautona rre Masire a tsaya botautona. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go bona baema-nokeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go ya kwa go tsa bo 1990 fa lefatshe le tlhabololwa mme baema-nokeng ba lekoko la BDP ba ne ba fokotsega ka jaanong dikgaolwana di ne di fokotsega ko go neng go itsege BDP e le lekoko la konokono teng.<ref name=":12" /> Lekgotla la [[:en:Kgabo_Commission|Thomo ya ga Kgabo]] le e neng e le karolo ya menahune ya tsa bogodu e e neng e ama mothusa tautona rre [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] ga mmogo le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP rre [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]] e ne ya laola dipolotiki tsa lefatshe la Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1991 mme ya tsisa dikgaogano mo lekokong la BDP. <ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go tlogela tiro ga ga rre Mmusi go ne ga dira gore rre [[Festus Mogae]] a tlhomiwe go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang.Kgang e o e ne ya tsisa go gola ga dikarolwana tsa dikgotlhang mo BDP. Rre Mmusi le rre Kwelagobe ba ne ba simolola lekoko la bone mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Two'. Rre [[Mompati Merafhe]] ga mmogo le baema-nokeng ba gagwe e bong rre [[David Magang]], [[Bahiti Temane]], [[Roy Blackbeard]] le rre [[Chapson Butale]] ba ne ba tlhoma lekoko la kganetso mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Five'.<ref name="Ntuane" /> E ne ya re moragonyana rre Merafhe a tsaya rre [[Jacob Nkate]] go nna mothusi wa gagwe mme ba ne ba ipitsa ditswerere .<ref name=":16" /> Baemedi ba 'The Big Two' ba ne ba ikuela kgatlhanong le diphitlhelelo tsa lekgotla kwa kgotlatshekelong mme ba ne ba felela ba emisitswe go nna maloko a palamente. Batlhatlheledi ba bone ba ne ba bona maatla morago ga ditlhopho-kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994. E rile fa gare ga dikgogagakgogano tsa maloko, lekoko la BNF le ne la nna lekoko-kganetso le le nonofileng le go feta e bile la fenya ditilo tsa palamente di le lesome le boraro.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}</ref> Rre Kwelagobe o ne a itebaganya le rre [[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]] morago ga go tlhokafala ga ga rre Mmusi mme bobedi joo ba ipitsa [[Barata-Phathi]].<ref name=":16" /> Morago ga maduo a a bokowa mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa 1994,moithuti wa dithuto tsa sepolotiki e bong rre [[Lawrence Schlemmer]] o ne a tsisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana ke lekoko la BDP go tla go ba thusa ka maano.O ne a tla ka mogopolo wa gore maloko a a nang le sebaka se se rileng mo pusong ya BDP a tseelwe sebaka ke maloko a masa a a sa amaneng le dikarolo dipe segolo jang mo maemong a botautona.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Diphetogo di le dintsi tsa molaomotheo di ne tsa diragadiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga tseo ya megopolo mo baageding ba lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 1997.Mothusa tautona a tlhomamisiwa gore e tlaa nna ene mojaboswa wa setilo sa botautona, dingwaga tsa go tlhopha di ne tsa fokolediwa kwa go lesome le boferabobedi fa godimo ga moo ga tlhomiwa lekgotla la ditlhopho le le ikemetseng ka nosi.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNtuane2018">Ntuane, Botsalo (2018). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 "President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King"]. ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''50''': <span class="nowrap">333–</span>338. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0525-5090 0525-5090]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 90026925].</cite></ref> Diphetogo tse, di ne di eteletswe pele ke rre Masire ka gore tatelano ya go tsena mo maemong e ne e mo letlelela go tlhopha yo o tlaa mo latelelang.<ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16" /> === 1998 go fitlhelela gompieno === Rre Masire o ne a fologa maemo a bo-tautona ka ngwaga wa 1998 mme mothusa-tautona rre Mogae a nna tautona.O ne a tlhopha rre [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]] go nna mothusa-tautona mme le fa bobedi jo bo ne bo se mo lekokong ka leina, ba ne ba tshegetsa lekoko la A-Team la ga rre Merafhe le rre Nkate ka katlego. Seo se ne sa dira gore dipharologano tsa ditlhopha mo lekokong di nne maswe le go feta. <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go ne ga nna le kgogakgogano gape mo lekokongkganetso la BNF, e e neng ya dira gore go tlhamiwe [[Botswana Congress Party]] ka ngwaga wa 1998. Maloko mangwe a a lekanetseng a kokoano a a neng a tswa mo lekokong le lešwa a ne a lemoga fa lekoko le le ne la nna la kganetso e kgolo, mme ba ne ba emisediwa ka bontlhopheng ba BNF mo [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1999 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1999]] . Nako ya ga Mogae ya go busa e le tautona e ne ya fela ka ngwaga wa 2008 mme Ian Khama, morwa tautona Seretse Khama, a nna tautona. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2008 |title=Botswana's Mogae wins $5m award |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2008/10/21/botswanas-mogae-wins-5m-award |access-date=2023-09-30 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> BDP e ne ya kgaogana lekgetlho la ntlha ka ngwaga wa 2010 fa Khama a ne a rotloetsa lekoko la 'Barata-Phathi' go tswa mo lekokong la BDP mme ba tlhama Mokgatlho wa [[Lekoko la Botswana Movement for Democracy|Botswana Movement for Democracy]], o o neng o eteletswe pele ke rre [[Gomolemo Motswaledi]] . <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Freedom House e ne ya isa maemo a Botswana kwa tlase ka dingwaga tsa bo 2010 ka go ne ga nna le kgatelelo kgatlhanong le babegadikgang. <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Nyenhuis |first2=Robert |date=2021 |title=Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article |journal=African Studies Review |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=854–883 |doi=10.1017/asr.2021.69 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=244539238 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Rre Khama o ne a fologa setilo ka ngwaga wa 2018 mme mothusa tautona rre [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] a tsaya setilo sa bo-tautona. A tloga a busetsa morago melawana ya ga rre Khama mme a ntsha badiredibagolo ba ba neng ba tlhomilwe ke rre Khama mo maemomg a bone. Bobedi bo bo neng bo dirisana mmogo ebile bo ntshana seinong bo ne ba fetoga go nna baganetsi ba sepolotiki ka bonako mme Khama a tswa mo lekokong la Botswana Democratic Party. Go na le moo o ne a ikgolaganya le lekoko le le sa tswang go tlhamiwa [[Botswana Patriotic Front|la Botswana Patriotic Front]] mo godimo ga go ema nokeng lekoko la Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho. Se se dirile gore [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 2019 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 2019]] e nne ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kgaisano e e rileng mo dipakeng tsa ditlhopho tsa setšhaba sa Botswana, fela BDP e ne ya nna mo pusong ka selekanyo sa ditlhopho se se sa feteng makgolo a le matlhano le boraro (52.7%) , ya gapa manno a le masome a mararo le borobabobedi mo go a le masome a le matlhano le bosupa mo lekgotleng la kokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Nyenhuis |first2=Robert |date=2021 |title=Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article |journal=African Studies Review |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=854–883 |doi=10.1017/asr.2021.69 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=244539238 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSeaboNyenhuis2021">Seabo, Batlang; Nyenhuis, Robert (2021). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article "Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama"]</span>. ''African Studies Review''. '''64''' (4): <span class="nowrap">854–</span>883. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/asr.2021.69|10.1017/asr.2021.69]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-0206 0002-0206]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244539238 244539238].</cite></ref> Kgaisano e ne ya gola thata fa rre Masisi a ne a latelela ditatofatso tsa bosenyi kgatlhanong le rre Khama ka ntlha ya go nna le ditlhobolo e se ka fa molaong ka ngwaga wa 2022, mme seo se ne sa dira gore rre Khama a batle botshabelo kwa Aferika Borwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ndebele |first=Lenin |title=Ex-Botswana president Ian Khama vows to make successor 'one-term' president |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/ex-botswana-president-ian-khama-vows-to-make-successor-one-term-president-20230412 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=News24}}</ref> == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> E ne ya re fa rre Khama e le tautona, mothusa-tautona wa gagwe e bong, rre [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a nametsang pelo. Fa godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme ebile e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[National Development Plan (Botswana)|Maano a Tlhabololo ya setšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao-kakanyetso ya puso. Go seke go itshetlele ga lefatshe la Botswana go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, [[Botswana Defence Force]], ka ngwaga wa 1977. Pele ga seno, [[Sepodise sa Botswana|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> BNF e tlhomilwe ke [[Kenneth Koma]] ele lekoko la molema mme la nna lekokokganetso ka [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1969]]. === Puso ya ga rre Quett Masire === Rre Khama o ne a busa e le tautona mo lefatsheng la Botswana go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1980 mme ya re go tlhokafaleng ga gagwe mothusa-tautona rre Masire a tsaya botautona. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go bona baema-nokeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go ya kwa go tsa bo 1990 fa lefatshe le tlhabololwa mme baema-nokeng ba lekoko la BDP ba ne ba fokotsega ka jaanong dikgaolwana di ne di fokotsega ko go neng go itsege BDP e le lekoko la konokono teng.<ref name=":12" /> Lekgotla la [[:en:Kgabo_Commission|Thomo ya ga Kgabo]] le e neng e le karolo ya menahune ya tsa bogodu e e neng e ama mothusa tautona rre [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] ga mmogo le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP rre [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]] e ne ya laola dipolotiki tsa lefatshe la Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1991 mme ya tsisa dikgaogano mo lekokong la BDP. <ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go tlogela tiro ga ga rre Mmusi go ne ga dira gore rre [[Festus Mogae]] a tlhomiwe go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang.Kgang e o e ne ya tsisa go gola ga dikarolwana tsa dikgotlhang mo BDP. Rre Mmusi le rre Kwelagobe ba ne ba simolola lekoko la bone mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Two'. Rre [[Mompati Merafhe]] ga mmogo le baema-nokeng ba gagwe e bong rre [[David Magang]], [[Bahiti Temane]], [[Roy Blackbeard]] le rre [[Chapson Butale]] ba ne ba tlhoma lekoko la kganetso mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Five'.<ref name="Ntuane" /> E ne ya re moragonyana rre Merafhe a tsaya rre [[Jacob Nkate]] go nna mothusi wa gagwe mme ba ne ba ipitsa ditswerere .<ref name=":16" /> Baemedi ba 'The Big Two' ba ne ba ikuela kgatlhanong le diphitlhelelo tsa lekgotla kwa kgotlatshekelong mme ba ne ba felela ba emisitswe go nna maloko a palamente. Batlhatlheledi ba bone ba ne ba bona maatla morago ga ditlhopho-kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994. E rile fa gare ga dikgogagakgogano tsa maloko, lekoko la BNF le ne la nna lekoko-kganetso le le nonofileng le go feta e bile la fenya ditilo tsa palamente di le lesome le boraro.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}</ref> Rre Kwelagobe o ne a itebaganya le rre [[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]] morago ga go tlhokafala ga ga rre Mmusi mme bobedi joo ba ipitsa [[Barata-Phathi]].<ref name=":16" /> Morago ga maduo a a bokowa mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa 1994,moithuti wa dithuto tsa sepolotiki e bong rre [[Lawrence Schlemmer]] o ne a tsisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana ke lekoko la BDP go tla go ba thusa ka maano.O ne a tla ka mogopolo wa gore maloko a a nang le sebaka se se rileng mo pusong ya BDP a tseelwe sebaka ke maloko a masa a a sa amaneng le dikarolo dipe segolo jang mo maemong a botautona.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Diphetogo di le dintsi tsa molaomotheo di ne tsa diragadiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga tseo ya megopolo mo baageding ba lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 1997.Mothusa tautona a tlhomamisiwa gore e tlaa nna ene mojaboswa wa setilo sa botautona, dingwaga tsa go tlhopha di ne tsa fokolediwa kwa go lesome le boferabobedi fa godimo ga moo ga tlhomiwa lekgotla la ditlhopho le le ikemetseng ka nosi.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNtuane2018">Ntuane, Botsalo (2018). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 "President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King"]. ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''50''': <span class="nowrap">333–</span>338. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0525-5090 0525-5090]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 90026925].</cite></ref> Diphetogo tse, di ne di eteletswe pele ke rre Masire ka gore tatelano ya go tsena mo maemong e ne e mo letlelela go tlhopha yo o tlaa mo latelelang.<ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16" /> === 1998 go fitlhelela gompieno === Rre Masire o ne a fologa maemo a bo-tautona ka ngwaga wa 1998 mme mothusa-tautona rre Mogae a nna tautona.O ne a tlhopha rre [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]] go nna mothusa-tautona mme le fa bobedi jo bo ne bo se mo lekokong ka leina, ba ne ba tshegetsa lekoko la A-Team la ga rre Merafhe le rre Nkate ka katlego. Seo se ne sa dira gore dipharologano tsa ditlhopha mo lekokong di nne maswe le go feta. <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go ne ga nna le kgogakgogano gape mo lekokongkganetso la BNF, e e neng ya dira gore go tlhamiwe [[Botswana Congress Party]] ka ngwaga wa 1998. Maloko mangwe a a lekanetseng a kokoano a a neng a tswa mo lekokong le lešwa a ne a lemoga fa lekoko le le ne la nna la kganetso e kgolo, mme ba ne ba emisediwa ka bontlhopheng ba BNF mo [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1999 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1999]] . Nako ya ga Mogae ya go busa e le tautona e ne ya fela ka ngwaga wa 2008 mme Ian Khama, morwa tautona Seretse Khama, a nna tautona. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2008 |title=Botswana's Mogae wins $5m award |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2008/10/21/botswanas-mogae-wins-5m-award |access-date=2023-09-30 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> BDP e ne ya kgaogana lekgetlho la ntlha ka ngwaga wa 2010 fa Khama a ne a rotloetsa lekoko la 'Barata-Phathi' go tswa mo lekokong la BDP mme ba tlhama Mokgatlho wa [[Lekoko la Botswana Movement for Democracy|Botswana Movement for Democracy]], o o neng o eteletswe pele ke rre [[Gomolemo Motswaledi]] . <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Freedom House e ne ya isa maemo a Botswana kwa tlase ka dingwaga tsa bo 2010 ka go ne ga nna le kgatelelo kgatlhanong le babegadikgang. <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Nyenhuis |first2=Robert |date=2021 |title=Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article |journal=African Studies Review |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=854–883 |doi=10.1017/asr.2021.69 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=244539238 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Rre Khama o ne a fologa setilo ka ngwaga wa 2018 mme mothusa tautona rre [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] a tsaya setilo sa bo-tautona. A tloga a busetsa morago melawana ya ga rre Khama mme a ntsha badiredibagolo ba ba neng ba tlhomilwe ke rre Khama mo maemomg a bone. Bobedi bo bo neng bo dirisana mmogo ebile bo ntshana seinong bo ne ba fetoga go nna baganetsi ba sepolotiki ka bonako mme Khama a tswa mo lekokong la Botswana Democratic Party. Go na le moo o ne a ikgolaganya le lekoko le le sa tswang go tlhamiwa [[Botswana Patriotic Front|la Botswana Patriotic Front]] mo godimo ga go ema nokeng lekoko la Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho. Se se dirile gore [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 2019 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 2019]] e nne ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kgaisano e e rileng mo dipakeng tsa ditlhopho tsa setšhaba sa Botswana, fela BDP e ne ya nna mo pusong ka selekanyo sa ditlhopho se se sa feteng makgolo a le matlhano le boraro (52.7%) , ya gapa manno a le masome a mararo le borobabobedi mo go a le masome a le matlhano le bosupa mo lekgotleng la kokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Nyenhuis |first2=Robert |date=2021 |title=Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article |journal=African Studies Review |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=854–883 |doi=10.1017/asr.2021.69 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=244539238 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSeaboNyenhuis2021">Seabo, Batlang; Nyenhuis, Robert (2021). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article "Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama"]</span>. ''African Studies Review''. '''64''' (4): <span class="nowrap">854–</span>883. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/asr.2021.69|10.1017/asr.2021.69]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-0206 0002-0206]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244539238 244539238].</cite></ref> Kgaisano e ne ya gola thata fa rre Masisi a ne a latelela ditatofatso tsa bosenyi kgatlhanong le rre Khama ka ntlha ya go nna le ditlhobolo e se ka fa molaong ka ngwaga wa 2022, mme seo se ne sa dira gore rre Khama a batle botshabelo kwa Aferika Borwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ndebele |first=Lenin |title=Ex-Botswana president Ian Khama vows to make successor 'one-term' president |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/ex-botswana-president-ian-khama-vows-to-make-successor-one-term-president-20230412 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=News24}}</ref> == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> E ne ya re fa rre Khama e le tautona, mothusa-tautona wa gagwe e bong, rre [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a nametsang pelo. Fa godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme ebile e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[National Development Plan (Botswana)|Maano a Tlhabololo ya setšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao-kakanyetso ya puso. Go seke go itshetlele ga lefatshe la Botswana go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, [[Botswana Defence Force]], ka ngwaga wa 1977. Pele ga seno, [[Sepodise sa Botswana|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> BNF e tlhomilwe ke [[Kenneth Koma]] ele lekoko la molema mme la nna lekokokganetso ka [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1969]]. === Puso ya ga rre Quett Masire === Rre Khama o ne a busa e le tautona mo lefatsheng la Botswana go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1980 mme ya re go tlhokafaleng ga gagwe mothusa-tautona rre Masire a tsaya botautona. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go bona baema-nokeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go ya kwa go tsa bo 1990 fa lefatshe le tlhabololwa mme baema-nokeng ba lekoko la BDP ba ne ba fokotsega ka jaanong dikgaolwana di ne di fokotsega ko go neng go itsege BDP e le lekoko la konokono teng.<ref name=":12" /> Lekgotla la [[:en:Kgabo_Commission|Thomo ya ga Kgabo]] le e neng e le karolo ya menahune ya tsa bogodu e e neng e ama mothusa tautona rre [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] ga mmogo le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP rre [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]] e ne ya laola dipolotiki tsa lefatshe la Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1991 mme ya tsisa dikgaogano mo lekokong la BDP. <ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go tlogela tiro ga ga rre Mmusi go ne ga dira gore rre [[Festus Mogae]] a tlhomiwe go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang.Kgang e o e ne ya tsisa go gola ga dikarolwana tsa dikgotlhang mo BDP. Rre Mmusi le rre Kwelagobe ba ne ba simolola lekoko la bone mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Two'. Rre [[Mompati Merafhe]] ga mmogo le baema-nokeng ba gagwe e bong rre [[David Magang]], [[Bahiti Temane]], [[Roy Blackbeard]] le rre [[Chapson Butale]] ba ne ba tlhoma lekoko la kganetso mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Five'.<ref name="Ntuane" /> E ne ya re moragonyana rre Merafhe a tsaya rre [[Jacob Nkate]] go nna mothusi wa gagwe mme ba ne ba ipitsa ditswerere .<ref name=":16" /> Baemedi ba 'The Big Two' ba ne ba ikuela kgatlhanong le diphitlhelelo tsa lekgotla kwa kgotlatshekelong mme ba ne ba felela ba emisitswe go nna maloko a palamente. Batlhatlheledi ba bone ba ne ba bona maatla morago ga ditlhopho-kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994. E rile fa gare ga dikgogagakgogano tsa maloko, lekoko la BNF le ne la nna lekoko-kganetso le le nonofileng le go feta e bile la fenya ditilo tsa palamente di le lesome le boraro.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}</ref> Rre Kwelagobe o ne a itebaganya le rre [[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]] morago ga go tlhokafala ga ga rre Mmusi mme bobedi joo ba ipitsa [[Barata-Phathi]].<ref name=":16" /> Morago ga maduo a a bokowa mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa 1994,moithuti wa dithuto tsa sepolotiki e bong rre [[Lawrence Schlemmer]] o ne a tsisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana ke lekoko la BDP go tla go ba thusa ka maano.O ne a tla ka mogopolo wa gore maloko a a nang le sebaka se se rileng mo pusong ya BDP a tseelwe sebaka ke maloko a masa a a sa amaneng le dikarolo dipe segolo jang mo maemong a botautona.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Diphetogo di le dintsi tsa molaomotheo di ne tsa diragadiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga tseo ya megopolo mo baageding ba lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 1997.Mothusa tautona a tlhomamisiwa gore e tlaa nna ene mojaboswa wa setilo sa botautona, dingwaga tsa go tlhopha di ne tsa fokolediwa kwa go lesome le boferabobedi fa godimo ga moo ga tlhomiwa lekgotla la ditlhopho le le ikemetseng ka nosi.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNtuane2018">Ntuane, Botsalo (2018). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 "President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King"]. ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''50''': <span class="nowrap">333–</span>338. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0525-5090 0525-5090]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 90026925].</cite></ref> Diphetogo tse, di ne di eteletswe pele ke rre Masire ka gore tatelano ya go tsena mo maemong e ne e mo letlelela go tlhopha yo o tlaa mo latelelang.<ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16" /> === 1998 go fitlhelela gompieno === Rre Masire o ne a fologa maemo a bo-tautona ka ngwaga wa 1998 mme mothusa-tautona rre Mogae a nna tautona.O ne a tlhopha rre [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]] go nna mothusa-tautona mme le fa bobedi jo bo ne bo se mo lekokong ka leina, ba ne ba tshegetsa lekoko la A-Team la ga rre Merafhe le rre Nkate ka katlego. Seo se ne sa dira gore dipharologano tsa ditlhopha mo lekokong di nne maswe le go feta. <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go ne ga nna le kgogakgogano gape mo lekokongkganetso la BNF, e e neng ya dira gore go tlhamiwe [[Botswana Congress Party]] ka ngwaga wa 1998. Maloko mangwe a a lekanetseng a kokoano a a neng a tswa mo lekokong le lešwa a ne a lemoga fa lekoko le le ne la nna la kganetso e kgolo, mme ba ne ba emisediwa ka bontlhopheng ba BNF mo [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1999 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1999]] . Nako ya ga Mogae ya go busa e le tautona e ne ya fela ka ngwaga wa 2008 mme Ian Khama, morwa tautona Seretse Khama, a nna tautona. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2008 |title=Botswana's Mogae wins $5m award |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2008/10/21/botswanas-mogae-wins-5m-award |access-date=2023-09-30 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> BDP e ne ya kgaogana lekgetlho la ntlha ka ngwaga wa 2010 fa Khama a ne a rotloetsa lekoko la 'Barata-Phathi' go tswa mo lekokong la BDP mme ba tlhama Mokgatlho wa [[Lekoko la Botswana Movement for Democracy|Botswana Movement for Democracy]], o o neng o eteletswe pele ke rre [[Gomolemo Motswaledi]] . <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Freedom House e ne ya isa maemo a Botswana kwa tlase ka dingwaga tsa bo 2010 ka go ne ga nna le kgatelelo kgatlhanong le babegadikgang. <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Nyenhuis |first2=Robert |date=2021 |title=Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article |journal=African Studies Review |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=854–883 |doi=10.1017/asr.2021.69 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=244539238 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Rre Khama o ne a fologa setilo ka ngwaga wa 2018 mme mothusa tautona rre [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] a tsaya setilo sa bo-tautona. A tloga a busetsa morago melawana ya ga rre Khama mme a ntsha badiredibagolo ba ba neng ba tlhomilwe ke rre Khama mo maemomg a bone. Bobedi bo bo neng bo dirisana mmogo ebile bo ntshana seinong bo ne ba fetoga go nna baganetsi ba sepolotiki ka bonako mme Khama a tswa mo lekokong la Botswana Democratic Party. Go na le moo o ne a ikgolaganya le lekoko le le sa tswang go tlhamiwa [[Botswana Patriotic Front|la Botswana Patriotic Front]] mo godimo ga go ema nokeng lekoko la Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho. Se se dirile gore [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 2019 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 2019]] e nne ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kgaisano e e rileng mo dipakeng tsa ditlhopho tsa setšhaba sa Botswana, fela BDP e ne ya nna mo pusong ka selekanyo sa ditlhopho se se sa feteng makgolo a le matlhano le boraro (52.7%) , ya gapa manno a le masome a mararo le borobabobedi mo go a le masome a le matlhano le bosupa mo lekgotleng la kokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Nyenhuis |first2=Robert |date=2021 |title=Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article |journal=African Studies Review |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=854–883 |doi=10.1017/asr.2021.69 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=244539238 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kgaisano e ne ya gola thata fa rre Masisi a ne a latelela ditatofatso tsa bosenyi kgatlhanong le rre Khama ka ntlha ya go nna le ditlhobolo e se ka fa molaong ka ngwaga wa 2022, mme seo se ne sa dira gore rre Khama a batle botshabelo kwa Aferika Borwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ndebele |first=Lenin |title=Ex-Botswana president Ian Khama vows to make successor 'one-term' president |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/ex-botswana-president-ian-khama-vows-to-make-successor-one-term-president-20230412 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=News24}}</ref> === Go tlhatloga gapuso ya kganetso mo pusong === == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> E ne ya re fa rre Khama e le tautona, mothusa-tautona wa gagwe e bong, rre [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a nametsang pelo. Fa godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme ebile e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[National Development Plan (Botswana)|Maano a Tlhabololo ya setšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao-kakanyetso ya puso. Go seke go itshetlele ga lefatshe la Botswana go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, [[Botswana Defence Force]], ka ngwaga wa 1977. Pele ga seno, [[Sepodise sa Botswana|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> BNF e tlhomilwe ke [[Kenneth Koma]] ele lekoko la molema mme la nna lekokokganetso ka [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1969]]. === Puso ya ga rre Quett Masire === Rre Khama o ne a busa e le tautona mo lefatsheng la Botswana go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1980 mme ya re go tlhokafaleng ga gagwe mothusa-tautona rre Masire a tsaya botautona. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go bona baema-nokeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go ya kwa go tsa bo 1990 fa lefatshe le tlhabololwa mme baema-nokeng ba lekoko la BDP ba ne ba fokotsega ka jaanong dikgaolwana di ne di fokotsega ko go neng go itsege BDP e le lekoko la konokono teng.<ref name=":12" /> Lekgotla la [[:en:Kgabo_Commission|Thomo ya ga Kgabo]] le e neng e le karolo ya menahune ya tsa bogodu e e neng e ama mothusa tautona rre [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] ga mmogo le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP rre [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]] e ne ya laola dipolotiki tsa lefatshe la Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1991 mme ya tsisa dikgaogano mo lekokong la BDP. <ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go tlogela tiro ga ga rre Mmusi go ne ga dira gore rre [[Festus Mogae]] a tlhomiwe go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang.Kgang e o e ne ya tsisa go gola ga dikarolwana tsa dikgotlhang mo BDP. Rre Mmusi le rre Kwelagobe ba ne ba simolola lekoko la bone mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Two'. Rre [[Mompati Merafhe]] ga mmogo le baema-nokeng ba gagwe e bong rre [[David Magang]], [[Bahiti Temane]], [[Roy Blackbeard]] le rre [[Chapson Butale]] ba ne ba tlhoma lekoko la kganetso mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Five'.<ref name="Ntuane" /> E ne ya re moragonyana rre Merafhe a tsaya rre [[Jacob Nkate]] go nna mothusi wa gagwe mme ba ne ba ipitsa ditswerere .<ref name=":16" /> Baemedi ba 'The Big Two' ba ne ba ikuela kgatlhanong le diphitlhelelo tsa lekgotla kwa kgotlatshekelong mme ba ne ba felela ba emisitswe go nna maloko a palamente. Batlhatlheledi ba bone ba ne ba bona maatla morago ga ditlhopho-kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994. E rile fa gare ga dikgogagakgogano tsa maloko, lekoko la BNF le ne la nna lekoko-kganetso le le nonofileng le go feta e bile la fenya ditilo tsa palamente di le lesome le boraro.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}</ref> Rre Kwelagobe o ne a itebaganya le rre [[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]] morago ga go tlhokafala ga ga rre Mmusi mme bobedi joo ba ipitsa [[Barata-Phathi]].<ref name=":16" /> Morago ga maduo a a bokowa mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa 1994,moithuti wa dithuto tsa sepolotiki e bong rre [[Lawrence Schlemmer]] o ne a tsisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana ke lekoko la BDP go tla go ba thusa ka maano.O ne a tla ka mogopolo wa gore maloko a a nang le sebaka se se rileng mo pusong ya BDP a tseelwe sebaka ke maloko a masa a a sa amaneng le dikarolo dipe segolo jang mo maemong a botautona.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Diphetogo di le dintsi tsa molaomotheo di ne tsa diragadiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga tseo ya megopolo mo baageding ba lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 1997.Mothusa tautona a tlhomamisiwa gore e tlaa nna ene mojaboswa wa setilo sa botautona, dingwaga tsa go tlhopha di ne tsa fokolediwa kwa go lesome le boferabobedi fa godimo ga moo ga tlhomiwa lekgotla la ditlhopho le le ikemetseng ka nosi.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNtuane2018">Ntuane, Botsalo (2018). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 "President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King"]. ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''50''': <span class="nowrap">333–</span>338. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0525-5090 0525-5090]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 90026925].</cite></ref> Diphetogo tse, di ne di eteletswe pele ke rre Masire ka gore tatelano ya go tsena mo maemong e ne e mo letlelela go tlhopha yo o tlaa mo latelelang.<ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16" /> === 1998 go fitlhelela gompieno === Rre Masire o ne a fologa maemo a bo-tautona ka ngwaga wa 1998 mme mothusa-tautona rre Mogae a nna tautona.O ne a tlhopha rre [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]] go nna mothusa-tautona mme le fa bobedi jo bo ne bo se mo lekokong ka leina, ba ne ba tshegetsa lekoko la A-Team la ga rre Merafhe le rre Nkate ka katlego. Seo se ne sa dira gore dipharologano tsa ditlhopha mo lekokong di nne maswe le go feta. <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go ne ga nna le kgogakgogano gape mo lekokongkganetso la BNF, e e neng ya dira gore go tlhamiwe [[Botswana Congress Party]] ka ngwaga wa 1998. Maloko mangwe a a lekanetseng a kokoano a a neng a tswa mo lekokong le lešwa a ne a lemoga fa lekoko le le ne la nna la kganetso e kgolo, mme ba ne ba emisediwa ka bontlhopheng ba BNF mo [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1999 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1999]] . Nako ya ga Mogae ya go busa e le tautona e ne ya fela ka ngwaga wa 2008 mme Ian Khama, morwa tautona Seretse Khama, a nna tautona. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2008 |title=Botswana's Mogae wins $5m award |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2008/10/21/botswanas-mogae-wins-5m-award |access-date=2023-09-30 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> BDP e ne ya kgaogana lekgetlho la ntlha ka ngwaga wa 2010 fa Khama a ne a rotloetsa lekoko la 'Barata-Phathi' go tswa mo lekokong la BDP mme ba tlhama Mokgatlho wa [[Lekoko la Botswana Movement for Democracy|Botswana Movement for Democracy]], o o neng o eteletswe pele ke rre [[Gomolemo Motswaledi]] . <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Freedom House e ne ya isa maemo a Botswana kwa tlase ka dingwaga tsa bo 2010 ka go ne ga nna le kgatelelo kgatlhanong le babegadikgang. <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Nyenhuis |first2=Robert |date=2021 |title=Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article |journal=African Studies Review |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=854–883 |doi=10.1017/asr.2021.69 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=244539238 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Rre Khama o ne a fologa setilo ka ngwaga wa 2018 mme mothusa tautona rre [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] a tsaya setilo sa bo-tautona. A tloga a busetsa morago melawana ya ga rre Khama mme a ntsha badiredibagolo ba ba neng ba tlhomilwe ke rre Khama mo maemomg a bone. Bobedi bo bo neng bo dirisana mmogo ebile bo ntshana seinong bo ne ba fetoga go nna baganetsi ba sepolotiki ka bonako mme Khama a tswa mo lekokong la Botswana Democratic Party. Go na le moo o ne a ikgolaganya le lekoko le le sa tswang go tlhamiwa [[Botswana Patriotic Front|la Botswana Patriotic Front]] mo godimo ga go ema nokeng lekoko la Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho. Se se dirile gore [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 2019 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 2019]] e nne ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kgaisano e e rileng mo dipakeng tsa ditlhopho tsa setšhaba sa Botswana, fela BDP e ne ya nna mo pusong ka selekanyo sa ditlhopho se se sa feteng makgolo a le matlhano le boraro (52.7%) , ya gapa manno a le masome a mararo le borobabobedi mo go a le masome a le matlhano le bosupa mo lekgotleng la kokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Nyenhuis |first2=Robert |date=2021 |title=Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article |journal=African Studies Review |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=854–883 |doi=10.1017/asr.2021.69 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=244539238 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kgaisano e ne ya gola thata fa rre Masisi a ne a latelela ditatofatso tsa bosenyi kgatlhanong le rre Khama ka ntlha ya go nna le ditlhobolo e se ka fa molaong ka ngwaga wa 2022, mme seo se ne sa dira gore rre Khama a batle botshabelo kwa Aferika Borwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ndebele |first=Lenin |title=Ex-Botswana president Ian Khama vows to make successor 'one-term' president |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/ex-botswana-president-ian-khama-vows-to-make-successor-one-term-president-20230412 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=News24}}</ref> === Go tlhatloga gapuso ya kganetso mo pusong === == Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa lefatshe la Botswana == === Pele ga puso === Lefelo le gompieno le itsigeng ka leina la Botswana go tswa mo dibukeng tsa ditiragalo tsa pele le ne le laolwa ke merafe ya Bantu, bogolosegolo [[batho ba letso la Setswana]] . Melawana le ditiro tsa ngwao ya Setswana tse dintsi tse di neng di dirisiwa ke batho ba letso la Setswana, jaaka go tlotla bogogi jwa mekgwa ya setso go akaretsa dikgosi le tshireletso ya [[:en:Property_rights_(economics)|ditshwanelo mabapi le dithoto]], di nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya merero ya puso mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga puso ya batho-basweu. Dipopego tsa sepolotiki tse di itebagantseng le bogare jwa lefatshe tse di sale di tlhamiwa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu le tsone di bolokilwe. Dipolotiki tsa morafe wa batho ba letso la Setswana pele ga boipuso gantsi di ne di eteletswe pele ke dikgosi, tse di tswelelang go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa Botswana le mo malatsing a segompieno. E ne ya re kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe, merafe e e neng e laolwa ke dikgosi tse, e ne ya tlhabologa go nna [[:en:Nation_state|mafelo mo lefatsheng nang le puso e e ikemetseng]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hjort |first=Jonas |date=2009-09-14 |title=Pre-colonial culture, post-colonial economic success? The Tswana and the African economic miracle: AFRICAN ECONOMIC MIRACLE |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=688–709 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00495.x |pmid=20617585 |s2cid=44742736 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mafelo a, a ne a akaretsa [[:en:Limited_government|puso e e lekanyeditsweng]] le [[:en:Pluralism_(political_philosophy)|kitlaano ya bontsi jwa merafe]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe la [[:en:United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|United Kingdom]] le simolotse go tlhotlheletsa kgaolo e, la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820 mme kgaolo e ne ya nna karolo ya [[:en:British_Empire|Mmusomogolo wa Borithane]] ka 1885 ka fa tlase ga tshireletso ya batho-basweu le bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] . Baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba dirwa babusiwa ba [[:en:The_Crown|puso ya Mmamosadinyana]] mme ba bewa ka fa tlase ga [[:en:British_law|molao wa Borithane]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth O. |date=1973 |title=British Bechuanaland: The Price of Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/216773 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=183–197 |doi=10.2307/216773 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=216773 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa ntlha o o botlhokwa wa go lwela boipuso o ne o eteletswe pele ke [[Botswana People's Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] le le neng le na le maikemisetso tota . [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e tlhamilwe ke rre [[Seretse Khama]] ka ngwaga wa 1962 e le karolo ya puisano e e rulagantsweng ya go tsaya boipuso.<ref name=":0" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse go ipusa ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme le ne la nna lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa 1966. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go beeletsa letseno mo lefatsheng la Botswana la bo la tswelela ka go duela dingwe tsa ditshenyegelo tsa lone go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1971. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=James A. |last2=Parsons |first2=Q. Neil |date=2006 |title=State Formation and Governance in Botswana |url=https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 |journal=Journal of African Economies |volume=15 |pages=100–139 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejk007 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006">Robinson, James A.; Parsons, Q. Neil (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/15/suppl_1/100/707094 "State Formation and Governance in Botswana"]</span>. ''Journal of African Economies''. '''15''': <span class="nowrap">100–</span>139. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jae/ejk007|10.1093/jae/ejk007]].</cite></ref> Ditheo le dingwao tse lefatshe la Botswana le neng le ikaegile ka tsone pele ga puso ya batho-basweu tsa letso la Setswana go ya kwa mekgweng ya puso e o ya Borithane e e neng e le tlhotlheletso ya molao wa batho-basweu e ne ya tswelela go dirisiwa mo pusong ya lefatshe morago ga boipuso mme mekgwa e ka bobedi e ntse e tswelela go nna le seabe mo sepolotiking sa lefatshe la Botswana mo malatsing a segompieno.<ref name=":4" /> === Puso ya ga rre Seretse Khama === E ne ya re morago ga setšhaba sa Botswana se sena go simolola go ipusa, go ne ga tshwarwa [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland]], tse mo go tsone BDP e neng ya fenya phenyo e kgolo. Mo ditilong tsa lekgotla la peomelao di le masome a mararo le bongwe, BDP e ne ya fenya ka go gapa di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi. Maloko a le mararo a Botswana People’s Party a ne a dira [[:en:Parliamentary_opposition|lekokokganetso]], botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di neng di le kwa ditoropong. Puso e e neng e le ka fa tlase ga tautona wa ntlha, Seretse Khama, e ne e ikaegile thata ka puso ya tirisanommogo e e neng e tshwana le ya dipuso tsa merafe tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu. Melao-kakanyetso gantsi e ne e sekasekwa ke matona a le mmalwa le lekgotla pele ga e ka amogelwa. Rre Khama gape o ne a netefatsa gore go nna le seabe ga batho ba mafatshe a sele go a amogelesega, go le na le go ema kgatlhanong le tshono ya go fa ba bangwe seabe sa go tikela tlhware legongnyana.<ref name=":4" /> E ne ya re fa rre Khama e le tautona, mothusa-tautona wa gagwe e bong, rre [[Quett Masire]], le ene o ne a na le maatla a nametsang pelo. Fa godimo ga go nna mothusa tautona, e ne e le tona wa tsa madi mme ebile e le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP. O ne a okametse motseletsele wa [[National Development Plan (Botswana)|Maano a Tlhabololo ya setšhaba]] a a neng a aba bontsi jwa melao-kakanyetso ya puso. Go seke go itshetlele ga lefatshe la Botswana go ne ga dira gore go tlhamiwe sesole, [[Botswana Defence Force]], ka ngwaga wa 1977. Pele ga seno, [[Sepodise sa Botswana|Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana]] e ne e tshwaragane le maikarabelo otlhe a tshireletso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> BNF e tlhomilwe ke [[Kenneth Koma]] ele lekoko la molema mme la nna lekokokganetso ka [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1969 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1969]]. === Puso ya ga rre Quett Masire === Rre Khama o ne a busa e le tautona mo lefatsheng la Botswana go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1980 mme ya re go tlhokafaleng ga gagwe mothusa-tautona rre Masire a tsaya botautona. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go bona baema-nokeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go ya kwa go tsa bo 1990 fa lefatshe le tlhabololwa mme baema-nokeng ba lekoko la BDP ba ne ba fokotsega ka jaanong dikgaolwana di ne di fokotsega ko go neng go itsege BDP e le lekoko la konokono teng.<ref name=":12" /> Lekgotla la [[:en:Kgabo_Commission|Thomo ya ga Kgabo]] le e neng e le karolo ya menahune ya tsa bogodu e e neng e ama mothusa tautona rre [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] ga mmogo le mokwaledi mogolo wa BDP rre [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]] e ne ya laola dipolotiki tsa lefatshe la Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1991 mme ya tsisa dikgaogano mo lekokong la BDP. <ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go tlogela tiro ga ga rre Mmusi go ne ga dira gore rre [[Festus Mogae]] a tlhomiwe go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang.Kgang e o e ne ya tsisa go gola ga dikarolwana tsa dikgotlhang mo BDP. Rre Mmusi le rre Kwelagobe ba ne ba simolola lekoko la bone mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Two'. Rre [[Mompati Merafhe]] ga mmogo le baema-nokeng ba gagwe e bong rre [[David Magang]], [[Bahiti Temane]], [[Roy Blackbeard]] le rre [[Chapson Butale]] ba ne ba tlhoma lekoko la kganetso mme ba le bitsa 'The Big Five'.<ref name="Ntuane" /> E ne ya re moragonyana rre Merafhe a tsaya rre [[Jacob Nkate]] go nna mothusi wa gagwe mme ba ne ba ipitsa ditswerere .<ref name=":16" /> Baemedi ba 'The Big Two' ba ne ba ikuela kgatlhanong le diphitlhelelo tsa lekgotla kwa kgotlatshekelong mme ba ne ba felela ba emisitswe go nna maloko a palamente. Batlhatlheledi ba bone ba ne ba bona maatla morago ga ditlhopho-kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994. E rile fa gare ga dikgogagakgogano tsa maloko, lekoko la BNF le ne la nna lekoko-kganetso le le nonofileng le go feta e bile la fenya ditilo tsa palamente di le lesome le boraro.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}</ref> Rre Kwelagobe o ne a itebaganya le rre [[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]] morago ga go tlhokafala ga ga rre Mmusi mme bobedi joo ba ipitsa [[Barata-Phathi]].<ref name=":16" /> Morago ga maduo a a bokowa mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa 1994,moithuti wa dithuto tsa sepolotiki e bong rre [[Lawrence Schlemmer]] o ne a tsisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana ke lekoko la BDP go tla go ba thusa ka maano.O ne a tla ka mogopolo wa gore maloko a a nang le sebaka se se rileng mo pusong ya BDP a tseelwe sebaka ke maloko a masa a a sa amaneng le dikarolo dipe segolo jang mo maemong a botautona.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Diphetogo di le dintsi tsa molaomotheo di ne tsa diragadiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga tseo ya megopolo mo baageding ba lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 1997.Mothusa tautona a tlhomamisiwa gore e tlaa nna ene mojaboswa wa setilo sa botautona, dingwaga tsa go tlhopha di ne tsa fokolediwa kwa go lesome le boferabobedi fa godimo ga moo ga tlhomiwa lekgotla la ditlhopho le le ikemetseng ka nosi.<ref name="Ntuane">{{Cite journal |last=Ntuane |first=Botsalo |date=2018 |title=President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=333–338 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90026925}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNtuane2018">Ntuane, Botsalo (2018). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 "President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King"]. ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''50''': <span class="nowrap">333–</span>338. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0525-5090 0525-5090]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925 90026925].</cite></ref> Diphetogo tse, di ne di eteletswe pele ke rre Masire ka gore tatelano ya go tsena mo maemong e ne e mo letlelela go tlhopha yo o tlaa mo latelelang.<ref name="Ntuane" /><ref name=":16" /> === 1998 go fitlhelela gompieno === Rre Masire o ne a fologa maemo a bo-tautona ka ngwaga wa 1998 mme mothusa-tautona rre Mogae a nna tautona.O ne a tlhopha rre [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]] go nna mothusa-tautona mme le fa bobedi jo bo ne bo se mo lekokong ka leina, ba ne ba tshegetsa lekoko la A-Team la ga rre Merafhe le rre Nkate ka katlego. Seo se ne sa dira gore dipharologano tsa ditlhopha mo lekokong di nne maswe le go feta. <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}</ref> Go ne ga nna le kgogakgogano gape mo lekokongkganetso la BNF, e e neng ya dira gore go tlhamiwe [[Botswana Congress Party]] ka ngwaga wa 1998. Maloko mangwe a a lekanetseng a kokoano a a neng a tswa mo lekokong le lešwa a ne a lemoga fa lekoko le le ne la nna la kganetso e kgolo, mme ba ne ba emisediwa ka bontlhopheng ba BNF mo [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1999 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 1999]] . Nako ya ga Mogae ya go busa e le tautona e ne ya fela ka ngwaga wa 2008 mme Ian Khama, morwa tautona Seretse Khama, a nna tautona. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2008 |title=Botswana's Mogae wins $5m award |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2008/10/21/botswanas-mogae-wins-5m-award |access-date=2023-09-30 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> BDP e ne ya kgaogana lekgetlho la ntlha ka ngwaga wa 2010 fa Khama a ne a rotloetsa lekoko la 'Barata-Phathi' go tswa mo lekokong la BDP mme ba tlhama Mokgatlho wa [[Lekoko la Botswana Movement for Democracy|Botswana Movement for Democracy]], o o neng o eteletswe pele ke rre [[Gomolemo Motswaledi]] . <ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Lotshwao |first=Kebapetse |last2=Suping |first2=Kekgaoditse |date=2013 |title=The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 |journal=Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–360}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013">Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''. '''27''' (2): <span class="nowrap">343–</span>360.</cite></ref> Freedom House e ne ya isa maemo a Botswana kwa tlase ka dingwaga tsa bo 2010 ka go ne ga nna le kgatelelo kgatlhanong le babegadikgang. <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Nyenhuis |first2=Robert |date=2021 |title=Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article |journal=African Studies Review |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=854–883 |doi=10.1017/asr.2021.69 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=244539238 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Rre Khama o ne a fologa setilo ka ngwaga wa 2018 mme mothusa tautona rre [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] a tsaya setilo sa bo-tautona. A tloga a busetsa morago melawana ya ga rre Khama mme a ntsha badiredibagolo ba ba neng ba tlhomilwe ke rre Khama mo maemomg a bone. Bobedi bo bo neng bo dirisana mmogo ebile bo ntshana seinong bo ne ba fetoga go nna baganetsi ba sepolotiki ka bonako mme Khama a tswa mo lekokong la Botswana Democratic Party. Go na le moo o ne a ikgolaganya le lekoko le le sa tswang go tlhamiwa [[Botswana Patriotic Front|la Botswana Patriotic Front]] mo godimo ga go ema nokeng lekoko la Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho. Se se dirile gore [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 2019 (Botswana)|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 2019]] e nne ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kgaisano e e rileng mo dipakeng tsa ditlhopho tsa setšhaba sa Botswana, fela BDP e ne ya nna mo pusong ka selekanyo sa ditlhopho se se sa feteng makgolo a le matlhano le boraro (52.7%) , ya gapa manno a le masome a mararo le borobabobedi mo go a le masome a le matlhano le bosupa mo lekgotleng la kokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Nyenhuis |first2=Robert |date=2021 |title=Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article |journal=African Studies Review |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=854–883 |doi=10.1017/asr.2021.69 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=244539238 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kgaisano e ne ya gola thata fa rre Masisi a ne a latelela ditatofatso tsa bosenyi kgatlhanong le rre Khama ka ntlha ya go nna le ditlhobolo e se ka fa molaong ka ngwaga wa 2022, mme seo se ne sa dira gore rre Khama a batle botshabelo kwa Aferika Borwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ndebele |first=Lenin |title=Ex-Botswana president Ian Khama vows to make successor 'one-term' president |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/ex-botswana-president-ian-khama-vows-to-make-successor-one-term-president-20230412 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=News24}}</ref> === Go tlhatloga gapuso ya kganetso mo pusong === == Goromente wa lefatshe == Botswana ke [[:en:Parliamentary_republic|lefatshe le le nang le puso ya palamente,]] e e laolwang ke [[Molaomotheo wa Botswana|molaotheo wa Botswana]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}</ref> Molaomotheo o sale o simolola go dirisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana fa e sa le lefatshe le tsaya boipuso go tswa mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola malatsi a le masome a le mararo ka ngwaga wa 1966. <ref name=":15">{{Citation}}</ref> Se se dirile gore lefatshe la Botswana e nne la puso ya batho ka batho e e sa tshwenngweng ka tsela epe ka sebaka se seleele go gaisa mafatshe a mangwe a le mantsi mo Aferika ka bophara. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=Keratilwe |last3=Kwerepe |first3=Phana |date=2016 |title=The Politics of Opposition Electoral Coalitions and Alliances in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45342124 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45342124}}</ref> Botswana e dira ka fa tlase ga metswako ya [[:en:Roman-Dutch_law|melao e le meraro go akaretsa wa seRoma le seDutch]], [[:en:Customary_law|molao wa setso sa Setswana]] le [[:en:Common_law|molao wa tlwaelo yo o itsegeng ka leina la 'common law']] . Setilo sa goromente wa lefatshe la Botswana se kwa toropokgolong ya [[Gaborone]] . <ref name=":15" /> == Goromente wa lefatshe == Botswana ke [[:en:Parliamentary_republic|lefatshe le le nang le puso ya palamente,]] e e laolwang ke [[Molaomotheo wa Botswana|molaotheo wa Botswana]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}</ref> Molaomotheo o sale o simolola go dirisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana fa e sa le lefatshe le tsaya boipuso go tswa mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola malatsi a le masome a le mararo ka ngwaga wa 1966. <ref name=":15">{{Citation}}</ref> Se se dirile gore lefatshe la Botswana e nne la puso ya batho ka batho e e sa tshwenngweng ka tsela epe ka sebaka se seleele go gaisa mafatshe a mangwe a le mantsi mo Aferika ka bophara. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=Keratilwe |last3=Kwerepe |first3=Phana |date=2016 |title=The Politics of Opposition Electoral Coalitions and Alliances in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45342124 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45342124}}</ref> Botswana e dira ka fa tlase ga metswako ya [[:en:Roman-Dutch_law|melao e le meraro go akaretsa wa seRoma le seDutch]], [[:en:Customary_law|molao wa setso sa Setswana]] le [[:en:Common_law|molao wa tlwaelo yo o itsegeng ka leina la 'common law']] . Setilo sa goromente wa lefatshe la Botswana se kwa toropokgolong ya [[Gaborone]] . <ref name=":15" /> [[Setshwantsho:BotswanaParliament.jpg|thumb|[[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Ntlokokoano ya lekgotla la khuduthamaga ya Botswana]]]] Lekgotla la peo-melao la Botswana le tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]] e e leng ya lefatshe la United Kingdom, le fa le na le dikarolo di le mmalwa tse di le farologanyang le tsamaiso e ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom. Tiro ya lekgotla le, ya semmuso ka fa tlase ga molaotheo wa lefatshe la Botswana ke go "dira melao e e tlaa netefatsang [[:en:Peace,_order_and_good_government|kagiso, tolamo le puso e e siameng ya lefatshe la Botswana"]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSebudubuduMaripeBotlhomilweMalila2013">Sebudubudu, David; Maripe, Bugalo; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Z.; Malila, Ikanyeng S. (2013). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 "The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana"]. ''The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs''. '''40''' (2): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>59. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0856-0056 0856-0056]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 45341655].</cite></ref> Lekgotla la peomolao le ikemeseditse go dira jaaka lekalana la tlhotlhomiso mo khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, mme le fa go ntse jalo ga le na maatla a mantsi a a tlhamaletseng a go lekanyetsa maatla a khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, go lebilwe go kopanngwa ga dithata le ntlha ya gore mafatshe ka bontsi a a etelelwang pele ke lekoko le le lengwe e sale e le yone kgang ya konokono go ya go ileng. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Botlhomilwe |first=M. Z. |last2=Molebatsi |first2=R. M. |date=2014-09-01 |title=A democracy with weak oversight intitutions : an application to the "African miracle", Botswana |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC164768 |journal=Journal of Public Administration |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=813–820 |hdl=10520/EJC164768}}</ref> <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Goromente wa lefatshe == Botswana ke [[:en:Parliamentary_republic|lefatshe le le nang le puso ya palamente,]] e e laolwang ke [[Molaomotheo wa Botswana|molaotheo wa Botswana]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}</ref> Molaomotheo o sale o simolola go dirisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana fa e sa le lefatshe le tsaya boipuso go tswa mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola malatsi a le masome a le mararo ka ngwaga wa 1966. <ref name=":15">{{Citation}}</ref> Se se dirile gore lefatshe la Botswana e nne la puso ya batho ka batho e e sa tshwenngweng ka tsela epe ka sebaka se seleele go gaisa mafatshe a mangwe a le mantsi mo Aferika ka bophara. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=Keratilwe |last3=Kwerepe |first3=Phana |date=2016 |title=The Politics of Opposition Electoral Coalitions and Alliances in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45342124 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45342124}}</ref> Botswana e dira ka fa tlase ga metswako ya [[:en:Roman-Dutch_law|melao e le meraro go akaretsa wa seRoma le seDutch]], [[:en:Customary_law|molao wa setso sa Setswana]] le [[:en:Common_law|molao wa tlwaelo yo o itsegeng ka leina la 'common law']] . Setilo kgotsa bokopanelo jwa matona a puso ya lefatshe la Botswana bo kwa toropokgolong ya [[Gaborone]] . <ref name=":15" /> === Lekalana la peomelao === [[Setshwantsho:BotswanaParliament.jpg|thumb|[[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Ntlokokoano ya lekgotla la khuduthamaga ya Botswana]]]] Lekgotla la peo-melao la Botswana le tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]] e e leng ya lefatshe la United Kingdom, le fa le na le dikarolo di le mmalwa tse di le farologanyang le tsamaiso e ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom. Tiro ya lekgotla le, ya semmuso ka fa tlase ga molaotheo wa lefatshe la Botswana ke go "dira melao e e tlaa netefatsang [[:en:Peace,_order_and_good_government|kagiso, tolamo le puso e e siameng ya lefatshe la Botswana"]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSebudubuduMaripeBotlhomilweMalila2013">Sebudubudu, David; Maripe, Bugalo; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Z.; Malila, Ikanyeng S. (2013). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 "The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana"]. ''The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs''. '''40''' (2): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>59. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0856-0056 0856-0056]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 45341655].</cite></ref> Lekgotla la peomolao le ikemeseditse go dira jaaka lekalana la tlhotlhomiso mo khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, mme le fa go ntse jalo ga le na maatla a mantsi a a tlhamaletseng a go lekanyetsa maatla a khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, go lebilwe go [[:en:Fusion_of_powers|kopanngwa ga dithata]] le ntlha ya gore [[:en:Majority_government|mafatshe ka bontsi a a etelelwang pele]] ke lekoko le le lengwe e sale e le yone kgang ya konokono go ya go ileng. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Botlhomilwe |first=M. Z. |last2=Molebatsi |first2=R. M. |date=2014-09-01 |title=A democracy with weak oversight intitutions : an application to the "African miracle", Botswana |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC164768 |journal=Journal of Public Administration |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=813–820 |hdl=10520/EJC164768}}</ref> <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lekgotla la peomolao la Botswana ke lekgotla la[[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Kokoano ya matona a puso]], ke lekgotla la [[:en:Unicameral|kamore e le nngwe]] le le nang le maloko a le masome a marataro le borobabongwe . Maloko a, a ka tshwara masome a marataro le bongwe a tlhophiwa ka tlhamalalo ke batlhophi ba bone go tswa dikgaolong tsa bone mme a le marataro, a tlhophiwa ke lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso. [[Tautona wa Botswana|Tautona wa lefatshe la Botswana]] le [[:en:Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Botswana|motsamaisa dipuisano tsa lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso]] ke [[:en:Ex_officio_member|maloko a lekgotla le ka ntlha ya boemo jwa tiro ya bone]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019190047/https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament |archive-date=19 October 2022 |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=Parliament of Botswana}}</ref> Gore molao-kakanyetso e nne molao, o tshwanetse go amogelwa ke lekgotla la ntlokokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Norton |first=Philip |date=2004-12-21 |title=How many bicameral legislatures are there? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1357233042000322436 |journal=The Journal of Legislative Studies |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/1357233042000322436 |issn=1357-2334 |s2cid=143950774 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lekgotla le, le dirisa tsamaiso ya [[:en:Question_time|nako-potso]] go phutha tshedimosetso ka molao-kakanyetso. <ref name=":2" /> == Goromente wa lefatshe == Botswana ke [[:en:Parliamentary_republic|lefatshe le le nang le puso ya palamente,]] e e laolwang ke [[Molaomotheo wa Botswana|molaotheo wa Botswana]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}</ref> Molaomotheo o sale o simolola go dirisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana fa e sa le lefatshe le tsaya boipuso go tswa mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola malatsi a le masome a le mararo ka ngwaga wa 1966. <ref name=":15">{{Citation}}</ref> Se se dirile gore lefatshe la Botswana e nne la puso ya batho ka batho e e sa tshwenngweng ka tsela epe ka sebaka se seleele go gaisa mafatshe a mangwe a le mantsi mo Aferika ka bophara. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=Keratilwe |last3=Kwerepe |first3=Phana |date=2016 |title=The Politics of Opposition Electoral Coalitions and Alliances in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45342124 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45342124}}</ref> Botswana e dira ka fa tlase ga metswako ya [[:en:Roman-Dutch_law|melao e le meraro go akaretsa wa seRoma le seDutch]], [[:en:Customary_law|molao wa setso sa Setswana]] le [[:en:Common_law|molao wa tlwaelo yo o itsegeng ka leina la 'common law']] . Setilo kgotsa bokopanelo jwa matona a puso ya lefatshe la Botswana bo kwa toropokgolong ya [[Gaborone]] . <ref name=":15" /> === Lekalana la peomelao === [[Setshwantsho:BotswanaParliament.jpg|thumb|[[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Ntlokokoano ya lekgotla la khuduthamaga ya Botswana]]]] Lekgotla la peo-melao la Botswana le tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]] e e leng ya lefatshe la United Kingdom, le fa le na le dikarolo di le mmalwa tse di le farologanyang le tsamaiso e ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom. Tiro ya lekgotla le, ya semmuso ka fa tlase ga molaotheo wa lefatshe la Botswana ke go "dira melao e e tlaa netefatsang [[:en:Peace,_order_and_good_government|kagiso, tolamo le puso e e siameng ya lefatshe la Botswana"]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSebudubuduMaripeBotlhomilweMalila2013">Sebudubudu, David; Maripe, Bugalo; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Z.; Malila, Ikanyeng S. (2013). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 "The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana"]. ''The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs''. '''40''' (2): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>59. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0856-0056 0856-0056]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 45341655].</cite></ref> Lekgotla la peomolao le ikemeseditse go dira jaaka lekalana la tlhotlhomiso mo khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, mme le fa go ntse jalo ga le na maatla a mantsi a a tlhamaletseng a go lekanyetsa maatla a khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, go lebilwe go [[:en:Fusion_of_powers|kopanngwa ga dithata]] le ntlha ya gore [[:en:Majority_government|mafatshe ka bontsi a a etelelwang pele]] ke lekoko le le lengwe e sale e le yone kgang ya konokono go ya go ileng. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Botlhomilwe |first=M. Z. |last2=Molebatsi |first2=R. M. |date=2014-09-01 |title=A democracy with weak oversight intitutions : an application to the "African miracle", Botswana |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC164768 |journal=Journal of Public Administration |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=813–820 |hdl=10520/EJC164768}}</ref> <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lekgotla la peomolao la Botswana ke lekgotla la[[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Kokoano ya matona a puso]], ke lekgotla la [[:en:Unicameral|kamore e le nngwe]] le le nang le maloko a le masome a marataro le borobabongwe . Maloko a, a ka tshwara masome a marataro le bongwe a tlhophiwa ka tlhamalalo ke batlhophi ba bone go tswa dikgaolong tsa bone mme a le marataro, a tlhophiwa ke lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso. [[Tautona wa Botswana|Tautona wa lefatshe la Botswana]] le [[:en:Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Botswana|motsamaisa dipuisano tsa lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso]] ke [[:en:Ex_officio_member|maloko a lekgotla le ka ntlha ya boemo jwa tiro ya bone]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019190047/https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament |archive-date=19 October 2022 |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=Parliament of Botswana}}</ref> Gore molao-kakanyetso e nne molao, o tshwanetse go amogelwa ke lekgotla la ntlokokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Norton |first=Philip |date=2004-12-21 |title=How many bicameral legislatures are there? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1357233042000322436 |journal=The Journal of Legislative Studies |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/1357233042000322436 |issn=1357-2334 |s2cid=143950774 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lekgotla le, le dirisa tsamaiso ya [[:en:Question_time|nako-potso]] go phutha tshedimosetso ka molao-kakanyetso. <ref name=":2" /> ''[[Ntlo ya Dikgosi tsa Botswana|Ntlo ya Dikgosi]]'' ke lekgotla la dikgakololo le le tlhomilweng ka fa tlase ga molaomotheo wa lefatshe la Botswana. Maloko a lone a akaretsa dikgosi tsa morafe wa Batswana di le borobabobedi, maloko a le matlhano a a tlhomilweng ke tautona le maloko a le masome a mabedi le bobedi a a tlhophilweng ke dikgosi tse di borobabobedi tse go builweng ka tsone fa godimo. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Norton |first=Philip |date=2004-12-21 |title=How many bicameral legislatures are there? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1357233042000322436 |journal=The Journal of Legislative Studies |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/1357233042000322436 |issn=1357-2334 |s2cid=143950774 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNorton2004">Norton, Philip (21 December 2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[[doi:10.1080/1357233042000322436|"How many bicameral legislatures are there?"]]</span>. ''The Journal of Legislative Studies''. '''10''' (4): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>9. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/1357233042000322436|10.1080/1357233042000322436]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1357-2334 1357-2334]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143950774 143950774].</cite></ref> Molaokakanyetso mongwe le mongwe o o amang molaomotheo kgotsa melao ya setso ya merafe o tshwanetse go romelwa kwa lekgotleng la ''Ntlo ya Dikgosi'', kwa le tlaa fetang le buisa molaokakanyetso o le bo le fetisa tshwetso e e tlhalosang boemo jwa lone mo molaokakanyetsong o. Ntlo ya Dikgosi ga e na dithata tsa go dira melao ka bo yone. <ref name=":2" /> === Lekalana la Khuduthamaga === Lekalana la khuduthamaga la Botswana le eteletswe pele ke tautona wa lefatshe la Botswana, yo o dirang jaaka [[:en:Head_of_state|tlhogo ya lefatshe]] le [[:en:Head_of_government|tlhogo ya puso]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSebudubuduMaripeBotlhomilweMalila2013">Sebudubudu, David; Maripe, Bugalo; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Z.; Malila, Ikanyeng S. (2013). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 "The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana"]. ''The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs''. '''40''' (2): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>59. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0856-0056 0856-0056]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 45341655].</cite></ref> Tautona o tshwara maemo ka ntlha ya bokgoni jwa gagwe jwa go [[:en:Motion_of_no_confidence|laola tshepo]] ya lekgotla la Kokoano ya khuduthamaga ya Botswana. Fa lekoko le le lengwe le ka gapa bontsi jwa manno a ditilo tsa palamente, moeteledipele wa lekoko leo o nna tautona yo montsha ka tsela e e ntseng fela jalo. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo ntlheng ya [[:en:Hung_parliament|go tlhoka lekoko le le tsayang bontsi jwa manno a ditilo tsa palamente]], tautona o tlhophiwa ke maloko a lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso, mme se ke selo se se iseng se diragale mo lefatsheng la Botswana. <ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Botlhale |first=Emmanuel |last2=Lotshwao |first2=Kebapetse |date=2013 |title=The Uneasy Relationship Between Parliament and the Executive in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90024373 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=45 |pages=39–51 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90024373}}</ref> Lekgotla la khuduthamaga ya lefatshe la Botswana ke lekalana le le nonofileng go gaisa a mangwe la puso mo Botswana mme tautona o na le dithata tse di rileng, mme ebile o etelela pele lekalana la puso la peomolao le lone. Lekalana la boatlhodi ke lone fela le le lemogilweng e le l''one'' le le tlholang maatla a ga tautona. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMogalakweNyamnjoh2017">Mogalakwe, Monageng; Nyamnjoh, Francis (2 January 2017). [[doi:10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636|"Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty"]]. ''Journal of Contemporary African Studies''. '''35''' (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>14. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636|10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636]]</span>. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0258-9001 0258-9001].</cite></ref> <ref name=":13" />Tautona o na le thibelo e e ka emisiwang, se se raya gore kwa tshimologong o ka seke a dumalane go amogela molao-kakanyetso go nna molao mme o ka se kgone go o thibela ruri . Fa tautona a sa amogele, molao-kakanyetso o busediwa kwa lekgotleng la Kokoano ya matona a puso. Fa lekgotla le ka netefatsa tshegetso ya lone gape ka tlhopho e e bonolo ya bontsi mo dikgweding di le thataro mme ya romela molao-kakanyetso gape, tautona o patelesega go amogela mo malatsing a le masome a mabedi le bongwe. Go palelwa ke go dira jalo go felela go dira gore go nne le ditlhopho tsa ka bonako tse di neng di sa rulaganngwa pele, ntle le fa tautona a tlhopha go ithola marapo a tiro pele ga nako e a e beetsweng. Fa molaokakanyetso o sena go bewa monwana o nna molao mme o phatlaladiwe mo pampiring ya melao ya Puso. Sebopego se, se letlelela tautona go diega go dira molao mme kwa bofelelong se fa lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso maatla a a kwa godimo a go tlola thibelo. Fa godimo ga moo, tautona ke [[:en:Commander-in-chief|molaodi yo mogolo]] wa sesole sa lefatshe la Botswana. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Mothusa Tautona wa Botswana|Mothusa-tautona wa Botswana]] le matona a puso a Botswana a tlhomiwa a bo a fiwa melawana ya bone ke tautona. <ref name=":13" /> Khuduthamaga e tsewa ka botlalo go tswa mo lekgotleng la Kokoano ya matona a puso, ka jalo matona a puso a tshwanetse gore a bo ele [[:en:Member_of_Parliament_(Botswana)|Maloko a Palamente]] ka dinako tsotlhe . <ref name=":12" /> Matona a puso a a mo teng ga khabinete a tsaya ditshwetso tse dikgolo ga mmogo ka jalo ba na le maikarabelo a ditshwetso tseo ga mmogo. <ref name=":0" /> == Goromente wa lefatshe == Botswana ke [[:en:Parliamentary_republic|lefatshe le le nang le puso ya palamente,]] e e laolwang ke [[Molaomotheo wa Botswana|molaotheo wa Botswana]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}</ref> Molaomotheo o sale o simolola go dirisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana fa e sa le lefatshe le tsaya boipuso go tswa mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola malatsi a le masome a le mararo ka ngwaga wa 1966. <ref name=":15">{{Citation}}</ref> Se se dirile gore lefatshe la Botswana e nne la puso ya batho ka batho e e sa tshwenngweng ka tsela epe ka sebaka se seleele go gaisa mafatshe a mangwe a le mantsi mo Aferika ka bophara. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=Keratilwe |last3=Kwerepe |first3=Phana |date=2016 |title=The Politics of Opposition Electoral Coalitions and Alliances in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45342124 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45342124}}</ref> Botswana e dira ka fa tlase ga metswako ya [[:en:Roman-Dutch_law|melao e le meraro go akaretsa wa seRoma le seDutch]], [[:en:Customary_law|molao wa setso sa Setswana]] le [[:en:Common_law|molao wa tlwaelo yo o itsegeng ka leina la 'common law']] . Setilo kgotsa bokopanelo jwa matona a puso ya lefatshe la Botswana bo kwa toropokgolong ya [[Gaborone]] . <ref name=":15" /> === Lekalana la peomelao === [[Setshwantsho:BotswanaParliament.jpg|thumb|[[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Ntlokokoano ya lekgotla la khuduthamaga ya Botswana]]]] Lekgotla la peo-melao la Botswana le tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]] e e leng ya lefatshe la United Kingdom, le fa le na le dikarolo di le mmalwa tse di le farologanyang le tsamaiso e ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom. Tiro ya lekgotla le, ya semmuso ka fa tlase ga molaotheo wa lefatshe la Botswana ke go "dira melao e e tlaa netefatsang [[:en:Peace,_order_and_good_government|kagiso, tolamo le puso e e siameng ya lefatshe la Botswana"]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSebudubuduMaripeBotlhomilweMalila2013">Sebudubudu, David; Maripe, Bugalo; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Z.; Malila, Ikanyeng S. (2013). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 "The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana"]. ''The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs''. '''40''' (2): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>59. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0856-0056 0856-0056]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 45341655].</cite></ref> Lekgotla la peomolao le ikemeseditse go dira jaaka lekalana la tlhotlhomiso mo khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, mme le fa go ntse jalo ga le na maatla a mantsi a a tlhamaletseng a go lekanyetsa maatla a khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, go lebilwe go [[:en:Fusion_of_powers|kopanngwa ga dithata]] le ntlha ya gore [[:en:Majority_government|mafatshe ka bontsi a a etelelwang pele]] ke lekoko le le lengwe e sale e le yone kgang ya konokono go ya go ileng. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Botlhomilwe |first=M. Z. |last2=Molebatsi |first2=R. M. |date=2014-09-01 |title=A democracy with weak oversight intitutions : an application to the "African miracle", Botswana |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC164768 |journal=Journal of Public Administration |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=813–820 |hdl=10520/EJC164768}}</ref> <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lekgotla la peomolao la Botswana ke lekgotla la[[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Kokoano ya matona a puso]], ke lekgotla la [[:en:Unicameral|kamore e le nngwe]] le le nang le maloko a le masome a marataro le borobabongwe . Maloko a, a ka tshwara masome a marataro le bongwe a tlhophiwa ka tlhamalalo ke batlhophi ba bone go tswa dikgaolong tsa bone mme a le marataro, a tlhophiwa ke lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso. [[Tautona wa Botswana|Tautona wa lefatshe la Botswana]] le [[:en:Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Botswana|motsamaisa dipuisano tsa lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso]] ke [[:en:Ex_officio_member|maloko a lekgotla le ka ntlha ya boemo jwa tiro ya bone]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019190047/https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament |archive-date=19 October 2022 |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=Parliament of Botswana}}</ref> Gore molao-kakanyetso e nne molao, o tshwanetse go amogelwa ke lekgotla la ntlokokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Norton |first=Philip |date=2004-12-21 |title=How many bicameral legislatures are there? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1357233042000322436 |journal=The Journal of Legislative Studies |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/1357233042000322436 |issn=1357-2334 |s2cid=143950774 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lekgotla le, le dirisa tsamaiso ya [[:en:Question_time|nako-potso]] go phutha tshedimosetso ka molao-kakanyetso. <ref name=":2" /> ''[[Ntlo ya Dikgosi tsa Botswana|Ntlo ya Dikgosi]]'' ke lekgotla la dikgakololo le le tlhomilweng ka fa tlase ga molaomotheo wa lefatshe la Botswana. Maloko a lone a akaretsa dikgosi tsa morafe wa Batswana di le borobabobedi, maloko a le matlhano a a tlhomilweng ke tautona le maloko a le masome a mabedi le bobedi a a tlhophilweng ke dikgosi tse di borobabobedi tse go builweng ka tsone fa godimo. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Norton |first=Philip |date=2004-12-21 |title=How many bicameral legislatures are there? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1357233042000322436 |journal=The Journal of Legislative Studies |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/1357233042000322436 |issn=1357-2334 |s2cid=143950774 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNorton2004">Norton, Philip (21 December 2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[[doi:10.1080/1357233042000322436|"How many bicameral legislatures are there?"]]</span>. ''The Journal of Legislative Studies''. '''10''' (4): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>9. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/1357233042000322436|10.1080/1357233042000322436]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1357-2334 1357-2334]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143950774 143950774].</cite></ref> Molaokakanyetso mongwe le mongwe o o amang molaomotheo kgotsa melao ya setso ya merafe o tshwanetse go romelwa kwa lekgotleng la ''Ntlo ya Dikgosi'', kwa le tlaa fetang le buisa molaokakanyetso o le bo le fetisa tshwetso e e tlhalosang boemo jwa lone mo molaokakanyetsong o. Ntlo ya Dikgosi ga e na dithata tsa go dira melao ka bo yone. <ref name=":2" /> === Lekalana la Khuduthamaga === Lekalana la khuduthamaga la Botswana le eteletswe pele ke tautona wa lefatshe la Botswana, yo o dirang jaaka [[:en:Head_of_state|tlhogo ya lefatshe]] le [[:en:Head_of_government|tlhogo ya puso]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSebudubuduMaripeBotlhomilweMalila2013">Sebudubudu, David; Maripe, Bugalo; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Z.; Malila, Ikanyeng S. (2013). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 "The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana"]. ''The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs''. '''40''' (2): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>59. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0856-0056 0856-0056]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 45341655].</cite></ref> Tautona o tshwara maemo ka ntlha ya bokgoni jwa gagwe jwa go [[:en:Motion_of_no_confidence|laola tshepo]] ya lekgotla la Kokoano ya khuduthamaga ya Botswana. Fa lekoko le le lengwe le ka gapa bontsi jwa manno a ditilo tsa palamente, moeteledipele wa lekoko leo o nna tautona yo montsha ka tsela e e ntseng fela jalo. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo ntlheng ya [[:en:Hung_parliament|go tlhoka lekoko le le tsayang bontsi jwa manno a ditilo tsa palamente]], tautona o tlhophiwa ke maloko a lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso, mme se ke selo se se iseng se diragale mo lefatsheng la Botswana. <ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Botlhale |first=Emmanuel |last2=Lotshwao |first2=Kebapetse |date=2013 |title=The Uneasy Relationship Between Parliament and the Executive in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90024373 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=45 |pages=39–51 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90024373}}</ref> Lekgotla la khuduthamaga ya lefatshe la Botswana ke lekalana le le nonofileng go gaisa a mangwe la puso mo Botswana mme tautona o na le dithata tse di rileng, mme ebile o etelela pele lekalana la puso la peomolao le lone. Lekalana la boatlhodi ke lone fela le le lemogilweng e le l''one'' le le tlholang maatla a ga tautona. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMogalakweNyamnjoh2017">Mogalakwe, Monageng; Nyamnjoh, Francis (2 January 2017). [[doi:10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636|"Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty"]]. ''Journal of Contemporary African Studies''. '''35''' (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>14. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636|10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636]]</span>. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0258-9001 0258-9001].</cite></ref> <ref name=":13" />Tautona o na le thibelo e e ka emisiwang, se se raya gore kwa tshimologong o ka seke a dumalane go amogela molao-kakanyetso go nna molao mme o ka se kgone go o thibela ruri . Fa tautona a sa amogele, molao-kakanyetso o busediwa kwa lekgotleng la Kokoano ya matona a puso. Fa lekgotla le ka netefatsa tshegetso ya lone gape ka tlhopho e e bonolo ya bontsi mo dikgweding di le thataro mme ya romela molao-kakanyetso gape, tautona o patelesega go amogela mo malatsing a le masome a mabedi le bongwe. Go palelwa ke go dira jalo go felela go dira gore go nne le ditlhopho tsa ka bonako tse di neng di sa rulaganngwa pele, ntle le fa tautona a tlhopha go ithola marapo a tiro pele ga nako e a e beetsweng. Fa molaokakanyetso o sena go bewa monwana o nna molao mme o phatlaladiwe mo pampiring ya melao ya Puso. Sebopego se, se letlelela tautona go diega go dira molao mme kwa bofelelong se fa lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso maatla a a kwa godimo a go tlola thibelo. Fa godimo ga moo, tautona ke [[:en:Commander-in-chief|molaodi yo mogolo]] wa sesole sa lefatshe la Botswana. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Mothusa Tautona wa Botswana|Mothusa-tautona wa Botswana]] le matona a puso a Botswana a tlhomiwa a bo a fiwa melawana ya bone ke tautona. <ref name=":13" /> Khuduthamaga e tsewa ka botlalo go tswa mo lekgotleng la Kokoano ya matona a puso, ka jalo matona a puso a tshwanetse gore a bo ele [[:en:Member_of_Parliament_(Botswana)|Maloko a Palamente]] ka dinako tsotlhe . <ref name=":12" /> Matona a puso a a mo teng ga khabinete a tsaya ditshwetso tse dikgolo ga mmogo ka jalo ba na le maikarabelo a ditshwetso tseo ga mmogo. <ref name=":0" /> === Lekalana la Boatlhodi === Kgotlatshekelokgolo ya Botswana ke Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo, e e tlhamilweng ka fa tlase ga karolo ya masome a le boferabobedi le boferabobedi ya Molaomotheo wa Botswana mme e na le tautona le palo ya baatlhodi ba boikuelo e e bewang ke lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name="constitution">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana |url=http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09}}</ref> Go na le baatlhodi ba le borobabobedi ba Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo, ba botlhe e leng batswakwa ba ba tswang kwa dikarolong tse di farologaneng tsa [[Mafatshe a selekane|mafatshe a selekanyo]] . Go fitlha gompieno ga go ise go nne le Motswana ope yo o kileng a bewa mo kgotlatshekelong ya boikuelo. <ref name="hierarchy">{{Cite web |title=The Hierarchy of the Courts |url=http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218013129/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-date=18 February 2011 |website=Government of Botswana}}</ref> == Goromente wa lefatshe == Botswana ke [[:en:Parliamentary_republic|lefatshe le le nang le puso ya palamente,]] e e laolwang ke [[Molaomotheo wa Botswana|molaotheo wa Botswana]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}</ref> Molaomotheo o sale o simolola go dirisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana fa e sa le lefatshe le tsaya boipuso go tswa mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola malatsi a le masome a le mararo ka ngwaga wa 1966. <ref name=":15">{{Citation}}</ref> Se se dirile gore lefatshe la Botswana e nne la puso ya batho ka batho e e sa tshwenngweng ka tsela epe ka sebaka se seleele go gaisa mafatshe a mangwe a le mantsi mo Aferika ka bophara. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=Keratilwe |last3=Kwerepe |first3=Phana |date=2016 |title=The Politics of Opposition Electoral Coalitions and Alliances in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45342124 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45342124}}</ref> Botswana e dira ka fa tlase ga metswako ya [[:en:Roman-Dutch_law|melao e le meraro go akaretsa wa seRoma le seDutch]], [[:en:Customary_law|molao wa setso sa Setswana]] le [[:en:Common_law|molao wa tlwaelo yo o itsegeng ka leina la 'common law']] . Setilo kgotsa bokopanelo jwa matona a puso ya lefatshe la Botswana bo kwa toropokgolong ya [[Gaborone]] . <ref name=":15" /> === Lekalana la peomelao === [[Setshwantsho:BotswanaParliament.jpg|thumb|[[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Ntlokokoano ya lekgotla la khuduthamaga ya Botswana]]]] Lekgotla la peo-melao la Botswana le tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]] e e leng ya lefatshe la United Kingdom, le fa le na le dikarolo di le mmalwa tse di le farologanyang le tsamaiso e ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom. Tiro ya lekgotla le, ya semmuso ka fa tlase ga molaotheo wa lefatshe la Botswana ke go "dira melao e e tlaa netefatsang [[:en:Peace,_order_and_good_government|kagiso, tolamo le puso e e siameng ya lefatshe la Botswana"]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSebudubuduMaripeBotlhomilweMalila2013">Sebudubudu, David; Maripe, Bugalo; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Z.; Malila, Ikanyeng S. (2013). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 "The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana"]. ''The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs''. '''40''' (2): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>59. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0856-0056 0856-0056]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 45341655].</cite></ref> Lekgotla la peomolao le ikemeseditse go dira jaaka lekalana la tlhotlhomiso mo khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, mme le fa go ntse jalo ga le na maatla a mantsi a a tlhamaletseng a go lekanyetsa maatla a khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, go lebilwe go [[:en:Fusion_of_powers|kopanngwa ga dithata]] le ntlha ya gore [[:en:Majority_government|mafatshe ka bontsi a a etelelwang pele]] ke lekoko le le lengwe e sale e le yone kgang ya konokono go ya go ileng. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Botlhomilwe |first=M. Z. |last2=Molebatsi |first2=R. M. |date=2014-09-01 |title=A democracy with weak oversight intitutions : an application to the "African miracle", Botswana |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC164768 |journal=Journal of Public Administration |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=813–820 |hdl=10520/EJC164768}}</ref> <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lekgotla la peomolao la Botswana ke lekgotla la[[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Kokoano ya matona a puso]], ke lekgotla la [[:en:Unicameral|kamore e le nngwe]] le le nang le maloko a le masome a marataro le borobabongwe . Maloko a, a ka tshwara masome a marataro le bongwe a tlhophiwa ka tlhamalalo ke batlhophi ba bone go tswa dikgaolong tsa bone mme a le marataro, a tlhophiwa ke lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso. [[Tautona wa Botswana|Tautona wa lefatshe la Botswana]] le [[:en:Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Botswana|motsamaisa dipuisano tsa lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso]] ke [[:en:Ex_officio_member|maloko a lekgotla le ka ntlha ya boemo jwa tiro ya bone]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019190047/https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament |archive-date=19 October 2022 |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=Parliament of Botswana}}</ref> Gore molao-kakanyetso e nne molao, o tshwanetse go amogelwa ke lekgotla la ntlokokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Norton |first=Philip |date=2004-12-21 |title=How many bicameral legislatures are there? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1357233042000322436 |journal=The Journal of Legislative Studies |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/1357233042000322436 |issn=1357-2334 |s2cid=143950774 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lekgotla le, le dirisa tsamaiso ya [[:en:Question_time|nako-potso]] go phutha tshedimosetso ka molao-kakanyetso. <ref name=":2" /> ''[[Ntlo ya Dikgosi tsa Botswana|Ntlo ya Dikgosi]]'' ke lekgotla la dikgakololo le le tlhomilweng ka fa tlase ga molaomotheo wa lefatshe la Botswana. Maloko a lone a akaretsa dikgosi tsa morafe wa Batswana di le borobabobedi, maloko a le matlhano a a tlhomilweng ke tautona le maloko a le masome a mabedi le bobedi a a tlhophilweng ke dikgosi tse di borobabobedi tse go builweng ka tsone fa godimo. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Norton |first=Philip |date=2004-12-21 |title=How many bicameral legislatures are there? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1357233042000322436 |journal=The Journal of Legislative Studies |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/1357233042000322436 |issn=1357-2334 |s2cid=143950774 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNorton2004">Norton, Philip (21 December 2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[[doi:10.1080/1357233042000322436|"How many bicameral legislatures are there?"]]</span>. ''The Journal of Legislative Studies''. '''10''' (4): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>9. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/1357233042000322436|10.1080/1357233042000322436]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1357-2334 1357-2334]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143950774 143950774].</cite></ref> Molaokakanyetso mongwe le mongwe o o amang molaomotheo kgotsa melao ya setso ya merafe o tshwanetse go romelwa kwa lekgotleng la ''Ntlo ya Dikgosi'', kwa le tlaa fetang le buisa molaokakanyetso o le bo le fetisa tshwetso e e tlhalosang boemo jwa lone mo molaokakanyetsong o. Ntlo ya Dikgosi ga e na dithata tsa go dira melao ka bo yone. <ref name=":2" /> === Lekalana la Khuduthamaga === Lekalana la khuduthamaga la Botswana le eteletswe pele ke tautona wa lefatshe la Botswana, yo o dirang jaaka [[:en:Head_of_state|tlhogo ya lefatshe]] le [[:en:Head_of_government|tlhogo ya puso]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSebudubuduMaripeBotlhomilweMalila2013">Sebudubudu, David; Maripe, Bugalo; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Z.; Malila, Ikanyeng S. (2013). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 "The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana"]. ''The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs''. '''40''' (2): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>59. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0856-0056 0856-0056]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 45341655].</cite></ref> Tautona o tshwara maemo ka ntlha ya bokgoni jwa gagwe jwa go [[:en:Motion_of_no_confidence|laola tshepo]] ya lekgotla la Kokoano ya khuduthamaga ya Botswana. Fa lekoko le le lengwe le ka gapa bontsi jwa manno a ditilo tsa palamente, moeteledipele wa lekoko leo o nna tautona yo montsha ka tsela e e ntseng fela jalo. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo ntlheng ya [[:en:Hung_parliament|go tlhoka lekoko le le tsayang bontsi jwa manno a ditilo tsa palamente]], tautona o tlhophiwa ke maloko a lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso, mme se ke selo se se iseng se diragale mo lefatsheng la Botswana. <ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Botlhale |first=Emmanuel |last2=Lotshwao |first2=Kebapetse |date=2013 |title=The Uneasy Relationship Between Parliament and the Executive in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90024373 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=45 |pages=39–51 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90024373}}</ref> Lekgotla la khuduthamaga ya lefatshe la Botswana ke lekalana le le nonofileng go gaisa a mangwe la puso mo Botswana mme tautona o na le dithata tse di rileng, mme ebile o etelela pele lekalana la puso la peomolao le lone. Lekalana la boatlhodi ke lone fela le le lemogilweng e le l''one'' le le tlholang maatla a ga tautona. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMogalakweNyamnjoh2017">Mogalakwe, Monageng; Nyamnjoh, Francis (2 January 2017). [[doi:10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636|"Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty"]]. ''Journal of Contemporary African Studies''. '''35''' (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>14. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636|10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636]]</span>. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0258-9001 0258-9001].</cite></ref> <ref name=":13" />Tautona o na le thibelo e e ka emisiwang, se se raya gore kwa tshimologong o ka seke a dumalane go amogela molao-kakanyetso go nna molao mme o ka se kgone go o thibela ruri . Fa tautona a sa amogele, molao-kakanyetso o busediwa kwa lekgotleng la Kokoano ya matona a puso. Fa lekgotla le ka netefatsa tshegetso ya lone gape ka tlhopho e e bonolo ya bontsi mo dikgweding di le thataro mme ya romela molao-kakanyetso gape, tautona o patelesega go amogela mo malatsing a le masome a mabedi le bongwe. Go palelwa ke go dira jalo go felela go dira gore go nne le ditlhopho tsa ka bonako tse di neng di sa rulaganngwa pele, ntle le fa tautona a tlhopha go ithola marapo a tiro pele ga nako e a e beetsweng. Fa molaokakanyetso o sena go bewa monwana o nna molao mme o phatlaladiwe mo pampiring ya melao ya Puso. Sebopego se, se letlelela tautona go diega go dira molao mme kwa bofelelong se fa lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso maatla a a kwa godimo a go tlola thibelo. Fa godimo ga moo, tautona ke [[:en:Commander-in-chief|molaodi yo mogolo]] wa sesole sa lefatshe la Botswana. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Mothusa Tautona wa Botswana|Mothusa-tautona wa Botswana]] le matona a puso a Botswana a tlhomiwa a bo a fiwa melawana ya bone ke tautona. <ref name=":13" /> Khuduthamaga e tsewa ka botlalo go tswa mo lekgotleng la Kokoano ya matona a puso, ka jalo matona a puso a tshwanetse gore a bo ele [[:en:Member_of_Parliament_(Botswana)|Maloko a Palamente]] ka dinako tsotlhe . <ref name=":12" /> Matona a puso a a mo teng ga khabinete a tsaya ditshwetso tse dikgolo ga mmogo ka jalo ba na le maikarabelo a ditshwetso tseo ga mmogo. <ref name=":0" /> === Lekalana la Boatlhodi === Kgotlatshekelokgolo ya Botswana ke Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo, e e tlhamilweng ka fa tlase ga karolo ya masome a le boferabobedi le boferabobedi ya Molaomotheo wa Botswana mme e na le tautona le palo ya baatlhodi ba boikuelo e e bewang ke lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name="constitution">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana |url=http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09}}</ref> Go na le baatlhodi ba le borobabobedi ba Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo, ba botlhe e leng batswakwa ba ba tswang kwa dikarolong tse di farologaneng tsa [[Mafatshe a selekane|mafatshe a selekanyo]] . Go fitlha gompieno ga go ise go nne le Motswana ope yo o kileng a bewa mo kgotlatshekelong ya boikuelo. <ref name="hierarchy">{{Cite web |title=The Hierarchy of the Courts |url=http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218013129/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-date=18 February 2011 |website=Government of Botswana}}</ref> [[Kgotlakgolo ya ditsheko ya Botswana|Kgotlatshekelokgolo]] ke kgotlatshekelo ya maemo a a kwa godimo fela thata ebile e e nang le taolo e e sa lekanyediwang ya go reetsa le go tlhomamisa ditsheko dipe tsa bosenyi le tsa selegae ka fa tlase ga molao mongwe le mongwe. Kgotlatshekelokgolo e tlhamilwe ka fa tlase ga karolo ya masome a le borobabobedi le botlhano ya molaomotheo mme e na le Moatlhodimogolo le palo ya baatlhodi ba bangwe ba Kgotlatshekelokgolo ba palo ya bone e bewang ke lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name="constitution">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana |url=http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf "Constitution of Botswana"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. [https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite></ref> Go na le baatlhodi ba le lesome le borataro ba sennela-ruri ba kgotlatshekelokgolo. Go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1992, baatlhodi ba Kgotlatshekelokgolo e ne e le baatlhodi ba ba tswang kwa mafatsheng a sele ba ba neng ba tlhomiwa ka dikonteraka tsa nako e khutshwane tsa dingwaga di le pedi go ya go di le tharo. Ka ngwaga wa 1992 baatlhodi ba ntlha ba baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba tlhomiwa. Go na le dikgaolo tse tharo tsa kgotlatshekelokgolo kwa [[Lobatse]], Gaborone le [[Francistown]] . <ref name="hierarchy">{{Cite web |title=The Hierarchy of the Courts |url=http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218013129/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-date=18 February 2011 |website=Government of Botswana}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110218013129/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ "The Hierarchy of the Courts"]. ''Government of Botswana''. Archived from [http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ the original] on 18 February 2011.</cite></ref> == Goromente wa lefatshe == Botswana ke [[:en:Parliamentary_republic|lefatshe le le nang le puso ya palamente,]] e e laolwang ke [[Molaomotheo wa Botswana|molaotheo wa Botswana]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}</ref> Molaomotheo o sale o simolola go dirisiwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana fa e sa le lefatshe le tsaya boipuso go tswa mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola malatsi a le masome a le mararo ka ngwaga wa 1966. <ref name=":15">{{Citation}}</ref> Se se dirile gore lefatshe la Botswana e nne la puso ya batho ka batho e e sa tshwenngweng ka tsela epe ka sebaka se seleele go gaisa mafatshe a mangwe a le mantsi mo Aferika ka bophara. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=Keratilwe |last3=Kwerepe |first3=Phana |date=2016 |title=The Politics of Opposition Electoral Coalitions and Alliances in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45342124 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45342124}}</ref> Botswana e dira ka fa tlase ga metswako ya [[:en:Roman-Dutch_law|melao e le meraro go akaretsa wa seRoma le seDutch]], [[:en:Customary_law|molao wa setso sa Setswana]] le [[:en:Common_law|molao wa tlwaelo yo o itsegeng ka leina la 'common law']] . Setilo kgotsa bokopanelo jwa matona a puso ya lefatshe la Botswana bo kwa toropokgolong ya [[Gaborone]] . <ref name=":15" /> === Lekalana la peomelao === [[Setshwantsho:BotswanaParliament.jpg|thumb|[[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Ntlokokoano ya lekgotla la khuduthamaga ya Botswana]]]] Lekgotla la peo-melao la Botswana le tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]] e e leng ya lefatshe la United Kingdom, le fa le na le dikarolo di le mmalwa tse di le farologanyang le tsamaiso e ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom. Tiro ya lekgotla le, ya semmuso ka fa tlase ga molaotheo wa lefatshe la Botswana ke go "dira melao e e tlaa netefatsang [[:en:Peace,_order_and_good_government|kagiso, tolamo le puso e e siameng ya lefatshe la Botswana"]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSebudubuduMaripeBotlhomilweMalila2013">Sebudubudu, David; Maripe, Bugalo; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Z.; Malila, Ikanyeng S. (2013). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 "The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana"]. ''The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs''. '''40''' (2): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>59. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0856-0056 0856-0056]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 45341655].</cite></ref> Lekgotla la peomolao le ikemeseditse go dira jaaka lekalana la tlhotlhomiso mo khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, mme le fa go ntse jalo ga le na maatla a mantsi a a tlhamaletseng a go lekanyetsa maatla a khuduthamaga ya lefatshe, go lebilwe go [[:en:Fusion_of_powers|kopanngwa ga dithata]] le ntlha ya gore [[:en:Majority_government|mafatshe ka bontsi a a etelelwang pele]] ke lekoko le le lengwe e sale e le yone kgang ya konokono go ya go ileng. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Botlhomilwe |first=M. Z. |last2=Molebatsi |first2=R. M. |date=2014-09-01 |title=A democracy with weak oversight intitutions : an application to the "African miracle", Botswana |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC164768 |journal=Journal of Public Administration |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=813–820 |hdl=10520/EJC164768}}</ref> <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lekgotla la peomolao la Botswana ke lekgotla la[[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Kokoano ya matona a puso]], ke lekgotla la [[:en:Unicameral|kamore e le nngwe]] le le nang le maloko a le masome a marataro le borobabongwe . Maloko a, a ka tshwara masome a marataro le bongwe a tlhophiwa ka tlhamalalo ke batlhophi ba bone go tswa dikgaolong tsa bone mme a le marataro, a tlhophiwa ke lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso. [[Tautona wa Botswana|Tautona wa lefatshe la Botswana]] le [[:en:Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Botswana|motsamaisa dipuisano tsa lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso]] ke [[:en:Ex_officio_member|maloko a lekgotla le ka ntlha ya boemo jwa tiro ya bone]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019190047/https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/about-parliament |archive-date=19 October 2022 |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=Parliament of Botswana}}</ref> Gore molao-kakanyetso e nne molao, o tshwanetse go amogelwa ke lekgotla la ntlokokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Norton |first=Philip |date=2004-12-21 |title=How many bicameral legislatures are there? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1357233042000322436 |journal=The Journal of Legislative Studies |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/1357233042000322436 |issn=1357-2334 |s2cid=143950774 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lekgotla le, le dirisa tsamaiso ya [[:en:Question_time|nako-potso]] go phutha tshedimosetso ka molao-kakanyetso. <ref name=":2" /> ''[[Ntlo ya Dikgosi tsa Botswana|Ntlo ya Dikgosi]]'' ke lekgotla la dikgakololo le le tlhomilweng ka fa tlase ga molaomotheo wa lefatshe la Botswana. Maloko a lone a akaretsa dikgosi tsa morafe wa Batswana di le borobabobedi, maloko a le matlhano a a tlhomilweng ke tautona le maloko a le masome a mabedi le bobedi a a tlhophilweng ke dikgosi tse di borobabobedi tse go builweng ka tsone fa godimo. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Norton |first=Philip |date=2004-12-21 |title=How many bicameral legislatures are there? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1357233042000322436 |journal=The Journal of Legislative Studies |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/1357233042000322436 |issn=1357-2334 |s2cid=143950774 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNorton2004">Norton, Philip (21 December 2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[[doi:10.1080/1357233042000322436|"How many bicameral legislatures are there?"]]</span>. ''The Journal of Legislative Studies''. '''10''' (4): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>9. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/1357233042000322436|10.1080/1357233042000322436]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1357-2334 1357-2334]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143950774 143950774].</cite></ref> Molaokakanyetso mongwe le mongwe o o amang molaomotheo kgotsa melao ya setso ya merafe o tshwanetse go romelwa kwa lekgotleng la ''Ntlo ya Dikgosi'', kwa le tlaa fetang le buisa molaokakanyetso o le bo le fetisa tshwetso e e tlhalosang boemo jwa lone mo molaokakanyetsong o. Ntlo ya Dikgosi ga e na dithata tsa go dira melao ka bo yone. <ref name=":2" /> === Lekalana la Khuduthamaga === Lekalana la khuduthamaga la Botswana le eteletswe pele ke tautona wa lefatshe la Botswana, yo o dirang jaaka [[:en:Head_of_state|tlhogo ya lefatshe]] le [[:en:Head_of_government|tlhogo ya puso]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Maripe |first2=Bugalo |last3=Botlhomilwe |first3=Mokganedi Z. |last4=Malila |first4=Ikanyeng S. |date=2013 |title=The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=33–59 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45341655}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSebudubuduMaripeBotlhomilweMalila2013">Sebudubudu, David; Maripe, Bugalo; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Z.; Malila, Ikanyeng S. (2013). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 "The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana"]. ''The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs''. '''40''' (2): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>59. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0856-0056 0856-0056]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 45341655].</cite></ref> Tautona o tshwara maemo ka ntlha ya bokgoni jwa gagwe jwa go [[:en:Motion_of_no_confidence|laola tshepo]] ya lekgotla la Kokoano ya khuduthamaga ya Botswana. Fa lekoko le le lengwe le ka gapa bontsi jwa manno a ditilo tsa palamente, moeteledipele wa lekoko leo o nna tautona yo montsha ka tsela e e ntseng fela jalo. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo ntlheng ya [[:en:Hung_parliament|go tlhoka lekoko le le tsayang bontsi jwa manno a ditilo tsa palamente]], tautona o tlhophiwa ke maloko a lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso, mme se ke selo se se iseng se diragale mo lefatsheng la Botswana. <ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Botlhale |first=Emmanuel |last2=Lotshwao |first2=Kebapetse |date=2013 |title=The Uneasy Relationship Between Parliament and the Executive in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90024373 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=45 |pages=39–51 |issn=0525-5090 |jstor=90024373}}</ref> Lekgotla la khuduthamaga ya lefatshe la Botswana ke lekalana le le nonofileng go gaisa a mangwe la puso mo Botswana mme tautona o na le dithata tse di rileng, mme ebile o etelela pele lekalana la puso la peomolao le lone. Lekalana la boatlhodi ke lone fela le le lemogilweng e le l''one'' le le tlholang maatla a ga tautona. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMogalakweNyamnjoh2017">Mogalakwe, Monageng; Nyamnjoh, Francis (2 January 2017). [[doi:10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636|"Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty"]]. ''Journal of Contemporary African Studies''. '''35''' (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>14. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636|10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636]]</span>. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0258-9001 0258-9001].</cite></ref> <ref name=":13" />Tautona o na le thibelo e e ka emisiwang, se se raya gore kwa tshimologong o ka seke a dumalane go amogela molao-kakanyetso go nna molao mme o ka se kgone go o thibela ruri . Fa tautona a sa amogele, molao-kakanyetso o busediwa kwa lekgotleng la Kokoano ya matona a puso. Fa lekgotla le ka netefatsa tshegetso ya lone gape ka tlhopho e e bonolo ya bontsi mo dikgweding di le thataro mme ya romela molao-kakanyetso gape, tautona o patelesega go amogela mo malatsing a le masome a mabedi le bongwe. Go palelwa ke go dira jalo go felela go dira gore go nne le ditlhopho tsa ka bonako tse di neng di sa rulaganngwa pele, ntle le fa tautona a tlhopha go ithola marapo a tiro pele ga nako e a e beetsweng. Fa molaokakanyetso o sena go bewa monwana o nna molao mme o phatlaladiwe mo pampiring ya melao ya Puso. Sebopego se, se letlelela tautona go diega go dira molao mme kwa bofelelong se fa lekgotla la Kokoano ya matona a puso maatla a a kwa godimo a go tlola thibelo. Fa godimo ga moo, tautona ke [[:en:Commander-in-chief|molaodi yo mogolo]] wa sesole sa lefatshe la Botswana. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Mothusa Tautona wa Botswana|Mothusa-tautona wa Botswana]] le matona a puso a Botswana a tlhomiwa a bo a fiwa melawana ya bone ke tautona. <ref name=":13" /> Khuduthamaga e tsewa ka botlalo go tswa mo lekgotleng la Kokoano ya matona a puso, ka jalo matona a puso a tshwanetse gore a bo ele [[:en:Member_of_Parliament_(Botswana)|Maloko a Palamente]] ka dinako tsotlhe . <ref name=":12" /> Matona a puso a a mo teng ga khabinete a tsaya ditshwetso tse dikgolo ga mmogo ka jalo ba na le maikarabelo a ditshwetso tseo ga mmogo. <ref name=":0" /> === Lekalana la Boatlhodi === Kgotlatshekelokgolo ya Botswana ke Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo, e e tlhamilweng ka fa tlase ga karolo ya masome a le boferabobedi le boferabobedi ya Molaomotheo wa Botswana mme e na le tautona le palo ya baatlhodi ba boikuelo e e bewang ke lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name="constitution">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana |url=http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09}}</ref> Go na le baatlhodi ba le borobabobedi ba Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo, ba botlhe e leng batswakwa ba ba tswang kwa dikarolong tse di farologaneng tsa [[Mafatshe a selekane|mafatshe a selekanyo]] . Go fitlha gompieno ga go ise go nne le Motswana ope yo o kileng a bewa mo kgotlatshekelong ya boikuelo. <ref name="hierarchy">{{Cite web |title=The Hierarchy of the Courts |url=http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218013129/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-date=18 February 2011 |website=Government of Botswana}}</ref> [[Kgotlakgolo ya ditsheko ya Botswana|Kgotlatshekelokgolo]] ke kgotlatshekelo ya maemo a a kwa godimo fela thata ebile e e nang le taolo e e sa lekanyediwang ya go reetsa le go tlhomamisa ditsheko dipe tsa bosenyi le tsa selegae ka fa tlase ga molao mongwe le mongwe. Kgotlatshekelokgolo e tlhamilwe ka fa tlase ga karolo ya masome a le borobabobedi le botlhano ya molaomotheo mme e na le Moatlhodimogolo le palo ya baatlhodi ba bangwe ba Kgotlatshekelokgolo ba palo ya bone e bewang ke lekgotla la kokoano ya matona a puso. <ref name="constitution">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Botswana |url=http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf "Constitution of Botswana"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. [https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Botswana.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite></ref> Go na le baatlhodi ba le lesome le borataro ba sennela-ruri ba kgotlatshekelokgolo. Go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1992, baatlhodi ba Kgotlatshekelokgolo e ne e le baatlhodi ba ba tswang kwa mafatsheng a sele ba ba neng ba tlhomiwa ka dikonteraka tsa nako e khutshwane tsa dingwaga di le pedi go ya go di le tharo. Ka ngwaga wa 1992 baatlhodi ba ntlha ba baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana ba ne ba tlhomiwa. Go na le dikgaolo tse tharo tsa kgotlatshekelokgolo kwa [[Lobatse]], Gaborone le [[Francistown]] . <ref name="hierarchy">{{Cite web |title=The Hierarchy of the Courts |url=http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218013129/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-date=18 February 2011 |website=Government of Botswana}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110218013129/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ "The Hierarchy of the Courts"]. ''Government of Botswana''. Archived from [http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ the original] on 18 February 2011.</cite></ref> Bontsi jwa ditsheko di rarabololwa ke dikgotlatshekelo tsa setso, tse di okametsweng ke dikgosi tsa merafe. Dikgotlatshekelo tse gantsi di ratwa ke baagedi ba Botswana ka ntlha ya go nna bonolo ga tsone. <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Keshav C. |date=2020-08-23 |title=Role of local government in Botswana for effective service delivery: Challenges, prospects and lessons |url=https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.928945225837497 |journal=Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance |issue=7 |pages=135–142}}</ref> Gape go na le [[:en:Magistrates'_Courts|makgotla a ga mmakaseterata]] mo Botswana. Dikgotlatshekelo tse di ka fa tlase ga Kgotlatshekelokgolo mme di reetsa mefuta e e farologaneng ya ditsheko tsa molao wa selegae, wa bosenyi le wa lelwapa. Go na le dikgotlatshekelo tsa bommakaseterata di le lesome le boferabongwe mo lefatsheng la Botswana, ka bommakaseterata ba le masome a le matlhano mme ba le lesome le bosupa ba bone ke batswakwa. <ref name="hierarchy">{{Cite web |title=The Hierarchy of the Courts |url=http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218013129/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ |archive-date=18 February 2011 |website=Government of Botswana}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110218013129/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ "The Hierarchy of the Courts"]. ''Government of Botswana''. Archived from [http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/ the original] on 18 February 2011.</cite></ref> == Puso ya mono-gae le ya merafe == Puso ya lefatshe la Botswana e laolwa ke [[:en:Centralized_government|legare la lefatshe]] mme dithata tsa puso ya selegae di laolwa ke molao wa setshaba ka bophara. Puso ya selegae e letleletswe ka fa tlase ga molao wa Pusoselegae yo o ka fa tlase ga Makgotla a Dikgaolo ebile o tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa1965. Karolo e potlana mo go tsotlhe tse di leng teng, ya puso mo Botswana ke khansele ya selegae kgotsa ya kwa magaeng. Ditoropokgolo mo Botswana di ka fa tlase ga taolo ya ga ratoropo le lekgotla la toropokgolo, le le eteletsweng pele ke modulasetilo wa lekgotla la khansele. <ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Mooketsane |first=K. |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=K. |last3=Motshekgwa |first3=B. |date=2017 |title=Is decentralisation in Botswana a democratic fallacy? |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC-6a061f80d |journal=African Journal of Public Affairs |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=47–60 |hdl=10520/EJC-6a061f80d}}</ref> Ditoropo le tsone di na le makgotla a ditoropo a khansele, fa dikgaolo tsa magae tsone di kokoanngwa ka fa tlase ga makgotla a dikgaolo. Makgotla a, ke one a a okametseng thata tlhokomelo ya thuto, botsogo, ditsela, metsi, ditlhabololo tsa mono-gae le boipelego ka kakaretso. Makalana a pusoselegae ga a kokoanye madi a a rileng mme madi a selekanyo se se bapileng le se se ka tlamelang ditiro tsotlhe tsa selegae a tlamelwa ke puso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Keshav C. |date=2020-08-23 |title=Role of local government in Botswana for effective service delivery: Challenges, prospects and lessons |url=https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.928945225837497 |journal=Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance |issue=7 |pages=135–142}}</ref> == Puso ya mono-gae le ya merafe == Puso ya lefatshe la Botswana e laolwa ke [[:en:Centralized_government|legare la lefatshe]] mme dithata tsa puso ya selegae di laolwa ke molao wa setshaba ka bophara. Puso ya selegae e letleletswe ka fa tlase ga molao wa Pusoselegae yo o ka fa tlase ga Makgotla a Dikgaolo ebile o tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa1965. Karolo e potlana mo go tsotlhe tse di leng teng, ya puso mo Botswana ke khansele ya selegae kgotsa ya kwa magaeng. Ditoropokgolo mo Botswana di ka fa tlase ga taolo ya ga ratoropo le lekgotla la toropokgolo, le le eteletsweng pele ke modulasetilo wa lekgotla la khansele. <ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Mooketsane |first=K. |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=K. |last3=Motshekgwa |first3=B. |date=2017 |title=Is decentralisation in Botswana a democratic fallacy? |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC-6a061f80d |journal=African Journal of Public Affairs |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=47–60 |hdl=10520/EJC-6a061f80d}}</ref> Ditoropo le tsone di na le makgotla a ditoropo a khansele, fa dikgaolo tsa magae tsone di kokoanngwa ka fa tlase ga makgotla a dikgaolo. Makgotla a, ke one a a okametseng thata tlhokomelo ya thuto, botsogo, ditsela, metsi, ditlhabololo tsa mono-gae le boipelego ka kakaretso. Makalana a pusoselegae ga a kokoanye madi a a rileng mme madi a selekanyo se se bapileng le se se ka tlamelang ditiro tsotlhe tsa selegae a tlamelwa ke puso ya setšhaba. <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Keshav C. |date=2020-08-23 |title=Role of local government in Botswana for effective service delivery: Challenges, prospects and lessons |url=https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.928945225837497 |journal=Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance |issue=7 |pages=135–142}}</ref> Merafe e eteletswe pele ke dikgosi tsa merafe, tse gantsi di nang le maatla a tlhotlheletso a magolo mo mererong epe ya puso-selegae. Dikgosi di na le maikarabelo a go nna badulasetilo ba [[Kgotla|''dikgotla'']], go etelela pele dikopano tsa setso tsa merafe le go okamela dikgotlatshekelo tsa setso . <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Keshav C. |date=2020-08-23 |title=Role of local government in Botswana for effective service delivery: Challenges, prospects and lessons |url=https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.928945225837497 |journal=Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance |issue=7 |pages=135–142}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSharma2020">Sharma, Keshav C. (23 August 2020). [https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.928945225837497 "Role of local government in Botswana for effective service delivery: Challenges, prospects and lessons"]. ''Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance'' (7): <span class="nowrap">135–</span>142.</cite></ref> ''Dikgotla'' di simolotse pele ga boipuso jwa lefatshe la Botswana mme di emela puso ya setso e mo go yone kgosi e neng e busa ebile e tsewa jaaka [[:en:First_among_equals|motho wa ntlha mo go ba ba lekanang]] . Dikgosi tsa letso la Setswana go tswa mo dipakeng tsa bogologolo di ne di na le maikarabelo a mantsi mo bathong go feta merafe e mengwe ya Aferika, jaaka e ne e le tselana ya go itshetsa e kgolo ya kgaolo, thuo ya dikgomo, e ne e letla balemibarui go tsamaya mafelo ka go farologana le go ikemela ka nosi go fetisa ka fa ba neng ba thusiwa ke go lema ka teng. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lefatshe le le fitlhelwang mo magaeng a merafe le ka fa tlase ebile le abelwa ke boto ya tsa ditsha. Diboto tse tsa Ditsha di bopilwe ka maloko a a tlhophilweng ke morafe ga mmogo le maloko a a tlhophilweng ke [[:en:Minister_of_Lands_(Botswana)|Tona ya Ditsha]] . <ref name=":8" /> Lefatshe la Botswana le kgaogantswe ka [[Dikgaolo tsa Botswana|dikgaolo di le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 Population and Housing Census Preliminary Results |url=https://www.statsbots.org.bw/sites/default/files/publications/2022%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Preliminary%20Results.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527193128/https://www.statsbots.org.bw/sites/default/files/publications/2022%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Preliminary%20Results.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2022 |website=Statistics Botswana |page=5}}</ref> Kgaolo nngwe le nngwe e ka fa tlase ga taolo ya tsamaiso ya kgaolo, e e eteletsweng pele ke molaodi wa kgaolo. <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Keshav C. |date=2020-08-23 |title=Role of local government in Botswana for effective service delivery: Challenges, prospects and lessons |url=https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.928945225837497 |journal=Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance |issue=7 |pages=135–142}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSharma2020">Sharma, Keshav C. (23 August 2020). [https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.928945225837497 "Role of local government in Botswana for effective service delivery: Challenges, prospects and lessons"]. ''Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance'' (7): <span class="nowrap">135–</span>142.</cite></ref> == Makoko a tsa sepolotiki == Lefatshe la Botswana le tlhaolwa ka [[:en:Multi-party_system|tsamaiso ya makoko a le mantsi]] a a phadisanang mo go tsa polotiki. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne le na le [[:en:Dominant-party_system|tsamaiso ya lekoko le le laolang]] le sa tswe mo pusong le e neng e le la BDP, le ne le nna fela le fenya ditlhopho ngwaga go ya ngwageng go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1965 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 2024. Lekoko le, le ne la tlhamiwa ke rre Seretse Khama ka ngwaga wa 1962 ka nako ya fa setšhaba se ne se tsamaela kwa boipusong mme le ne la busa ka bontsi mo pusong nngwe le nngwe go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 2024. Go ya ka ditso, [[Botswana National Front]] e nnile lekoko la kganetso le legolo, le buelela tsamaiso ya polotiki ya [[:en:Left-wing_politics|tekatekanyo le tlhakanelo ya didirisiwa ka tsela e e bonolo]] . <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=Keratilwe |last3=Kwerepe |first3=Phana |date=2016 |title=The Politics of Opposition Electoral Coalitions and Alliances in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45342124 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45342124}}</ref> Makokokganetso mo lekgotleng la peomolao la Botswana gantsi a ne a kgaogane, go na le makoko a le mmalwa a a neng a phadisana mo godimo ga go gwetlha lekoko la BDP. <ref name=":3" /> Lekoko la kganetso le ne le emilwe nokeng thata ke batho ba ba nnang kwa ditoropong, merafe e e neng e le kwa ntle ga bontsi jwa baagedi ba Batswana le dikgosi dingwe tsa merafe jaaka kgosi [[Kgosi Bathoen Gaseitsiwe|Bathoen II]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Masilo |first2=Bontle |date=2018 |title=Social Cleavages and Party Alignment in Botswana: Dominant Party System Debate Revisited |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026898 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=50 |pages=59–71 |issn=0525-5090}}</ref> Go oketsega ga go banni mo ditoropong mo go simologileng ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le borobabongwe le masome a robabobedi go ne ga fa makokokganetso maatla a mantsi. [[:en:Political_faction|Go kgaogana ka ditlhopha]] go tlwaelesegile mo makokong a sepolotiki a Botswana mme makoko a le mmalwa a kgaogane le lekoko la Botswana National Front, go akaretsa lekoko la [[Botswana Congress Party]] e e neng ya nna lekoko le lengwe le le botlhokwa la kganetso morago ga go tlhamiwa ga lone ka ngwaga wa 1998. Go ne ga dirwa maiteko a le mmalwa a go dira [[:en:Political_group|dikgolagano]] magareng ga makokokganetso. Segolobogolo ka ngwaga wa 2012, Botswana National Front, [[Lekoko la Botswana Movement for Democracy|Botswana Movement for Democracy]] le [[Botswana People's Party|Botswana People’s Party]] di ne tsa bopa [[Umbrella for Democratic Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] se se neng sa fenya BDP kwa [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa Botswana tsa ngwaga wa 2024]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-06-06 |title='Umbrella for Democratic Change' party to be registered |url=https://www.sundaystandard.info/ocyumbrella-for-democratic-changeoco-party-to-be-registered/ |access-date=2024-03-31}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=EPHRAIM KEORENG<br>Staff |date=2012-06-21 |title=Umbrella MPs in double membership |url=https://www.mmegi.bw/news/umbrella-mps-in-double-membership/news |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=Mmegi Online}}</ref> == Ditlhopho == Lefatshe la Botswana le ntse le tshwara ditlhopho gangwe le gape fa e sale le tsaya boipuso, ditlhopho tse di tshwarwa morago ga dingwaga tse tlhano di fetsa go feta, tse tsotlhe di fentsweng ke lekoko la Botswana Democratic Party. Ditlhopho tsa lefatshe la Botswana di okamilwe ke [[:en:Independent_Electoral_Commission_(Botswana)|Khomišene e e Ikemetseng ya Ditlhopho]] (IEC). <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |date=2015-01-02 |title=An assessment of Botswana's electoral management body to deliver fair elections |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2015.1021210 |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=105–120 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2015.1021210 |issn=0258-9001 |s2cid=154949350 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ditlhopho mo Botswana di dirisa mokgwa wa go tlhopha yo o bidiwang [[:en:First-past-the-post_voting|'first-past-the-post']] o mo go one mofenyi e leng ntlhopheng yo o bonang [[:en:Majority|bontsi]] kgotsa [[:en:Plurality_(voting)|palo e e kwa godimo]] ga tsa bo ntlhopheng ba bangwe ya ditlhopho. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=Keratilwe |last3=Kwerepe |first3=Phana |date=2016 |title=The Politics of Opposition Electoral Coalitions and Alliances in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45342124 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45342124}}</ref> Botswana e bonwa e le lefatshe la sewelo tota mo mafatsheng a Aferika ka gore ditlhopho tsa teng ga di ise di ko di amanngwe le [[:en:Political_violence|tiriso ya dikgoka e e anameng ya sepolotiki]] jaaka mo mafatsheng a mangwe. <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Botlhomilwe |first2=Mokganedi Zara |date=2010 |title=The management of elections: the case of Botswana |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/10.10520/EJC88240 |journal=Politeia |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=65–77}}</ref> == Ditlhopho == Lefatshe la Botswana le ntse le tshwara ditlhopho gangwe le gape fa e sale le tsaya boipuso, ditlhopho tse di tshwarwa morago ga dingwaga tse tlhano di fetsa go feta, tse tsotlhe di fentsweng ke lekoko la Botswana Democratic Party. Ditlhopho tsa lefatshe la Botswana di okamilwe ke [[:en:Independent_Electoral_Commission_(Botswana)|Khomišene e e Ikemetseng ya Ditlhopho]] (IEC). <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |date=2015-01-02 |title=An assessment of Botswana's electoral management body to deliver fair elections |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2015.1021210 |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=105–120 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2015.1021210 |issn=0258-9001 |s2cid=154949350 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ditlhopho mo Botswana di dirisa mokgwa wa go tlhopha yo o bidiwang [[:en:First-past-the-post_voting|'first-past-the-post']] o mo go one mofenyi e leng ntlhopheng yo o bonang [[:en:Majority|bontsi]] kgotsa [[:en:Plurality_(voting)|palo e e kwa godimo]] ga tsa bo ntlhopheng ba bangwe ya ditlhopho. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=Keratilwe |last3=Kwerepe |first3=Phana |date=2016 |title=The Politics of Opposition Electoral Coalitions and Alliances in Botswana |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45342124 |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |issn=0856-0056 |jstor=45342124}}</ref> Botswana e bonwa e le lefatshe la sewelo tota mo mafatsheng a Aferika ka gore ditlhopho tsa teng ga di ise di ko di amanngwe le [[:en:Political_violence|tiriso ya dikgoka e e anameng ya sepolotiki]] jaaka mo mafatsheng a mangwe. <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Botlhomilwe |first2=Mokganedi Zara |date=2010 |title=The management of elections: the case of Botswana |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/10.10520/EJC88240 |journal=Politeia |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=65–77}}</ref> Boemanosi jwa ditlhopho tsa lefatshe la Botswana bo ntse bo sekasekwa mo dingwageng tse di fetileng. Le fa ditlhopho di gololesegile ebile makoko a kganetso a sa thibelwe, lekoko le le mo maemong le na le bokgoni le tetla ya dilo dingwe tse di ka fetolang maduo. Pele ga go tlhamiwa ga lekgotla la IEC, lekoko le le busang le ne le laola ditlhopho ka kantoro ya Motlhokomedi wa Ditlhopho, e e neng e wela ka fa tlase ga taolo e e tlhamaletseng ya kantoro ya tautona wa lefatshe. Go tlhamiwa ga lekgotla la IEC, jaaka karolo ya diphetogo tsa puso ya batho ka batho tse di dirilweng ka dingwaga di le sekete le makgolo a le borobabobedi le masome a le borobabobedi fa di simologa, fa e sale ka nako e o go fokoditse se ka bokete bo bo rileng, le fa dipotso tse di amanang le boipuso jwa lone di ne tsa nna teng mo nakong e e neng e setse ya puso ya lekoko le le lengwe. <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |date=2015-01-02 |title=An assessment of Botswana's electoral management body to deliver fair elections |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2015.1021210 |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=105–120 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2015.1021210 |issn=0258-9001 |s2cid=154949350 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMogalakwe2015">Mogalakwe, Monageng (2 January 2015). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[[doi:10.1080/02589001.2015.1021210|"An assessment of Botswana's electoral management body to deliver fair elections"]]</span>. ''Journal of Contemporary African Studies''. '''33''' (1): <span class="nowrap">105–</span>120. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/02589001.2015.1021210|10.1080/02589001.2015.1021210]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0258-9001 0258-9001]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154949350 154949350].</cite></ref> <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Sebudubudu |first=David |last2=Botlhomilwe |first2=Mokganedi Zara |date=2010 |title=The management of elections: the case of Botswana |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/10.10520/EJC88240 |journal=Politeia |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=65–77}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2010">Sebudubudu, David; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Zara (2010). [https://journals.co.za/doi/10.10520/EJC88240 "The management of elections: the case of Botswana"]. ''Politeia''. '''29''' (1): <span class="nowrap">65–</span>77.</cite></ref> == Dikgang tse di amanang le melao ya puso == === Melao ya puso e e amanang le tsa madi === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Botswana ke lefatshe la letseno le le kwa godimo mme mo go lekanetseng ebile le le nang le [[:en:Mixed_economy|itsholelo e e tlhakaneng]] mme ebile lefatshe la Botswana ke lengwe la mafatshe a a nang le itsholelo e e nonofileng thata mo Aferika. Motheo wa molao wa ntlha wa puso o o amanang le tsa madi wa lefatshe la Botswana o beilwe ke puso ya ntlha ya morago ga boipuso ka dingwaga tsa bo 1960, e akaretsa thulaganyo ya tekanyetso ya tiriso ya itsholelo ya lefatshe go itshetsa ka metseletsele ya maano a tlhabololo ya setshaba. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go na le [[:en:Income_inequality|go tlhoka tekatekano ya letseno mo go bonalang fela thata]] mo Botswana, bogolosegolo fa gare ga ditoropo tse di tlhabologileng le dikgaolo tsa magae tse di humanegileng. <ref name=":14" />Seelo sa botlhokatiro mo Botswana se ne se eme mo makgolong a le mabedi go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2015. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go ikaega ga lefatshe la Botswana ka kgwebo ya thekiso ya diteemane go dirile gore go farologanngwe mananeo a go tsholetsa itsholelo ya lefatshe se ebile e nnile lengwe la maikaelelo a magolo a molao wa itsholelo ya setšhaba mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa lone. Mananeo a puso a a tshwanang le [[:en:National_Development_Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya setšhaba ya ditlhabololo]], [[:en:Botswana_Development_Corporation|Koporasi ya dilhabololo ya Botswana]], [[:en:Financial_Assistance_Policy|Pholisi ya Thuso ya Matlole]] le [[:en:Economic_Diversification_Drive|Letsholo la Pharologanyo ya itsholelo]] a tsentswe mo tirisong go rotloetsa kgolo ya itsholelo mo madirelong a mangwe, fela ga a fokotsa thata go ikaega ga setšhaba ka kgwebo ya sone ya thekiso ya diteemane. [ 56 ] == Dikgang tse di amanang le melao ya puso == === Melao ya puso e e amanang le tsa madi === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Botswana ke lefatshe la letseno le le kwa godimo mme mo go lekanetseng ebile le le nang le [[:en:Mixed_economy|itsholelo e e tlhakaneng]] mme ebile lefatshe la Botswana ke lengwe la mafatshe a a nang le itsholelo e e nonofileng thata mo Aferika. Motheo wa molao wa ntlha wa puso o o amanang le tsa madi wa lefatshe la Botswana o beilwe ke puso ya ntlha ya morago ga boipuso ka dingwaga tsa bo 1960, e akaretsa thulaganyo ya tekanyetso ya tiriso ya itsholelo ya lefatshe go itshetsa ka metseletsele ya maano a tlhabololo ya setshaba. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go na le [[:en:Income_inequality|go tlhoka tekatekano ya letseno mo go bonalang fela thata]] mo Botswana, bogolosegolo fa gare ga ditoropo tse di tlhabologileng le dikgaolo tsa magae tse di humanegileng. <ref name=":14" />Seelo sa botlhokatiro mo Botswana se ne se eme mo makgolong a le mabedi go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2015. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go ikaega ga lefatshe la Botswana ka kgwebo ya thekiso ya diteemane go dirile gore go farologanngwe mananeo a go tsholetsa itsholelo ya lefatshe se ebile e nnile lengwe la maikaelelo a magolo a molao wa itsholelo ya setšhaba mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa lone. Mananeo a puso a a tshwanang le [[:en:National_Development_Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya setšhaba ya ditlhabololo]], [[:en:Botswana_Development_Corporation|Koporasi ya dilhabololo ya Botswana]], [[:en:Financial_Assistance_Policy|Pholisi ya Thuso ya Matlole]] le [[:en:Economic_Diversification_Drive|Letsholo la Pharologanyo ya itsholelo]] a tsentswe mo tirisong go rotloetsa kgolo ya itsholelo mo madirelong a mangwe, fela ga a fokotsa thata go ikaega ga setšhaba ka kgwebo ya sone ya thekiso ya diteemane. <ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 129–164)</ref> Itsholelo ya Bechuanaland ya dinako tsa puso ya batho-basweu e ne e tsepamisitse mogopolo mo thuong ya dikgomo mme e ne e le kgwebo ya ntlha mo dingwageng tse di lesome tsa ntlha tsa boipuso ya lefatshe la Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 16)</ref> Ka bontsi jwa setšhaba bo ne bo amega mo lephateng le ka tsela nngwe, go ne go sena mabaka a kgotlhang ya maemo mo bathong ba bontsi jwa bone ba neng ba nna kwa magaeng. Le fa kabo ya lefatshe ka dinako tse dingwe e ne e le kgang, go ne go na le lefatshe le le lekaneng le le neng le sena bannga lone le barui ba dikgomo ba neng ba ka le dirisa ba ntse ba le mo tseleng kgotsa ba feta, go fokotsa dikgogakgogano mo dikgannyeng tsa itsholelo.<ref>(Leith 2005, p. 55)</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, go ne ga fitlhelwa dipeeletso tsa diteemane mo Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso go latelela [[:en:Commodity_economy|kgwebo ya dithoto]] go tswa mo [[:en:Mining|meepong]], e tlaleleditswe ka madirelo a mannye jaaka thuo ya dikgomo, tlhagiso le bojanala. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMwansaJacques2014">Mwansa, Lengwe-Katembula; Jacques, Gloria (2014). [[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|"Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care"]]. ''The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare''. '''41''' (2): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>125. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|10.15453/0191-5096.3953]]</span>. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54529195 54529195].</cite></ref> Katlego ya itsholelo ya lefatshe e amana le [[:en:Neoliberalism|melawana ya itsholelo e e fokotsang taolo ya puso mo go tsa itsholelo]] go akaretsa mebaraka e e gololesegileng le tshireletso ya dithoto tsa batho, se se okeditseng thata maemo a botshelo a baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana morago ga boipuso. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":7" /> Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya dipuso fela tsa borwa jwa Sahara tse di neng di sa tsenelele mo melawaneng e e botlhokwa ya taolo kgotsa ya kabosešwa morago ga go ntshiwa ga puso ya batho-basweu. Se, ga mmogo le taolo ya lone le maikarabelo mo go tsa madi ya thekiso ya diteemane, di ne tsa dira gore go nne le kgolo thata ya itsholelo mo lefatsheng mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. <ref name=":12" /><ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Tlhabololo ya bošeng e gateletse [[:en:Welfare_state|puso e e tlhokomelang boitekanelo jwa batho]] ka molao wa kabosešwa ya itsholelo. <ref name=":7" /> == Dikgang tse di amanang le melao ya puso == === Melao ya puso e e amanang le tsa madi === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Botswana ke lefatshe la letseno le le kwa godimo mme mo go lekanetseng ebile le le nang le [[:en:Mixed_economy|itsholelo e e tlhakaneng]] mme ebile lefatshe la Botswana ke lengwe la mafatshe a a nang le itsholelo e e nonofileng thata mo Aferika. Motheo wa molao wa ntlha wa puso o o amanang le tsa madi wa lefatshe la Botswana o beilwe ke puso ya ntlha ya morago ga boipuso ka dingwaga tsa bo 1960, e akaretsa thulaganyo ya tekanyetso ya tiriso ya itsholelo ya lefatshe go itshetsa ka metseletsele ya maano a tlhabololo ya setshaba. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go na le [[:en:Income_inequality|go tlhoka tekatekano ya letseno mo go bonalang fela thata]] mo Botswana, bogolosegolo fa gare ga ditoropo tse di tlhabologileng le dikgaolo tsa magae tse di humanegileng. <ref name=":14" />Seelo sa botlhokatiro mo Botswana se ne se eme mo makgolong a le mabedi go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2015. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go ikaega ga lefatshe la Botswana ka kgwebo ya thekiso ya diteemane go dirile gore go farologanngwe mananeo a go tsholetsa itsholelo ya lefatshe se ebile e nnile lengwe la maikaelelo a magolo a molao wa itsholelo ya setšhaba mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa lone. Mananeo a puso a a tshwanang le [[:en:National_Development_Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya setšhaba ya ditlhabololo]], [[:en:Botswana_Development_Corporation|Koporasi ya dilhabololo ya Botswana]], [[:en:Financial_Assistance_Policy|Pholisi ya Thuso ya Matlole]] le [[:en:Economic_Diversification_Drive|Letsholo la Pharologanyo ya itsholelo]] a tsentswe mo tirisong go rotloetsa kgolo ya itsholelo mo madirelong a mangwe, fela ga a fokotsa thata go ikaega ga setšhaba ka kgwebo ya sone ya thekiso ya diteemane. <ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 129–164)</ref> Itsholelo ya Bechuanaland ya dinako tsa puso ya batho-basweu e ne e tsepamisitse mogopolo mo thuong ya dikgomo mme e ne e le kgwebo ya ntlha mo dingwageng tse di lesome tsa ntlha tsa boipuso ya lefatshe la Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 16)</ref> Ka bontsi jwa setšhaba bo ne bo amega mo lephateng le ka tsela nngwe, go ne go sena mabaka a kgotlhang ya maemo mo bathong ba bontsi jwa bone ba neng ba nna kwa magaeng. Le fa kabo ya lefatshe ka dinako tse dingwe e ne e le kgang, go ne go na le lefatshe le le lekaneng le le neng le sena bannga lone le barui ba dikgomo ba neng ba ka le dirisa ba ntse ba le mo tseleng kgotsa ba feta, go fokotsa dikgogakgogano mo dikgannyeng tsa itsholelo.<ref>(Leith 2005, p. 55)</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, go ne ga fitlhelwa dipeeletso tsa diteemane mo Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso go latelela [[:en:Commodity_economy|kgwebo ya dithoto]] go tswa mo [[:en:Mining|meepong]], e tlaleleditswe ka madirelo a mannye jaaka thuo ya dikgomo, tlhagiso le bojanala. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMwansaJacques2014">Mwansa, Lengwe-Katembula; Jacques, Gloria (2014). [[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|"Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care"]]. ''The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare''. '''41''' (2): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>125. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|10.15453/0191-5096.3953]]</span>. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54529195 54529195].</cite></ref> Katlego ya itsholelo ya lefatshe e amana le [[:en:Neoliberalism|melawana ya itsholelo e e fokotsang taolo ya puso mo go tsa itsholelo]] go akaretsa mebaraka e e gololesegileng le tshireletso ya dithoto tsa batho, se se okeditseng thata maemo a botshelo a baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana morago ga boipuso. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":7" /> Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya dipuso fela tsa borwa jwa Sahara tse di neng di sa tsenelele mo melawaneng e e botlhokwa ya taolo kgotsa ya kabosešwa morago ga go ntshiwa ga puso ya batho-basweu. Se, ga mmogo le taolo ya lone le maikarabelo mo go tsa madi ya thekiso ya diteemane, di ne tsa dira gore go nne le kgolo thata ya itsholelo mo lefatsheng mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. <ref name=":12" /><ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Tlhabololo ya bošeng e gateletse [[:en:Welfare_state|puso e e tlhokomelang boitekanelo jwa batho]] ka molao wa kabosešwa ya itsholelo. <ref name=":7" /> === Melao ya dikanamo tsa mafatshe a sele === Tautona o na le maikarabelo a melao ya dikanamo tsa mafatshe a sele ya Botswana, a okametse [[:en:Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Botswana)|Tona ya Merero ya mafatshe a sele]] . Katlego ya Botswana mo go tsa sepolotiki le itsholelo fa e bapisiwa le mafatshe a mangwe mo Aferika e dirile gore e nne le seabe se segolwane mo mererong ya dikgaolo le lefatshe ka bophara. Kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo masome a le mabedi, lefatshe la Botswana le ne la simolola go romela dithuso tsa madi le tsa sesole kwa mafatsheng a a mabapi ga mmogo le mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba. <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> Lefatshe la Botswana le gateletse [[:en:Multilateralism|tirisanommogo ya mafatshe a mantsi]] mo melaong ya lone ya tsa kamano le mafatshe a sele. <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Lekoa |first=LC |date=2019 |title=Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=51 |pages=118–122}}</ref> Go dikologiwa ke lewatle ga lefatshe le, le itsholelo e e tlhotlhelediwang ke thekisetso mafatshe a mangwe go rotloeditse go tshegetsa dikamano tse di tiileng le mafatshe a mangwe, <ref name=":10" /> mme palo ya lone e e kwa tlase le go nna gaufi le mafatshe a dipuso tse di sa tlhomamang go dirile gore Botswana e dirisane mmogo le [[:en:International_organisations|mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba]] go bona tshireletso le ditsompelo. <ref name=":11" /> == Dikgang tse di amanang le melao ya puso == === Melao ya puso e e amanang le tsa madi === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Botswana ke lefatshe la letseno le le kwa godimo mme mo go lekanetseng ebile le le nang le [[:en:Mixed_economy|itsholelo e e tlhakaneng]] mme ebile lefatshe la Botswana ke lengwe la mafatshe a a nang le itsholelo e e nonofileng thata mo Aferika. Motheo wa molao wa ntlha wa puso o o amanang le tsa madi wa lefatshe la Botswana o beilwe ke puso ya ntlha ya morago ga boipuso ka dingwaga tsa bo 1960, e akaretsa thulaganyo ya tekanyetso ya tiriso ya itsholelo ya lefatshe go itshetsa ka metseletsele ya maano a tlhabololo ya setshaba. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go na le [[:en:Income_inequality|go tlhoka tekatekano ya letseno mo go bonalang fela thata]] mo Botswana, bogolosegolo fa gare ga ditoropo tse di tlhabologileng le dikgaolo tsa magae tse di humanegileng. <ref name=":14" />Seelo sa botlhokatiro mo Botswana se ne se eme mo makgolong a le mabedi go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2015. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go ikaega ga lefatshe la Botswana ka kgwebo ya thekiso ya diteemane go dirile gore go farologanngwe mananeo a go tsholetsa itsholelo ya lefatshe se ebile e nnile lengwe la maikaelelo a magolo a molao wa itsholelo ya setšhaba mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa lone. Mananeo a puso a a tshwanang le [[:en:National_Development_Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya setšhaba ya ditlhabololo]], [[:en:Botswana_Development_Corporation|Koporasi ya dilhabololo ya Botswana]], [[:en:Financial_Assistance_Policy|Pholisi ya Thuso ya Matlole]] le [[:en:Economic_Diversification_Drive|Letsholo la Pharologanyo ya itsholelo]] a tsentswe mo tirisong go rotloetsa kgolo ya itsholelo mo madirelong a mangwe, fela ga a fokotsa thata go ikaega ga setšhaba ka kgwebo ya sone ya thekiso ya diteemane. <ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 129–164)</ref> Itsholelo ya Bechuanaland ya dinako tsa puso ya batho-basweu e ne e tsepamisitse mogopolo mo thuong ya dikgomo mme e ne e le kgwebo ya ntlha mo dingwageng tse di lesome tsa ntlha tsa boipuso ya lefatshe la Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 16)</ref> Ka bontsi jwa setšhaba bo ne bo amega mo lephateng le ka tsela nngwe, go ne go sena mabaka a kgotlhang ya maemo mo bathong ba bontsi jwa bone ba neng ba nna kwa magaeng. Le fa kabo ya lefatshe ka dinako tse dingwe e ne e le kgang, go ne go na le lefatshe le le lekaneng le le neng le sena bannga lone le barui ba dikgomo ba neng ba ka le dirisa ba ntse ba le mo tseleng kgotsa ba feta, go fokotsa dikgogakgogano mo dikgannyeng tsa itsholelo.<ref>(Leith 2005, p. 55)</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, go ne ga fitlhelwa dipeeletso tsa diteemane mo Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso go latelela [[:en:Commodity_economy|kgwebo ya dithoto]] go tswa mo [[:en:Mining|meepong]], e tlaleleditswe ka madirelo a mannye jaaka thuo ya dikgomo, tlhagiso le bojanala. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMwansaJacques2014">Mwansa, Lengwe-Katembula; Jacques, Gloria (2014). [[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|"Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care"]]. ''The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare''. '''41''' (2): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>125. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|10.15453/0191-5096.3953]]</span>. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54529195 54529195].</cite></ref> Katlego ya itsholelo ya lefatshe e amana le [[:en:Neoliberalism|melawana ya itsholelo e e fokotsang taolo ya puso mo go tsa itsholelo]] go akaretsa mebaraka e e gololesegileng le tshireletso ya dithoto tsa batho, se se okeditseng thata maemo a botshelo a baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana morago ga boipuso. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":7" /> Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya dipuso fela tsa borwa jwa Sahara tse di neng di sa tsenelele mo melawaneng e e botlhokwa ya taolo kgotsa ya kabosešwa morago ga go ntshiwa ga puso ya batho-basweu. Se, ga mmogo le taolo ya lone le maikarabelo mo go tsa madi ya thekiso ya diteemane, di ne tsa dira gore go nne le kgolo thata ya itsholelo mo lefatsheng mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. <ref name=":12" /><ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Tlhabololo ya bošeng e gateletse [[:en:Welfare_state|puso e e tlhokomelang boitekanelo jwa batho]] ka molao wa kabosešwa ya itsholelo. <ref name=":7" /> === Melao ya dikanamo tsa mafatshe a sele === Tautona o na le maikarabelo a melao ya dikanamo tsa mafatshe a sele ya Botswana, a okametse [[:en:Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Botswana)|Tona ya Merero ya mafatshe a sele]] . Katlego ya Botswana mo go tsa sepolotiki le itsholelo fa e bapisiwa le mafatshe a mangwe mo Aferika e dirile gore e nne le seabe se segolwane mo mererong ya dikgaolo le lefatshe ka bophara. Kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo masome a le mabedi, lefatshe la Botswana le ne la simolola go romela dithuso tsa madi le tsa sesole kwa mafatsheng a a mabapi ga mmogo le mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba. <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> Lefatshe la Botswana le gateletse [[:en:Multilateralism|tirisanommogo ya mafatshe a mantsi]] mo melaong ya lone ya tsa kamano le mafatshe a sele. <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Lekoa |first=LC |date=2019 |title=Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=51 |pages=118–122}}</ref> Go dikologiwa ke lewatle ga lefatshe le, le itsholelo e e tlhotlhelediwang ke thekisetso mafatshe a mangwe go rotloeditse go tshegetsa dikamano tse di tiileng le mafatshe a mangwe, <ref name=":10" /> mme palo ya lone e e kwa tlase le go nna gaufi le mafatshe a dipuso tse di sa tlhomamang go dirile gore Botswana e dirisane mmogo le [[:en:International_organisations|mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba]] go bona tshireletso le ditsompelo. <ref name=":11" /> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1966 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1994, mafatshe a a bapileng le Botswana a ne a sa iketla kgotsa ka tsela nngwe a ne a le borai mo Botswana. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne le sa tlhoma dikamano tsa semmuso le moagisani wa lone yo mogolo, Aferika Borwa, ka nako ya puso [[Tlhaolele|ya tlhaolele]] ya lefatshe la Aferika Borwa. <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Lekoa |first=LC |date=2019 |title=Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=51 |pages=118–122}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLekoa2019">Lekoa, LC (2019). "Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy". ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''51''': <span class="nowrap">118–</span>122.</cite></ref> Mo dingwageng tsa lone tsa ntlha, lefatshe la Botswana le ne le sena sesole. Sesole sa Botswana se ne sa felela se tlhamilwe go tsibogela go sa iketlang ga kgaolo. <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZaffiro1998">Zaffiro, James (1998). [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro "Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas"]. In Wright, Stephen (ed.). [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright ''African Foreign Policies'']. Taylor & Francis. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">66–</span>83. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4324/9780429502521-4|10.4324/9780429502521-4]]. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780429502521|<bdi>9780429502521</bdi>]].</cite></ref>E rile fa Aferika Borwa e gololesega morago ga ngwaga wa 1994, tlhobaboroko e kgolo ya melao ya kamano le mafatshe a sele, mo Botswana e ne ya nna go sa tlhomamang ga lefatshe la mabapi e bong Zimbabwe. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006">Beaulier, Scott A.; Subrick, J. Robert (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x "The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana"]</span>. ''Constitutional Political Economy''. '''17''' (2): <span class="nowrap">103–</span>115. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x|10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1043-4062 1043-4062]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59354401 59354401].</cite></ref> == Dikgang tse di amanang le melao ya puso == === Melao ya puso e e amanang le tsa madi === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Botswana ke lefatshe la letseno le le kwa godimo mme mo go lekanetseng ebile le le nang le [[:en:Mixed_economy|itsholelo e e tlhakaneng]] mme ebile lefatshe la Botswana ke lengwe la mafatshe a a nang le itsholelo e e nonofileng thata mo Aferika. Motheo wa molao wa ntlha wa puso o o amanang le tsa madi wa lefatshe la Botswana o beilwe ke puso ya ntlha ya morago ga boipuso ka dingwaga tsa bo 1960, e akaretsa thulaganyo ya tekanyetso ya tiriso ya itsholelo ya lefatshe go itshetsa ka metseletsele ya maano a tlhabololo ya setshaba. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go na le [[:en:Income_inequality|go tlhoka tekatekano ya letseno mo go bonalang fela thata]] mo Botswana, bogolosegolo fa gare ga ditoropo tse di tlhabologileng le dikgaolo tsa magae tse di humanegileng. <ref name=":14" />Seelo sa botlhokatiro mo Botswana se ne se eme mo makgolong a le mabedi go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2015. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go ikaega ga lefatshe la Botswana ka kgwebo ya thekiso ya diteemane go dirile gore go farologanngwe mananeo a go tsholetsa itsholelo ya lefatshe se ebile e nnile lengwe la maikaelelo a magolo a molao wa itsholelo ya setšhaba mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa lone. Mananeo a puso a a tshwanang le [[:en:National_Development_Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya setšhaba ya ditlhabololo]], [[:en:Botswana_Development_Corporation|Koporasi ya dilhabololo ya Botswana]], [[:en:Financial_Assistance_Policy|Pholisi ya Thuso ya Matlole]] le [[:en:Economic_Diversification_Drive|Letsholo la Pharologanyo ya itsholelo]] a tsentswe mo tirisong go rotloetsa kgolo ya itsholelo mo madirelong a mangwe, fela ga a fokotsa thata go ikaega ga setšhaba ka kgwebo ya sone ya thekiso ya diteemane. <ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 129–164)</ref> Itsholelo ya Bechuanaland ya dinako tsa puso ya batho-basweu e ne e tsepamisitse mogopolo mo thuong ya dikgomo mme e ne e le kgwebo ya ntlha mo dingwageng tse di lesome tsa ntlha tsa boipuso ya lefatshe la Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 16)</ref> Ka bontsi jwa setšhaba bo ne bo amega mo lephateng le ka tsela nngwe, go ne go sena mabaka a kgotlhang ya maemo mo bathong ba bontsi jwa bone ba neng ba nna kwa magaeng. Le fa kabo ya lefatshe ka dinako tse dingwe e ne e le kgang, go ne go na le lefatshe le le lekaneng le le neng le sena bannga lone le barui ba dikgomo ba neng ba ka le dirisa ba ntse ba le mo tseleng kgotsa ba feta, go fokotsa dikgogakgogano mo dikgannyeng tsa itsholelo.<ref>(Leith 2005, p. 55)</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, go ne ga fitlhelwa dipeeletso tsa diteemane mo Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso go latelela [[:en:Commodity_economy|kgwebo ya dithoto]] go tswa mo [[:en:Mining|meepong]], e tlaleleditswe ka madirelo a mannye jaaka thuo ya dikgomo, tlhagiso le bojanala. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMwansaJacques2014">Mwansa, Lengwe-Katembula; Jacques, Gloria (2014). [[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|"Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care"]]. ''The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare''. '''41''' (2): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>125. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|10.15453/0191-5096.3953]]</span>. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54529195 54529195].</cite></ref> Katlego ya itsholelo ya lefatshe e amana le [[:en:Neoliberalism|melawana ya itsholelo e e fokotsang taolo ya puso mo go tsa itsholelo]] go akaretsa mebaraka e e gololesegileng le tshireletso ya dithoto tsa batho, se se okeditseng thata maemo a botshelo a baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana morago ga boipuso. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":7" /> Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya dipuso fela tsa borwa jwa Sahara tse di neng di sa tsenelele mo melawaneng e e botlhokwa ya taolo kgotsa ya kabosešwa morago ga go ntshiwa ga puso ya batho-basweu. Se, ga mmogo le taolo ya lone le maikarabelo mo go tsa madi ya thekiso ya diteemane, di ne tsa dira gore go nne le kgolo thata ya itsholelo mo lefatsheng mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. <ref name=":12" /><ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Tlhabololo ya bošeng e gateletse [[:en:Welfare_state|puso e e tlhokomelang boitekanelo jwa batho]] ka molao wa kabosešwa ya itsholelo. <ref name=":7" /> === Melao ya dikanamo tsa mafatshe a sele === Tautona o na le maikarabelo a melao ya dikanamo tsa mafatshe a sele ya Botswana, a okametse [[:en:Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Botswana)|Tona ya Merero ya mafatshe a sele]] . Katlego ya Botswana mo go tsa sepolotiki le itsholelo fa e bapisiwa le mafatshe a mangwe mo Aferika e dirile gore e nne le seabe se segolwane mo mererong ya dikgaolo le lefatshe ka bophara. Kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo masome a le mabedi, lefatshe la Botswana le ne la simolola go romela dithuso tsa madi le tsa sesole kwa mafatsheng a a mabapi ga mmogo le mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba. <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> Lefatshe la Botswana le gateletse [[:en:Multilateralism|tirisanommogo ya mafatshe a mantsi]] mo melaong ya lone ya tsa kamano le mafatshe a sele. <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Lekoa |first=LC |date=2019 |title=Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=51 |pages=118–122}}</ref> Go dikologiwa ke lewatle ga lefatshe le, le itsholelo e e tlhotlhelediwang ke thekisetso mafatshe a mangwe go rotloeditse go tshegetsa dikamano tse di tiileng le mafatshe a mangwe, <ref name=":10" /> mme palo ya lone e e kwa tlase le go nna gaufi le mafatshe a dipuso tse di sa tlhomamang go dirile gore Botswana e dirisane mmogo le [[:en:International_organisations|mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba]] go bona tshireletso le ditsompelo. <ref name=":11" /> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1966 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1994, mafatshe a a bapileng le Botswana a ne a sa iketla kgotsa ka tsela nngwe a ne a le borai mo Botswana. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne le sa tlhoma dikamano tsa semmuso le moagisani wa lone yo mogolo, Aferika Borwa, ka nako ya puso [[Tlhaolele|ya tlhaolele]] ya lefatshe la Aferika Borwa. <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Lekoa |first=LC |date=2019 |title=Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=51 |pages=118–122}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLekoa2019">Lekoa, LC (2019). "Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy". ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''51''': <span class="nowrap">118–</span>122.</cite></ref> Mo dingwageng tsa lone tsa ntlha, lefatshe la Botswana le ne le sena sesole. Sesole sa Botswana se ne sa felela se tlhamilwe go tsibogela go sa iketlang ga kgaolo. <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZaffiro1998">Zaffiro, James (1998). [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro "Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas"]. In Wright, Stephen (ed.). [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright ''African Foreign Policies'']. Taylor & Francis. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">66–</span>83. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4324/9780429502521-4|10.4324/9780429502521-4]]. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780429502521|<bdi>9780429502521</bdi>]].</cite></ref>E rile fa Aferika Borwa e gololesega morago ga ngwaga wa 1994, tlhobaboroko e kgolo ya melao ya kamano le mafatshe a sele, mo Botswana e ne ya nna go sa tlhomamang ga lefatshe la mabapi e bong Zimbabwe. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006">Beaulier, Scott A.; Subrick, J. Robert (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x "The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana"]</span>. ''Constitutional Political Economy''. '''17''' (2): <span class="nowrap">103–</span>115. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x|10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1043-4062 1043-4062]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59354401 59354401].</cite></ref> Mo nakong e ntsi ya ditso tsa lone jaaka lefatshe le le ikemetseng, Botswana o ne a dirisa melawana ya dinaga di sele [[:en:Realpolitik|e e ikaegileng ka tsotlhe tse di nang le boleng]] . Ka nako ya botautona jwa ga rre Ian Khama, le ne la fetogela kwa molaong wa dinaga di sele o o ikaegileng ka [[:en:Idealism_in_international_relations|molaomotheo le maitsholo]], e mo go one go neng go na le kgalo ya dipuso ka ntlha ya go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho. Mo pakeng yeo, gantsi e ne e le lone fela leloko la [[African Union]] le le neng le ema nokeng Kgotlatshekelo ya Bosenyi ya Boditšhabatšhaba kgotsa le le neng le kgala go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho mo ditšhabeng tse di busang ka bobusaesi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malila |first=Ikanyeng S. |last2=Molebatsi |first2=Robert M. |year=2014 |title=Botswana's Experimentation with 'Ethical Foreign Policy' |url=https://saccps.org/pdf/3-1/SAPSS%203(1)%20Malila%20and%20Molebatsi.pdf |journal=Southern African Peace and Security Studies |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=5–25}}</ref> == Dikgang tse di amanang le melao ya puso == === Melao ya puso e e amanang le tsa madi === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Botswana ke lefatshe la letseno le le kwa godimo mme mo go lekanetseng ebile le le nang le [[:en:Mixed_economy|itsholelo e e tlhakaneng]] mme ebile lefatshe la Botswana ke lengwe la mafatshe a a nang le itsholelo e e nonofileng thata mo Aferika. Motheo wa molao wa ntlha wa puso o o amanang le tsa madi wa lefatshe la Botswana o beilwe ke puso ya ntlha ya morago ga boipuso ka dingwaga tsa bo 1960, e akaretsa thulaganyo ya tekanyetso ya tiriso ya itsholelo ya lefatshe go itshetsa ka metseletsele ya maano a tlhabololo ya setshaba. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go na le [[:en:Income_inequality|go tlhoka tekatekano ya letseno mo go bonalang fela thata]] mo Botswana, bogolosegolo fa gare ga ditoropo tse di tlhabologileng le dikgaolo tsa magae tse di humanegileng. <ref name=":14" />Seelo sa botlhokatiro mo Botswana se ne se eme mo makgolong a le mabedi go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2015. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go ikaega ga lefatshe la Botswana ka kgwebo ya thekiso ya diteemane go dirile gore go farologanngwe mananeo a go tsholetsa itsholelo ya lefatshe se ebile e nnile lengwe la maikaelelo a magolo a molao wa itsholelo ya setšhaba mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa lone. Mananeo a puso a a tshwanang le [[:en:National_Development_Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya setšhaba ya ditlhabololo]], [[:en:Botswana_Development_Corporation|Koporasi ya dilhabololo ya Botswana]], [[:en:Financial_Assistance_Policy|Pholisi ya Thuso ya Matlole]] le [[:en:Economic_Diversification_Drive|Letsholo la Pharologanyo ya itsholelo]] a tsentswe mo tirisong go rotloetsa kgolo ya itsholelo mo madirelong a mangwe, fela ga a fokotsa thata go ikaega ga setšhaba ka kgwebo ya sone ya thekiso ya diteemane. <ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 129–164)</ref> Itsholelo ya Bechuanaland ya dinako tsa puso ya batho-basweu e ne e tsepamisitse mogopolo mo thuong ya dikgomo mme e ne e le kgwebo ya ntlha mo dingwageng tse di lesome tsa ntlha tsa boipuso ya lefatshe la Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 16)</ref> Ka bontsi jwa setšhaba bo ne bo amega mo lephateng le ka tsela nngwe, go ne go sena mabaka a kgotlhang ya maemo mo bathong ba bontsi jwa bone ba neng ba nna kwa magaeng. Le fa kabo ya lefatshe ka dinako tse dingwe e ne e le kgang, go ne go na le lefatshe le le lekaneng le le neng le sena bannga lone le barui ba dikgomo ba neng ba ka le dirisa ba ntse ba le mo tseleng kgotsa ba feta, go fokotsa dikgogakgogano mo dikgannyeng tsa itsholelo.<ref>(Leith 2005, p. 55)</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, go ne ga fitlhelwa dipeeletso tsa diteemane mo Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso go latelela [[:en:Commodity_economy|kgwebo ya dithoto]] go tswa mo [[:en:Mining|meepong]], e tlaleleditswe ka madirelo a mannye jaaka thuo ya dikgomo, tlhagiso le bojanala. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMwansaJacques2014">Mwansa, Lengwe-Katembula; Jacques, Gloria (2014). [[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|"Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care"]]. ''The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare''. '''41''' (2): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>125. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|10.15453/0191-5096.3953]]</span>. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54529195 54529195].</cite></ref> Katlego ya itsholelo ya lefatshe e amana le [[:en:Neoliberalism|melawana ya itsholelo e e fokotsang taolo ya puso mo go tsa itsholelo]] go akaretsa mebaraka e e gololesegileng le tshireletso ya dithoto tsa batho, se se okeditseng thata maemo a botshelo a baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana morago ga boipuso. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":7" /> Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya dipuso fela tsa borwa jwa Sahara tse di neng di sa tsenelele mo melawaneng e e botlhokwa ya taolo kgotsa ya kabosešwa morago ga go ntshiwa ga puso ya batho-basweu. Se, ga mmogo le taolo ya lone le maikarabelo mo go tsa madi ya thekiso ya diteemane, di ne tsa dira gore go nne le kgolo thata ya itsholelo mo lefatsheng mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. <ref name=":12" /><ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Tlhabololo ya bošeng e gateletse [[:en:Welfare_state|puso e e tlhokomelang boitekanelo jwa batho]] ka molao wa kabosešwa ya itsholelo. <ref name=":7" /> === Melao ya dikanamo tsa mafatshe a sele === Tautona o na le maikarabelo a melao ya dikanamo tsa mafatshe a sele ya Botswana, a okametse [[:en:Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Botswana)|Tona ya Merero ya mafatshe a sele]] . Katlego ya Botswana mo go tsa sepolotiki le itsholelo fa e bapisiwa le mafatshe a mangwe mo Aferika e dirile gore e nne le seabe se segolwane mo mererong ya dikgaolo le lefatshe ka bophara. Kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo masome a le mabedi, lefatshe la Botswana le ne la simolola go romela dithuso tsa madi le tsa sesole kwa mafatsheng a a mabapi ga mmogo le mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba. <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> Lefatshe la Botswana le gateletse [[:en:Multilateralism|tirisanommogo ya mafatshe a mantsi]] mo melaong ya lone ya tsa kamano le mafatshe a sele. <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Lekoa |first=LC |date=2019 |title=Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=51 |pages=118–122}}</ref> Go dikologiwa ke lewatle ga lefatshe le, le itsholelo e e tlhotlhelediwang ke thekisetso mafatshe a mangwe go rotloeditse go tshegetsa dikamano tse di tiileng le mafatshe a mangwe, <ref name=":10" /> mme palo ya lone e e kwa tlase le go nna gaufi le mafatshe a dipuso tse di sa tlhomamang go dirile gore Botswana e dirisane mmogo le [[:en:International_organisations|mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba]] go bona tshireletso le ditsompelo. <ref name=":11" /> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1966 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1994, mafatshe a a bapileng le Botswana a ne a sa iketla kgotsa ka tsela nngwe a ne a le borai mo Botswana. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne le sa tlhoma dikamano tsa semmuso le moagisani wa lone yo mogolo, Aferika Borwa, ka nako ya puso [[Tlhaolele|ya tlhaolele]] ya lefatshe la Aferika Borwa. <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Lekoa |first=LC |date=2019 |title=Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=51 |pages=118–122}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLekoa2019">Lekoa, LC (2019). "Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy". ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''51''': <span class="nowrap">118–</span>122.</cite></ref> Mo dingwageng tsa lone tsa ntlha, lefatshe la Botswana le ne le sena sesole. Sesole sa Botswana se ne sa felela se tlhamilwe go tsibogela go sa iketlang ga kgaolo. <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZaffiro1998">Zaffiro, James (1998). [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro "Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas"]. In Wright, Stephen (ed.). [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright ''African Foreign Policies'']. Taylor & Francis. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">66–</span>83. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4324/9780429502521-4|10.4324/9780429502521-4]]. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780429502521|<bdi>9780429502521</bdi>]].</cite></ref>E rile fa Aferika Borwa e gololesega morago ga ngwaga wa 1994, tlhobaboroko e kgolo ya melao ya kamano le mafatshe a sele, mo Botswana e ne ya nna go sa tlhomamang ga lefatshe la mabapi e bong Zimbabwe. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006">Beaulier, Scott A.; Subrick, J. Robert (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x "The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana"]</span>. ''Constitutional Political Economy''. '''17''' (2): <span class="nowrap">103–</span>115. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x|10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1043-4062 1043-4062]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59354401 59354401].</cite></ref> Mo nakong e ntsi ya ditso tsa lone jaaka lefatshe le le ikemetseng, Botswana o ne a dirisa melawana ya dinaga di sele [[:en:Realpolitik|e e ikaegileng ka tsotlhe tse di nang le boleng]] . Ka nako ya botautona jwa ga rre Ian Khama, le ne la fetogela kwa molaong wa dinaga di sele o o ikaegileng ka [[:en:Idealism_in_international_relations|molaomotheo le maitsholo]], e mo go one go neng go na le kgalo ya dipuso ka ntlha ya go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho. Mo pakeng yeo, gantsi e ne e le lone fela leloko la [[African Union]] le le neng le ema nokeng Kgotlatshekelo ya Bosenyi ya Boditšhabatšhaba kgotsa le le neng le kgala go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho mo ditšhabeng tse di busang ka bobusaesi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malila |first=Ikanyeng S. |last2=Molebatsi |first2=Robert M. |year=2014 |title=Botswana's Experimentation with 'Ethical Foreign Policy' |url=https://saccps.org/pdf/3-1/SAPSS%203(1)%20Malila%20and%20Molebatsi.pdf |journal=Southern African Peace and Security Studies |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=5–25}}</ref> === Melao ya tsa loago === Khumo ya lefatshe la Botswana fa e bapisiwa le mafatshe a mangwe mo kgaolong ya borwa jwa Aferika e dirile gore go dirisiwe madi a mantsi mo ditirelong tsa setshaba jaaka thuto, botsogo le mafaratlhatlha.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 9)</ref> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2014, [[:en:Ministry_of_Education_and_Skills_Development|Lephata la Thuto le Tlhabololo ya Bokgoni]] le ne le na le tekanyetsokabo e kgolo go gaisa maiteko ape a puso. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMwansaJacques2014">Mwansa, Lengwe-Katembula; Jacques, Gloria (2014). [[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|"Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care"]]. ''The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare''. '''41''' (2): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>125. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|10.15453/0191-5096.3953]]</span>. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54529195 54529195].</cite></ref> Dikhilomithara di ka nna dikete di le lesome tsa ditsela di ne tsa tsenngwa ditsela mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tse di masome a matlhano tsa boipuso jwa Botswana, fa di bapisiwa le dikilometara di le masome a matlhano tse di neng di le teng pele ga boipuso. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006">Beaulier, Scott A.; Subrick, J. Robert (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x "The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana"]</span>. ''Constitutional Political Economy''. '''17''' (2): <span class="nowrap">103–</span>115. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x|10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1043-4062 1043-4062]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59354401 59354401].</cite></ref> == Dikgang tse di amanang le melao ya puso == === Melao ya puso e e amanang le tsa madi === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Botswana ke lefatshe la letseno le le kwa godimo mme mo go lekanetseng ebile le le nang le [[:en:Mixed_economy|itsholelo e e tlhakaneng]] mme ebile lefatshe la Botswana ke lengwe la mafatshe a a nang le itsholelo e e nonofileng thata mo Aferika. Motheo wa molao wa ntlha wa puso o o amanang le tsa madi wa lefatshe la Botswana o beilwe ke puso ya ntlha ya morago ga boipuso ka dingwaga tsa bo 1960, e akaretsa thulaganyo ya tekanyetso ya tiriso ya itsholelo ya lefatshe go itshetsa ka metseletsele ya maano a tlhabololo ya setshaba. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go na le [[:en:Income_inequality|go tlhoka tekatekano ya letseno mo go bonalang fela thata]] mo Botswana, bogolosegolo fa gare ga ditoropo tse di tlhabologileng le dikgaolo tsa magae tse di humanegileng. <ref name=":14" />Seelo sa botlhokatiro mo Botswana se ne se eme mo makgolong a le mabedi go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2015. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go ikaega ga lefatshe la Botswana ka kgwebo ya thekiso ya diteemane go dirile gore go farologanngwe mananeo a go tsholetsa itsholelo ya lefatshe se ebile e nnile lengwe la maikaelelo a magolo a molao wa itsholelo ya setšhaba mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa lone. Mananeo a puso a a tshwanang le [[:en:National_Development_Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya setšhaba ya ditlhabololo]], [[:en:Botswana_Development_Corporation|Koporasi ya dilhabololo ya Botswana]], [[:en:Financial_Assistance_Policy|Pholisi ya Thuso ya Matlole]] le [[:en:Economic_Diversification_Drive|Letsholo la Pharologanyo ya itsholelo]] a tsentswe mo tirisong go rotloetsa kgolo ya itsholelo mo madirelong a mangwe, fela ga a fokotsa thata go ikaega ga setšhaba ka kgwebo ya sone ya thekiso ya diteemane. <ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 129–164)</ref> Itsholelo ya Bechuanaland ya dinako tsa puso ya batho-basweu e ne e tsepamisitse mogopolo mo thuong ya dikgomo mme e ne e le kgwebo ya ntlha mo dingwageng tse di lesome tsa ntlha tsa boipuso ya lefatshe la Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 16)</ref> Ka bontsi jwa setšhaba bo ne bo amega mo lephateng le ka tsela nngwe, go ne go sena mabaka a kgotlhang ya maemo mo bathong ba bontsi jwa bone ba neng ba nna kwa magaeng. Le fa kabo ya lefatshe ka dinako tse dingwe e ne e le kgang, go ne go na le lefatshe le le lekaneng le le neng le sena bannga lone le barui ba dikgomo ba neng ba ka le dirisa ba ntse ba le mo tseleng kgotsa ba feta, go fokotsa dikgogakgogano mo dikgannyeng tsa itsholelo.<ref>(Leith 2005, p. 55)</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, go ne ga fitlhelwa dipeeletso tsa diteemane mo Botswana.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso go latelela [[:en:Commodity_economy|kgwebo ya dithoto]] go tswa mo [[:en:Mining|meepong]], e tlaleleditswe ka madirelo a mannye jaaka thuo ya dikgomo, tlhagiso le bojanala. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMwansaJacques2014">Mwansa, Lengwe-Katembula; Jacques, Gloria (2014). [[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|"Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care"]]. ''The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare''. '''41''' (2): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>125. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|10.15453/0191-5096.3953]]</span>. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54529195 54529195].</cite></ref> Katlego ya itsholelo ya lefatshe e amana le [[:en:Neoliberalism|melawana ya itsholelo e e fokotsang taolo ya puso mo go tsa itsholelo]] go akaretsa mebaraka e e gololesegileng le tshireletso ya dithoto tsa batho, se se okeditseng thata maemo a botshelo a baagedi ba lefatshe la Botswana morago ga boipuso. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":7" /> Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya dipuso fela tsa borwa jwa Sahara tse di neng di sa tsenelele mo melawaneng e e botlhokwa ya taolo kgotsa ya kabosešwa morago ga go ntshiwa ga puso ya batho-basweu. Se, ga mmogo le taolo ya lone le maikarabelo mo go tsa madi ya thekiso ya diteemane, di ne tsa dira gore go nne le kgolo thata ya itsholelo mo lefatsheng mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. <ref name=":12" /><ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 8)</ref> Tlhabololo ya bošeng e gateletse [[:en:Welfare_state|puso e e tlhokomelang boitekanelo jwa batho]] ka molao wa kabosešwa ya itsholelo. <ref name=":7" /> === Melao ya dikanamo tsa mafatshe a sele === Tautona o na le maikarabelo a melao ya dikanamo tsa mafatshe a sele ya Botswana, a okametse [[:en:Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Botswana)|Tona ya Merero ya mafatshe a sele]] . Katlego ya Botswana mo go tsa sepolotiki le itsholelo fa e bapisiwa le mafatshe a mangwe mo Aferika e dirile gore e nne le seabe se segolwane mo mererong ya dikgaolo le lefatshe ka bophara. Kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo masome a le mabedi, lefatshe la Botswana le ne la simolola go romela dithuso tsa madi le tsa sesole kwa mafatsheng a a mabapi ga mmogo le mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba. <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}</ref> Lefatshe la Botswana le gateletse [[:en:Multilateralism|tirisanommogo ya mafatshe a mantsi]] mo melaong ya lone ya tsa kamano le mafatshe a sele. <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Lekoa |first=LC |date=2019 |title=Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=51 |pages=118–122}}</ref> Go dikologiwa ke lewatle ga lefatshe le, le itsholelo e e tlhotlhelediwang ke thekisetso mafatshe a mangwe go rotloeditse go tshegetsa dikamano tse di tiileng le mafatshe a mangwe, <ref name=":10" /> mme palo ya lone e e kwa tlase le go nna gaufi le mafatshe a dipuso tse di sa tlhomamang go dirile gore Botswana e dirisane mmogo le [[:en:International_organisations|mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba]] go bona tshireletso le ditsompelo. <ref name=":11" /> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1966 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1994, mafatshe a a bapileng le Botswana a ne a sa iketla kgotsa ka tsela nngwe a ne a le borai mo Botswana. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne le sa tlhoma dikamano tsa semmuso le moagisani wa lone yo mogolo, Aferika Borwa, ka nako ya puso [[Tlhaolele|ya tlhaolele]] ya lefatshe la Aferika Borwa. <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Lekoa |first=LC |date=2019 |title=Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |volume=51 |pages=118–122}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLekoa2019">Lekoa, LC (2019). "Botswana and the Multilateral Foreign Policy". ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''51''': <span class="nowrap">118–</span>122.</cite></ref> Mo dingwageng tsa lone tsa ntlha, lefatshe la Botswana le ne le sena sesole. Sesole sa Botswana se ne sa felela se tlhamilwe go tsibogela go sa iketlang ga kgaolo. <ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Zaffiro |first=James |year=1998 |title=African Foreign Policies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429502521 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |pages=66–83 |chapter=Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas |doi=10.4324/9780429502521-4 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZaffiro1998">Zaffiro, James (1998). [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-4/exceptionality-external-affairs-botswana-african-global-arenas-james-zaffiro "Exceptionality in External Affairs: Botswana in the African and Global Arenas"]. In Wright, Stephen (ed.). [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429502521/african-foreign-policies-stephen-wright ''African Foreign Policies'']. Taylor & Francis. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">66–</span>83. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4324/9780429502521-4|10.4324/9780429502521-4]]. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780429502521|<bdi>9780429502521</bdi>]].</cite></ref>E rile fa Aferika Borwa e gololesega morago ga ngwaga wa 1994, tlhobaboroko e kgolo ya melao ya kamano le mafatshe a sele, mo Botswana e ne ya nna go sa tlhomamang ga lefatshe la mabapi e bong Zimbabwe. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006">Beaulier, Scott A.; Subrick, J. Robert (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x "The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana"]</span>. ''Constitutional Political Economy''. '''17''' (2): <span class="nowrap">103–</span>115. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x|10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1043-4062 1043-4062]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59354401 59354401].</cite></ref> Mo nakong e ntsi ya ditso tsa lone jaaka lefatshe le le ikemetseng, Botswana o ne a dirisa melawana ya dinaga di sele [[:en:Realpolitik|e e ikaegileng ka tsotlhe tse di nang le boleng]] . Ka nako ya botautona jwa ga rre Ian Khama, le ne la fetogela kwa molaong wa dinaga di sele o o ikaegileng ka [[:en:Idealism_in_international_relations|molaomotheo le maitsholo]], e mo go one go neng go na le kgalo ya dipuso ka ntlha ya go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho. Mo pakeng yeo, gantsi e ne e le lone fela leloko la [[African Union]] le le neng le ema nokeng Kgotlatshekelo ya Bosenyi ya Boditšhabatšhaba kgotsa le le neng le kgala go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho mo ditšhabeng tse di busang ka bobusaesi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malila |first=Ikanyeng S. |last2=Molebatsi |first2=Robert M. |year=2014 |title=Botswana's Experimentation with 'Ethical Foreign Policy' |url=https://saccps.org/pdf/3-1/SAPSS%203(1)%20Malila%20and%20Molebatsi.pdf |journal=Southern African Peace and Security Studies |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=5–25}}</ref> === Melao ya tsa loago === Khumo ya lefatshe la Botswana fa e bapisiwa le mafatshe a mangwe mo kgaolong ya borwa jwa Aferika e dirile gore go dirisiwe madi a mantsi mo ditirelong tsa setshaba jaaka thuto, botsogo le mafaratlhatlha.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 9)</ref> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2014, [[:en:Ministry_of_Education_and_Skills_Development|Lephata la Thuto le Tlhabololo ya Bokgoni]] le ne le na le tekanyetsokabo e kgolo go gaisa maiteko ape a puso. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMwansaJacques2014">Mwansa, Lengwe-Katembula; Jacques, Gloria (2014). [[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|"Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care"]]. ''The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare''. '''41''' (2): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>125. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|10.15453/0191-5096.3953]]</span>. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54529195 54529195].</cite></ref> Dikhilomithara di ka nna dikete di le lesome tsa ditsela di ne tsa tsenngwa ditsela mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tse di masome a matlhano tsa boipuso jwa Botswana, fa di bapisiwa le dikilometara di le masome a matlhano tse di neng di le teng pele ga boipuso. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006">Beaulier, Scott A.; Subrick, J. Robert (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x "The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana"]</span>. ''Constitutional Political Economy''. '''17''' (2): <span class="nowrap">103–</span>115. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x|10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1043-4062 1043-4062]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59354401 59354401].</cite></ref> [[:en:Welfare_spending|Mananeo a katlaatleloloago]] mo Botswana a lekanyeditswe mme a lekwa ka fa tlase ga diteko tsa bokgoni mme ga go na tshireletso ya loago ya maemo a setšhaba. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Mwansa |first=Lengwe-Katembula |last2=Jacques |first2=Gloria |date=2014 |title=Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care |journal=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–125 |doi=10.15453/0191-5096.3953 |s2cid=54529195 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMwansaJacques2014">Mwansa, Lengwe-Katembula; Jacques, Gloria (2014). [[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|"Weathering the Storm: Botswana's Culture of Care"]]. ''The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare''. '''41''' (2): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>125. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.15453/0191-5096.3953|10.15453/0191-5096.3953]]</span>. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54529195 54529195].</cite></ref> Tikologo ya lefatshe e e omeletseng thata e felela e baka gore leuba e nne selo se se tshwenyang setšhaba kgapetsakgapetsa. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006">Beaulier, Scott A.; Subrick, J. Robert (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x "The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana"]</span>. ''Constitutional Political Economy''. '''17''' (2): <span class="nowrap">103–</span>115. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x|10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1043-4062 1043-4062]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59354401 59354401].</cite></ref> [[HIV/AIDS]] ke kgang e e masisi thata ya tlhokomelo ya boitekanelo mo lefatsheng mme leroborobo la HIV/AIDS mo Botswana ke lengwe la malwetse a a maswe thata mo lefatsheng ka bophara. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la bona dithuso tse dinnye tsa mafatshe a sele fa le ne le lwantshana le segajaja se ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990, mme seo sa dira gore le kgone go anama. <ref name=":7" /> == Ditshwanelo tsa setho == Freedom House e tsaya Botswana le lefatshe le le gololesegileng ka maduo a le masome a le supa le bobedi mo selekanyong sa lekgolo mo pegong ya yone ya ngwaga wa 2022 [[:en:Freedom_in_the_World|ya Kgololesego mo Lefatsheng Ka Bophara .]] E bone maduo a a kwa godimo mo ditshwanelong tse di amanang le tsa sepolotiki, le fa Freedom House e tlhagisitse matshwenyego mabapi le kemelo ya basadi le batho ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane le go tlhoka [[:en:Freedom_of_information_laws|kgololesego ya melao ya tshedimosetso]] . Fa godimo ga moo e bone maduo a a kwa godimo mo ditshwanelong tsa baagedi ba lefatshe, le fa Freedom House e tlhagisitse matshwenyego mabapi le [[:en:Freedom_of_the_press|kgololesego ya bobegadikgang]] le [[:en:Right_to_strike|tshwanelo ya go ngala tiro]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/botswana/freedom-world/2022 |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=Freedom House}}</ref>Lekgotla la [[:en:Transparency_International|'Transparency International']] le ntse le lemoga lefatshe la Botswana jaaka lefatshe le le senang bonweenwee thata mo Aferika ka dinako tsotlhe. <ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Mooketsane |first=K. |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=K. |last3=Motshekgwa |first3=B. |date=2017 |title=Is decentralisation in Botswana a democratic fallacy? |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC-6a061f80d |journal=African Journal of Public Affairs |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=47–60 |hdl=10520/EJC-6a061f80d}}</ref> mme gantsi le tlhalosiwa e le lefatshe le le ka bapisiwang le mafatshe a kgaolo ya Bophirima jwa Yuropa a a nang le puso ya batho ka batho e e gololesegileng.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 9)</ref> Nngwe ya dintlha tse di ka nnang teng tsa ditshwanelo tsa batho mo lefatsheng la Botswana ke go tlhoka ditshekatsheko tse di nonofileng mo tsamaisong ya puso, tse di letlang tautona go dirisa kgololesego e e anameng mo melaong le go fokotsa kgololesego ya puo ka boithatelo. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go tsepamisa mogopolo nako e santse e le teng mo mananeong a ditiro tsa setšhaba morago ga boipuso jwa lefatshe la Botswana go na le go dira gore puso e nne le sesole go tlotliwa ka ntlha ya gore go thusitse ka tsa molao wa puso nako e sa ntse e le teng, ebile go buile gape ga letla tlhomamo mo dipolotiking tsa setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Ditshwanelo tsa setho == Freedom House e tsaya Botswana le lefatshe le le gololesegileng ka maduo a le masome a le supa le bobedi mo selekanyong sa lekgolo mo pegong ya yone ya ngwaga wa 2022 [[:en:Freedom_in_the_World|ya Kgololesego mo Lefatsheng Ka Bophara .]] E bone maduo a a kwa godimo mo ditshwanelong tse di amanang le tsa sepolotiki, le fa Freedom House e tlhagisitse matshwenyego mabapi le kemelo ya basadi le batho ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane le go tlhoka [[:en:Freedom_of_information_laws|kgololesego ya melao ya tshedimosetso]] . Fa godimo ga moo e bone maduo a a kwa godimo mo ditshwanelong tsa baagedi ba lefatshe, le fa Freedom House e tlhagisitse matshwenyego mabapi le [[:en:Freedom_of_the_press|kgololesego ya bobegadikgang]] le [[:en:Right_to_strike|tshwanelo ya go ngala tiro]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/botswana/freedom-world/2022 |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=Freedom House}}</ref>Lekgotla la [[:en:Transparency_International|'Transparency International']] le ntse le lemoga lefatshe la Botswana jaaka lefatshe le le senang bonweenwee thata mo Aferika ka dinako tsotlhe. <ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Mooketsane |first=K. |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=K. |last3=Motshekgwa |first3=B. |date=2017 |title=Is decentralisation in Botswana a democratic fallacy? |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC-6a061f80d |journal=African Journal of Public Affairs |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=47–60 |hdl=10520/EJC-6a061f80d}}</ref> mme gantsi le tlhalosiwa e le lefatshe le le ka bapisiwang le mafatshe a kgaolo ya Bophirima jwa Yuropa a a nang le puso ya batho ka batho e e gololesegileng.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 9)</ref> Nngwe ya dintlha tse di ka nnang teng tsa ditshwanelo tsa batho mo lefatsheng la Botswana ke go tlhoka ditshekatsheko tse di nonofileng mo tsamaisong ya puso, tse di letlang tautona go dirisa kgololesego e e anameng mo melaong le go fokotsa kgololesego ya puo ka boithatelo. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go tsepamisa mogopolo nako e santse e le teng mo mananeong a ditiro tsa setšhaba morago ga boipuso jwa lefatshe la Botswana go na le go dira gore puso e nne le sesole go tlotliwa ka ntlha ya gore go thusitse ka tsa molao wa puso nako e sa ntse e le teng, ebile go buile gape ga letla tlhomamo mo dipolotiking tsa setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Ditshwanelo tsa setho == Freedom House e tsaya Botswana le lefatshe le le gololesegileng ka maduo a le masome a le supa le bobedi mo selekanyong sa lekgolo mo pegong ya yone ya ngwaga wa 2022 [[:en:Freedom_in_the_World|ya Kgololesego mo Lefatsheng Ka Bophara .]] E bone maduo a a kwa godimo mo ditshwanelong tse di amanang le tsa sepolotiki, le fa Freedom House e tlhagisitse matshwenyego mabapi le kemelo ya basadi le batho ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane le go tlhoka [[:en:Freedom_of_information_laws|kgololesego ya melao ya tshedimosetso]] . Fa godimo ga moo e bone maduo a a kwa godimo mo ditshwanelong tsa baagedi ba lefatshe, le fa Freedom House e tlhagisitse matshwenyego mabapi le [[:en:Freedom_of_the_press|kgololesego ya bobegadikgang]] le [[:en:Right_to_strike|tshwanelo ya go ngala tiro]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/botswana/freedom-world/2022 |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=Freedom House}}</ref>Lekgotla la [[:en:Transparency_International|'Transparency International']] le ntse le lemoga lefatshe la Botswana jaaka lefatshe le le senang bonweenwee thata mo Aferika ka dinako tsotlhe. <ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Mooketsane |first=K. |last2=Bodilenyane |first2=K. |last3=Motshekgwa |first3=B. |date=2017 |title=Is decentralisation in Botswana a democratic fallacy? |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC-6a061f80d |journal=African Journal of Public Affairs |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=47–60 |hdl=10520/EJC-6a061f80d}}</ref> mme gantsi le tlhalosiwa e le lefatshe le le ka bapisiwang le mafatshe a kgaolo ya Bophirima jwa Yuropa a a nang le puso ya batho ka batho e e gololesegileng.<ref>(Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 9)</ref> Nngwe ya dintlha tse di ka nnang teng tsa ditshwanelo tsa batho mo lefatsheng la Botswana ke go tlhoka ditshekatsheko tse di nonofileng mo tsamaisong ya puso, tse di letlang tautona go dirisa kgololesego e e anameng mo melaong le go fokotsa kgololesego ya puo ka boithatelo. <ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Mogalakwe |first=Monageng |last2=Nyamnjoh |first2=Francis |date=2017-01-02 |title=Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636 |issn=0258-9001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Go tsepamisa mogopolo nako e santse e le teng mo mananeong a ditiro tsa setšhaba morago ga boipuso jwa lefatshe la Botswana go na le go dira gore puso e nne le sesole go tlotliwa ka ntlha ya gore go thusitse ka tsa molao wa puso nako e sa ntse e le teng, ebile go buile gape ga letla tlhomamo mo dipolotiking tsa setšhaba. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Beaulier |first=Scott A. |last2=Subrick |first2=J. Robert |date=2006 |title=The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x |issn=1043-4062 |s2cid=59354401 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> g26knzqe6tzlbt8z08gybdpei6scpml 0 14299 53053 52067 2026-07-23T18:56:44Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke baakantse tsebe ya Tshenyetso sechaba mo Botswana 53053 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Tshenyetso Sechaba mo Botswana''' gantsi bo tsewa e le nngwe ya tse di kwa tlase mo [[Aferika|Aforika]] . Le fa go ntse jalo,Tshenyetso sechaba ga e a fedisiwa mme bo ntse boa bonala mo makaleng a a farologaneng a puso le ka mefuta e farologaneng. Le ntswa diteko tsa go lwantsha tshenyetso setshaba mo Botswana dile teng, e simolotse go magoletsa. Mefuta e e tlwaelegileng thata ya tshenyetso sechaba ke go ja ka losika kgotsa go tshegetsa . == Bokgakala == Tshupane ya Dikakanyo tsa Bonweenwee ya ngwaga a dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano (2025) ya Transparency International e neetse Botswana maduo a le masome a matlhano le borobabobedi mo sekaleng go tsweng go 0 ("tshenyetso sechaba ye kwa godimo thata") go ya lekgolong ("phepa thata"). Fa go rulagangwa go ya ka maduo, Botswana e ne e le mo maemong a bo masome a mane la bongwe mo mafatsheng a le lekgolo a masome a robabobedi le bobedi mo tshupaneng kwa fa lefatshe le leng mo maemong a ntlha le tsewang le na le lekalaneng la puso le le ikanyegang go gaisa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2025 |title=The ABCs of the CPI: How the Corruption Perceptions Index is calculated |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/news/how-cpi-scores-are-calculated |access-date=28 February 2026 |website=Transparency.org |language=en}}</ref> Fa go bapisiwa le maduo a kgaolo, maduo a a gaisang go feta mo mafatsheng a tsa Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara [ Ela tlhoko 1 ] e ne e le masome a marataro le borobabobedi, palogare e ne e le masome a mararo le bobedi mme e e maswe go gaisa e ne e le 9. <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |date=10 February 2026 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2025: Public sector corruption sees Sub-Saharan Africa face the highest corruption levels globally |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/press/corruption-perceptions-index-2025-public-sector-corruption-sub-saharan-africa-face-highest-corruption-levels-globally |access-date=28 February 2026 |website=Transparency.org |language=en}}</ref> Fa go bapisiwa le maduo a lefatshe ka bophara, maduo a a gaisang e ne e le masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe (a a beilweng mo maemong a 1), palogare ya worst e ne e le 42,-10. bofa). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2025: Botswana |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2025/index/bwa |access-date=28 February 2026 |website=Transparency.org |language=en}}</ref> Lekwalo la [[Business Anti-Corruption Portal]], le ne la baya Botswana mo maemong a a magareng mabapi le selekanyo sa tshenyetso setshaba se se bonwang mo lefatsheng leno. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Botswana Corruption Report |url=https://www.ganintegrity.com/portal/country-profiles/botswana/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123004230/https://www.ganintegrity.com/portal/country-profiles/botswana/ |archive-date=2019-11-23 |access-date=2019-12-15 |website=GAN Integrity |language=en-US}}</ref> Kgoro ya Kgwebo e e Kgatlhanong le tshenyetso sechaba e ne ya tswelela pele, e bolela gore makala a le mantsi a puso, a a jaaka ditirelo tsa Boatlhodi, Sepodisi, [[Dipolotiki tsa Botswana|Peomolao]], ditirelo tsa Setšhaba, Tsamaiso ya Lekgetho le Theko ya Setšhaba otlhe a bona dikotsi tse di farologaneng tsa bonweenwee. <ref name=":0" /> Mo Pegelong ya Kgaisano ya Lefatshe Lotlhe ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019) Botswana e mo maemong a bo 113/141 mo tirong ya lekala la puso mme e mo maemong a bo 32/141 mo go nneng mo Ponatshegelong. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Competitiveness Report |url=https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2019.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730051309/https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2019.pdf |archive-date=30 July 2022 |access-date=13 July 2024 |publisher=[[World Economic Forum]] |page=107}}</ref> Mo Pegelong ya Kgaisano ya Lefatshe e e dirilweng ka dingwaga tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le motso(2011) le ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi (2012), go begilwe fa bonweenwee mo Botswana e le nngwe ya dilo tse di nang le mathata thata fa go tla mo go direng kgwebo mo lefatsheng leno. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Badham-Jones |first=Michael |date=27 November 2014 |title=Overview of Corruption and Anti-Corruption in Botswana |url=https://www.transparency.org/files/content/corruptionqas/Country_Profile_Botswana_2014.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718210209/https://www.transparency.org/files/content/corruptionqas/Country_Profile_Botswana_2014.pdf |archive-date=2020-07-18 |access-date=2019-12-15 |website=Transparency International}}</ref> Tshenyetso sechaba e ile jwa oketsega go tsweng mo dingwageng tse di fetileng, jaaka patlisiso e e dirilweng ke Transparency International le Afrobarometer ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano (2015) e tlhalositse fa 1% ya baagi ba Botswana ba duetse pipamolomo mo dikgweding di le lesome le bobedi tse di fetileng mo tirelong ya puso, mme ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019), e ne ya oketsega go nna 7%. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Results - Africa (Botswana) |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/gcb/africa/africa-2019/results/bwa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629173341/https://www.transparency.org/en/gcb/africa/africa-2019/results/bwa |archive-date=2024-06-29 |access-date=2024-07-13 |website= |publisher=[[Transparency International]] |language=en |edition=10th}}</ref> Patlisiso e ne ya tlhalosa gape gore 39% ya baagi ba Botswana ba akanya gore batho ba ba mo mapodising ba na le seabe mo bobodu, go fokotsega go tswa go 54% ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano(2015). 39% ya baagi ba Botswana ba akanya gore badiredi ba puso ba na le seabe mo bobodu, koketsego go tswa go 29% ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano (2015), le 28% ya baagi ba Botswana ba akanya gore maloko a palamente a na le seabe mo bobodu, koketsego go tswa go 28% ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano (2015).<ref name=":1">[https://www.transparency.org/en/gcb/africa/africa-2019/results/bwa "Results - Africa (Botswana)"] (10th&#x20;ed.). Transparency International. 2019. Archived from the original on 29 June 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2024.</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019), 52% ya baagi ba Botswana ba boletse fa bonweenwee bo oketsegile mo morafeng wa bone, 20% ba re bo fokotsegile, 17% ba re bo ntse bo tshwana, mme 11% ga ba a araba; fa mo patlisisong ya 2015, 51% ya baagi ba rile tshenyetso sechaba bo oketsegile, 24% ba re bo fokotsegile, 14% ba re bo ntse bo tshwana mme 11% ga ba a araba.<ref name=":1" /> === Mefuta ya bonweenwee === Tshenyetso sechaba kwa Botswana bo dirisiwa thata ke batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo ba puso. Batho bano ke bone ba ba dirisitseng maatla a bone go dira gore go nne le mekgatlho e e dirisanang le batho ba bangwe mme ba dira gore dikgatlhego tsa puso le tsa batho ba bangwe di se ka tsa utlwana. Go thata go lwantsha mofuta ono wa tlolomolao. E tseneletse thata mo pusong ya lefatshe le mo madirelong a poraefete, mme setlhopha se sennye se se solegelwang molemo ke Tshenyetso sechaba jono se ka dirisa maatla a sone go tlhomamisa gore bo tswelela pele. <ref name=":3" /> Gape Botswana e tlhasetswe ke tshenyetso sechaba jo bo sa reng sepe le jo bo dirwang ke balaodi. Le fa go ntse jalo, mofuta o wa bobodu ga o bonwe gantsi mme o tsewa o le kwa tlase. <ref name=":3" />Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le leosme le borataro (2016), [[Lephata la Thuto le Tlhabololo]] ya Bokgoni le ne la dirisa pula e le dimilione di le makgolo a marataro kwa ntle ga tumelelo ya Palamente, mme la tsenya lekala la thuto la Botswana mo kotsing ya madi.<ref>Masokola, Alfred. [https://www.weekendpost.co.bw/21627/news/p600-million-goes-missing-at-education-ministry/ "P600 million goes missing at Education Ministry".] ''WeekendPost''. Archived from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2024.</ref> == Maiteko a go lwantsha Tshenyetso sechaba == Tshenyetso sechaba mo Botswana bo batlisisiwa thata ke [[Directorate on Corruption and Economic Crimes]] (DCEC). Ke ka ntlha ya Directorate on Corruption and Economic Crimes go bo Botswana e kgona go nna e le kwa tlase mo seelong sa Tshenyetso sechaba. Se ke ka ntlha ya seelo se se kwa godimo sa go sekisiwa ga batho se Lefapha la Tshenyetso sechaba le Bosenyi jwa Ikonomi le kgonang go se fitlhelela.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110421032241/http://www.state.gov/e/eeb/rls/othr/ics/2011/157825.htm "2011 Investment Climated Statement - Botswana".] U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 21 April 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2011.</ref>Go thusa go lwantsha bobodu, Botswana gape ke leloko la Eastern le Southern Anti-Money Laundering Group.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110421032241/http://www.state.gov/e/eeb/rls/othr/ics/2011/157825.htm "Botswana".] 21 April 2011. Archived from the original on 21 April 2011. Retrieved 15 December 2019.</ref> [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]], [[Tautona wa Botswana]] go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi (2018) go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024), le ene o nnile le seabe mo go lwantsheng bobodu mo nageng ya gagwe. Kwa bokopanong jwa kgaolo e e neng e lebagane le go lwantsha Tshenyetso sechaba mo kontinenteng ya Afrika, Rre Masisi o ne a neela puo e le moeng wa tlotlo, koo a neng a kopa dipuso go diragatsa dipholisi tsa go lwantsha Tshenyetso sechaba. Maitsholo a a ntseng jalo a tla tlhoka gore go nne le dithulaganyo tsa ka fa gare tsa go boloka diakhaonto le go tlhatlhoba diakhaonto, ditheo tse di nonofileng tse di lwantshang Tshenyetso sechabagore di kgone go nna le taolo, mmogo le molao le thulaganyo e e siameng. Masisi o tlhalositse gape mekgwa e e farologaneng e naga ya gagwe e e tsereng go lwantsha bobodu, e e akaretsang go tlhamiwa ga kgotlatshekelo e e kgethegileng fela ka ditiro tsa bosenyi tsa bobodu, le ditiro tse di farologaneng tsa semolao, jaaka Molao wa [[Whistle Blower]] le Molao wa Ditseno le Didiriswa tsa Bosenyi.<ref>[https://archive.uneca.org/stories/botswana-shining-beacon-hope-fight-against-corruption-africa "Botswana is a shining beacon of hope in the fight against corruption in Africa | United Nations Economic Commission for Africa".] ''archive.uneca.org''. Archived from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 16 June 2022.</ref> Fa go tla mo dithulaganyong tse dingwe tsa semolao le melao e e fetisitsweng go lwantsha Tshenyetso sechaba mo nageng, e e itsegeng thata ke Molao wa Tshenyetso sechaba le wa Bosenyi jwa Ikonomi wa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bone (1994). Molao ono o tlhodile Directorate on Corruption and Economic Crimes (DCEC), e e eteletseng pele maiteko a go lwantsha bobodu kwa Botswana, mme e neetse Directorate dithata tsa yone. Molao wa Tshenyetso sechaba le Bokebekwa jwa Ikonomi gape o na le dithata tse dingwe, jaaka go thibela go kopa, go amogela le go amogela tuelo ka maikaelelo a go tsietsa modiredipuso. Dithata tse dingwe tsa CECA di akaretsa tshireletso ya baitseanape ba le bantsi. <ref name=":3" /> == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Dipolotiki tsa Botswana]] [[Karolo:Puso ya Botswana]] 7hxjv8jg478b6xq8kpjwk4ivyeynoft 53054 53053 2026-07-23T18:58:14Z Lucrucia98 12161 53054 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Tshenyetso Sechaba mo Botswana''' gantsi bo tsewa e le nngwe ya tse di kwa tlase mo [[Aferika|Aforika]] . Le fa go ntse jalo,Tshenyetso sechaba ga e a fedisiwa mme bo ntse boa bonala mo makaleng a a farologaneng a puso le ka mefuta e farologaneng. Le ntswa diteko tsa go lwantsha tshenyetso setshaba mo Botswana dile teng, e simolotse go magoletsa. Mefuta e e tlwaelegileng thata ya tshenyetso sechaba ke go ja ka losika kgotsa go tshegetsa . == Bokgakala == Tshupane ya Dikakanyo tsa tshenyetso sechaba ya ngwaga a dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano (2025) ya [[Transparency International]] e neetse Botswana maduo a le masome a matlhano le borobabobedi mo sekaleng go tsweng go 0 ("tshenyetso sechaba ye kwa godimo thata") go ya lekgolong ("phepa thata"). Fa go rulagangwa go ya ka maduo, Botswana e ne e le mo maemong a bo masome a mane la bongwe mo mafatsheng a le lekgolo a masome a robabobedi le bobedi mo tshupaneng kwa fa lefatshe le leng mo maemong a ntlha le tsewang le na le lekalaneng la puso le le ikanyegang go gaisa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2025 |title=The ABCs of the CPI: How the Corruption Perceptions Index is calculated |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/news/how-cpi-scores-are-calculated |access-date=28 February 2026 |website=Transparency.org |language=en}}</ref> Fa go bapisiwa le maduo a kgaolo, maduo a a gaisang go feta mo mafatsheng a tsa Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara [ Ela tlhoko 1 ] e ne e le masome a marataro le borobabobedi, palogare e ne e le masome a mararo le bobedi mme e e maswe go gaisa e ne e le 9. <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |date=10 February 2026 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2025: Public sector corruption sees Sub-Saharan Africa face the highest corruption levels globally |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/press/corruption-perceptions-index-2025-public-sector-corruption-sub-saharan-africa-face-highest-corruption-levels-globally |access-date=28 February 2026 |website=Transparency.org |language=en}}</ref> Fa go bapisiwa le maduo a lefatshe ka bophara, maduo a a gaisang e ne e le masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe (a a beilweng mo maemong a 1), palogare ya worst e ne e le 42,-10. bofa). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2025: Botswana |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2025/index/bwa |access-date=28 February 2026 |website=Transparency.org |language=en}}</ref> Lekwalo la [[Business Anti-Corruption Portal]], le ne la baya Botswana mo maemong a a magareng mabapi le selekanyo sa tshenyetso setshaba se se bonwang mo lefatsheng leno. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Botswana Corruption Report |url=https://www.ganintegrity.com/portal/country-profiles/botswana/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123004230/https://www.ganintegrity.com/portal/country-profiles/botswana/ |archive-date=2019-11-23 |access-date=2019-12-15 |website=GAN Integrity |language=en-US}}</ref> Kgoro ya Kgwebo e e Kgatlhanong le tshenyetso sechaba e ne ya tswelela pele, e bolela gore makala a le mantsi a puso, a a jaaka ditirelo tsa Boatlhodi, Sepodisi, [[Dipolotiki tsa Botswana|Peomolao]], ditirelo tsa Setšhaba, Tsamaiso ya Lekgetho le Theko ya Setšhaba otlhe a bona dikotsi tse di farologaneng tsa bonweenwee. <ref name=":0" /> Mo Pegelong ya Kgaisano ya Lefatshe Lotlhe ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019) Botswana e mo maemong a bo 113/141 mo tirong ya lekala la puso mme e mo maemong a bo 32/141 mo go nneng mo Ponatshegelong. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Competitiveness Report |url=https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2019.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730051309/https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2019.pdf |archive-date=30 July 2022 |access-date=13 July 2024 |publisher=[[World Economic Forum]] |page=107}}</ref> Mo Pegelong ya Kgaisano ya Lefatshe e e dirilweng ka dingwaga tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le motso(2011) le ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi (2012), go begilwe fa bonweenwee mo Botswana e le nngwe ya dilo tse di nang le mathata thata fa go tla mo go direng kgwebo mo lefatsheng leno. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Badham-Jones |first=Michael |date=27 November 2014 |title=Overview of Corruption and Anti-Corruption in Botswana |url=https://www.transparency.org/files/content/corruptionqas/Country_Profile_Botswana_2014.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718210209/https://www.transparency.org/files/content/corruptionqas/Country_Profile_Botswana_2014.pdf |archive-date=2020-07-18 |access-date=2019-12-15 |website=Transparency International}}</ref> Tshenyetso sechaba e ile jwa oketsega go tsweng mo dingwageng tse di fetileng, jaaka patlisiso e e dirilweng ke Transparency International le Afrobarometer ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano (2015) e tlhalositse fa 1% ya baagi ba Botswana ba duetse pipamolomo mo dikgweding di le lesome le bobedi tse di fetileng mo tirelong ya puso, mme ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019), e ne ya oketsega go nna 7%. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Results - Africa (Botswana) |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/gcb/africa/africa-2019/results/bwa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629173341/https://www.transparency.org/en/gcb/africa/africa-2019/results/bwa |archive-date=2024-06-29 |access-date=2024-07-13 |website= |publisher=[[Transparency International]] |language=en |edition=10th}}</ref> Patlisiso e ne ya tlhalosa gape gore 39% ya baagi ba Botswana ba akanya gore batho ba ba mo mapodising ba na le seabe mo bobodu, go fokotsega go tswa go 54% ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano(2015). 39% ya baagi ba Botswana ba akanya gore badiredi ba puso ba na le seabe mo bobodu, koketsego go tswa go 29% ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano (2015), le 28% ya baagi ba Botswana ba akanya gore maloko a palamente a na le seabe mo bobodu, koketsego go tswa go 28% ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano (2015).<ref name=":1">[https://www.transparency.org/en/gcb/africa/africa-2019/results/bwa "Results - Africa (Botswana)"] (10th&#x20;ed.). Transparency International. 2019. Archived from the original on 29 June 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2024.</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019), 52% ya baagi ba Botswana ba boletse fa bonweenwee bo oketsegile mo morafeng wa bone, 20% ba re bo fokotsegile, 17% ba re bo ntse bo tshwana, mme 11% ga ba a araba; fa mo patlisisong ya 2015, 51% ya baagi ba rile tshenyetso sechaba bo oketsegile, 24% ba re bo fokotsegile, 14% ba re bo ntse bo tshwana mme 11% ga ba a araba.<ref name=":1" /> === Mefuta ya bonweenwee === Tshenyetso sechaba kwa Botswana bo dirisiwa thata ke batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo ba puso. Batho bano ke bone ba ba dirisitseng maatla a bone go dira gore go nne le mekgatlho e e dirisanang le batho ba bangwe mme ba dira gore dikgatlhego tsa puso le tsa batho ba bangwe di se ka tsa utlwana. Go thata go lwantsha mofuta ono wa tlolomolao. E tseneletse thata mo pusong ya lefatshe le mo madirelong a poraefete, mme setlhopha se sennye se se solegelwang molemo ke Tshenyetso sechaba jono se ka dirisa maatla a sone go tlhomamisa gore bo tswelela pele. <ref name=":3" /> Gape Botswana e tlhasetswe ke tshenyetso sechaba jo bo sa reng sepe le jo bo dirwang ke balaodi. Le fa go ntse jalo, mofuta o wa bobodu ga o bonwe gantsi mme o tsewa o le kwa tlase. <ref name=":3" />Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le leosme le borataro (2016), [[Lephata la Thuto le Tlhabololo]] ya Bokgoni le ne la dirisa pula e le dimilione di le makgolo a marataro kwa ntle ga tumelelo ya Palamente, mme la tsenya lekala la thuto la Botswana mo kotsing ya madi.<ref>Masokola, Alfred. [https://www.weekendpost.co.bw/21627/news/p600-million-goes-missing-at-education-ministry/ "P600 million goes missing at Education Ministry".] ''WeekendPost''. Archived from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2024.</ref> == Maiteko a go lwantsha Tshenyetso sechaba == Tshenyetso sechaba mo Botswana bo batlisisiwa thata ke [[Directorate on Corruption and Economic Crimes]] (DCEC). Ke ka ntlha ya Directorate on Corruption and Economic Crimes go bo Botswana e kgona go nna e le kwa tlase mo seelong sa Tshenyetso sechaba. Se ke ka ntlha ya seelo se se kwa godimo sa go sekisiwa ga batho se Lefapha la Tshenyetso sechaba le Bosenyi jwa Ikonomi le kgonang go se fitlhelela.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110421032241/http://www.state.gov/e/eeb/rls/othr/ics/2011/157825.htm "2011 Investment Climated Statement - Botswana".] U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 21 April 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2011.</ref>Go thusa go lwantsha bobodu, Botswana gape ke leloko la Eastern le Southern Anti-Money Laundering Group.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110421032241/http://www.state.gov/e/eeb/rls/othr/ics/2011/157825.htm "Botswana".] 21 April 2011. Archived from the original on 21 April 2011. Retrieved 15 December 2019.</ref> [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]], [[Tautona wa Botswana]] go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi (2018) go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024), le ene o nnile le seabe mo go lwantsheng bobodu mo nageng ya gagwe. Kwa bokopanong jwa kgaolo e e neng e lebagane le go lwantsha Tshenyetso sechaba mo kontinenteng ya Afrika, Rre Masisi o ne a neela puo e le moeng wa tlotlo, koo a neng a kopa dipuso go diragatsa dipholisi tsa go lwantsha Tshenyetso sechaba. Maitsholo a a ntseng jalo a tla tlhoka gore go nne le dithulaganyo tsa ka fa gare tsa go boloka diakhaonto le go tlhatlhoba diakhaonto, ditheo tse di nonofileng tse di lwantshang Tshenyetso sechabagore di kgone go nna le taolo, mmogo le molao le thulaganyo e e siameng. Masisi o tlhalositse gape mekgwa e e farologaneng e naga ya gagwe e e tsereng go lwantsha bobodu, e e akaretsang go tlhamiwa ga kgotlatshekelo e e kgethegileng fela ka ditiro tsa bosenyi tsa bobodu, le ditiro tse di farologaneng tsa semolao, jaaka Molao wa [[Whistle Blower]] le Molao wa Ditseno le Didiriswa tsa Bosenyi.<ref>[https://archive.uneca.org/stories/botswana-shining-beacon-hope-fight-against-corruption-africa "Botswana is a shining beacon of hope in the fight against corruption in Africa | United Nations Economic Commission for Africa".] ''archive.uneca.org''. Archived from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 16 June 2022.</ref> Fa go tla mo dithulaganyong tse dingwe tsa semolao le melao e e fetisitsweng go lwantsha Tshenyetso sechaba mo nageng, e e itsegeng thata ke Molao wa Tshenyetso sechaba le wa Bosenyi jwa Ikonomi wa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bone (1994). Molao ono o tlhodile Directorate on Corruption and Economic Crimes (DCEC), e e eteletseng pele maiteko a go lwantsha bobodu kwa Botswana, mme e neetse Directorate dithata tsa yone. Molao wa Tshenyetso sechaba le Bokebekwa jwa Ikonomi gape o na le dithata tse dingwe, jaaka go thibela go kopa, go amogela le go amogela tuelo ka maikaelelo a go tsietsa modiredipuso. Dithata tse dingwe tsa CECA di akaretsa tshireletso ya baitseanape ba le bantsi. <ref name=":3" /> == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Dipolotiki tsa Botswana]] [[Karolo:Puso ya Botswana]] 2x2uquy4dktbvljn06nnq39xbf7w6hv 0 14468 53031 53028 2026-07-23T12:21:06Z Atsile Edith 11759 Ke senotse tsebe e #Wikipedia25BW 53031 wikitext text/x-wiki Bontsi jwa dikwalo mo Botswana di [[:en:English_literature|kwadilwe ka Sekgoa]], mme bontsi jwa dibuka di gatisitswe ka [[Setswana]] fa bonnye bo gatisitswe ka dipuo tse dingwe tsa mo lefatsheng la Botswana. Dikgwetlho tsa itsholelo di lekanyetsa go dirwa mo go golwane ga dikwalo mo lefatsheng la Botswana , ka gantsi banni ba lefatshe ba sa bone dibuka gape fela bakwadi ba dira madi a mannye, bogolo jang ka dikwalo tse e seng tsa Sekgoa. [[:en:Fable|Mainane]] sale a ntse a le teng a [[:en:Oral_literature|buiwa ka molomo]] go tloga bogologolo tala, mme [[:en:Praise_poems|maboko a pako]] a ne a nna tsela e e tlwaelesegileng ya go gopola botshelo jwa motho le tse a di fitlheletseng. Go goroga ga bareri/baruti ba karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng e e dikologilweng ke lewatle ya Europe mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga go ne ga tlisa diphetogo mo dikwalong mo Botswana wa gompieno. [[:en:Robert_Moffat_(missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a simolodisa [[:en:Orthography|mokwalo o o tlhomamisitsweng]] wa puo ya Setswana ka ngwaga wa 1826 fa a ne a ranolela dikwalo di le mmalwa tsa Sekeresete le thanodi mo puong e. Batlhotlhomisi le batswakwa ba ne ba kwala [[:en:Travel_books|dibuka tse dintsi tsa maeto]] ka kgaolo e go ralala lekgolo la dingwaga. Metswedi ya dikgang e ne ya simolodisiwa go ela kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga jaaka go ne go anamisiwa makwalo a dikgang a Sekeresete. Go tlhongwa ga [[Pius XII College]] ka ngwaga wa 1945 go ne ga letla puso ya bokoloniale ya Borithane go simolodisa dikwalo tsa puo ya Sekgoa mo setšhabeng sa Botswana, mme se sa simolola ngangisano ya sennela ruri ka ga seabe sa dikwalo tsa Sekgoa fa di bapisiwa le tsa dipuo tse di tlholegang mo Botswana. Dipampiri tsa dikgang di le dintsi di simolotse go gatisiwa fa lefatshe la Botswana le ya kwa boipusong ka dingwaga tsa bo1960. Morago ga go bona boipuso, Botswana o ne a nna leloko la Tumalano ya Berne ka go amogela Molao wa Ditshwanelo tsa Bokwadi wa Borithane wa ngwaga wa 1956 . [[Bessie Head]] e ne ya nna ene mokwadi wa ntlha [[Botswana|wa Motswana]] yo o lemogiwang kwa mo mafatsheng a sele mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo ya bomasome a le mabedi, mme a latelwa ke [[Unity Dow]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo yone yeo. Bakwadi ba ka bobedi ba dirisitse dibuka tsa bona go akgela ka ditshwanelo tsa basadi le seabe sa basadi mo Aforika. Bakwadi ba bangwe, jaaka [[Andrew Sesinyi]], [[Galesiti Baruti]], le [[Mositi Torontle]], ba ne ba sekaseka kgotlhang magareng ga mekgwa ya setso le ya segompieno morago ga gore Botswana a bone boipuso. Dipadi di le mmalwa tsa batswa-kwa di beile ditiragalo tsa tsone mo lefelong la Botswana, di le tlhagisa e le sekgwa se se senang sepe mo [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] kgotsa jaaka tsela ya gore batho basweu ba bone bokao mo lefelong le le sha. ''[[:en:The_No._1_Ladies'_Detective_Agency|The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency]]'' ya ga [[:en:Alexander_McCall_Smith|Alexander McCall Smith]] e tlhalosa setšhaba sa Botswana ka tsela e e tseneletseng mme e ile ya nna le karolo e e botlhokwa mo setshwantshong sa Botswana mo [[:en:Western_world|Mafatsheng a Bophirima]] . == Dipuo le go kwala le go bala == Bontsi jwa dikwalo mo lefatsheng la Botswana di kwadilwe ka [[:en:English_literature|puo ya Seesemane]], mme seo se dira gore ditiro di fitlhelelwe ke bareetsi ba bantsi. Bontsi jwa tse di setseng di kwadilwe ka puo ya [[:en:Setswana|Setswana]]. Dipuo tse pedi tse di laola botshelo mo lefatsheng la Botswana, mme dipuo tse dingwe tsa tlholego ga di bone tiriso e e kalo.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], pp.&#x20;15–16.</ref><ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;57–58. </ref> Dikwalo tsa Seesemane di ne tsa tlwaelega mo ditoropong ka bonako, fa puo ya Setswana yone e ne e nna e tlwaelegile kwa metseng ya selegae .<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFStyle1982|Style 1982]], p.&#x20;12.</ref> Didiriswa tsa thuto, dikwalwa tsa sedumedi, le ditiro tsa mainane ke tsone tse di dirang mefuta e e tlwaelesegileng thata ya dikwalo tse di dirisang puo ya Setswana.<ref name=":0">[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFBatibo2011|Batibo 2011]], p.&#x20;56.</ref>Poko le motshameko wa drama di kwalwa thata ka puo ya Setswana, mme diterama ka tlwaelo di diragadiwa boemong jwa go buisiwa.<ref name=":2">[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;17.</ref>Sekgowa se amana le thuto e phaphameng le maemo a loago la setshaba, ka jalo bontsi jwa ditiro tsa maranyane di kwadilwe ka Seesemane. Go kgaoganngwa ga batho ba ba buang Setswana ka sepolotiki go ya kwa mahatsheng a Botswana, Namibia, le Aforika Borwa go dirile gore dikwalo tsa Setswana di se ka tsa tlhabologa gape.<ref name=":0" /> Lehuma, go tlhoka go bona dibuka, le go palelwa ke go fetsa sekolo di gwetlhile maiteko a go tokafatsa kitso ya go bala le go kwala mo Botswana.<ref name=":1">[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFBahtaMutula2002|Bahta &#x26; Mutula 2002]], p.&#x20;231.</ref> Go tlhoka dikgatiso ka dipuo tse dinnye go ama dikelo tsa go kgona go bala le go kwala mo babuing ba tsone ka go farologana,<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFBahtaMutula2002|Bahta &#x26; Mutula 2002]], p.&#x20;234.</ref> mme dipuo tse dintsi tsa tlholego di ne di sa ntse di tshwanetse go tlhama mokwalo o o tlwaelesegileng kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi, di tlhoka setlhopha se se botlhokwa sa dibuka tsa thanolo kgotsa ditiro tse dingwe tsa go rulaganya puo ka go kwala.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFBahtaMutula2002|Bahta &#x26; Mutula 2002]], p.&#x20;233.</ref> Go tloga kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la masome a mabedi le bongwe la dingwaga, go kwala ga saense go ne go sa ntse go batlile go sa tlhole go le teng mo dipuong tse dinnye tsa naga.<ref name=":1" /> Bakwadi ba bagolo ba ba kwalang ka puo ya Setswana ba akaretsa [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokgomotso_Mogapi?action=edit&redlink=1 Mokgomotso Mogapi], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._D._Molefhe?action=edit&redlink=1 R. D. Molefhe], [[:en:Matlapeng_Ray_Molomo|Matlapeng Ray Molomo]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiroentle_Pheto?action=edit&redlink=1 Tiroentle Pheto], [[:en:Leetile_Disang_Raditladi|Leetile Disang Raditladi]], le [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedric_Thobega?action=edit&redlink=1 Cedric Thobega]. Ga go na thotloetso e ntsi ya gore bakwadi le bagatisi ba tlhagise dikwalo ka dipuo tsa gae kwa ntle ga Setswana; puo nngwe le nngwe ya batho ba ba kwa tlase e buiwa fela ke batho ba le mmalwa, mme gantsi ba mo lehumeng.<ref name=":1" /> Ka ntlha ya go bo setšhaba se na le dipuo tse dintsi le botlhokwa jwa Seesemane mo makalaneng a e seng a puso le a puso, puo le dikwalo di ntse di rutwa ka fa tlase ga lephata le le lengwe kwa [[:en:University_of_Botswana|Mmadikolo wa Botswana]] go tswa mo ditsong.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFRasebotsa1997|Rasebotsa 1997,]] p.&#x20;179.</ref> == Dikwalo tsa molomo == [[:en:Oral_literature|Dikwalo tsa molomo]] di ntse di le teng dingwaga di le diketekete mo lefatsheng la Botswana wa gompieno. Dikgang tsa ntlha, tse di bolokilweng ke [[:en:Cave_painting|ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo logageng]], di ne di akaretsa [[:en:Fable|mainane]] mmogo le dikgang tsa go tsoma le [[:en:Shamanism|boshamane]].<ref name=":3">[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Ditso tsa merafe e e farologaneng, bogolosegolo tshimologo ya yone, baeteledipele, mafelo a bonno, le dintwa, e ne ya bolokwa ka dikwalo tsa molomo go fitlha kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la lesome le borobabbongwe la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2011|Morton 2011]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Go boeletsa ditso ka tlwaelo go amana le go tlotla bagologolwane.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2011|Morton 2011]], pp.&#x20;58–59.</ref> Ngwao ya molomo e e anameng thata mo Botswana ke [[:en:Creation_myth|tlhamane ya tlholego ya Lowe]], e e bolelang gore Matsieng o ne a tswa mo mosimeng mongwe kwa Lowe go tla go bopa diphologolo, le gore fa a boa batho ba Tswana, Basarwa le [[:en:Kgalagadi_people|Bakgalagadi]] ba ne ba tswa mo mosimeng oo. E bo e tlhomamisa batho ba Tswana jaaka beng ba dikgomo tse di tshwanetseng.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2011|Morton 2011]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Dilo tse di tshwanang di teng mo dinaaneng tsotlhe tsa segompieno mo Botswana. Mmutla ke moanelwa yo o tlwaelesegileng, yo o tlhagisiwang jaaka motsietsi kgotsa moanelwa yo o bofefo yo o dirisang botlhale go tswelela pele.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;61–62.</ref> Phiri ka dinako tse dingwe e tlhagelela e le moanelwa yo o sematla le yo o legatlapa. Batho ba [[:en:Boer|Maburu]] ba dirisiwa jaaka batho ba ba bosula.<ref name=":4">[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;61.</ref>Batho ba Basarwa ba na le mainane a le mmalwa a a tlwaelesegileng. Kgang ya [[:en:Quagga|quagga]] le phokoje e tlhagisa kgatlhanong le go nyala mo ditsong tse dingwe fa phologolo ya naga e e tshwanang le ntša kgotsa phokojwe, e e fitlhelwang thata kwa Amerika Bokone e ja monyadiwa wa gagwe wa quagga.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Kgang ya ga ''N/u//goridao'' e tlhalosa ka fa batho ba ithutileng ka tlhakanelodikobo fa Modimo o ne o betla karolo tsa bosadi di le tharo mo letlapeng go supa ka fao di tshwanetseng go dirisiwa ka teng. Kgang e nngwe e tlhalosa gore ke eng bangwe ba Basarwa ba ne ba rua leruo fa ba bangwe ba tsoma, e tlhalosa bakaulengwe ba babedi ba ba neng ba tlhopha dikarolo tsa bona ka go farologana.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Fa batho ba karolo kgolo ya lefatshe ba Europe ba ne ba simolola go kwala kgaolo e, ba ne ba ntsha dipalo di le mmalwa fela tsa ngwao e e buiwang ka molomo. [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o ne a ngongorega ka fa go neng go lebetswe go le gontsi ka teng ka nako ya fa a ne a simolola go di batlisisa mo lekgolong la lesome le boroba bongwe la dingwaga, ka gonne dikgang tse dintsi di ne tsa latlhega ka nako ya [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]]. Dipalo tsa karolo kgolo ya lefatshe ba Europe tsa dibuka tsa molomo di ne tsa oketsega ka nako ya bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2011|Morton 2011]], p.&#x20;52.</ref> Barutegi bangwe, jaaka [[:en:Jean_Comaroff|Jean]] le [[:en:John_Comaroff|John Comaroff,]] ba nganga gore kanelo e ne e seyo mo ngwaong ya molomo ya Botswana go fitlhela e tsenngwa ke lefatshe la Bophirima. Se se gwetlhilwe ke barutegi ba ba jaaka Paul Landau le [[:en:J._D._Y._Peel|J. D. Y. Peel]], mme dikao tse dintsi tsa kanelo di bonala fa go dirisiwa tlhaloso e e anameng.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2011|Morton 2011]], pp.&#x20;52–53.</ref> Go bolela dikgang ke motshameko o o tlwaelesegileng wa lelapa kwa metseng ya selegae ya Botswana kwa phitlhelelo ya bobegakgang e lekanyeditsweng teng. Dikgang tse e ka nna tsa maitirelo kgotsa tse e seng tsa maitirelo, mme di ka diragadiwa ke moanedi jaaka di etsa batho kgotsa diphologolo.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;62–63.</ref> == Poko ya kgalaletso == [[:en:Praise_poem|Maboko a pako]], kgotsa ''maboko'', a kwala botshelo jwa motho yo o buiwang le dilo tse a di fitlheletseng. Mo ngwagakgolong wa lesome le borobabongwe, basimane ba ne ba solofetswe go kwala le go tshwara ka tlhogo leboko la pako la boikwadiso, kgotsa ''leina'', la gagwe jaaka karolo ya ngwao ya ''[[:en:Bogwera|bogwera]]'' ya go tla mo dingwageng.<ref name=":3" /> Leboko le le kopanetsweng le lone le ne le tla kwalelwa mophato otlhe o o neng o ntse o gola.<ref name=":5">[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2011|Morton 2011]], p.&#x20;54.</ref> Maboko a a ne a dirisiwa go ralala setlhopha sengwe le sengwe sa loago, mme go ne ga tlhamiwa boitshupo jwa loago jaaka monna a ne a okediwa mo lebokong la gagwe mo botshelong jwa gagwe jotlhe.<ref name=":3" /> Maboko a pako a kwalwa ka [[:en:Blank_verse|temana e e senang sepe]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" />Gantsi di ne di diragadiwa phatlalatsa, fa dibui di neng di tla itlhamela dipolelwana le popego go tsibogela bareetsi.<ref name=":6">[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;59.</ref>Go ya ka moithuta-merafe wa Borithane wa lekgolo la lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga [[:en:Andrew_Smith_(zoologist)|Andrew Smith]], maloko a [[:en:Kwena_tribe|morafe wa Kwena]] a ne a rarabolola dikgotlhang ka go boeletsa maboko a bone mme morago ba boeletsa maboko a moganetsi wa bona ka tlhogo.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;55–56.</ref> Maboko a mangwe a pako a ne a kwalwa go keteka batho ba ba tlhageletseng jaaka dikgosi,<ref name=":5" /> kgotsa ka dinako tse dingwe go kgala ka boferefere kgotsa go neela ditshwaelo tse dingwe.<ref name=":6" /> Pego ya dipalo ya ntlha e e kwadilweng ya leboko la pako e simolotse ka ngwaga wa 1801,<ref name=":5" /> fela di ne di sa kwalwe ka tlwaelo go fitlha mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi , se se rayang gore maboko a batho ba bogologolo a ne a ngotlega fa nako e ntse e tsamaya fa ditemana di ne di latlhegelwa ke ditso.<ref name=":6" /> Maboko gantsi a maleele e bile a dingalo, a akaretsa ditshwantsho, ditshupiso tsa dikwalo, le ditshwantsho tsa ditso tse di dirang gore go nne thata go a tlhaloganya kwa ntle ga kitso ya pele.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;56, 59.</ref> Mo ngwagakgolong wa masome a mabedi le bongwe, maboko a pako a buisiwa ka tlwaelo ka nako ya go rwesiwa kgosi serwalo sa bogosi,<ref name=":6" /> mme ngwao e e anameng ya puo ya poko mo puong ya phatlalatsa e sa ntse e le karolo ya ngwao ya lefatshe la Botswana.<ref name=":4" /> == Dikwalo tse di kwadilweng == === Kgolagano ya karolo kgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe le Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland === Mokwalo o o tlhomameng o ne wa nna teng moragonyana mo mokwalong wa puo ya Setswana, e le ditlamorago tsa merafe e e farologaneng e e ikemetseng ya Setswana. Mokwalo wa ntlha o o neng o batla go tlhama mokwalo o o tshwanang o kwadilwe ke [[:en:Robert_Moffat_(missionary)|Robert Moffat]] ka ngwaga wa 1826.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFBatibo2011|Batibo 2011]], p.&#x20;54.</ref> Ka motšhini wa go gatisa o a neng a o tlisa kwa [[:en:Kuruman|Kuruman]], Moffat o ne a ranolela dibuka di le mmalwa tsa bodumedi mo Setswaneng, go akaretsa le [[:en:Gospel|diefangele]], buka ya difela, dithuto tsa dikwalo tsa Baebele, le [[:en:The_Pilgrim's_Progress|''The Pilgrim's Progress'']].<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;56–57.</ref> Moffat o ne a dira thanolo ya Setswana ya [[:en:New_Testament|Tesetamente e Ntšhwa]] dingwaga di le masome a mabedi le boraro, go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1817 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1840.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;65.</ref> O ne gape a gatisa thanodi ya Setswana.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Bakwadi ba lefatshe la Aforika Borwa [[:en:Silas_Molema|Silas Molema]] le [[:en:Sol_Plaatje|Sol Plaatje]] ba ne ba nna batho ba bagolo mo dikwalong tsa kgaolo morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya ntlha. Ba ne ba tlhagisa dibuka tsa puo ya Seesemane tse di neelanang ka ditshwaelo tsa sepolotiki ka ga boitshupo jwa Aforika. Molema o gatisitse ''Bantu Past and Present'' ka ngwaga wa 1920 jaaka tshwantsho e e kgatlhang ya ditso pele a fetela kwa dibukeng tse dingwe tsa ditso tsa thuto.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;671.</ref> Plaatje o gatisitse padi ya [[:en:Mhudi|Mhudi]] ka ngwaga wa 1930, a akantse ka dithitokgang tse di amanang le mafaratlhatlha a a golang a bokoloniale mo borwa jwa Aforika ka thulaganyo ya Difaqane ya ngwagakgolo wa bo 19.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], pp.&#x20;17, 26–28.</ref> O ne gape a tsepamisa basadi ba Batswana mo kgannyeng, a dira gore ba emele bokgoni jwa setšhaba se se siameng mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], pp.&#x20;28–29.</ref> Bakwadi ba nako ya moragonyana ya bokoloniale ba akaretsa Simon Ratshosa, K. T. Motsete, le [[:en:Leetile_Disang_Raditladi|Leetile Disang Raditladi]], botlhe ba kwadile go ya kwa kgopolong ya boitshupo jwa Setswana jo bo kopaneng.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;673.</ref> === Dikwalo tsa morago ga bokoloniale === [[Setshwantsho:University of Botswana, Library 20200321.jpg|thumb|Lefelo la go bala kwa Mmadikolo wa Botswana ka ngwaga wa 2020]] [[:en:Bessie_Head|Bessie Head]] o ne a nna mokwadi yo o itsegeng thata go tswa kwa lefatsheng la Botswana lefatshe ka bophara, mme tiro ya gagwe gantsi e dirisiwa mo mafatsheng a mangwe mo [[:en:Women's_literature|dikwalong tsa basadi]] tsa maemo a mmadikolo le mo dithutong tsa [[:en:African_literature|dikwalo tsa Aforika]].<ref name=":2" /> Moagi wa Aforika Borwa, Head o ne a fudugela kwa [[:en:Serowe|Serowe]], kwa lefatsheng la Botswana, go tila pogiso jaaka motho wa [[:en:Coloureds|Mmala]] mo Aforika Borwa ya [[:en:Apartheid|Tlhaolele]].<ref name=":7">[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Kwa tshimologong o ne a kwala a sa tsepamisa mogopolo mo kgopolong e e rileng, dipolelo tsa tlhogo di ne tsa tlhaloganyesega le go tlhomama fa a fudugela kwa Botswana. O ne a nna le maikutlo a go tswelela a a neng a ikaegile ka Serowe mo dibukeng tsa gagwe tsa mainane le tse e seng tsa mainane, a tlhama kakanyo e ntšhwa ya lefelo le [[:en:Social_justice|tshiamiso ya loago]] e netefadiwang mo go lone.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;137.</ref> Mokwalo wa gagwe gantsi o ne o lebile botshelo jwa [[:en:Women_in_Africa|basadi mo Aforika]].<ref name=":7" /> Gareng ga dipadi tsa gagwe tse di ratiwang thata ke [[:en:When_Rain_Clouds_Gather|''Fa Maru a Pula a Kopana''( ''When Rain Clouds Gather'' )]] (ka ngwaga wa 1968), [[:en:Maru_(novel)|''Maru'']] (ngwaga wa 1971), le [[:en:A_Question_of_Power|Potso ya Maatla]] [[:en:A_Question_of_Power|(''A Question of Power)'']](ka ngwaga wa 1974).<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;66.</ref> Le fa tiro ya gagwe e rutwa gape kwa dikolong tsa Botswana, ga a na kamogelo e e tshwanang mo gae.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;18.</ref> Masomesome a dingwaga a a neng a latela boipuso a ne a tlisa dikgang tse disha mo dikwalong mo Botswana jaaka lefatshe le le ne le bopa boitshupo jwa setshaba. Go ne ga tlhagelela kganetsano ya thuto e e batlisisang boammaruri ka ga mofuta wa maitsholo mo Botswana, e e neng ya lwa magareng ga balatedi ba dingwao tsa pele ga bokoloniale le batshegetsi ba [[:en:Modernist|setšhaba sa segompieno]].<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], pp.&#x20;13–15.</ref> Boitshupo jo bo sa tlhalosiwang sentle jwa go nna [[:en:Botswana#Tswana|Motswana]] bo ne jwa nna kgang e e tlwaelesegileng fa dikgakologelo tsa merafe ya pele ga bokoloniale tsa puso ya batho ka batho di ne di tsosolosiwa fa Batswana ba ne ba tlhama setšhaba se le sengwe sa puso ya batho le batho.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;162.</ref> Go fetola maitsholo mo [[:en:Postcolonial_Africa|Aforika ya morago ga bokoloniale]] go ne ga nna setlhogo se se tlwaelesegileng go ralala karolokgolo ya lefatshe e e dikologilweng ke lewatle fa merafe e ne e [[:en:Decolonisation_of_Africa|tlosiwa mo bokoloniale]], se se neng sa dira gore go nne le dikwalo tsa [[:en:Pan-African|mokgatlho o o rotloetsang kutlwano, tirisanommogo le kopano ya dinaga tsotlhe tsa Afrika]].<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> Jaaka ka bontsi jwa dikwalo tsa Aforika, tsa lefatshe la Botswana di ne tsa tlhama segalo se se rutang go gatelela temogo ya setso le go tlhagisa dikakanyo tse ka tlhamalalo.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Bakwadi jaaka [[:en:Andrew_Sesinyi|Andrew Sesinyi]] le [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galesiti_Baruti?action=edit&redlink=1 Galesiti Baruti] ba ne ba kwala ka kelotlhoko ka ga setšhaba sa segompieno mo Botswana, ba se bapisa le pono e e siameng ya nako e e fetileng.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], pp.&#x20;14, 24.</ref> (''Love on the Rocks)'' ya ga Sesinyi ( ngwaga wa 1981) e ne e le padi ya ntlha e kgolo ya puo ya Seesemane e e neng ya gatisiwa mo Botswana yo o ikemetseng ka nosi. Kgang e latela monna yo o tswang mo lelapeng le le humanegileng la kwa magaeng yo o yang kwa Mmadikolo wa Botswana, kwa a kopanang teng le go simolola botsalano jwa lorato le mosadi wa maemo a a kwa godimo wa kwa toropong.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> Sesinyi o ne a feleletsa kgang ka baanelwa botlhe ba rarabolola dikgotlhang tsa bone morago ga go amogela maitsholo a setso a Motswana.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;36.</ref> Dibuka tse dintsi tsa bakwadi ba bangwe di latela mokgwa o o tshwanang, jaaka buka ya puo ya Setswana ya ''No Sweet without Sweat''.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Dibuka tsa ga Sesinyi tse di latelang, ''Rassie'' (ka ngwaga wa1989) le Carjack (ka ngwaga wa 1999) le tsone di sekaseka dithitokgang tsa go tlhoka tekatekano ga khumo le bonweenwee jwa maitsholo mo setšhabeng sa segompieno.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], pp.&#x20;34–40.</ref> [[:en:Mositi_Torontle|Mositi Torontle]] o ne a sekaseka dithitokgang tsa go nna mo ditoropong mo Botswana tse di tshwanang le tsa Sesinyi.<ref name=":8">[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;68.</ref> O ne a akanyetsa botshelo jwa kwa magaeng le phitlhelelo ya thuto mo go ''The Victims'' (ngwaga wa 1993). Torontle o ne a fapoga bontsi jwa dikwalo tse di buang ka Botswana ka go tlhagisa lefatshe le jaaka le le amogelang baeng go na le le le sa amogeleng baeng.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], pp.&#x20;44–47.</ref> [[:en:Barolong_Seboni|Barolong Seboni]], yo o goletseng kwa Lontone, o kwadile ka ga go batlisisa boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba.<ref name=":8" /> [[:en:Moteane_Melamu|Moteane Melamu]] le [[:en:Caitlin_Davies|Caitlin Davies]] ba ne ba aga mo mofuteng o mo losikeng lo lo latelang lwa bakwadi.<ref name=":8" /> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb_Nondo?action=edit&redlink=1 Caleb Nondo], [[:en:Family_physician|ngaka ya lelapa]], o ne a tlhagisa pampitshana ya ''Lethal Virus'' (ka ngwaga wa 1998) e e kopanyang kanelo e e itlhametsweng le tshedimosetso ya kalafi ka bolwetsi jwa [[:en:HIV/AIDS|HIV/AIDS]].<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> Go tlhatloga ga bakwadi ba basadi kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi go ne ga tlhagisa go tswhwaya dikwalo diphoso ga lenyalo le le patelediwang le tirisodikgoka ya mo gae, gareng ga dikgang tse dingwe tsa basadi.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;49.</ref> [[:en:Unity_Dow|Unity Dow]] e ne e le mokwadi wa bobedi wa ditlhamane go fitlhelela kakgolo ya boditšhabatšhaba morago ga Bessie Head.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;135.</ref> Jaaka ka tlhogo, Dow o ne a kwala ka ga Botswana yo o nang le bokgoni jwa go nna le maikutlo a a nonofileng a tshiamiso ya loago.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;138.</ref> Tiro ya gagwe e tlhotlhelediwa ke dingwaga tsa gagwe jaaka molwela ditshwanelo tsa basadi mmogo le tiro ya gagwe ya semolao.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> Buka ya ga Dow ya ''Far and Beyon''<nowiki/>' e bontsha ditlamorago tsa mogare wa HIV/AIDS mo Botswana le go sekaseka ka fa o amiwang ke botlhogo jwa lelapa ka teng.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], pp.&#x20;142–143.</ref> Morago ga moo o ne a dirisa padi ya letseka ya ''The Screaming of the Innocent'' go gwetlha dikgopolo tsa setso tsa Botswana tsa maitsholo le tshiamiso,<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], pp.&#x20;148, 152.</ref> padi ya dingwaga tsa go tla ya ''Juggling Truths'' go farologanya dilo tse di rutwang kwa gae le tse di rutwang kwa dikolong,<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], pp.&#x20;154–155.</ref>le padi ya ''The Heavens May Fall'' Botswana go tlhalosa go palelwa ga tsamaiso ya bosiamisi mo tseleng e e tshwarang basadi mo Botswana.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], pp.&#x20;157–158.</ref> == Kgatiso == Mogatisi wa ntlha wa Setswana e ne e le Kuruman Press, e e neng ya tlhongwa ke [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] ka ngwaga wa 1830 go gatisa dikwalwa tsa Sekeresete tsa batho ba Tswana.<ref name=":9">[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFKgosidintsiParsons1989|Kgosidintsi &#x26; Parsons 1989]], p.&#x20;171.</ref> Mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang, e ne ya simolola go gatisa makwalo a dikgang a puo ya Setswana, dibuka tsa thanolo le dibuka tsa thuto.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;670.</ref> Moragonyana e ne ya fiwa [[:en:Tiger_Kloof_Educational_Institute|Setheo sa Thuto sa Tiger Kloof]] kwa lefatshing la Aforika Borwa, mme mokgatlho o o ne wa tshaba go tswa kwa fatsheng ja Aforikaborwa ya Tlhaolele go ya kwa lefatsheng la Botswana ka ngwaga 1958.<ref name=":9" />Morago ga moo Lefelo la Dibuka la Botswana le ne la tlhamiwa jaaka le le sa direng dipoelo ka fa tlase ga [[:en:United_Congregational_Church_of_Southern_Africa|Kereke ya Phuthego e e Kopaneng ya]] [[:en:United_Congregational_Church_of_Southern_Africa|Borwa jwa Afrika]],<ref name=":10">[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFKgosidintsiParsons1989|Kgosidintsi &#x26; Parsons 1989]], p.&#x20;172.</ref> mme Kuruman Press e ne ya tlhatlhangwa ke Pula Press.<ref name=":9" /> Puso e ne ya nna mogatisi yo mogolo mo setšhabeng morago ga boipuso, e tlhagisa dipalo le dipego tsa kgwebo ya semmuso mmogo le dikwalo tse di tshwanang tsa Botswana Daily News. E ne ya latelwa ke Mmadikolo wa Botswana, bogolo jang ka dipampiri tsa tiro le dintlha tsa patlisiso tse di gatisitsweng ke Setheo sa yone sa Bosetšhaba sa Dipatlisiso le Ditokomane. Mogatisi wa boraro mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tsa Botswana e ne e le [[:en:Botswana_Society|Mokgatlho wa Botswana]] ([[:en:Botswana_Society|Botswana Society]]), go akaretsa le lekwalo la dikgang la Botswana Notes and Records.<ref name=":10" /> Go fitlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970, dikgatiso mo Botswana di ne di gatisiwa go dirisiwa go dira dipoeletso tsa [[:en:Cyclostyle_(copier)|cyclostyle]] mo ditirong tsa puso le tsa thuto le go [[:en:Letterpress_printing|gatisa ka motšhini wa ditlhaka]] mo ditirong tse di tswang kwa Aforika Borwa. Fa Botswana e ntse e huma, tse di ne tsa tlosiwa ka kgato ka kgato mme go dirisiwa [[:en:Offset_printing|kgatiso ya offset]].<ref name=":9" /> Lekwalo la dikgang la saense la [[:en:Pula_(journal)|Pula]] le simolotse go gatisiwa ka ngwaga wa 1979 go gatisa di pego ka ga itsholelo, thuto, botho, le saense ya loago mo fatsheng la Botswana.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFStyle1979|Style 1979]], p.&#x20;13.</ref> Mokgatlho wa Bakwadi wa Botswana o tlhomilwe ka ngwaga wa 1981.<ref name=":10" /> Bagatisi ba le mmalwa ba thuto ba ne ba tlhoma makalana mo Botswana morago ga boipuso. [[:en:Longman_Botswana|Longman Botswana]] e tlhamilwe jaaka karolo ya Longman Lesotho, mme Heinemann Boleswa ya simolola go dira mo Botswana. [[:en:Macmillan_Botswana|Macmillan Botswana]] e ne ya tlhamiwa jaaka lekala la Macmillan Boleswa wa lefatshe la Eswatini ka ngwaga wa 1982 mme ya nna mogatisi yo mogolo wa thuto mo nageng mo dingwageng tse di latelang.<ref name=":10" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1984, Thuto ya Tlhabololo mo Botswana e ne ya nna buka ya ntlha go kwalwa ka sesupaditlhaka ka botlalo, go bofiwa, le go gatisiwa mo Botswana.<ref name=":10" /> Mokgatlho o o seng wa puso go rotloetsa dikgatlhego tsa batho ba Bsarwa, Terasete ya Tlhabololo ya Kuru, o gatisitse Mantswe a Basarwa (ka ngwaga wa 2004).<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;72.</ref> Mabaka a le mmalwa a setso a ka kgoreletsa bakwadi le bagatisi mo Botswana. Go bala ga se mokgwa o o dirwang kgapetsakgapetsa mo lefatsheng, bontlhanngwe jwa se ke ka ntlha ya go sa itse go bala le go kwala mo go kwa godimo, mme se se felela ka gore go rekisiwe thata. Dibuka di tlhwatlhwa e e ko tlase thata fa di bapisiwa le mafatshe a mangwe a Aforika, se se rayang gore bagatisi ba bona madi a a kwa tlase. Ka ngwaga wa 2002, kgatiso e e tlwaelesegileng ya thuto kgotsa ya selegae e ne e ja dipula di ka nna lesome le bone go ya kwa lesomeng le borataro la di [[:en:Botswana_pula|pula]](bobedi go ya kwa borarong jwa di [[:en:United_States_dollar|dolara tsa lefatshe la USA]]).<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFBahtaMutula2002|Bahta &#x26; Mutula 2002]], pp.&#x20;231–232.</ref> == Dikgang le bobegakgang == [[Setshwantsho:PT-Tsala ea Becoana-First Issue-1910.jpg|thumb|Tokololo ya ntlha ya lokwalo lwa dikgang lwa puo ya Setswana Tsala ea Becauna (ngwaga wa 1910)]] Makwalo a dikgang a Bokeresete a ne a anamisiwa mo Botswana wa gompieno go fitlha kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga la bo lesome le borobabongwe le tshimologo ya lekgolo la masome a mabedi la dingwaga, go akaretsa le ''Molekodi wa Batswana'' (phetolelo ya Tshedimosetso ya Batswana) le ''Mahoko a Botswana'' (phetolelo ya Mafoko a Botswana).<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> Puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya gatisa makwalo a dikgang a le mmalwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa masoem a mabedi, go akaretsa le ''kgatiso ya Bechuanaland, Dikgang tsa Bechuanaland'', le ''Vryburg Chronicle''.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;70.</ref> Sol Plaatje o ne a tlhoma lekwalo la dikgang la ntlha la kgwebo la Setswana, ''Korante oa Bechoana'' (phetolelo ya Lekwalodikgang la Batswana) ka ngwaga wa 1901.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;69–70.</ref> 0hvzhvttvqzkluj9r7rzrzijjn6lg0u 53045 53031 2026-07-23T15:19:56Z Atsile Edith 11759 Ke senotse tsebe e #Wikipedia25BW 53045 wikitext text/x-wiki Bontsi jwa dikwalo mo Botswana di [[:en:English_literature|kwadilwe ka Sekgoa]], mme bontsi jwa dibuka di gatisitswe ka [[Setswana]] fa bonnye bo gatisitswe ka dipuo tse dingwe tsa mo lefatsheng la Botswana. Dikgwetlho tsa itsholelo di lekanyetsa go dirwa mo go golwane ga dikwalo mo lefatsheng la Botswana , ka gantsi banni ba lefatshe ba sa bone dibuka gape fela bakwadi ba dira madi a mannye, bogolo jang ka dikwalo tse e seng tsa Sekgoa. [[:en:Fable|Mainane]] sale a ntse a le teng a [[:en:Oral_literature|buiwa ka molomo]] go tloga bogologolo tala, mme [[:en:Praise_poems|maboko a pako]] a ne a nna tsela e e tlwaelesegileng ya go gopola botshelo jwa motho le tse a di fitlheletseng. Go goroga ga bareri/baruti ba karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng e e dikologilweng ke lewatle ya Europe mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga go ne ga tlisa diphetogo mo dikwalong mo Botswana wa gompieno. [[:en:Robert_Moffat_(missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a simolodisa [[:en:Orthography|mokwalo o o tlhomamisitsweng]] wa puo ya Setswana ka ngwaga wa 1826 fa a ne a ranolela dikwalo di le mmalwa tsa Sekeresete le thanodi mo puong e. Batlhotlhomisi le batswakwa ba ne ba kwala [[:en:Travel_books|dibuka tse dintsi tsa maeto]] ka kgaolo e go ralala lekgolo la dingwaga. Metswedi ya dikgang e ne ya simolodisiwa go ela kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga jaaka go ne go anamisiwa makwalo a dikgang a Sekeresete. Go tlhongwa ga [[Pius XII College]] ka ngwaga wa 1945 go ne ga letla puso ya bokoloniale ya Borithane go simolodisa dikwalo tsa puo ya Sekgoa mo setšhabeng sa Botswana, mme se sa simolola ngangisano ya sennela ruri ka ga seabe sa dikwalo tsa Sekgoa fa di bapisiwa le tsa dipuo tse di tlholegang mo Botswana. Dipampiri tsa dikgang di le dintsi di simolotse go gatisiwa fa lefatshe la Botswana le ya kwa boipusong ka dingwaga tsa bo1960. Morago ga go bona boipuso, Botswana o ne a nna leloko la Tumalano ya Berne ka go amogela Molao wa Ditshwanelo tsa Bokwadi wa Borithane wa ngwaga wa 1956 . [[Bessie Head]] e ne ya nna ene mokwadi wa ntlha [[Botswana|wa Motswana]] yo o lemogiwang kwa mo mafatsheng a sele mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo ya bomasome a le mabedi, mme a latelwa ke [[Unity Dow]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo yone yeo. Bakwadi ba ka bobedi ba dirisitse dibuka tsa bona go akgela ka ditshwanelo tsa basadi le seabe sa basadi mo Aforika. Bakwadi ba bangwe, jaaka [[Andrew Sesinyi]], [[Galesiti Baruti]], le [[Mositi Torontle]], ba ne ba sekaseka kgotlhang magareng ga mekgwa ya setso le ya segompieno morago ga gore Botswana a bone boipuso. Dipadi di le mmalwa tsa batswa-kwa di beile ditiragalo tsa tsone mo lefelong la Botswana, di le tlhagisa e le sekgwa se se senang sepe mo [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] kgotsa jaaka tsela ya gore batho basweu ba bone bokao mo lefelong le le sha. ''[[:en:The_No._1_Ladies'_Detective_Agency|The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency]]'' ya ga [[:en:Alexander_McCall_Smith|Alexander McCall Smith]] e tlhalosa setšhaba sa Botswana ka tsela e e tseneletseng mme e ile ya nna le karolo e e botlhokwa mo setshwantshong sa Botswana mo [[:en:Western_world|Mafatsheng a Bophirima]] . == Dipuo le go kwala le go bala == Bontsi jwa dikwalo mo lefatsheng la Botswana di kwadilwe ka [[:en:English_literature|puo ya Seesemane]], mme seo se dira gore ditiro di fitlhelelwe ke bareetsi ba bantsi. Bontsi jwa tse di setseng di kwadilwe ka puo ya [[:en:Setswana|Setswana]]. Dipuo tse pedi tse di laola botshelo mo lefatsheng la Botswana, mme dipuo tse dingwe tsa tlholego ga di bone tiriso e e kalo.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], pp.&#x20;15–16.</ref><ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;57–58. </ref> Dikwalo tsa Seesemane di ne tsa tlwaelega mo ditoropong ka bonako, fa puo ya Setswana yone e ne e nna e tlwaelegile kwa metseng ya selegae .<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFStyle1982|Style 1982]], p.&#x20;12.</ref> Didiriswa tsa thuto, dikwalwa tsa sedumedi, le ditiro tsa mainane ke tsone tse di dirang mefuta e e tlwaelesegileng thata ya dikwalo tse di dirisang puo ya Setswana.<ref name=":0">[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFBatibo2011|Batibo 2011]], p.&#x20;56.</ref>Poko le motshameko wa drama di kwalwa thata ka puo ya Setswana, mme diterama ka tlwaelo di diragadiwa boemong jwa go buisiwa.<ref name=":2">[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;17.</ref>Sekgowa se amana le thuto e phaphameng le maemo a loago la setshaba, ka jalo bontsi jwa ditiro tsa maranyane di kwadilwe ka Seesemane. Go kgaoganngwa ga batho ba ba buang Setswana ka sepolotiki go ya kwa mahatsheng a Botswana, Namibia, le Aforika Borwa go dirile gore dikwalo tsa Setswana di se ka tsa tlhabologa gape.<ref name=":0" /> Lehuma, go tlhoka go bona dibuka, le go palelwa ke go fetsa sekolo di gwetlhile maiteko a go tokafatsa kitso ya go bala le go kwala mo Botswana.<ref name=":1">[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFBahtaMutula2002|Bahta &#x26; Mutula 2002]], p.&#x20;231.</ref> Go tlhoka dikgatiso ka dipuo tse dinnye go ama dikelo tsa go kgona go bala le go kwala mo babuing ba tsone ka go farologana,<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFBahtaMutula2002|Bahta &#x26; Mutula 2002]], p.&#x20;234.</ref> mme dipuo tse dintsi tsa tlholego di ne di sa ntse di tshwanetse go tlhama mokwalo o o tlwaelesegileng kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi, di tlhoka setlhopha se se botlhokwa sa dibuka tsa thanolo kgotsa ditiro tse dingwe tsa go rulaganya puo ka go kwala.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFBahtaMutula2002|Bahta &#x26; Mutula 2002]], p.&#x20;233.</ref> Go tloga kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la masome a mabedi le bongwe la dingwaga, go kwala ga saense go ne go sa ntse go batlile go sa tlhole go le teng mo dipuong tse dinnye tsa naga.<ref name=":1" /> Bakwadi ba bagolo ba ba kwalang ka puo ya Setswana ba akaretsa [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokgomotso_Mogapi?action=edit&redlink=1 Mokgomotso Mogapi], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._D._Molefhe?action=edit&redlink=1 R. D. Molefhe], [[:en:Matlapeng_Ray_Molomo|Matlapeng Ray Molomo]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiroentle_Pheto?action=edit&redlink=1 Tiroentle Pheto], [[:en:Leetile_Disang_Raditladi|Leetile Disang Raditladi]], le [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedric_Thobega?action=edit&redlink=1 Cedric Thobega]. Ga go na thotloetso e ntsi ya gore bakwadi le bagatisi ba tlhagise dikwalo ka dipuo tsa gae kwa ntle ga Setswana; puo nngwe le nngwe ya batho ba ba kwa tlase e buiwa fela ke batho ba le mmalwa, mme gantsi ba mo lehumeng.<ref name=":1" /> Ka ntlha ya go bo setšhaba se na le dipuo tse dintsi le botlhokwa jwa Seesemane mo makalaneng a e seng a puso le a puso, puo le dikwalo di ntse di rutwa ka fa tlase ga lephata le le lengwe kwa [[:en:University_of_Botswana|Mmadikolo wa Botswana]] go tswa mo ditsong.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFRasebotsa1997|Rasebotsa 1997,]] p.&#x20;179.</ref> == Dikwalo tsa molomo == [[:en:Oral_literature|Dikwalo tsa molomo]] di ntse di le teng dingwaga di le diketekete mo lefatsheng la Botswana wa gompieno. Dikgang tsa ntlha, tse di bolokilweng ke [[:en:Cave_painting|ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo logageng]], di ne di akaretsa [[:en:Fable|mainane]] mmogo le dikgang tsa go tsoma le [[:en:Shamanism|boshamane]].<ref name=":3">[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Ditso tsa merafe e e farologaneng, bogolosegolo tshimologo ya yone, baeteledipele, mafelo a bonno, le dintwa, e ne ya bolokwa ka dikwalo tsa molomo go fitlha kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la lesome le borobabbongwe la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2011|Morton 2011]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Go boeletsa ditso ka tlwaelo go amana le go tlotla bagologolwane.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2011|Morton 2011]], pp.&#x20;58–59.</ref> Ngwao ya molomo e e anameng thata mo Botswana ke [[:en:Creation_myth|tlhamane ya tlholego ya Lowe]], e e bolelang gore Matsieng o ne a tswa mo mosimeng mongwe kwa Lowe go tla go bopa diphologolo, le gore fa a boa batho ba Tswana, Basarwa le [[:en:Kgalagadi_people|Bakgalagadi]] ba ne ba tswa mo mosimeng oo. E bo e tlhomamisa batho ba Tswana jaaka beng ba dikgomo tse di tshwanetseng.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2011|Morton 2011]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Dilo tse di tshwanang di teng mo dinaaneng tsotlhe tsa segompieno mo Botswana. Mmutla ke moanelwa yo o tlwaelesegileng, yo o tlhagisiwang jaaka motsietsi kgotsa moanelwa yo o bofefo yo o dirisang botlhale go tswelela pele.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;61–62.</ref> Phiri ka dinako tse dingwe e tlhagelela e le moanelwa yo o sematla le yo o legatlapa. Batho ba [[:en:Boer|Maburu]] ba dirisiwa jaaka batho ba ba bosula.<ref name=":4">[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;61.</ref>Batho ba Basarwa ba na le mainane a le mmalwa a a tlwaelesegileng. Kgang ya [[:en:Quagga|quagga]] le phokoje e tlhagisa kgatlhanong le go nyala mo ditsong tse dingwe fa phologolo ya naga e e tshwanang le ntša kgotsa phokojwe, e e fitlhelwang thata kwa Amerika Bokone e ja monyadiwa wa gagwe wa quagga.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Kgang ya ga ''N/u//goridao'' e tlhalosa ka fa batho ba ithutileng ka tlhakanelodikobo fa Modimo o ne o betla karolo tsa bosadi di le tharo mo letlapeng go supa ka fao di tshwanetseng go dirisiwa ka teng. Kgang e nngwe e tlhalosa gore ke eng bangwe ba Basarwa ba ne ba rua leruo fa ba bangwe ba tsoma, e tlhalosa bakaulengwe ba babedi ba ba neng ba tlhopha dikarolo tsa bona ka go farologana.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Fa batho ba karolo kgolo ya lefatshe ba Europe ba ne ba simolola go kwala kgaolo e, ba ne ba ntsha dipalo di le mmalwa fela tsa ngwao e e buiwang ka molomo. [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o ne a ngongorega ka fa go neng go lebetswe go le gontsi ka teng ka nako ya fa a ne a simolola go di batlisisa mo lekgolong la lesome le boroba bongwe la dingwaga, ka gonne dikgang tse dintsi di ne tsa latlhega ka nako ya [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]]. Dipalo tsa karolo kgolo ya lefatshe ba Europe tsa dibuka tsa molomo di ne tsa oketsega ka nako ya bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2011|Morton 2011]], p.&#x20;52.</ref> Barutegi bangwe, jaaka [[:en:Jean_Comaroff|Jean]] le [[:en:John_Comaroff|John Comaroff,]] ba nganga gore kanelo e ne e seyo mo ngwaong ya molomo ya Botswana go fitlhela e tsenngwa ke lefatshe la Bophirima. Se se gwetlhilwe ke barutegi ba ba jaaka Paul Landau le [[:en:J._D._Y._Peel|J. D. Y. Peel]], mme dikao tse dintsi tsa kanelo di bonala fa go dirisiwa tlhaloso e e anameng.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2011|Morton 2011]], pp.&#x20;52–53.</ref> Go bolela dikgang ke motshameko o o tlwaelesegileng wa lelapa kwa metseng ya selegae ya Botswana kwa phitlhelelo ya bobegakgang e lekanyeditsweng teng. Dikgang tse e ka nna tsa maitirelo kgotsa tse e seng tsa maitirelo, mme di ka diragadiwa ke moanedi jaaka di etsa batho kgotsa diphologolo.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;62–63.</ref> == Poko ya kgalaletso == [[:en:Praise_poem|Maboko a pako]], kgotsa ''maboko'', a kwala botshelo jwa motho yo o buiwang le dilo tse a di fitlheletseng. Mo ngwagakgolong wa lesome le borobabongwe, basimane ba ne ba solofetswe go kwala le go tshwara ka tlhogo leboko la pako la boikwadiso, kgotsa ''leina'', la gagwe jaaka karolo ya ngwao ya ''[[:en:Bogwera|bogwera]]'' ya go tla mo dingwageng.<ref name=":3" /> Leboko le le kopanetsweng le lone le ne le tla kwalelwa mophato otlhe o o neng o ntse o gola.<ref name=":5">[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2011|Morton 2011]], p.&#x20;54.</ref> Maboko a a ne a dirisiwa go ralala setlhopha sengwe le sengwe sa loago, mme go ne ga tlhamiwa boitshupo jwa loago jaaka monna a ne a okediwa mo lebokong la gagwe mo botshelong jwa gagwe jotlhe.<ref name=":3" /> Maboko a pako a kwalwa ka [[:en:Blank_verse|temana e e senang sepe]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" />Gantsi di ne di diragadiwa phatlalatsa, fa dibui di neng di tla itlhamela dipolelwana le popego go tsibogela bareetsi.<ref name=":6">[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;59.</ref>Go ya ka moithuta-merafe wa Borithane wa lekgolo la lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga [[:en:Andrew_Smith_(zoologist)|Andrew Smith]], maloko a [[:en:Kwena_tribe|morafe wa Kwena]] a ne a rarabolola dikgotlhang ka go boeletsa maboko a bone mme morago ba boeletsa maboko a moganetsi wa bona ka tlhogo.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;55–56.</ref> Maboko a mangwe a pako a ne a kwalwa go keteka batho ba ba tlhageletseng jaaka dikgosi,<ref name=":5" /> kgotsa ka dinako tse dingwe go kgala ka boferefere kgotsa go neela ditshwaelo tse dingwe.<ref name=":6" /> Pego ya dipalo ya ntlha e e kwadilweng ya leboko la pako e simolotse ka ngwaga wa 1801,<ref name=":5" /> fela di ne di sa kwalwe ka tlwaelo go fitlha mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi , se se rayang gore maboko a batho ba bogologolo a ne a ngotlega fa nako e ntse e tsamaya fa ditemana di ne di latlhegelwa ke ditso.<ref name=":6" /> Maboko gantsi a maleele e bile a dingalo, a akaretsa ditshwantsho, ditshupiso tsa dikwalo, le ditshwantsho tsa ditso tse di dirang gore go nne thata go a tlhaloganya kwa ntle ga kitso ya pele.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;56, 59.</ref> Mo ngwagakgolong wa masome a mabedi le bongwe, maboko a pako a buisiwa ka tlwaelo ka nako ya go rwesiwa kgosi serwalo sa bogosi,<ref name=":6" /> mme ngwao e e anameng ya puo ya poko mo puong ya phatlalatsa e sa ntse e le karolo ya ngwao ya lefatshe la Botswana.<ref name=":4" /> == Dikwalo tse di kwadilweng == === Kgolagano ya karolo kgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe le Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland === Mokwalo o o tlhomameng o ne wa nna teng moragonyana mo mokwalong wa puo ya Setswana, e le ditlamorago tsa merafe e e farologaneng e e ikemetseng ya Setswana. Mokwalo wa ntlha o o neng o batla go tlhama mokwalo o o tshwanang o kwadilwe ke [[:en:Robert_Moffat_(missionary)|Robert Moffat]] ka ngwaga wa 1826.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFBatibo2011|Batibo 2011]], p.&#x20;54.</ref> Ka motšhini wa go gatisa o a neng a o tlisa kwa [[:en:Kuruman|Kuruman]], Moffat o ne a ranolela dibuka di le mmalwa tsa bodumedi mo Setswaneng, go akaretsa le [[:en:Gospel|diefangele]], buka ya difela, dithuto tsa dikwalo tsa Baebele, le [[:en:The_Pilgrim's_Progress|''The Pilgrim's Progress'']].<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;56–57.</ref> Moffat o ne a dira thanolo ya Setswana ya [[:en:New_Testament|Tesetamente e Ntšhwa]] dingwaga di le masome a mabedi le boraro, go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1817 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1840.<ref name=":11">[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;65.</ref> O ne gape a gatisa thanodi ya Setswana.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Bakwadi ba lefatshe la Aforika Borwa [[:en:Silas_Molema|Silas Molema]] le [[:en:Sol_Plaatje|Sol Plaatje]] ba ne ba nna batho ba bagolo mo dikwalong tsa kgaolo morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya ntlha. Ba ne ba tlhagisa dibuka tsa puo ya Seesemane tse di neelanang ka ditshwaelo tsa sepolotiki ka ga boitshupo jwa Aforika. Molema o gatisitse ''Bantu Past and Present'' ka ngwaga wa 1920 jaaka tshwantsho e e kgatlhang ya ditso pele a fetela kwa dibukeng tse dingwe tsa ditso tsa thuto.<ref name=":12">[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;671.</ref> Plaatje o gatisitse padi ya [[:en:Mhudi|Mhudi]] ka ngwaga wa 1930, a akantse ka dithitokgang tse di amanang le mafaratlhatlha a a golang a bokoloniale mo borwa jwa Aforika ka thulaganyo ya Difaqane ya ngwagakgolo wa bo 19.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], pp.&#x20;17, 26–28.</ref> O ne gape a tsepamisa basadi ba Batswana mo kgannyeng, a dira gore ba emele bokgoni jwa setšhaba se se siameng mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], pp.&#x20;28–29.</ref> Bakwadi ba nako ya moragonyana ya bokoloniale ba akaretsa Simon Ratshosa, K. T. Motsete, le [[:en:Leetile_Disang_Raditladi|Leetile Disang Raditladi]], botlhe ba kwadile go ya kwa kgopolong ya boitshupo jwa Setswana jo bo kopaneng.<ref name=":13">[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;673.</ref> === Dikwalo tsa morago ga bokoloniale === [[Setshwantsho:University of Botswana, Library 20200321.jpg|thumb|Lefelo la go bala kwa Mmadikolo wa Botswana ka ngwaga wa 2020]] [[:en:Bessie_Head|Bessie Head]] o ne a nna mokwadi yo o itsegeng thata go tswa kwa lefatsheng la Botswana lefatshe ka bophara, mme tiro ya gagwe gantsi e dirisiwa mo mafatsheng a mangwe mo [[:en:Women's_literature|dikwalong tsa basadi]] tsa maemo a mmadikolo le mo dithutong tsa [[:en:African_literature|dikwalo tsa Aforika]].<ref name=":2" /> Moagi wa Aforika Borwa, Head o ne a fudugela kwa [[:en:Serowe|Serowe]], kwa lefatsheng la Botswana, go tila pogiso jaaka motho wa [[:en:Coloureds|Mmala]] mo Aforika Borwa ya [[:en:Apartheid|Tlhaolele]].<ref name=":7">[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Kwa tshimologong o ne a kwala a sa tsepamisa mogopolo mo kgopolong e e rileng, dipolelo tsa tlhogo di ne tsa tlhaloganyesega le go tlhomama fa a fudugela kwa Botswana. O ne a nna le maikutlo a go tswelela a a neng a ikaegile ka Serowe mo dibukeng tsa gagwe tsa mainane le tse e seng tsa mainane, a tlhama kakanyo e ntšhwa ya lefelo le [[:en:Social_justice|tshiamiso ya loago]] e netefadiwang mo go lone.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;137.</ref> Mokwalo wa gagwe gantsi o ne o lebile botshelo jwa [[:en:Women_in_Africa|basadi mo Aforika]].<ref name=":7" /> Gareng ga dipadi tsa gagwe tse di ratiwang thata ke [[:en:When_Rain_Clouds_Gather|''Fa Maru a Pula a Kopana''( ''When Rain Clouds Gather'' )]] (ka ngwaga wa 1968), [[:en:Maru_(novel)|''Maru'']] (ngwaga wa 1971), le [[:en:A_Question_of_Power|Potso ya Maatla]] [[:en:A_Question_of_Power|(''A Question of Power)'']](ka ngwaga wa 1974).<ref name=":14">[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;66.</ref> Le fa tiro ya gagwe e rutwa gape kwa dikolong tsa Botswana, ga a na kamogelo e e tshwanang mo gae.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;18.</ref> Masomesome a dingwaga a a neng a latela boipuso a ne a tlisa dikgang tse disha mo dikwalong mo Botswana jaaka lefatshe le le ne le bopa boitshupo jwa setshaba. Go ne ga tlhagelela kganetsano ya thuto e e batlisisang boammaruri ka ga mofuta wa maitsholo mo Botswana, e e neng ya lwa magareng ga balatedi ba dingwao tsa pele ga bokoloniale le batshegetsi ba [[:en:Modernist|setšhaba sa segompieno]].<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], pp.&#x20;13–15.</ref> Boitshupo jo bo sa tlhalosiwang sentle jwa go nna [[:en:Botswana#Tswana|Motswana]] bo ne jwa nna kgang e e tlwaelesegileng fa dikgakologelo tsa merafe ya pele ga bokoloniale tsa puso ya batho ka batho di ne di tsosolosiwa fa Batswana ba ne ba tlhama setšhaba se le sengwe sa puso ya batho le batho.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;162.</ref> Go fetola maitsholo mo [[:en:Postcolonial_Africa|Aforika ya morago ga bokoloniale]] go ne ga nna setlhogo se se tlwaelesegileng go ralala karolokgolo ya lefatshe e e dikologilweng ke lewatle fa merafe e ne e [[:en:Decolonisation_of_Africa|tlosiwa mo bokoloniale]], se se neng sa dira gore go nne le dikwalo tsa [[:en:Pan-African|mokgatlho o o rotloetsang kutlwano, tirisanommogo le kopano ya dinaga tsotlhe tsa Afrika]].<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> Jaaka ka bontsi jwa dikwalo tsa Aforika, tsa lefatshe la Botswana di ne tsa tlhama segalo se se rutang go gatelela temogo ya setso le go tlhagisa dikakanyo tse ka tlhamalalo.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Bakwadi jaaka [[:en:Andrew_Sesinyi|Andrew Sesinyi]] le [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galesiti_Baruti?action=edit&redlink=1 Galesiti Baruti] ba ne ba kwala ka kelotlhoko ka ga setšhaba sa segompieno mo Botswana, ba se bapisa le pono e e siameng ya nako e e fetileng.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], pp.&#x20;14, 24.</ref> (''Love on the Rocks)'' ya ga Sesinyi ( ngwaga wa 1981) e ne e le padi ya ntlha e kgolo ya puo ya Seesemane e e neng ya gatisiwa mo Botswana yo o ikemetseng ka nosi. Kgang e latela monna yo o tswang mo lelapeng le le humanegileng la kwa magaeng yo o yang kwa Mmadikolo wa Botswana, kwa a kopanang teng le go simolola botsalano jwa lorato le mosadi wa maemo a a kwa godimo wa kwa toropong.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> Sesinyi o ne a feleletsa kgang ka baanelwa botlhe ba rarabolola dikgotlhang tsa bone morago ga go amogela maitsholo a setso a Motswana.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;36.</ref> Dibuka tse dintsi tsa bakwadi ba bangwe di latela mokgwa o o tshwanang, jaaka buka ya puo ya Setswana ya ''No Sweet without Sweat''.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Dibuka tsa ga Sesinyi tse di latelang, ''Rassie'' (ka ngwaga wa1989) le Carjack (ka ngwaga wa 1999) le tsone di sekaseka dithitokgang tsa go tlhoka tekatekano ga khumo le bonweenwee jwa maitsholo mo setšhabeng sa segompieno.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], pp.&#x20;34–40.</ref> [[:en:Mositi_Torontle|Mositi Torontle]] o ne a sekaseka dithitokgang tsa go nna mo ditoropong mo Botswana tse di tshwanang le tsa Sesinyi.<ref name=":8">[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;68.</ref> O ne a akanyetsa botshelo jwa kwa magaeng le phitlhelelo ya thuto mo go ''The Victims'' (ngwaga wa 1993). Torontle o ne a fapoga bontsi jwa dikwalo tse di buang ka Botswana ka go tlhagisa lefatshe le jaaka le le amogelang baeng go na le le le sa amogeleng baeng.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], pp.&#x20;44–47.</ref> [[:en:Barolong_Seboni|Barolong Seboni]], yo o goletseng kwa Lontone, o kwadile ka ga go batlisisa boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba.<ref name=":8" /> [[:en:Moteane_Melamu|Moteane Melamu]] le [[:en:Caitlin_Davies|Caitlin Davies]] ba ne ba aga mo mofuteng o mo losikeng lo lo latelang lwa bakwadi.<ref name=":8" /> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb_Nondo?action=edit&redlink=1 Caleb Nondo], [[:en:Family_physician|ngaka ya lelapa]], o ne a tlhagisa pampitshana ya ''Lethal Virus'' (ka ngwaga wa 1998) e e kopanyang kanelo e e itlhametsweng le tshedimosetso ya kalafi ka bolwetsi jwa [[:en:HIV/AIDS|HIV/AIDS]].<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> Go tlhatloga ga bakwadi ba basadi kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi go ne ga tlhagisa go tswhwaya dikwalo diphoso ga lenyalo le le patelediwang le tirisodikgoka ya mo gae, gareng ga dikgang tse dingwe tsa basadi.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;49.</ref> [[:en:Unity_Dow|Unity Dow]] e ne e le mokwadi wa bobedi wa ditlhamane go fitlhelela kakgolo ya boditšhabatšhaba morago ga Bessie Head.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;135.</ref> Jaaka ka tlhogo, Dow o ne a kwala ka ga Botswana yo o nang le bokgoni jwa go nna le maikutlo a a nonofileng a tshiamiso ya loago.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;138.</ref> Tiro ya gagwe e tlhotlhelediwa ke dingwaga tsa gagwe jaaka molwela ditshwanelo tsa basadi mmogo le tiro ya gagwe ya semolao.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> Buka ya ga Dow ya ''Far and Beyon''<nowiki/>' e bontsha ditlamorago tsa mogare wa HIV/AIDS mo Botswana le go sekaseka ka fa o amiwang ke botlhogo jwa lelapa ka teng.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], pp.&#x20;142–143.</ref> Morago ga moo o ne a dirisa padi ya letseka ya ''The Screaming of the Innocent'' go gwetlha dikgopolo tsa setso tsa Botswana tsa maitsholo le tshiamiso,<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], pp.&#x20;148, 152.</ref> padi ya dingwaga tsa go tla ya ''Juggling Truths'' go farologanya dilo tse di rutwang kwa gae le tse di rutwang kwa dikolong,<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], pp.&#x20;154–155.</ref>le padi ya ''The Heavens May Fall'' Botswana go tlhalosa go palelwa ga tsamaiso ya bosiamisi mo tseleng e e tshwarang basadi mo Botswana.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], pp.&#x20;157–158.</ref> == Kgatiso == Mogatisi wa ntlha wa Setswana e ne e le Kuruman Press, e e neng ya tlhongwa ke [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] ka ngwaga wa 1830 go gatisa dikwalwa tsa Sekeresete tsa batho ba Tswana.<ref name=":9">[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFKgosidintsiParsons1989|Kgosidintsi &#x26; Parsons 1989]], p.&#x20;171.</ref> Mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang, e ne ya simolola go gatisa makwalo a dikgang a puo ya Setswana, dibuka tsa thanolo le dibuka tsa thuto.<ref name=":15">[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;670.</ref> Moragonyana e ne ya fiwa [[:en:Tiger_Kloof_Educational_Institute|Setheo sa Thuto sa Tiger Kloof]] kwa lefatshing la Aforika Borwa, mme mokgatlho o o ne wa tshaba go tswa kwa fatsheng ja Aforikaborwa ya Tlhaolele go ya kwa lefatsheng la Botswana ka ngwaga 1958.<ref name=":9" />Morago ga moo Lefelo la Dibuka la Botswana le ne la tlhamiwa jaaka le le sa direng dipoelo ka fa tlase ga [[:en:United_Congregational_Church_of_Southern_Africa|Kereke ya Phuthego e e Kopaneng ya]] [[:en:United_Congregational_Church_of_Southern_Africa|Borwa jwa Afrika]],<ref name=":10">[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFKgosidintsiParsons1989|Kgosidintsi &#x26; Parsons 1989]], p.&#x20;172.</ref> mme Kuruman Press e ne ya tlhatlhangwa ke Pula Press.<ref name=":9" /> Puso e ne ya nna mogatisi yo mogolo mo setšhabeng morago ga boipuso, e tlhagisa dipalo le dipego tsa kgwebo ya semmuso mmogo le dikwalo tse di tshwanang tsa Botswana Daily News. E ne ya latelwa ke Mmadikolo wa Botswana, bogolo jang ka dipampiri tsa tiro le dintlha tsa patlisiso tse di gatisitsweng ke Setheo sa yone sa Bosetšhaba sa Dipatlisiso le Ditokomane. Mogatisi wa boraro mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tsa Botswana e ne e le [[:en:Botswana_Society|Mokgatlho wa Botswana]] ([[:en:Botswana_Society|Botswana Society]]), go akaretsa le lekwalo la dikgang la Botswana Notes and Records.<ref name=":10" /> Go fitlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970, dikgatiso mo Botswana di ne di gatisiwa go dirisiwa go dira dipoeletso tsa [[:en:Cyclostyle_(copier)|cyclostyle]] mo ditirong tsa puso le tsa thuto le go [[:en:Letterpress_printing|gatisa ka motšhini wa ditlhaka]] mo ditirong tse di tswang kwa Aforika Borwa. Fa Botswana e ntse e huma, tse di ne tsa tlosiwa ka kgato ka kgato mme go dirisiwa [[:en:Offset_printing|kgatiso ya offset]].<ref name=":9" /> Lekwalo la dikgang la saense la [[:en:Pula_(journal)|Pula]] le simolotse go gatisiwa ka ngwaga wa 1979 go gatisa di pego ka ga itsholelo, thuto, botho, le saense ya loago mo fatsheng la Botswana.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFStyle1979|Style 1979]], p.&#x20;13.</ref> Mokgatlho wa Bakwadi wa Botswana o tlhomilwe ka ngwaga wa 1981.<ref name=":10" /> Bagatisi ba le mmalwa ba thuto ba ne ba tlhoma makalana mo Botswana morago ga boipuso. [[:en:Longman_Botswana|Longman Botswana]] e tlhamilwe jaaka karolo ya Longman Lesotho, mme Heinemann Boleswa ya simolola go dira mo Botswana. [[:en:Macmillan_Botswana|Macmillan Botswana]] e ne ya tlhamiwa jaaka lekala la Macmillan Boleswa wa lefatshe la Eswatini ka ngwaga wa 1982 mme ya nna mogatisi yo mogolo wa thuto mo nageng mo dingwageng tse di latelang.<ref name=":10" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1984, Thuto ya Tlhabololo mo Botswana e ne ya nna buka ya ntlha go kwalwa ka sesupaditlhaka ka botlalo, go bofiwa, le go gatisiwa mo Botswana.<ref name=":10" /> Mokgatlho o o seng wa puso go rotloetsa dikgatlhego tsa batho ba Bsarwa, Terasete ya Tlhabololo ya Kuru, o gatisitse Mantswe a Basarwa (ka ngwaga wa 2004).<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;72.</ref> Mabaka a le mmalwa a setso a ka kgoreletsa bakwadi le bagatisi mo Botswana. Go bala ga se mokgwa o o dirwang kgapetsakgapetsa mo lefatsheng, bontlhanngwe jwa se ke ka ntlha ya go sa itse go bala le go kwala mo go kwa godimo, mme se se felela ka gore go rekisiwe thata. Dibuka di tlhwatlhwa e e ko tlase thata fa di bapisiwa le mafatshe a mangwe a Aforika, se se rayang gore bagatisi ba bona madi a a kwa tlase. Ka ngwaga wa 2002, kgatiso e e tlwaelesegileng ya thuto kgotsa ya selegae e ne e ja dipula di ka nna lesome le bone go ya kwa lesomeng le borataro la di [[:en:Botswana_pula|pula]](bobedi go ya kwa borarong jwa di [[:en:United_States_dollar|dolara tsa lefatshe la USA]]).<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFBahtaMutula2002|Bahta &#x26; Mutula 2002]], pp.&#x20;231–232.</ref> == Dikgang le bobegakgang == [[Setshwantsho:PT-Tsala ea Becoana-First Issue-1910.jpg|thumb|Tokololo ya ntlha ya lokwalo lwa dikgang lwa puo ya Setswana Tsala ea Becauna (ngwaga wa 1910)]] Makwalo a dikgang a Bokeresete a ne a anamisiwa mo Botswana wa gompieno go fitlha kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga la bo lesome le borobabongwe le tshimologo ya lekgolo la masome a mabedi la dingwaga, go akaretsa le ''Molekodi wa Batswana'' (phetolelo ya Tshedimosetso ya Batswana) le ''Mahoko a Botswana'' (phetolelo ya Mafoko a Botswana).<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> Puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya gatisa makwalo a dikgang a le mmalwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa masoem a mabedi, go akaretsa le ''kgatiso ya Bechuanaland, Dikgang tsa Bechuanaland'', le ''Vryburg Chronicle''.<ref name=":16">[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;70.</ref> Sol Plaatje o ne a tlhoma lekwalo la dikgang la ntlha la kgwebo la Setswana, ''Korante oa Bechoana'' (phetolelo ya Lekwalodikgang la Batswana) ka ngwaga wa 1901.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;69–70.</ref> Puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya simolola go gatisa buka ya dipego ya Seesemane/Setswana wa dipuo tse pedi wa ''Kutlwano'' (phetolelo ya Mutual Understanding) ka ngwaga wa 1963, mme go gatisiwa go ne ga tswelela morago ga boipuso. E simolotse go gatisa dikwalo tsa dikgang tsa ''Lekwalodikgang la'' ''Bechuanaland'' (''Bechuanaland Newsletter)'' ka one ngwaga oo, le le neng la nna ''Dikgang tsa Letsatsi le letsatsi la Bechuanaland'' ''(Bechuanaland Daily News)'' ka ngwaga wa1965 le [[:en:Botswana_Daily_News|''Dikgang tsa Letsatsi le letsatsi tsa Botswana'']] [[:en:Botswana_Daily_News|''(Botswana Daily News'']]'')'' ka ngwaga wa1966.<ref name=":16" /> Ka makoko a sepolotiki go ne ga tla makwalo a dikgang a a tshegediwang ke makoko ka dingwaga tsa bo 1960, jaaka Therisanyo (phetolelo ya Consultation) ya [[:en:Botswana_Democratic_Party|Lekoko la Puso ya batho ka batho la Botswana]] le Puo-Phaa ya [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|Lekoko la Bosetšhaba la Botswana]].<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;70–71.</ref> Go farologana le baagisani ba yona ba le bantsi mo Aforika, Botswana e ne ya nna le [[:en:Freedom_of_the_press|kgololesego e e nonofileng ya bobegadikgang]] morago ga boipuso mme ya letla dikgatiso tse di neng di tshwaya puso diphoso, le fa bontsi jwa mafelo a go rekisa a ne a laolwa ke puso go fitlha go tlhagelela ga dikgatiso tse e seng tsa puso ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980. Tse di ne di akaretsa Dumela (ka ngwaga wa 1981), [[:en:Botswana_Guardian|''Botswana Guardian'']] (ka ngwaga wa 1982), le [[:en:Mmegi_wa_Dikgang|Mmegi wa Dikgang]] ( ka ngwaga wa 1984), gareng ga tse dingwe tse dintsi. Newslink e simolotse go gatisiwa ka ngwaga wa 1990, mme dipatlisiso tsa ga ''Mmegi'' di ne tsa ribolola gore e ne e tsamaisiwa ka sephiri ke [[:en:National_Intelligence_Service_(South_Africa)|Tirelo ya Bosetšhaba ya]] [[:en:National_Intelligence_Service_(South_Africa)|Ditshedimosetso tsa Botlhale]] ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;71.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000, lekwalo la dikgang le legolo la puo ya Setswana mo Botswana e ne e le ''Mokgosi''.<ref name=":16" /> == Dikwalo tsa mafatshe a sele == === Dikgatiso tsa bokoloniale === Mo dibukeng tsa Seesemane, dikwalo tse di buang ka Botswana tse di kwadilweng ke batswantle di ne tsa tlhabologa ka bonako go feta khophase ya selegae.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;21.</ref> Batho ba le bantsi ba karolo kgolo ya lefatshe ye dikologilweng ke metsi a lewatle ya Europe ba ne ba kwala [[:en:Travel_book|dibuka tsa maeto]] mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe morago ga go etela lefatshe la Botswana, go akaretsa le ''Ditiro le Ditiragalo mo Aforika Borwa'' ( thanolo ya ''Labours and Scenes in South Africa'' ) (ngwaga wa 1842) ka Robert Moffat, ''Motsumi wa Ditau wa Aforika Borwa''(thanolo ya ''The Lion Hunter of South Africa)'' (1856) ka [[:en:Roualeyn_George_Gordon-Cumming|Roualeyn George Gordon-Cumming]], ''Maeto a Borongwa le Dipatlisiso mo Aforikaborwa'' (''Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa'')(ka ngwaga wa 1858) ka David Livingstone , Maeto a mo Aforikaborwa ( thanolo ya ''Travels in the Interior of Africa,)( ngwaga wa 1849 go ya kwa 1863)'' (ka ngwaga wa 1868) ka [[:en:James_Chapman_(explorer)|James Chapman]], le Motsomi le Motlhotlhomisi (thanolo ya ''Hunter and Explorer)'' yo o sa gatisiwang ka [[:en:William_Cotton_Oswell|William Cotton Oswell]]. Dibuka tse di ntseng jalo di ne tsa tswelela di tlhagelela go fitlha kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga.<ref name=":11" /> Dibuka tsa maeto di ne tsa dira gore go nne le buka ya tsatsi le letsatsi le dibuka tsa dikgakologelo mo ngwagakgolong wa masome a mabedi, jaaka tsa ga Charles Rey, [[:en:Resident_commissioner|mokomišenara wa moagi]] wa lefatshe la Britain wa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]].<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;65–66.</ref> Dibuka tse dingwe fela tse di botlhokwa tse di gatisitsweng ka ga Botswana wa gompieno ka nako e e ne e le tsa saense, bogolosegolo mo lephateng la thuto-loago.<ref name=":14" /> Nngwe ya dibuka tsa ntlha tsa ditso e ne e le ''Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aforika'': ''Khamé, Sebéle le Bathoeng'', tse di gatisitsweng ke London Missionary Society ka ngwaga wa 1895. Buka e, e ne ya tlhotlheletsa tlhamane e e tlwaelesegileng ya gore [[:en:Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[:en:Bangwaketse|Bangwaketse]], le [[:en:Bangwato|Bangwato]] ba ne ba tswa mo go bomorwarraagwe ba bararo ba maina a a tshwanang<ref name=":15" />. Puso ya bokoloniale e gatisitse ditso tsa tatelano ya dikgosi mo borwa jwa Aforika, Merafe ya Naga ya Transvaal ( thanolo ya ''The Native Tribes of the Transvaal'',), ka ngwaga wa 1904.<ref name=":12" /> Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o ne wa gatisa buka ya ditso e e neng e lebisitswe kwa baithuting, e leng [[:en:Edited_volume|kgatiso e e rulagantsweng]] ya ''Diňwao leha e le Dipololelo kaga Dico tsa Secwana'' ka Moruti A. J. Wookey, ka ngwaga wa 1913. Se e ne ya nna tiro ya motheo ya go kopanya ditiragalo tse di farologaneng tsa ditlhopha tse di farologaneng mo kgaolong go ya kwa bosweng bo le bongwe jo bo abelanwang. Go ralala dingwaga tsa bo 1930, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya kokoanya ditiragalo go tswa mo merafeng e e farologaneng. Se se ne sa dira gore go gatisiwe ''Ditirafalo tsa Merafhe ya Batswana ba Lefatshe le Tshireletso'' (thanolo ya History of the Tribes of the Bechuanaland Protectorate) le ''Mekgwa le Melao ya Batswana'' ( thanolo ya Customs and Laws of the Batswana) ka [[:en:Isaac_Schapera|Isaac Schamer]] ka [[:en:Lovedale_Press|Lovedale Press]] ka ngwaga wa 1940. Wa ntlha o ne wa kwalwa ke badiredi ba puso ya bokoloniale le baitseanape ba thutapuo ya batho (anthropologists), fa wa bobedi one o ne wa kwalwa ke Batswana ba selegae.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], pp.&#x20;671–672.</ref> Anthony Sillery o ne a gatisa ditso tsa setšhaba, ''The Bechuanaland Protectorate'', ka ngwaga wa 1952. Mokwalo o o ne wa kopanya ditso ya tiro ya borongwa le ya bokoloniale mo kgaolong le ditso tsa selegae tse di akareditsweng mo dikwalong tsa ditso tsa ngwaga wa 1913 le ngwaga wa 1940.<ref name=":13" /> === Thuto ya mainane le dikwalo === Dikwalo tsa Borithane di ne tsa tsenngwa mo Botswana wa gompieno fa e ne e le ka fa tlase ga puso ya Borithane, mme e ne e le yone kharikhulamo ya konokono ya dikwalo fa Kholetšhe ya Pius XII e ne e tlhongwa ka 1945. Se se ne sa emisediwa ka go tlhoma mogopolo mo dikwalong tsa Seaforika fa Kholetšhe ya Pius XII e ne e tlhatlhangwa ke Yunibesithi ya Basutoland, Bechuanaland, le Swaziland.[71] Tekatekano ya dikwalo tsa Bophirima le tsa Aforika e ntse e le setlhogo se se kgatlhang mo thutong mo Botswana.[72] Jules Verne o beile Ditiragalo tsa Makgoa a Mararo le Marussia a Mararo mo Aforika Borwa, nngwe ya dipadi tsa gagwe tsa ditiragalo tsa Voyages tse di sa tlwaelegang, kwa Sekakeng sa Kalahari. Go tshwantsha ga gagwe kgaolo jaaka lefatshe le le sa tlwaelegang go ne ga nna selo se se tlwaelegileng mo mofuteng ono.[73] E ne ya tlhabololwa gape ke bakwadi ba bangwe ba dipadi tsa maitemogelo ba ba neng ba tlhoma dikgang tsa bone kwa Botswana, go akaretsa le Nicholas Monsarrat ka dingwaga tsa bo 1950 morago ga tiro ya gagwe kwa Johannesburg le tirelo ya bodipolomate ya Borithane,[74] le K. R. Butler ka dingwaga tsa bo 1960.[75] Dibuka tsa maitemogelo tse di beilweng mo Botswana yo o ikemetseng gantsi di dirisa puso ya teng ya temokerasi e e tlhomameng, di e farologanya le dinaga tse dingwe tsa Aforika tse di bontshiwang di sa babalesega kgotsa di sa laolwe sentle ke merafe ya naga. Ka dinako tse dingwe go sala go tshwana fa Batswana ba naga ba tlhagisiwa jaaka ba ba sa kgoneng go tshegetsa puso ya temokerasi le ba ba tlhokang thuso ya kwa ntle.[76] Mokwadi wa Moborithane Naomi Mitchison o kwadile nngwe ya dipadi tsa ntlha tsa kwa ntle go tlhagisa Botswana ka lesedi la kutlwelobotlhoko ka Fa re Nna Banna (1965).[77] Dikgang tsa dinaga di sele tse di beilweng mo Botswana di ile tsa nna le tlwaelo ya go tlhoma mogopolo mo lefatsheng, jaaka Sekaka sa Kalahari le Okavango Delta, di tlhagisa naga e le lefatshe le le sesane, le le bobaba le le tshwanetseng go fenngwa. Se se farologana le dikgang tsa selegae tse di bonang batho e le ditlamorago tsa hisitori ya bona go na le tikologo ya bona.[78] Norman Rush o kwadile dikgang tse dintsi tse di neng di rulagantswe kwa Botswana morago ga go nna dingwaga di le nne mo nageng e le mokaedi wa ofisi ya yone ya Peace Corps.[79] Kgobokanyo ya gagwe ya dikgankhutshwe ya Whites (1986) le dipadi tsa gagwe tse pedi, Mating (1991) le Mortals (2003), di ne di lebile thata go iphitlhelela ga baeng ba basweu mo setšhabeng kwa ntle ga go naya baanelwa bape ba ba tswang kwa Botswana boitshupo jo bo tlhaolegileng.[80] Motseletsele wa dipadi tsa masaitsiweng tsa ga Alexander McCall Smith, Setheo sa Matseka sa Basadi sa No. 1 (1998), se dirile gore Botswana e itsege thata mo lefatsheng la Bophirima.[81] Dipadi tse di bontsha dithulano tsa dipono tse di farologaneng tsa maitsholo mme di gatelela gore setšhaba sa Aforika se raraane go feta ditshwantsho tsa lehuma le malwetse tse di bonwang kwa Bophirima, le fa gape di naya babuisi ba Bophirima tshwantsho ya setšhaba e e sa emeleng dikwalo tse di tlwaelegileng tsa Aforika.[82] Matsholo mangwe a bojanala kwa Botswana a umaka dibuka tseno go gogela bajanala ba ba tlwaelaneng le motseletsele ono.[33] == Molao le puso == Fa Botswana e sena go bona boipuso, ya amogela Molao wa Borithane wa Ditshwanelo tsa go Kwala wa 1956 jaaka molao wa yone, go akaretsa le go tsaya karolo mo Tumalanong ya Berne. Melao e mengwe e e maleba mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tsa boipuso e akaretsa Molao wa Dikgatiso tse di Gatisitsweng le Molao wa Tirelo ya Laeborari ya Bosetšhaba wa 1967.[57] Lefapha la Thuto le rotloetsa go itse go bala le go kwala le go tlhagisa dibuka ka Lefapha la lone la Thuto ya Motheo ya Bagolo.[83] Ditirelo tsa Laeborari ya Bosetšhaba ya Botswana di ne tsa tlhoma lenaneo la phaposi ya go buisa mo metseng go dira gore metse ya magae e kgone go bona dikwalo; Metse e le 54 e ne e akareditswe ka 1994.[83] == Bona gape == == Dintlha == iapmfstvitsvxijr5idq66xief1nuf2 53076 53045 2026-07-24T10:23:57Z ~2026-41101-80 13011 ke senotse tsebe e 53076 wikitext text/x-wiki Bontsi jwa dikwalo mo Botswana di [[:en:English_literature|kwadilwe ka Sekgoa]], mme bontsi jwa dibuka di gatisitswe ka [[Setswana]] fa bonnye bo gatisitswe ka dipuo tse dingwe tsa mo lefatsheng la Botswana. Dikgwetlho tsa itsholelo di lekanyetsa go dirwa mo go golwane ga dikwalo mo lefatsheng la Botswana , ka gantsi banni ba lefatshe ba sa bone dibuka gape fela bakwadi ba dira madi a mannye, bogolo jang ka dikwalo tse e seng tsa Sekgoa. [[:en:Fable|Mainane]] sale a ntse a le teng a [[:en:Oral_literature|buiwa ka molomo]] go tloga bogologolo tala, mme [[:en:Praise_poems|maboko a pako]] a ne a nna tsela e e tlwaelesegileng ya go gopola botshelo jwa motho le tse a di fitlheletseng. Go goroga ga bareri/baruti ba karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng e e dikologilweng ke lewatle ya Europe mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga go ne ga tlisa diphetogo mo dikwalong mo Botswana wa gompieno. [[:en:Robert_Moffat_(missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a simolodisa [[:en:Orthography|mokwalo o o tlhomamisitsweng]] wa puo ya Setswana ka ngwaga wa 1826 fa a ne a ranolela dikwalo di le mmalwa tsa Sekeresete le thanodi mo puong e. Batlhotlhomisi le batswakwa ba ne ba kwala [[:en:Travel_books|dibuka tse dintsi tsa maeto]] ka kgaolo e go ralala lekgolo la dingwaga. Metswedi ya dikgang e ne ya simolodisiwa go ela kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga jaaka go ne go anamisiwa makwalo a dikgang a Sekeresete. Go tlhongwa ga [[Pius XII College]] ka ngwaga wa 1945 go ne ga letla puso ya bokoloniale ya Borithane go simolodisa dikwalo tsa puo ya Sekgoa mo setšhabeng sa Botswana, mme se sa simolola ngangisano ya sennela ruri ka ga seabe sa dikwalo tsa Sekgoa fa di bapisiwa le tsa dipuo tse di tlholegang mo Botswana. Dipampiri tsa dikgang di le dintsi di simolotse go gatisiwa fa lefatshe la Botswana le ya kwa boipusong ka dingwaga tsa bo1960. Morago ga go bona boipuso, Botswana o ne a nna leloko la Tumalano ya Berne ka go amogela Molao wa Ditshwanelo tsa Bokwadi wa Borithane wa ngwaga wa 1956 . [[Bessie Head]] e ne ya nna ene mokwadi wa ntlha [[Botswana|wa Motswana]] yo o lemogiwang kwa mo mafatsheng a sele mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo ya bomasome a le mabedi, mme a latelwa ke [[Unity Dow]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo yone yeo. Bakwadi ba ka bobedi ba dirisitse dibuka tsa bona go akgela ka ditshwanelo tsa basadi le seabe sa basadi mo Aforika. Bakwadi ba bangwe, jaaka [[Andrew Sesinyi]], [[Galesiti Baruti]], le [[Mositi Torontle]], ba ne ba sekaseka kgotlhang magareng ga mekgwa ya setso le ya segompieno morago ga gore Botswana a bone boipuso. Dipadi di le mmalwa tsa batswa-kwa di beile ditiragalo tsa tsone mo lefelong la Botswana, di le tlhagisa e le sekgwa se se senang sepe mo [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] kgotsa jaaka tsela ya gore batho basweu ba bone bokao mo lefelong le le sha. ''[[:en:The_No._1_Ladies'_Detective_Agency|The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency]]'' ya ga [[:en:Alexander_McCall_Smith|Alexander McCall Smith]] e tlhalosa setšhaba sa Botswana ka tsela e e tseneletseng mme e ile ya nna le karolo e e botlhokwa mo setshwantshong sa Botswana mo [[:en:Western_world|Mafatsheng a Bophirima]] . == Dipuo le go kwala le go bala == Bontsi jwa dikwalo mo lefatsheng la Botswana di kwadilwe ka [[:en:English_literature|puo ya Seesemane]], mme seo se dira gore ditiro di fitlhelelwe ke bareetsi ba bantsi. Bontsi jwa tse di setseng di kwadilwe ka puo ya [[:en:Setswana|Setswana]]. Dipuo tse pedi tse di laola botshelo mo lefatsheng la Botswana, mme dipuo tse dingwe tsa tlholego ga di bone tiriso e e kalo.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], pp.&#x20;15–16.</ref><ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;57–58. </ref> Dikwalo tsa Seesemane di ne tsa tlwaelega mo ditoropong ka bonako, fa puo ya Setswana yone e ne e nna e tlwaelegile kwa metseng ya selegae .<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFStyle1982|Style 1982]], p.&#x20;12.</ref> Didiriswa tsa thuto, dikwalwa tsa sedumedi, le ditiro tsa mainane ke tsone tse di dirang mefuta e e tlwaelesegileng thata ya dikwalo tse di dirisang puo ya Setswana.<ref name=":0">[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFBatibo2011|Batibo 2011]], p.&#x20;56.</ref>Poko le motshameko wa drama di kwalwa thata ka puo ya Setswana, mme diterama ka tlwaelo di diragadiwa boemong jwa go buisiwa.<ref name=":2">[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;17.</ref>Sekgowa se amana le thuto e phaphameng le maemo a loago la setshaba, ka jalo bontsi jwa ditiro tsa maranyane di kwadilwe ka Seesemane. Go kgaoganngwa ga batho ba ba buang Setswana ka sepolotiki go ya kwa mahatsheng a Botswana, Namibia, le Aforika Borwa go dirile gore dikwalo tsa Setswana di se ka tsa tlhabologa gape.<ref name=":0" /> Lehuma, go tlhoka go bona dibuka, le go palelwa ke go fetsa sekolo di gwetlhile maiteko a go tokafatsa kitso ya go bala le go kwala mo Botswana.<ref name=":1">[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFBahtaMutula2002|Bahta &#x26; Mutula 2002]], p.&#x20;231.</ref> Go tlhoka dikgatiso ka dipuo tse dinnye go ama dikelo tsa go kgona go bala le go kwala mo babuing ba tsone ka go farologana,<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFBahtaMutula2002|Bahta &#x26; Mutula 2002]], p.&#x20;234.</ref> mme dipuo tse dintsi tsa tlholego di ne di sa ntse di tshwanetse go tlhama mokwalo o o tlwaelesegileng kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi, di tlhoka setlhopha se se botlhokwa sa dibuka tsa thanolo kgotsa ditiro tse dingwe tsa go rulaganya puo ka go kwala.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFBahtaMutula2002|Bahta &#x26; Mutula 2002]], p.&#x20;233.</ref> Go tloga kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la masome a mabedi le bongwe la dingwaga, go kwala ga saense go ne go sa ntse go batlile go sa tlhole go le teng mo dipuong tse dinnye tsa naga.<ref name=":1" /> Bakwadi ba bagolo ba ba kwalang ka puo ya Setswana ba akaretsa [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokgomotso_Mogapi?action=edit&redlink=1 Mokgomotso Mogapi], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._D._Molefhe?action=edit&redlink=1 R. D. Molefhe], [[:en:Matlapeng_Ray_Molomo|Matlapeng Ray Molomo]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiroentle_Pheto?action=edit&redlink=1 Tiroentle Pheto], [[:en:Leetile_Disang_Raditladi|Leetile Disang Raditladi]], le [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedric_Thobega?action=edit&redlink=1 Cedric Thobega]. Ga go na thotloetso e ntsi ya gore bakwadi le bagatisi ba tlhagise dikwalo ka dipuo tsa gae kwa ntle ga Setswana; puo nngwe le nngwe ya batho ba ba kwa tlase e buiwa fela ke batho ba le mmalwa, mme gantsi ba mo lehumeng.<ref name=":1" /> Ka ntlha ya go bo setšhaba se na le dipuo tse dintsi le botlhokwa jwa Seesemane mo makalaneng a e seng a puso le a puso, puo le dikwalo di ntse di rutwa ka fa tlase ga lephata le le lengwe kwa [[:en:University_of_Botswana|Mmadikolo wa Botswana]] go tswa mo ditsong.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFRasebotsa1997|Rasebotsa 1997,]] p.&#x20;179.</ref> == Dikwalo tsa molomo == [[:en:Oral_literature|Dikwalo tsa molomo]] di ntse di le teng dingwaga di le diketekete mo lefatsheng la Botswana wa gompieno. Dikgang tsa ntlha, tse di bolokilweng ke [[:en:Cave_painting|ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo logageng]], di ne di akaretsa [[:en:Fable|mainane]] mmogo le dikgang tsa go tsoma le [[:en:Shamanism|boshamane]].<ref name=":3">[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Ditso tsa merafe e e farologaneng, bogolosegolo tshimologo ya yone, baeteledipele, mafelo a bonno, le dintwa, e ne ya bolokwa ka dikwalo tsa molomo go fitlha kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la lesome le borobabbongwe la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2011|Morton 2011]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Go boeletsa ditso ka tlwaelo go amana le go tlotla bagologolwane.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2011|Morton 2011]], pp.&#x20;58–59.</ref> Ngwao ya molomo e e anameng thata mo Botswana ke [[:en:Creation_myth|tlhamane ya tlholego ya Lowe]], e e bolelang gore Matsieng o ne a tswa mo mosimeng mongwe kwa Lowe go tla go bopa diphologolo, le gore fa a boa batho ba Tswana, Basarwa le [[:en:Kgalagadi_people|Bakgalagadi]] ba ne ba tswa mo mosimeng oo. E bo e tlhomamisa batho ba Tswana jaaka beng ba dikgomo tse di tshwanetseng.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2011|Morton 2011]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Dilo tse di tshwanang di teng mo dinaaneng tsotlhe tsa segompieno mo Botswana. Mmutla ke moanelwa yo o tlwaelesegileng, yo o tlhagisiwang jaaka motsietsi kgotsa moanelwa yo o bofefo yo o dirisang botlhale go tswelela pele.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;61–62.</ref> Phiri ka dinako tse dingwe e tlhagelela e le moanelwa yo o sematla le yo o legatlapa. Batho ba [[:en:Boer|Maburu]] ba dirisiwa jaaka batho ba ba bosula.<ref name=":4">[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;61.</ref>Batho ba Basarwa ba na le mainane a le mmalwa a a tlwaelesegileng. Kgang ya [[:en:Quagga|quagga]] le phokoje e tlhagisa kgatlhanong le go nyala mo ditsong tse dingwe fa phologolo ya naga e e tshwanang le ntša kgotsa phokojwe, e e fitlhelwang thata kwa Amerika Bokone e ja monyadiwa wa gagwe wa quagga.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Kgang ya ga ''N/u//goridao'' e tlhalosa ka fa batho ba ithutileng ka tlhakanelodikobo fa Modimo o ne o betla karolo tsa bosadi di le tharo mo letlapeng go supa ka fao di tshwanetseng go dirisiwa ka teng. Kgang e nngwe e tlhalosa gore ke eng bangwe ba Basarwa ba ne ba rua leruo fa ba bangwe ba tsoma, e tlhalosa bakaulengwe ba babedi ba ba neng ba tlhopha dikarolo tsa bona ka go farologana.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Fa batho ba karolo kgolo ya lefatshe ba Europe ba ne ba simolola go kwala kgaolo e, ba ne ba ntsha dipalo di le mmalwa fela tsa ngwao e e buiwang ka molomo. [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o ne a ngongorega ka fa go neng go lebetswe go le gontsi ka teng ka nako ya fa a ne a simolola go di batlisisa mo lekgolong la lesome le boroba bongwe la dingwaga, ka gonne dikgang tse dintsi di ne tsa latlhega ka nako ya [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]]. Dipalo tsa karolo kgolo ya lefatshe ba Europe tsa dibuka tsa molomo di ne tsa oketsega ka nako ya bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2011|Morton 2011]], p.&#x20;52.</ref> Barutegi bangwe, jaaka [[:en:Jean_Comaroff|Jean]] le [[:en:John_Comaroff|John Comaroff,]] ba nganga gore kanelo e ne e seyo mo ngwaong ya molomo ya Botswana go fitlhela e tsenngwa ke lefatshe la Bophirima. Se se gwetlhilwe ke barutegi ba ba jaaka Paul Landau le [[:en:J._D._Y._Peel|J. D. Y. Peel]], mme dikao tse dintsi tsa kanelo di bonala fa go dirisiwa tlhaloso e e anameng.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2011|Morton 2011]], pp.&#x20;52–53.</ref> Go bolela dikgang ke motshameko o o tlwaelesegileng wa lelapa kwa metseng ya selegae ya Botswana kwa phitlhelelo ya bobegakgang e lekanyeditsweng teng. Dikgang tse e ka nna tsa maitirelo kgotsa tse e seng tsa maitirelo, mme di ka diragadiwa ke moanedi jaaka di etsa batho kgotsa diphologolo.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;62–63.</ref> == Poko ya kgalaletso == [[:en:Praise_poem|Maboko a pako]], kgotsa ''maboko'', a kwala botshelo jwa motho yo o buiwang le dilo tse a di fitlheletseng. Mo ngwagakgolong wa lesome le borobabongwe, basimane ba ne ba solofetswe go kwala le go tshwara ka tlhogo leboko la pako la boikwadiso, kgotsa ''leina'', la gagwe jaaka karolo ya ngwao ya ''[[:en:Bogwera|bogwera]]'' ya go tla mo dingwageng.<ref name=":3" /> Leboko le le kopanetsweng le lone le ne le tla kwalelwa mophato otlhe o o neng o ntse o gola.<ref name=":5">[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2011|Morton 2011]], p.&#x20;54.</ref> Maboko a a ne a dirisiwa go ralala setlhopha sengwe le sengwe sa loago, mme go ne ga tlhamiwa boitshupo jwa loago jaaka monna a ne a okediwa mo lebokong la gagwe mo botshelong jwa gagwe jotlhe.<ref name=":3" /> Maboko a pako a kwalwa ka [[:en:Blank_verse|temana e e senang sepe]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" />Gantsi di ne di diragadiwa phatlalatsa, fa dibui di neng di tla itlhamela dipolelwana le popego go tsibogela bareetsi.<ref name=":6">[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;59.</ref>Go ya ka moithuta-merafe wa Borithane wa lekgolo la lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga [[:en:Andrew_Smith_(zoologist)|Andrew Smith]], maloko a [[:en:Kwena_tribe|morafe wa Kwena]] a ne a rarabolola dikgotlhang ka go boeletsa maboko a bone mme morago ba boeletsa maboko a moganetsi wa bona ka tlhogo.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;55–56.</ref> Maboko a mangwe a pako a ne a kwalwa go keteka batho ba ba tlhageletseng jaaka dikgosi,<ref name=":5" /> kgotsa ka dinako tse dingwe go kgala ka boferefere kgotsa go neela ditshwaelo tse dingwe.<ref name=":6" /> Pego ya dipalo ya ntlha e e kwadilweng ya leboko la pako e simolotse ka ngwaga wa 1801,<ref name=":5" /> fela di ne di sa kwalwe ka tlwaelo go fitlha mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi , se se rayang gore maboko a batho ba bogologolo a ne a ngotlega fa nako e ntse e tsamaya fa ditemana di ne di latlhegelwa ke ditso.<ref name=":6" /> Maboko gantsi a maleele e bile a dingalo, a akaretsa ditshwantsho, ditshupiso tsa dikwalo, le ditshwantsho tsa ditso tse di dirang gore go nne thata go a tlhaloganya kwa ntle ga kitso ya pele.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;56, 59.</ref> Mo ngwagakgolong wa masome a mabedi le bongwe, maboko a pako a buisiwa ka tlwaelo ka nako ya go rwesiwa kgosi serwalo sa bogosi,<ref name=":6" /> mme ngwao e e anameng ya puo ya poko mo puong ya phatlalatsa e sa ntse e le karolo ya ngwao ya lefatshe la Botswana.<ref name=":4" /> == Dikwalo tse di kwadilweng == === Kgolagano ya karolo kgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe le Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland === Mokwalo o o tlhomameng o ne wa nna teng moragonyana mo mokwalong wa puo ya Setswana, e le ditlamorago tsa merafe e e farologaneng e e ikemetseng ya Setswana. Mokwalo wa ntlha o o neng o batla go tlhama mokwalo o o tshwanang o kwadilwe ke [[:en:Robert_Moffat_(missionary)|Robert Moffat]] ka ngwaga wa 1826.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFBatibo2011|Batibo 2011]], p.&#x20;54.</ref> Ka motšhini wa go gatisa o a neng a o tlisa kwa [[:en:Kuruman|Kuruman]], Moffat o ne a ranolela dibuka di le mmalwa tsa bodumedi mo Setswaneng, go akaretsa le [[:en:Gospel|diefangele]], buka ya difela, dithuto tsa dikwalo tsa Baebele, le [[:en:The_Pilgrim's_Progress|''The Pilgrim's Progress'']].<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;56–57.</ref> Moffat o ne a dira thanolo ya Setswana ya [[:en:New_Testament|Tesetamente e Ntšhwa]] dingwaga di le masome a mabedi le boraro, go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1817 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1840.<ref name=":11">[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;65.</ref> O ne gape a gatisa thanodi ya Setswana.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Bakwadi ba lefatshe la Aforika Borwa [[:en:Silas_Molema|Silas Molema]] le [[:en:Sol_Plaatje|Sol Plaatje]] ba ne ba nna batho ba bagolo mo dikwalong tsa kgaolo morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya ntlha. Ba ne ba tlhagisa dibuka tsa puo ya Seesemane tse di neelanang ka ditshwaelo tsa sepolotiki ka ga boitshupo jwa Aforika. Molema o gatisitse ''Bantu Past and Present'' ka ngwaga wa 1920 jaaka tshwantsho e e kgatlhang ya ditso pele a fetela kwa dibukeng tse dingwe tsa ditso tsa thuto.<ref name=":12">[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;671.</ref> Plaatje o gatisitse padi ya [[:en:Mhudi|Mhudi]] ka ngwaga wa 1930, a akantse ka dithitokgang tse di amanang le mafaratlhatlha a a golang a bokoloniale mo borwa jwa Aforika ka thulaganyo ya Difaqane ya ngwagakgolo wa bo 19.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], pp.&#x20;17, 26–28.</ref> O ne gape a tsepamisa basadi ba Batswana mo kgannyeng, a dira gore ba emele bokgoni jwa setšhaba se se siameng mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], pp.&#x20;28–29.</ref> Bakwadi ba nako ya moragonyana ya bokoloniale ba akaretsa Simon Ratshosa, K. T. Motsete, le [[:en:Leetile_Disang_Raditladi|Leetile Disang Raditladi]], botlhe ba kwadile go ya kwa kgopolong ya boitshupo jwa Setswana jo bo kopaneng.<ref name=":13">[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;673.</ref> === Dikwalo tsa morago ga bokoloniale === [[Setshwantsho:University of Botswana, Library 20200321.jpg|thumb|Lefelo la go bala kwa Mmadikolo wa Botswana ka ngwaga wa 2020]] [[:en:Bessie_Head|Bessie Head]] o ne a nna mokwadi yo o itsegeng thata go tswa kwa lefatsheng la Botswana lefatshe ka bophara, mme tiro ya gagwe gantsi e dirisiwa mo mafatsheng a mangwe mo [[:en:Women's_literature|dikwalong tsa basadi]] tsa maemo a mmadikolo le mo dithutong tsa [[:en:African_literature|dikwalo tsa Aforika]].<ref name=":2" /> Moagi wa Aforika Borwa, Head o ne a fudugela kwa [[:en:Serowe|Serowe]], kwa lefatsheng la Botswana, go tila pogiso jaaka motho wa [[:en:Coloureds|Mmala]] mo Aforika Borwa ya [[:en:Apartheid|Tlhaolele]].<ref name=":7">[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Kwa tshimologong o ne a kwala a sa tsepamisa mogopolo mo kgopolong e e rileng, dipolelo tsa tlhogo di ne tsa tlhaloganyesega le go tlhomama fa a fudugela kwa Botswana. O ne a nna le maikutlo a go tswelela a a neng a ikaegile ka Serowe mo dibukeng tsa gagwe tsa mainane le tse e seng tsa mainane, a tlhama kakanyo e ntšhwa ya lefelo le [[:en:Social_justice|tshiamiso ya loago]] e netefadiwang mo go lone.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;137.</ref> Mokwalo wa gagwe gantsi o ne o lebile botshelo jwa [[:en:Women_in_Africa|basadi mo Aforika]].<ref name=":7" /> Gareng ga dipadi tsa gagwe tse di ratiwang thata ke [[:en:When_Rain_Clouds_Gather|''Fa Maru a Pula a Kopana''( ''When Rain Clouds Gather'' )]] (ka ngwaga wa 1968), [[:en:Maru_(novel)|''Maru'']] (ngwaga wa 1971), le [[:en:A_Question_of_Power|Potso ya Maatla]] [[:en:A_Question_of_Power|(''A Question of Power)'']](ka ngwaga wa 1974).<ref name=":14">[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;66.</ref> Le fa tiro ya gagwe e rutwa gape kwa dikolong tsa Botswana, ga a na kamogelo e e tshwanang mo gae.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;18.</ref> Masomesome a dingwaga a a neng a latela boipuso a ne a tlisa dikgang tse disha mo dikwalong mo Botswana jaaka lefatshe le le ne le bopa boitshupo jwa setshaba. Go ne ga tlhagelela kganetsano ya thuto e e batlisisang boammaruri ka ga mofuta wa maitsholo mo Botswana, e e neng ya lwa magareng ga balatedi ba dingwao tsa pele ga bokoloniale le batshegetsi ba [[:en:Modernist|setšhaba sa segompieno]].<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], pp.&#x20;13–15.</ref> Boitshupo jo bo sa tlhalosiwang sentle jwa go nna [[:en:Botswana#Tswana|Motswana]] bo ne jwa nna kgang e e tlwaelesegileng fa dikgakologelo tsa merafe ya pele ga bokoloniale tsa puso ya batho ka batho di ne di tsosolosiwa fa Batswana ba ne ba tlhama setšhaba se le sengwe sa puso ya batho le batho.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;162.</ref> Go fetola maitsholo mo [[:en:Postcolonial_Africa|Aforika ya morago ga bokoloniale]] go ne ga nna setlhogo se se tlwaelesegileng go ralala karolokgolo ya lefatshe e e dikologilweng ke lewatle fa merafe e ne e [[:en:Decolonisation_of_Africa|tlosiwa mo bokoloniale]], se se neng sa dira gore go nne le dikwalo tsa [[:en:Pan-African|mokgatlho o o rotloetsang kutlwano, tirisanommogo le kopano ya dinaga tsotlhe tsa Afrika]].<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> Jaaka ka bontsi jwa dikwalo tsa Aforika, tsa lefatshe la Botswana di ne tsa tlhama segalo se se rutang go gatelela temogo ya setso le go tlhagisa dikakanyo tse ka tlhamalalo.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Bakwadi jaaka [[:en:Andrew_Sesinyi|Andrew Sesinyi]] le [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galesiti_Baruti?action=edit&redlink=1 Galesiti Baruti] ba ne ba kwala ka kelotlhoko ka ga setšhaba sa segompieno mo Botswana, ba se bapisa le pono e e siameng ya nako e e fetileng.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], pp.&#x20;14, 24.</ref> (''Love on the Rocks)'' ya ga Sesinyi ( ngwaga wa 1981) e ne e le padi ya ntlha e kgolo ya puo ya Seesemane e e neng ya gatisiwa mo Botswana yo o ikemetseng ka nosi. Kgang e latela monna yo o tswang mo lelapeng le le humanegileng la kwa magaeng yo o yang kwa Mmadikolo wa Botswana, kwa a kopanang teng le go simolola botsalano jwa lorato le mosadi wa maemo a a kwa godimo wa kwa toropong.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> Sesinyi o ne a feleletsa kgang ka baanelwa botlhe ba rarabolola dikgotlhang tsa bone morago ga go amogela maitsholo a setso a Motswana.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;36.</ref> Dibuka tse dintsi tsa bakwadi ba bangwe di latela mokgwa o o tshwanang, jaaka buka ya puo ya Setswana ya ''No Sweet without Sweat''.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Dibuka tsa ga Sesinyi tse di latelang, ''Rassie'' (ka ngwaga wa1989) le Carjack (ka ngwaga wa 1999) le tsone di sekaseka dithitokgang tsa go tlhoka tekatekano ga khumo le bonweenwee jwa maitsholo mo setšhabeng sa segompieno.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], pp.&#x20;34–40.</ref> [[:en:Mositi_Torontle|Mositi Torontle]] o ne a sekaseka dithitokgang tsa go nna mo ditoropong mo Botswana tse di tshwanang le tsa Sesinyi.<ref name=":8">[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;68.</ref> O ne a akanyetsa botshelo jwa kwa magaeng le phitlhelelo ya thuto mo go ''The Victims'' (ngwaga wa 1993). Torontle o ne a fapoga bontsi jwa dikwalo tse di buang ka Botswana ka go tlhagisa lefatshe le jaaka le le amogelang baeng go na le le le sa amogeleng baeng.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], pp.&#x20;44–47.</ref> [[:en:Barolong_Seboni|Barolong Seboni]], yo o goletseng kwa Lontone, o kwadile ka ga go batlisisa boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba.<ref name=":8" /> [[:en:Moteane_Melamu|Moteane Melamu]] le [[:en:Caitlin_Davies|Caitlin Davies]] ba ne ba aga mo mofuteng o mo losikeng lo lo latelang lwa bakwadi.<ref name=":8" /> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb_Nondo?action=edit&redlink=1 Caleb Nondo], [[:en:Family_physician|ngaka ya lelapa]], o ne a tlhagisa pampitshana ya ''Lethal Virus'' (ka ngwaga wa 1998) e e kopanyang kanelo e e itlhametsweng le tshedimosetso ya kalafi ka bolwetsi jwa [[:en:HIV/AIDS|HIV/AIDS]].<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> Go tlhatloga ga bakwadi ba basadi kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi go ne ga tlhagisa go tswhwaya dikwalo diphoso ga lenyalo le le patelediwang le tirisodikgoka ya mo gae, gareng ga dikgang tse dingwe tsa basadi.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;49.</ref> [[:en:Unity_Dow|Unity Dow]] e ne e le mokwadi wa bobedi wa ditlhamane go fitlhelela kakgolo ya boditšhabatšhaba morago ga Bessie Head.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;135.</ref> Jaaka ka tlhogo, Dow o ne a kwala ka ga Botswana yo o nang le bokgoni jwa go nna le maikutlo a a nonofileng a tshiamiso ya loago.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;138.</ref> Tiro ya gagwe e tlhotlhelediwa ke dingwaga tsa gagwe jaaka molwela ditshwanelo tsa basadi mmogo le tiro ya gagwe ya semolao.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> Buka ya ga Dow ya ''Far and Beyon''<nowiki/>' e bontsha ditlamorago tsa mogare wa HIV/AIDS mo Botswana le go sekaseka ka fa o amiwang ke botlhogo jwa lelapa ka teng.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], pp.&#x20;142–143.</ref> Morago ga moo o ne a dirisa padi ya letseka ya ''The Screaming of the Innocent'' go gwetlha dikgopolo tsa setso tsa Botswana tsa maitsholo le tshiamiso,<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], pp.&#x20;148, 152.</ref> padi ya dingwaga tsa go tla ya ''Juggling Truths'' go farologanya dilo tse di rutwang kwa gae le tse di rutwang kwa dikolong,<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], pp.&#x20;154–155.</ref>le padi ya ''The Heavens May Fall'' Botswana go tlhalosa go palelwa ga tsamaiso ya bosiamisi mo tseleng e e tshwarang basadi mo Botswana.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], pp.&#x20;157–158.</ref> == Kgatiso == Mogatisi wa ntlha wa Setswana e ne e le Kuruman Press, e e neng ya tlhongwa ke [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] ka ngwaga wa 1830 go gatisa dikwalwa tsa Sekeresete tsa batho ba Tswana.<ref name=":9">[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFKgosidintsiParsons1989|Kgosidintsi &#x26; Parsons 1989]], p.&#x20;171.</ref> Mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang, e ne ya simolola go gatisa makwalo a dikgang a puo ya Setswana, dibuka tsa thanolo le dibuka tsa thuto.<ref name=":15">[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;670.</ref> Moragonyana e ne ya fiwa [[:en:Tiger_Kloof_Educational_Institute|Setheo sa Thuto sa Tiger Kloof]] kwa lefatshing la Aforika Borwa, mme mokgatlho o o ne wa tshaba go tswa kwa fatsheng ja Aforikaborwa ya Tlhaolele go ya kwa lefatsheng la Botswana ka ngwaga 1958.<ref name=":9" />Morago ga moo Lefelo la Dibuka la Botswana le ne la tlhamiwa jaaka le le sa direng dipoelo ka fa tlase ga [[:en:United_Congregational_Church_of_Southern_Africa|Kereke ya Phuthego e e Kopaneng ya]] [[:en:United_Congregational_Church_of_Southern_Africa|Borwa jwa Afrika]],<ref name=":10">[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFKgosidintsiParsons1989|Kgosidintsi &#x26; Parsons 1989]], p.&#x20;172.</ref> mme Kuruman Press e ne ya tlhatlhangwa ke Pula Press.<ref name=":9" /> Puso e ne ya nna mogatisi yo mogolo mo setšhabeng morago ga boipuso, e tlhagisa dipalo le dipego tsa kgwebo ya semmuso mmogo le dikwalo tse di tshwanang tsa Botswana Daily News. E ne ya latelwa ke Mmadikolo wa Botswana, bogolo jang ka dipampiri tsa tiro le dintlha tsa patlisiso tse di gatisitsweng ke Setheo sa yone sa Bosetšhaba sa Dipatlisiso le Ditokomane. Mogatisi wa boraro mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tsa Botswana e ne e le [[:en:Botswana_Society|Mokgatlho wa Botswana]] ([[:en:Botswana_Society|Botswana Society]]), go akaretsa le lekwalo la dikgang la Botswana Notes and Records.<ref name=":10" /> Go fitlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970, dikgatiso mo Botswana di ne di gatisiwa go dirisiwa go dira dipoeletso tsa [[:en:Cyclostyle_(copier)|cyclostyle]] mo ditirong tsa puso le tsa thuto le go [[:en:Letterpress_printing|gatisa ka motšhini wa ditlhaka]] mo ditirong tse di tswang kwa Aforika Borwa. Fa Botswana e ntse e huma, tse di ne tsa tlosiwa ka kgato ka kgato mme go dirisiwa [[:en:Offset_printing|kgatiso ya offset]].<ref name=":9" /> Lekwalo la dikgang la saense la [[:en:Pula_(journal)|Pula]] le simolotse go gatisiwa ka ngwaga wa 1979 go gatisa di pego ka ga itsholelo, thuto, botho, le saense ya loago mo fatsheng la Botswana.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFStyle1979|Style 1979]], p.&#x20;13.</ref> Mokgatlho wa Bakwadi wa Botswana o tlhomilwe ka ngwaga wa 1981.<ref name=":10" /> Bagatisi ba le mmalwa ba thuto ba ne ba tlhoma makalana mo Botswana morago ga boipuso. [[:en:Longman_Botswana|Longman Botswana]] e tlhamilwe jaaka karolo ya Longman Lesotho, mme Heinemann Boleswa ya simolola go dira mo Botswana. [[:en:Macmillan_Botswana|Macmillan Botswana]] e ne ya tlhamiwa jaaka lekala la Macmillan Boleswa wa lefatshe la Eswatini ka ngwaga wa 1982 mme ya nna mogatisi yo mogolo wa thuto mo nageng mo dingwageng tse di latelang.<ref name=":10" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1984, Thuto ya Tlhabololo mo Botswana e ne ya nna buka ya ntlha go kwalwa ka sesupaditlhaka ka botlalo, go bofiwa, le go gatisiwa mo Botswana.<ref name=":10" /> Mokgatlho o o seng wa puso go rotloetsa dikgatlhego tsa batho ba Bsarwa, Terasete ya Tlhabololo ya Kuru, o gatisitse Mantswe a Basarwa (ka ngwaga wa 2004).<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;72.</ref> Mabaka a le mmalwa a setso a ka kgoreletsa bakwadi le bagatisi mo Botswana. Go bala ga se mokgwa o o dirwang kgapetsakgapetsa mo lefatsheng, bontlhanngwe jwa se ke ka ntlha ya go sa itse go bala le go kwala mo go kwa godimo, mme se se felela ka gore go rekisiwe thata. Dibuka di tlhwatlhwa e e ko tlase thata fa di bapisiwa le mafatshe a mangwe a Aforika, se se rayang gore bagatisi ba bona madi a a kwa tlase. Ka ngwaga wa 2002, kgatiso e e tlwaelesegileng ya thuto kgotsa ya selegae e ne e ja dipula di ka nna lesome le bone go ya kwa lesomeng le borataro la di [[:en:Botswana_pula|pula]](bobedi go ya kwa borarong jwa di [[:en:United_States_dollar|dolara tsa lefatshe la USA]]).<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFBahtaMutula2002|Bahta &#x26; Mutula 2002]], pp.&#x20;231–232.</ref> == Dikgang le bobegakgang == [[Setshwantsho:PT-Tsala ea Becoana-First Issue-1910.jpg|thumb|Tokololo ya ntlha ya lokwalo lwa dikgang lwa puo ya Setswana Tsala ea Becauna (ngwaga wa 1910)]] Makwalo a dikgang a Bokeresete a ne a anamisiwa mo Botswana wa gompieno go fitlha kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga la bo lesome le borobabongwe le tshimologo ya lekgolo la masome a mabedi la dingwaga, go akaretsa le ''Molekodi wa Batswana'' (phetolelo ya Tshedimosetso ya Batswana) le ''Mahoko a Botswana'' (phetolelo ya Mafoko a Botswana).<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> Puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya gatisa makwalo a dikgang a le mmalwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa masoem a mabedi, go akaretsa le ''kgatiso ya Bechuanaland, Dikgang tsa Bechuanaland'', le ''Vryburg Chronicle''.<ref name=":16">[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;70.</ref> Sol Plaatje o ne a tlhoma lekwalo la dikgang la ntlha la kgwebo la Setswana, ''Korante oa Bechoana'' (phetolelo ya Lekwalodikgang la Batswana) ka ngwaga wa 1901.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;69–70.</ref> Puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya simolola go gatisa buka ya dipego ya Seesemane/Setswana wa dipuo tse pedi wa ''Kutlwano'' (phetolelo ya Mutual Understanding) ka ngwaga wa 1963, mme go gatisiwa go ne ga tswelela morago ga boipuso. E simolotse go gatisa dikwalo tsa dikgang tsa ''Lekwalodikgang la'' ''Bechuanaland'' (''Bechuanaland Newsletter)'' ka one ngwaga oo, le le neng la nna ''Dikgang tsa Letsatsi le letsatsi la Bechuanaland'' ''(Bechuanaland Daily News)'' ka ngwaga wa1965 le [[:en:Botswana_Daily_News|''Dikgang tsa Letsatsi le letsatsi tsa Botswana'']] [[:en:Botswana_Daily_News|''(Botswana Daily News'']]'')'' ka ngwaga wa1966.<ref name=":16" /> Ka makoko a sepolotiki go ne ga tla makwalo a dikgang a a tshegediwang ke makoko ka dingwaga tsa bo 1960, jaaka Therisanyo (phetolelo ya Consultation) ya [[:en:Botswana_Democratic_Party|Lekoko la Puso ya batho ka batho la Botswana]] le Puo-Phaa ya [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|Lekoko la Bosetšhaba la Botswana]].<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;70–71.</ref> Go farologana le baagisani ba yona ba le bantsi mo Aforika, Botswana e ne ya nna le [[:en:Freedom_of_the_press|kgololesego e e nonofileng ya bobegadikgang]] morago ga boipuso mme ya letla dikgatiso tse di neng di tshwaya puso diphoso, le fa bontsi jwa mafelo a go rekisa a ne a laolwa ke puso go fitlha go tlhagelela ga dikgatiso tse e seng tsa puso ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980. Tse di ne di akaretsa Dumela (ka ngwaga wa 1981), [[:en:Botswana_Guardian|''Botswana Guardian'']] (ka ngwaga wa 1982), le [[:en:Mmegi_wa_Dikgang|Mmegi wa Dikgang]] ( ka ngwaga wa 1984), gareng ga tse dingwe tse dintsi. Newslink e simolotse go gatisiwa ka ngwaga wa 1990, mme dipatlisiso tsa ga ''Mmegi'' di ne tsa ribolola gore e ne e tsamaisiwa ka sephiri ke [[:en:National_Intelligence_Service_(South_Africa)|Tirelo ya Bosetšhaba ya]] [[:en:National_Intelligence_Service_(South_Africa)|Ditshedimosetso tsa Botlhale]] ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;71.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000, lekwalo la dikgang le legolo la puo ya Setswana mo Botswana e ne e le ''Mokgosi''.<ref name=":16" /> == Dikwalo tsa mafatshe a sele == === Dikgatiso tsa bokoloniale === Mo dibukeng tsa Seesemane, dikwalo tse di buang ka Botswana tse di kwadilweng ke batswantle di ne tsa tlhabologa ka bonako go feta khophase ya selegae.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;21.</ref> Batho ba le bantsi ba karolo kgolo ya lefatshe ye dikologilweng ke metsi a lewatle ya Europe ba ne ba kwala [[:en:Travel_book|dibuka tsa maeto]] mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe morago ga go etela lefatshe la Botswana, go akaretsa le ''Ditiro le Ditiragalo mo Aforika Borwa'' ( thanolo ya ''Labours and Scenes in South Africa'' ) (ngwaga wa 1842) ka Robert Moffat, ''Motsumi wa Ditau wa Aforika Borwa''(thanolo ya ''The Lion Hunter of South Africa)'' (1856) ka [[:en:Roualeyn_George_Gordon-Cumming|Roualeyn George Gordon-Cumming]], ''Maeto a Borongwa le Dipatlisiso mo Aforikaborwa'' (''Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa'')(ka ngwaga wa 1858) ka David Livingstone , Maeto a mo Aforikaborwa ( thanolo ya ''Travels in the Interior of Africa,)( ngwaga wa 1849 go ya kwa 1863)'' (ka ngwaga wa 1868) ka [[:en:James_Chapman_(explorer)|James Chapman]], le Motsomi le Motlhotlhomisi (thanolo ya ''Hunter and Explorer)'' yo o sa gatisiwang ka [[:en:William_Cotton_Oswell|William Cotton Oswell]]. Dibuka tse di ntseng jalo di ne tsa tswelela di tlhagelela go fitlha kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga.<ref name=":11" /> Dibuka tsa maeto di ne tsa dira gore go nne le buka ya tsatsi le letsatsi le dibuka tsa dikgakologelo mo ngwagakgolong wa masome a mabedi, jaaka tsa ga Charles Rey, [[:en:Resident_commissioner|mokomišenara wa moagi]] wa lefatshe la Britain wa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]].<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;65–66.</ref> Dibuka tse dingwe fela tse di botlhokwa tse di gatisitsweng ka ga Botswana wa gompieno ka nako e e ne e le tsa saense, bogolosegolo mo lephateng la thuto-loago.<ref name=":14" /> Nngwe ya dibuka tsa ntlha tsa ditso e ne e le ''Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aforika'': ''Khamé, Sebéle le Bathoeng'', tse di gatisitsweng ke London Missionary Society ka ngwaga wa 1895. Buka e, e ne ya tlhotlheletsa tlhamane e e tlwaelesegileng ya gore [[:en:Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[:en:Bangwaketse|Bangwaketse]], le [[:en:Bangwato|Bangwato]] ba ne ba tswa mo go bomorwarraagwe ba bararo ba maina a a tshwanang<ref name=":15" />. Puso ya bokoloniale e gatisitse ditso tsa tatelano ya dikgosi mo borwa jwa Aforika, Merafe ya Naga ya Transvaal ( thanolo ya ''The Native Tribes of the Transvaal'',), ka ngwaga wa 1904.<ref name=":12" /> Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o ne wa gatisa buka ya ditso e e neng e lebisitswe kwa baithuting, e leng [[:en:Edited_volume|kgatiso e e rulagantsweng]] ya ''Diňwao leha e le Dipololelo kaga Dico tsa Secwana'' ka Moruti A. J. Wookey, ka ngwaga wa 1913. Se e ne ya nna tiro ya motheo ya go kopanya ditiragalo tse di farologaneng tsa ditlhopha tse di farologaneng mo kgaolong go ya kwa bosweng bo le bongwe jo bo abelanwang. Go ralala dingwaga tsa bo 1930, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya kokoanya ditiragalo go tswa mo merafeng e e farologaneng. Se se ne sa dira gore go gatisiwe ''Ditirafalo tsa Merafhe ya Batswana ba Lefatshe le Tshireletso'' (thanolo ya History of the Tribes of the Bechuanaland Protectorate) le ''Mekgwa le Melao ya Batswana'' ( thanolo ya Customs and Laws of the Batswana) ka [[:en:Isaac_Schapera|Isaac Schamer]] ka [[:en:Lovedale_Press|Lovedale Press]] ka ngwaga wa 1940. Wa ntlha o ne wa kwalwa ke badiredi ba puso ya bokoloniale le baitseanape ba thutapuo ya batho (anthropologists), fa wa bobedi one o ne wa kwalwa ke Batswana ba selegae.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], pp.&#x20;671–672.</ref> Anthony Sillery o ne a gatisa ditso tsa setšhaba, ''The Bechuanaland Protectorate'', ka ngwaga wa 1952. Mokwalo o o ne wa kopanya ditso ya tiro ya borongwa le ya bokoloniale mo kgaolong le ditso tsa selegae tse di akareditsweng mo dikwalong tsa ditso tsa ngwaga wa 1913 le ngwaga wa 1940.<ref name=":13" /> === Thuto ya mainane le dikwalo === Dikwalo tsa lefatshe la Britain di ne tsa tsenngwa mo lefatsheng la Botswana wa gompieno fa e ne e le ka fa tlase ga puso ya lefatshe la teng, mme e ne e le yone thulaganyo ya thuto ya konokono ya dikwalo fa Sekolo sa Pius XII se ne se tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1945. Se se ne sa emisediwa ka go tlhoma mogopolo mo dikwalong tsa Seaforika fa Sekolo sa Pius XII se ne se tlhatlhangwa ke [[:en:University_of_Basutoland,_Bechuanaland,_and_Swaziland|Mmadikolo wa Basutoland, Bechuanaland, le Swaziland]].<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFRasebotsa1997|Rasebotsa 1997]], p.&#x20;178.</ref> Tekatekano ya dikwalo tsa Bophirima le tsa Aforika e ntse e le setlhogo se se kgatlhang mo thutong mo Botswana.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFRasebotsa1997|Rasebotsa 1997]], pp.&#x20;180–186.</ref> [[:en:Jules_Verne|Jules Verne]] o beile [[:en:The_Adventures_of_Three_Englishmen_and_Three_Russians_in_South_Africa|Ditiragalo tsa Makgoa a Mararo le Marussia a Mararo mo Aforika Borwa (''The Adventures of Three Englishmen and Three Russians in South Africa)'',]] nngwe ya dipadi tsa gagwe tsa [[:en:Voyages_extraordinaires|ditiragalo tsa Voyages tse di sa tlwaelegang]], kwa [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]]. Go tshwantsha ga gagwe ga kgaolo jaaka lefatshe le le sa tlwaelesegang go ne ga nna selo se se tlwaelesegileng mo mofuteng o.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;91.</ref> E ne ya tlhabololwa gape ke bakwadi ba bangwe ba dipadi tsa maitemogelo ba ba neng ba tlhoma dikgang tsa bone kwa Botswana, go akaretsa le [[:en:Nicholas_Monsarrat|Nicholas Monsarrat]] ka dingwaga tsa bo 1950 morago ga tiro ya gagwe kwa [[:en:Johannesburg|Johannesburg]] le tirelo ya bodipolomate ya lefatshe la Britain,<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], pp.&#x20;93–94.</ref> le K. R. Butler ka dingwaga tsa bo 1960.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;98.</ref> Dibuka tsa maitemogelo tse di beilweng mo Botswana yo o ikemetseng gantsi di dirisa puso ya teng ya batho ka batho e e tlhomameng, di e farologanya le mafatshe a mangwe tsa Aforika tse di bontshiwang di sa babalesega kgotsa di sa laolwe sentle ke merafe ya naga. Ka dinako tse dingwe go sala go tshwana fa Batswana ba naga ba tlhagisiwa jaaka ba ba sa kgoneng go tshegetsa puso ya batho ka batho le ba ba tlhokang thuso ya kwa ntle.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;92.</ref> Mokwadi wa lefatshe la British [[:en:Naomi_Mitchison|Naomi Mitchison]] o kwadile nngwe ya dipadi tsa ntlha tsa kwa ntle go tlhagisa Botswana ka lesedi la kutlwelobotlhoko ka Fa re Nna Banna (''When We Became Men)'' (ka ngwaga wa 1965).<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFSegal1966|Segal 1966]], pp.&#x20;15–16.</ref> Dikgang tsa dinaga di sele tse di beilweng mo Botswana di ile tsa nna le tlwaelo ya go tlhoma mogopolo mo lefatsheng, jaaka Sekaka sa Kalahari le [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], di tlhagisa naga e le lefatshe le le sesane, le le bobaba le le tshwanetseng go fenngwa. Se se farologana le dikgang tsa selegae tse di bonang batho e le ditlamorago tsa ditso ya bona go na le tikologo ya bona.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;163.</ref> [[:en:Norman_Rush|Norman Rush]] o kwadile dikgang tse dintsi tse di neng di rulagantswe kwa lefatsheng la Botswana morago ga go nna dingwaga di le nne mo nageng e le mokaedi wa ofisi ya yone ya ma [[:en:Peace_Corps|Peace Corps]].<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;74.</ref> Kgobokanyo ya gagwe ya dikgang tse dikhutshwe ya ''Whites'' (ngwaga wa 1986) le dipadi tsa gagwe tse pedi, ''[[:en:Mating_(novel)|Mating]]'' (ngwaga wa 1991) le ''[[:en:Mortals_(novel)|Mortals]]'' (ngwaga wa 2003), di ne di lebile thata go iphitlhelela ga baeng ba basweu mo setšhabeng kwa ntle ga go fa baanelwa bape ba ba tswang kwa Botswana boitshupo jo bo tlhaolegileng.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;75.</ref> Motseletsele wa dipadi tsa masaitsiweng tsa ga [[:en:Alexander_McCall_Smith|Alexander McCall Smith]], [[:en:The_No._1_Ladies'_Detective_Agency|Setheo sa Matseka sa Basadi sa No. 1 (''The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency)'']] (ngwaga wa 1998), se dirile gore Botswana e itsege thata mo [[:en:Western_world|lefatsheng la Bophirima]].<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], p.&#x20;2.</ref> Dipadi tse di bontsha dithulano tsa dipono tse di farologaneng tsa maitsholo mme di gatelela gore setšhaba sa Aforika se dingalo go feta ditshwantsho tsa lehuma le malwetse tse di bonwang kwa Bophirima, le fa gape di fa babadi ba Bophirima tshwantsho ya setšhaba e e sa emeleng dikwalo tse di tlwaelegileng tsa Aforika.<ref>[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFLederer2014|Lederer 2014]], pp.&#x20;118–123.</ref> Matsholo mangwe a bojanala kwa Botswana a umaka dibuka tseo go gogela bajanala ba ba tlwaelaneng le motseletsele o.<ref name=":7" /> == Molao le puso == Fa lefatshe la Botswana le sena go bona boipuso, le ne la amogela Molao wa lefatshe la Britain wa [[:en:Copyright_Act_1956|Ditshwanelo tsa go Kwala wa ngwaga ya 1956]] jaaka molao wa yone, go akaretsa le go tsaya karolo mo [[:en:Berne_Convention|Tumalanong ya Berne]]. Melao e mengwe e e maleba mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tsa boipuso e akaretsa Molao wa Dikgatiso tse di Gatisitsweng le Molao wa Tirelo ya Lefelo la go bala la Bosetšhaba wa ngwaga wa 1967.<ref name=":9" /> [[:en:Ministry_of_Education_(Botswana)|Lephata la Thuto]] le rotloetsa go itse go bala le go kwala le go tlhagisa dibuka ka Lephata la lone la Thuto ya Motheo ya Bagolo.<ref name=":17">[[:en:Literature_of_Botswana#CITEREFBahtaMutula2002|Bahta &#x26; Mutula 2002]], p.&#x20;232.</ref> Ditirelo tsa Lefelo la go bala ya Bosetšhaba ya Botswana di ne tsa tlhoma lenaneo la kamore ya go buisa mo metseng go dira gore metse ya magae e kgone go bona dikwalo; Metse e le masome a matlhano le bone e ne e akareditswe ka ngwaga wa 1994.<ref name=":17" /> == Bona gape == * [[:en:Botswana_art|Botaki jwa Botswana]] * [[:en:Culture_of_Botswana|Setso sa Botswana]] * [[:en:Education_in_Botswana|Thuto mo Botswana]] * [[:en:South_African_literature|Dikwalo tsa Aforika Borwa]] == Dintlha == <references /> == Metswedi == * Bahta, Samuel Ghile; Mutula, Stephen M. 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[[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33178-7|978-0-313-33178-7.]] [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62118271 62118271]. * Kgosidintsi, Thandiwe; Parsons, Neil (1989). "[https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/abpr.1989.15.3.171/html Publishing in Botswana]". The African Book Publishing Record. 15 (3): 171–172. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1515/abpr.1989.15.3.171|10.1515/abpr.1989.15.3.171]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1865-8717 1865-8717]. * Lederer, Mary S. (2014). Novels of Botswana in English, 1930-2006 (First ed.). African Heritage Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-940729-15-2|978-1-940729-15-2]]. * Morton, Barry (2011). "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23237956 Narrativity and Tswana Oral Tradition]". Botswana Notes and Records. 43: 52–63. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0525-5090 0525-5090]. 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The Journal of Commonwealth Literature. 1 (2): 15–17. doi:[[doi:10.1177/002198946700200107|10.1177/002198946700200107.]] [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9894 0021-9894]. * Style, O.-lan (1979). "[http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002198947901400204 Africa: Southern: Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland, Zimbabwe-Rhodesia]". The Journal of Commonwealth Literature. 14 (2): 13–21. doi:[[doi:10.1177/002198947901400204|10.1177/002198947901400204]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9894 0021-9894]. * Style, O.-lan (1982). "[http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002198948201600205 Africa: Southern: Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland, Zimbabwe]". The Journal of Commonwealth Literature. 16 (2): 12–31. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1177/002198948201600205|10.1177/002198948201600205]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9894 0021-9894]. * p7w0ls925pa86kpj9hj6rw3v5c25p8d 0 14478 53091 52638 2026-07-24T11:28:31Z Atsile Edith 11759 Ke senotse tsebe e #Wikipedia25BW 53091 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Go bona tiriso e nngwe, bona [[:en:Puku_(disambiguation)|Puku (tlhaloso).]]'' '''Puku''' ('''Kobus vardonii''') ke [[:en:Antelope|phologolo ya losika lwa diphala]] ya bogolo jo bo magareng e e fitlhelwang mo [[:en:Grasslands|nageng e e nang le bojang]] jo bo bongola kwa borwa jwa [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]], [[Namibia]], [[Tanzania]], [[Zambia]] le go feta mo [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Noka e e phatlallang ya Okavango]] kwa lefatsheng la [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. <ref>IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/11037/50189881 "''Kobus vardonii''"]. ''IUCN Red List of Threatened Species''. '''2016''' e.T11037A50189881. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T11037A50189881.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.</ref>Mo e ka nnang nngwe tharong ya puku yotlhe e fitlhelwa mo [[:en:Protected_area|mafelong a a sireleditsweng]], [[:en:Zoo|lefelo la diphologolo]] le [[:en:National_park|lefelo le le sereleditsweng ke puso go baballa diphologolo tsa bosetšhaba]] ka ntlha ya go fokotsega ga [[:en:Habitat|lefelo la bone la bonno]].<ref>Jenkins, Richard K.B; Maliti, Honori T.; Corti, Graham R. (April 2003). "Conservation of the puku antelope in the Kilombero Valley, Tanzania". ''Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation''. '''12''' (4): 787–797. doi:[[doi:10.1023/A:1022426026881|10.1023/A:1022426026881.]] ISSN&#x20;0960-3115. S2CID&#x20;22493056.</ref><ref name=":0">Rodgers, W. A. (1984). "Status of puku (Kobus vardoni Livingstone) in Tanzania". ''African Journal of Ecology''. '''22''' (2): 117–125. Bibcode:1984AfJEc..22..117R. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1984.tb00685.x. ISSN&#x20;0141-6707.</ref> == Tlhaloso == Puku e ka nna boleele jwa disentimetara di le masome a robabobedi (boeele jwa di inch di le masome a mararo le bongwe)(31 in) mo legetleng e bile e bokete jwa dikilogerama di le masome a supa go ya ko masome a robabobedi (bokete jwa diponto di le lekgolo le masome a matlhano go ya kwa lekgolong le masome a borobabobedi)(150 to 180 lb). Puku e na le mmala o o borokwa jo bo motlhaba, mme ka fa tlase ga yone e le borokwa jo bo phatsimang. Moriri wa yone o mokima go feta wa [[:en:Southern_reedbuck|phuduhudu ya borwa]], [[:en:Lechwe|lechwe]] kgotsa wa [[:en:Impala|phala]] kgotsa wa [[:en:Oribi|phuduhudu-kgamane]] e nnye. Tse di tona di na le dinaka tse di bopegileng jaaka mekgokolosa, di le boleele jwa di centimeter di le masome a matlhano (boleele jwa di inch di le masome a mabedi ), le sebopego sa [[:en:Lyre|lyre]].<ref>Skinner, J. D.; Chimimba, Christian T. (2005). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=iqwEYkTDZf4C&pg=PA685 The Mammals of the Southern African Sub-region]''. Cambridge University Press. pp.&#x20;685–. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-521-84418-5</bdi>.</ref> == Dikarolwana tsa mefuta ya ditshedi == Go na le mefuta e le mebedi ya tsone, e leng Senga Puku (''Kobus vardonii senganus'') le puku ya borwa (''Kobus vardonii vardonii''). == Tikologo == Dipuku di fitlhelwa thata mo [[:en:Marsh|mafelong a a nang le bojang jo bo metsi]] le mo mafelong a a bongola a a phophomang metsi kwa di jang bojang. Dijo tsa puku di fetoga go ya ka mofuta wa bojang jo bo jewang. <ref name=":0" />Go na le kgaisano e nnye ya dijo le losika lwa diphologolo tse ditlhakwana tse di kgaoganeng ka bogare tse dingwe. <ref>Rduch, Vera (2016). "Diet of the Puku Antelope (Kobus Vardonii) and Dietary Overlap with Selected Other Bovids in Kasanka National Park, Zambia". ''Mammal Research''. '''61''' (3): 289–297. doi:[[:en:Puku#cite_note-pukudiet-5|10.1007/s13364-016-0268-y.]] S2CID&#x20;15475378</ref>Mofuta o o [[:en:Crepuscular|tsamaya bosigo]], o tlhaga mo mosong thata le motshegare thata. Fa puku e tshogile, e letsa molodi o o kwa godimo thata. Tse di namagadi di kopana ka [[:en:Herd|ditlhopha]] tse di ka fitlhang go masome a mabedi .Ka paka ya dipula, ditlhopa tse di kopana mmogo gore di nne le pabalesego e e oketsegileng, gantsi e nna le tse di namagadi di ka nna masome a matlhano . Tse ditonanyana di [[:en:Territory_(animal)|laola mafelo]] a di leng mo go one mme di leka go tlhotlheletsa ditlhopa tsa dinamagadi gore di nne mo mafelong a tsone ka lobaka lo loleele ka fa go ka kgonegang ka teng. Ka paka ya pula, ka ntlha ya merwalela e megolo mo lefelong la tsone la bonno di fudugela kwa bogodimong jo bo kwa godimo mme ka paka ya komelelo di nna gaufi le metsi.<ref>Macdonald, David Whyte (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=9JdwAQAACAAJ ''The Princeton Encyclopedia of Mammals''.] Princeton University Press. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-691-14069-8</bdi>.</ref> == Sekhutlhwana sa ditshanwatsho == [[Setshwantsho:Puku female, South Luangwa.jpg|left|thumb|K. v e namagadi kgatlhanong le senganus le fawn, kwa Borwa jwa Luangwa NP, kwa lefatsheng la Zambia]] [[Setshwantsho:Puku Fawn Suckling Kafue Jul23 A7R 05264.jpg|left|thumb|Namane e namagadi ya Kobus vardonii e e amusang, Lefelo la diphologolo la Bosetšhaba ya Kafue, Zambia]] [[Setshwantsho:Southern puku (Kobus vardonii vardonii) female.jpg|center|thumb|256x256px|Namagadi ya K. v. vardonii, kwa Lefelong la diphologlo la Bosetšhaba ya Chobe, Botswana]] [[Setshwantsho:Puku male and female (Zambia).jpg|thumb|puku ya namagadi le e tonanyana |border|305x305px]] [[Setshwantsho:Southern puku (Kobus vardonii vardonii) female head.jpg|left|thumb|Namagadi ya K. v. vardonii, kwa Lefelong la diphologolo la Bosetšhaba ya Chobe, Botswana]] [[Setshwantsho:Southern puku (Kobus vardonii vardonii) fawn.jpg|thumb|K. v. vardonii fawn, kwa Lefelong la diphologlo la Bosetšhaba la Chobe, Botswana]] == Metswedi == 0hz868xfh4fbigw5rtfbgwieme8h8wd 0 14576 53062 53029 2026-07-24T07:42:32Z Khumo Batolomi 11767 Created by translating the section "Causes" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364346865|Desertification]]" 53062 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Global_distribution_of_dryland_subtypes_based_on_the_aridity_index.png|thumb|dikgaolo tsa lefatshe le le omeletseng di bontshiwa mo moalong lefatshe ka bophara , go lebilwe seelo sa komelelo se se badilweng mo palogareng ya dingwaga di le masome a mararo ka 1981 go ya go 2010. Dikaka tse di tlwaelesegileng di supiwa ke setlhopha sa hyper-arid (serolwana/mmala wa lephutshe yo o sa gatelelang). ]] [[File:Somalia,_Mudug,_Dhinowda_(02).jpg|right|thumb|234x234px|Go nna sekaka ga lefelo mo go feteletseng kwa Somalia]] '''Go nna sekaka ga lefelo''' ke mofuta wa go senyega ga lefatshe mo go diragalang ka iketlo mo lefatshe le le nonneng go fetoga go nna sekaka se se omeletseng ka ntlha ya kopano ya ditiragalo tsa tlholego le ditiro tsa batho. Selo se se bakang go nna sekaka gantsi ke go latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa dimela. Se se bakwa ke dintlha di le mmalwa, di le nosi kgotsa di kopantswe, jaaka komelelo, diphetogo tsa loapi, go epa mmu go dira temothuo, go fudisa go feta selekanyo le go rengwa ga dikgwa go bona lookwane kgotsa didirisiwa tsa kago. Le fa dimela di na le seabe se segolo mo go tlhomamiseng popego ya mmu, dithutopatlisiso di bontshitse gore, mo ditikologong tse dintsi, seelo sa kgothego le go elela ga metsi se fokotsega ka bontsi fa go khurumetsa mmu ga dimela go oketsega. <ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Geeson, Nichola |year=2002 |title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-84448-9 |page=58 |display-authors=etal |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mmu yo o sa sirelediwang fa godimo, le yo omeletseng e fokwa ke phefo kgotsa e gogolwa ke merwalela ya tshoganyetso, mo go tlogelang mmu yo o ka fa tlase yo o sa nonang thata gore o nne mo letsatsing mme o felele o omelela thata o ka seke o ungwe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref> <ref name="Zeng L17401">{{Cite journal |last=Zeng |first=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Banni ba kana masome a le boferabongwe mo lekgolong (90%) ba mafelo a a omeletseng ba nna mo mafatsheng a a santseng a tlhabologa, a mo go one gape ba sokodisiwang ke diemo tsa itsholelo le morafe. <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Seemo se se gakadiwa ke go fokotsega boleng jwa lefatshe mo go fokotsang go ungwa ga lone, go sa tlhomamang ga methale ya go itshetsa le go nna dingalo gore batho ba fitlhelele metswedi ya madi le ditshono. Dikgaolo mo lefatsheng tse di amegang thata di mo Aforika ( kgaolo ya Sahel ), Asia ( Sekaka sa Gobi le Mongolia ) le dikarolo tsa Amerika Borwa . Lefatshe le le omeletseng le tsaya mo e ka nnang masome a mane go ya go a le mane le bongwe mo lekgolong (40–41%) ya lefatshe la Lefatshe (Earth's land) mme ke legae la&nbsp;batho ba le dibilione di le pedi. Ditlamorago tsa go fetoga ga lefelo go nna sekaka di akaretsa ditsuatsue tsa motlhaba le lerole, go tlhoka go tshepha go nna teng ga dijo, le lehuma . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Carvalho |first=Keegan |date=2024-12-03 |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=Earth.Org |language=en}}</ref> Methale ya go fokotsa kgotsa go busetsa morago go nna sekaka ga lefelo go akaretsa go tokafatsa boleng jwa mmu, go dira dikaka ditala, go laola mafulo, le go jala ditlhare ( go jala dikgwa sesha le go jala dikgwa ) <ref>{{Cite web |last=N.V |first=GREEN EARTH GROUP |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=www.green.earth |language=en}}</ref> Mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa popego ya lefatshe, go nna teng ga dikaka go diragetse ka tlholego mo nakong e e telele thata. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}</ref> Thuto ya segompieno ya go fetoga sekaka ga mafelo e tlhagile go tswa mo thutong ya komelelo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1980 kwa Sahel . <ref name=":6">{{Cite book |date=2016 |title=The End of Desertification? |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |issn=2197-9596 |editor-last2=Mortimore |editor-first2=Michael}}</ref> == Ditlhaloso == Go nna sekaka ga lefelo ke tiragalo e e diregang ka iketlo ya go oketsega ga komelelo ya mmu . Go nna sekaka ga lefelo go tlhalositswe mo mokwalong wa Tumalano ya Ditšhabakopano ya go Lwantsha go Nna Sekaka (UNCCD) jaaka "go latlhegelwa ke boleng ga mmu mo dikgaolong tse di omileng, tse di omeletseng go le sekae le tse di omileng mme di na le bokgola jo bo kwa tlase mo go bakiwang ke mabaka a a farologaneng, go akaretsa le dipharologano tsa seemo sa loapi le ditiro tsa batho." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hulme |first=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Tlhaloso ya Sekaka – Lefelo mo lefatsheng le selekanyo sa pula le kapoko se leng kwa tlase thata go na le mafelo a mangwe, le palogare ya pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga e leng kwa tlase ga disenthimithara di le masome a mabedi le botlhano. Tlhaloso ka UNO (1995) – Go latlhegelwa ke boleng ga lefatshe mo mafelong a a senang sepe, a a bokgola le a a seng bokgola ka ntlha ya phetogo ya loapi le ditiro tsa batho go bidiwa go nna sekaka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> Go tloga ka 2005, go ne go na le kganetsano e tona ka ga tlhaloso e e siameng ya lefoko ''desertification(go nna sekaka)'' ka ditlhaloso tse di fetang lekgolo tsa semmuso tse di neng di le teng. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Geist |first=Helmut |date=1 October 2017 |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-24085-5 |location=London |doi=10.4324/9781315240855}}</ref> E e neng ya amogelwa thata ke ya thanodi ya Sekolo sa dithuto tse di kgolwane sa Princeton e e neng ya e tlhalosa jaaka " tiragalo e lefatshe le le nonneng ''le fetogang sekaka'' ka ntlha ya go rengwa ga dikgwa, [[Leuba|komelelo]] kgotsa temothuo e e sa siamang ".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2026)">citation needed</span>'' &#x5D;</sup> Tlhaloso e e bontshitse ka tlhamalalo kgolagano ya go fetoga ga lefatshe go nna sekaka le ditiro tsa batho, segolobogolo tiriso ya lefatshe le mekgwa ya taolo ya lefatshe. E ne gape ya tlhagisa ditlamorago tsa itsholelo, loago le tikologo tsa go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo. Le fa go ntse jalo, tlhaloso e ya ntlha ya gore go nna sekaka ga lefelo go ne go akaretsa go atolosiwa ga dikaka ke batho e gannwe ka gonne mogopolo o o ne wa tswelela ka go fetoga fa e sale ka nako eo. Gape go na le dikganetsano dingwe mabapi le go aroganngwa ga mefuta ya sekaka, go akaretsa, boammaaruri le mosola wa tlhaloso ya mafoko a a a tshwanang le "sekaka se se dirilweng ke batho" le "sekaka se se senang moalo". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geist |first=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == tse di bakang go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo == === tsa pele/ntlha fela === Selo se se bakang go nna sekaka ga lefelo ga ntlha fela ke go latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa dimela. Se se bakwa ke dintlha di le mmalwa, di le nosi kgotsa di kopantswe, jaaka komelelo, diphetogo tsa seemo sa loapi, go epa mmu go lema, go fudisa go feta selekanyo le go rengwa ga dikgwa go bona lookwane kgotsa didirisiwa tsa kago. Le fa dimela di na le seabe se segolo mo go tlhomamiseng popego ya mmu, dithutopatlisiso di bontshitse gore, mo ditikologong tse dintsi, seelo sa kgothego ya mmu le go elela ga metsi se fokotsega ka bontsi fa go khurumetsa ga dimela go oketsega. <ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Geeson, Nichola |year=2002 |title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-84448-9 |page=58 |display-authors=etal |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mmu yo o fa godimo yo o sa sirelediwang, le yo o omeletseng e fokwa ke phefo kgotsa di gogolwa ke merwalela ya tshoganyetso, mo go tlogelang dikarolo tse di kwa tlase tsa mmu go fisiwa ke letsatsi mme di omelele thata di palelwe ke go ungwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2003-09-01 |title=Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |journal=Resources Policy |language=en |volume=29 |issue=3-4 |doi=10.1016/j.re |issn=0301-4207 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414114519/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |archive-date=2022-04-14}}</ref> === Tlhotlheletso ya ditiro tsa batho === Dithutopatlisiso tsa ntlha di ne di nganga gore nngwe ya dilo tse di tlwaelesegileng tse di bakang go nna sekaka ga lefelo e ne e le go fudisa go feta selekanyo, go ja dimela go feta selekanyo ke dikgomo le diruiwa tse dingwe. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |url-status=live |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |access-date=24 May 2022}}</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, seabe sa tiriso e e feteletseng ya selegae mo go bakang go nna sekaka ga mafelo mo nakong e e fetileng ya bosheng go na le dikganetsano. <ref name=":6">{{Cite book |date=2016 |title=The End of Desertification? |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |issn=2197-9596 |editor-last2=Mortimore |editor-first2=Michael}}</ref> Jaanong go akanngwa gore komelelo mo kgaolong ya Sahel e bakilwe thata ke go fetoga ga seelo sa pula ka dipaka tse di dirwang ke go fetoga ga mogote wa metsi a fa godimo a lewatle, mo go bakwang thata ke go fetogafetoga ga tlholego le go ntshiwa ga di-aerosol ( dikarolwana tsa sulfate tse di bonaletsang ) le digase tse di bakiwang ke batho. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |article-number=e591}}</ref> Ka ntlha ya se, go fetoga ga mogote wa lewatle le go fokotsega ga mesi ya sulfate go dirile gore kgaolo e e nne tala gape. <ref name=":3" /> Se se dirile gore barutegi bangwe ba bolele gore go latlhegelwa ke dimela mo go bakiwang ke temothuo ke selo se sennye se se ka dirang gore lefelo le fetoge sekaka. <ref name=":6" /> Diphetogo tsa palo ya batho di na le ditlamorago tse di tona mo go fudiseng go feta selekanyo, go lema go feta selekanyo le go rengwa ga dikgwa, mekgwa ye ya pele e e neng e amogelesega lantlha e setse e sena tswelelopele jaanong. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Epule |first=Terence Epule |last2=Peng |first2=Changhui |last3=Lepage |first3=Laurent |date=February 2015 |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward |journal=GeoJournal |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=79–92 |bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z |issn=0343-2521 |s2cid=154503204}}</ref> Go na le mabaka a mantsi a balemibarui ba dirisang temothuo e e tseneletseng go na le temothuo e e tswelelang fela lebaka le legolo ke go oketsa thobo. <ref name=":52">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> Ka go oketsa thobo, ba tlhoka menontshane e mentsi thata, dibolaya-ditshedi le badiri go tlhokomela didirisiwa. Tiriso e e tswelelang e ya lefatshe e fetsa ka bonako dikotla tsa mmu mo go dirang gore go nna sekaka ga legelo go aname. <ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Intensive agriculture |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture |archive-date=24 June 2008 |access-date=19 November 2019 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> === Dipharologanyo tsa tlholego === Baitseanape ba maranyane ba dumalana gore go nna teng ga sekaka mo lefelong le sekaka sa Sahara se leng mo go lone jaanong ke ka ntlha ya dipharologanyo tsa tlholego tsa letsatsi ka ntlha ya go dikologa ga Lefatshe. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tierney |first=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352 |article-number=e1601503}}</ref> Dipharologanyo tse di tshwanang le tse di tlhotlheletsa maatla a Monsoon ya Aforika Bophirima, mo go bakang gore dimela di fetoge gape le go ntsha lerole le le di godisang go gefoga fa seemo sa loapi, pula e na gape go tla go nna le komelelo mo Sahara. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pausata |first=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Gape go na le kakanyo ya gore phetogo ya Sahara go tswa mo savanna go ya kwa sekakeng ka nako ya bogareng jwa Holocene e ne e le ka bontlhabongwe ka ntlheng ya go fulwa go feta selekanyo ke dikgomo tsa baagi ba lefelo le. <ref name="Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period">{{Cite journal |last=K. Wright |first=David |last2=Rull |first2=Valenti |last3=Roberts |first3=Richard |last4=Marchant |first4=Rob |last5=Gil-Romera |first5=Graciela |date=26 January 2017 |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |page=4 |bibcode=2017FrEaS...5....4W |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Baitseanape ba tsweletse ka go ithuta dikgaolo tse di botlhokwa, ba netefatsa gore ditiro tsa batho le boitekanelo jwa mmu di kopanela le mabaka a bosa jaaka dilo tse ditona tse di nang le seabe mo go nneng sekaka ga lefelo. Mo Sekakeng sa Mu Us, boitekanelo jwa mmu bo dira 37% ya ditiragalo tsa go nna sekaka fa ditiro tsa bosa le tsa batho di dira go lwantsha tiragalo e ka 46% le 17%, ka go latelana. Go nna sekaka mo teng ga Mongolia go tlhaolwa ka 24% ya mabaka a tsa bosa le 34.7% ya melemo ya mmu mo tikologong e yotlhe. Shaanxi ke sekai se se ganetsenang se mo go sone mabaka a bosa a berekang kgatlhanong le go nna sekaka mme mmu o one o gakatsa seemo, mo go supang ditlhotlheletso tse di farologaneng tsa mabaka a tlholego go tsamaya ka dikgaolo. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Jiaying |last2=Li |first2=Yu |last3=Wang |first3=Xuhui |last4=Ma |first4=Zhongxu |date=22 October 2024 |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.9154L |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Phetogo ya seemo sa loapi === Dipatlisiso ka ga go fetoga ga legelo go nna sekaka di farologane, mme ga go na seelo se le sengwe se se ka tlhalosang dintlha tsotlhe. Le fa go ntse jalo, phetogo e e tseneletseng ya seemo sa bosa e santse e solofetswe go oketsa mafelo a a omeletseng mo dikontinenteng tsa Lefatshe: go tswa go 38% kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga la bomasome mabedi go ya go 50% kgotsa 56% kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga, ka fa tlase ga Ditsela tsa Boemedi tsa "mo bogareng" le tse di thuthafetseng thata tsa dipalo 4.5 le 8.5. Bontsi jwa katoloso bo tla bonwa mo dikgaolong tse di tshwanang le "borwabophirima jwa Amerika Bokone, ntlha e e kwa bokone jwa Aforika, borwa jwa Aforika, le Australia". <ref name=":52">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> Dikgaolo tse di omeletseng di tsere 41% ya moalo jwa lefatshe mme di akaretsa 45% ya lefatshe la temothuo mo lefatsheng ka bophara. Dikgaolo tse di gareng ga dithulaganyo tsa tikologo tse di mo kotsing thata ya phetogo ya [[Phetogo ya Seemo sa Loapi|seemo sa loapi]] le tiriso ya lefatshe e e bakiwang ke batho ka jalo di mo kotsing ya go fetoga sekaka. Thutopatlisiso e e ikaegileng ka go lebelela seemo ya go nna sekaka ga mafelo e ne ya dirwa ka 2020 mme e ne ya tlhalosa phetogo ya seemo sa loapi, go fetogafetoga ga seemo sa loapi, menontshane ya CO2 mmogo le diphetogo tsa tikologo tse di bakiwang ke tiriso ya lefatshe ka iketlo le ka bonako. <ref name="Burrell" /> Thutopatlisiso e e ne ya bona gore, magareng ga 1982 le 2015, 6% ya mafatshe a a omeletseng a lefatshe a ne a fetoga go nna sekaka mo go bakilweng ke mekgwa ya tiriso ya lefatshe e e senang tswelelopele e e neng e okeditswe ke phetogo ya seemo sa loapi e e bakiwang ke batho. Le fa go nna tala ga lefatshe ka bophara go le teng, phetogo ya seemo sa loapi e e bakiwang ke batho e digile boleng jwa lefatshe ka 12.6% ( 5.43 milione ya km ² ) mo nageng e e omeletseng eo, mo go nang le seabe mo go fetogeng ga naga go nna sekaka le go ama batho ba le didikadike di le makgolo a mabedi le lesome le boraro , 93% ya bone e le ba ba nnang mo diitsholelong tse di santseng tlhabologang . <ref name="Burrell" /> === Temothuo le ditiro tsa temothuo === Ditiro tsa temothuo jaaka go fudisa go feta selekanyo di baka go nna sekaka ga lefelo. Mo tirong e ya temothuo, diruiwa tse di tshwanang le dikgomo di letlelelwa go fula mo karolong ya lefatshe e le nngwe ka nako e telele ntle le go jala bojang go busetsa jo bo fudilweng. Ka ntlha ya se, lefatshe le nna lebala fela, mo go dirang gore le betswe ke mogoten o o tswang mo letsatsing o o dirang gore le thatafale, phefo e e bokete gape le yone e dira gore lefatshe le latlhegelwe ke dikotla tsa lone. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Otterman |first=Joseph |date=1974-11-08 |title=Baring High-Albedo Soils by Overgrazing: A Hypothesized Desertification Mechanism |url=https://doi.org/10.1126/science.186.4163.531 |journal=Science |volume=186 |issue=4163 |pages=531–533 |doi=10.1126/science.186.4163.531 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> Go lemolola mmu go feta selekanyo le go jwala mofuta o le mongwe wa semela ke ditiro tse dingwe tsa temothuo tse di bakang go nna sekaka ga lefelo mo Aforika. Go jala semela se le sengwe kgapetsakgapetsa mo lefatsheng le le lengwe go ntsha dikotla tse di botlhokwa mo lefatsheng. Fa mmu o setse o fedile boleng, o latlhegelwa ke menontshane ya one ya tlholego le bokgoni jwa go boloka bokgola, mme se se dire gore mmu o thatafale le go phanyega. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2011-12-30 |title=Desertification, its Causes and why it Matters |url=https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119977759.ch1 |journal=Desertification, Land Degradation and Sustainability |pages=3–39 |doi=10.1002/9781119977759.ch1}}</ref> hdi9iuii43i089q8hdpvx64regx6qz0 53081 53062 2026-07-24T10:46:34Z Khumo Batolomi 11767 Created by translating the section "Effects" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364346865|Desertification]]" 53081 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Global_distribution_of_dryland_subtypes_based_on_the_aridity_index.png|thumb|dikgaolo tsa lefatshe le le omeletseng di bontshiwa mo moalong lefatshe ka bophara , go lebilwe seelo sa komelelo se se badilweng mo palogareng ya dingwaga di le masome a mararo ka 1981 go ya go 2010. Dikaka tse di tlwaelesegileng di supiwa ke setlhopha sa hyper-arid (serolwana/mmala wa lephutshe yo o sa gatelelang). ]] [[File:Somalia,_Mudug,_Dhinowda_(02).jpg|right|thumb|234x234px|Go nna sekaka ga lefelo mo go feteletseng kwa Somalia]] '''Go nna sekaka ga lefelo''' ke mofuta wa go senyega ga lefatshe mo go diragalang ka iketlo mo lefatshe le le nonneng go fetoga go nna sekaka se se omeletseng ka ntlha ya kopano ya ditiragalo tsa tlholego le ditiro tsa batho. Selo se se bakang go nna sekaka gantsi ke go latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa dimela. Se se bakwa ke dintlha di le mmalwa, di le nosi kgotsa di kopantswe, jaaka komelelo, diphetogo tsa loapi, go epa mmu go dira temothuo, go fudisa go feta selekanyo le go rengwa ga dikgwa go bona lookwane kgotsa didirisiwa tsa kago. Le fa dimela di na le seabe se segolo mo go tlhomamiseng popego ya mmu, dithutopatlisiso di bontshitse gore, mo ditikologong tse dintsi, seelo sa kgothego le go elela ga metsi se fokotsega ka bontsi fa go khurumetsa mmu ga dimela go oketsega. <ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Geeson, Nichola |year=2002 |title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-84448-9 |page=58 |display-authors=etal |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mmu yo o sa sirelediwang fa godimo, le yo omeletseng e fokwa ke phefo kgotsa e gogolwa ke merwalela ya tshoganyetso, mo go tlogelang mmu yo o ka fa tlase yo o sa nonang thata gore o nne mo letsatsing mme o felele o omelela thata o ka seke o ungwe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref> <ref name="Zeng L17401">{{Cite journal |last=Zeng |first=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Banni ba kana masome a le boferabongwe mo lekgolong (90%) ba mafelo a a omeletseng ba nna mo mafatsheng a a santseng a tlhabologa, a mo go one gape ba sokodisiwang ke diemo tsa itsholelo le morafe. <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Seemo se se gakadiwa ke go fokotsega boleng jwa lefatshe mo go fokotsang go ungwa ga lone, go sa tlhomamang ga methale ya go itshetsa le go nna dingalo gore batho ba fitlhelele metswedi ya madi le ditshono. Dikgaolo mo lefatsheng tse di amegang thata di mo Aforika ( kgaolo ya Sahel ), Asia ( Sekaka sa Gobi le Mongolia ) le dikarolo tsa Amerika Borwa . Lefatshe le le omeletseng le tsaya mo e ka nnang masome a mane go ya go a le mane le bongwe mo lekgolong (40–41%) ya lefatshe la Lefatshe (Earth's land) mme ke legae la&nbsp;batho ba le dibilione di le pedi. Ditlamorago tsa go fetoga ga lefelo go nna sekaka di akaretsa ditsuatsue tsa motlhaba le lerole, go tlhoka go tshepha go nna teng ga dijo, le lehuma . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Carvalho |first=Keegan |date=2024-12-03 |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=Earth.Org |language=en}}</ref> Methale ya go fokotsa kgotsa go busetsa morago go nna sekaka ga lefelo go akaretsa go tokafatsa boleng jwa mmu, go dira dikaka ditala, go laola mafulo, le go jala ditlhare ( go jala dikgwa sesha le go jala dikgwa ) <ref>{{Cite web |last=N.V |first=GREEN EARTH GROUP |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=www.green.earth |language=en}}</ref> Mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa popego ya lefatshe, go nna teng ga dikaka go diragetse ka tlholego mo nakong e e telele thata. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}</ref> Thuto ya segompieno ya go fetoga sekaka ga mafelo e tlhagile go tswa mo thutong ya komelelo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1980 kwa Sahel . <ref name=":6">{{Cite book |date=2016 |title=The End of Desertification? |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |issn=2197-9596 |editor-last2=Mortimore |editor-first2=Michael}}</ref> == Ditlhaloso == Go nna sekaka ga lefelo ke tiragalo e e diregang ka iketlo ya go oketsega ga komelelo ya mmu . Go nna sekaka ga lefelo go tlhalositswe mo mokwalong wa Tumalano ya Ditšhabakopano ya go Lwantsha go Nna Sekaka (UNCCD) jaaka "go latlhegelwa ke boleng ga mmu mo dikgaolong tse di omileng, tse di omeletseng go le sekae le tse di omileng mme di na le bokgola jo bo kwa tlase mo go bakiwang ke mabaka a a farologaneng, go akaretsa le dipharologano tsa seemo sa loapi le ditiro tsa batho." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hulme |first=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Tlhaloso ya Sekaka – Lefelo mo lefatsheng le selekanyo sa pula le kapoko se leng kwa tlase thata go na le mafelo a mangwe, le palogare ya pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga e leng kwa tlase ga disenthimithara di le masome a mabedi le botlhano. Tlhaloso ka UNO (1995) – Go latlhegelwa ke boleng ga lefatshe mo mafelong a a senang sepe, a a bokgola le a a seng bokgola ka ntlha ya phetogo ya loapi le ditiro tsa batho go bidiwa go nna sekaka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> Go tloga ka 2005, go ne go na le kganetsano e tona ka ga tlhaloso e e siameng ya lefoko ''desertification(go nna sekaka)'' ka ditlhaloso tse di fetang lekgolo tsa semmuso tse di neng di le teng. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Geist |first=Helmut |date=1 October 2017 |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-24085-5 |location=London |doi=10.4324/9781315240855}}</ref> E e neng ya amogelwa thata ke ya thanodi ya Sekolo sa dithuto tse di kgolwane sa Princeton e e neng ya e tlhalosa jaaka " tiragalo e lefatshe le le nonneng ''le fetogang sekaka'' ka ntlha ya go rengwa ga dikgwa, [[Leuba|komelelo]] kgotsa temothuo e e sa siamang ".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2026)">citation needed</span>'' &#x5D;</sup> Tlhaloso e e bontshitse ka tlhamalalo kgolagano ya go fetoga ga lefatshe go nna sekaka le ditiro tsa batho, segolobogolo tiriso ya lefatshe le mekgwa ya taolo ya lefatshe. E ne gape ya tlhagisa ditlamorago tsa itsholelo, loago le tikologo tsa go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo. Le fa go ntse jalo, tlhaloso e ya ntlha ya gore go nna sekaka ga lefelo go ne go akaretsa go atolosiwa ga dikaka ke batho e gannwe ka gonne mogopolo o o ne wa tswelela ka go fetoga fa e sale ka nako eo. Gape go na le dikganetsano dingwe mabapi le go aroganngwa ga mefuta ya sekaka, go akaretsa, boammaaruri le mosola wa tlhaloso ya mafoko a a a tshwanang le "sekaka se se dirilweng ke batho" le "sekaka se se senang moalo". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geist |first=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == tse di bakang go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo == === tsa pele/ntlha fela === Selo se se bakang go nna sekaka ga lefelo ga ntlha fela ke go latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa dimela. Se se bakwa ke dintlha di le mmalwa, di le nosi kgotsa di kopantswe, jaaka komelelo, diphetogo tsa seemo sa loapi, go epa mmu go lema, go fudisa go feta selekanyo le go rengwa ga dikgwa go bona lookwane kgotsa didirisiwa tsa kago. Le fa dimela di na le seabe se segolo mo go tlhomamiseng popego ya mmu, dithutopatlisiso di bontshitse gore, mo ditikologong tse dintsi, seelo sa kgothego ya mmu le go elela ga metsi se fokotsega ka bontsi fa go khurumetsa ga dimela go oketsega. <ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Geeson, Nichola |year=2002 |title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-84448-9 |page=58 |display-authors=etal |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mmu yo o fa godimo yo o sa sirelediwang, le yo o omeletseng e fokwa ke phefo kgotsa di gogolwa ke merwalela ya tshoganyetso, mo go tlogelang dikarolo tse di kwa tlase tsa mmu go fisiwa ke letsatsi mme di omelele thata di palelwe ke go ungwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2003-09-01 |title=Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |journal=Resources Policy |language=en |volume=29 |issue=3-4 |doi=10.1016/j.re |issn=0301-4207 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414114519/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |archive-date=2022-04-14}}</ref> === Tlhotlheletso ya ditiro tsa batho === Dithutopatlisiso tsa ntlha di ne di nganga gore nngwe ya dilo tse di tlwaelesegileng tse di bakang go nna sekaka ga lefelo e ne e le go fudisa go feta selekanyo, go ja dimela go feta selekanyo ke dikgomo le diruiwa tse dingwe. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |url-status=live |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |access-date=24 May 2022}}</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, seabe sa tiriso e e feteletseng ya selegae mo go bakang go nna sekaka ga mafelo mo nakong e e fetileng ya bosheng go na le dikganetsano. <ref name=":6">{{Cite book |date=2016 |title=The End of Desertification? |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |issn=2197-9596 |editor-last2=Mortimore |editor-first2=Michael}}</ref> Jaanong go akanngwa gore komelelo mo kgaolong ya Sahel e bakilwe thata ke go fetoga ga seelo sa pula ka dipaka tse di dirwang ke go fetoga ga mogote wa metsi a fa godimo a lewatle, mo go bakwang thata ke go fetogafetoga ga tlholego le go ntshiwa ga di-aerosol ( dikarolwana tsa sulfate tse di bonaletsang ) le digase tse di bakiwang ke batho. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |article-number=e591}}</ref> Ka ntlha ya se, go fetoga ga mogote wa lewatle le go fokotsega ga mesi ya sulfate go dirile gore kgaolo e e nne tala gape. <ref name=":3" /> Se se dirile gore barutegi bangwe ba bolele gore go latlhegelwa ke dimela mo go bakiwang ke temothuo ke selo se sennye se se ka dirang gore lefelo le fetoge sekaka. <ref name=":6" /> Diphetogo tsa palo ya batho di na le ditlamorago tse di tona mo go fudiseng go feta selekanyo, go lema go feta selekanyo le go rengwa ga dikgwa, mekgwa ye ya pele e e neng e amogelesega lantlha e setse e sena tswelelopele jaanong. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Epule |first=Terence Epule |last2=Peng |first2=Changhui |last3=Lepage |first3=Laurent |date=February 2015 |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward |journal=GeoJournal |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=79–92 |bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z |issn=0343-2521 |s2cid=154503204}}</ref> Go na le mabaka a mantsi a balemibarui ba dirisang temothuo e e tseneletseng go na le temothuo e e tswelelang fela lebaka le legolo ke go oketsa thobo. <ref name=":52">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> Ka go oketsa thobo, ba tlhoka menontshane e mentsi thata, dibolaya-ditshedi le badiri go tlhokomela didirisiwa. Tiriso e e tswelelang e ya lefatshe e fetsa ka bonako dikotla tsa mmu mo go dirang gore go nna sekaka ga legelo go aname. <ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Intensive agriculture |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture |archive-date=24 June 2008 |access-date=19 November 2019 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> === Dipharologanyo tsa tlholego === Baitseanape ba maranyane ba dumalana gore go nna teng ga sekaka mo lefelong le sekaka sa Sahara se leng mo go lone jaanong ke ka ntlha ya dipharologanyo tsa tlholego tsa letsatsi ka ntlha ya go dikologa ga Lefatshe. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tierney |first=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352 |article-number=e1601503}}</ref> Dipharologanyo tse di tshwanang le tse di tlhotlheletsa maatla a Monsoon ya Aforika Bophirima, mo go bakang gore dimela di fetoge gape le go ntsha lerole le le di godisang go gefoga fa seemo sa loapi, pula e na gape go tla go nna le komelelo mo Sahara. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pausata |first=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Gape go na le kakanyo ya gore phetogo ya Sahara go tswa mo savanna go ya kwa sekakeng ka nako ya bogareng jwa Holocene e ne e le ka bontlhabongwe ka ntlheng ya go fulwa go feta selekanyo ke dikgomo tsa baagi ba lefelo le. <ref name="Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period">{{Cite journal |last=K. Wright |first=David |last2=Rull |first2=Valenti |last3=Roberts |first3=Richard |last4=Marchant |first4=Rob |last5=Gil-Romera |first5=Graciela |date=26 January 2017 |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |page=4 |bibcode=2017FrEaS...5....4W |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Baitseanape ba tsweletse ka go ithuta dikgaolo tse di botlhokwa, ba netefatsa gore ditiro tsa batho le boitekanelo jwa mmu di kopanela le mabaka a bosa jaaka dilo tse ditona tse di nang le seabe mo go nneng sekaka ga lefelo. Mo Sekakeng sa Mu Us, boitekanelo jwa mmu bo dira 37% ya ditiragalo tsa go nna sekaka fa ditiro tsa bosa le tsa batho di dira go lwantsha tiragalo e ka 46% le 17%, ka go latelana. Go nna sekaka mo teng ga Mongolia go tlhaolwa ka 24% ya mabaka a tsa bosa le 34.7% ya melemo ya mmu mo tikologong e yotlhe. Shaanxi ke sekai se se ganetsenang se mo go sone mabaka a bosa a berekang kgatlhanong le go nna sekaka mme mmu o one o gakatsa seemo, mo go supang ditlhotlheletso tse di farologaneng tsa mabaka a tlholego go tsamaya ka dikgaolo. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Jiaying |last2=Li |first2=Yu |last3=Wang |first3=Xuhui |last4=Ma |first4=Zhongxu |date=22 October 2024 |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.9154L |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Phetogo ya seemo sa loapi === Dipatlisiso ka ga go fetoga ga legelo go nna sekaka di farologane, mme ga go na seelo se le sengwe se se ka tlhalosang dintlha tsotlhe. Le fa go ntse jalo, phetogo e e tseneletseng ya seemo sa bosa e santse e solofetswe go oketsa mafelo a a omeletseng mo dikontinenteng tsa Lefatshe: go tswa go 38% kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga la bomasome mabedi go ya go 50% kgotsa 56% kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga, ka fa tlase ga Ditsela tsa Boemedi tsa "mo bogareng" le tse di thuthafetseng thata tsa dipalo 4.5 le 8.5. Bontsi jwa katoloso bo tla bonwa mo dikgaolong tse di tshwanang le "borwabophirima jwa Amerika Bokone, ntlha e e kwa bokone jwa Aforika, borwa jwa Aforika, le Australia". <ref name=":52">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> Dikgaolo tse di omeletseng di tsere 41% ya moalo jwa lefatshe mme di akaretsa 45% ya lefatshe la temothuo mo lefatsheng ka bophara. Dikgaolo tse di gareng ga dithulaganyo tsa tikologo tse di mo kotsing thata ya phetogo ya [[Phetogo ya Seemo sa Loapi|seemo sa loapi]] le tiriso ya lefatshe e e bakiwang ke batho ka jalo di mo kotsing ya go fetoga sekaka. Thutopatlisiso e e ikaegileng ka go lebelela seemo ya go nna sekaka ga mafelo e ne ya dirwa ka 2020 mme e ne ya tlhalosa phetogo ya seemo sa loapi, go fetogafetoga ga seemo sa loapi, menontshane ya CO2 mmogo le diphetogo tsa tikologo tse di bakiwang ke tiriso ya lefatshe ka iketlo le ka bonako. <ref name="Burrell" /> Thutopatlisiso e e ne ya bona gore, magareng ga 1982 le 2015, 6% ya mafatshe a a omeletseng a lefatshe a ne a fetoga go nna sekaka mo go bakilweng ke mekgwa ya tiriso ya lefatshe e e senang tswelelopele e e neng e okeditswe ke phetogo ya seemo sa loapi e e bakiwang ke batho. Le fa go nna tala ga lefatshe ka bophara go le teng, phetogo ya seemo sa loapi e e bakiwang ke batho e digile boleng jwa lefatshe ka 12.6% ( 5.43 milione ya km ² ) mo nageng e e omeletseng eo, mo go nang le seabe mo go fetogeng ga naga go nna sekaka le go ama batho ba le didikadike di le makgolo a mabedi le lesome le boraro , 93% ya bone e le ba ba nnang mo diitsholelong tse di santseng tlhabologang . <ref name="Burrell" /> === Temothuo le ditiro tsa temothuo === Ditiro tsa temothuo jaaka go fudisa go feta selekanyo di baka go nna sekaka ga lefelo. Mo tirong e ya temothuo, diruiwa tse di tshwanang le dikgomo di letlelelwa go fula mo karolong ya lefatshe e le nngwe ka nako e telele ntle le go jala bojang go busetsa jo bo fudilweng. Ka ntlha ya se, lefatshe le nna lebala fela, mo go dirang gore le betswe ke mogoten o o tswang mo letsatsing o o dirang gore le thatafale, phefo e e bokete gape le yone e dira gore lefatshe le latlhegelwe ke dikotla tsa lone. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Otterman |first=Joseph |date=1974-11-08 |title=Baring High-Albedo Soils by Overgrazing: A Hypothesized Desertification Mechanism |url=https://doi.org/10.1126/science.186.4163.531 |journal=Science |volume=186 |issue=4163 |pages=531–533 |doi=10.1126/science.186.4163.531 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> Go lemolola mmu go feta selekanyo le go jwala mofuta o le mongwe wa semela ke ditiro tse dingwe tsa temothuo tse di bakang go nna sekaka ga lefelo mo Aforika. Go jala semela se le sengwe kgapetsakgapetsa mo lefatsheng le le lengwe go ntsha dikotla tse di botlhokwa mo lefatsheng. Fa mmu o setse o fedile boleng, o latlhegelwa ke menontshane ya one ya tlholego le bokgoni jwa go boloka bokgola, mme se se dire gore mmu o thatafale le go phanyega. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2011-12-30 |title=Desertification, its Causes and why it Matters |url=https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119977759.ch1 |journal=Desertification, Land Degradation and Sustainability |pages=3–39 |doi=10.1002/9781119977759.ch1}}</ref> == Ditlamorago == === Ditsuatsue tsa motlhaba le lerole === [[File:SHB-Red-Dust.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa Borogo jwa Boemadikepe jwa Sydney jo bo khurumeditsweng ke lerole]] Go nnile le koketsego ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong (25%) ya lerole mo lefatsheng e le dipalo tsa ngwaga le ngwaga magareng ga bokhutlo jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesomeleboferabongwe go fitlha gompieno. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stanelle |first=Tanja |last2=Bey |first2=Isabelle |last3=Raddatz |first3=Thomas |last4=Reick |first4=Christian |last5=Tegen |first5=Ina |date=16 December 2014 |title=Anthropogenically induced changes in twentieth century mineral dust burden and the associated impact on radiative forcing |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |language=en |volume=119 |issue=23 |pages=13,526–13,546 |bibcode=2014JGRD..11913526S |doi=10.1002/2014JD022062 |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0024-A9A2-C |s2cid=128663108 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Koketsego ya go nna sekaka ga mafelo gape go okeditse selekanyo sa motlhaba o o motlhofo le lerole le phefo e ka le tsayang la felela le nna setsuatsue. Ka sekai, ditsuatsue tsa lerole kwa Botlhabagare "di nna kgapetsakgapetsa le go nna maatla mo dingwageng tsa bosheng jaana" ka gore "phokotsego ya pula ya paka e telele [e baka] bokgola jo bo kwa tlase jwa mmu le phokotsego ya khurumetso ya dimela ". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Namdari |first=Soodabeh |last2=Karimi |first2=Neamat |last3=Sorooshian |first3=Armin |last4=Mohammadi |first4=GholamHasan |last5=Sehatkashani |first5=Saviz |date=1 January 2018 |title=Impacts of climate and synoptic fluctuations on dust storm activity over the Middle East |journal=Atmospheric Environment |volume=173 |pages=265–276 |bibcode=2018AtmEn.173..265N |doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.016 |issn=1352-2310 |pmc=6192056 |pmid=30344444}}</ref> Difefo tsa lerole di ka nna le seabe mo malwetseng mangwe a go hema jaaka nyumonia, malwetsi a letlalo, khupelo le a mangwe a mantsi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudie |first=Andrew S. |date=1 February 2014 |title=Desert dust and human health disorders |journal=Environment International |volume=63 |pages=101–113 |bibcode=2014EnInt..63..101G |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2013.10.011 |issn=0160-4120 |pmid=24275707}}</ref> Di ka kgotlela metswedi ya metsi e e bulegileng , tsa fokotsa go atlega ga maiteko a lookwane/maatla a a phepa, le go emisa bontsi jwa mefuta ya dipalamo. Ditsuatsue tsa lerole le motlhaba di ka nna le ditlamorago tse di sa siamang mo seemong sa loapi mo go ka dirang gore go nna sekaka ga lefelo go nne maswe le go feta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hu |first=Tiantian |last2=Wu |first2=Di |last3=Li |first3=Yaohui |last4=Wang |first4=Chenghai |date=28 March 2017 |title=The Effects of Sandstorms on the Climate of Northwestern China |journal=Advances in Meteorology |language=en |volume=2017 |issue=1 |bibcode=2017AdMet201735609H |doi=10.1155/2017/4035609 |issn=1687-9309 |doi-access=free |article-number=e4035609}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wu |first=Yao |last2=Wen |first2=Bo |last3=Li |first3=Shanshan |last4=Guo |first4=Yuming |date=1 June 2021 |title=Sand and dust storms in Asia: a call for global cooperation on climate change |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |language=English |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=e329–e330 |bibcode=2021LanPH...5.e329W |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00082-6 |issn=2542-5196 |pmid=33915087 |s2cid=233460168 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dikarolwana tsa lerole mo phefong di phatlalatsa marang a a tsenang go tswa mo letsatsing (Hassan, 2012). Lerole le le ka dira khurumetso ya nakwana ya mogote yo o fa fatshe mme fela mogote wa lefaufau one o tla oketsega. Se se ka senya le go khutshwafatsa botshelo jwa maru se se ka felelang se baka pula e e nnye. <ref name=":52">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> === Go tlhoka go tsepama ga seemo sa go nna teng ga dijo === Go nna le dijo mo lefatsheng lotlhe go tshosediwa ke go fetoga ga naga go nna sekaka. Fa palo ya batho e gola, go tshwanetse ga jalwa dijo tse dintsi . Kgwebo ya temothuo e fudusiwa go tswa mo lefatsheng le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. Sekai, Yuropa ka palogare e reka dijo tsa bone di feta sephatlo mo lekgolong go tswa kwa ntle. Mme jalo, 44% ya lefatshe la temothuo le fitlhelwa mo mafatsheng a a omeletseng mme a tlamela ka 60% ya dijo tsa lefatshe lotlhe ka bophara. Go fetoga ga mafelo go nna sekaka go fokotsa selekanyo sa lefatshe le le nang le tswelelopele la tiriso ya temothuo mme letlhoko la dijalo le tsweletse ka go gola. Mo isagong e e gaufi, letlhoko le tlaa feta thobo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=WAD {{!}} World Atlas of Desertification |url=https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209170553/https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |archive-date=9 December 2019 |access-date=19 November 2019 |website=wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu}}</ref> Dikgotlhang tse di maswe tsa badisa le balemibarui kwa Nigeria, Sudan, Mali le mafatshe a mangwe mo kgaolong ya Sahel di gakaditswe ke [[Phetogo ya Seemo sa Loapi|phetogo ya seemo sa loapi]], go senyega ga lefatshe le kgolo ya palo ya batho . <ref>{{Cite news|date=22 January 2019|title=The battle on the frontline of climate change in Mali|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/the-reporters-46921487|access-date=18 December 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=6 August 2018|title=Farmer-Herder Conflicts on the Rise in Africa|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/farmer-herder-conflicts-rise-africa|access-date=18 December 2021}}</ref> === Koketsego ya lehuma === [[File:Soil_erosion,_Southfield_-_geograph.org.uk_-_367917.jpg|thumb|Kgothego ya mmu kwa ntle ga Leuchars]] Palo e ka nna 90% ya baagi ba mafatshe a a omeletseng ba nna mo mafatsheng a a santseng a tlhabologa, a mo go one gape ba sokolang ka ntlha ya maemo a a bokoa a itsholelo le lefatshe. <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Seemo se se gakadiwa ke go latlhegelwa ke boleng jwa lefatshe ka ntlha ya phokotsego ya bokgoni jwa lone jwa go ungwa, go sa tlhomamang ga maemo a botshelo le bothata jwa go fitlhelela metswedi le ditshono tsa go fetola diemo tse. Mafatshe a a sa tlhabologang ka bontsi a amiwa ke seemo sa go fudisa go feta selekanyo, go lapa ga lefatshe le go ntsha metsi a a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe go feta selekanyo ka ntlha ya dikgatelelo tsa go dirisa mafelo a a omeletseng a a kwa thoko go dira temothuo. Batsaa ditshwetso ga ba rate go beeletsa mo dikgaolong tse di omeletseng tse di nang le bokgoni jo bo kwa tlase. Go tlhoka dipeeletso mo go dira gore dikgaolo tse di kgaphelwe kwa thoko. Fa diemo tse di siamang tsa temothuo-seemo sa loapi di kopanngwa le go tlhoka mafaratlhatlha le phitlhelelo ya mebaraka, ga mmogo le mekgwa ya go lema dijo e e sa tlwaelesegang sentle le setšhaba se se sa jesiweng sentle gape se se sa rutegang sentle, bontsi jwa dikgaolo tse di ntseng jaana di kgaphelwa thoko mo tlhabololong. <ref name="csf-desertification.org">{{Cite web |title=Cornet A., 2002. Desertification and its relationship to the environment and development: a problem that affects us all. In: Ministère des Affaires étrangères/adpf, Johannesburg. World Summit on Sustainable Development. 2002. What is at stake? The contribution of scientists to the debate: 91–125.. |url=http://www.csf-desertification.org/index.php/bibliotheque/doc_details/119-cornet-antoine-2002-desertification-and-its-relationship-to-the-environment-and-development |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090809142606/http://www.csf-desertification.org/index.php/bibliotheque/doc_details/119-cornet-antoine-2002-desertification-and-its-relationship-to-the-environment-and-development |archive-date=9 August 2009}}</ref> Go fetoga ga lefelo go nna sekaka gantsi go dira gore mafelo a a kwa magaeng a se ka a kgona go tshegetsa palo ya batho e e tshwanang le ya pele e e neng e nna gone mo lefelong. Se se felela se baka khudugo ya bontsi mo tswa mo magaeng go ya kwa ditoropong segolobogolo mo Aforika mo go dirang letlhoko la ditiro le mekhukhu . <ref>{{Cite book |last=Pasternak, Dov |year=2001 |title=Combating desertification with plants |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-i8-DPf6xgC&pg=PA20 |last2=Schlissel, Arnold |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-306-46632-8 |page=20 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://books.google.com/books?id=B-i8-DPf6xgC&pg=PA20 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Briassoulis, Helen |year=2005 |title=Policy integration for complex environmental problems: the example of Mediterranean desertification |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CpYnV45hVRsC&pg=PA161 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |isbn=978-0-7546-4243-5 |page=161 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161052/https://books.google.com/books?id=CpYnV45hVRsC&pg=PA161 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Palo ya batshabi ba ba diemo tsa tikologo e a gola ngwaga le ngwaga, mme diponelopele tsa Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara di bontsha koketsego e e ka nnang teng go tswa mo didikadikeng di le lesome le bone ka 2010 go ya go didikadike di ka nna makgolo a mabedi ka 2050. Se se dira mathata kwa pele mo kgaolong e, ka gore ditšhaba tse di mabapi ga di na bokgoni jwa go tshegetsa palo ya batho ba le bantsi ya batshabi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Myers |first=Norman |date=29 April 2002 |title=Environmental refugees: a growing phenomenon of the 21st century |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences |volume=357 |issue=1420 |pages=609–613 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2001.0953 |pmc=1692964 |pmid=12028796}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Epule |first=Terence Epule |last2=Peng |first2=Changhui |last3=Lepage |first3=Laurent |date=5 February 2014 |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward |journal=GeoJournal |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=79–92 |bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z |s2cid=154503204}}</ref> Kwa Mongolia, 90% ya lefatshe ke le le omileng le le bokoa, se se dirang gore badisa ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa toropong go ya go bereka. Ka ditsompelo tse di lekanyeditsweng thata, badisa ba ba nnang mo lefatsheng le le omeletseng ba fudisa ka kelotlhoko thata gore ba kgone go somarela lefatshe. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2018 |title=Mongolia's nomadic way of life under threat |url=https://gulfnews.com/lifestyle/mongolias-nomadic-way-of-life-under-threat-1.2259998 |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref> Temothuo ke nngwe ya metswedi e megolo ya lotseno mo merafeng ya banni ba sekaka mo Aforika. Koketsego ya go nna sekaka ga mafelo mo dikgaolong tse go sentse lefatshe mo e leng gore batho ga ba tlhole ba kgona go lema le go rua ka tsela e e nang le thobo le go dira dipoelo. Se se amile itsholelo ka tsela e e sa siamang le go oketsa seelo sa lehuma. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stringer |first=Lindsay C. |last2=Dyer |first2=Jen C. |last3=Reed |first3=Mark S. |last4=Dougill |first4=Andrew J. |last5=Twyman |first5=Chasca |last6=Mkwambisi |first6=David |year=2009 |title=Adaptations to climate change, drought and desertification: local insights to enhance policy in southern Africa |journal=Environmental Science & Policy |volume=12 |issue=7 |pages=748–765 |bibcode=2009ESPol..12..748S |doi=10.1016/j.envsci.2009.04.002}}</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, go na le go oketsega ga bobueledi jwa lefatshe ka bophara, sekai ba UN SDG 15 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Goal 15 targets |url=https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904001634/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html |archive-date=4 September 2017 |access-date=24 September 2020 |website=UNDP |language=en}}</ref> go lwantsha go fetoga ga mafelo go nna sekaka le go buseletsa mafatshe a a setseng a amegile. lse9obv0z8s87vyh6nhinmllrpygano 53093 53081 2026-07-24T11:39:46Z Khumo Batolomi 11767 Created by translating the section "Geographic areas affected" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364346865|Desertification]]" 53093 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Global_distribution_of_dryland_subtypes_based_on_the_aridity_index.png|thumb|dikgaolo tsa lefatshe le le omeletseng di bontshiwa mo moalong lefatshe ka bophara , go lebilwe seelo sa komelelo se se badilweng mo palogareng ya dingwaga di le masome a mararo ka 1981 go ya go 2010. Dikaka tse di tlwaelesegileng di supiwa ke setlhopha sa hyper-arid (serolwana/mmala wa lephutshe yo o sa gatelelang). ]] [[File:Somalia,_Mudug,_Dhinowda_(02).jpg|right|thumb|234x234px|Go nna sekaka ga lefelo mo go feteletseng kwa Somalia]] '''Go nna sekaka ga lefelo''' ke mofuta wa go senyega ga lefatshe mo go diragalang ka iketlo mo lefatshe le le nonneng go fetoga go nna sekaka se se omeletseng ka ntlha ya kopano ya ditiragalo tsa tlholego le ditiro tsa batho. Selo se se bakang go nna sekaka gantsi ke go latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa dimela. Se se bakwa ke dintlha di le mmalwa, di le nosi kgotsa di kopantswe, jaaka komelelo, diphetogo tsa loapi, go epa mmu go dira temothuo, go fudisa go feta selekanyo le go rengwa ga dikgwa go bona lookwane kgotsa didirisiwa tsa kago. Le fa dimela di na le seabe se segolo mo go tlhomamiseng popego ya mmu, dithutopatlisiso di bontshitse gore, mo ditikologong tse dintsi, seelo sa kgothego le go elela ga metsi se fokotsega ka bontsi fa go khurumetsa mmu ga dimela go oketsega. <ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Geeson, Nichola |year=2002 |title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-84448-9 |page=58 |display-authors=etal |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mmu yo o sa sirelediwang fa godimo, le yo omeletseng e fokwa ke phefo kgotsa e gogolwa ke merwalela ya tshoganyetso, mo go tlogelang mmu yo o ka fa tlase yo o sa nonang thata gore o nne mo letsatsing mme o felele o omelela thata o ka seke o ungwe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref> <ref name="Zeng L17401">{{Cite journal |last=Zeng |first=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Banni ba kana masome a le boferabongwe mo lekgolong (90%) ba mafelo a a omeletseng ba nna mo mafatsheng a a santseng a tlhabologa, a mo go one gape ba sokodisiwang ke diemo tsa itsholelo le morafe. <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Seemo se se gakadiwa ke go fokotsega boleng jwa lefatshe mo go fokotsang go ungwa ga lone, go sa tlhomamang ga methale ya go itshetsa le go nna dingalo gore batho ba fitlhelele metswedi ya madi le ditshono. Dikgaolo mo lefatsheng tse di amegang thata di mo Aforika ( kgaolo ya Sahel ), Asia ( Sekaka sa Gobi le Mongolia ) le dikarolo tsa Amerika Borwa . Lefatshe le le omeletseng le tsaya mo e ka nnang masome a mane go ya go a le mane le bongwe mo lekgolong (40–41%) ya lefatshe la Lefatshe (Earth's land) mme ke legae la&nbsp;batho ba le dibilione di le pedi. Ditlamorago tsa go fetoga ga lefelo go nna sekaka di akaretsa ditsuatsue tsa motlhaba le lerole, go tlhoka go tshepha go nna teng ga dijo, le lehuma . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Carvalho |first=Keegan |date=2024-12-03 |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=Earth.Org |language=en}}</ref> Methale ya go fokotsa kgotsa go busetsa morago go nna sekaka ga lefelo go akaretsa go tokafatsa boleng jwa mmu, go dira dikaka ditala, go laola mafulo, le go jala ditlhare ( go jala dikgwa sesha le go jala dikgwa ) <ref>{{Cite web |last=N.V |first=GREEN EARTH GROUP |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=www.green.earth |language=en}}</ref> Mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa popego ya lefatshe, go nna teng ga dikaka go diragetse ka tlholego mo nakong e e telele thata. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}</ref> Thuto ya segompieno ya go fetoga sekaka ga mafelo e tlhagile go tswa mo thutong ya komelelo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1980 kwa Sahel . <ref name=":6">{{Cite book |date=2016 |title=The End of Desertification? |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |issn=2197-9596 |editor-last2=Mortimore |editor-first2=Michael}}</ref> == Ditlhaloso == Go nna sekaka ga lefelo ke tiragalo e e diregang ka iketlo ya go oketsega ga komelelo ya mmu . Go nna sekaka ga lefelo go tlhalositswe mo mokwalong wa Tumalano ya Ditšhabakopano ya go Lwantsha go Nna Sekaka (UNCCD) jaaka "go latlhegelwa ke boleng ga mmu mo dikgaolong tse di omileng, tse di omeletseng go le sekae le tse di omileng mme di na le bokgola jo bo kwa tlase mo go bakiwang ke mabaka a a farologaneng, go akaretsa le dipharologano tsa seemo sa loapi le ditiro tsa batho." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hulme |first=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Tlhaloso ya Sekaka – Lefelo mo lefatsheng le selekanyo sa pula le kapoko se leng kwa tlase thata go na le mafelo a mangwe, le palogare ya pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga e leng kwa tlase ga disenthimithara di le masome a mabedi le botlhano. Tlhaloso ka UNO (1995) – Go latlhegelwa ke boleng ga lefatshe mo mafelong a a senang sepe, a a bokgola le a a seng bokgola ka ntlha ya phetogo ya loapi le ditiro tsa batho go bidiwa go nna sekaka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> Go tloga ka 2005, go ne go na le kganetsano e tona ka ga tlhaloso e e siameng ya lefoko ''desertification(go nna sekaka)'' ka ditlhaloso tse di fetang lekgolo tsa semmuso tse di neng di le teng. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Geist |first=Helmut |date=1 October 2017 |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-24085-5 |location=London |doi=10.4324/9781315240855}}</ref> E e neng ya amogelwa thata ke ya thanodi ya Sekolo sa dithuto tse di kgolwane sa Princeton e e neng ya e tlhalosa jaaka " tiragalo e lefatshe le le nonneng ''le fetogang sekaka'' ka ntlha ya go rengwa ga dikgwa, [[Leuba|komelelo]] kgotsa temothuo e e sa siamang ".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2026)">citation needed</span>'' &#x5D;</sup> Tlhaloso e e bontshitse ka tlhamalalo kgolagano ya go fetoga ga lefatshe go nna sekaka le ditiro tsa batho, segolobogolo tiriso ya lefatshe le mekgwa ya taolo ya lefatshe. E ne gape ya tlhagisa ditlamorago tsa itsholelo, loago le tikologo tsa go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo. Le fa go ntse jalo, tlhaloso e ya ntlha ya gore go nna sekaka ga lefelo go ne go akaretsa go atolosiwa ga dikaka ke batho e gannwe ka gonne mogopolo o o ne wa tswelela ka go fetoga fa e sale ka nako eo. Gape go na le dikganetsano dingwe mabapi le go aroganngwa ga mefuta ya sekaka, go akaretsa, boammaaruri le mosola wa tlhaloso ya mafoko a a a tshwanang le "sekaka se se dirilweng ke batho" le "sekaka se se senang moalo". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geist |first=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == tse di bakang go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo == === tsa pele/ntlha fela === Selo se se bakang go nna sekaka ga lefelo ga ntlha fela ke go latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa dimela. Se se bakwa ke dintlha di le mmalwa, di le nosi kgotsa di kopantswe, jaaka komelelo, diphetogo tsa seemo sa loapi, go epa mmu go lema, go fudisa go feta selekanyo le go rengwa ga dikgwa go bona lookwane kgotsa didirisiwa tsa kago. Le fa dimela di na le seabe se segolo mo go tlhomamiseng popego ya mmu, dithutopatlisiso di bontshitse gore, mo ditikologong tse dintsi, seelo sa kgothego ya mmu le go elela ga metsi se fokotsega ka bontsi fa go khurumetsa ga dimela go oketsega. <ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Geeson, Nichola |year=2002 |title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-84448-9 |page=58 |display-authors=etal |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mmu yo o fa godimo yo o sa sirelediwang, le yo o omeletseng e fokwa ke phefo kgotsa di gogolwa ke merwalela ya tshoganyetso, mo go tlogelang dikarolo tse di kwa tlase tsa mmu go fisiwa ke letsatsi mme di omelele thata di palelwe ke go ungwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2003-09-01 |title=Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |journal=Resources Policy |language=en |volume=29 |issue=3-4 |doi=10.1016/j.re |issn=0301-4207 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414114519/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |archive-date=2022-04-14}}</ref> === Tlhotlheletso ya ditiro tsa batho === Dithutopatlisiso tsa ntlha di ne di nganga gore nngwe ya dilo tse di tlwaelesegileng tse di bakang go nna sekaka ga lefelo e ne e le go fudisa go feta selekanyo, go ja dimela go feta selekanyo ke dikgomo le diruiwa tse dingwe. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |url-status=live |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |access-date=24 May 2022}}</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, seabe sa tiriso e e feteletseng ya selegae mo go bakang go nna sekaka ga mafelo mo nakong e e fetileng ya bosheng go na le dikganetsano. <ref name=":6">{{Cite book |date=2016 |title=The End of Desertification? |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |issn=2197-9596 |editor-last2=Mortimore |editor-first2=Michael}}</ref> Jaanong go akanngwa gore komelelo mo kgaolong ya Sahel e bakilwe thata ke go fetoga ga seelo sa pula ka dipaka tse di dirwang ke go fetoga ga mogote wa metsi a fa godimo a lewatle, mo go bakwang thata ke go fetogafetoga ga tlholego le go ntshiwa ga di-aerosol ( dikarolwana tsa sulfate tse di bonaletsang ) le digase tse di bakiwang ke batho. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |article-number=e591}}</ref> Ka ntlha ya se, go fetoga ga mogote wa lewatle le go fokotsega ga mesi ya sulfate go dirile gore kgaolo e e nne tala gape. <ref name=":3" /> Se se dirile gore barutegi bangwe ba bolele gore go latlhegelwa ke dimela mo go bakiwang ke temothuo ke selo se sennye se se ka dirang gore lefelo le fetoge sekaka. <ref name=":6" /> Diphetogo tsa palo ya batho di na le ditlamorago tse di tona mo go fudiseng go feta selekanyo, go lema go feta selekanyo le go rengwa ga dikgwa, mekgwa ye ya pele e e neng e amogelesega lantlha e setse e sena tswelelopele jaanong. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Epule |first=Terence Epule |last2=Peng |first2=Changhui |last3=Lepage |first3=Laurent |date=February 2015 |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward |journal=GeoJournal |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=79–92 |bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z |issn=0343-2521 |s2cid=154503204}}</ref> Go na le mabaka a mantsi a balemibarui ba dirisang temothuo e e tseneletseng go na le temothuo e e tswelelang fela lebaka le legolo ke go oketsa thobo. <ref name=":52">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> Ka go oketsa thobo, ba tlhoka menontshane e mentsi thata, dibolaya-ditshedi le badiri go tlhokomela didirisiwa. Tiriso e e tswelelang e ya lefatshe e fetsa ka bonako dikotla tsa mmu mo go dirang gore go nna sekaka ga legelo go aname. <ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Intensive agriculture |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture |archive-date=24 June 2008 |access-date=19 November 2019 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> === Dipharologanyo tsa tlholego === Baitseanape ba maranyane ba dumalana gore go nna teng ga sekaka mo lefelong le sekaka sa Sahara se leng mo go lone jaanong ke ka ntlha ya dipharologanyo tsa tlholego tsa letsatsi ka ntlha ya go dikologa ga Lefatshe. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tierney |first=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352 |article-number=e1601503}}</ref> Dipharologanyo tse di tshwanang le tse di tlhotlheletsa maatla a Monsoon ya Aforika Bophirima, mo go bakang gore dimela di fetoge gape le go ntsha lerole le le di godisang go gefoga fa seemo sa loapi, pula e na gape go tla go nna le komelelo mo Sahara. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pausata |first=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Gape go na le kakanyo ya gore phetogo ya Sahara go tswa mo savanna go ya kwa sekakeng ka nako ya bogareng jwa Holocene e ne e le ka bontlhabongwe ka ntlheng ya go fulwa go feta selekanyo ke dikgomo tsa baagi ba lefelo le. <ref name="Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period">{{Cite journal |last=K. Wright |first=David |last2=Rull |first2=Valenti |last3=Roberts |first3=Richard |last4=Marchant |first4=Rob |last5=Gil-Romera |first5=Graciela |date=26 January 2017 |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |page=4 |bibcode=2017FrEaS...5....4W |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Baitseanape ba tsweletse ka go ithuta dikgaolo tse di botlhokwa, ba netefatsa gore ditiro tsa batho le boitekanelo jwa mmu di kopanela le mabaka a bosa jaaka dilo tse ditona tse di nang le seabe mo go nneng sekaka ga lefelo. Mo Sekakeng sa Mu Us, boitekanelo jwa mmu bo dira 37% ya ditiragalo tsa go nna sekaka fa ditiro tsa bosa le tsa batho di dira go lwantsha tiragalo e ka 46% le 17%, ka go latelana. Go nna sekaka mo teng ga Mongolia go tlhaolwa ka 24% ya mabaka a tsa bosa le 34.7% ya melemo ya mmu mo tikologong e yotlhe. Shaanxi ke sekai se se ganetsenang se mo go sone mabaka a bosa a berekang kgatlhanong le go nna sekaka mme mmu o one o gakatsa seemo, mo go supang ditlhotlheletso tse di farologaneng tsa mabaka a tlholego go tsamaya ka dikgaolo. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Jiaying |last2=Li |first2=Yu |last3=Wang |first3=Xuhui |last4=Ma |first4=Zhongxu |date=22 October 2024 |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.9154L |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Phetogo ya seemo sa loapi === Dipatlisiso ka ga go fetoga ga legelo go nna sekaka di farologane, mme ga go na seelo se le sengwe se se ka tlhalosang dintlha tsotlhe. Le fa go ntse jalo, phetogo e e tseneletseng ya seemo sa bosa e santse e solofetswe go oketsa mafelo a a omeletseng mo dikontinenteng tsa Lefatshe: go tswa go 38% kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga la bomasome mabedi go ya go 50% kgotsa 56% kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga, ka fa tlase ga Ditsela tsa Boemedi tsa "mo bogareng" le tse di thuthafetseng thata tsa dipalo 4.5 le 8.5. Bontsi jwa katoloso bo tla bonwa mo dikgaolong tse di tshwanang le "borwabophirima jwa Amerika Bokone, ntlha e e kwa bokone jwa Aforika, borwa jwa Aforika, le Australia". <ref name=":52">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> Dikgaolo tse di omeletseng di tsere 41% ya moalo jwa lefatshe mme di akaretsa 45% ya lefatshe la temothuo mo lefatsheng ka bophara. Dikgaolo tse di gareng ga dithulaganyo tsa tikologo tse di mo kotsing thata ya phetogo ya [[Phetogo ya Seemo sa Loapi|seemo sa loapi]] le tiriso ya lefatshe e e bakiwang ke batho ka jalo di mo kotsing ya go fetoga sekaka. Thutopatlisiso e e ikaegileng ka go lebelela seemo ya go nna sekaka ga mafelo e ne ya dirwa ka 2020 mme e ne ya tlhalosa phetogo ya seemo sa loapi, go fetogafetoga ga seemo sa loapi, menontshane ya CO2 mmogo le diphetogo tsa tikologo tse di bakiwang ke tiriso ya lefatshe ka iketlo le ka bonako. <ref name="Burrell" /> Thutopatlisiso e e ne ya bona gore, magareng ga 1982 le 2015, 6% ya mafatshe a a omeletseng a lefatshe a ne a fetoga go nna sekaka mo go bakilweng ke mekgwa ya tiriso ya lefatshe e e senang tswelelopele e e neng e okeditswe ke phetogo ya seemo sa loapi e e bakiwang ke batho. Le fa go nna tala ga lefatshe ka bophara go le teng, phetogo ya seemo sa loapi e e bakiwang ke batho e digile boleng jwa lefatshe ka 12.6% ( 5.43 milione ya km ² ) mo nageng e e omeletseng eo, mo go nang le seabe mo go fetogeng ga naga go nna sekaka le go ama batho ba le didikadike di le makgolo a mabedi le lesome le boraro , 93% ya bone e le ba ba nnang mo diitsholelong tse di santseng tlhabologang . <ref name="Burrell" /> === Temothuo le ditiro tsa temothuo === Ditiro tsa temothuo jaaka go fudisa go feta selekanyo di baka go nna sekaka ga lefelo. Mo tirong e ya temothuo, diruiwa tse di tshwanang le dikgomo di letlelelwa go fula mo karolong ya lefatshe e le nngwe ka nako e telele ntle le go jala bojang go busetsa jo bo fudilweng. Ka ntlha ya se, lefatshe le nna lebala fela, mo go dirang gore le betswe ke mogoten o o tswang mo letsatsing o o dirang gore le thatafale, phefo e e bokete gape le yone e dira gore lefatshe le latlhegelwe ke dikotla tsa lone. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Otterman |first=Joseph |date=1974-11-08 |title=Baring High-Albedo Soils by Overgrazing: A Hypothesized Desertification Mechanism |url=https://doi.org/10.1126/science.186.4163.531 |journal=Science |volume=186 |issue=4163 |pages=531–533 |doi=10.1126/science.186.4163.531 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> Go lemolola mmu go feta selekanyo le go jwala mofuta o le mongwe wa semela ke ditiro tse dingwe tsa temothuo tse di bakang go nna sekaka ga lefelo mo Aforika. Go jala semela se le sengwe kgapetsakgapetsa mo lefatsheng le le lengwe go ntsha dikotla tse di botlhokwa mo lefatsheng. Fa mmu o setse o fedile boleng, o latlhegelwa ke menontshane ya one ya tlholego le bokgoni jwa go boloka bokgola, mme se se dire gore mmu o thatafale le go phanyega. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2011-12-30 |title=Desertification, its Causes and why it Matters |url=https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119977759.ch1 |journal=Desertification, Land Degradation and Sustainability |pages=3–39 |doi=10.1002/9781119977759.ch1}}</ref> == Ditlamorago == === Ditsuatsue tsa motlhaba le lerole === [[File:SHB-Red-Dust.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa Borogo jwa Boemadikepe jwa Sydney jo bo khurumeditsweng ke lerole]] Go nnile le koketsego ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong (25%) ya lerole mo lefatsheng e le dipalo tsa ngwaga le ngwaga magareng ga bokhutlo jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesomeleboferabongwe go fitlha gompieno. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stanelle |first=Tanja |last2=Bey |first2=Isabelle |last3=Raddatz |first3=Thomas |last4=Reick |first4=Christian |last5=Tegen |first5=Ina |date=16 December 2014 |title=Anthropogenically induced changes in twentieth century mineral dust burden and the associated impact on radiative forcing |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |language=en |volume=119 |issue=23 |pages=13,526–13,546 |bibcode=2014JGRD..11913526S |doi=10.1002/2014JD022062 |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0024-A9A2-C |s2cid=128663108 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Koketsego ya go nna sekaka ga mafelo gape go okeditse selekanyo sa motlhaba o o motlhofo le lerole le phefo e ka le tsayang la felela le nna setsuatsue. Ka sekai, ditsuatsue tsa lerole kwa Botlhabagare "di nna kgapetsakgapetsa le go nna maatla mo dingwageng tsa bosheng jaana" ka gore "phokotsego ya pula ya paka e telele [e baka] bokgola jo bo kwa tlase jwa mmu le phokotsego ya khurumetso ya dimela ". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Namdari |first=Soodabeh |last2=Karimi |first2=Neamat |last3=Sorooshian |first3=Armin |last4=Mohammadi |first4=GholamHasan |last5=Sehatkashani |first5=Saviz |date=1 January 2018 |title=Impacts of climate and synoptic fluctuations on dust storm activity over the Middle East |journal=Atmospheric Environment |volume=173 |pages=265–276 |bibcode=2018AtmEn.173..265N |doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.016 |issn=1352-2310 |pmc=6192056 |pmid=30344444}}</ref> Difefo tsa lerole di ka nna le seabe mo malwetseng mangwe a go hema jaaka nyumonia, malwetsi a letlalo, khupelo le a mangwe a mantsi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudie |first=Andrew S. |date=1 February 2014 |title=Desert dust and human health disorders |journal=Environment International |volume=63 |pages=101–113 |bibcode=2014EnInt..63..101G |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2013.10.011 |issn=0160-4120 |pmid=24275707}}</ref> Di ka kgotlela metswedi ya metsi e e bulegileng , tsa fokotsa go atlega ga maiteko a lookwane/maatla a a phepa, le go emisa bontsi jwa mefuta ya dipalamo. Ditsuatsue tsa lerole le motlhaba di ka nna le ditlamorago tse di sa siamang mo seemong sa loapi mo go ka dirang gore go nna sekaka ga lefelo go nne maswe le go feta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hu |first=Tiantian |last2=Wu |first2=Di |last3=Li |first3=Yaohui |last4=Wang |first4=Chenghai |date=28 March 2017 |title=The Effects of Sandstorms on the Climate of Northwestern China |journal=Advances in Meteorology |language=en |volume=2017 |issue=1 |bibcode=2017AdMet201735609H |doi=10.1155/2017/4035609 |issn=1687-9309 |doi-access=free |article-number=e4035609}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wu |first=Yao |last2=Wen |first2=Bo |last3=Li |first3=Shanshan |last4=Guo |first4=Yuming |date=1 June 2021 |title=Sand and dust storms in Asia: a call for global cooperation on climate change |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |language=English |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=e329–e330 |bibcode=2021LanPH...5.e329W |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00082-6 |issn=2542-5196 |pmid=33915087 |s2cid=233460168 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dikarolwana tsa lerole mo phefong di phatlalatsa marang a a tsenang go tswa mo letsatsing (Hassan, 2012). Lerole le le ka dira khurumetso ya nakwana ya mogote yo o fa fatshe mme fela mogote wa lefaufau one o tla oketsega. Se se ka senya le go khutshwafatsa botshelo jwa maru se se ka felelang se baka pula e e nnye. <ref name=":52">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> === Go tlhoka go tsepama ga seemo sa go nna teng ga dijo === Go nna le dijo mo lefatsheng lotlhe go tshosediwa ke go fetoga ga naga go nna sekaka. Fa palo ya batho e gola, go tshwanetse ga jalwa dijo tse dintsi . Kgwebo ya temothuo e fudusiwa go tswa mo lefatsheng le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. Sekai, Yuropa ka palogare e reka dijo tsa bone di feta sephatlo mo lekgolong go tswa kwa ntle. Mme jalo, 44% ya lefatshe la temothuo le fitlhelwa mo mafatsheng a a omeletseng mme a tlamela ka 60% ya dijo tsa lefatshe lotlhe ka bophara. Go fetoga ga mafelo go nna sekaka go fokotsa selekanyo sa lefatshe le le nang le tswelelopele la tiriso ya temothuo mme letlhoko la dijalo le tsweletse ka go gola. Mo isagong e e gaufi, letlhoko le tlaa feta thobo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=WAD {{!}} World Atlas of Desertification |url=https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209170553/https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |archive-date=9 December 2019 |access-date=19 November 2019 |website=wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu}}</ref> Dikgotlhang tse di maswe tsa badisa le balemibarui kwa Nigeria, Sudan, Mali le mafatshe a mangwe mo kgaolong ya Sahel di gakaditswe ke [[Phetogo ya Seemo sa Loapi|phetogo ya seemo sa loapi]], go senyega ga lefatshe le kgolo ya palo ya batho . <ref>{{Cite news|date=22 January 2019|title=The battle on the frontline of climate change in Mali|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/the-reporters-46921487|access-date=18 December 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=6 August 2018|title=Farmer-Herder Conflicts on the Rise in Africa|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/farmer-herder-conflicts-rise-africa|access-date=18 December 2021}}</ref> === Koketsego ya lehuma === [[File:Soil_erosion,_Southfield_-_geograph.org.uk_-_367917.jpg|thumb|Kgothego ya mmu kwa ntle ga Leuchars]] Palo e ka nna 90% ya baagi ba mafatshe a a omeletseng ba nna mo mafatsheng a a santseng a tlhabologa, a mo go one gape ba sokolang ka ntlha ya maemo a a bokoa a itsholelo le lefatshe. <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Seemo se se gakadiwa ke go latlhegelwa ke boleng jwa lefatshe ka ntlha ya phokotsego ya bokgoni jwa lone jwa go ungwa, go sa tlhomamang ga maemo a botshelo le bothata jwa go fitlhelela metswedi le ditshono tsa go fetola diemo tse. Mafatshe a a sa tlhabologang ka bontsi a amiwa ke seemo sa go fudisa go feta selekanyo, go lapa ga lefatshe le go ntsha metsi a a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe go feta selekanyo ka ntlha ya dikgatelelo tsa go dirisa mafelo a a omeletseng a a kwa thoko go dira temothuo. Batsaa ditshwetso ga ba rate go beeletsa mo dikgaolong tse di omeletseng tse di nang le bokgoni jo bo kwa tlase. Go tlhoka dipeeletso mo go dira gore dikgaolo tse di kgaphelwe kwa thoko. Fa diemo tse di siamang tsa temothuo-seemo sa loapi di kopanngwa le go tlhoka mafaratlhatlha le phitlhelelo ya mebaraka, ga mmogo le mekgwa ya go lema dijo e e sa tlwaelesegang sentle le setšhaba se se sa jesiweng sentle gape se se sa rutegang sentle, bontsi jwa dikgaolo tse di ntseng jaana di kgaphelwa thoko mo tlhabololong. <ref name="csf-desertification.org">{{Cite web |title=Cornet A., 2002. Desertification and its relationship to the environment and development: a problem that affects us all. In: Ministère des Affaires étrangères/adpf, Johannesburg. World Summit on Sustainable Development. 2002. What is at stake? The contribution of scientists to the debate: 91–125.. |url=http://www.csf-desertification.org/index.php/bibliotheque/doc_details/119-cornet-antoine-2002-desertification-and-its-relationship-to-the-environment-and-development |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090809142606/http://www.csf-desertification.org/index.php/bibliotheque/doc_details/119-cornet-antoine-2002-desertification-and-its-relationship-to-the-environment-and-development |archive-date=9 August 2009}}</ref> Go fetoga ga lefelo go nna sekaka gantsi go dira gore mafelo a a kwa magaeng a se ka a kgona go tshegetsa palo ya batho e e tshwanang le ya pele e e neng e nna gone mo lefelong. Se se felela se baka khudugo ya bontsi mo tswa mo magaeng go ya kwa ditoropong segolobogolo mo Aforika mo go dirang letlhoko la ditiro le mekhukhu . <ref>{{Cite book |last=Pasternak, Dov |year=2001 |title=Combating desertification with plants |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-i8-DPf6xgC&pg=PA20 |last2=Schlissel, Arnold |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-306-46632-8 |page=20 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://books.google.com/books?id=B-i8-DPf6xgC&pg=PA20 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Briassoulis, Helen |year=2005 |title=Policy integration for complex environmental problems: the example of Mediterranean desertification |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CpYnV45hVRsC&pg=PA161 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |isbn=978-0-7546-4243-5 |page=161 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161052/https://books.google.com/books?id=CpYnV45hVRsC&pg=PA161 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Palo ya batshabi ba ba diemo tsa tikologo e a gola ngwaga le ngwaga, mme diponelopele tsa Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara di bontsha koketsego e e ka nnang teng go tswa mo didikadikeng di le lesome le bone ka 2010 go ya go didikadike di ka nna makgolo a mabedi ka 2050. Se se dira mathata kwa pele mo kgaolong e, ka gore ditšhaba tse di mabapi ga di na bokgoni jwa go tshegetsa palo ya batho ba le bantsi ya batshabi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Myers |first=Norman |date=29 April 2002 |title=Environmental refugees: a growing phenomenon of the 21st century |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences |volume=357 |issue=1420 |pages=609–613 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2001.0953 |pmc=1692964 |pmid=12028796}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Epule |first=Terence Epule |last2=Peng |first2=Changhui |last3=Lepage |first3=Laurent |date=5 February 2014 |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward |journal=GeoJournal |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=79–92 |bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z |s2cid=154503204}}</ref> Kwa Mongolia, 90% ya lefatshe ke le le omileng le le bokoa, se se dirang gore badisa ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa toropong go ya go bereka. Ka ditsompelo tse di lekanyeditsweng thata, badisa ba ba nnang mo lefatsheng le le omeletseng ba fudisa ka kelotlhoko thata gore ba kgone go somarela lefatshe. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2018 |title=Mongolia's nomadic way of life under threat |url=https://gulfnews.com/lifestyle/mongolias-nomadic-way-of-life-under-threat-1.2259998 |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref> Temothuo ke nngwe ya metswedi e megolo ya lotseno mo merafeng ya banni ba sekaka mo Aforika. Koketsego ya go nna sekaka ga mafelo mo dikgaolong tse go sentse lefatshe mo e leng gore batho ga ba tlhole ba kgona go lema le go rua ka tsela e e nang le thobo le go dira dipoelo. Se se amile itsholelo ka tsela e e sa siamang le go oketsa seelo sa lehuma. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stringer |first=Lindsay C. |last2=Dyer |first2=Jen C. |last3=Reed |first3=Mark S. |last4=Dougill |first4=Andrew J. |last5=Twyman |first5=Chasca |last6=Mkwambisi |first6=David |year=2009 |title=Adaptations to climate change, drought and desertification: local insights to enhance policy in southern Africa |journal=Environmental Science & Policy |volume=12 |issue=7 |pages=748–765 |bibcode=2009ESPol..12..748S |doi=10.1016/j.envsci.2009.04.002}}</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, go na le go oketsega ga bobueledi jwa lefatshe ka bophara, sekai ba UN SDG 15 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Goal 15 targets |url=https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904001634/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html |archive-date=4 September 2017 |access-date=24 September 2020 |website=UNDP |language=en}}</ref> go lwantsha go fetoga ga mafelo go nna sekaka le go buseletsa mafatshe a a setseng a amegile. == Mafelo a amegileng == Mafelo a a omeletseng a tsaya mo e ka nnang 40–41% ya kgaolo ya lefatshe lotlhe mme ke magae a batho ba ka feta dibilione di le pedi. <ref name=":4">{{Cite book |date=2006 |title=Governing global desertification: linking environmental degradation, poverty and participation |publisher=Ashgate [u.a.] |isbn=978-0-7546-4359-3 |editor-last=Johnson |editor-first=Pierre-Marc |series=Global environmental governance series |location=Aldershot |editor-last2=Johnson |editor-first2=Pierre Marc}}</ref> Go nnile le palo kakanyetso ya gore mo e ka nnang 10–20% ya mafelo a a omeletseng a setse a latlhegetswe ke boleng, lefelo lotlhe le le amilweng ke go fetoga sekaka ga mafelo le fa gare ga disekwerekhilomithara di le didikadike di le thataro le lesome le bobedi, gore mo e ka nnang 1–6% ya banni ba mafelo a a omeletseng ba nna mo mafelong a a sekaka, le gore batho ba le bilione ba mo kotsing ya go nna fa go fetogelang go nna sekaka go ya pele. <ref name="holtz">{{Cite web |date=10 October 2017 |title=UNCCD: Impact and role of drylands |url=https://www.unccd.int/un-decade-deserts-and-fight-against-desertification-impact-and-role-drylands |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107121026/https://www.unccd.int/un-decade-deserts-and-fight-against-desertification-impact-and-role-drylands |archive-date=7 November 2019 |access-date=7 November 2019 |website=UNCCD}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=World Bank |year=2009 |title=Gender in agriculture sourcebook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxBrq6hTs_UC&pg=PA454 |publisher=World Bank Publications |isbn=978-0-8213-7587-7 |page=454 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730160546/https://books.google.com/books?id=XxBrq6hTs_UC&pg=PA454 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Sahel === Ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya loapi le ditiro tsa batho mo go fetogeng sekaka ga lefelo di bonala mo kgaolong ya Sahel ya Aforika. Kgaolo e e tlhaolwa ka seemo sa loapi se se omeletseng go le mogote thata, dipalo tsa mogote tse di kwa godimo le pula e e kwa tlase (100–600&nbsp;mm ka ngwaga). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicholson |first=Sharon E. |date=17 February 2013 |title=The West African Sahel: A Review of Recent Studies on the Rainfall Regime and Its Interannual Variability |journal=International Scholarly Research Notices |language=en |volume=2013 |doi=10.1155/2013/453521 |doi-access=free |article-number=e453521}}</ref> Ka jalo, komelelo e a laola mo kgaolong ya Sahel. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Riebeek |first=Holli |date=3 January 2007 |title=Defining Desertification: Feature Articles |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Desertification/desertification2.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201211259/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Desertification/desertification2.php |archive-date=1 December 2016 |access-date=30 November 2016 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov}}</ref> Sahel e latlhegetswe ke lefatshe le ka nna botona jwa ba 650 000&nbsp;km ² ya lefatshe la yone la temothuo le le nang le dipoelo mo dingwageng di le 50 tse di fetileng; go anama ga go nna sekaka mo lefelong le go bonala thata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicholson |first=S. E. |last2=Tucker |first2=C. J. |last3=Ba |first3=M. B. |date=1 May 1998 |title=Desertification, Drought, and Surface Vegetation: An Example from the West African Sahel |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume=79 |issue=5 |pages=815–830 |bibcode=1998BAMS...79..815N |doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<0815:DDASVA>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Resource Stresses and Desertification in Africa |url=https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/use/?cid=nrcs142p2_054025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401055308/https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/use/?cid=nrcs142p2_054025 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=24 November 2020 |website=United States Department of Agriculture}}</ref> [[File:Village_Telly_in_Mali.jpg|thumb|Kgaolo ya Sahel ya Mali]] Seemo sa loapi sa Sahara se nnile le diphetogo tse dikgolo mo dingwageng di le dikete di le makgolo tse di fetileng, <ref name="Lakes">{{Cite journal |last=Kevin White |last2=David J. Mattingly |year=2006 |title=Ancient Lakes of the Sahara |journal=American Scientist |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=58–65 |doi=10.1511/2006.57.983}}</ref> se fetogafetoga fa gare ga go metsi (naga ya bojang) le go omelela (sekaka) dingwaga dingwe le dingwe di le dikete di le masome a mabedi, <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Jennifer Chu|date=2 January 2019|title=A "pacemaker" for North African climate|url=http://news.mit.edu/2019/study-regulating-north-african-climate-0102|access-date=20 January 2020|publisher=MIT News}}</ref> (tiragalo e go dumelwa gore e bakilwe ke diphetogo tsa nako e telele mo Seemong sa loapi sa Aforika Bokone, se se fetolang tsela ya Monsooni wa Aforika Bokone , mo e ka nnang ga dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mane, mo go one go sekama ga axis ya lefatshe go fetogang fa gare ga 22° le 24,5°). <ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite book |last=Houérou |first=Henry N. |date=10 December 2008 |title=Bioclimatology and Biogeography of Africa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Rvs7NkfeLEC&q=Sahara+rainfall+virtually+zero&pg=PA16 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-540-85192-9 |language=en |access-date=11 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730160547/https://books.google.com/books?id=_Rvs7NkfeLEC&q=Sahara+rainfall+virtually+zero&pg=PA16 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Dipalopalo dingwe di supile gore, fa e sale ka 1900, Sahara e atologile ka dikholomithara di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a matlhano go ya kwa borwa mo godimo ga karolo ya lefatshe mme go tswa kwa bophirima go ya kwa botlhaba ka dikete di le thataro tsa dikholomithara ka boleele. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Christian Bouquet |date=December 2017 |title=Le Sahara entre ses deux rives. Éléments de délimitation par la géohistoire d'un espace de contraintes |url=http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/afrique-dynamiques-regionales/articles-scientifiques/sahara-entre-deux-rives |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001607/http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/afrique-dynamiques-regionales/articles-scientifiques/sahara-entre-deux-rives |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=25 January 2018 |website=Géoconfluences |quote=Mais il aurait progressé de 250 km vers le sud depuis 1900 (Mainguet, 2003), et dépasserait donc 9 millions de km² soit 30 % de la superficie totale du continent africain.}}</ref> Letsha la Chad, le le mo kgaolong ya Sahel, le ile la kgala ka ntlha ya go gogwa ga metsi mo go lone go nosetsa le go fokotsega ga selekanyo sa pula. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Okpara |first=Uche T. |last2=Stringer |first2=Lindsay C. |last3=Dougill |first3=Andrew J. |date=November 2016 |title=Lake drying and livelihood dynamics in Lake Chad: Unravelling the mechanisms, contexts and responses |journal=Ambio |volume=45 |issue=7 |pages=781–795 |bibcode=2016Ambio..45..781O |doi=10.1007/s13280-016-0805-6 |pmc=5055484 |pmid=27371137}}</ref> Letsha le le ngotlegile ka go feta 90% fa e sale ka 1987, mme se sa fudusa didikadike tsa banni. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jiang |first=Ingrid |date=12 August 2022 |title=A Remarkable Size Shrinking in Lake Chad |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/e63a90f8552d4e5f98f4c56a56c06f9d |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=ArcGIS StoryMaps |language=en-ca}}</ref> Maiteko a mo bosheng a kgonne go dira kgatelopele nngwe mo go tsosoloseng go le buseletsa mme go sa ntse go tsewa fa le le mo kotsing ya go nyelela gotlhelele. <ref name="Remote sensing appraisal of Lake Ch">{{Cite journal |last=Onamuti |first=Olapeju Y. |last2=Okogbue |first2=Emmanuel C. |last3=Orimoloye |first3=Israel R. |date=8 November 2017 |title=Remote sensing appraisal of Lake Chad shrinkage connotes severe impacts on green economics and socio-economics of the catchment area |journal=Royal Society Open Science |volume=4 |issue=11 |bibcode=2017RSOS....471120O |doi=10.1098/rsos.171120 |pmc=5717671 |pmid=29291097 |doi-access=free |article-number=171120}}</ref> Go fokotsa go nna sekakaga mafelo, letsholo la Great Green Wall (Aforika) le ne la simololwa ka 2007 mme le ne le akaretsa go jala dimela mo karolong e e ka nnang dikholomithara di le dikete di le bosupa le makgolo a le bosupa le masome a masupa le botlhano (7 775 .&nbsp;km), dikholomithara di le lesome le botlhano ka bophara, go akaretswa mo lenaneong le mafatshe a le masome a mabedi le bobedi go fitlha ka 2030. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Green Wall Initiative |url=https://www.unccd.int/our-work/ggwi |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=UNCCD |language=en}}</ref> Maikaelelo a letsholo le ke tona le la go jala dimela ke go tokafatsa go boloka metsi mo mmung morago ga pula ya paka, ka jalo go rotloetsa tsosoloso ya lefatshe le temothuo ya mo bokamosong. [[Senegal]] e setse e tsentse letsogo mo lenaneong le ka go jala ditlhare tsa diheketara di le dikete di le masome a matlhano. Go bolelwa fa se se tokafaditse boleng jwa lefatshe le go baka koketsego ya tshono ya go gola ga itsholelo mo kgaolong e. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Great Green Wall &#124; National Geographic Society |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/great-green-wall/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222164123/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/great-green-wall/ |archive-date=22 December 2022 |access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> isnfpsgy3hflqpexr0sdsdmh9hi5eyg 53095 53093 2026-07-24T11:52:57Z Khumo Batolomi 11767 Created by translating the section "Africa" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364346865|Desertification]]" 53095 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Global_distribution_of_dryland_subtypes_based_on_the_aridity_index.png|thumb|dikgaolo tsa lefatshe le le omeletseng di bontshiwa mo moalong lefatshe ka bophara , go lebilwe seelo sa komelelo se se badilweng mo palogareng ya dingwaga di le masome a mararo ka 1981 go ya go 2010. Dikaka tse di tlwaelesegileng di supiwa ke setlhopha sa hyper-arid (serolwana/mmala wa lephutshe yo o sa gatelelang). ]] [[File:Somalia,_Mudug,_Dhinowda_(02).jpg|right|thumb|234x234px|Go nna sekaka ga lefelo mo go feteletseng kwa Somalia]] '''Go nna sekaka ga lefelo''' ke mofuta wa go senyega ga lefatshe mo go diragalang ka iketlo mo lefatshe le le nonneng go fetoga go nna sekaka se se omeletseng ka ntlha ya kopano ya ditiragalo tsa tlholego le ditiro tsa batho. Selo se se bakang go nna sekaka gantsi ke go latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa dimela. Se se bakwa ke dintlha di le mmalwa, di le nosi kgotsa di kopantswe, jaaka komelelo, diphetogo tsa loapi, go epa mmu go dira temothuo, go fudisa go feta selekanyo le go rengwa ga dikgwa go bona lookwane kgotsa didirisiwa tsa kago. Le fa dimela di na le seabe se segolo mo go tlhomamiseng popego ya mmu, dithutopatlisiso di bontshitse gore, mo ditikologong tse dintsi, seelo sa kgothego le go elela ga metsi se fokotsega ka bontsi fa go khurumetsa mmu ga dimela go oketsega. <ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Geeson, Nichola |year=2002 |title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-84448-9 |page=58 |display-authors=etal |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mmu yo o sa sirelediwang fa godimo, le yo omeletseng e fokwa ke phefo kgotsa e gogolwa ke merwalela ya tshoganyetso, mo go tlogelang mmu yo o ka fa tlase yo o sa nonang thata gore o nne mo letsatsing mme o felele o omelela thata o ka seke o ungwe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref> <ref name="Zeng L17401">{{Cite journal |last=Zeng |first=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Banni ba kana masome a le boferabongwe mo lekgolong (90%) ba mafelo a a omeletseng ba nna mo mafatsheng a a santseng a tlhabologa, a mo go one gape ba sokodisiwang ke diemo tsa itsholelo le morafe. <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Seemo se se gakadiwa ke go fokotsega boleng jwa lefatshe mo go fokotsang go ungwa ga lone, go sa tlhomamang ga methale ya go itshetsa le go nna dingalo gore batho ba fitlhelele metswedi ya madi le ditshono. Dikgaolo mo lefatsheng tse di amegang thata di mo Aforika ( kgaolo ya Sahel ), Asia ( Sekaka sa Gobi le Mongolia ) le dikarolo tsa Amerika Borwa . Lefatshe le le omeletseng le tsaya mo e ka nnang masome a mane go ya go a le mane le bongwe mo lekgolong (40–41%) ya lefatshe la Lefatshe (Earth's land) mme ke legae la&nbsp;batho ba le dibilione di le pedi. Ditlamorago tsa go fetoga ga lefelo go nna sekaka di akaretsa ditsuatsue tsa motlhaba le lerole, go tlhoka go tshepha go nna teng ga dijo, le lehuma . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Carvalho |first=Keegan |date=2024-12-03 |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=Earth.Org |language=en}}</ref> Methale ya go fokotsa kgotsa go busetsa morago go nna sekaka ga lefelo go akaretsa go tokafatsa boleng jwa mmu, go dira dikaka ditala, go laola mafulo, le go jala ditlhare ( go jala dikgwa sesha le go jala dikgwa ) <ref>{{Cite web |last=N.V |first=GREEN EARTH GROUP |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=www.green.earth |language=en}}</ref> Mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa popego ya lefatshe, go nna teng ga dikaka go diragetse ka tlholego mo nakong e e telele thata. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}</ref> Thuto ya segompieno ya go fetoga sekaka ga mafelo e tlhagile go tswa mo thutong ya komelelo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1980 kwa Sahel . <ref name=":6">{{Cite book |date=2016 |title=The End of Desertification? |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |issn=2197-9596 |editor-last2=Mortimore |editor-first2=Michael}}</ref> == Ditlhaloso == Go nna sekaka ga lefelo ke tiragalo e e diregang ka iketlo ya go oketsega ga komelelo ya mmu . Go nna sekaka ga lefelo go tlhalositswe mo mokwalong wa Tumalano ya Ditšhabakopano ya go Lwantsha go Nna Sekaka (UNCCD) jaaka "go latlhegelwa ke boleng ga mmu mo dikgaolong tse di omileng, tse di omeletseng go le sekae le tse di omileng mme di na le bokgola jo bo kwa tlase mo go bakiwang ke mabaka a a farologaneng, go akaretsa le dipharologano tsa seemo sa loapi le ditiro tsa batho." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hulme |first=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Tlhaloso ya Sekaka – Lefelo mo lefatsheng le selekanyo sa pula le kapoko se leng kwa tlase thata go na le mafelo a mangwe, le palogare ya pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga e leng kwa tlase ga disenthimithara di le masome a mabedi le botlhano. Tlhaloso ka UNO (1995) – Go latlhegelwa ke boleng ga lefatshe mo mafelong a a senang sepe, a a bokgola le a a seng bokgola ka ntlha ya phetogo ya loapi le ditiro tsa batho go bidiwa go nna sekaka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> Go tloga ka 2005, go ne go na le kganetsano e tona ka ga tlhaloso e e siameng ya lefoko ''desertification(go nna sekaka)'' ka ditlhaloso tse di fetang lekgolo tsa semmuso tse di neng di le teng. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Geist |first=Helmut |date=1 October 2017 |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-24085-5 |location=London |doi=10.4324/9781315240855}}</ref> E e neng ya amogelwa thata ke ya thanodi ya Sekolo sa dithuto tse di kgolwane sa Princeton e e neng ya e tlhalosa jaaka " tiragalo e lefatshe le le nonneng ''le fetogang sekaka'' ka ntlha ya go rengwa ga dikgwa, [[Leuba|komelelo]] kgotsa temothuo e e sa siamang ".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2026)">citation needed</span>'' &#x5D;</sup> Tlhaloso e e bontshitse ka tlhamalalo kgolagano ya go fetoga ga lefatshe go nna sekaka le ditiro tsa batho, segolobogolo tiriso ya lefatshe le mekgwa ya taolo ya lefatshe. E ne gape ya tlhagisa ditlamorago tsa itsholelo, loago le tikologo tsa go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo. Le fa go ntse jalo, tlhaloso e ya ntlha ya gore go nna sekaka ga lefelo go ne go akaretsa go atolosiwa ga dikaka ke batho e gannwe ka gonne mogopolo o o ne wa tswelela ka go fetoga fa e sale ka nako eo. Gape go na le dikganetsano dingwe mabapi le go aroganngwa ga mefuta ya sekaka, go akaretsa, boammaaruri le mosola wa tlhaloso ya mafoko a a a tshwanang le "sekaka se se dirilweng ke batho" le "sekaka se se senang moalo". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geist |first=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == tse di bakang go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo == === tsa pele/ntlha fela === Selo se se bakang go nna sekaka ga lefelo ga ntlha fela ke go latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa dimela. Se se bakwa ke dintlha di le mmalwa, di le nosi kgotsa di kopantswe, jaaka komelelo, diphetogo tsa seemo sa loapi, go epa mmu go lema, go fudisa go feta selekanyo le go rengwa ga dikgwa go bona lookwane kgotsa didirisiwa tsa kago. Le fa dimela di na le seabe se segolo mo go tlhomamiseng popego ya mmu, dithutopatlisiso di bontshitse gore, mo ditikologong tse dintsi, seelo sa kgothego ya mmu le go elela ga metsi se fokotsega ka bontsi fa go khurumetsa ga dimela go oketsega. <ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Geeson, Nichola |year=2002 |title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-84448-9 |page=58 |display-authors=etal |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mmu yo o fa godimo yo o sa sirelediwang, le yo o omeletseng e fokwa ke phefo kgotsa di gogolwa ke merwalela ya tshoganyetso, mo go tlogelang dikarolo tse di kwa tlase tsa mmu go fisiwa ke letsatsi mme di omelele thata di palelwe ke go ungwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2003-09-01 |title=Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |journal=Resources Policy |language=en |volume=29 |issue=3-4 |doi=10.1016/j.re |issn=0301-4207 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414114519/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |archive-date=2022-04-14}}</ref> === Tlhotlheletso ya ditiro tsa batho === Dithutopatlisiso tsa ntlha di ne di nganga gore nngwe ya dilo tse di tlwaelesegileng tse di bakang go nna sekaka ga lefelo e ne e le go fudisa go feta selekanyo, go ja dimela go feta selekanyo ke dikgomo le diruiwa tse dingwe. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |url-status=live |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |access-date=24 May 2022}}</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, seabe sa tiriso e e feteletseng ya selegae mo go bakang go nna sekaka ga mafelo mo nakong e e fetileng ya bosheng go na le dikganetsano. <ref name=":6">{{Cite book |date=2016 |title=The End of Desertification? |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |issn=2197-9596 |editor-last2=Mortimore |editor-first2=Michael}}</ref> Jaanong go akanngwa gore komelelo mo kgaolong ya Sahel e bakilwe thata ke go fetoga ga seelo sa pula ka dipaka tse di dirwang ke go fetoga ga mogote wa metsi a fa godimo a lewatle, mo go bakwang thata ke go fetogafetoga ga tlholego le go ntshiwa ga di-aerosol ( dikarolwana tsa sulfate tse di bonaletsang ) le digase tse di bakiwang ke batho. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |article-number=e591}}</ref> Ka ntlha ya se, go fetoga ga mogote wa lewatle le go fokotsega ga mesi ya sulfate go dirile gore kgaolo e e nne tala gape. <ref name=":3" /> Se se dirile gore barutegi bangwe ba bolele gore go latlhegelwa ke dimela mo go bakiwang ke temothuo ke selo se sennye se se ka dirang gore lefelo le fetoge sekaka. <ref name=":6" /> Diphetogo tsa palo ya batho di na le ditlamorago tse di tona mo go fudiseng go feta selekanyo, go lema go feta selekanyo le go rengwa ga dikgwa, mekgwa ye ya pele e e neng e amogelesega lantlha e setse e sena tswelelopele jaanong. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Epule |first=Terence Epule |last2=Peng |first2=Changhui |last3=Lepage |first3=Laurent |date=February 2015 |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward |journal=GeoJournal |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=79–92 |bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z |issn=0343-2521 |s2cid=154503204}}</ref> Go na le mabaka a mantsi a balemibarui ba dirisang temothuo e e tseneletseng go na le temothuo e e tswelelang fela lebaka le legolo ke go oketsa thobo. <ref name=":52">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> Ka go oketsa thobo, ba tlhoka menontshane e mentsi thata, dibolaya-ditshedi le badiri go tlhokomela didirisiwa. Tiriso e e tswelelang e ya lefatshe e fetsa ka bonako dikotla tsa mmu mo go dirang gore go nna sekaka ga legelo go aname. <ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Intensive agriculture |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture |archive-date=24 June 2008 |access-date=19 November 2019 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> === Dipharologanyo tsa tlholego === Baitseanape ba maranyane ba dumalana gore go nna teng ga sekaka mo lefelong le sekaka sa Sahara se leng mo go lone jaanong ke ka ntlha ya dipharologanyo tsa tlholego tsa letsatsi ka ntlha ya go dikologa ga Lefatshe. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tierney |first=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352 |article-number=e1601503}}</ref> Dipharologanyo tse di tshwanang le tse di tlhotlheletsa maatla a Monsoon ya Aforika Bophirima, mo go bakang gore dimela di fetoge gape le go ntsha lerole le le di godisang go gefoga fa seemo sa loapi, pula e na gape go tla go nna le komelelo mo Sahara. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pausata |first=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Gape go na le kakanyo ya gore phetogo ya Sahara go tswa mo savanna go ya kwa sekakeng ka nako ya bogareng jwa Holocene e ne e le ka bontlhabongwe ka ntlheng ya go fulwa go feta selekanyo ke dikgomo tsa baagi ba lefelo le. <ref name="Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period">{{Cite journal |last=K. Wright |first=David |last2=Rull |first2=Valenti |last3=Roberts |first3=Richard |last4=Marchant |first4=Rob |last5=Gil-Romera |first5=Graciela |date=26 January 2017 |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |page=4 |bibcode=2017FrEaS...5....4W |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Baitseanape ba tsweletse ka go ithuta dikgaolo tse di botlhokwa, ba netefatsa gore ditiro tsa batho le boitekanelo jwa mmu di kopanela le mabaka a bosa jaaka dilo tse ditona tse di nang le seabe mo go nneng sekaka ga lefelo. Mo Sekakeng sa Mu Us, boitekanelo jwa mmu bo dira 37% ya ditiragalo tsa go nna sekaka fa ditiro tsa bosa le tsa batho di dira go lwantsha tiragalo e ka 46% le 17%, ka go latelana. Go nna sekaka mo teng ga Mongolia go tlhaolwa ka 24% ya mabaka a tsa bosa le 34.7% ya melemo ya mmu mo tikologong e yotlhe. Shaanxi ke sekai se se ganetsenang se mo go sone mabaka a bosa a berekang kgatlhanong le go nna sekaka mme mmu o one o gakatsa seemo, mo go supang ditlhotlheletso tse di farologaneng tsa mabaka a tlholego go tsamaya ka dikgaolo. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Jiaying |last2=Li |first2=Yu |last3=Wang |first3=Xuhui |last4=Ma |first4=Zhongxu |date=22 October 2024 |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.9154L |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Phetogo ya seemo sa loapi === Dipatlisiso ka ga go fetoga ga legelo go nna sekaka di farologane, mme ga go na seelo se le sengwe se se ka tlhalosang dintlha tsotlhe. Le fa go ntse jalo, phetogo e e tseneletseng ya seemo sa bosa e santse e solofetswe go oketsa mafelo a a omeletseng mo dikontinenteng tsa Lefatshe: go tswa go 38% kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga la bomasome mabedi go ya go 50% kgotsa 56% kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga, ka fa tlase ga Ditsela tsa Boemedi tsa "mo bogareng" le tse di thuthafetseng thata tsa dipalo 4.5 le 8.5. Bontsi jwa katoloso bo tla bonwa mo dikgaolong tse di tshwanang le "borwabophirima jwa Amerika Bokone, ntlha e e kwa bokone jwa Aforika, borwa jwa Aforika, le Australia". <ref name=":52">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> Dikgaolo tse di omeletseng di tsere 41% ya moalo jwa lefatshe mme di akaretsa 45% ya lefatshe la temothuo mo lefatsheng ka bophara. Dikgaolo tse di gareng ga dithulaganyo tsa tikologo tse di mo kotsing thata ya phetogo ya [[Phetogo ya Seemo sa Loapi|seemo sa loapi]] le tiriso ya lefatshe e e bakiwang ke batho ka jalo di mo kotsing ya go fetoga sekaka. Thutopatlisiso e e ikaegileng ka go lebelela seemo ya go nna sekaka ga mafelo e ne ya dirwa ka 2020 mme e ne ya tlhalosa phetogo ya seemo sa loapi, go fetogafetoga ga seemo sa loapi, menontshane ya CO2 mmogo le diphetogo tsa tikologo tse di bakiwang ke tiriso ya lefatshe ka iketlo le ka bonako. <ref name="Burrell" /> Thutopatlisiso e e ne ya bona gore, magareng ga 1982 le 2015, 6% ya mafatshe a a omeletseng a lefatshe a ne a fetoga go nna sekaka mo go bakilweng ke mekgwa ya tiriso ya lefatshe e e senang tswelelopele e e neng e okeditswe ke phetogo ya seemo sa loapi e e bakiwang ke batho. Le fa go nna tala ga lefatshe ka bophara go le teng, phetogo ya seemo sa loapi e e bakiwang ke batho e digile boleng jwa lefatshe ka 12.6% ( 5.43 milione ya km ² ) mo nageng e e omeletseng eo, mo go nang le seabe mo go fetogeng ga naga go nna sekaka le go ama batho ba le didikadike di le makgolo a mabedi le lesome le boraro , 93% ya bone e le ba ba nnang mo diitsholelong tse di santseng tlhabologang . <ref name="Burrell" /> === Temothuo le ditiro tsa temothuo === Ditiro tsa temothuo jaaka go fudisa go feta selekanyo di baka go nna sekaka ga lefelo. Mo tirong e ya temothuo, diruiwa tse di tshwanang le dikgomo di letlelelwa go fula mo karolong ya lefatshe e le nngwe ka nako e telele ntle le go jala bojang go busetsa jo bo fudilweng. Ka ntlha ya se, lefatshe le nna lebala fela, mo go dirang gore le betswe ke mogoten o o tswang mo letsatsing o o dirang gore le thatafale, phefo e e bokete gape le yone e dira gore lefatshe le latlhegelwe ke dikotla tsa lone. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Otterman |first=Joseph |date=1974-11-08 |title=Baring High-Albedo Soils by Overgrazing: A Hypothesized Desertification Mechanism |url=https://doi.org/10.1126/science.186.4163.531 |journal=Science |volume=186 |issue=4163 |pages=531–533 |doi=10.1126/science.186.4163.531 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> Go lemolola mmu go feta selekanyo le go jwala mofuta o le mongwe wa semela ke ditiro tse dingwe tsa temothuo tse di bakang go nna sekaka ga lefelo mo Aforika. Go jala semela se le sengwe kgapetsakgapetsa mo lefatsheng le le lengwe go ntsha dikotla tse di botlhokwa mo lefatsheng. Fa mmu o setse o fedile boleng, o latlhegelwa ke menontshane ya one ya tlholego le bokgoni jwa go boloka bokgola, mme se se dire gore mmu o thatafale le go phanyega. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2011-12-30 |title=Desertification, its Causes and why it Matters |url=https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119977759.ch1 |journal=Desertification, Land Degradation and Sustainability |pages=3–39 |doi=10.1002/9781119977759.ch1}}</ref> == Ditlamorago == === Ditsuatsue tsa motlhaba le lerole === [[File:SHB-Red-Dust.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa Borogo jwa Boemadikepe jwa Sydney jo bo khurumeditsweng ke lerole]] Go nnile le koketsego ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong (25%) ya lerole mo lefatsheng e le dipalo tsa ngwaga le ngwaga magareng ga bokhutlo jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesomeleboferabongwe go fitlha gompieno. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stanelle |first=Tanja |last2=Bey |first2=Isabelle |last3=Raddatz |first3=Thomas |last4=Reick |first4=Christian |last5=Tegen |first5=Ina |date=16 December 2014 |title=Anthropogenically induced changes in twentieth century mineral dust burden and the associated impact on radiative forcing |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |language=en |volume=119 |issue=23 |pages=13,526–13,546 |bibcode=2014JGRD..11913526S |doi=10.1002/2014JD022062 |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0024-A9A2-C |s2cid=128663108 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Koketsego ya go nna sekaka ga mafelo gape go okeditse selekanyo sa motlhaba o o motlhofo le lerole le phefo e ka le tsayang la felela le nna setsuatsue. Ka sekai, ditsuatsue tsa lerole kwa Botlhabagare "di nna kgapetsakgapetsa le go nna maatla mo dingwageng tsa bosheng jaana" ka gore "phokotsego ya pula ya paka e telele [e baka] bokgola jo bo kwa tlase jwa mmu le phokotsego ya khurumetso ya dimela ". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Namdari |first=Soodabeh |last2=Karimi |first2=Neamat |last3=Sorooshian |first3=Armin |last4=Mohammadi |first4=GholamHasan |last5=Sehatkashani |first5=Saviz |date=1 January 2018 |title=Impacts of climate and synoptic fluctuations on dust storm activity over the Middle East |journal=Atmospheric Environment |volume=173 |pages=265–276 |bibcode=2018AtmEn.173..265N |doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.016 |issn=1352-2310 |pmc=6192056 |pmid=30344444}}</ref> Difefo tsa lerole di ka nna le seabe mo malwetseng mangwe a go hema jaaka nyumonia, malwetsi a letlalo, khupelo le a mangwe a mantsi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudie |first=Andrew S. |date=1 February 2014 |title=Desert dust and human health disorders |journal=Environment International |volume=63 |pages=101–113 |bibcode=2014EnInt..63..101G |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2013.10.011 |issn=0160-4120 |pmid=24275707}}</ref> Di ka kgotlela metswedi ya metsi e e bulegileng , tsa fokotsa go atlega ga maiteko a lookwane/maatla a a phepa, le go emisa bontsi jwa mefuta ya dipalamo. Ditsuatsue tsa lerole le motlhaba di ka nna le ditlamorago tse di sa siamang mo seemong sa loapi mo go ka dirang gore go nna sekaka ga lefelo go nne maswe le go feta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hu |first=Tiantian |last2=Wu |first2=Di |last3=Li |first3=Yaohui |last4=Wang |first4=Chenghai |date=28 March 2017 |title=The Effects of Sandstorms on the Climate of Northwestern China |journal=Advances in Meteorology |language=en |volume=2017 |issue=1 |bibcode=2017AdMet201735609H |doi=10.1155/2017/4035609 |issn=1687-9309 |doi-access=free |article-number=e4035609}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wu |first=Yao |last2=Wen |first2=Bo |last3=Li |first3=Shanshan |last4=Guo |first4=Yuming |date=1 June 2021 |title=Sand and dust storms in Asia: a call for global cooperation on climate change |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |language=English |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=e329–e330 |bibcode=2021LanPH...5.e329W |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00082-6 |issn=2542-5196 |pmid=33915087 |s2cid=233460168 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dikarolwana tsa lerole mo phefong di phatlalatsa marang a a tsenang go tswa mo letsatsing (Hassan, 2012). Lerole le le ka dira khurumetso ya nakwana ya mogote yo o fa fatshe mme fela mogote wa lefaufau one o tla oketsega. Se se ka senya le go khutshwafatsa botshelo jwa maru se se ka felelang se baka pula e e nnye. <ref name=":52">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> === Go tlhoka go tsepama ga seemo sa go nna teng ga dijo === Go nna le dijo mo lefatsheng lotlhe go tshosediwa ke go fetoga ga naga go nna sekaka. Fa palo ya batho e gola, go tshwanetse ga jalwa dijo tse dintsi . Kgwebo ya temothuo e fudusiwa go tswa mo lefatsheng le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. Sekai, Yuropa ka palogare e reka dijo tsa bone di feta sephatlo mo lekgolong go tswa kwa ntle. Mme jalo, 44% ya lefatshe la temothuo le fitlhelwa mo mafatsheng a a omeletseng mme a tlamela ka 60% ya dijo tsa lefatshe lotlhe ka bophara. Go fetoga ga mafelo go nna sekaka go fokotsa selekanyo sa lefatshe le le nang le tswelelopele la tiriso ya temothuo mme letlhoko la dijalo le tsweletse ka go gola. Mo isagong e e gaufi, letlhoko le tlaa feta thobo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=WAD {{!}} World Atlas of Desertification |url=https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209170553/https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |archive-date=9 December 2019 |access-date=19 November 2019 |website=wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu}}</ref> Dikgotlhang tse di maswe tsa badisa le balemibarui kwa Nigeria, Sudan, Mali le mafatshe a mangwe mo kgaolong ya Sahel di gakaditswe ke [[Phetogo ya Seemo sa Loapi|phetogo ya seemo sa loapi]], go senyega ga lefatshe le kgolo ya palo ya batho . <ref>{{Cite news|date=22 January 2019|title=The battle on the frontline of climate change in Mali|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/the-reporters-46921487|access-date=18 December 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=6 August 2018|title=Farmer-Herder Conflicts on the Rise in Africa|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/farmer-herder-conflicts-rise-africa|access-date=18 December 2021}}</ref> === Koketsego ya lehuma === [[File:Soil_erosion,_Southfield_-_geograph.org.uk_-_367917.jpg|thumb|Kgothego ya mmu kwa ntle ga Leuchars]] Palo e ka nna 90% ya baagi ba mafatshe a a omeletseng ba nna mo mafatsheng a a santseng a tlhabologa, a mo go one gape ba sokolang ka ntlha ya maemo a a bokoa a itsholelo le lefatshe. <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Seemo se se gakadiwa ke go latlhegelwa ke boleng jwa lefatshe ka ntlha ya phokotsego ya bokgoni jwa lone jwa go ungwa, go sa tlhomamang ga maemo a botshelo le bothata jwa go fitlhelela metswedi le ditshono tsa go fetola diemo tse. Mafatshe a a sa tlhabologang ka bontsi a amiwa ke seemo sa go fudisa go feta selekanyo, go lapa ga lefatshe le go ntsha metsi a a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe go feta selekanyo ka ntlha ya dikgatelelo tsa go dirisa mafelo a a omeletseng a a kwa thoko go dira temothuo. Batsaa ditshwetso ga ba rate go beeletsa mo dikgaolong tse di omeletseng tse di nang le bokgoni jo bo kwa tlase. Go tlhoka dipeeletso mo go dira gore dikgaolo tse di kgaphelwe kwa thoko. Fa diemo tse di siamang tsa temothuo-seemo sa loapi di kopanngwa le go tlhoka mafaratlhatlha le phitlhelelo ya mebaraka, ga mmogo le mekgwa ya go lema dijo e e sa tlwaelesegang sentle le setšhaba se se sa jesiweng sentle gape se se sa rutegang sentle, bontsi jwa dikgaolo tse di ntseng jaana di kgaphelwa thoko mo tlhabololong. <ref name="csf-desertification.org">{{Cite web |title=Cornet A., 2002. Desertification and its relationship to the environment and development: a problem that affects us all. In: Ministère des Affaires étrangères/adpf, Johannesburg. World Summit on Sustainable Development. 2002. What is at stake? The contribution of scientists to the debate: 91–125.. |url=http://www.csf-desertification.org/index.php/bibliotheque/doc_details/119-cornet-antoine-2002-desertification-and-its-relationship-to-the-environment-and-development |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090809142606/http://www.csf-desertification.org/index.php/bibliotheque/doc_details/119-cornet-antoine-2002-desertification-and-its-relationship-to-the-environment-and-development |archive-date=9 August 2009}}</ref> Go fetoga ga lefelo go nna sekaka gantsi go dira gore mafelo a a kwa magaeng a se ka a kgona go tshegetsa palo ya batho e e tshwanang le ya pele e e neng e nna gone mo lefelong. Se se felela se baka khudugo ya bontsi mo tswa mo magaeng go ya kwa ditoropong segolobogolo mo Aforika mo go dirang letlhoko la ditiro le mekhukhu . <ref>{{Cite book |last=Pasternak, Dov |year=2001 |title=Combating desertification with plants |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-i8-DPf6xgC&pg=PA20 |last2=Schlissel, Arnold |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-306-46632-8 |page=20 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://books.google.com/books?id=B-i8-DPf6xgC&pg=PA20 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Briassoulis, Helen |year=2005 |title=Policy integration for complex environmental problems: the example of Mediterranean desertification |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CpYnV45hVRsC&pg=PA161 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |isbn=978-0-7546-4243-5 |page=161 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161052/https://books.google.com/books?id=CpYnV45hVRsC&pg=PA161 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Palo ya batshabi ba ba diemo tsa tikologo e a gola ngwaga le ngwaga, mme diponelopele tsa Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara di bontsha koketsego e e ka nnang teng go tswa mo didikadikeng di le lesome le bone ka 2010 go ya go didikadike di ka nna makgolo a mabedi ka 2050. Se se dira mathata kwa pele mo kgaolong e, ka gore ditšhaba tse di mabapi ga di na bokgoni jwa go tshegetsa palo ya batho ba le bantsi ya batshabi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Myers |first=Norman |date=29 April 2002 |title=Environmental refugees: a growing phenomenon of the 21st century |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences |volume=357 |issue=1420 |pages=609–613 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2001.0953 |pmc=1692964 |pmid=12028796}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Epule |first=Terence Epule |last2=Peng |first2=Changhui |last3=Lepage |first3=Laurent |date=5 February 2014 |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward |journal=GeoJournal |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=79–92 |bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z |s2cid=154503204}}</ref> Kwa Mongolia, 90% ya lefatshe ke le le omileng le le bokoa, se se dirang gore badisa ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa toropong go ya go bereka. Ka ditsompelo tse di lekanyeditsweng thata, badisa ba ba nnang mo lefatsheng le le omeletseng ba fudisa ka kelotlhoko thata gore ba kgone go somarela lefatshe. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2018 |title=Mongolia's nomadic way of life under threat |url=https://gulfnews.com/lifestyle/mongolias-nomadic-way-of-life-under-threat-1.2259998 |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref> Temothuo ke nngwe ya metswedi e megolo ya lotseno mo merafeng ya banni ba sekaka mo Aforika. Koketsego ya go nna sekaka ga mafelo mo dikgaolong tse go sentse lefatshe mo e leng gore batho ga ba tlhole ba kgona go lema le go rua ka tsela e e nang le thobo le go dira dipoelo. Se se amile itsholelo ka tsela e e sa siamang le go oketsa seelo sa lehuma. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stringer |first=Lindsay C. |last2=Dyer |first2=Jen C. |last3=Reed |first3=Mark S. |last4=Dougill |first4=Andrew J. |last5=Twyman |first5=Chasca |last6=Mkwambisi |first6=David |year=2009 |title=Adaptations to climate change, drought and desertification: local insights to enhance policy in southern Africa |journal=Environmental Science & Policy |volume=12 |issue=7 |pages=748–765 |bibcode=2009ESPol..12..748S |doi=10.1016/j.envsci.2009.04.002}}</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, go na le go oketsega ga bobueledi jwa lefatshe ka bophara, sekai ba UN SDG 15 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Goal 15 targets |url=https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904001634/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html |archive-date=4 September 2017 |access-date=24 September 2020 |website=UNDP |language=en}}</ref> go lwantsha go fetoga ga mafelo go nna sekaka le go buseletsa mafatshe a a setseng a amegile. == Mafelo a amegileng == Mafelo a a omeletseng a tsaya mo e ka nnang 40–41% ya kgaolo ya lefatshe lotlhe mme ke magae a batho ba ka feta dibilione di le pedi. <ref name=":4">{{Cite book |date=2006 |title=Governing global desertification: linking environmental degradation, poverty and participation |publisher=Ashgate [u.a.] |isbn=978-0-7546-4359-3 |editor-last=Johnson |editor-first=Pierre-Marc |series=Global environmental governance series |location=Aldershot |editor-last2=Johnson |editor-first2=Pierre Marc}}</ref> Go nnile le palo kakanyetso ya gore mo e ka nnang 10–20% ya mafelo a a omeletseng a setse a latlhegetswe ke boleng, lefelo lotlhe le le amilweng ke go fetoga sekaka ga mafelo le fa gare ga disekwerekhilomithara di le didikadike di le thataro le lesome le bobedi, gore mo e ka nnang 1–6% ya banni ba mafelo a a omeletseng ba nna mo mafelong a a sekaka, le gore batho ba le bilione ba mo kotsing ya go nna fa go fetogelang go nna sekaka go ya pele. <ref name="holtz">{{Cite web |date=10 October 2017 |title=UNCCD: Impact and role of drylands |url=https://www.unccd.int/un-decade-deserts-and-fight-against-desertification-impact-and-role-drylands |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107121026/https://www.unccd.int/un-decade-deserts-and-fight-against-desertification-impact-and-role-drylands |archive-date=7 November 2019 |access-date=7 November 2019 |website=UNCCD}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=World Bank |year=2009 |title=Gender in agriculture sourcebook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxBrq6hTs_UC&pg=PA454 |publisher=World Bank Publications |isbn=978-0-8213-7587-7 |page=454 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730160546/https://books.google.com/books?id=XxBrq6hTs_UC&pg=PA454 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Sahel === Ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya loapi le ditiro tsa batho mo go fetogeng sekaka ga lefelo di bonala mo kgaolong ya Sahel ya Aforika. Kgaolo e e tlhaolwa ka seemo sa loapi se se omeletseng go le mogote thata, dipalo tsa mogote tse di kwa godimo le pula e e kwa tlase (100–600&nbsp;mm ka ngwaga). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicholson |first=Sharon E. |date=17 February 2013 |title=The West African Sahel: A Review of Recent Studies on the Rainfall Regime and Its Interannual Variability |journal=International Scholarly Research Notices |language=en |volume=2013 |doi=10.1155/2013/453521 |doi-access=free |article-number=e453521}}</ref> Ka jalo, komelelo e a laola mo kgaolong ya Sahel. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Riebeek |first=Holli |date=3 January 2007 |title=Defining Desertification: Feature Articles |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Desertification/desertification2.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201211259/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Desertification/desertification2.php |archive-date=1 December 2016 |access-date=30 November 2016 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov}}</ref> Sahel e latlhegetswe ke lefatshe le ka nna botona jwa ba 650 000&nbsp;km ² ya lefatshe la yone la temothuo le le nang le dipoelo mo dingwageng di le 50 tse di fetileng; go anama ga go nna sekaka mo lefelong le go bonala thata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicholson |first=S. E. |last2=Tucker |first2=C. J. |last3=Ba |first3=M. B. |date=1 May 1998 |title=Desertification, Drought, and Surface Vegetation: An Example from the West African Sahel |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume=79 |issue=5 |pages=815–830 |bibcode=1998BAMS...79..815N |doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<0815:DDASVA>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Resource Stresses and Desertification in Africa |url=https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/use/?cid=nrcs142p2_054025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401055308/https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/use/?cid=nrcs142p2_054025 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=24 November 2020 |website=United States Department of Agriculture}}</ref> [[File:Village_Telly_in_Mali.jpg|thumb|Kgaolo ya Sahel ya Mali]] Seemo sa loapi sa Sahara se nnile le diphetogo tse dikgolo mo dingwageng di le dikete di le makgolo tse di fetileng, <ref name="Lakes">{{Cite journal |last=Kevin White |last2=David J. Mattingly |year=2006 |title=Ancient Lakes of the Sahara |journal=American Scientist |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=58–65 |doi=10.1511/2006.57.983}}</ref> se fetogafetoga fa gare ga go metsi (naga ya bojang) le go omelela (sekaka) dingwaga dingwe le dingwe di le dikete di le masome a mabedi, <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Jennifer Chu|date=2 January 2019|title=A "pacemaker" for North African climate|url=http://news.mit.edu/2019/study-regulating-north-african-climate-0102|access-date=20 January 2020|publisher=MIT News}}</ref> (tiragalo e go dumelwa gore e bakilwe ke diphetogo tsa nako e telele mo Seemong sa loapi sa Aforika Bokone, se se fetolang tsela ya Monsooni wa Aforika Bokone , mo e ka nnang ga dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mane, mo go one go sekama ga axis ya lefatshe go fetogang fa gare ga 22° le 24,5°). <ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite book |last=Houérou |first=Henry N. |date=10 December 2008 |title=Bioclimatology and Biogeography of Africa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Rvs7NkfeLEC&q=Sahara+rainfall+virtually+zero&pg=PA16 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-540-85192-9 |language=en |access-date=11 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730160547/https://books.google.com/books?id=_Rvs7NkfeLEC&q=Sahara+rainfall+virtually+zero&pg=PA16 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Dipalopalo dingwe di supile gore, fa e sale ka 1900, Sahara e atologile ka dikholomithara di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a matlhano go ya kwa borwa mo godimo ga karolo ya lefatshe mme go tswa kwa bophirima go ya kwa botlhaba ka dikete di le thataro tsa dikholomithara ka boleele. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Christian Bouquet |date=December 2017 |title=Le Sahara entre ses deux rives. Éléments de délimitation par la géohistoire d'un espace de contraintes |url=http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/afrique-dynamiques-regionales/articles-scientifiques/sahara-entre-deux-rives |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001607/http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/afrique-dynamiques-regionales/articles-scientifiques/sahara-entre-deux-rives |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=25 January 2018 |website=Géoconfluences |quote=Mais il aurait progressé de 250 km vers le sud depuis 1900 (Mainguet, 2003), et dépasserait donc 9 millions de km² soit 30 % de la superficie totale du continent africain.}}</ref> Letsha la Chad, le le mo kgaolong ya Sahel, le ile la kgala ka ntlha ya go gogwa ga metsi mo go lone go nosetsa le go fokotsega ga selekanyo sa pula. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Okpara |first=Uche T. |last2=Stringer |first2=Lindsay C. |last3=Dougill |first3=Andrew J. |date=November 2016 |title=Lake drying and livelihood dynamics in Lake Chad: Unravelling the mechanisms, contexts and responses |journal=Ambio |volume=45 |issue=7 |pages=781–795 |bibcode=2016Ambio..45..781O |doi=10.1007/s13280-016-0805-6 |pmc=5055484 |pmid=27371137}}</ref> Letsha le le ngotlegile ka go feta 90% fa e sale ka 1987, mme se sa fudusa didikadike tsa banni. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jiang |first=Ingrid |date=12 August 2022 |title=A Remarkable Size Shrinking in Lake Chad |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/e63a90f8552d4e5f98f4c56a56c06f9d |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=ArcGIS StoryMaps |language=en-ca}}</ref> Maiteko a mo bosheng a kgonne go dira kgatelopele nngwe mo go tsosoloseng go le buseletsa mme go sa ntse go tsewa fa le le mo kotsing ya go nyelela gotlhelele. <ref name="Remote sensing appraisal of Lake Ch">{{Cite journal |last=Onamuti |first=Olapeju Y. |last2=Okogbue |first2=Emmanuel C. |last3=Orimoloye |first3=Israel R. |date=8 November 2017 |title=Remote sensing appraisal of Lake Chad shrinkage connotes severe impacts on green economics and socio-economics of the catchment area |journal=Royal Society Open Science |volume=4 |issue=11 |bibcode=2017RSOS....471120O |doi=10.1098/rsos.171120 |pmc=5717671 |pmid=29291097 |doi-access=free |article-number=171120}}</ref> Go fokotsa go nna sekakaga mafelo, letsholo la Great Green Wall (Aforika) le ne la simololwa ka 2007 mme le ne le akaretsa go jala dimela mo karolong e e ka nnang dikholomithara di le dikete di le bosupa le makgolo a le bosupa le masome a masupa le botlhano (7 775 .&nbsp;km), dikholomithara di le lesome le botlhano ka bophara, go akaretswa mo lenaneong le mafatshe a le masome a mabedi le bobedi go fitlha ka 2030. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Green Wall Initiative |url=https://www.unccd.int/our-work/ggwi |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=UNCCD |language=en}}</ref> Maikaelelo a letsholo le ke tona le la go jala dimela ke go tokafatsa go boloka metsi mo mmung morago ga pula ya paka, ka jalo go rotloetsa tsosoloso ya lefatshe le temothuo ya mo bokamosong. [[Senegal]] e setse e tsentse letsogo mo lenaneong le ka go jala ditlhare tsa diheketara di le dikete di le masome a matlhano. Go bolelwa fa se se tokafaditse boleng jwa lefatshe le go baka koketsego ya tshono ya go gola ga itsholelo mo kgaolong e. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Great Green Wall &#124; National Geographic Society |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/great-green-wall/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222164123/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/great-green-wall/ |archive-date=22 December 2022 |access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> == Aforika == [[File:View_over_Bani_-_Sahel_Region_-_Burkina_Faso.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa Bani - Kgaolo ya Sahel - Burkina Faso]] === Kgaolo ya Sahel === Sahel, e leng kgaolo ya dikholomithara di dikete di le tlhano le makgolo a le mane e tsanaisana le phetogo ya seemo sa loapi sa Sekaka sa Sahara le dikgwa tse di bokgola tsa Sudan, e emela ngwe ya dikgaolo tsa lefatshe tse di ka tlhaselwang ke go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo ka bofefo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Case Study: Drought and Desertification in the Sahel |url=https://simplestudy.com/ie/leaving-cert/geography/revision-notes/option-atmosphere-ocean/climate-characteristics-and-economic-development/case-study-drought-and-desertification-in-the-sahel |access-date=June 19, 2026 |publisher=SimpleStudy}}</ref> Go ya ka dipelo go tswa kwa Lenaneong la Tikologo la Ditšhabakopano (UNEP), go senyega ga tikologo le go nna sekaka go ama mo e ka nnang 45% ya karolo yotlhe ya lefatshe mo teng ga Sahel, e leng mo e ka nnang disekwerekhilomithara di le didikadike di le 2.43 tsa lefatshe le le senyegileng. Dilo tse di bakang go nna sekaka kwa Sahel ke ditiro tsa batho le seemo sa loapi. Le fa dipalo tsa mogote mo kgaolong e di ile tsa oketsega ka 0,5°C go ya go 1,5°C mo lekgolong le le fetileng la dingwaga—tse di bakileng dipaka tse di sa tlhomamang thata tsa dipula tsa monsoon—go oketsega ga palo ya batho go ile ga oketsa kgatelelo ya tikologo le gone. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Re-Greening of the Sahel |url=https://adaptation.climate.columbia.edu/content/re-greening-sahel |access-date=June 19, 2026 |publisher=Columbia Climate School}}</ref> Ka palo ya batho ba kgaolo e e akanyediwang go atologa thata ka 2050, letlhoko la lefatshe le le ka lengwang le la go rua le dirile gore go feta 70% ya mafulo a Sahel a fulwe thata le 80% ya mafatshe a temothuo a itemogele go fokotsega mo go tseneletseng ga dikotla. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 3, 2026 |title=Desertification - Sahel case study |url=https://www.green.earth/blog/desertification-sahel-case-study |access-date=June 19, 2026 |publisher=Green Earth}}</ref> Tatlhegelo e ya khurumetso ya dimela e dira gore mmu o o senang sepe o amiwe ke diphefo tse di omileng tsa Harmattan, mme se se itlhaganedisa go atologa go ya kwa borwa, maemo a go fetoga sekaka se se omileng thata. Dikgato tsa go lwantsha se, segolobogolo letsholo la Great Green Wall, di ikaelela go busetsa diheketara di le didikadike di le lekgolo tsa lefatshe le le senyegileng le ka 2030. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 15, 2022 |title=Desertification in Africa: Causes, Effects and Solutions |url=https://earth.org/desertification-in-africa/ |access-date=June 19, 2026 |publisher=Earth.org}}</ref> eu58k8sqsvnm6yb9r9zyymo7mse1pn1 0 14578 53032 53027 2026-07-23T12:39:19Z MmaBaggio 11091 53032 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Taiwan 2009 Tainan City Organic Farm Watermelon FRD 7962.jpg|thumb|Legapu]] '''Legapu''' (Citrullus lanatus) ke mofuta wa semela se se thunyang sa lelapa la Cucurbitaceae, se se nang le leungo le letona le le jewang. Ke semela se se tshwanang le mofine se se tsamayang ka go tlalatlala mme se jalwa thata mo lefatsheng lotlhe, se na le mefuta e e fetang sekete. Magapu a jalwa mo mafelong a a nang le [[Seemo sa loapi sa Aferika|seemo sa loapi]] se se siameng go tswa kwa mafelong a boboatsatsi go ya kwa mafelong a a nang leseemo sa loapi se se tsididi mo lefatsheng lotlhe ka ntlha ya [[maungo]] a one a maton a a jewang, a e leng moretlwa o o nang le legari le le thata mme o se na dikarolwana mo teng, o moithutatshelo ba o bitsang peo. Manye a lone a a botshe a a nang le matute gantsi a mahibidu jo bo tseneletseng go ya go pinki, mme e na le Peo e ntsi e ntsho fa di godile, le tse di tshweu fa di ise di gole. Gape go na le mefuta e e se nang dipeo. Leungo leno le ka jewa le sa apewa kgotsa le apeilwe, mme legare la lone le ka jewa fa le sena go apewa. Gape e ka nowa e le matute kgotsa e le karolo ya dino tse di tlhakantsweng. Magapu a sesha kana a sekgowa a simolotse kwa [[Sudan]], kwa a neng a jalwa teng la ntlha.<ref>Fox A. [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/researchers-uncover-watermelons-origins-180977872/ "Researchers Uncover the Watermelon's Origins".] ''Smithsonian Magazine''. Retrieved 21 July 2026.</ref> <ref>Renner SS, Wu S, Pérez-Escobar OA, et&#x20;al. (8 June 2021)[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8201767/ . "A chromosome-level genome of a Kordofan melon illuminates the origin of domesticated watermelons"]. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America''. '''118''' (23) e2101486118. doi:10.1073/pnas.2101486118. PMC&#x20;8201767. PMID&#x20;34031154. Retrieved 21 July 2026 &#x2013; via PubMed.</ref>Magapu a [[Kordofan]] go tswa kwa [[Sudan]] ke losika la ba ba gaufi mme e ka nna borremogologolwane ba gompieno, Legapu le le jalwang. <ref name=":0">Renner SS, Wu S, Pérez-Escobar OA, et&#x20;al. (24 May 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8201767 "A chromosome-level genome of a Kordofan melon illuminates the origin of domesticated watermelons".] ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences''. '''118''' (23) e2101486118. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PNAS..11801486R Bibcode:2021PNAS..11801486R]. [[doi:10.1073/pnas.2101486118]][https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424 . ISSN&#x20;0027-8424]. PMC&#x20;8201767. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34031154 PMID&#x20;34031154].</ref> Dipeo tsa tswine ya naga di ne tsa fitlhelwa kwa Uan Muhuggiag, lefelo la bogologolo la kwa Libya le le simolotseng ka 3500 BC. <ref name=":1">Wasylikowa K, van der Veen M (2004). "An archaeobotanical contribution to the history of watermelon, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai (syn. C. vulgaris Schrad.)". ''Vegetation History and Archaeobotany''. '''13''' (4): 213–217. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004VegHA..13..213W Bibcode:2004VegHA..13..213W.] [[doi:10.1007/s00334-004-0039-6|doi:10.1007/s00334-004-0039-6.]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0939-6314 ISSN&#x20;0939-6314]. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23419585 JSTOR&#x20;23419585]. [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129058509 S2CID&#x20;129058509.]</ref>Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi, go ne ga gololwa patlisiso e e neng ya latedisa dipeo tsa semonamone tsa dingwaga di le dikete tse thataro tse di fitlhetsweng kwa sekakeng sa [[Libya]] go ya kwa dipeong tsa Egusi kwa [[Nigeria]], Afrika Bophirima. Ditshwene di ne tsa ruisiwa kwa Sudan mme tsa jalwa kwa [[Egepeto]] ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi BC; setshwantsho sa e e bonalang e le nngwe mo thining se fitlhetswe mo lebitleng la Egepeto le le nang le dingwaga tse di ka nnang dikete tse nne tse di fetileng. Tseo e ne e se tsa mofuta o o monate wa segompieno, mme mekwalo ya Sehebera go tswa kwa tshimologong ya motlha wa Sekeresete e ne e baya semonamone le maungo a mangwe a tafole a a monate, mme dimonamone tsa molatso di ne tsa anama go ralala lefatshe la Mediterranean ka nako ya bogologolo jwa Roma. <ref>Paris HS (August 2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4512189 "Origin and emergence of the sweet dessert watermelon, ''Citrullus lanatus''".] ''Annals of Botany''. '''116''' (2): 133–148. [[doi:10.1093/aob/mcv077]]. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4512189 PMC&#x20;4512189.] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26141130 PMID&#x20;26141130.]</ref> Maiteko a magolo a go godisa mefuta e e farologaneng ya dijalo a dirile gore go nne le mefuta e e kgonang go emelana le malwetse. Go na le mefuta e le mentsi e e kgonang go ntsha maungo a a buduleng mo malatsing a le lekgolo fa e sena go jalwa. Go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro, China e tla bo e le yone e e tlhagisang dikhabetšhe tse dintsi go gaisa mo lefatsheng ka 64% ya palogotlhe ya tsone. == Tlhaloso == Semonamone ke sejalo sa ngwaga le ngwaga se se nang le mokgwa wa go kotama kgotsa go palama. Matlhare a sone a ka nna boleele jwa dimetara di le tharo mme a na le meriri e e serolwana kgotsa e e borokwa. Matlhare a boleele jwa dimilimetara di le masome a marataro go ya go di le makgolo a mabedi le bophara jwa dimilimetara di le masome a mane go ya go di le lekgolo le masome a matlhano . Gantsi di na le matlhakore a le mararo a a nang le matlhakore a mabedi. Go gola go go sa tswang go nna teng go na le boboa jo bo kitlaneng jo bo nang le meriri e e serolwana e e nyelelang fa semela se ntse se gola. Fela jaaka mefuta yotlhe ya semela sa Citrullus kwantle ga o le mongwe fela, semonamone le sone se na le dithunya tse di nang le dikala. Dimela tseno di na le dithunya tse e seng tsa bong jo bo tshwanang tse di nang le mmala o mosweu kgotsa o o serolwana e bile di na le maungo a a nang le moriri a a boleele jwa dimilimetara di le masome a mane. Sethunya sengwe le sengwe se gola se le nosi mo matlhakoreng a matlhare, mme mofuta ono wa dithunya o na le dithunya tse di tonanyana le tse di namagadi mo semeleng sengwe le sengwe. Dithunya tsa ditona ke tsone tse di golang kwa tshimologong ya setlha; tsa ditshegadi, tse di golang moragonyana, di na le mae a mae a a kwa tlase. Mekgwa e e kopantswe mo kholomong e le nngwe. [[Setshwantsho:Citrullus lanatus afghan melon.jpg|thumb]] Leungo le legolo ke mofuta wa moretlwa o o fetotsweng o o bidiwang pepo o o nang le letlalo le le bokima (exocarp) le bogare jwa nama (mesocarp le endocarp).<ref>[http://www.worldbotanical.com/fruit_types.htm "A Systematic Treatment of Fruit Types".] Worldbotanical.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170713022453/http://www.worldbotanical.com/fruit_types.htm Archived] from the original on 13 July 2017. Retrieved 7 October 2014.</ref> Dimela tsa naga di na le maungo a a ka nnang boleele jwa disentimetara di le masome a mabedi, fa mefuta e e lemilweng yone e ka nna boleele jwa disentimetara di le masome a marataro. Letlalo la leungo le botala jo bo tseneletseng mme gantsi le na le matlhare kgotsa methalo, mme nama, e e nang le dipodi tse dintsi tse di anameng mo teng, e ka nna bohibidu kgotsa pinki (gantsi), namune, serolwana, botala kgotsa bosweu. <ref name=":2">Maynard D, Maynard DN (2012). "Part II, Section C, Chapter 6: Cucumbers, Melons and Watermelons". In Kiple KF, Ornelas KC (eds.). [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-world-history-of-food/cucumbers-melons-and-watermelons/9B1F444F8D285D591C0BD7A3C6E9EF51 ''The Cambridge World History of Food''.] Vol.&#x20;2. Cambridge University Press. pp.&#x20;267–270. [[doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521402156]][[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40215-6|. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-521-40215-6</bdi>.]]</ref><ref name=":7">[http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantcd/citrullanat.htm "''Citrullus lanatus'' (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai"]. South Africa National Biodiversity Institute. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924074427/http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantcd/citrullanat.htm Archived] from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2014.</ref> Legapu le le babang, [[C. amarus,]] le tlholegile mo dikgaolong tse di omeletseng tsa dikontinente di le mmalwa, mme se kaiwa jaaka "semela se se senyang" mo dikarolong tsa [[Bophirima jwa Australia]] koo se bidiwang "sese sa kolobe".<ref>Parsons WT, Cuthbertson EG (2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=sRCrNAQQrpwC&q=wild%20melon%20australia&pg=PA408 Noxious Weeds of Australia]'' (2nd&#x20;ed.). Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing. pp.&#x20;407–408. [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-643-06514-7|ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-643-06514-7</bdi>.]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20230313192605/https://books.google.com/books?id=sRCrNAQQrpwC&q=wild%20melon%20australia&pg=PA408 Archived] from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2014.</ref> == Tsamaiso ya diphologolo == Legapu le le monate le ne la tlhalosiwa la ntlha ke [[Carl Linnaeus]] ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano le boraro mme a se bitsa Cucurbita citrullus. E ne ya tsenngwa gape mo losikeng lwa Citrullus ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masame a mararo le borataro, ka fa tlase ga leina la Citrullus vulgaris, ke moitseanape wa German [[Heinrich Adolf Schrader]].<ref>[https://www.ipni.org/n/291943-1 "''Citrullus vulgaris'' Schrad."], ''[[:en:International_Plant_Names_Index|The International Plant Names Index]]'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20190926213234/https://www.ipni.org/n/291943-1 archived] from the original on 26 September 2019, retrieved 26 September 2019</ref> Maina a a tshwanang le "Citrullus citrullus" ga a letlelelwa mo [[International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants]].<ref>Article 23.4 "The specific epithet, with or without the addition of a transcribed symbol, may not exactly repeat the generic name (a designation formed by such repetition is a tautonym)."</ref> Mofuta ono o kgaogantswe gape ka mefuta e le mmalwa, e e akaretsang melon e e bogalaka (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai var. lanatus), legapu le le babang (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides (L. H. Bailey) Mansf.), mme var. vulgaris e e jewang e ka tswa e le yone e e botlhokwa thata. Mokgwa ono wa go kgaoganya o simolotse ka ntlha ya go tshwana ga legapu le le boboa la Citrullus lanatus le legapu le le monate la Citrullus vulgaris le le dirilweng ke [[L.H. Bailey]] ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo.<ref>Bailey LH. 1930. Three discussions in Cucurbitaceae. Gentes Herbarum 2: 175–186.</ref>Dintlha tsa dimolekhule, go akaretsa le tatelano go tswa mo kgoboketsong ya kwa tshimologong ya Thunberg le mofuta o mongwe o o maleba wa didiriswa, di bontsha gore watermelon e e monate (Citrullus vulgaris Schrad.) le melon e e boleta ya boboa Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai ga di amane thata le tse dingwe.<ref>Chomicki, G., [[:en:Susanne_Renner|S. S. Renner]] (2014). [[doi:10.1111/nph.13163|"Watermelon origin solved with molecular phylogenetics including Linnaean material: Another example of museomics".]] ''New Phytologist''. '''205''' (2): 526–32. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NewPh.205..526C Bibcode:2015NewPh.205..526C]. [[doi:10.1111/nph.13163|doi:10.1111/nph.13163.]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25358433 PMID&#x20;25358433.]</ref>Kopo ya go boloka leina, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai, e ne ya amogelwa ke komiti ya nomenclature mme ya tlhomamisiwa kwa [[International Botanical Congress]] ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bosupa .<ref>[[:en:Susanne_Renner|Renner, S. S.,]] G. Chomicki, W. Greuter (2014). "Proposal to conserve the name ''Momordica lanata'' (''Citrullus lanatus'') (watermelon, Cucurbitaceae), with a conserved type, against ''Citrullus battich''". ''Taxon''. '''63''' (4): 941–942. [[doi:10.12705/634.29|doi:10.12705/634.29.]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86896357 S2CID&#x20;86896357.]</ref> Pele ga ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano , go ne go akanngwa gore mofuta wa naga o o gaufi thata le Citrullus lanatus e ne e le legapu le le senang dithotse Citrullus ecirrhosus Cogn. go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di omeletseng tsa Aforika Borwa go ya ka sekai se se lemogilweng ka phoso sa lekgolo la bo lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga. Le fa go ntse jalo, morago ga tshekatsheko ya phylogenetic, losika lo lo gaufi thata le Citrullus lanatus jaanong go akanngwa fa e le Citrullus mucosospermus (Fursa) go tswa Afrika Bophirima (go tswa Senegal go ya Nigeria), eo gape ka dinako tse dingwe e tsewang e le mofuta wa C. lanatus.<ref>Chomicki, Guillaume & Renner, Susanne S. 2015. Watermelon origin solved with molecular phylogenetics including Linnaean material: Another example of museomics. ''New Phytologist, 205'' (2): 526–532.</ref>Magapu a a tswang kwa Sudan lle one a gaufi le magaoy a ruilweng.<ref>[[:en:Susanne_Renner|Renner, S. S.]], A. Sousa, and G. Chomicki. 2017. Chromosome numbers, Sudanese wild forms, and classification of the watermelon genus Citrullus, with 50 names allocated to seven biological species. Taxon 66(6): 1393-1405</ref> Legapu le le boleta le ne la tlhalosiwa semmuso ke [[Carl Peter Thunberg]] ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a supa le masome a robabongwe le bone mme ya fiwa leina la Momordica lanata.<ref>[https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/199634 "''Momordica lanata''"]. ''[[:en:Australian_Plant_Name_Index|Australian Plant Name Index]] (APNI)''. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, [[:en:Australian_Government|Australian Government.]] Retrieved 15 March 2023.</ref> E ne ya tsenngwa mo mofuteng wa Citrullus ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le borataro ke baithutadimela ba Majapane [[Jinzō Matsumura]] le [[Takenoshin Nakai]].<ref>[https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/69938 ''Citrullus lanatus''"]. ''[[:en:Australian_Plant_Name_Index|Australian Plant Name Index]] (APNI)''. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, [[:en:Australian_Government|Australian Government.]] Retrieved 15 March 2023.</ref> == Ditso == Magapu a ne a jalwa ka ntlha ya metsi a mantsi a nang le one mme a ne a bolokiwa gore a jewe ka paka ya komelelo, e le motswedi wa dijo le metsi. <ref name=":3">Strauss M (21 August 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20201016013417/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/08/150821-watermelon-fruit-history-agriculture/ "The 5,000-Year Secret History of the Watermelon"]. ''National Geographic News''. Archived from [https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/08/150821-watermelon-fruit-history-agriculture/ the origina]l on 16 October 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2020.</ref>Peo ya matute a dinotshe a ne a fitlhelwa kwa kgaolong ya Lewatle le le Suleng kwa metseng ya bogologolo ya [[Bab edh-Dhra]] le [[Tel Arad.]] <ref>Amar Z (5 December 2016). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=_jVYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT61 Arabian Drugs in Medieval Mediterranean Medicine]''. Edinburgh University Press. [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-1318-3|ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-1-4744-1318-3</bdi>.]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20230313192553/https://books.google.com/books?id=_jVYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT61 Archived] from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2019.</ref><ref>Shafer-Elliott C (2022), [https://www.bloomsburyfoodlibrary.com/encyclopedia-chapter?docid=b-9780567679826&tocid=b-9780567679826-chapter8 "Fruits, Nuts, Vegetables, and Legumes",] in Fu J, Shafer-Elliott C, Meyers C (eds.), ''T&T Clark Handbook of Food in the Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel'', T&T Clark Handbooks (1&#x20;ed.), London: T&T Clark, p.&#x20;149, [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-567-67982-6|ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-567-67982-6</bdi>,]] retrieved 27 July 2025</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Albert Eckhout 1610-1666 Brazilian fruits.jpg|thumb|Botshelo le Magapu, Ananaase le Maungo a Mangwe ka Albert Eckhout, motaki wa Mo-Dutch wa lekgolo la bo lesome le bosupa la dingwaga yo o neng a dira kwa Brazil]] Dipeo di le dintsi tsa legapu la naga (C. lanatus) tse di nang le dingwaga di le dikete tse tlhano di ne tsa bonwa kwa [[Uan Muhuggiag]], lefelo la bogologolo la thutamarope le le kwa borwabophirima jwa [[Libya]]. Go ribololwa ga archaeobotanical go ka tshegetsa kgonagalo ya gore semela se ne se anamisiwa thata mo nakong e e fetileng.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> Mo lekgolong la bosupa la dingwaga, meretlwa e ne e lengwa kwa India, mme ka lekgolo la bosome la dingwaga e ne e setse e fitlhile kwa China. [[Ba-Moor]] ba ne ba tlisa loungo lono kwa Pheninsuleng ya Iberia, mme go na le bosupi jwa gore lo ne lo jalwa kwa [[Córdoba]] ka 961 le kwa [[Sevilla|Seville]] ka ngwaga wa sekete,lekgolo le lesome le borobabobedi. E ne ya anamela kwa bokone go ralala borwa jwa Yuropa, gongwe e ne ya thibelwa ke dithemperetšha tsa selemo tse di neng di sa lekana gore go nne le thobo e e siameng. Leungo le ne le simolotse go tlhagelela mo dijalong tsa merogo tsa kwa Yuropa ka ngwaga wa seketele makgolo a marataro, mme le ne le jalwa thata kwa Yuropa ka lekgolo la bo lesome le bosupa la dingwaga jaaka sejalo se se potlana sa tshingwana. <ref name=":2" /> Magapu a bogologolo a ne a se monate, go na le moo di ne di le bogalaka, di na le letlalo le lesweu le le serolwana. Gape go ne go le thata go di bula. Legapu la gompieno,le le nang le tatso e e botshe e bile go le motlhofo go se bula, se ne sa tlhabololwa fa nako e ntse e tsamaya ka go le tsadisa ka tsela e e tlhophilweng.<ref>Szydlowski M (18 August 2021). [https://www.columbiatribune.com/story/lifestyle/2021/08/18/understanding-evolution-todays-watermelon/5536701001/ "Understanding the evolution of today's watermelon".] ''[[:en:Columbia_Daily_Tribune|Columbia Daily Tribune]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211030053457/https://www.columbiatribune.com/story/lifestyle/2021/08/18/understanding-evolution-todays-watermelon/5536701001/ Archived] from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Leiden University Library - Seikei Zusetsu vol. 27, page 018 - 西瓜 - Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai - Cucurbita maxima Duchesne, 1804.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho se se tserweng mo saetlopeding ya temothuo ya kwa Japane ya Seikei Zusetsu (1804)]] Batho ba ba neng ba nna kwa Yuropa ba ne ba tlisa semonamone kwa New World. Baagi ba Spain ba ne ba e lema kwa Florida ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a matlhano le masome a supa le borataro . E ne e jalwa kwa Massachusetts ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a marataro le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe, mme ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a marataro le masome a matlhano e ne e jalwa kwa [[Peru]], [[Brazil]] le [[Panama]]. Mo e ka nnang ka yone nako eo, Baamerika ba Tlholego ba ne ba lema dijalo tseno kwa mokgatšheng wa Mississippi le kwa [[Florida]]. Matonkomane a ne a amogelwa ka bonako kwa Hawaii le kwa ditlhaketlhakeng tse dingwe tsa Pacific fa a ne a tlisiwa koo ke babatlisisi ba ba jaaka [[Kapotene James Cook]]. <ref name=":2" /> Magapu a senang Peo a ne a tlhagisiwa la ntlha ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le borobabongwe ke bomaitsaanaoe ba ma-japane ba ba neng ba dira [[di-triploid hybrids]] tse di senang dipeo mme di ne di se na nonofo e e lekaneng ya go emelana le malwetse.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160427211006/http://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/CAT71326739/PDF "Production of Seedless Watermelons"]. US Department of Agriculture. 15 June 1971. Archived from [https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/CAT71326739/PDF the original] on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2017.</ref> Magapu a senag peo a tuma thata mo ngwagakgolong wa bo masome a mabedi le bongwe, di oketsega go nna 85% ya palogotlhe ya di-watermelon tse di rekisitsweng kwa United States ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone. <ref>Naeve L (December 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170730193926/http://www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/vegetables/watermelon "Watermelon".] ''agmrc.org''. Agricultural Marketing Resource Center. Archived from [http://www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/vegetables/watermelon/ the original] on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2026.</ref> == Tsamaiso == Legapu le le tswang kwa kgaolong ya [[Kordofan]] kwa [[Sudan]]  -Legapu la Kordofan-e ka nna ya bo e le sone se se simolotseng semonamone sa segompieno se se ruilweng.<ref name=":0" />Legapu la Kordofan le na le tatso e e monate, e farologane le mefuta e mengwe ya Afrika e e tswang kwa dikgaolong tse dingwe, e supa tshimologo e e tshwanang, gongwe e ne ya jalwa kwa Nile Valley ka 2340 BC.<ref name=":0" /> == Temo == Legapu le mela mo mafelong a a mogote le a a tsididi, mme se tlhoka themperetšha e e kwa godimo ga 25 °C (77 °F) gore se gole sentle. Mo tshingwaneng, gantsi peo e jalwa mo dipitseng tse di khurumeditsweng e bo e jalwa gape mo mmung. Maemo a a siameng ke mmu wa motlhaba o o kgadileng sentle o o nang le pH magareng ga 5.7 le 7.2.<ref>[https://www.fao.org/land-water/databases-and-software/crop-information/watermelon/en/ "Watermelon &#x7C; Land & Water &#x7C; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations &#x7C; Land & Water &#x7C; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations"]. ''fao.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230220211242/https://www.fao.org/land-water/databases-and-software/crop-information/watermelon/en/ Archived] from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 20 February 2023.</ref> Ditshidi tse ditona tse di senyang legapu di akaretsa [[di-aphid]], dintshi tsa maungo le di-nematode. Mo maemong a bongola jo bo kwa godimo, dimela di tlhaselwa ke [[malwetse a dimela]] jaaka [[powdery mildew]] le mosaic virus. <ref>Brickell C, ed. (1992). ''The Royal Horticultural Society Encyclopedia of Gardening'' (Print). London: Dorling Kindersley. p.&#x20;333. [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-86318-979-1|ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-86318-979-1</bdi>.]]</ref>Mefuta mengwe e e jalwang kwa Japane le kwa dikarolong tse dingwe tsa Botlhaba jo bo Kgakala e ka tsenwa ke bolwetse jwa fusarium. Go tsenya mefuta e e ntseng jalo mo ditlhareng tse di kgonang go emelana le malwetse go a sireletsa.<ref name=":2" /> [[Lephata la Temothuo la United States]] le akantsha gore go dirisiwe bobotlana motshitshi o le mongwe wa dinotshe mo ekareng e le nngwe (dimetara di le 4 000 mo motshitshing o le mongwe) go tsamaisa mmudula wa mefuta e e tlwaelegileng ya dipeo tse di jalwang mo masimong a kgwebo. Mefuta e e kopantsweng e e se nang peo e na le mmudula o o senang peo. Seno se tlhoka gore go jalwe mefuta ya mmudula e e nang le mmudula. E re ka go sa tlhole go na le mmudula o o lekaneng, mme go nna le mmudula go le botlhokwa thata gore go nne le mofuta wa mmudula o o se nang peo, palo e go akantshiwang gore go dirwe di-hive tsa one e oketsega go nna di-hive di le tharo mo ekareng e le nngwe (1300 m2 mo hiveng e le nngwe). Dinotshe di na le nako e telele ya go gola go feta dinotshe tse dingwe mme gantsi go ka tsaya malatsi a le masome a robabobedi le botlhano kgotsa go feta go tswa ka nako ya go jalwa gore leungo le gole. <ref name=":4">[https://web.archive.org/web/20141006065530/http://vegetables.wsu.edu/WatermelonPhotos.html "Watermelon Variety Descriptions"]. [[:en:Washington_State_University|Washington State University.]] Archived from [http://vegetables.wsu.edu/WatermelonPhotos.html the original] on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2026.</ref>Go tshwanetse ga ntshiwa dithoro tsa mmudula tse di ka nnang sekete mme di anamisiwe ka go lekana mo matlhakoreng a mararo a stigma go dira leungo le le lekanang le le lekanang le le le nang le sebopego se se tlwaelegileng.<ref>[https://sites.udel.edu/weeklycropupdate/?p=22186 "Pollination in Watermelons | Weekly Crop Update"]. 12 May 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2026.</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, go akanngwa gore go tlhaela ga mmudula go baka "pelo e e lolea" e e dirang gore nama ya semonamone e nne le phatlha e kgolo, ka dinako tse dingwe e nna le popego e e raraaneng, e e lekalekanang. Dinamune tse di nang le pelo e e lolea di ka jewa ka pabalesego.<ref>Johnson GC, Ernest EG (September 2011). ''[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267277292 Conditions Influencing Hollow Heart Disorder in Triploid Watermelon]''. ASHS Annual Conference.</ref><ref>Thomas A (18 June 2015). [http://www1.udel.edu/udaily/2015/jun/watermelons-061815.html "Saving watermelons"]. University of Delaware. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200629053748/http://www1.udel.edu/udaily/2015/jun/watermelons-061815.html Archived] from the original on 29 June 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2020.</ref> Dinotshe ke motswedi wa botlhokwa wa metsi mo [[Aforika Borwa]], [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]], le [[Aforika Botlhaba]] mo bathong le mo diphologolong.<ref>K LT (30 January 2012). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=4MDEqFGeKVoC&pg=PA180 Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 2, Fruits]''. Springer Science & Business Media. pp.&#x20;180–181. [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-94-007-1764-0|ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-94-007-1764-0</bdi>]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230313192621/https://books.google.com/books?id=4MDEqFGeKVoC&pg=PA180 Archived] from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2022.</ref> == Thobo == Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro , thobo ya lefatshe ya legapu e ne e le ditone di le dimilione di le lekgolo le botlhano, e eteletswe pele ke China (kwa kontinenteng) e e dirang 64% ya palogotlhe (tafole). Mafatshe a mangwe a ne a ntsha dijo tseno e ne e le India, Turkey, Algeria le Brazil. == Dikotla == Leungo la Legapu le na le 91% ya metsi, 6% ya sukiri, mme le na le dikotla tse di kwa tlase tsa mafura le diporoteine (tafole). Mo selekanyong se se lekanyeditsweng sa 100 g (3+1⁄2 ounces), leungo la Legapu le naya 127 kilojoules (30 kilocalories) ya maatla a dijo, mme ga le na dikotla tse dinnye thata (tafole). Mmudula o na le carotenoids, go akaretsa lycopene.<ref>Perkins-Veazie P, Collins JK, Davis AR, et&#x20;al. (2006). "Carotenoid content of 50 watermelon cultivars". ''Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry''. '''54''' (7): 2593–7. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JAFC...54.2593P Bibcode:2006JAFC...54.2593P]. [[doi:10.1021/jf052066p]]. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16569049 PMID&#x20;16569049.]</ref> Asiti ya amino citrulline e bonala mo legareng la legapu.<ref>Rimando AM, Perkins-Veazie PM (2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210501014343/https://naldc-legacy.nal.usda.gov/naldc/download.xhtml?id=37397&content=PDF "Determination of citrulline in watermelon rind".] ''Journal of Chromatography A''. '''1078''' (1–2): 196–200. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JChA.1078..196R Bibcode:2005JChA.1078..196R.] [[doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2005.05.009|doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2005.05.009.]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16007998 PMID&#x20;16007998]. Archived from [https://naldc-legacy.nal.usda.gov/naldc/download.xhtml?id=37397&content=PDF the original] on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2018.</ref><ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/watermelon-the-real-passion-fruit-1.764863 "CBC News – Health – Watermelon the real passion fruit?".] CBC. Associated Press. 3 July 2008. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170526202002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/watermelon-the-real-passion-fruit-1.764863 Archived] from the original on 26 May 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2014.</ref> == Mefuta == Go na le ditlhopha tse di farologaneng tsa mefuta e e farologaneng;<ref name=":5">Porcher, Michel H. [http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Citrullus.html#lanatus-vulgaris-gr "Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database".] ''Sorting Citrullus names''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111212074925/http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Citrullus.html#lanatus-vulgaris-gr Archived] from the original on 12 December 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2013.</ref> === Setlhopha sa Citroides === (syn. ''C. lanatus'' subsp. ''lanatus'' var. ''citroides''; ''C. lanatus'' var. ''citroides''; ''C. vulgaris'' var. ''citroides'')<ref name=":5" /> Go na le ditlhopha tse di farologaneng tsa dijalo. Tshedimosetso ya DNA e bontsha gore C. lanatus var. citroides Bailey e tshwana le Thunberg's bitter wooly melon, C. lanatus gape e tshwana le C. amarus Schrad. Ga se mofuta wa semonamone se se botshe wa C. vulgaris e bile ga o amane thata le mofuta oo. Lerotse kgotsa makataan -  ke mofuta o o nang le nanye a a serolwana a a botshe a jalwang mo lefatsheng ka bophara go dira furu le go dira letlalo la lemon le pectin. <ref name=":6">[http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantcd/citrullanat.htm "''Citrullus lanatus'' (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai".] South Africa National Biodiversity Institute. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130528052426/http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantcd/citrullanat.htm Archived] from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2013.</ref> === Setlhopha sa Lanatus === (syn. ''C. lanatus'' var. ''caffer'')<ref name=":5" /> C. caffer Schrad. e tshwana le C. amarus Schrad. Mofuta ono o o bidiwang tsamma o jalwa ka ntlha ya mateng a yone a masweu a a nang le matute. Mofuta ono e ne e le motswedi wa botlhokwa wa dijo tsa batsamai kwa [[Sekakeng sa Kalahari.]] <ref name=":6" /> Mofuta o mongwe o o bidiwang karkoer kgotsa bitterboela ga o monate mo bathong, mme dipeo tsa one di ka jewa. <ref name=":6" /> Mofuta o o nang le maungo a mannye o o nang le letlalo le le makgwakgwa o bakile botlhole mo dinkung.<ref name=":6" /> === setlhopha sa Vulgaris === Se ke Legapu le le monate la Linnaeus; le ntse le jalelwa go jewa ke batho ka diketekete tsa dingwaga.<ref name=":6" /> C. lanatus mucosospermus (Fursa) Fursa Mofuta ono wa konofolo wa kwa Afrika Bophirima ke mongwe wa losika lo lo gaufi thata lwa legapu la naga. E jalwa go fepa dikgomo. <ref name=":6" /> Mo godimo ga moo, mefuta e mengwe ya diphologolo tsa naga e na le maungo a a bogalaka a a nang le [[cucurbitacin]]. <ref>[http://www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Citrullus-lanatus.htm "''Citrullus lanatus'' (watermelon)"]. Royal Botanic Gardens (Kew). [https://web.archive.org/web/20130618151457/http://www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Citrullus-lanatus.htm Archived] from the original on 18 June 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2013.</ref> C. colocynthis (L.) Schrad. ex Eckl. & Zeyh., C. rehmii De Winter, le C. naudinianus (Sond.) Hook.f. == Mefutafuta == [[Setshwantsho:Watermelon seedless.jpg|thumb|Legapu le le senang Peo]] Go na le mefuta e e fetang sekete le makgolo a mabedi ya Magapu a a nang le bokete jo bo farologanang go tswa go 1 kg go ya go 90 kg; mateng a lone a ka nna bohibidu, pinki, namune, serolwana kgotsa bosweu. <ref name=":4" /> * 'Sefapaano sa Carolina' se ne sa dira rekoto ya lefatshe ya ga jaana ya watermelon e e bokete, e e neng e le bokete jwa 159 kg (351 lb).<ref name=":8">[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/heaviest-watermelon "Heaviest watermelon".] [[:en:Guinness_World_Records|Guinness World Records]]. 4 October 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150703035610/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/heaviest-watermelon Archived] from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2015.</ref> E na le letlalo le le tala, nama e khibidu mme gantsi e ntsha maungo a a magareng ga 29 le 68 kg (65 le 150 lb). Go tsaya malatsi a ka nna masome a robabongwe go tswa go jalweng go ya thobong.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141006071833/http://georgia4h.org/watermeloncontest/tips.htm "Watermelon growing contest".] ''Georgia 4H''. The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. 2005. Archived from [http://georgia4h.org/watermeloncontest/tips.htm the original] on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2014.</ref> * 'Golden Midget' e na le letlalo la mmala wa gauta le nama e pinki fa e butswe, mme e tsaya malatsi a le lesome le bosupa go tswa go jalweng go ya thobong.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071011024524/http://www.seedsavers.org/prodinfo.asp?number=1107 "Golden Midget Watermelon".] Archived from [http://www.seedsavers.org/prodinfo.asp?number=1107 the original] on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 5 October 2014.</ref> * 'Orangeglo' e na le nama ya namune e e monate thata, mme ke leungo le legolo, le leleele le le bokete jwa 9 - 14 kg (20 -31 lb). E na le lekape le le botala jo bo phatsimang le le nang le methalo e e serolwana se se tseneletseng. Go tsaya malatsi a ka nna masome le borobabongwe go ya ko lekgolong - go tloga go jalwa go ya thobong. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927230140/http://www.seedsavers.org/prodinfo.asp?number=1108 "Orangeglo Watermelon"]. Archived from [http://www.seedsavers.org/prodinfo.asp?number=1108 the original] on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 23 April 2007.</ref> * Mofuta wa 'Moon and Stars' o tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le borataro.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071217100450/http://rareseeds.com/seeds/Watermelon/Moon-and-Stars "Moon and Stars Watermelon Heirloom"]. ''rareseeds.com''. Archived from [http://rareseeds.com/seeds/Watermelon/Moon-and-Stars the original] on 17 December 2007. Retrieved 15 July 2008.</ref> Sekgapha sa yone ke se se mmala o o phepole/montsho mme se na le dikgolokwe tse dinnye tse di serolwana (dinaledi) le dikgolokwe tse di kgolo tse pedi tse di serolwana (ngwedi). Semonamone se boima jwa 9 -23 kg (20 -51 lb).<ref>Evans L (15 July 2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20071013160130/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2005/07/16/HOG4UDNGDB1.DTL "Moon & Stars watermelon (''Citrullus lanatu''s) – Seed-spittin' melons makin' a comeback".] ''San Francisco Chronicle''. Archived from [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2005/07/16/HOG4UDNGDB1.DTL the original] on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 6 July 2007.</ref> Nama ya yone e pinki kgotsa e khibidu mme e na le dipeo tse di borokwa. Matlhare le one a na le marontho. Nako go tswa go jalweng go ya thobong ke malatsi a ka nna masome a robabongwe.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070602143014/http://www.seedsavers.org/prodinfo.asp?number=266 "Moon and Stars Watermelon"]. Archived from [http://www.seedsavers.org/prodinfo.asp?number=266 the origina]l on 2 June 2007. Retrieved 23 April 2007.</ref> * 'Cream of Saskatchewan' e na le maungo a mannye a a kgolokwe a a boleele jwa disentimetara di ka nna masome a mabedi le botlhane. E na le letlalo le lennye, le le botala jo bo phatsimang le le lefifi le le nang le methalo, le nama e tshweu e e botshe e e nang le dipeo tse dintsho. E kgona go gola sentle mo maemong a bosa a a tsididi. Kwa tshimologong e ne ya tlisiwa kwa Saskatchewan, kwa Canada, ke bafaladi ba Ba-[[Russia]]. Semonamone se tsaya malatsi a le masome a robabobedi go ya go a le masome a robabobedi le botlhano go tloga ka nako ya go jala go fitlha ka nako ya thobo.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090221073205/http://www.seedsavers.org/Details.aspx?itemNo=778 "Watermelon, Cream Saskatchewan"]. ''seedsavers.org''. Archived from [http://www.seedsavers.org/Details.aspx?itemNo=778 the original] on 21 February 2009.</ref> * 'Melitopolski' e na le maungo a mannye, a kgolokwe a boleele jwa 28 - 30 cm (11 - 12 in). Ke mofuta o o butswang go sa le gale o o tswang kwa kgaolong ya Astrakhan kwa Russia, e leng lefelo le le itsegeng ka go lema meretlwa. Borakgwebo ba kwa Moscow ba bona dimonamone tsa Melitopolski di kgobokane di le dintsi ka selemo. Mofuta ono o tsaya malatsi a ka nna masome a robabongwe le botlhano go tswa go jalweng go ya thobong. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927230154/http://www.seedsavers.org/prodinfo.asp?number=267 "Melitopolski Watermelon"]. Archived from [http://www.seedsavers.org/prodinfo.asp?number=267 the original] on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 23 April 2007.</ref> * Semonamone sa "Densuke" se na le maungo a a kgolokwe a a ka nnang boima jwa dikilogerama di le lesome le bongwe. Letlalo la yone le lentsho mme ga le na meralo kgotsa marontho. E jalwa fela kwa setlhaketlhakeng sa Hokkaido, kwa Japane, kwa go jalwang dipeo tsa metsi di le dikete tse lesome gone ngwaga le ngwaga. Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo ngwaga wa sekete le borobabobedi, nngwe ya ditamati tsa ntlha tse di neng tsa rojwa e ne ya rekisiwa ka madi a a kana ka di-yen di le 650 000 (R7 500), e leng madi a a kwa godimo go gaisa otlhe a a kileng a rekisiwa. Palogare ya tlhotlhwa ya thekiso e ka nna 25,000 yen ($250).<ref>Hosaka, Tomoko A. (6 June 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20080609032322/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5jJBRT0pnOdQVMUzzkKC_cGHo7IdQD914F62O0 "Black Japanese watermelon sold at record price"]. Associated Press. Archived from [http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5jJBRT0pnOdQVMUzzkKC_cGHo7IdQD914F62O0 the original] on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 10 June 2008.</ref> * Mefuta e le mentsi ya ditlhare tseno ga e tlhole e jalwa gore e rekisiwe ka gonne e na le makape a a bokima, mme gone dipeo tsa tsone di ka tswa di le teng mo balemi ba mo gae le mo dikomponeng tse di dirang dipeo tse di kgethegileng. Legare le le bokete le le a eletsega go dira dikhukhu tsa legapu mme mefuta mengwe ya bogologolo e e ratwang mo ntlheng eno e akaretsa 'Tom Watson', 'Georgia Rattlesnake', le 'Black Diamond'.<ref name=":9">Todd C. Wehner (2008). "Watermelon". In Jaime Prohens and Fernando Nuez (ed.). ''Vegetables I''. Handbook of Plant Breeding. Vol.&#x20;1. Springer. pp.&#x20;381–418. [[doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30443-4_12]]. [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-387-72291-7|ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-387-72291-7</bdi>.]]</ref> * Legapu le le tsididi (e e itsegeng gape jaaka legapu le le tsididi) le kaya tlwaelo ya go tsidifatsa leungo la Legapu (Citrullus lanatus) pele ga go jewa. Mokgwa ono wa go baakanya o ratiwa thata mo lefatsheng lotlhe, segolobogolo kwa mafelong a a nang le tlelaemete e e mogote, ka ntlha ya selekanyo se se kwa godimo sa metsi a leungo leno le a nang le one le go lapolosa fa le jewa le le tsididi. Lefoko "pholile" gape le ka kaya bokao jwa loago kgotsa jwa setso jwa leungo leno, le ka dinako tse dingwe le amanngwang le diphathi tsa selemo le dikokoano tsa kwa ntle. == Go tokafatsa mefuta == [[Setshwantsho:Pasteques, extrait d'un tableau de Giovanni Stanchi.jpeg|thumb|Legapu (mofuta mongwe wa bogologolo) jaaka o bontshitswe mo setshwantshong sa lekgolo la bo lesome le bosupa la dingwaga, se se takilweng ka oli, se se takilweng ke Giovanni Stanchi]] Charles Fredrick Andrus, yo e leng moitseanape wa tsa temo kwa [[USDA]] Vegetable Breeding Laboratory e e kwa [[Charleston]], [[South Carolina]], o ne a leka go tlhagisa semonamone se se sa tsenweng ke malwetse e bile se sa swabe. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le bone, go ne ga felela ka gore go nne le "monontsha o mosetlha o o tswang kwa Charleston". E re ka e ne e le khutlonne e bile e na le letlalo le le thata, go ne go le motlhofo go e kokoanya le go e romela. E re ka e kgona go tlwaelana le maemo a a farologaneng, e ne e ka jalwa mo lefelong le legolo. E ne e ntsha thobo e e kwa godimo e bile e ne e kgona go emelana le malwetse a a masisi a legapu: [[anthracnose]] le [[fusarium wilt]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120328100628/http://video.theeagle.com/news/2007/jul/16/watermelon_developer_dies_at10679/?print "Watermelon developer dies at 101".] ''Post and Courier'', 16 July 2007</ref> Ba bangwe gape ba ne ba dira ka mefuta ya dijalo tse di kgonang go emelana le malwetse; J. M. Crall kwa sekolong se setona sa Florida o ne a dira 'Jubilee' ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le boraro mme C. V. Hall wa Kansas State University o ne a tlhagisa 'Crimson Sweet' mo ngwageng o o latelang. Ga di sa tlhole di jalwa ka bontsi, fela losika lwa tsone lo ile lwa tswelela go nna mefuta e e tswakantsweng e e nang le thobo e e kwa godimo, boleng jo bo botoka jwa nama le ponalo e e kgatlhisang.<ref name=":2" />Mokgele o mongwe wa batho ba ba jalang dimela e ntse e le go tlosa dipeo tse di gasameng mo nameng. Se se fitlheletswe ka go dirisa mefuta ya triploid, fela e e senang peo, mme tlhotlhwa ya go ntsha peo ka go kgabaganya motsadi wa [[tetraploid]] le motsadi wa diploid e e tlwaelegileng e kwa godimo. <ref name=":2" /> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bosupa , balemirui ba kwa mafatsheng a ka nna masome a mane le bone kwa United States ba ne ba lema matonkomane mo kgwebong, ba ntsha maungo a boleng jo bo fetang $500 milione ka ngwaga.<ref name=":10">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170206143553/https://www.ars.usda.gov/oc/br/watermelon/index/ "index: USDA ARS"]. ''ars.usda.gov''. Archived from [https://www.ars.usda.gov/oc/br/watermelon/index/ the original] on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2023.</ref> Georgia, Florida, Texas, California le Arizona ke tsone tse di tlhagisang watermelon e ntsi go gaisa kwa United States, mme Florida e ntsha legapu le le tsigo feta nlefatshe lepe le lengwe.<ref>[https://www.clickorlando.com/news/florida-produces-more-watermelon-than-any-other-state "Florida produces more watermelon than any other state".] 16 July 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190806225347/https://www.clickorlando.com/news/florida-produces-more-watermelon-than-any-other-state Archived] from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2019.</ref><ref name=":10" /> Leungo leno le le tlwaelegileng jaanong le legolo thata mo e leng gore mabenkele a a rekisang dijo gantsi a rekisa sephatlo kgotsa kwatara ya dimelone. Mefuta mengwe e mennye, e e kgolokwe ya motlhwa, e e nang le nama e khibidu le e e serolwana, ka dinako tse dingwe e bidiwa "motlhwa wa lebokoso le le tsididi".<ref>[http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Good+reasons+for+icebox+melons.-a03751171 "Good reasons for icebox melons"]. ''The Free Library''. Sunset. 1 May 1985. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170420184423/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/403.htm Archived] from the original on 20 April 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2014.</ref>Leungo le legolo le le begilweng le ne la jalwa kwa [[Tennessee]] ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro mme le ne le le bokete jwa dikilogerama di le lekgolo le masome a matlhano le borobabongwe (351 pounds).<ref name=":8" /> == Ditiriso == === Go apaya === Legapu ke leungo le le monate la selemo le le jewang le sa tswa go segwa, le segwa mo disaleng tsa maungo a a tswakaneng, kgotsa jaaka matute. <ref>[http://www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/vegetables/watermelon/ "Watermelon".] g Marketing Resource Center, US Department of Agriculture, Iowa State University. 2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170730193926/http://www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/vegetables/watermelon Archived] from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2017.</ref> <ref>[http://www.fruitsandveggiesmorematters.org/top-10-ways-to-enjoy-watermelon "Top 10 ways to enjoy watermelon".] Produce for Better Health Foundation, Centers for Disease Control, US National Institutes of Health. 2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170729190952/http://www.fruitsandveggiesmorematters.org/top-10-ways-to-enjoy-watermelon Archived] from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2017.</ref>Metsi a legapu a ka tswakanngwa le matute a mangwe a maungo kgotsa ya dirwa [[mofine]].<ref>Ogodo AC, Ugbogu OC, Ugbogu AE, et&#x20;al. (2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4639538 "Production of mixed fruit (pawpaw, banana and watermelon) wine using Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from palm wine".] ''SpringerPlus''. '''4''' 683. [[doi:10.1186/s40064-015-1475-8]]. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4639538 PMC&#x20;4639538]. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26576326 PMID&#x20;26576326].</ref> Peo e na le tatso ya notshe mme e ka omisiwa le go gadikwa, kgotsa ya silwa go nna bupi. <ref name=":7" />Dikgapetla tsa tswine ya metsi di jewa di tsentswe letswai,<ref name=":9" /> di gadikilwe kgotsa di gadikilwe.<ref name=":7" />[62] Citrullis lanatus, mofuta wa caffer, e gola kwa [[sekakeng sa Kalahari]], kwa e itsegeng jaaka tsamma.<ref name=":7" /> Maungo a dirisiwa ke batho ba San le diphologolo tsa naga go bona metsi le dijo, go ba letla go tshela ka tsamma ka dibeke di le thataro.<ref name=":7" /> == Botlhokwa jwa setso == Legapu le emojis ya lone -le  dirisiwa jaaka letshwao la kganetso ya kwa Palesetina,<ref>Holtermann C (27 December 2023). [https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/27/style/watermelon-emoji-palestine.html "Why the Watermelon Emoji Is a Symbol of Support for Palestinians".] ''The New York Times''. Retrieved 5 January 2024.</ref> <ref>[https://www.middleeasteye.net/video/watermelon-slice-palestinian-resistance "Watermelon: A slice of Palestinian resistance".] ''Middle East Eye''. 17 August 2022.</ref><ref>Sharon J (21 June 2023). [https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/activists-use-watermelons-to-protest-police-crackdown-on-palestinian-flags/ "Activists use watermelons to protest police crackdown on Palestinian flags"]. ''The Times of Israel''.</ref>ya [[kgaolo ya Kherson]] kwa Ukraine, le ya eco-socialism, jaaka 'botala ka fa ntle, bohibidu ka fa teng'. Fa e sale go runya ga [[ntwa ya Gaza]] ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro, di-emoji tsa "Legapu" di ntse di dirisiwa thata mo di-platform tse di farologaneng tsa metswedi ya dikgang go bontsha tshegetso ya Palesetina, go tila go itshwaya diphoso le go thibelwa ga ditshwantsho mo di-platform dingwe (mokgwa o o bidiwang "algospeak"), go tila matshwao a a bonalang jaaka difolaga tsa Palesetina. <ref>Giulia C (12 December 2023). [https://www.euronews.com/next/2023/12/21/metas-social-media-platforms-are-systemically-censoring-pro-palestine-content-ngo-finds "Meta's social media platforms are systemically censoring pro-Palestine content, NGO finds"]. [[:en:Euronews|''Euronews Next''.]]</ref> Ka gonne bontsi jwa yone e na le metsi, semonamone se ile sa dirisiwa go tshwantshetsa tlhakanelodikobo e e seng ya tlholego, e e "ntseng e le metsi" kgotsa e e fetolang tsela e motho a lebang tlhakanelodikobo ka yone.<ref>[https://proudzebra.com/blogs/gender-identities/about-abrosexual#:~:text=The%20Abrosexual%20Pride%20Flag%20was,representative%20of%20being%20%22fluid%22. What does Abrosexual mean?"]. ''ProudZebra''. 6 January 2021</ref><ref>[https://www.sfgmc.org/blog/pride-flags#block-yui_3_17_2_1_1683145657332_176298 "Abrosexual flag".] ''SFGMC''. 17 April 2023.</ref> Kwa United States, watermelon e dirisitswe gape jaaka segokgo sa tlhaolele se se amanang le [[Maafrika a Amerika|Maaforika-Amerika]].<ref>Black WR (2018). "How Watermelons Became Black: Emancipation and the Origins of a Racist Trope". ''Journal of the Civil War Era''. '''8''' (1): 64–86. [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2154-4727 ISSN&#x20;2154-4727]. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26381503 JSTOR&#x20;26381503.]</ref> Mo setsong sa Ba-China, meretlwa e tshwantshetsa masego le boitumelo. Di newa batho ka nako ya Ngwaga o Mosha wa Ba-Lunar le ka dinako tse dingwe tsa meletlo. Gape di jewa ka tlwaelo ka nako ya selemo jaaka dilae. <ref>[https://globalproducesales.com/the-cultural-significance-of-watermelons-around-the-world/ The Cultural Significance of Watermelons Around the World], Global Produce Sales.com</ref><ref>[https://www.thedailymeal.com/1269415/watermelons-significant-gifts-china/ Why Watermelons Are So Significant In China,] TheDailyMeal.com</ref> == Dinepe == [[Setshwantsho:Watermelon cubes BNC.jpg|thumb|Legapu le le segeletsweng]] [[Setshwantsho:Watermelon flower measurement.jpg|thumb|sethunya sa legapu]] qdpjy2nsbd0vv5utyrn2hvlyhjaifmn 0 14585 53034 2026-07-23T13:23:53Z MmaBaggio 11091 #Wikipedia25BW KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Nawa ya Morama 53034 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Tylosema esculentum.png|thumb|Nawa ya Morama]] '''Nawa ya Morama''', ka maina a a tlwaelegileng ka '''nawa ya gemsbok''' le '''nawa ya marama''' kgotsa '''nawa ya morama''' ,<ref>[https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=411903 "Taxon: Tylosema esculentum (Burch.) A. Schreib"]. ''ars-grin.gov''. Germplasm Resources Information Network, USDA Agriculture Research Service, US Dept. of Agriculture. Retrieved 29 December 2015.</ref> ke nawa ya botshelo jo boleele e e tlholegang kwa dikgaolong tse di omeletseng tsa borwa jwa Afrika. Matlhare a gola bobotlana dimetara di le thar3 (9.8 ft), ka sebopego sa go ema kana go tsamaya, ka ditlhatshana tse di kgaogantsweng tse di tlhofofatsang go palama. Setlhatshana se se boleele jwa dimilimetara di le masome a mabedi le botlhano , se se nang le dithunya tse dintsi tse di serolwana le tsa mmala wa namune, kgabagare se tlhagisa peo e e kgolokwe, e e nang le [[peo]] e tona e e borokwa jo bontsho. == Popego == Bojang jwa morama bo tlwaetse lefelo le bo tlholegang kwa go lone kwa borwa jwa Afrika mme ka jalo bo gola mo mebung e e omileng le e e se nang bongola jo bontsi. Ka jalo, e kgona go itshokela komelelo thata. Lebaka la go bo moretlwa wa marama o kgona go tshela mo tikologong e e thata le ka dira gore go kgonege gore o ka jalwa le mo dikgaolong tse di omileng kgotsa tse di sa ungweng ka nako eo. Le fa go ntse jalo, go tshwanetse go batlisisiwa gore a e ka kgona go gola mo mefuteng e e farologaneng ya mmu. <ref name=":0">Dakora, F. D. (2013). "Biogeographic Distribution, Nodulation and Nutritional Attributes of Underutilized Indigenous African Legumes". ''[[:en:Acta_Horticulturae|Acta Horticulturae]]'' (979). [[:en:International_Society_for_Horticultural_Science|International Society for Horticultural Science:]] 53–64. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2013.979.3</ref> Go gola ga dijalo tsa selemo gantsi go a gakgamatsa, segolobogolo mo dijalong tse di fetang ngwaga, e le ka ntlha ya kutu ya tsone e tona e e kwa tlase ga mmu. Semela seno ga se dire sepe ka mariga kwa lefelong le se tlholegang kwa go lone - [[Aforika Borwa|Afrika Borwa,]] [[Namibia]] le [[Botswana]] - mme se ka nna sa nna se ntse se le setala mo mafelong a a seng bogale thata. Boleng jwa dikotla jwa dinawa tsa morama bo kwa godimo ka tsela e e gakgamatsang fa o di bapisa le dipeo tse dingwe tse di sa tokafadiwang. Matlhare ano a na le poroteine e ntsi ya 9,0% mme gape a na le amino acid e ntsi. Fa go bapisiwa, matonkomane a cassava a na le poroteine ya 1-3% fela, fa yam yone e na le poroteine ya 7%. Gape mabele ano a na le diporoteine tse dintsi ka diperesente di le lesome le boraro go ya go di le masome a mararo le borobabongwe. Go na le dikotla tse di kwa godimo tsa disele tsa amino tse di nang le sebabole (tse di nang le lysine e e ka nnang 5,0% le methionine e e ka nnang 0,7%). Seno se bontsha gore selekanyo sa diporoteine tsa dipeo tseno se tshwana le sa soya e e rekisiwang, e e nang le selekanyo sa 38-40%. Ka jalo, go na le kgonagalo e kgolo ya gore dinawa tsa marama di ka emisetsa dinawa tsa soya jaaka motswedi wa poroteine, fa go sena go nna le ditlhabololo tsa dijini. <ref name=":0" /> Dipeo di tlhoga ka dipodi tse di tlwaelegileng tsa dinawa, le fa di le dikgolo e bile di na le sebopego sa squat, gantsi peo e le nngwe kgotsa di le pedi ka podi. [[Setshwantsho:Tylosema esculenta flower.PNG|thumb|Sethunya sa Morama]] Thuthuntshwane e ka gola go nna tona thata; gantsi e nna bokete jwa 10 kg (22 lb), mme gantsi e nna bokete thata. Kwa Botswana, go ile ga fitlhelwa kutu ya bokete jwa dikilogerama di le le makgolo a mabedi le masome a supa le bosupa. == Ditiriso == [[Setshwantsho:Tylosema esculenta pod.PNG|thumb|Leungo la Morama]] [[Setshwantsho:Tylosema esculenta seed in pod.PNG|thumb|Peo ya Morama]] Semela se ke motswedi o mogolo wa dijo tsa batho ba [[Kalahari]] ka ntlha ya poroteine e e kwa godimo le diteng tsa oli tsa dipeo tsa sona tse dikgolo (20-30 g nngwe le nngwe). Gantsi dipeo tsa tsone di a gadikwa, mme seno se dira gore di nne le tatso e e monate, e e tshwanang le ya cashew kgotsa [[chestnut.]] Gape dipeo di ka silwa kgotsa tsa bedisiwa. Dinawa tseno di kgona go nna di ntse di le teng ka ntlha ya go bo di na le lekape le le thata. Thuthuntshwane le yone e a jega, mme e tshwanetse go rojwa mo dimeleng tse dinnye (tse di nang le ngwaga kgotsa tse pedi) gore thuthuntshwane e se ka ya nna le ditlhale e bile e le thata. Bupi jwa Tylosema esculentum, jo bo dirilweng ka dinawa tsa morama tse di bedisitsweng kgotsa tse di sa bedisiwang, bo ka dirisiwa jaaka dijo tse di nang le dikotla. Le fa gone go se na dipatlisiso tse di dirilweng malebana le dikotla tsa yone le tsela e e dirang ka yone, e na le poroteine e ntsi. Dikarolo tse di dirilweng ka diporoteine tsa dinawa tsa marama di tshwana le tse di dirwang ka dinawa tsa soya tse di rekisiwang. Ka jalo, folouru e e na le bokgoni jwa go dirisiwa jaaka protein e e oketsang mo foloureng e e kopaneng le mabele go tokafatsa boleng jwa poroteine. <ref name=":1">Maruatona, G. N.; Duodu, K. G.; Minnaar, A. (2010). "Physicochemical, nutritional and functional properties of marama bean flour". ''Food Chemistry''. '''121''' (121): 400–405. [[doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.12.054]]</ref> === Mashi a Morama === Mashi a dinawa tsa morama ke motswako wa metsi a masweu a a boreledi, o o tshwanang thata le mashi a a tswang mo mashing kgotsa mashi a soya. Mashi ano a ka nowa e le seno se se lapolosang le se se nang le dikotla fela jaaka mashi a a tswang mo mashing kgotsa [[mashi a soya]]. Le fa go ntse jalo, ga e rekisiwe. <ref name=":2">Jackson, Jose C.; Duodu, Kwaku G.; Holse, Mette; et&#x20;al. (2010). "The Marama Bean (Tylosema esculentum): A Potential Crop for Southern Africa". ''Advances in Food and Nutrition Research''. '''61''': 187–246. [[doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-374468-5.00005-2|doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-374468-5.00005-2.]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-12-374468-5|ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-12-374468-5</bdi>.]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21092905 PMID&#x20;21092905]</ref> Maši a a na le selekanyo se se kwa godimo sa sodium (47.9 mg/100 g) le iron (3.7 mg/100 g) fa go bapisiwa le soymilk le mašwi a mašwi, a na le calcium e e kwa tlase thata (6.8 mg/100 g).<ref>Jackson, J.C.; Mpotokwane, S.; Tlhong, T.; Mthombeni, M. (2009). "Nutritional characterisation of morama bean milk". ''Annual Report Marama II Project'' (Copenhagen).</ref> Go dira mashi a marama, go na le dikgato di le mmalwa tse di tsenyeletsang: Kalafi ya mogote (go omisa le go gadika dinawa), go thubaganya, go sila, go emisa mo metsing, go bedisa le go sefa go bona kgato e e tshwanang le ya mashi.<ref name=":2" /> === Dijo tsa diphologolo === Dithuso tse di ka nnang teng tsa dinawa tsa marama ga di felele fela mo go nneng sejalo se se jewang fela. Matlhare a semela seno ke dijo tsa diphologolo tsa naga le tsa diphologolo tsa naga tsa kwa Borwa jwa Afrika ka gonne matlhare a sone a monate thata. E re ka dinawa tsa marama di tlhoga mo mafelong a a sa iketlang, di ka nna tsa dirisiwa jaaka dijo tsa diphologolo mo dikarolong tse di omileng tsa Afrika. Fa motho a ntse a di dirisa jaaka dijo tsa diphologolo, gape o di sireletsa ka go di boloka di le bongola le go di thibela gore di se ka tsa senngwa ke phefo le metsi. Mo godimo ga moo, go tla nna le go kgobokana ga dilo tse di tshelang, tse di tla nnang mosola mo mebung e e senang dikotla. <ref name=":0" /> == Go ntsifala == Letlalo le le thata la kwa ntle la peo le raya gore scarification e a tlhokega go netefatsa gore go na le selekanyo se se kgotsofatsang sa go tlhoga. <ref>Travlos, I. S.; Economou, G.; Karamanos, A. I. (2007). "Germination and emergence of the hard seed coated Tylosema esculentum (Burch) A. Schreib in response to different pre-sowing seed treatments". ''Journal of Arid Environments''. '''68''' (3): 501–507. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JArEn..68..501T Bibcode:2007JArEn..68..501T]. [[doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.07.001|doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.07.001.]]</ref> Fela jaaka dipeo tse dingwe, mmu o o se nang pH o botoka. Gantsi semela seno se tlhoga mo mmung o o tletseng motlhaba, o metsi a one a ka se tsenang mo go one. Le fa lefatshe lotlhe le kgatlhegela semela seno thata, se sa ntse se sa aname thata. Semela seno se ka jalwa kwa ntle, se sa sirelediwa, kwa bokone jwa Zone 8 kwa United States mme gongwe le kwa bokone go feta moo; dimela tse di tlhogang kwa godimo ga lefatshe di bolawa ke serame sa mariga, mme semela seno se tlhaga gape ka dikgakologo kwa bofelong jwa May. Kgwetlho e kgolo ya go ntsha dijalo tsa peo ke nako e telele ya go butswa ga dithoro tsa peo -  e leng go fitlha ka serame sa ntlha sa ngwaga. Metsi a a tseneletseng ke bothata  - jo bo bakang go bola ga medi  - mme mmu o o nang le motlhaba o o tswetsweng sentle o a ratega, mme ga go botlhokwa. Se se kgatlhang ke gore, seno le maloko a mangwe a mararo a genus Tylosema a ka nna a nna a a kgethegileng mo lelapeng la Fabaceae ka ntlha ya gore a na le heterostyly. Seno se fokotsa bokgoni jwa go ntsifala ga peo, mme go bonala sentle gore se fokotsa selekanyo sa peo e e ntshiwang go ka jalwa. == Ditshedi/Diji == Go a itsege gore go na le mefuta e mebedi ya di-fungus tse di tshwaetsang dipeo tsa marama ka nako e le nngwe, mme seno se dira gore go nne le malwetse a a bolayang. Go ne ga lemogiwa gore mouta ono ke [[Alternaria tenuissima]] le [[Phoma]] spp. Ditshedinyana tse di senyang di ka nna tsa bo di ile tsa bonwa di baka tshenyo ya peo.<ref name=":1" /> == Sebopego sa Metswako le sa dikotla == Go tlwaelegile thata go ja dinawa tsa marama e le dinawa tse di buduleng fa dipeo di dikologilwe ke letlalo le le thata le le logong, le le nang le mmala o o serolwana go ya go o o borokwa. Mme dinawa di ka jewa gape fa di sa ntse di le dinawa tse di tala tse di sa butswang. <ref name=":2" /> Metsi Dinawa tsa marama di na le metsi a kwa tlase thata ka gonne dikotla tsa tsone di simolola ka 93.4% go ya go 98.7%. Selekanyo sa mesti le sone se ka farologana ka ntlha ya mabaka a kwa ntle.<ref>Bower, N.; Hertel, K.; Oh, J.; Storey, R. (1988). [https://escholarship.org/content/qt17k174j1/qt17k174j1.pdf?t=pnw3jy "Nutritional evaluation of marama bean (Tylosema esculentum, Fabaceae): Analysis of the seed"] (PDF). ''Econ. Bot''. '''42''' (4): 533–540. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988EcBot..42..533B Bibcode:1988EcBot..42..533B]. [[doi:10.1007/bf02862798|doi:10.1007/bf02862798.]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45011050 S2CID&#x20;45011050.]</ref><ref>Holse, M.; Husted, S.; Hansen, A. (2010). "Chemical composition of marama bean (Tylosema esculentum)—A wild African bean with unexploited potential". ''J. Food Compos. Anal''. '''23''' (6): 648–657. [[doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2010.03.006]]</ref><ref>Wehemeyer, A. S.; Lee, R. B.; Whiting, M. (1969). "The nutrient composition and dietary importance of some vegetable foods eaten by the !Kung Bushmen". ''S. Afr. Med. J''. '''43''' (50): 1529–1530. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5364781 PMID&#x20;5364781]</ref> == Mafura == Go ne ga begwa gore selekanyo sa mafura a a mo teng ga yone se ne se le fa gare ga 24% le 42%. Boleng jo bo kwa godimo jwa lipids ke mosola, segolo thata mo Borwa jwa Aforika koo e thusang go tokafatsa maemo a batho ba ba sa fepiweng sentle. Diteng tsa lipid tsa dinawa tsa marama di ka tshwantshanngwa le dipeo tsa sonobolomo (22-36%) le dipeo tsa rapeseed (22-49%) mme di batla di fitlha mo palong e e fitlhelwang mo dinaweng (45-55%).<ref name=":3">Belitz, H. D.; Grosch, W.; Schieberle, P. (2004). ''Food Chemistry''. New York: 3rd edn. Springer.</ref> <ref>Salunkhe, D. K.; Kadam, S. S. (1989). ''CRC handbook of world food legumes: Nutritional chemistry, processing, technology and utilization''. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press.</ref>Selekanyo sa di-lipid se kwa godimo go menagane gabedi go feta se se fitlhelwang mo dinaweng tsa soya (17-20%).<ref name=":3" /><ref>Street, H. E.; Öpik, H. (1975). ''The Physiology of Flowering Plants''. New York, USA: Elsevier.</ref> == Diporoteine == Diporoteine tse di mo dinaweng tsa marama di farologana go tswa go 29% go ya go 39% mo dilong tse di omileng. Ka jalo, e ka bapisiwa kgotsa ya nna kwa godimo go sekae fa e bapisiwa le merogo e mengwe e mentsi. Palo e ya poroteine e dira gore dinawa tsa marama e nne dijo tse di nang le dikotla mme gape e ka dirisiwa jaaka motswako o o humileng ka poroteine go tlaleletsa dikumo tse dingwe. <ref name=":2" /> == Tiriso ya selegae le ya setšhaba == Tylosema esculentum, e e itsegeng gape ka gore ke dinawa tsa Marama, ke semela se se sa sweng se se tlhogang mo mafelong a a omeletseng a Afrika Borwa. Metswedi ya dijo ya tlholego ya selegae, e e jaaka legume leno le le kgethegileng la ngwaga le ngwaga, e botlhokwa thata mo matshelong a batho ba kwa magaeng, segolobogolo mo bathong ba ba nnang mo maemong a a maswe thata a tikologo koo pula e nang go le gonnye fela kgotsa e sa neng gotlhelele. Bokgoni jwa semela go ka jalwa mo tikologong e e thata le e e omeletseng bo bakwa ke popego ya sone e kgolo e e bolokang metsi a mantsi le dikotla tsa mmu, e leng se se dirang Tylosema esculentum sejalo se se kgonang go itshokela komelelo. Malapa a le mantsi kwa dikgaolong tsa Borwa jwa Afrika a lema dinawa tsa Marama mo lefelong la bone, mme ga ba itse gore di na le dikotla tse dintsi. Go ne ga tlhatlhobiwa disampole di le lesome le borataro tsa mofuta wa Tylosema esculentum go tswa kwa Botswana, Namibia le Afrika Borwa, mme go ne ga sekasekiwa tsela e semela seno se dirilweng ka yone. Dipholo di supile gore dipeo tsa dinawa tsa Marama di na le diporoteine tse di kwa godimo (29-38% protein content, 32-42% lipid content, le 19-27% dietary fiber content), tse di nang le boleng jo bo kwa godimo go feta dinawa tse dingwe. <ref>Holse, Mette; Husted, Søren; Hansen, Åse (2010-09-01). "Chemical composition of marama bean (Tylosema esculentum)—A wild African bean with unexploited potential". ''Journal of Food Composition and Analysis''. Horticulture, Biodiversity and Nutrition. '''23''' (6): 648–657. [[doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2010.03.006|doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2010.03.006.]]</ref>Tylosema esculentum e ka dirisiwa gape mo metsweding e mengwe ya dikotla jaaka oli, mashi le bupi. Fa malapa a le mantsi a sena go ithuta mo go oketsegileng ka melemo ya dijo tsa morogo ono o o sa sweng, a solofela gore morogo wa Marama o tla nna karolo ya mmaraka wa kgwebo e le go tlhomamisa gore go nna le dijo tse di lekaneng le go tokafatsa dijo tsa mefutafuta. == Go nna le setlhabelo le go tlhoga/Mmela ga peo == Nawa ya Morama e na le makapi a thata a peo, tse di tlisang mesola e mentsi ya ekholoji jaaka kgobokanyo ya dibanka tsa peo mo mmung le phesente e e kwa godimo ya go tlhoga, go tlhoma le go wetsa modikologo wa botshelo jo bo atlegileng. E le go tokafatsa go mela le go gola ga semela seno sa mmidi se se sa sweng le go oketsa botlhokwa jwa sone mo mmarakeng wa dijo, go ne ga batlisisiwa gore dipeo tsa Morama tse di sa tswakanngwang le dipeo tse di tswakanngwang le dipeo tse di tswakanngwang le dipeo tse di sa tswakanngwang le dipeo tse dingwe, di mela jang. Dipholo di supile gore go mela ga peo go ne go le kwa godimo fa go ne go gatakwa le go phatloga ga kobo ya peo ka sandpaper, e e itsegeng gape jaaka scarification ya semotšhine.<ref>Travlos, I. S.; Economou, G.; Karamanos, A. I. (2007-02-01). "Germination and emergence of the hard seed coated Tylosema esculentum (Burch) A. Schreib in response to different pre-sowing seed treatments". ''Journal of Arid Environments''. '''68''' (3): 501–507. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JArEn..68..501T Bibcode:2007JArEn..68..501T.] [[doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.07.001|doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.07.001.]]</ref> Mefuta e mengwe ya scarification e akaretsa go nwetsa peo mo metsing kgotsa mo asiti. Go ne ga lemogiwa mo tekong e nngwe kwa Gerika gore peo ya Morama e tlhoga ka bonako thata fa e inwa mo metsing a a bolelo ka metsotso e le mebedi go ya go e le menè kana e omisiwa ka metsotso e le metlhano mo themperetšhareng ya didikirii tsa Celsius di le lekgolo go ya go di le lekgolo le masome a matlhano. Mmu le one ke selo se se botlhokwa se o tshwanetseng go se akanyetsa fa o lema semela seno sa mmidi se se sa sweng. Tylosema esculentum e gola sentle mo mmung o o nang le motlhaba, go na le mmu o o nang le letsopa, ka gonne mmu o o nang le motlhaba o na le dinonofo tse di siameng tsa mmele tse di letlang dinawa tsa Marama go tlhoga ka bonako. <ref>Travlos, Llias S. (2007). [https://apps.webofknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=UA&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=1&SID=3EvHnIxejBHcmjVKUBy&page=1&doc=6 "Effects of heat and soil texture on seed germination and seedling emergence of marama bean, ''Tylosema esculentum''".] ''Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment''. Retrieved December 12, 2015.</ref> Tylosema esculentum ke heterostylous, go raya gore go na le mefuta e le mebedi kgotsa e le meraro ya dithunya mo morafeng. Mo thorong eno e e rileng, pistil le anthers tsa yone di bontsha bogodimo jo bo tshwanang mo mefuteng e mebedi ya dimorphological. Diteko tse di neng di dirwa ka mokgwa wa in vivo fertilization (go tsadisa ditshedi ka tsela ya tlholego) le wa in vitro fertilization (go tsadisa mo laboratoring) di ne tsa bontsha gore Tylosema esculentum e na le thulaganyo ya go sa itshokelane ga di-allele tse pedi. Go nna le thulaganyo e e atlegileng ya go sa itshokelane go solegela semela seno molemo ka ntlha ya gore go thusa gore go nne le mefuta e e farologaneng ya ditshedi mme seo se dira gore go nne le mefuta e e farologaneng ya ditshedi mo gare ga setlhopha sa ditshedi. Go nna le mefuta e e farologaneng ya batho go botlhokwa e bile go mosola ka gonne batho ba kgona go itshireletsa kgatlhanong le baerase kgotsa dibakateria tse di kotsi kgotsa tse di bolayang tse di tshwaetsang batho botlhe. Botlhokwa jwa tlhagelelo ya Tylosema esculentum ke gore go ribololwa ga tiro ya semela sa heterostylous e ne e le ya ntlha mo lelapeng la Fabaceae. == Metswedi == jafbs5p2mi9nlmn2nccee6ko7dsl3yy 0 14586 53036 2026-07-23T13:53:59Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Seemo sa bothata jwa botsogo mo Botswana sa ngwaga wa 2025 #Wikipedia25BW 53036 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox outbreak|name=Seemo sa bothata jwa botsogo sa 2025 mo Botswana|image=Princess Marina Hospital - Administration Building.jpg|caption=Dipatela mo Botswana di itemogetse tlhaelo e ntsi ya didirisiwa|location=[[Botswana]]|type=sa botsogo|date=2025}} '''Seemo sa bothata jwa botsogo mo Botswana sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le botlhano''' ke dipharagobe tse di tsweletseng mo mohameng wa botsogo mo Botswana.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/botswana-declares-public-health-emergency-clinics-run-out-medicine-2025-08-25/ "Botswana declares public health emergency as clinics run out of medicine".] ''Reuters''. 2025-08-25. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref> == Tse di diragetseng pele == Seemo sa bofelo sa bothata jwa botsogo mo Botswana e ne e le go tlhagoga ga kholera ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabongwe.<ref name=":0">[https://www.afro.who.int/countries/botswana/news/botswana-national-health-emergency-response-operation-plan-framework-resilience "Botswana National Health Emergency Response Operation Plan: A Framework for Resilience | WHO | Regional Office for Africa".] ''www.afro.who.int''. 2024-08-13. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa dikete pedi le masome a mabedi di simologa, segajaja sa lefatshe ka bophara sa COVID-19 se ne sa ama lefatshe le.<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://www.afro.who.int/countries/botswana/news/new-dawn-botswanas-covid-19-response "New dawn for Botswana's COVID-19 response | WHO | Regional Office for Africa".] ''www.afro.who.int''. 2021-03-30. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref> == Ditiragalo == Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le botlhano, dikokelo le dikokelwana di ne di itemogetse tlhaelo ya didirisiwa tsa botlhokwa.<ref>Farmer, Ben (2025-08-26). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/botswana-public-health-emergency-hospital-medicine-shortage/ "Botswana declares public health emergency as hospitals run out of medicines".] ''The Telegraph''. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref> Se se gakaditswe ke go tlhaela ga madi le phokotso ya dikthuso go tswa kwa [[USA|United States]].<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/8/26/botswana-declares-public-health-emergency-over-medicine-shortage "Botswana declares public health emergency over medicine shortage".] ''Al Jazeera''. 2025-08-26. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref> Ditlhaelo tsa diirisiwa go tswa kwa di rekiwang teng di begilwe.<ref>Taylor, Luke (2025-08-27). [https://www.bmj.com/content/390/bmj.r1815 "Botswana declares national health emergency as medical supply chain breaks down"]. ''BMJ''. '''390''' r1815. doi:[https://www.bmj.com/content/390/bmj.r1815 10.1136/bmj.r1815.] ISSN&nbsp;1756-1833. PMID&nbsp;40865994.</ref> Ka Phatwe a le masome mabedi le botlhano ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le botlhano, tautona [[Duma Boko]] o ne a simolodisa seemo sa tshoganyetso sa botsogo.<ref>Mitchell, Ottilie (2025-08-26). [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c78zg67x38zo "Diamond-rich Botswana declares national public health emergency".] ''BBC News''. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref> Sesole sa lefatshe se ne sa laelwa go isa didirisiwa tsa potlako.<ref>France-Presse, Agence (2025-08-26). [https://tribune.net.ph/2025/08/25/botswana-faces-health-crisis-as-medical-supply-chain-collapses "Botswana faces health crisis as medical supply chain collapses".] ''Daily Tribune''. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref> Ka Lwetse ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le botlhano, melemo e ne e rometswe kwa mafelong a a farologaneng a lefatshe.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250914090523/https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/botswana-speeds-up-medicine-delivery-after-health-crisis/ "Botswana speeds up medicine delivery after health crisis - SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader".] ''SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa\'s news leader''. 2025-09-14. Archived from [https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/botswana-speeds-up-medicine-delivery-after-health-crisis/ the original] on 2025-09-14. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref> Ka Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le botlhano, tautona Boko o ne a itsise fa lefatshe la India le tlaa thusa ka tsa botsogo ka nako e a neng a begela babegadikgang a na le tautona wa India [[Droupadi Murmu]].<ref>Mathala, Sharon (2025-11-12). [https://www.mmegi.bw/news/india-to-rescue-with-arvs-amid-ongoing-health-crisis/news "India to rescue with ARVs amid ongoing health crisis"]. ''Mmegi Online''. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref><ref>[https://allafrica.com/view/group/main/main/id/00094792.html "Botswana Benefits From India's Support To Ease Health Crisis".] ''allAfrica.com''. 2025-11-17. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref> Tumalano e ne ya bewa monwana gareng ga mafatshe o o mabedi.<ref>Agency, Ecofin. [https://www.ecofinagency.com/news/1411-50468-botswana-india-sign-mou-on-expanding-access-to-medicines "Botswana, India Sign MoU on Expanding Access to Medicines"]. ''Ecofin Agency''. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Seemo sa bothata jwa tsa botsogo sa ngwaga wa 2025 go tsena 2025 kwa South Korea]] == Metswedi == 7bhkqpdoz685hpytrcmt61s80ms7ujh 0 14587 53037 2026-07-23T14:06:16Z ~2026-41098-44 13006 #Wikipedia25BW KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Manoko 53037 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Manoko''' (Arachis hypogaea), e e itsegeng gape ka leina la '''matonkomane''', goober<ref name=":0">[https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=3785 ''USDA GRIN Taxonomy'',] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160918203312/https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=3785 archived] from the original on September 18, 2016, retrieved June 29, 2016</ref> (US, via Kikongo),<ref name=":1">Domonoske, Camila (April 20, 2014). [https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/04/20/304585019/a-legume-with-many-names-the-story-of-goober "A Legume With Many Names: The Story Of 'Goober'".] ''National Public Radio''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200606234944/https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/04/20/304585019/a-legume-with-many-names-the-story-of-goober Archived] from the original on June 6, 2020.</ref> goober pea,<ref>Beattie, H. R. (1911). [https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/ipd/carver/items/show/77 "Farmer's Bulletin No. 431"]. ''USDA National Agricultural Library''. <q>The peanut is known under the local names of 'goober', 'goober pea', 'pindar', 'ground pea', and 'groundnut'. The names 'goober' and 'goober pea' are more properly applied to an allied species having no true stem and only one pea in each pod which has been introduced and is frequently found growing wild in the Gulf Coast States.</q></ref> '''pindar''' (US, via Kikongo) <ref name=":1" />kgotsa '''nawa ya Kgabo''' (UK), ke sejalo sa lesika la nawa se se jalwang segolo thata ka ntlha ya dipeo tsa sone tse di jewang, tse di fitlhelwang mo teng ga dikutu tsa ka fa tlase ga mmu. E jalwa ka bophara kwa dikgaolong tsa boboatsatsi le tsa kwa tlase ga boboatsatsi ke bantshakuno ba bagwebi ba bannye le ba bagolo, ka bobedi jaaka mabele a dithoro<ref>Hymowitz, Theodore (1990). [https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1990/V1-154.html "Grain Legumes"]. In Janick, J.; Simon, J. E. (eds.). ''Advances in new crops''. Portland, Oregon: [[:en:Timber_Press|Timber Press.]] pp.&#x20;54–57. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170801115907/https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1990/V1-154.html Archived] from the original on August 1, 2017. Retrieved November 2, 2017.</ref> le jaaka dijalo tsa oli.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150909130233/http://www.biofuelstp.eu/oil_crops.html Oil crops for the production of advanced biofuels".] ''European Biofuels Technology Platform''. Archived from [http://www.biofuelstp.eu/oil_crops.html the origina]l on September 9, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2015.</ref> Go ntsha maungo ka fa tlase ga lefatshe (geocarpy) ga go a tlwaelega gareng ga dithoro, se se dirileng gore [[Carl Linnaeus]] a bitse mofuta ono hypogaea, go tswa mo Segerikeng 'ka fa tlase ga lefatshe'.<ref>[https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/hypogeal "hypogeal"]. Collins. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210428140407/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/hypogeal Archived] from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved February 7, 2026. <q>from Greek hupogeios, from hypo- + gē earth</q></ref> Matonkomane a tswa mo lelapeng la dimela tse di thunyang [[Fabaceae]] (kgotsa Leguminosae), le le itsegeng thata jaaka lelapa la dinawa,<ref name=":0" />mme a tlholega kwa Amerika Borwa. Fela jaaka dipeo tse dingwe tse dintsi, matonkomane a na le dibakateria tse di dirang gore go nne le naeterojene mo medung ya one, e leng se se dirang gore mmu o ungwe, mme seno se dira gore di nne le mosola fa go jalwa dijalo tse dingwe. Batho bangwe ga ba kgone go ja matonkomane mme ba ka nna ba swa. Dilo tse di jewang di akaretsa oli ya matonkomane le botoro ya matonkomane. Didirisiwa tse di dirisiwang mo madirelong di akaretsa pente, varnish le polish ya fanitšhara e e dirilweng ka oli ya matonkomane. Dithunya tsa dimela tseno di dirisediwa go dira silage, fa dijo tsa oilcake tsone di dirisediwa go fepa diphologolo le go nna menontsha. menate ya manoko a dirisiwa kwa Latin America le kwa Borwabotlhaba jwa Asia, fa kwa kontinenteng ya India, di tsenngwa mo disalateng le mo dijong tse di apeilweng. Kwa Amerika Bokone, matonkomane a dirisiwa go dira dimonamone, dikuku le dibisikiti, fa botoro ya matonkomane yone e jewa thata. == Tlhaloso == Arachis hypogaea e ne ya tlhalosiwa ke [[Carl Linnaeus]] mo bukeng ya gagwe ya Species Plantarum ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano le boraro.<ref>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:318562-2/general-information "Arachis hypogaea L]." ''[[:en:Plants_of_the_World_Online|Plants of the World Online]]''. [[:en:Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew|Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20250421022140/https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:318562-2/general-information Archived] from the original on April 21, 2025. Retrieved February 6, 2026.</ref> Ke semela sa ngwaga le ngwaga sa setlhatsana se se golang ka boleele jwa disentimetara di le masome a mararo go ya go di le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":2">Putnam, D.H., et al. (1991) [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/peanut.html Peanut] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060810173649/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/peanut.html|date=August 10, 2006}}. University of Wisconsin-Extension Cooperative Extension: Alternative Field Crops Manual.</ref> Ke ya lelapa la botanical Fabaceae, gape le itsiwe jaaka Leguminosae, mme gantsi le itsiwe jaaka legume, dinawa, kgotsa lelapa la dinawa.<ref name=":3">[https://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000174378 ''Arachis hypogaea'' (L.)"]. ''The World Flora Online''. World Flora Consortium. 2024. Archived from the original on May 31, 2024. Retrieved May 31, 2024.</ref> Fela jaaka dinawa tse dingwe, matonkomane a na le dibaketeria tse di tshwaraganyang naeterojene mo meding ya one.<ref>Bouznif, Besma; Boukherissa, Amira; Jaszczyszyn, Yan; Mars, Mohamed; Timchenko, Tatiana; Shykoff, Jacqui A.; Alunni, Benoît (June 11, 2024). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11237496 "Complete and circularized genome sequences of five nitrogen-fixing Bradyrhizobium sp. strains isolated from root nodules of peanut, Arachis hypogaea , cultivated in Tunisia".] ''Microbiology Resource Announcements''. '''13''' (6) e01078-23. [[doi:10.1128/mra.01078-23]]. PMC&#x20;11237496. [[doi:10.1128/mra.01078-23|PMID&#x20;38747611.]]</ref> Matlhare a a lebaganeng mme a na le dipampiri di le nne (dipara di le pedi tse di lebaganeng; ga go na pampiri e e felelang); pampiri nngwe le nngwe e boleele jwa centemetara go ya go tse supa le bophara jwa centemetara go ya go tse tharo. Fela jaaka dipeo tse dingwe tse dintsi, matlhare a na le mokgwa wa go "robala"; ke gore, a a "robala", a a tswalang bosigo. <ref>Meng, Zhao (June 27, 2024). [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4873031 "The Anatomical Basis and Molecular Mechanism of Arachis Hypogaea Nyctinastic Movement".] [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4873031 ''SSRN''. SSRN&#x20;4873031]. [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4873031 Archived] from the original on August 12, 2025. Retrieved August 11, 2025.</ref>Dithunya tsa teng di boleele jwa dicentimetara go ya go metara le sephatlo, mme di mmala wa namune o o serolwana o o nang le methapo e e serolwana. <ref>Krapovickas, Antonio; Gregory, Walton C. (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060107/http://ibone.unne.edu.ar/objetos/uploads/documentos/bonplandia/public/16_0/1_205.pdf "Taxonomy of the genus ''Arachis'' (Leguminosae)"] (PDF). ''IBONE''. 16 (Supl.). Translated by David E. Williams and Charles E. Simpson: 1–205. Archived from [http://ibone.unne.edu.ar/objetos/uploads/documentos/bonplandia/public/16_0/1_205.pdf the original] (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved September 13, 2016.</ref> <ref name=":2" />Di tsholwa ka ditlhopha tsa di-axillary mo dikaleng.<ref name=":3" /> 4appqbrfdzydi5p3gtwrozfpcodnn7d 0 14588 53038 2026-07-23T14:19:07Z JudithShe 9421 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353410696|Ministry of Trade and Industry (Botswana)]]" 53038 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Lephata la kgwebo le bogwebi,''' le le neng le itsege pele ka leina la Lephata la Kgwebo le Madirelo, ke lephata le le mo [[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Khuduthamageng ya Botswana]] le le okametseng go dira melao ya kgwebo, go tlhabolola madirelo, kemo nokeng ya dikgwebo, le tshireletso ya bareki. Tona wa gompieno ke [[Tiroeaone Ntsima]], yo o ntseng a le mo maemong a fa e sale ka Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome mabedi le bone. Mothusi wa gagwe ke [[Baratiwa Mathoothe]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tiroeaone Ntsima |url=https://unctad.org/speaker/tiroeaone-ntsima |access-date=9 May 2026 |website=unctad.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bogwasi |first=Tumisang |date=2024-11-15 |title=Assistant Minister of Trade and Entrepreneurship Baratiwa Mathoothe at Swearing-In Ceremony {{!}} Brimco |url=https://www.brimco.io/news/president-duma-boko-unveils-a-transformative-cabinet-to-lead-botswanas-second-republic/baratiwa-mathoothe/ |access-date=2026-05-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Trade and Entrepreneurship {{!}} Government of Botswana |url=https://www.gov.bw/ministries/ministry-trade-and-entrepreneurship |access-date=2026-05-09 |website=www.gov.bw}}</ref> == Maphata == * Lephata la Kgwebo le Merero ya Bareki (DTCA) * Lephata la Merero ya Madirelo (DIA) * Lephata la Tlhabololo ya Dikoporasi (DCD) * Lephata la kgwbo ya mafatshefatshe (DIT) * Lephata potlana la go fapoga mo itsholelong( EDDU ) * Go Dira Kgwebo le lephata la Peeletso * Yuniti ya Dipalopalo tsa Patlisiso le Tlhabololo ya melao<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Investment, Trade and Industry {{!}} Government of Botswana |url=https://www.gov.bw/ministries/ministry-investment-trade-and-industry |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=www.gov.bw}}</ref> == Matona ==   * [[Mmusi Kgafela]] ( Ngwanatselea le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabongwe ) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Communications, Knowledge and Technology, Botswana |url=https://pp22.itu.int/en/itu_policy_statements/thulagano-merafe-segokgo-botswana/ |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=PP-22 |language=en}}</ref> == Metswedi == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Botswana government ministries and agencies}} glp0fcltsdhvkd7u0hiwx7s17ee1uv3 53039 53038 2026-07-23T14:21:45Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Lephata la kgwbo le madirelo #Wikipedia25BW 53039 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Lephata la kgwebo le bogwebi,''' le le neng le itsege pele ka leina la '''Lephata la Kgwebo le Madirelo''', ke lephata le le mo [[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Khuduthamageng ya Botswana]] le le okametseng go dira melao ya kgwebo, go tlhabolola madirelo, kemo nokeng ya dikgwebo, le tshireletso ya bareki. Tona wa gompieno ke [[Tiroeaone Ntsima]], yo o ntseng a le mo maemong a fa e sale ka Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome mabedi le bone. Mothusi wa gagwe ke [[Baratiwa Mathoothe]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tiroeaone Ntsima |url=https://unctad.org/speaker/tiroeaone-ntsima |access-date=9 May 2026 |website=unctad.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bogwasi |first=Tumisang |date=2024-11-15 |title=Assistant Minister of Trade and Entrepreneurship Baratiwa Mathoothe at Swearing-In Ceremony {{!}} Brimco |url=https://www.brimco.io/news/president-duma-boko-unveils-a-transformative-cabinet-to-lead-botswanas-second-republic/baratiwa-mathoothe/ |access-date=2026-05-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Trade and Entrepreneurship {{!}} Government of Botswana |url=https://www.gov.bw/ministries/ministry-trade-and-entrepreneurship |access-date=2026-05-09 |website=www.gov.bw}}</ref> == Maphata == * Lephata la Kgwebo le Merero ya Bareki (DTCA) * Lephata la Merero ya Madirelo (DIA) * Lephata la Tlhabololo ya Dikoporasi (DCD) * Lephata la kgwebo ya mafatshefatshe (DIT) * Lephata potlana la go fapoga mo itsholelong( EDDU ) * Go Dira Kgwebo le lephata la Peeletso * Yuniti ya Dipalopalo tsa Patlisiso le Tlhabololo ya melao<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Investment, Trade and Industry {{!}} Government of Botswana |url=https://www.gov.bw/ministries/ministry-investment-trade-and-industry |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=www.gov.bw}}</ref> == Matona ==   * [[Mmusi Kgafela]] ( Ngwanatsele a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabongwe ) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Communications, Knowledge and Technology, Botswana |url=https://pp22.itu.int/en/itu_policy_statements/thulagano-merafe-segokgo-botswana/ |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=PP-22 |language=en}}</ref> == Metswedi == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Botswana government ministries and agencies}} pfoghd2of4km49f8s72qx79o2i7ylv3 0 14589 53040 2026-07-23T14:47:18Z JudithShe 9421 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362328035|White people in Botswana]]" 53040 wikitext text/x-wiki Batho basweu ba Aforika ba dira selekanyo sa boraro mo lekgolong la palo ya batho ba [[Botswana]] . <ref name="cia">{{Cite web |title=CIA - The World Factbook -- Botswana |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109202201/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana |archive-date=January 9, 2021 |access-date=2013-09-26 |publisher=CIA}}</ref> Botswana e ne ya nna lefatshe le le neng le sireleditsweng ke lefatshe la Britain ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabobedi le botlhano mme la tsaya boipuso go ikemela e le lefatshe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borataro. Batho basweu ba ba thibeletseng mo Botswana, bontsi jwa bone ke Maburu le palo potlana ya batho ba ba buang Sekgowa, ba ne ba simolola go goroga ka dingwaga tsa sekete makgolo a robabobedi masome a marataro mme ba ne ba nna thata kwa ditshimong tse di gaufi le molelwane wa Aforika Borwa. Palo ya batho Basweu mo Botswana ga e ise e ko e fete dikete di le tharo tsa batho. Sekgowa se se buiwang ke baagi ba mo gae se tlhotlhelediwa ke diteme tsa kwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Bolton |first=Kingsley |date=2006 |title=World Englishes: Critical Concepts in Linguistics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3mydCcllYYC&dq=whites+in+botswana+british+portuguese+ancestry&pg=PA196 |last2=Kachru |first2=Braj B. |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-31508-1 |language=en}}</ref> Batho ba basweu ba gompieno mo Botswana ba palo potlana thata fa ba tshwantshanngwa le mafatshe a a mabapi, mme bontsi jwa bone ke baagi ba e seng ba sennela ruri. Tlwaelo e ya palo ya batho ke ditlamorago tsa ditso tse di faphegileng tsa Botswana e le lefatshe le le sireleditsweng go na le fa e le kolone. Batswana ba le bantsi ba basweu ba kgona go latedisa lotso lwa bone kwa batshabing ba dikolone ba ba gorogileng ka nako ya puso ya makgoa, le fa jaanong bontsi jwa bone e le baagedi ba Botswana eseng makgoa. Batho ba gantsi ba na le itsholelo ee kwa godimo, ka palo e e bonalang e e nang ebile e tsamaisa dikgwebo tsa bone. <ref>{{Cite book |last=McIntyre |first=Chris |date=2014-04-01 |title=Botswana Safari Guide: Okavango Delta, Chobe, Northern Kalahari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x3ElAwAAQBAJ&dq=white+population+in+botswana&pg=PA38 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-84162-489-1 |language=en}}</ref> == Ditso == Batho ba Yuropa ba ne ba simolola go fudugela mo Botswana wa gompieno ka lekgolo la ngwaga e le lesome le borobabongwe, ba simolola ka morafe wa Maburu . Loeto lwa Dorsland kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga wa lekgolo le le lesome le borobabongwe le tshimologo ya ngwaga wa lekgolo le le masome mabedi lo ne lwa itemogela dikete tsa malwapa a Maburu a fuduga go tswa mo [[Aforika Borwa]] go ya kwa [[Namibia]] wa gompieno ba kgabaganya Botswana. Malwapa a le mantsi a ne a sala, segolo jang kwa [[Ghanzi]], kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] . Batho ba basweu mo Botswana ke ba lotso lwa Maburu, mme dipalo tse dinnye le tsone ke tsa batho ba lotso lwa Britain kgotsa Rhodesia fa godimo ga foo. Fa godimo ga foo, go na le setšhaba se se botlhokwa sa batho ba Serbia mo lefatsheng leo, bogolo jang ba malwapa a batshabi ba ba tsileng go tswa kwa lefatsheng la Yugoslavia ka dingwaga tsa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano. Go na le Mokgatlho wa batho ba lefatshe la Serbia mo Gaborone, o o nnang o dira meletlo e e farologaneng gangwe le gape ya ngwao. Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borataro go ne ga simololwa go agiwa kereke ya ntlha ya Serbian Orthodox mo Botswana, ya Kereke ya St. Nicholas Kereke ya Serbia ya St. Sava e bereka e le mo [[Gaborone]] . Baepi ba meepo ba basweu ba ne ba tla mo lefatsheng ;a Botswana go tla go epa gouta le diteemane . <ref>{{Cite book |date=15 January 2011 |title=The History of Southern Africa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iPo6ZfzcOQUC&dq=white+miners+botswana+diamond+mines&pg=PA86 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-61530-312-0}}</ref> == Batho ba tlhwatlhwa == * [[Lynette Armstrong]], Mmamatlotlo <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Keitebe Kgosikebatho |date=15 March 2016 |title=On Top Of Her Game |url=https://thepatriot.co.bw/lifestyle/item/2219-on-top-of-her-game.html |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319042824/https://thepatriot.co.bw/lifestyle/item/2219-on-top-of-her-game.html |archive-date=19 March 2016 |access-date=26 June 2020}}</ref> * Roy Blackbeard, Mopalamente, Molaodimogolo wa Botswana kwa [[United Kingdom]] * [[Ross Branch]], Motabogi wa dikuta * Christian de Graaff, Mopalamente, Tona wa Temothuo * James G. Haskins, Mopalamente, motsamaisa dipuisano tsa palamente ya Botswana * Derek Jones, Ratoropo wa [[Gaborone]] * [[Ruth Williams Khama]], [[Mosadi wa ntlha wa Botswana|Mohumagadi wa Ntlha wa Botswana]] * Alfred Merriweather, Mopalamente,motsamaisa dipuisano tsa palamente ya Botswana wa ntlha * Samantha Paxinos, mothumi wa di Olympic wa Botswana <ref name="mmegi">{{Cite news|title=Paxinos ready for Olympics challenge|url=http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=8&aid=6&dir=2008/July/Friday25|date=25 July 2008|access-date=20 October 2012}}</ref> * James Freeman, mothumi wa di Olympic wa Botswana * Adrian Robinson, mothumi wa di Olympic wa Botswana * Benjamin Steinberg, Mopalamente, Ramatlotlo wa ntlha wa phathi ya [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]]  * Hendrik van Zyl, mogwebi o o tumileng le mopolotiki kwa [[Ghanzi]]  == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * Batho basweu ba [[Angola]] * Batho basweu ba [[Namibia]] * Batho basweu ba [[Zambia]] * Batho basweu ba [[Zimbabwe]] * MaAforika Borwa a Masweu * Dipalopalo tsa Botswana * [[Ditso tsa Bajuta mo Botswana]] * [[Bechuanaland]] Protectorate – [[British Protectorate]] mo borwa jwa Aforika == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Karolo:Articles with short description]] 99le2leecbk3judzoikqwk0ubhv4wjs 53041 53040 2026-07-23T14:47:45Z JudithShe 9421 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362328035|White people in Botswana]]" 53041 wikitext text/x-wiki Batho basweu ba Aforika ba dira selekanyo sa boraro mo lekgolong la palo ya batho ba [[Botswana]] . <ref name="cia">{{Cite web |title=CIA - The World Factbook -- Botswana |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109202201/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana |archive-date=January 9, 2021 |access-date=2013-09-26 |publisher=CIA}}</ref> Botswana e ne ya nna lefatshe le le neng le sireleditsweng ke lefatshe la Britain ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabobedi le botlhano mme la tsaya boipuso go ikemela e le lefatshe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borataro. Batho basweu ba ba thibeletseng mo Botswana, bontsi jwa bone ke Maburu le palo potlana ya batho ba ba buang Sekgowa, ba ne ba simolola go goroga ka dingwaga tsa sekete makgolo a robabobedi masome a marataro mme ba ne ba nna thata kwa ditshimong tse di gaufi le molelwane wa Aforika Borwa. Palo ya batho Basweu mo Botswana ga e ise e ko e fete dikete di le tharo tsa batho. Sekgowa se se buiwang ke baagi ba mo gae se tlhotlhelediwa ke diteme tsa kwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Bolton |first=Kingsley |date=2006 |title=World Englishes: Critical Concepts in Linguistics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3mydCcllYYC&dq=whites+in+botswana+british+portuguese+ancestry&pg=PA196 |last2=Kachru |first2=Braj B. |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-31508-1 |language=en}}</ref> Batho ba basweu ba gompieno mo Botswana ba palo potlana thata fa ba tshwantshanngwa le mafatshe a a mabapi, mme bontsi jwa bone ke baagi ba e seng ba sennela ruri. Tlwaelo e ya palo ya batho ke ditlamorago tsa ditso tse di faphegileng tsa Botswana e le lefatshe le le sireleditsweng go na le fa e le kolone. Batswana ba le bantsi ba basweu ba kgona go latedisa lotso lwa bone kwa batshabing ba dikolone ba ba gorogileng ka nako ya puso ya makgoa, le fa jaanong bontsi jwa bone e le baagedi ba Botswana eseng makgoa. Batho ba gantsi ba na le itsholelo ee kwa godimo, ka palo e e bonalang e e nang ebile e tsamaisa dikgwebo tsa bone. <ref>{{Cite book |last=McIntyre |first=Chris |date=2014-04-01 |title=Botswana Safari Guide: Okavango Delta, Chobe, Northern Kalahari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x3ElAwAAQBAJ&dq=white+population+in+botswana&pg=PA38 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-84162-489-1 |language=en}}</ref> == Ditso == Batho ba Yuropa ba ne ba simolola go fudugela mo Botswana wa gompieno ka lekgolo la ngwaga e le lesome le borobabongwe, ba simolola ka morafe wa Maburu . Loeto lwa Dorsland kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga wa lekgolo le le lesome le borobabongwe le tshimologo ya ngwaga wa lekgolo le le masome mabedi lo ne lwa itemogela dikete tsa malwapa a Maburu a fuduga go tswa mo [[Aforika Borwa]] go ya kwa [[Namibia]] wa gompieno ba kgabaganya Botswana. Malwapa a le mantsi a ne a sala, segolo jang kwa [[Ghanzi]], kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] . Batho ba basweu mo Botswana ke ba lotso lwa Maburu, mme dipalo tse dinnye le tsone ke tsa batho ba lotso lwa Britain kgotsa Rhodesia fa godimo ga foo. Fa godimo ga foo, go na le setšhaba se se botlhokwa sa batho ba Serbia mo lefatsheng leo, bogolo jang ba malwapa a batshabi ba ba tsileng go tswa kwa lefatsheng la Yugoslavia ka dingwaga tsa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano. Go na le Mokgatlho wa batho ba lefatshe la Serbia mo Gaborone, o o nnang o dira meletlo e e farologaneng gangwe le gape ya ngwao. Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borataro go ne ga simololwa go agiwa kereke ya ntlha ya Serbian Orthodox mo Botswana, ya Kereke ya St. Nicholas Kereke ya Serbia ya St. Sava e bereka e le mo [[Gaborone]] . Baepi ba meepo ba basweu ba ne ba tla mo lefatsheng ;a Botswana go tla go epa gouta le diteemane . <ref>{{Cite book |date=15 January 2011 |title=The History of Southern Africa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iPo6ZfzcOQUC&dq=white+miners+botswana+diamond+mines&pg=PA86 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-61530-312-0}}</ref> == Batho ba tlhwatlhwa == * [[Lynette Armstrong]], Mmamatlotlo <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Keitebe Kgosikebatho |date=15 March 2016 |title=On Top Of Her Game |url=https://thepatriot.co.bw/lifestyle/item/2219-on-top-of-her-game.html |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319042824/https://thepatriot.co.bw/lifestyle/item/2219-on-top-of-her-game.html |archive-date=19 March 2016 |access-date=26 June 2020}}</ref> * Roy Blackbeard, Mopalamente, Molaodimogolo wa Botswana kwa [[United Kingdom]] * [[Ross Branch]], Motabogi wa dikuta * Christian de Graaff, Mopalamente, Tona wa Temothuo * James G. Haskins, Mopalamente, motsamaisa dipuisano tsa palamente ya Botswana * Derek Jones, Ratoropo wa [[Gaborone]] * [[Ruth Williams Khama]], [[Mosadi wa ntlha wa Botswana|Mohumagadi wa Ntlha wa Botswana]] * Alfred Merriweather, Mopalamente,motsamaisa dipuisano tsa palamente ya Botswana wa ntlha * Samantha Paxinos, mothumi wa di Olympic wa Botswana <ref name="mmegi">{{Cite news|title=Paxinos ready for Olympics challenge|url=http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=8&aid=6&dir=2008/July/Friday25|date=25 July 2008|access-date=20 October 2012}}</ref> * James Freeman, mothumi wa di Olympic wa Botswana * Adrian Robinson, mothumi wa di Olympic wa Botswana * Benjamin Steinberg, Mopalamente, Ramatlotlo wa ntlha wa phathi ya [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]]  * Hendrik van Zyl, mogwebi o o tumileng le mopolotiki kwa [[Ghanzi]]  == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * Batho basweu ba [[Angola]] * Batho basweu ba [[Namibia]] * Batho basweu ba [[Zambia]] * Batho basweu ba [[Zimbabwe]] * MaAforika Borwa a Masweu * Dipalopalo tsa Botswana * [[Ditso tsa Bajuta mo Botswana]] * [[Bechuanaland]] Protectorate – [[British Protectorate]] mo borwa jwa Aforika == Metswedi == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Karolo:Articles with short description]] qgbjhp4i697ptp3dic9g5v9c0st1scf 53042 53041 2026-07-23T14:50:20Z JudithShe 9421 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362328035|White people in Botswana]]" 53042 wikitext text/x-wiki Batho basweu ba Aforika ba dira selekanyo sa boraro mo lekgolong la palo ya batho ba [[Botswana]] . <ref name="cia">{{Cite web |title=CIA - The World Factbook -- Botswana |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109202201/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana |archive-date=January 9, 2021 |access-date=2013-09-26 |publisher=CIA}}</ref> Botswana e ne ya nna lefatshe le le neng le sireleditsweng ke lefatshe la Britain ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabobedi le botlhano mme la tsaya boipuso go ikemela e le lefatshe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borataro. Batho basweu ba ba thibeletseng mo Botswana, bontsi jwa bone ke Maburu le palo potlana ya batho ba ba buang Sekgowa, ba ne ba simolola go goroga ka dingwaga tsa sekete makgolo a robabobedi masome a marataro mme ba ne ba nna thata kwa ditshimong tse di gaufi le molelwane wa Aforika Borwa. Palo ya batho Basweu mo Botswana ga e ise e ko e fete dikete di le tharo tsa batho. Sekgowa se se buiwang ke baagi ba mo gae se tlhotlhelediwa ke diteme tsa kwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Bolton |first=Kingsley |date=2006 |title=World Englishes: Critical Concepts in Linguistics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3mydCcllYYC&dq=whites+in+botswana+british+portuguese+ancestry&pg=PA196 |last2=Kachru |first2=Braj B. |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-31508-1 |language=en}}</ref> Batho ba basweu ba gompieno mo Botswana ba palo potlana thata fa ba tshwantshanngwa le mafatshe a a mabapi, mme bontsi jwa bone ke baagi ba e seng ba sennela ruri. Tlwaelo e ya palo ya batho ke ditlamorago tsa ditso tse di faphegileng tsa Botswana e le lefatshe le le sireleditsweng go na le fa e le kolone. Batswana ba le bantsi ba basweu ba kgona go latedisa lotso lwa bone kwa batshabing ba dikolone ba ba gorogileng ka nako ya puso ya makgoa, le fa jaanong bontsi jwa bone e le baagedi ba Botswana eseng makgoa. Batho ba gantsi ba na le itsholelo ee kwa godimo, ka palo e e bonalang e e nang ebile e tsamaisa dikgwebo tsa bone. <ref>{{Cite book |last=McIntyre |first=Chris |date=2014-04-01 |title=Botswana Safari Guide: Okavango Delta, Chobe, Northern Kalahari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x3ElAwAAQBAJ&dq=white+population+in+botswana&pg=PA38 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-84162-489-1 |language=en}}</ref> == Ditso == Batho ba Yuropa ba ne ba simolola go fudugela mo Botswana wa gompieno ka lekgolo la ngwaga e le lesome le borobabongwe, ba simolola ka morafe wa Maburu . Loeto lwa Dorsland kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga wa lekgolo le le lesome le borobabongwe le tshimologo ya ngwaga wa lekgolo le le masome mabedi lo ne lwa itemogela dikete tsa malwapa a Maburu a fuduga go tswa mo [[Aforika Borwa]] go ya kwa [[Namibia]] wa gompieno ba kgabaganya Botswana. Malwapa a le mantsi a ne a sala, segolo jang kwa [[Ghanzi]], kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] . Batho ba basweu mo Botswana ke ba lotso lwa Maburu, mme dipalo tse dinnye le tsone ke tsa batho ba lotso lwa Britain kgotsa Rhodesia fa godimo ga foo. Fa godimo ga foo, go na le setšhaba se se botlhokwa sa batho ba Serbia mo lefatsheng leo, bogolo jang ba malwapa a batshabi ba ba tsileng go tswa kwa lefatsheng la Yugoslavia ka dingwaga tsa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano. Go na le Mokgatlho wa batho ba lefatshe la Serbia mo Gaborone, o o nnang o dira meletlo e e farologaneng gangwe le gape ya ngwao. Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borataro go ne ga simololwa go agiwa kereke ya ntlha ya Serbian Orthodox mo Botswana, ya Kereke ya St. Nicholas Kereke ya Serbia ya St. Sava e bereka e le mo [[Gaborone]] . Baepi ba meepo ba basweu ba ne ba tla mo lefatsheng ;a Botswana go tla go epa gouta le diteemane . <ref>{{Cite book |date=15 January 2011 |title=The History of Southern Africa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iPo6ZfzcOQUC&dq=white+miners+botswana+diamond+mines&pg=PA86 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-61530-312-0}}</ref> == Batho ba tlhwatlhwa == * [[Lynette Armstrong]], Mmamatlotlo <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Keitebe Kgosikebatho |date=15 March 2016 |title=On Top Of Her Game |url=https://thepatriot.co.bw/lifestyle/item/2219-on-top-of-her-game.html |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319042824/https://thepatriot.co.bw/lifestyle/item/2219-on-top-of-her-game.html |archive-date=19 March 2016 |access-date=26 June 2020}}</ref> * Roy Blackbeard, Mopalamente, Molaodimogolo wa Botswana kwa [[United Kingdom]] * [[Ross Branch]], Motabogi wa dikuta * Christian de Graaff, Mopalamente, Tona wa Temothuo * James G. Haskins, Mopalamente, motsamaisa dipuisano tsa palamente ya Botswana * Derek Jones, Ratoropo wa [[Gaborone]] * [[Ruth Williams Khama]], [[Mosadi wa ntlha wa Botswana|Mohumagadi wa Ntlha wa Botswana]] * Alfred Merriweather, Mopalamente,motsamaisa dipuisano tsa palamente ya Botswana wa ntlha * Samantha Paxinos, mothumi wa di Olympic wa Botswana <ref name="mmegi">{{Cite news|title=Paxinos ready for Olympics challenge|url=http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=8&aid=6&dir=2008/July/Friday25|date=25 July 2008|access-date=20 October 2012}}</ref> * James Freeman, mothumi wa di Olympic wa Botswana * Adrian Robinson, mothumi wa di Olympic wa Botswana * Benjamin Steinberg, Mopalamente, Ramatlotlo wa ntlha wa phathi ya [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]]  * Hendrik van Zyl, mogwebi o o tumileng le mopolotiki kwa [[Ghanzi]]  == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * Batho basweu ba [[Angola]] * Batho basweu ba [[Namibia]] * Batho basweu ba [[Zambia]] * Batho basweu ba [[Zimbabwe]] * MaAforika Borwa a Masweu * Dipalopalo tsa Botswana * [[Ditso tsa Bajuta mo Botswana]] * [[Bechuanaland]] Protectorate – [[British Protectorate]] mo borwa jwa Aforika == Metswedi == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}1. == Metswedi e e kwa ntle == * [http://www.serbiansocietybotswana.org/who-we-are Mokgatlho wa Ba-Serbia wa Botswana] * [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40980356 Patlisiso ya Dikamano tsa Merafe mo Botswana, 1800-1966] [[Karolo:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Karolo:Articles with short description]] 0190ey7lfnz2tsgixrt5aj5bu1vdkqg 53043 53042 2026-07-23T14:56:23Z JudithShe 9421 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362328035|White people in Botswana]]" 53043 wikitext text/x-wiki Batho basweu ba Aforika ba dira selekanyo sa boraro mo lekgolong la palo ya batho ba [[Botswana]] . [https://web.archive.org/web/20210109202201/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana]<ref name="cia">{{Cite web |title=CIA - The World Factbook -- Botswana |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109202201/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109202201/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana |archive-date=January 9, 2021 |access-date=23 July 2026 |publisher=CIA}}</ref> Botswana e ne ya nna lefatshe le le neng le sireleditsweng ke lefatshe la Britain ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabobedi le botlhano mme la tsaya boipuso go ikemela e le lefatshe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borataro. Batho basweu ba ba thibeletseng mo Botswana, bontsi jwa bone ke Maburu le palo potlana ya batho ba ba buang Sekgowa, ba ne ba simolola go goroga ka dingwaga tsa sekete makgolo a robabobedi masome a marataro mme ba ne ba nna thata kwa ditshimong tse di gaufi le molelwane wa Aforika Borwa. Palo ya batho Basweu mo Botswana ga e ise e ko e fete dikete di le tharo tsa batho. Sekgowa se se buiwang ke baagi ba mo gae se tlhotlhelediwa ke diteme tsa kwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Bolton |first=Kingsley |date=2006 |title=World Englishes: Critical Concepts in Linguistics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3mydCcllYYC&dq=whites+in+botswana+british+portuguese+ancestry&pg=PA196 |last2=Kachru |first2=Braj B. |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-31508-1 |language=en |access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> Batho ba basweu ba gompieno mo Botswana ba palo potlana thata fa ba tshwantshanngwa le mafatshe a a mabapi, mme bontsi jwa bone ke baagi ba e seng ba sennela ruri. Tlwaelo e ya palo ya batho ke ditlamorago tsa ditso tse di faphegileng tsa Botswana e le lefatshe le le sireleditsweng go na le fa e le kolone. Batswana ba le bantsi ba basweu ba kgona go latedisa lotso lwa bone kwa batshabing ba dikolone ba ba gorogileng ka nako ya puso ya makgoa, le fa jaanong bontsi jwa bone e le baagedi ba Botswana eseng makgoa. Batho ba gantsi ba na le itsholelo ee kwa godimo, ka palo e e bonalang e e nang ebile e tsamaisa dikgwebo tsa bone. <ref>{{Cite book |last=McIntyre |first=Chris |date=2014-04-01 |title=Botswana Safari Guide: Okavango Delta, Chobe, Northern Kalahari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x3ElAwAAQBAJ&dq=white+population+in+botswana&pg=PA38 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-84162-489-1 |language=en}}</ref> == Ditso == Batho ba Yuropa ba ne ba simolola go fudugela mo Botswana wa gompieno ka lekgolo la ngwaga e le lesome le borobabongwe, ba simolola ka morafe wa Maburu . Loeto lwa Dorsland kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga wa lekgolo le le lesome le borobabongwe le tshimologo ya ngwaga wa lekgolo le le masome mabedi lo ne lwa itemogela dikete tsa malwapa a Maburu a fuduga go tswa mo [[Aforika Borwa]] go ya kwa [[Namibia]] wa gompieno ba kgabaganya Botswana. Malwapa a le mantsi a ne a sala, segolo jang kwa [[Ghanzi]], kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] . Batho ba basweu mo Botswana ke ba lotso lwa Maburu, mme dipalo tse dinnye le tsone ke tsa batho ba lotso lwa Britain kgotsa Rhodesia fa godimo ga foo. Fa godimo ga foo, go na le setšhaba se se botlhokwa sa batho ba Serbia mo lefatsheng leo, bogolo jang ba malwapa a batshabi ba ba tsileng go tswa kwa lefatsheng la Yugoslavia ka dingwaga tsa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano. Go na le Mokgatlho wa batho ba lefatshe la Serbia mo Gaborone, o o nnang o dira meletlo e e farologaneng gangwe le gape ya ngwao. Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borataro go ne ga simololwa go agiwa kereke ya ntlha ya Serbian Orthodox mo Botswana, ya Kereke ya St. Nicholas Kereke ya Serbia ya St. Sava e bereka e le mo [[Gaborone]] . Baepi ba meepo ba basweu ba ne ba tla mo lefatsheng ;a Botswana go tla go epa gouta le diteemane . <ref>{{Cite book |date=15 January 2011 |title=The History of Southern Africa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iPo6ZfzcOQUC&dq=white+miners+botswana+diamond+mines&pg=PA86 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-61530-312-0}}</ref> == Batho ba tlhwatlhwa == * [[Lynette Armstrong]], Mmamatlotlo <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Keitebe Kgosikebatho |date=15 March 2016 |title=On Top Of Her Game |url=https://thepatriot.co.bw/lifestyle/item/2219-on-top-of-her-game.html |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319042824/https://thepatriot.co.bw/lifestyle/item/2219-on-top-of-her-game.html |archive-date=19 March 2016 |access-date=26 June 2020}}</ref> * Roy Blackbeard, Mopalamente, Molaodimogolo wa Botswana kwa [[United Kingdom]] * [[Ross Branch]], Motabogi wa dikuta * Christian de Graaff, Mopalamente, Tona wa Temothuo * James G. Haskins, Mopalamente, motsamaisa dipuisano tsa palamente ya Botswana * Derek Jones, Ratoropo wa [[Gaborone]] * [[Ruth Williams Khama]], [[Mosadi wa ntlha wa Botswana|Mohumagadi wa Ntlha wa Botswana]] * Alfred Merriweather, Mopalamente,motsamaisa dipuisano tsa palamente ya Botswana wa ntlha * Samantha Paxinos, mothumi wa di Olympic wa Botswana <ref name="mmegi">{{Cite news|title=Paxinos ready for Olympics challenge|url=http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=8&aid=6&dir=2008/July/Friday25|date=25 July 2008|access-date=20 October 2012}}</ref> * James Freeman, mothumi wa di Olympic wa Botswana * Adrian Robinson, mothumi wa di Olympic wa Botswana * Benjamin Steinberg, Mopalamente, Ramatlotlo wa ntlha wa phathi ya [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]]  * Hendrik van Zyl, mogwebi o o tumileng le mopolotiki kwa [[Ghanzi]]  == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * Batho basweu ba [[Angola]] * Batho basweu ba [[Namibia]] * Batho basweu ba [[Zambia]] * Batho basweu ba [[Zimbabwe]] * MaAforika Borwa a Masweu * Dipalopalo tsa Botswana * [[Ditso tsa Bajuta mo Botswana]] * [[Bechuanaland]] Protectorate – [[British Protectorate]] mo borwa jwa Aforika == Metswedi == == Metswedi e e kwa ntle == * [http://www.serbiansocietybotswana.org/who-we-are Mokgatlho wa Ba-Serbia wa Botswana] * [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40980356 Patlisiso ya Dikamano tsa Merafe mo Botswana, 1800-1966] [[Karolo:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Karolo:Articles with short description]] ose93snwi8l54igl8b5qkxf50gohji9 53044 53043 2026-07-23T14:58:00Z JudithShe 9421 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362328035|White people in Botswana]]" 53044 wikitext text/x-wiki Batho basweu ba Aforika ba dira selekanyo sa boraro mo lekgolong la palo ya batho ba [[Botswana]] .<ref>{{cite web |title=CIA - The World Factbook -- Botswana |url=https://www.cia.gov/stories/story/spotlighting-the-world-factbook-as-we-bid-a-fond-farewell/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109202201/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana |archive-date=January 9, 2021 |access-date=23 July 2026 |publisher=CIA}}</ref> Botswana e ne ya nna lefatshe le le neng le sireleditsweng ke lefatshe la Britain ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabobedi le botlhano mme la tsaya boipuso go ikemela e le lefatshe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borataro. Batho basweu ba ba thibeletseng mo Botswana, bontsi jwa bone ke Maburu le palo potlana ya batho ba ba buang Sekgowa, ba ne ba simolola go goroga ka dingwaga tsa sekete makgolo a robabobedi masome a marataro mme ba ne ba nna thata kwa ditshimong tse di gaufi le molelwane wa Aforika Borwa. Palo ya batho Basweu mo Botswana ga e ise e ko e fete dikete di le tharo tsa batho. Sekgowa se se buiwang ke baagi ba mo gae se tlhotlhelediwa ke diteme tsa kwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Bolton |first=Kingsley |date=2006 |title=World Englishes: Critical Concepts in Linguistics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3mydCcllYYC&dq=whites+in+botswana+british+portuguese+ancestry&pg=PA196 |last2=Kachru |first2=Braj B. |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-31508-1 |language=en |access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> Batho ba basweu ba gompieno mo Botswana ba palo potlana thata fa ba tshwantshanngwa le mafatshe a a mabapi, mme bontsi jwa bone ke baagi ba e seng ba sennela ruri. Tlwaelo e ya palo ya batho ke ditlamorago tsa ditso tse di faphegileng tsa Botswana e le lefatshe le le sireleditsweng go na le fa e le kolone. Batswana ba le bantsi ba basweu ba kgona go latedisa lotso lwa bone kwa batshabing ba dikolone ba ba gorogileng ka nako ya puso ya makgoa, le fa jaanong bontsi jwa bone e le baagedi ba Botswana eseng makgoa. Batho ba gantsi ba na le itsholelo ee kwa godimo, ka palo e e bonalang e e nang ebile e tsamaisa dikgwebo tsa bone. <ref>{{Cite book |last=McIntyre |first=Chris |date=2014-04-01 |title=Botswana Safari Guide: Okavango Delta, Chobe, Northern Kalahari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x3ElAwAAQBAJ&dq=white+population+in+botswana&pg=PA38 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-84162-489-1 |language=en}}</ref> == Ditso == Batho ba Yuropa ba ne ba simolola go fudugela mo Botswana wa gompieno ka lekgolo la ngwaga e le lesome le borobabongwe, ba simolola ka morafe wa Maburu . Loeto lwa Dorsland kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga wa lekgolo le le lesome le borobabongwe le tshimologo ya ngwaga wa lekgolo le le masome mabedi lo ne lwa itemogela dikete tsa malwapa a Maburu a fuduga go tswa mo [[Aforika Borwa]] go ya kwa [[Namibia]] wa gompieno ba kgabaganya Botswana. Malwapa a le mantsi a ne a sala, segolo jang kwa [[Ghanzi]], kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] . Batho ba basweu mo Botswana ke ba lotso lwa Maburu, mme dipalo tse dinnye le tsone ke tsa batho ba lotso lwa Britain kgotsa Rhodesia fa godimo ga foo. Fa godimo ga foo, go na le setšhaba se se botlhokwa sa batho ba Serbia mo lefatsheng leo, bogolo jang ba malwapa a batshabi ba ba tsileng go tswa kwa lefatsheng la Yugoslavia ka dingwaga tsa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano. Go na le Mokgatlho wa batho ba lefatshe la Serbia mo Gaborone, o o nnang o dira meletlo e e farologaneng gangwe le gape ya ngwao. Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borataro go ne ga simololwa go agiwa kereke ya ntlha ya Serbian Orthodox mo Botswana, ya Kereke ya St. Nicholas Kereke ya Serbia ya St. Sava e bereka e le mo [[Gaborone]] . Baepi ba meepo ba basweu ba ne ba tla mo lefatsheng ;a Botswana go tla go epa gouta le diteemane . <ref>{{Cite book |date=15 January 2011 |title=The History of Southern Africa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iPo6ZfzcOQUC&dq=white+miners+botswana+diamond+mines&pg=PA86 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-61530-312-0}}</ref> == Batho ba tlhwatlhwa == * [[Lynette Armstrong]], Mmamatlotlo <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Keitebe Kgosikebatho |date=15 March 2016 |title=On Top Of Her Game |url=https://thepatriot.co.bw/lifestyle/item/2219-on-top-of-her-game.html |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319042824/https://thepatriot.co.bw/lifestyle/item/2219-on-top-of-her-game.html |archive-date=19 March 2016 |access-date=26 June 2020}}</ref> * Roy Blackbeard, Mopalamente, Molaodimogolo wa Botswana kwa [[United Kingdom]] * [[Ross Branch]], Motabogi wa dikuta * Christian de Graaff, Mopalamente, Tona wa Temothuo * James G. Haskins, Mopalamente, motsamaisa dipuisano tsa palamente ya Botswana * Derek Jones, Ratoropo wa [[Gaborone]] * [[Ruth Williams Khama]], [[Mosadi wa ntlha wa Botswana|Mohumagadi wa Ntlha wa Botswana]] * Alfred Merriweather, Mopalamente,motsamaisa dipuisano tsa palamente ya Botswana wa ntlha * Samantha Paxinos, mothumi wa di Olympic wa Botswana <ref name="mmegi">{{Cite news|title=Paxinos ready for Olympics challenge|url=http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=8&aid=6&dir=2008/July/Friday25|date=25 July 2008|access-date=20 October 2012}}</ref> * James Freeman, mothumi wa di Olympic wa Botswana * Adrian Robinson, mothumi wa di Olympic wa Botswana * Benjamin Steinberg, Mopalamente, Ramatlotlo wa ntlha wa phathi ya [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]]  * Hendrik van Zyl, mogwebi o o tumileng le mopolotiki kwa [[Ghanzi]]  == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * Batho basweu ba [[Angola]] * Batho basweu ba [[Namibia]] * Batho basweu ba [[Zambia]] * Batho basweu ba [[Zimbabwe]] * MaAforika Borwa a Masweu * Dipalopalo tsa Botswana * [[Ditso tsa Bajuta mo Botswana]] * [[Bechuanaland]] Protectorate – [[British Protectorate]] mo borwa jwa Aforika == Metswedi == == Metswedi e e kwa ntle == * [http://www.serbiansocietybotswana.org/who-we-are Mokgatlho wa Ba-Serbia wa Botswana] * [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40980356 Patlisiso ya Dikamano tsa Merafe mo Botswana, 1800-1966] [[Karolo:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Karolo:Articles with short description]] os0bmxxj8q5rvdkpdih1dy65hedvc9t 0 14590 53046 2026-07-23T15:44:37Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tsebe ya Top Gear: Botswana Special 53046 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Top Gear: Botswana Special''' ke karolo ya thulaganyo ya BBC ya Top Gear, mme e ne ya gasiwa la ntlha mo BBC Two ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele e thola one ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bosupa (2007), jaaka karolo ya kgaolo ya bone ya [[Series 10]]. Kgatiso e e kgethegileng e bona baamogedi, [[Jeremy Clarkson]], [[Richard Hammond]] le [[James May,]] ba ya kwa Botswana ka koloi e mongwe le mongwe wa bone a e rekileng kwa Afrika ka madi a a kwa tlase ga £1500, go supa gore ba ka kgona go feta di-SUV go kgweetsa mo "ditselaneng tse di nang le matlhare". The Botswana Special e ne ya gololwa jaaka karolo ya 2-disc DVD boxset mmogo le Top Gear: Vietnam Special ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe e le masome a mabedi le boraro ka ngwagawa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe(2009). Tiragalo e e kgethegileng e gopolwa thata ka [[Richard Hammond]] yo o neng a rata koloi e a neng a e tlhophile, e leng Opel Kadett ya ngwaga wa sekete , makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le borrao(1963) e e neng e bidiwa "Oliver", e a neng a e busetsa kwa UK morago ga go fetsa go e tsaya ditshwantsho, mme e sa ntse e le ya gagwe. == Tshobokanyo == === Kgato ya ntlha: molelwane wa Zimbabwe go ya kwa Makgadikgadi === Go bona gore a batho ba kwa Surrey ba ka kgona go tsamaya mo ditseleng tse di nang le matlhare a mantsi ka sengwe se sele e seng koloi ya 4x4, batlhagisi ba gwetlha Clarkson, [[Hammond]] le May go kgweetsa go ralala Botswana ka dikoloi tse di dirisitsweng tse di rekilweng mo Afrika. Mongwe le mongwe o ne a fiwa £1,500, ba ne ba bolelelwa gore koloi e ba e tlhophileng e tshwanetse go nna ya maotwana a le mabedi mme e sa direlwa go dirisiwa mo tseleng ya botlhe  ⁇  May o swetsa go reka koloi ya 1985 Mercedes-Benz 230E ka ntlha ya gore ke koloi e Afrika e e ratang le go e rata, Clarkson o tlhopha go reka koloi ya 1981 ya Lancia Beta Coupé ka ntlha ya hisetori ya Lancia ya mabelo a di-rally, fa Hammond ene a tlhopha Opel Kadett ya 1963. Fa ba goroga kwa lefelong le Botswana e simololang go tswa mo go lone gaufi le molelwane wa Zimbabwe (e ka nako eo, e neng e thibetse BBC go tsaya ditshwantsho mo melelwaneng ya yone), ba bararo bano ba ne ba utlwa gore dikoloi tsa bone di ne di tla tsewa mo loetong lwa dikilometara di le 1 600, go ya kwa molelwaneng o o kwa bokone wa Botswana le Namibia. Fa ba simolola motshameko wa bone wa ntlha, ba bararo bano ba senola gore koloi nngwe le nngwe ya bone e na le diphoso dingwe mo go yone. Clarkson o supa gore di-dial le dikarolo di le mmalwa di ne di robegile, May o na le palo e nnye ya dikarolo tse di neng di sa dire, fa Hammond a lemoga gore mariki a gagwe a dira fela mo leotwaneng le le lengwe mme go na le monko wa peterolo mo koloing ya gagwe. Hammond le ene o simolola go rata koloi eo, a e bitsa "Oliver", mme o tshaba gore Clarkson le May ba tla mo ja ditshego ka go dira jalo. Fa ba ntse ba tswa mo tseleng ya sekontere mme ba tsena mo ditseleng tsa mmu, koloi ya ga Hammond e a robega, ka jalo ba bararo ba lemoga gore fa koloi ya bone e sa kgone go simolola gape morago ga go robega, ba tla tshwanelwa ke go feleletsa loeto ka koloi ya bone e ba sa e rateng go le kalo - [[Volkswagen Beetle.]] Fa ba sena go baakanya koloi ya ga Hammond, ba tswelela pele, mme go ise go ye kae ba fitlha kwa lefelong la bothibelelo kwa ntlheng ya [[Makgadikgadi Pan.]] === Kgato ya bobedi: Makgadikgadi go ya Kalahari === Fa ba goroga kwa Makgadikgadi, ba bararo ba ba ba ithutang gore ka letsatsi le le latelang ba tla bo ba tsamaya mo go yone ka malatsi a le mabedi, mme ka jalo ba gakololwa go apola le go fokotsa dikoloi tsa bone ka fa go ka kgonegang ka teng go di thibela go thuba ka letlapa le le borethe la kwa godimo la dipanana tsa letswai. Mo bosigong joo, May le Clarkson ba tlosa ditulo, digaretene le diphanele, mmogo le difensetere le dikarolo tse dingwe, go fitlha dikoloi tsa bone di fokoditswe go nna dikgofa tsa motheo, fa Hammond, yo o godileng a tshwaragane le koloi ya gagwe, a sa batle go dira jalo, mme mo boemong jwa moo o tlhopha go tlosa thaere ya go itshireletsa fela le karolo e e sa tlhalosiwang. Pele ga ba tsamaya, ba bararo bano ba etelwa ke [[Ian Khama]], yo ka nako eo e neng e le motlatsa-moporesidente wa Botswana, yo o kgatlhilweng ke dithulaganyo tsa ba bararo bano tsa go kgweetsa go kgabaganya dipanana, mme e seng dikoloi tsa bone. Fa ba kgabaganya dipane mo loetong lwa bone lwa malatsi a le mabedi, ba ne ba tswelela pele ka iketlo, go fitlha Clarkson le May ba lemoga gore dikoloi tsa bone di epa mo godimo ga Pan, ba patelesega go kopa thuso go tswa mo setlhopheng sa baesekopo le setlhopha sa tshegetso go ba ntsha le go phepafatsa maotwana a bone a "matlakala a pele ga ditso", pele ba tlosa dikoloi tsa bone tsa dikarolo tse dingwe go akaretsa le dikgoro le sekhurumelo sa koloi. Le mororo go na le mathata a mangwe gape ka fa godimo ga lewatle, kgabagare le a nonofa, mme le ba letla go fitlha kwa go sengwe sa ditlhaketlhake tsa ga Pan le kwa lefelong la bone le le latelang la go kampa. Ka letsatsi la bobedi, ba bararo ba ithuta gore ba tla kopana le sefefo sa lerole, se se tlhagisang bothata jo bogolo mo go May le Clarkson, jaaka ba tlhagetswe ke sone, ba patelesega go apara gape gore ba tile go kgangwa ke metsi; go ba tena, Hammond ga a tlhoke go tsaya dikgato tse di jalo ka ntlha ya gore koloi ya gagwe ga e a fetolwa. Morago ga go fenya sefefo, Clarkson o fitlhela koloi ya gagwe e robega gabedi mme o tshwanelwa ke go baakanya Lancia fa a le mo tseleng. Kgabagare boraro jwa bone ba kgona go fitlha kwa ntlheng e nngwe mme ba tlhoma bothibelelo kwa ntlheng ya [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]]. === Kgato ya boraro: Kalahari go ya Maun === Fa ba goroga kwa motsaneng mongwe kwa Kalahari, ba bararo bano ba bolelelwa gore dikoloi tsa bone di tla lebana le teko ya nako nngwe le nngwe mo tseleng e e dirilweng ka tsela e e kgethegileng e e tswang mo nokeng e e omileng e e fa gaufi, mme koloi nngwe le nngwe e tla kgweediwa ke "motswala wa ga Stig wa Moafrika". Pele Lancia e ya kwa kgaisanong, e a robega gape mme e tshwanelwa ke go baakanngwa pele ga e ya kwa go ba bangwe. Mo tseleng, Opel e itshupa e le koloi e e siameng mme e dira nako ya 1:12, fa Mercedes ya ga May yone e dira botoka mme e dira nako ya 1:06. Le fa go ntse jalo, koloi ya ga Clarkson ga e kgone go simolola morago ga go thuthafala thata, mme seno se dira gore ntsalae Stig a tsamaye. Fa a ntse a letile gore e tsidifale, Clarkson o lemoga bothata jo bosha - Lancia le Opel ya ga Hammond di dirisa peterolo e e nang le lloto, e bile di setse di feditse peterolo e di neng di e tshotse. E re ka dikoloi tsa badiri ba ba dirang filimi eno di kgweediwa ka peterole ya disele, tsela e le nngwe fela e ba bararo bano ba ka e dirisang ke go kgabaganya noka ya Kalahari ka tsela e e tlhamaletseng go ya kwa toropong ya Maun. Fa ba ntse ba kgweetsa mo tseleng e e seng ya mmila, koloi ya ga May ya Mercedes e ne ya kgoreletsega mo motlhabeng, mme seo sa dira gore a dirise maje go dira gore dithaere tsa yone di kgone go tsamaya. Fa go nna bosigo, ba bararo bano ba iphitlhela ba le mo tseleng e e yang kwa [[Maun,]] mme alternator ya Opel e emisa go bereka mme e dira gore go nne thata go dirisa dipone tsa kwa pele, e pateletsa Hammond go tlisa mongwe wa badiri ba filimi mo sekepeng le go dirisa lobone go bonesa tsela e e fa pele ga gagwe. Le fa go na le mathata, dikoloi tseno tsotlhe tse tharo di goroga kwa seteisheneng sa peterole mo toropong go tla go tlatsa peterole pele ga di robala. === Kgato ya bonè: Delta ya Okavango === Mo mosong o o latelang, fa baboledi ba ntse ka kwa ntle ga resetšhurente nngwe mo bogareng jwa Maun, ba bolelelwa gore dikoloi tsa bone jaanong di tla ya kwa [[Okavango Delta]], e ba tla e kgabaganyang mo malatsing a mararo a a latelang ba le mo tseleng go ya kwa moleng wa go fetsa kwa molelwaneng o o kgabaganyang le [[Namibia, Land of the Brave|Namibia]]. Go ipaakanyetsa loeto, Clarkson le May ba tshwanetse go dira gore dikoloi tsa bone di se ka tsa tsenwa ke diphologolo ka didirisiwa tse di farologaneng tse ba neng ba ka di bona, ka sekhurumelo sa koloi le lebati le le kwa morago le le bonweng mo Mercedes ka nako ya tiro pele ga e tsenngwa ka mabati a tshipi a a nang le diphatlha, fa Clarkson ene a tsenya Lancia ya gagwe ka lebati la logong le le nang le diphuka tsa phokojwe, sebuelagodimo le thulaganyo ya difouno tsa seatla, mme a bo a tswala lebati le lengwe ka dithini tsa dino tse di dirisitsweng. Fa ba ntse ba fetola dikoloi, Clarkson le Hammond ba ne ba tsenya tshipi ya kgomo ka fa tlase ga koloi ya ga May, ba tsenya tlhogo ya kgomo mo teng ga koloi, ba bo ba tsenya nama e e sa butswang mo mafelong a a farologaneng a go iphitlha mo teng ga koloi; kwa morago ga tiragalo eno, ba ne ba kgalemelwa ke mokaedi wa lefelo leo ka go tsenya bone, May, le setlhopha sa baesekopo mo kotsing ya go tlhaselwa ke phologolo ka go leka motlae ono o o sa siamang.<ref>Top Gear: Ambitious but Rubbish (eBook), p. 76.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Gear:_Botswana_Special#cite_note-1]</ref>Ka dikoloi tse di fetotsweng, ba le bararo ba ya kwa Delta mme ka bonako fela ba tsena mo tseleng e e motlhaba, e e leswe fa ba tsena mo lefelong la Delta la go tsoma, mme morago ga moo Lancia e nna le mathata a mangwe fa sekgatshi se bulega mme ka ntlha ya seo ga e kgone go ema sentle. Le fa go ntse jalo, ba bararo bano ba konela letsatsi la bone ka go ipha nako ya go lebelela diphologolo di le mmalwa kwa sedibeng sa metsi, pele ga ba ya go thibelela bosigo le James a baakanya Mercedes ya gagwe le makheneke yo o phepafatsang a ntsha motlhaba mo go nngwe ya dikhabara tsa koloi ya ga Lancia. Mo letsatsing le le latelang, morago ga gore Hammond a baakanye seterena sa Opel morago ga gore karolo e e kwa tlase ya koloi e thulane le modi wa setlhare mo tseleng, setlhopha seno se lebana le go kgabaganya noka. Fa Hammond a ne a tlhopha go bona lefelo la go kgabaganya go ya kwa pele go bapa le dintshi, badirimmogo ba gagwe ba ne ba tlhopha go kgabaganya fa ba neng ba le teng; mogopolo o mongwe o ba bararo ba neng ba na le one wa go kgabaganya, o o neng o sa bontshiwa mo thelebišeneng, e ne e le go phuthela dikoloi mo serapeng, go di tsharolola ka mowa, mme morago ga moo ba di phaphametse go kgabaganya noka, mme seno se ne sa tlogelwa morago ga gore setlhopha se fetse diura di le tharo le halofo se leka. <ref>Top Gear: Ambitious but Rubbish (eBook), p.75–76.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Gear:_Botswana_Special#cite_note-2]</ref>Fa Clarkson le May ba ne ba atlega go kgabaganya le fa ba ne ba batlile ba kgorelediwa le go dira gore motsamaisi wa bone wa selegae a thunye diphatlha mo bodilong jwa koloi ya bone go gelela metsi go tswa mo teng, maiteko a ga Hammond a go kgabaganya noka ka tsela e e tshwanetseng a ne a dira gore Opel e nwele mo metsing mme e eme, e mo pateletsa gore a e goge. Ka ntlha ya tshenyo e e bakilweng ke metsi, Hammond o patelesega go fetsa bosigo jwa bobedi a baakanya enjene ya koloi ya gagwe le motlakase ka thuso ya bomakheneke ba setlhare go tswa mo setlhopheng sa tshegetso, fa ba bangwe ba kgweetsa go ya go tlhoma kampa. Mo mosong, ba a neng a bereka le bone ba ne ba gakgamala tota fa Opel e boa e siame gape, e bile e na le lonaka lo lo baakantsweng. Fa ba le mo tseleng ya bofelo ya go ya kwa molelwaneng, ba bararo bano ba kgona go kgabaganya Delta, mme gone jaanong, go na le mathata a mangwe gape. ⁇  Koloi ya ga Hammond ya Opel ga e kitla e ema sentle fa a sa dirise mariki a seatla, fa Lancia yone e fapogela kafa mojeng. '''Karolo ya bofelo: Okavango Delta go ya kwa molelwaneng wa Namibia''' Fa kgabagare ba sena go tswa mo Delta, Clarkson le May ba tlosa disireletsi tsa diphologolo mo dikoloing tsa bone, mme ka nako eo Lancia e nna le bothata jo bongwe - solenoid ya go simolola koloi e ne ya thubega mme e tshwanetse go baakanngwa gore koloi e kgone go simolola gape. Le fa gone e kgona go tsamaya, ga e kgone go kgweetsa sepe fa e se fela ka kere ya bobedi. Kgabagare, koloi e a robega gape fa ba ntse ba le mo tseleng, mme seno se dira gore bontsi jwa badiri ba ba neng ba bereka mo go yone le ba ba neng ba dira mo difiliming ba e tlogele morago ka gonne ba lapisitswe ke mathata a e a bakileng. Clarkson o sala morago a na le bomakheneke ba le babedi fela ba ba tshwanetseng go baakanya mathata a le mmalwa a a ileng a tlhaga, go akaretsa le gore enjene e ne ya ema morago ga gore e simolole nako le nako fa e tsena mo kere ya boraro. Ka kgakgamatso, Lancia e kgona go tsamaya gape, mme e fitlha kwa molelwaneng wa Namibia, morago ga Hammond le May. Lancia e tlhalosiwa e le koloi e e maswe go di gaisa tsotlhe ka gonne e tlhola e baka mathata. Le fa Opel ya ga Hammond e ne e tlhoka go baakanngwa go le gonnye fela, mme Mercedes ya ga May e ne e se na mathata gotlhelele, Clarkson o ne a bolela gore Beetle ya gagwe e e neng e mo thusa e ne e le yone e e fentseng ka gonne e ne e sa fetolwa kgotsa e sa tlhagelwa ke kotsi epe fa e ntse e le mo tseleng. Ka tlotlo go [[Mobišopomogolo Desmond Tutu]], mofenyi wa Sekgele sa Nobel sa Kagiso ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bone (1984), ditlankana tsa bofelo di ne tsa emisetsa leina la ntlha la leloko lengwe le lengwe la setlhopha ka mafoko a a reng "Mobišopomogolo Desmond" (s.k. "Mopapa Desmond Clarkson, Mopapa Desmond Hammond, le Mopapa Desmond May..."). == Tlhagiso == Tiro ya go tsaya filimi e ne e akaretsa go rulaganya tsela e e neng e tshwanetse go tsewa go kgabaganya [[Makgadikgadi Pan;]] go ne ga dirisiwa dibeke di le mmalwa go leka go netefatsa gore dikoloi tse di neng di dirisiwa di ne di sa ye gope gaufi le mafelo a tshomarelo, mme setlhopha sa Top Gear se ne se dira le baitseanape ba tikologo mo thulaganyong. <ref name=":0">[https://www.sundaystandard.info/government-clears-octop-gearoco-of-damaging-salt-pans/ "Government clears "Top Gear" of damaging salt pans".] ''Sunday Standard''. Botswana. 18 July 2007. Retrieved 17 April 2019.</ref>Mo mosepeleng otlhe, setlhopha se ne sa salwa morago ke setlhopha sa tshegetso sa bomakheneke ba sekgwa ba ba neng ba thusa ka go baakanya dikoloi tsa bone, mme ba ne ba thusiwa kwa Okavango Delta ke motataisi wa seporofešenale, Clinton Edwards,<ref>[http://www.safarilifeafrica.com/private-guiding-filming/ "Private Pro Safari Guide | Filming Guide | Botswana & Zimbabwe".] ''Private Pro Safari Guide''. Retrieved 14 January 2021.</ref>ka tshegetso e nngwe ya logistic le go tsaya ditshwantsho e e tlametsweng ke Letaka Safaris<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120825093004/http://www.letakasafaris.com/about-letaka/film-crews/ "Film crew logistics and support in Botswana | Letaka Safaris".] ''Letaka Safaris''. 14 January 2021. Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2021.</ref>le AfriScreen Films, ya bofelo e dirile tiro e ntsi le Yuniti ya Hisitori ya Tlhago ya BBC ka difilimi le dikarolo tse di farologaneng tsa tlhago.<ref>[http://www.afriscreen.com/what-weve-fixed---sequence-filming--facilitation.html "What we've fixed - Sequence Filming & Facilitation".] ''AfriScreen Films''. Retrieved 14 January 2021.</ref> === Morago ga go tsaya ditshwantsho === Fa go sena go wediwa go gatisiwa, Hammond o ne a swetsa ka gore, e re ka a ne a rata koloi ya gagwe thata, Opel ya gagwe e ne e tla boela gae le ene, mme o ne a simolola go e baakanya le go e romela kwa Boritane. E ne ya goroga ka nako e e tshwanetseng gore e bontshiwe kwa setudiong mo karolong ya bofelo ya motseletsele ono. Oliver o ne a tlhagelela ka nako ya HGV Challenge ya Series 12, Hammond's CBBC show, Richard Hammond's Blast Lab, le mo Hammond's Discovery+ series, Richard Hammond's Workshop. Beetle e ne ya abelwa mongwe wa bomakheneke ba ba neng ba bereka mo setlhopheng sa tshegetso, mme Mercedes yone e ne ya abelwa mogakolodi yo o neng a thusa fa go ntse go gatisiwa. Lancia, e kwa tshimologong go neng go dumelwa gore e ne ya latlhwa morago ga go gatisiwa ga filimi, e ne ya fitlhelwa e santse e le kwa Maun, ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi ( 2020), e kopantswe gape le fa e ne e se na maotwana le dipone tsa yone tsa kwa pele. <ref>Acoba, Paulo (12 January 2021). [https://tiremeetsroad.com/2021/01/12/jeremy-clarksons-1981-lancia-beta-coupe-located-in-maun-botswana-with-proof-its-the-real-deal/ "Jeremy Clarkson's 1981 Lancia Beta Coupe located in Maun, Botswana with proof it's the real deal"]. ''Alt Car news''. Retrieved 14 January 2021</ref>Mo ngwageng o o latelang, Mercedes e ne ya fitlhelwa e santse e le kwa Maun mme e ne e lebega e tsosolositswe, le fa gone go ne go bonala sentle gore ga e ise e fudusiwe ka lobaka lo loleele.<ref>Chillingsworth, Luke (8 February 2021). "[https://www.express.co.uk/life-style/cars/1395010/top-gear-botswana-special-james-may-mercedes James May reacts to discovery of Top Gear Mercedes".] ''Express.co.uk''. Retrieved 23 August 2023.</ref> Bobedi Lancia le Mercedes di tlhagelela gape mo kgaolong ya bofelo ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024) ya The Grand Tour, "One for the Road". Kwa Maun, fa ba le mo tseleng go ya kwa Setlhaketlhakeng sa Kubu, Clarkson o bona dikoloi tseno ka bobedi di eme fa thoko ga tsela. Bobedi jwa tsone di itsiwe e le tsa ntlhantlha; Lancia ka ntlha ya "Lite Bite Cafe" e e kwadilweng mo letlhakoreng la molema la koloi le Mercedes ka ntlha ya kgono ya lebelo la botlhano mo lebokosong la dikere la lebelo la bonè. Lancia e na le maotwana mme e sa ntse e sena dipone tsa yone tsa kwa pele (e nngwe ya tsone e mo kgetsaneng ya ga Clarkson ka gonne o ne a e tsaya jaaka segopotso ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bosupa (2007) mme jaanong o e tsaya le ene mo loetong longwe le longwe). Mercedes eno e ne ya kopanngwa gape mme go bonala sentle gore dikoloi tseno ka bobedi ga di ise di ko di dirisiwe ka lobaka lo loleele. == Go tshwaiwa diphoso == [[Environmental Investigation Agency]] e ne ya tshwaya BBC phoso ka go letlelela Top Gear go tshameka difilimi kwa dipaneng tsa Makgadikgadi morago ga go gasiwa ga terama e e kgethegileng, ba bolela gore ba sentse dipanana tsa letswai tse di leng kotsi mo tikologong, ba oketsa ka gore ba bontshitswe "ba tlogela matshwao mo dipaneng tsa letswai tsa Makgadikgadi ka go kgweetsa dikoloi mo go tsone". Ka go araba se, BBC e ne ya gana ditatofatso tseo ka go bolela gore dikoloi tseo ga di a ka tsa ya gope gaufi le mafelo a tshomarelo, le gore di ne di latetse kgakololo ya bomankge ba tikologo,<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6281512.stm "Top Gear 'damaged African plains'"]. ''BBC News''. 8 July 2007. Retrieved 17 April 2019.</ref>ka puso ya Botswana e tla go sireletsa lenaneo ka go bolela gore batlhagisi ba Top Gear ba dirisitse nako e ntsi go netefatsa gore ga go na tshenyo e e dirilweng kwa nageng ka go dirisa dibeke tse dintsi ba rulaganya tsela e e maleba.<ref name=":0" /> == Go gatisiwa ga DVD == Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe e le masome a mabedi le boraro ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe (2009), BBC e ne ya golola dibokose tse pedi tsa disiki tse di bidiwang Top Gear - The Great Adventures 2, tse di nang le mefuta e e atolositsweng ya Botswana Special le [[Vietnam Special.]] Tshedimosetso eno e e kgethegileng e ne e na le ditshwantsho tse di phimotsweng le dikakgelo tsa motlhami yo o okametseng thulaganyo eno, e bong [[Andy Wilman.]] == Metswedi == 7ltcext06bx0iirffhlmuzbo5txts2q 0 14591 53047 2026-07-23T15:55:32Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tsebe ya Go balwa ga batho le matlo ka ngwaga wa 2011 mo Botswana 53047 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Go balwa ga batho le matlo ka ngwaga wa 2011 kwa Botswana''' e ne e le go balwa ga morafe ga morafe ga Botswana. Go balwa ga batho go ne ga tsamaisiwa ke Statistics Botswana (e pele e neng e bidiwa Central Statistics Office) mme go ne ga tsaya malatsi a le lesome go simologa ka kgwedi ya Phatwe e le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le motso (2011). Palo ya batho e ne e le 2,024,787, e leng koketsego ya 20.5% go tswa mo palong ya batho ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le motso (2001). == Ditshenyegelo == Tekanyetsokabo ya palo ya batho ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le motso (2011) e ne e le 243,575,993 pula (US$35.3 million as of August 2011) ka puso ya Botswana e duelela ditshenyegelo tsotlhe.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150923212051/http://www.cso.gov.bw/templates/cso/file/File/CSO_Strat_doc.pdf "Project Document: 2011 Population and Housing Census"] (PDF). Gaborone: Central Statistics Office. August 2009. p.&#x20;82. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2012.</ref>Go ne go rulagantswe gore go duelwe badiri ba ba fetang P100.000.000. == Dikganetsano == Ba-Bushmen ba ba nnang kwa [[Central Kalahari Game Reserve]] ba ne ba gana go nna le seabe mo go balweng ga batho ka ntlha ya seemo se se neng se le teng mo nakong e e fetileng fa Ba-Bushmen ba ne ba sa fiwe mafelo a go bouta mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe (2009). Jumanda Gakelebone o ne a bua mo boemong jwa Ba-Bushman, a bolela gore "puso ga e re amogele [Ba-Bushman] jaaka batho. Ka jalo, ke ka ntlha yang fa o re bala? Ba tshwanetse go bala batho ba bone mme ba re tlogele re le nosi".<ref>[http://mg.co.za/article/2011-06-27-bushmen-boycott-botswana-census/ "Bushmen boycott Botswana census"]. ''Mail & Guardian''. 27 June 2011. Archived from the original on 4 August 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2012.</ref> == Metswedi == 2xxia3cgleogoxasmd2yprkpmhe5t1q 0 14592 53049 2026-07-23T16:36:37Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tsebe ya Mokgatho wa Dipalopalo/ Statistics Botswana" 53049 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Statistics Botswana (StatsBots)]]''' ke ofisi ya bosetšhaba ya dipalopalo ya Botswana. Mokgatlho ono pele o ne o le ka fa tlase ga Lefapha la Ditšhelete le Dithulaganyo tsa Tlhabololo jaaka lefapha mme o ne o bidiwa Ofisi ya Bogareng ya Dipalopalo. Mokgatlho o simolotse ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bosupa (1967) ka Molao wa Palamente  ⁇  Molao wa Dipalopalo (Kgaolo 17) mme morago o ne wa fetolwa go nna semmuso ka Molao wa Dipalopalo o o tlhabolotsweng wa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe (2009).<ref>[https://www.statsbots.org.bw/sites/default/files/documents/Statistics%20Act%202009.pdf "Statistics Act 2009"] (PDF). ''Statistics Botswana''</ref> Molao ono o naya Statistics Botswana taolelo le taolo ya go kgobokanya, go dira, go rulaganya, go sekaseka, go phasalatsa, go anamisa le go boloka dipalopalo tsa semmuso tsa bosetšhaba. Gape e na le maikarabelo a go "golaganya, go lekola le go okamela National Statistical System" kwa Botswana.<ref>[https://www.statsbots.org.bw/sites/default/files/documents/Botswana%20Strategy%20for%20the%20%20Development%20of%20Statistics%20%20%28BSDS%29%20-%202015%20-%202020.pdf "Statistics Botswana website"] (PDF).</ref> <ref>''Botswana Strategy for the Development of Statistics (BSDS) - 2015 - 2020''. Statistics Botswana. 2015.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Botswana#cite_note-3]</ref>Ofisi e na le dikantoro tsa yona tse dikgolo kwa [[Gaborone]] le dikantoro tse pedi tsa sathalaete kwa Maun le Francistown. Dikarolo tse di farologaneng tsa dipalopalo tse di tshwanetseng go kokoanngwa di akareditswe mo Molaong ono mme di tlhalositswe sentle. Dipalopalo tse dingwe tse di sa tlhalosiwang di ka kokoanngwa fa fela di batliwa ke Puso, batsayakarolo le badirisi. == Taolo ya semolao == Botsamaisi jwa Dipalopalo jwa Botswana bo dira Dipalopalo tsa Baagi le Matlo (PHC) ka fa tlase ga taolo ya didiriswa tse pedi tsa botlhokwa tsa semolao, e leng: * Molao wa Palo ya Batho (Cap 17:02) wa 1904 * Molao wa Dipalopalo (Cap 17:01) wa 2009 <ref>[https://botswanalaws.com/alphabetical-list-of-statutes/statistics "e-Botswana Laws"]</ref> Dithulusu tsa semolao di tlhalosa gore palo ya batho ba Botswana e tshwanetse go dirwa dingwaga dingwe le dingwe di le lesome le go balwa ga batho le dipatlisiso tse dingwe tse di tlhokegang. Molao wa Dipalopalo wa 2009 o letlelela Mogolwane wa Dipalopalo go nna le phitlhelelo ya direkoto (data ya tsamaiso, tshedimosetso ya madi, tshedimosetso ya thutafatshe, jalo le jalo) go tswa kwa ditheong tse dingwe tse di tlhagisang dipalopalo. Molao wa Dipalopalo wa ngwaga wa diketee tse pedi le borobabongwe (2009) o tlamela ka sephiri le go senola tshedimosetso. Badiri botlhe ba Statistics Botswana, go akaretsa le ba ba dirang ka konteraka le Statistics Botswana ba ikanne go boloka sephiri gore ba se ka ba senola tshedimosetso epe fela e ba e boneng ka ntlha ya tiro ya bone (Karolo ya bo masome a mabedi ) ya Molao mme gape Molao o rulagantse dikotlhao. Mo godimo ga moo, == Go kokoanya tshedimosetso == Go kgobokanya tshedimosetso ke thulaganyo ya go kgobokanya tshedimosetso ka maikaelelo a go lekanya tshedimosetso ka dilo tse di farologaneng tse o di kgatlhegelang ka mokgwa o o tlhomameng o o dirang gore motho a kgone go araba potso ya patlisiso e e boletsweng, a leke dikakanyo le go sekaseka dipholo. Tshedimosetso e kgobokediwa ka mekgwa e e farologaneng. Mekgwa e megolo e e dirisiwang ke Statistics Botswana e akaretsa dipotsolotso, dipotsolotso tsa sefatlhego le sefatlhego, dipotsolotso tsa mo inthaneteng le go kgobokanya tshedimosetso ya desktop. === Tiriso ya tshedimosetso === Tshedimosetso e e tswang mo patlisisong le mo palong ya batho e ntšhafatsa tshedimosetso ya palo ya batho, ya loago le ya ikonomi go tshegetsa ditiro tsa tlhabololo ya setšhaba. Tshedimosetso e dirisiwa gape go tsaya ditshwetso mo ditirong tse di farologaneng tsa puso, tsa poraefete le tsa motho ka nosi jaaka: * Go tlamela ka tshedimosetso ya dithulaganyo tsa go lekanyetsa dikgaolo tsa ditlhopho;<ref>[https://botswanalaws.com/constitution-of-botswana "Constitution of Botswana"]</ref><ref>Botswana, Government (2012). ''REPORT OF THE DELIMITATION COMMISSION, 2012''. Library: Government Printing. p.&#x20;1. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Botswana#cite_note-6]</ref> * Go oketsa go nna teng le go fitlhelelwa ga tshedimosetso ya motheo e e nepagetseng, e e mo nakong le e e ikanyegang ka ga popego ya batho le ya ikonomi ya loago ya baagi; * Go tlamela ka matshwao a a farologaneng a motheo a palo ya batho, jaaka tshedimosetso ya ga jaana ya go tlhomamisa selekanyo sa tsalo, loso le khudugo, mekgwa le ditlwaelo, gammogo le koketsego ya palo ya batho kwa maemong a bosetšhaba le a kwa tlase ga bosetšhaba; * Go tlhama dipholisi le mananeo a tlhabololo mmogo le go latedisa le go lekola tlhabololo ya loago le ikonomi, gareng ga tse dingwe * Tlhaloso le phasalatso ya tshedimosetso ya palo ya batho ka tsela e e tla netefatsang tiragatso e e mosola mmogo le go tlhaloganya batho * dintlha tse di amanang le tlhabololo ya bosetšhaba tse di ikaegileng ka bosupi mo go direng ditshwetso, go tlhama dipholisi, mananeo le diporojeke; * Go matlafatsa bokgoni jwa bosetšhaba mo go kokoanyeng, go baakanya, go sekaseka, go anamisa le go dirisa data, go akaretsa Geographic Information System (GIS), gammogo le go rulaganya le go tsamaisa thulaganyo ya go bala batho. * Dipalo tsa batho le dipatlisiso tse di dirilweng * Dipalopalo tse di latelang di dirilwe ke Statistics Botswana.<ref>[https://www.statsbots.org.bw/census-and-survey "Statistics Botswana".] ''Statistics Botswana''. Retrieved 26 May 2022.</ref> == '''DIPATLISISO TSA LEFATSHE LE DIPALANO''' == {| class="wikitable" |+ !2014 Botswana Literacy Survey (BLS) !2013 Botswana AIDS Impact Survey IV (BAIS) !2022 Botswana Population and Housing Census !2015/16 Botswana Multi-Topic Household Survey !2017 Botswana Demographic Survey   !2021 Quarterly Multi-Topic Survey (QMTS) |- |National Literacy Survey Report 2014<ref>Statistics Botswana, Statistics Botswana (2016). ''National Literacy Survey 2014''. Library: Statistics Botswana. p.&#x20;1. ISBN&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-99968-472-2-6|<bdi>978-99968-472-2-6</bdi>.]]</ref><ref name=":0" /> |Botswana AIDS Impact Survey IV 2013 Statistical Report <ref>Statistics, Botswana (2016). ''Botswana AIDS Impact Survey IV 2013 statistical Report''. Library: Statistics Botswana. p.&#x20;1 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Botswana#cite_note-9]</ref> |2022 Population and Housing Census Preliminary Results |Botswana Multi-Topic Household Survey 2015/16 Report :978-99968-2-040- |Botswana Demographic Survey Report 2017<ref>[https://www.statsbots.org.bw/sites/default/files/publications/Botswana%20Demographic%20Survey%20Report%202017.pdf "Botswana Demographic Survey Report 2017"] (PDF).</ref> |Quarterly Multi-Topic Survey Report Quarter 4, 2021 |} == DIPATLISISO TSA SEKONOMI == Dipatlisiso tsa ikonomi di dirwa gangwe ka kgwedi, ka kotara le ka ngwaga. Di akaretsa dikarolo tse di tlhophilweng tsa ikonomi ya naga e bile di tlaleletsa palo ya batho ba ikonomi ka tshedimosetso e e tlwaelegileng ka ikonomi e e nonofileng. Dipatlisiso tseno di dira gore go nne le dikgatiso tse di anamisiwang mo mafelong a botlhe gore botlhe ba nne le tshedimosetso. {| class="wikitable" |+ |2014 Botswana Household Access & Individual Use |2015  Agricultural Census Survey |2015 Census of Enterprises and Establishments |- |Botswana Household Access & individual use |Botswana Agricultural Census Report 2015 <ref>Statistics, Botswana (2018). ''Botswana Agricultural Census Report 2015''. Statsbots. p.&#x20;1. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-99968-418-3-5|978-99968-418-3-5]]</bdi>.</ref>                                         |Census of Enterprises and Establishments 2016 Report: Phase 1 |} === Dipatlisiso tse di tswelelang === * Patlisiso ya Kwatara ya Dintlha Tse di Farologaneng (QMTS) * Patlisiso ya Palo ya Batho le ya Matlo == Dipalopalo tse dingwe == Statistics Botswana e kokoanya le go sekaseka dipalopalo tsa ikonomi go tswa mo tshedimosetsong ya tsamaiso le mo metsweding ya dipatlisiso tsa kgwebo. Go gololwa ga dipalopalo tse di botlhokwa go farologana ka dipaka go tswa go kgwedi le kgwedi, kotara le ngwaga. == Metswedi == rldhnuqpe8ea492gq125tsfhm9srh35 0 14593 53050 2026-07-23T17:14:48Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tsebe ya Mafaratlhatlha a Botswana Fiber Network 53050 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Botswana Fibre Networks (BOFINET)''' ke motlamedi yo mogolo wa mafaratlhatlha a tlhaeletsano ya bosetšhaba le boditšhabatšhaba mo Botswana e e tlhomilweng ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi (2012) go tsepamisa mogopolo le go tokafatsa marangrang a mokwatla le mafaratlhatlha a inthanete a Botswana. <ref>[https://www.devex.com/organizations/botswana-fibre-networks-ltd-bofinet-54070 "Botswana Fibre Networks Ltd. (BoFiNet) | Devex"]. ''www.devex.com''. Retrieved 7 March 2021</ref><ref>LESEMELA, KEIKANTSE. [http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?aid=47625&dir=2014/november/25 "Mmegi Online :: BTC IPO faces another deferral".] ''Mmegi Online''. Retrieved 7 March 2021.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210228164751/https://www.biztechafrica.com/article/state-nation-khama-explains-e-government-initiativ/7195/ "Khama explains E-Government initiatives".] ''BiztechAfrica''. Archived from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2021</ref> == Ditso == Botswana Fibre Networks e ne ya tlhamiwa ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi (2012) fa puso ya Botswana e ne e phimola molao wa Botswana Telecommunications Corporation Act go bula mmaraka go kgaisano le fa ba ne ba baakanyetsa BTC go ntshiwa mo peeletsong ya setšhaba ya ntlha le go roba monopoly ya yona. Ka ntlha ya seo, puso e ne ya tlhoma Botswana Fibre Networks (BoFiNet) go laola le go tsamaisa marangrang a phetiso a sekgala se seleele le go nna motlamedi wa [[BTC]], [[Mascom|Mascom,]] Verbosec, [[Orange]] Botswana le batlamedi ba bangwe ba ditirelo tsa inthanete. Dingwe tsa dithoto tsa BTC di ne tsa fetisetswa kwa BoFiNet go e kgontsha go diragatsa taolelo ya yona. <ref>[http://www.btc.bw/about "BTC About"]. ''Botswana Telecommunications Corporation''</ref><ref>[https://www.gov.bw/parastatals "Parastatals".] ''Government of Botswana''.</ref>BTC e tsetelang mo [[EASSy]] le West Africa Cable System e ne ya fetisetswa kwa Botswana Fibre Networks jaaka karolo ya phetogo. == Metswedi == 2o3md1xs34zjlcbhu4qcktqxqtdfcy6 0 14594 53051 2026-07-23T18:05:52Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tsebe ya Botswana Telecommunications Corporation 53051 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Botswana Telecommunications Corporation (BTC)''' ke motlhankedi wa tlhaeletsano yo o tlamelang ka ditirelo tse di tlhomameng (lentswe le data), tsa megala (lentswe le data), ditirelo tsa broadband, leru le ditharabololo tsa fintech. E ne ya tlhomiwa ka 1980 jaaka setheo se se neng se le mo diatleng tsa Puso ka 100%. Ke kgwebo ya ntlha e e leng ya puso e e neng ya tsenngwa mo kgwebong ya poraefete ka 2016 mme ke yone fela khamphani ya tlhaeletsano e e kwadisitsweng kwa Botswana Stock Exchange e e nang le seabe sa (54.16%) ke Puso ya Botswana le 45.84% ya dikabelo tse di ntshitsweng tse di tshotsweng ke setšhaba. Baamegi ba bagwebi ba ba rekisang ba dira 99.06% ya palo ya baamegi ba le 39,888, e leng bosupi jwa lenaneo la BTC's la maatlafatso ya ikonomi ya baagi. == Ditso == BTC e ne ya tlhomiwa ka 1980 go tlamela, go tlhabolola, go tsamaisa le go laola ditirelo tsa tlhaeletsano ya mo nageng le tsa boditšhabatšhaba tsa Botswana. BTC e ne e le semmuso se puso ya Botswana e neng e tshotse 100% ya yona. BTC e ne e le yona fela motlamedi wa tlhaeletsano kwa Botswana go fitlha ka 1996 fa phetolo ya Molao wa BTC e ne ya tlosa monopoly ya BTC mme ya letla kgaisano e e sa tlhamalalang go tswa mo dikhamphaning tse pedi tsa megala, [[Mascom]] le [[Orange Botswana]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100418060337/http://www.btc.bw/about_us/about_us.html "Botswana Telecommunications Corporation Website"]. Archived from the original on 18 April 2010. Retrieved 20 July 2010</ref> Marangrang a BTC a na le microwave le fiber optic system e e dirwang ka didiriswa tsa dijithale mo ditikwatikweng tse dikgolo. Marangrang a ga jaana a na le dikilometara di le 7 300 tsa di-microwave radio le di-fiber optic links tse di golaganang le di-processor tse dikgolo di le 12, tse nngwe le nngwe ya tsone e direlang karolo e e rileng ya naga. Diyuniti tsa go fetola di na le bokgoni jwa go tshwara mela e e ka nnang 117 000. Ditirelo tsa ga jaana tse di tlamelwang di akaretsa mogala wa bosetšhaba le wa boditšhabatšhaba, go tsamaisiwa le go fetisiwa ga data, therminale e nnye thata ya aperture (VSAT), megala ya poraefete, diyuniti tse di hirilweng, ditirelo tse di sa duelelweng, Inthanete, go founela, difouno tsa botlhe, melaetsa ya lentswe, thelekese, go fetolwa ga diphuthelwana, thelekramo le mafelo a badirisi. <ref>[https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=commfrp "Telecommunications Reform In Botswana: a Policy Model for African States"]</ref> BTC e dira mmogo le ditheo tse pedi tse dikgolo tsa mogala mo Botswana e leng [[Mascom]] le [[Orange]] Botswana.<ref>[https://www.bocra.org.bw/history-communication-regulation "History of Communication Regulation"]</ref>Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi (2008) BTC e ne ya tlhoma letsogo la mobile, beMOBILE.<ref>[https://btc.bw/ "Home".] ''BTC''. Retrieved 9 May 2024</ref>Ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele e thola bongwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi (2012) BTC e ne ya fetolwa go nna le go kwadisiwa jaaka setlamo sa setšhaba, Botswana Telecommunications Corporation Limited (BTCL). Ke kgwebo ya ntlha e e leng ya mmuso e e tla tsenngwang mo kgwebong ya poraefete mme ke yone fela khamphane ya tlhaeletsano e e kwadisitsweng kwa Botswana Stock Exchange fa e sale ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro (2016). Puso ya Botswana ga jaana e na le (54.16%) ya share capital e e ntshitsweng, ka 51% e tsholwa ke Special Purpose Entity e e itsegeng jaaka [[Botswana Privatisation Asset Holdings]] mme e e setseng e tsholwa ke lefapha la yona le le maleba. Diperesente tse di setseng di le 45,84 di tshwerwe ke dikhampani tsa mo lefelong leo, batho ka namana le ditlamo. BTCL gape e tlamela ka ditirelo tsa mogala o o seng wa mogala, go romela melaetsa le tlhaeletsano ya data mo ditheong tsa kgwebo == Taolo ya Kgwebo == Maloko a ga jaana a boto ya batsamaisi ba BTCL ke: * Thato Kewakae- Modulasetilo wa Nakwana wa Boto * Jürgen Peschel- Mookamedi-Kakaretso * Mcedisi Roger Solomon -Leloko * Amantle Kgosiemang-Leloko * ltemogeng Basadi Pheto -Lwloko == Kgotso Bannalotlhe Member == Bokaedi jwa BTC Executive Management * Jürgen Peschel -Mookamedi-Kakaretso * Boitumelo Paya -Mookamedi wa Ditšhelete * Mike Siachitema -Mookamedi wa Thekiso * Luka Disho -Chief Human Capital Officer * Sefalana Mophuting - Mookamedi wa Thekiso ya Kgwebo * Sipho Ntebang - Mookamedi wa Thekiso ya Badirisi * Abel McErick - Mookamedi wa tsa Digitale * Sidney Mganga  -Ofisi ya Mokgatlho == Tsa madi == E re ka BTC e tsweletse ka loeto lwa yone lwa go fetoga go nna kgwebo e e dirwang ka didirisiwa tsa thekenoloji, re fitlheletse dipoelo tse di molemo mo ngwageng wa ditšhelete o o fedileng ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe e la masome a mararo le bongwe ,ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano (2025). Lotseno lo lo tswang mo dikonterakeng tse di dirilweng le bareki lo ne lwa oketsega ka P57 milione mme lwa fitlha go P1.493 bilione, e leng koketsego ya 4% fa go bapisiwa le ngwaga o o fetileng. Tsela eno e e siameng e ne ya tshegediwa ke go laola ditshenyegelo ka kelotlhoko, ka gonne ditshenyegelo tsa dilwana tse di rekisitsweng di ne tsa fokotsega ka P34 milione (5%) go tswa go P637 milione go ya go P603 milione. Ka ntlha ya seo, poelo e e feletseng e ne ya oketsega ka P91 milione ngwaga le ngwaga, e leng se se bontshang gore palogotlhe ya poelo e e feletseng ya Khampani e ne ya tokafala ka 11%. Mo godimo ga moo, go na le mabaka a a utlwalang a go dumela gore go na le kgonagalo e kgolo ya gore go tla nna le diphetogo tse di tla nnang teng mo go tsa ikonomi. Le fa go ntse jalo, seno se ne sa emisediwa ke go oketsega ga ditshenyegelo tsa go tsamaisa kgwebo, tse di neng tsa dira gore palogotlhe ya ditshenyegelo tsa go tsamaisa kgwebo e fitlhe go P714 milione, e leng koketsego ya P67 milione fa e bapisiwa le ya ngwaga o o fetileng. Le fa go ntse jalo, Khampani e ne ya bega gore EBIT e tokafetse ka P62 million go tswa ngwageng o o fetileng, mme ya tswala ngwaga ka P214 million go tswa go P152 million mo ngwageng o o fetileng. Lotseno lwa morokotso lo lo phepafaditsweng mo ngwageng oo lo ne lwa nna dimilione di le P45 tse di neng di le kwa tlase go sekae fa lo bapisiwa le dimilione di le P48 tse di neng di kwadisitswe mo ngwageng o o fetileng. Phokotsego ya di-P2.6 million e ne e le ka ntlha ya dipalo tse di kwa tlase tsa morokotso tse di neng di neelwa ke dibanka le go fokotsega ga madi a a neng a le teng a go beeletsa, morago ga go duelwa ga morokotso o o kgethegileng mo ngwageng wa ditšhelete o o fedileng ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024). E re ka lekgetho le ne le le kwa godimo ka diperesente di le 22 mo dingwageng tseo ka bobedi, Khampani e ne ya bega ditshenyegelo tsa lekgetho la lotseno di le dimilione di le P56,8 go tswa go di le dimilione di le P42,4 tsa ngwaga o o fetileng. Ka ntlha ya seo, BTC e ne ya tswala ngwaga wa madi ka poelo morago ga lekgetho ya P202.2 million, e leng koketsego ya P44.7 million fa e bapisiwa le ngwaga wa madi wa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024). {| class="wikitable" |+ !Ngwaga !Tiro |- |1999 | BTC Group e ne ya dira poelo e e kwa godimo go gaisa tsotlhe ya Pula ya dimilione di le 75,0. Setlhopha sa BTC se tsena mo tumalanong ya kgokaganyo le ya backhaul le bathapi ba difouno. Dikgolagano tsa bareki di ne tsa oketsega go nna 144 195. |- |2000 |BTC Group e latlhegelwa ke karolo ya yone ya mmaraka. Thulaganyo e ntšha ya go duedisa e dira gore go nne le dipelaelo. Setshwantsho sa BTC. Batho ba ba dirisang difouno tsa selula ba nna le palo e e kwa godimo thata ya batho ba ba kgonang go ikgolaganya le bone. |- |2001 |Le fa go ne ga rarabololwa mathata a tsamaiso ya go duedisa, poelo e e phepa e ne ya fokotsega go nna Pula di le dimilione di le 2,2. Thekenoloji e e se nang mogala e e tsentsweng mo modikologong wa lefelo. Setlhopha sa BTC se lemoga gore se latlhegetswe ke karolo e kgolo ya mmaraka mo go ba ba dirisang megala ya selula. E dirisa thekenoloji ya go duelela ditshenyegelo pele ga nako. |- |2002 |IDI ya kwa Ireland e lalediwa go nna karolo ya BTC Group. Go rulaganngwa sesha ga madirelo go simolola ka go fokotsa badiri ba le 600, mme palo ya badiri e fokotsega go nna kwa tlase ga ba le 1 000. Puso e tsenyeletsa BTC Group mo Lenaneong la yona la Tlhabololo ya Metseselegae (Nteletsa Project). Setlhopha sa BTC se kwadile tatlhegelo e e kwa godimo go gaisa ya Pula ya dimilione di le 39. |- |2003 |VSAT technology e ne ya tsenngwa. Go tsentswe dikgato tsa go tokafatsa thekenoloji le boleng |- |2004 |poelo ya 2004 ya Poelo. Palogotlhe ya ditshenyegelo tsa go baakanya e ne e le Pula ya dimilione di le 162.0. Kgokagano ya boditšhabatšhaba e tlhomilwe ka SAT 3 go ralala Aforika Borwa. Setlhopha sa BTC se tshegetsa leano la ICT la Puso ya Botswana ⁇ Maitlamo initiatives. |- |2005 |BTC e dirisa leano la Intelligent Network Platforms mme e tsepamisitse leano la yone go ya ka data ya broadband. Lebanta le le bulegileng le ADSL kwa Gaborone. Poelo e boela gape kwa go dimilione di le 139,0. |- |2006 | Phasalatso ya kgololosego ya tlhaeletsano ka mogala ya tona e e rweleng maikarabelo a Saense, Tlhaeletsano le Thekenoloji. |- |2007 | BTC Group e ne ya fiwa laesense ya go nna motsamaisi wa tlhaeletsano ya setšhaba. |- |2008 | Group e simolola tirelo ya yone ya mobile ka leina la brand "be Mobile" |- |2009 |Go tsenngwa tirisong ga Network ya beMOBILE ka tsela e e tseneletseng. Go simololwa ka katlego ga go neelana ka dikumo tse di kopaneng le go atolosiwa ga marangrang a a bulegileng mo Botswana yotlhe |- |2016 | BTC listings on the Botswana Stock Exchange (Dikgatiso tsa BTC tsa ngwaga wa 2016 mo Botswana Stock Exchange) |- |2017 | BTC e fetola BeMobile go nna BTC MOBILE mme e tsenya marangrang a LTE a a akaretsang Botswana yotlhe |- |2018 |Internet ya Broadband ya BTC e tsaya kgatelopele e kgolo go tswa go 20 Mbps go ya go 50 Mbps se se kgonagetse ka dithekenoloji tse di farologaneng mo teng ga netweke ya BTC. |- |2018 | BTC e simolodisa tsela e ntšhwa ya go duedisa e e kopaneng go tokafatsa bokgoni le go tlamela ditirelo. |- |2019 |BTC e tsenya Sentlhaga Data Centre mo tirong le go simolola bokgoni jo bo tokafaditsweng jwa VSAT. |- |2021 | BTC e tshwere Digital Shift BW ka setlhogo se se reng ⁇ Go fetola Botswana gore e atlege mo motlheng wa dijithale ⁇ . |- |2021 |BTC e bula Musiamo wa ntlha wa Ditlhaeletsano tsa Dikgokahano tsa Mogala mo Botswana |- |2023 |BTC e tshwarela kgatiso ya bobedi ya BTC Francistown Marathon |- |2023 |BTC e simolola go atolosa marangrang a 4G mo Kgaolong ya Bokone-Bophirima le Kgaolo ya Okavango, e e akaretsang metse e le 45. |- |2025 |BTC e bula semmuso BTC Innovation go nna lefelo la phetogo, go tlamela lefelo la go tlhabolola le go leka dithekenoloji le ditharabololo tse dintšhwa. |} == Ditlamego == Botswana Telecommunication Corporation e na le batlamedi ba le bararo ba Internet bandwidth: # [[Botswana Fiber Networks]] # [[Dithekenoloji tsa Metsi Botswana]] # [[Paratus Botswana]] == BTC e tla tsenngwa mo mebarakeng ya poraefete == Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome (2010), puso ya Botswana e ne ya rulaganya go dira gore BTC e nne ya poraefete. The Sunday Standard e begile gore Tona ya Merero ya BoTautona, [[Lesego Motsumi]] o boleletse palamente gore khabinete e tsere tshweetso mabapi le sebopego sa poraefete sa BTC mme tshedimosetso e tla romelwa go batsayakarolo botlhe mo bogautshwaneng. Lesego Motsumi o boletse gore maikaelelo a go ikgaoganya le kgwebo e ne e le go fokotsa dikotsi, le go bona dipoelo tse di kwa godimo. O ne a tlaleletsa ka gore puso e ne ya tshwanela go dira ditherisano tse di tseneletseng pele ga e ka tswelela ka dithulaganyo.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121005033414/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=13775542 Business Week]</ref> == BTCL go tsenngwa mo lenaaneng == BTCL e kwadisitswe kwa [[Botswana Stock Exchange]] ka kgwedi Moranang e le borobabobedi ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro (2016) ka P1 ka share le tlhotlhwa ya kakaretso ya P1.05 billion (1.05 billion shares). Go tsenngwa mo lenaaneng go ne go lebeletswe thata e bile go ne go na le batho ba le bantsi ba ba neng ba ikwadiseditse go tsena mo lenaaneng leno mme go ne go tsewa gore moagi mongwe le mongwe o ne a na le tshwanelo ya go tsena mo lenaaneng leno go na le go tsena mo go la khampani. Dišere di ne tsa abelwa 51% go puso ya Botswana, 5% go badiri ba BTCL le 44% go batswana le dikomponi tsa Botswana. Dikabelo di ne di lekanyeditswe go tswela Batswana molemo mme di rekisiwa magareng ga Batswana le ditlamo tse di tswelang Batswana mosola jaaka batsamaisi ba matlole.<ref>[http://www.bse.co.bw/listed_companies/listed.php?company=BTCL "BTCL listing".] Retrieved 15 September 2016.</ref> Tlhwatlhwa ya dishere e ne ya tlhatloga fa di ne di tsenngwa mo setlankaneng mme ya tswelela go tlhatloga go ya go P1.30 e e kwa godimo ka setlankana sengwe le sengwe mme morago ga moo ya fokotsega fa go ne go itsisiwe ka diphelelo tsa ngwaga wa itsholelo tsa go latlhegelwa ke P371 milione. Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e le lesome le botlhano , ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro (2016) go ne go rekisiwa ka P0.85. Go ne ga itsisiwe gore Paul Taylor, yo o neng a eteletse BTCL pele mo go fetoleng kgwebo ya gagwe mme morago ga moo a e tsenya mo setlankaneng, o ne a se kitla a busediwa konteraka ya gagwe morago ga konteraka ya gagwe e e fedileng ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro( 2016) Anthony Masunga o ne a tlhophiwa go nna motsamaisi wa motsamaisi. <ref>[https://www.pula24.co.bw/business/1171-btc-appoints-jurgen-peschel-as-ceo-ushering-in-a-new-digital-era/ "BTC Appoints Jurgen Peschel as CEO, Ushering in a New Digital Era"]. Retrieved 22 June 2025</ref>Ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele e thola bongwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi (2012), Botswana Telecommunications Corporation (BTC) e ne ya fetolwa go tswa mo mokgatlhong wa semolao go nna khamphane ya setšhaba e e lekanyeditsweng ka dikabelo, go ya ka Molao wa Phetogo le Molao wa Ditlamo, mme ya fetolwa leina go nna Botswana Telecommunications Corporation Limited. == Metswedi == nw05rvwhk2ocjwtwvyxolwfygtp3v4i 0 14595 53052 2026-07-23T18:27:34Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tsebe ya Companies and Intellectual Property Authority(CIPA) 53052 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Companies and Intellectual Property Authority (CIPA)''' <ref>[https://www.cipa.co.bw/ "CIPA – Protecting Business Interests".] Retrieved 19 October 2019.</ref>ke mokwadisi wa Botswana wa dikomponi mme ke motheo wa puso. E kafa tlase ga [[Lephata la Kgwebo le Madirelo]]. Mefuta yotlhe ya ditlamo (jaaka go letleletswe ke Molao wa Ditlamo tsa Botswana le Bolaodi jwa Thoto ya Tlhaloganyo) e a akarediwa le go kwadisiwa le CIPA, e e tlhokang gore ba tsenye dintlha tse di rileng go ya ka Molao wa Ditlamo le Bolaodi jwa Thoto ya Tlhaloganyo wa ga jaana. <ref>[http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Ministry-of-Trade-and-Industry-MTI/ "Republic of Botswana - Government portal".] ''www.gov.bw''. Retrieved 19 October 2019.</ref>Dikomponi tsotlhe tse di kwadisitsweng, go akarediwa le tse di kailweng, tse dinnye le tse di sa direng, di tshwanetse go romela dipego tsa ngwaga le ngwaga tsa madi mmogo le dipegelo tsa ngwaga le ngwaga tsa komponi. Kwadiso ya ditlamo jaanong e dirwa mo inthaneteng fa e sale go tsenngwa tirisong ga thulaganyo ya kwadiso ya kgwebo mo inthaneteng e e simolotsweng ke [[Bogolo Kenewendo]]. <ref>[http://www.sundaystandard.info/congratulations-obrs-cipa-%E2%80%A6-please-do-not-join-%E2%80%9Csystem-e-down%E2%80%9D-cohort "Congratulations on OBRS CIPA …. But, please do not join the "System e down" cohort | Sunday Standard".] ''www.sundaystandard.info''. Retrieved 19 October 2019.</ref> == Mefuta ya ditlamo == Go na le mefuta e e farologaneng ya ditlamo, go akaretsa: * Komponi e ikemetseng ka nosi * Setlamo sa Setšhaba * Go Nna le Balekane ba ba Gaufi * Setlamo se se Laolwang ke Tshireletso == Metswedi == p9by9j60he16gz2mogriq6u7zum3kqn 0 14596 53055 2026-07-23T19:07:57Z MmaBaggio 11091 #Wikipedia25BW KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Dipalangwa tsa diterena mo Botswana 53055 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ditirelo tsa seporo mo Botswana''' di tlamelwa ke [[Botswana Railways|Botswana Railways.]] Tirelo e diragala mo mokwatleng wa seporo go tswa mo molelwaneng wa [[Aforika Borwa|Afrika Borwa]], go ralala [[Gaborone]] le [[Francistown]], go fitlha molelwaneng wa Zimbabwe ka ditsela tse di yang kwa [[Sowa]], [[Selebi-Phikwe]], le [[Morupule]]. Marangrang a seporo a na le dikilometara di le makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi le borobabobedi tsa seporo; gauge ya sone ke 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) cape gauge. [[Setshwantsho:BR Express 1.jpg|thumb|Terena ya BR Express go tswa Gaborone go ya Francistown]] [[Botswana]] ke leloko la [[International Union of Railways]] (UIC). Botswana e na le seporo se seleele sa bo masome a robabongwe le boraro mo lefatsheng mme ke sengwe sa tse di dirisiwang thata mo Afrika. == Ditso == === 1890 – 1900 === Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le boraro,kompone ya Bechuanaland Railway Company Limited e ne ya tsenngwa le share capital ya 6000 pounds ka maikaelelo a go golaganya le Cape Government Railway kwa [[Vryburg]] le toropo ya [[Mahikeng|Mafikeng]] (ka bobedi mo Afrika Borwa ya segompieno). Kgabagare seporo seno se ne sa wediwa ka kgwedi ya Phalane,ngwaga wa wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le bone, mme morago ga moo se ne sa atolosediwa kwa bokone go fitlha kwa Botswana wa segompieno. Karolo ya ntlha ya seporo sa terena kwa Botswana e ne ya agiwa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le borataro; tsela e e feletseng go tswa kwa Mafikeng go ya kwa Palapye e ne ya wediwa ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong,ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le bosupa . Kgokagano magareng ga [[Palapye]] le Francistown e ne ya wediwa ka kgwedi ya Lwetse ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabonedi le masome a robabongwe le bosupa , mme khilomitara ya bofelo ya seporo mo moleng go tswa Francistown go ya [[Bulawayo]] (kwa Zimbabwe ya segompieno) e ne ya wediwa ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le bosupa. <ref name=":0">[https://www.botswanarailways.co.bw/timeline "Timeline | Botswana Railways"]. ''www.botswanarailways.co.bw''. Retrieved 16 November 2024.</ref> Mafeking (e jaanong e leng Mafikeng) e ne e le tlhogo ya seporo le motsemogolo wa [[Botsamaisi jwa Boritane]] jwa [[Bechuanaland]], e jaanong e leng Botswana, le fa Mafeking e ne e le kwa [[Cape Colony]]. Toropo eno e ne e le motheo wa go agiwa ga seporo go ralala Botswana go ya kwa [[Rhodesia]] (e jaanong e leng Zimbabwe), e leng karolo ya maikaelelo a ga [[Cecil Rhodes]] a go aga seporo go tswa Cape go ya kwa Cairo. Karolo e e ralalang Botswana e ne ya agiwa gore e kopanye le Bulawayo kwa Zimbabwe, tsela e pele e neng e tsamaisiwa ka dikolotsana tse di gogwang ke dipitse. Terena ya ntlha e ne ya goroga kwa Bulawayo ka kgwedi ya Phalane e le lesome le borobabongwe ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le bosupa.<ref name=":1">J Lunn, (1992). The Political Economy of Primary Railway Construction in the Rhodesias, 1890-1911, pp. 239, 244.</ref><ref>S Katzenellenbogen, (1974). Zambia and Rhodesia: Prisoners of the Past: A Note on the History of Railway Politics in Central Africa, pp. 63-4.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e rogwa ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe, Bechuanaland Railway e ne ya bidiwa [[Rhodesia Railways Limited]].<ref name=":0" /> === 1900 – 1960 === Kwa tshimologong, seporo sa Bechuanaland Railway se ne se tsamaisiwa ke [[Cape Government Railways,]] e e neng ya kopanngwa le [[South African Railways]] ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le lesome mme thulaganyo eno ya tiragatso e ne ya tswelela go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le borobabongwe.<ref name=":0" /> Kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le borobabongwe, South African Railways e ne ya reka karolo ya tsela e e neng e setse e le mo teng ga [[Union of South Africa]] e e neng e le tsela e e tswang kwa Vryburg go ya kwa [[Ramatlabama]] go tswa kwa Rhodesia Railways. Morago ga moo, seporo sa Rhodesia Railways se ne sa simolola go tsamaisa seporo go tswa Bulawayo go ya [[Mahalapye]], mme Mahalapye go ya Mafikeng e ne e sa ntse e tsamaisiwa ke South African Railways.<ref name=":0" /> === 1960 – 1973 === Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le boraro locomotive ya bofelo e ne ya dirisiwa mo moleng mme ya emisediwa ke ya mofuta wa Garrat. <ref name=":0" /> Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e le masome a mabedi le borataro,ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le borataro , South African Railways le Rhodesia Railways ba ne ba dumelana go neela maikarabelo otlhe a Bechuanaland Railway go Rhodesia Railways, malatsi a le mane pele Botswana e nna naga e e ikemetseng. Ditimela tsa Rhodesia di tsere tiriso ya tsela go tswa Mahalapye go ya Mafikeng mme ka jalo ya nna le maikarabelo a seporo sotlhe go ralala Botswana.<ref name=":0" /> Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le boraro, seporo sa Rhodesia Railways se ne sa simolola go dirisa diterekere tse di gogwang ke disele, go tshwaya bokhutlo jwa puso ya diporo kwa Botswana.<ref name=":0" /> === 1974 - 1987 === Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bone, go ne ga bulwa ditsela di le mmalwa tsa makala gore go dirisiwe kgwebo. Ditsela tse di ne di ya kwa [[Morupule Colliery]] le Selebi-Phikwe, tse di neng di duelelwa ke puso ya Botswana mo maitekong a puso a go aga le karolo ya ntlha ya seporo e e neng e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo Rhodesian Railways. Fa e sale Botswana e bona boipuso ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le borataro, go ne ga dirwa maiteko a go nna mong le go tsamaisa seporo sa Bechuanaland Railway mo teng ga Botswana mme ka go dira jalo go tlosiwa tlhotlheletso ya seporo e e tswang kwa ntle. Le fa go ntse jalo, Botswana e ne e sena seporo, badiri ba ba nang le bokgoni, kgotsa ditlamelo tse di tlhokegang go tlhokomela le go tsamaisa tsamaiso ya seporo e e ikemetseng. <ref name=":0" /> Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bone, [[Tautona ya ntlha ya Botswana]], [[Seretse Khama|Sir Seretse Khama]], o ne a itsise ka maikaelelo a naga ya gagwe a go gapa seporo sa terena sa Rhodesia. Katiso ya badiri ba kompone e ntšhwa e ne e neelwa ke ditimela tse dingwe tsa Aforika go akaretsa le tsa [[Malawi|Malawi,]] [[Kenya]], [[Swaziland]] le Rhodesia Railways ka boyona (e e neng e tla nna National Railways of Zimbabwe). Lefelo la katiso le ne la tlhongwa kwa Francistown jaaka karolo ya leano leno. <ref name=":0" /> Ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi go ne ga dirwa maiteko a le mmalwa a boditšhabatšhaba go thusa Botswana go tlhoma seporo sa bosetšhaba. [[United Kingdom]] le [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC) di ne tsa thusa go tlhama leano le le akaretsang la go tsaya marapo. [[Puso ya Denmark]] e ne ya tlamela ka madi mangwe a go thusa ka tsa botegeniki le go aga Mahalapye Locomotive and Wagon Workshops. [[Puso ya Sweden]] e ne ya tlamela ka madi a go aga thulaganyo e ntšha ya go neela matshwao le ya tlhaeletsano mmogo le go romela ditlhopha tsa go aga le tsa boitsaanape. Puso ya [[People's Republic of China]] e ne ya thusa ka thuso ya madi le ya boitsaanape mo go tlhomeng seporo sa mainline ka seporo se se tshwaraganeng se se tshwaraganeng se se tshwaraganeng mo ditlamong tsa konkoreite.<ref name=":0" /> Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borataro , Botswana Railways e ne ya tlhomiwa ka Molao wa Palamente. Mme ka kgwedi ya Hirikgong e rogwa ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bosupa, [[Botswana Railways]] (BR) e ne ya simolola tiragatso ya seporo sa dikilometara di le makgolo a marataro le masome a mane le bongwe fa puso e ne e reka dikarolo tsa Botswana tsa [[National Railways of Zimbabwe]] (e e neng ya bidiwa Rhodesian Railways).<ref name=":0" /> === Morago ga ngwaga wa 1987 (Botswana Railways Era) === Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bobedi, Francistown to [[Sua Pan]] branch line e ne ya simolola go dira.<ref name=":0" /> Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bone, Botswana Railways e ne ya fudusa ntlokgolo ya yone go tswa kwa Gaborone go ya kwa Mahalapye.<ref name=":0" /> Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe, 'Motsamaisi-Kakaretso' wa ntlha wa moagi o ne a tlhophiwa go nna tlhogo ya Botswana Railways.<ref name=":0" /> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone, [[Dry Port]] ya Botswana kwa [[Walvis Bay]] (Sea Rail), [[Namibia]] e simolotse go dira.<ref name=":0" /> Tsamaiso ya BR e tshegediwa ke [[RITES Ltd]]. ya [[India]]. Go bulwa ga [[Seporo sa Beitbridge Bulawayo]] kwa Zimbabwe ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe go ne ga baka go fokotsega go gogolo ga dipalangwa tsa dithoto le lotseno. Dipalangwa tsa dithoto di ne tsa fokotsega go tswa go ditone di le dimilione di le 1,1 tse di begilweng ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe go ya go ditone di le 150 000 fela ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le botlhano . Go tsibogela seno, BR e ntse e akanya ka go aga tsela e e yang [[Zambia]] (Zambia Railways), e feta Zimbabwe, go bona lotseno go tswa mo tseleng ya seporo. <ref name=":2">Ash, Paul (15 July 2013). [https://www.railjournal.com/in_depth/coal-to-power-botswanan-revival/ "Coal to power Botswanan revival?"]. ''International Railway Journal''. Retrieved 20 November 2024.</ref> == Tsela ya Seporo == Go na le mola o le mongwe o motona o o dirang jaaka mokwatla wa netweke, mmogo le makala a makhutshwane a le mararo. <ref>Botswana Railways (2024). [https://www.botswanarailways.co.bw/railway-network-map-diagram "Railway Network Map Diagram".] ''Botswana Railways''.</ref>Gape go na le karolo e e kwa thoko ya seporo kwa molelwaneng wa Zambia kwa [[Borogo jwa Kazungula|Borogong jwa Kazungula]] , e e tla golaganngwang le netweke e e setseng fa [[Mosetse -Kazungula - Livingstone Railway|Mosetse]] [[Mosetse -Kazungula - Livingstone Railway|-Kazungula - Livingstone Railway]] e weditswe. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Tsela !Tshimologo ya Mosepele !Phelelo ya Mosepele !Botelele !Maemo !Mofuta wa seporo !Metswedi |- |Tsela e tona |Molelwane wa Afrioka Borwa |Molelwane wa Zimbabwe |640km |O mo Tirisong | | |- |Francistown-Sua Pan Railway |Francistown |Sua Pan |174km |O mo Tirisong | | |- |Serule-Selibe-Phikwe Railway |Serule |Sekibe Phikwe |56km |O mo Tirisong | | |- | |Palapye |Morupule |16km |O mo Tirisong | | |- | |Borogo jwa Kazungula |Molelwane wa Zambia |0.45km |Boa agaiwa | | |- | |Motsetse | | | | | |- | |Mma Mabula | | | | | |- | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | |} == Ditirelo tsa seporo go ya kwa Mafatsheng a mabapi == == Zimbabwe == Maikaelelo a ntlha a go agiwa ga seporo sa terena kwa Botswana ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe e ne e le go golaganya se gompieno e leng Zimbabwe le Afrika Borwa. Ka jalo, morago ga boipuso go tswa kwa United Kingdom ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro, Botswana e ne e setse e na le dikgolagano tsa seporo le Zimbabwe, mme bobedi jwa tsone di dirisa gauge e le nngwe, [[Cape Gauge.]] Marangrang a gone jaanong a na le kgokagano e le nngwe fela go ya kwa Zimbabwe mo tseleng e kgolo e e tswang kwa Francistown go ya kwa Bulawayo. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome , Memorandum of Understanding e ne ya bewa monwana ke Tautona wa Mozambique le Botswana ka go tlhama seporo se sesha sa dikilometara di le sekete le makgolo a supa go ralala Zimbabwe, se se letlang go golaganya mafatshe a mararo ka bonako go ya kwa boemakepeng jwa metsi a a boteng kwa Techobanine Point kwa [[Mozambique]].<ref name=":3">UK, DVV Media. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100908094452/http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/pointers-september-2010.html "Pointers September 2010".] Archived from [http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/pointers-september-2010.html the original] on 8 September 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2016.</ref> E bitswa Ponta Techobanine Railway (e tsejwang hape e le Botswana-Zimbabwe-Mozambique Railway), sena se ile sa boeletswa ke bo Tautona ba mafatshe a marao ko bokopanong jwa ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone.<ref name=":4">Kubwa, M. (14 July 2024). [https://constructionreviewonline.com/construction-projects/1700-kilometer-botswana-zimbabwe-mozambique-railway-line-to-be-constructed-as-the-countries-seek-economic-growth/ "1,700-Kilometer Botswana-Zimbabwe-Mozambique Railway Line to be Constructed as the Countries Seek Economic Growth"]. ''Constructionreview''. Retrieved 20 November 2024.</ref> === Aforika Borwa === Fela jaaka go ne go ntse ka ditsela tse di yang kwa Zimbabwe, boikaelelo jwa kwa tshimologong jwa go agiwa ga Seporo sa Bechuanaland e ne e le go golaganya Afrika Borwa le bogare jwa Afrika. Ka ntlha ya seo, Botswana e ntse e na le tsela ya seporo e e tsamaisanang le yone fa e sa le ka nako ya bokoloniale, mme e ntse e golagane le Afrika Borwa fa e sa le e bona boipuso. Ka ntlha ya gore e ne e le tsamaiso e e kopaneng pele, e na le gauge e e tshwanang le ya Aforika Borwa, Cape Gauge. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro, dikompone tsa seporo tsa Botswana le tsa Afrika Borwa di ne tsa baa monwana tumelano ya go golaganya seporo sa Mmamabula-Lephalale , e e neng e tla golaganya marangrang a seporo sa Afrika Borwa le masimo a magolo a magala a Botswana kwa Mmamabula. Mo godimo ga moo, kgokagano e tla letla gore go nne le kgokagano e e bonako go tswa kwa Botswana go ya kwa [[Richards Bay]] ya Aforika Borwa le kwa boemakepeng jwa Maputo jwa Mozambique go kgontsha thomelontle e e botoka.<ref>kirwa (2 August 2023). [https://constructionreviewonline.com/construction-news/south-africa/botswana-and-south-africa-pursue-financing-for-the-mmamabula-lephalale-link/ "Botswana and South Africa pursue financing for the Mmamabula-Lephalale link"]. ''Constructionreview''. Retrieved 20 November 2024.</ref> === Namibia === Ga go na kgokagano e e tlhamaletseng le [[Namibia|Namibia,]] fela jaaka e teng ka Aforika Borwa, le fa seporo sa motlakase se se golaganyang le Lüderitz, Namibia go tsamaisa malatlha se rulaganyeditswe go bulwa ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borataro. Ga jaana go na le tsela e e rulagantsweng e e bidiwang [[Trans-Kalahari Railway]] (TKR), e e neng ya umakwa la ntlha ke mebuso ya Namibia le Botswana ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone , mme go ne go akanngwa gore e tlogetswe go fitlha go bewa monwana tumelano ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro. Tsela eno e ne e tla nna boleele jwa dikilometara di le sekete,makgolo a mane le masome a mane le bosupa, go tloga kwa mabopong a mmamabula a a kwa bokone jwa Gaberone go ya kwa Port of [[Walvis Bay]]. Porojeke e ne ya boelediwa gape jaaka selo se se botlhokwa thata mo pusong ya Botswana ke Tautona [[Mokgweetsi Eric Masisi]] ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone. === Mozambique === Ka kgwedi ya Phatwe ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome, [[Mozambique]] le Botswana ba saenile memorantamo wa go tlhaloganya go tlhabolola seporo sa dikilometara di le sekete le lekgologo ralala [[Zimbabwe]], go rwala malatlha go tswa kwa [[Serule]] kwa Botswana go ya kwa boemakepeng jwa metsi a a boteng kwa Techobanine Point kwa Mozambique. <ref name=":3" />Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone, Tautona wa Botswana, Zimbabwe le Mozambique ba ne ba kopana go boeletsa tshegetso ya bone ya porojeke ya Seporo sa Ponta Techobanine (e e itsegeng gape jaaka Seporo sa Botswana-Zimbabwe-Mozambique).<ref name=":4" /> === Zambia === Mogokgo wa Botswana Railways (BR) Andrew Lunga o ne a akantsha gore go agiwe seporo se sesha fa gare ga Botswana le Zambia, se se neng se tla feta Zimbabwe. Seporo se ne se lebeletswe go tsamaya go ya kwa borwabophirima go tswa kwa Livingstone, go kgabaganya Zambesi, go tswa foo go tswelela go ya kwa kgaoganong le seporo sa BR kwa [[Mosetse]]. Kopo ya ga Lunga e ne ya tlhagelela morago ga go latlhegelwa thata ke sephethephethe se BR e neng ya nna le sone morago ga go bulwa ga tsela ya Beitbridge-Bulawayo, morago ga moo ditone tsa dithoto tsa BR tsa ngwaga le ngwaga di ne tsa wa go tswa go 1,1m ka ngwaga go ya go mo e ka nnang 150,000. Mathata a ikonomi ya Zimbabwe a ne a dirile gore maemo a nne maswe le go feta, a kgoreletsa go tsamaya ga dipalangwa ka kgololesego. Mola o o akantsweng, Lunga o supile, o tla tlamela ditsela tse dingwe tse di botlhokwa tse di golaganyang Aforika Borwa, Zambia le Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>[http://www.railwaysafrica.com/newsafrican/botswanaranews.html "Railways Africa".]</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bosupa , Tiro e ne ya simololwa gape ka kitsiso e e kopanetsweng ke Zambia le Botswana ya go aga Borogo jwa Kazungula jo bo kgabaganyang [[noka ya Zambezi]] le molelwane magareng ga dinaga tse pedi.<ref>[https://palapye.wordpress.com/2007/08/04/zambia-botswana-reach-kazungula-bridge-deal/ "Zambia, Botswana reach Kazungula bridge deal"]. ''Palapye.com News Blog''. AFP. 4 August 2007. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171003030940/https://palapye.wordpress.com/2007/08/04/zambia-botswana-reach-kazungula-bridge-deal/ Archived] from the original on 3 October 2017. Retrieved 19 November 2024.</ref>Seno se weditswe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe .<ref name=":5">[https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/world/africa/2021-05-10-botswana-and-zambia-open-260m-kazungula-bridge/ "Botswana and Zambia open $260m Kazungula bridge".] BusinessDay. 10 May 2021. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2024.</ref>Tsela e e golaganang le tsela e ne ya bulelwa setšhaba, fela seporo se ne sa tlogelwa se le nosi, ka ntlha ya gore [[Mosetse - Kazungula - Livingstone Railway|Mosetse]] [[Mosetse - Kazungula - Livingstone Railway|- Kazungula - Livingstone Railway]] e santse e tsweletse. == Diterena tsa dithoto == [[Setshwantsho:RhodesiaRailcar.jpg|thumb|Koloi ya terena ya Ditso ya kwa Rhodesia kwa National Museum kwa Gaborone, Botswana]] Mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa dipalangwa tsa dithoto tsa BR ke tsa magala, mabele le dithoto tse di tsamaisiwang ka ditsela tse di farologaneng, mme bontsi jwa dipoelo tsa yone bo dirwa mo [[Aforika Borwa|Afrika Borwa]]. Gape e romela dikarolo tsa dikoloi le dikoloi tse di kopantsweng, sulefera, menontsha, metswako e mengwe, dikungo tsa dikgwa le mefuta e mengwe ya dithoto. Fa e sa le ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bosupa, magala e nnile selo se se botlhokwa se se gogwang ke BR. Magala a romelwa ka diterena go tswa kwa meepong ya magala go ya kwa dinageng tse di gaufi == Maemakepe a a Sephaphathi == Ga jaana go na le maemelakepe a le mararo mo Botswana: kwa Gaborone (GABCON), Francistown (FRANCON), le Palapye (PALCON). Botswana Railways ga jaana e dira tsotlhe tse tharo, mme gape e dira boemakepe jo bo omileng jo bo farologaneng kwa [[Walvis Bay]] kwa [[Namibia]].<ref name=":0" /> == Diterena tsa bapalami == [[Setshwantsho:Botswana Railways 24.jpg|thumb|Terena ya Dithoto ya BR]] Ditirelo tsa terena ya bapalami di dira mo Botswana, ka bontsi jwa ditirelo di dira go tswa kwa motsemoshate wa Gaborone. [[Setshwantsho:BR Express Interior 1.jpg|thumb|Ditilo tse disha tse di phuthologileng tsa BR Express]] Go ya ka ditso tsa seporo sa bapalami e ne e le tsela ya ntlha ya dipalangwa tsa sekgala se seleele mo Botswana go fitlha go agiwa tsamaiso ya ditsela tsa bosetšhaba kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo nasome a mabedi. Go tloga ka go tlhamiwa ga BR, go ne go na le diterena di le pedi ka letsatsi mo ntlheng nngwe le nngwe. Magareng ga ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bongwe le ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le boraro, ditirelo tse di ne tsa tlhabololwa ka dijanaga tse di tsamayang tse di ntšhwa go akaretsa dikoloi tse masome a mararo le borataro tse di nang le mowa o o tsidifetseng, tse go neng go solofetswe gore di tla baakanngwa le go tlhokomelwa morago ga dingwaga dingwe le dingwe di le thano kgotsa dikilometara di le 500 000 tsa tiriso.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131125015605/http://www.botswanarailways.co.bw/press/27feb09.html Tender Process | Botswana Railways".] ''botswanarailways.co.bw''. 27 February 2009. Archived from [http://www.botswanarailways.co.bw/press/27feb09.html the original] on 25 November 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2024.</ref> == Go Tswalelwa, go Tsosolosiwa, le go Tswalwa == Ditirelo tsotlhe tsa bapalami di ne tsa emisiwa ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe, mme tirelo e le nngwe fela e e setseng e ne e le kgokagano ya boditšhabatšhaba go ya kwa [[Zimbabwe]] go tswa kwa [[Francistown]]. <ref name=":2" />Go tswalwa ga yone go ne ga dirwa ka ntlha ya mabaka a madi le a pabalesego. Dikoloi tse dintšhwa di le masome a mararo le borataro tse di tsentsweng tirisong mo masimologong a dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe ga di ise di ke di baakanngwe, mme seno se dirile gore go nne le mathata a tlhokomelo le go senyega ga dikoloi mo dingwageng tse di fetang lesome le botlhano, mme se dirile gore Lewis Malikongwa, yo ka nako eo e neng e le Motlatsa Mokwaledi wa ka Metlha wa Lefapha la Ditiro le Dipalangwa, a tshwenyege ka pabalesego ya dikoloi tseno. Mo godimo ga moo, ka ntlha ya mathata a tsa madi a ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi mmogo le tatlhegelo ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya P30 million ka ngwaga ya ditirelo tsa bapalami tsa BR, go ne ga swetswa go emisa marangrang otlhe a bapalami ba BR.<ref name=":5" /> Ditirelo dingwe tsa bapalami di ne tsa falola, jaaka tse di neng di tsamaisiwa ke National Railways of Zimbabwe (NRZ) go tswa [[Bulawayo]] go ya [[Lobatse]] ka [[Plumtree]], [[Francistown]] le [[Gaborone|Gaborone.]]<ref>[http://www.railwaysafrica.com/2009/09/zim-botswana-passengers-drop/ ZIM-BOTSWANA PASSENGERS DROP".] Railways Africa. 20 September 2009. Retrieved 16 November 2024.</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, go ne go solofetswe gore ditirelo tsa bapalami ba selegae di tla simolola gape kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano <ref name=":0" />mme di ne tsa busediwa gape ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro .<ref name=":1" /> <ref>[http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?aid=47955 "Passenger train is coming back".] 9 December 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2024.</ref>Seno se ne sa diragala ka nako e le nngwe fela le go rekwa ga dilwana tse disha tse di tsamayang tse di neng di tla dirisiwa go aga dijanaga tsa BR ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone. Tseno e ne e le dijanaga tse tharo tsa jenereitara, dijanaga tse tlhano tsa boroko tsa maemo a ntlha, dikoloi tse lesome le borobabobedi tsa maemo a iitsholelo, dikoloi tse tlhano tsa maemo a kgwebo, dikoloi tse tharo tsa buffet, le koloi ya dithoto. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150226160018/http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?aid=47955 "Passenger train is coming back".] ''Mmegi Online''. 14 December 2014. Archived from the original on 26 February 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2024.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi , Botswana Railways e ne ya busetsa tirelo ya terena magareng ga Gaborone le Lobatse. Tirelo eno e ne e le ya diterena tse pedi tsa baeti tsa bosigo, e nngwe e ne e tswa kwa Lobatse e ya kwa Francistown, mme e nngwe e ne e ya kwa ntlheng e sele, e ema kwa Gaborone, Mahalapye, Palapye le Serule. Terena ya bapalami e ne ya bidiwa "BR Express" (Botswana Railways Express). Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi, ka nako ya leroborobo la COVID-19, BR e ne ya emisa ditirelo tsotlhe tsa BR Express. Go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone , go santse go sena ditirelo tsa bapalami mo Botswana. == Metswedi == i626y4d6ah9fv2771r1xzs6ilhi5okb 0 14597 53056 2026-07-23T19:10:34Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tsebe ya Botswana Unified Revenue Service 53056 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Botswana Unified Revenue Service (BURS)''' <ref>[http://www.burs.org.bw/ "Home"]. ''www.burs.org.bw''. Retrieved 19 October 2019.</ref>ke tirelo ya lekgetho le setheo sa puso<ref>[http://www.gov.bw/en/Business/Topics/Financial-and-Development-Institutions/Financial-and-Development-Institutions/ "Republic of Botswana - Government portal"]. ''www.gov.bw''. Retrieved 19 October 2019</ref> sa [[puso ya Botswana]]. Tirelo ya Lekgetho ya Botswana e na le maikarabelo a go kokoanya makgetho le go tsamaisa Molao wa Tirelo ya Lekgetho ya Botswana. Tiro ya Botswana Unified Revenue Service e akaretsa go thusa baduelalekgetho ka tsa lekgetho le go batlisisa le go rarabolola dikgetse tsa go faela lekgetho ka tsela e e phoso kgotsa ya tsietso. == Go kgobokanya lotseno == Tirelo ya Lekgetho ya Botswana e na le maikarabelo a go sekaseka, go kgobokanya le go bala lotseno ka [[Lephata la Ditšhelete le Tlhabololo]] ya Ikonomi jaaka go tlhalositswe ke Molao wa Tirelo ya Lekgetho ya Botswana.<ref>[http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Ministry-of-Finance-and-Development-Planning1/Parastatals121/Understanding-Financing/ "Republic of Botswana - Government portal".] ''www.gov.bw''. Retrieved 19 October 2019.</ref>Letseno le makgetho a a tsamaisiwang ke Botswana Unified Revenue Service a akaretsa; * [[Lekgetho la Lotseno]] * Duela Jaaka o Gapa (PAYE) * [[Lekgetho la Boleng jo bo OketsegilengMakgetho a a ntshitsweng kwa motswedingLekgetho la tlhwatlhwa|Lekgetho la Boleng jo bo Oketsegileng]] * [[Lekgetho la Boleng jo bo OketsegilengMakgetho a a ntshitsweng kwa motswedingLekgetho la tlhwatlhwa|Makgetho a a ntshitsweng kwa motsweding]] * [[Lekgetho la Boleng jo bo OketsegilengMakgetho a a ntshitsweng kwa motswedingLekgetho la tlhwatlhwa|Lekgetho la tlhwatlhwa]] * Lekgetho le le kgethegileng * [[Lekgetho la poelo ya madiLekgetho la khaboneDituelo tsa go tsamaya mo tselengLekgetho le le okeditswengLekgetho la setempeLekgetho la dithoto|Lekgetho la poelo ya madi]] * [[Lekgetho la poelo ya madiLekgetho la khaboneDituelo tsa go tsamaya mo tselengLekgetho le le okeditswengLekgetho la setempeLekgetho la dithoto|Lekgetho la khabone]] * [[Lekgetho la poelo ya madiLekgetho la khaboneDituelo tsa go tsamaya mo tselengLekgetho le le okeditswengLekgetho la setempeLekgetho la dithoto|Dituelo tsa go tsamaya mo tseleng]] * [[Lekgetho la poelo ya madiLekgetho la khaboneDituelo tsa go tsamaya mo tselengLekgetho le le okeditswengLekgetho la setempeLekgetho la dithoto|Lekgetho le le okeditsweng]] * [[Lekgetho la poelo ya madiLekgetho la khaboneDituelo tsa go tsamaya mo tselengLekgetho le le okeditswengLekgetho la setempeLekgetho la dithoto|Lekgetho la setempe]] * [[Lekgetho la poelo ya madiLekgetho la khaboneDituelo tsa go tsamaya mo tselengLekgetho le le okeditswengLekgetho la setempeLekgetho la dithoto|Lekgetho la dithoto]] * Makgetho a go akanngwang gore a teng == Metswedi == i2vs6xps9jum5dxz2soey0sr8kre8sf 0 14598 53057 2026-07-23T19:51:31Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tsebe ya Water Utilities Corporation (Botswana) 53057 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Water Utilities Corporation (WUC)''' ke koporasi ya puso e e tlamelang ka metsi le ditirelo tsa [[tsamaiso ya metsi a a leswe]] mo [[Botswana.]] Boto e tlhophiwa ke Tona ya Ditswa mmung, Maatla le Metswedi ya Metsi.<ref>[[:en:Water_Utilities_Corporation#CITEREFCorporate_Governance|Corporate Governance.]]</ref> Tlamelo ya metsi e botlhokwa thata mo tikologong e e omeletseng kgotsa e e omeletseng go sekae ya Botswana. == Ditso == Water Utilities Corporation e ne ya tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa (1970) ka Molao wa Palamente (Cap 74:02). Ka nako ya fa e ne e tlhomiwa, e ne e tsamaisa porojeke e le nngwe fela: go tlamela le go aba metsi mo go se ka nako eo se neng se bidiwa Shashe Development Area. Puso ya Botswana e ne ya atolosa taolo eno go akaretsa go rulaganya, go aga, go dira, go phepafatsa, go tlhokomela le go abela metswedi ya metsi mo ditoropong le mo mafelong a mangwe. Gape e ne e akaretsa go tlamela Lefapha la Merero ya Metsi la nako eo le Balaodi ba ba farologaneng ba Selegae ka metsi a mantsi gore a tle a abiwe kwa metseng le kwa mafelong a a farologaneng. Magareng ga ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe (2009) le ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro (2013), lephata la metsi le ne la rulaganngwa sesha. Mokgatlho o ne wa fiwa taolelo e ntšha ya go tlamela metsi a a nowang kwa ditoropong tsotlhe le kwa metseng go ralala naga le go tsamaisa metsi a a leswe le ditirelo tsa go tlosa leswe. Diphetogo tse tsa Lefapha la Metsi (WSR) di nnile teng ka ntlha ya patlisiso ya go tokafatsa lefapha la metsi kwa Botswana gore go netefadiwe maemo a a tshwanang a ditirelo ke puso. == Letlhomeso la pholisi == Pholisi ya metsi ya Botswana e theilwe mo Botswana National Water Master Plan (NWMP) ya ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bongwe (1991), ka dikatlanegiso tsa diphetogo tse di dirilweng mo tshekatshekong ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borataro (2006). NWMP e akaretsa go lekola le go laola metswedi ya metsi, le go dira dipatlisiso tsa go kgonega ga diporojeke tsa metsi le go di diragatsa. Porojeke ya Diphetogo tsa Lephata la Metsi e a dirwa ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi (2008)go ya ko ngwageng wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro (2013). Mo lebakeng la porojeke eno, Khansele ya Metswedi ya Metsi e gakolola Tona ya Diminerale, Maatla le Metswedi ya Metsi, e lekola le go abela badirisi metswedi ya metsi, le go tlhama pholisi ya go laola metswedi ya metsi. Lefapha la Merero ya Metsi le tlhomamisa gore go na le metsi a a lekaneng go tswa mo metsweding e e tswelelang go fitlhelela ditlhokego tsa ikonomi. WUC e na le maikarabelo a go tlamela ka ditirelo tsa metsi le metsi a a leswe go ralala naga. Dikopano tsa kgotla tsa selegae di rarabolola dikgotlhang tse di amanang le metsi.<ref name=":0">[[:en:Water_Utilities_Corporation#CITEREFNational_Water_Laws_in_Botswana|National Water Laws in Botswana.]]</ref> == Ditirelo == Gaborone yo o tswang mo lefaufaung. Letamo la Gaborone ke lone le legolo go a gaisa otlhe mo nageng eno. WUC e ne ya tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa (1970) go tsamaisa porojeke ya go tlamela le go aba metsi mo Shashe Development Area.<ref>[[:en:Water_Utilities_Corporation#CITEREFWelcome_to_Water_Utilities_Corporation|Welcome to Water Utilities Corporation.]]</ref> Gompieno WUC e tlamela metse ya Gaborone le [[Francistown]] le metse ya Lobatse, [[Jwaneng]], [[Selebi-Phikwe]] le [[Sowa]] ka metsi.<ref>[[:en:Water_Utilities_Corporation#CITEREFLangeHassan2006|Lange &#x26; Hassan 2006]], p.&#x20;18.</ref>WUC e ikemetse ka nosi mo ikonoming, e kgobokanya lotseno lo lo lekaneng go tswa mo go dueleng le go duedisa go duelela ditshenyegelo tsa tiragatso, dipeeletso le go direla dikoloto.<ref>[[:en:Water_Utilities_Corporation#CITEREFClarke1994|Clarke 1994,]] p.&#x20;391.</ref>Fa go bapisiwa le ditirelo tse dingwe mo Sub-Saharan Africa, WUC e dira sentle thata mo tsamaisong ya lotseno. <ref>[[:en:Water_Utilities_Corporation#CITEREFBanerjeeMorella2011|Banerjee &#x26; Morella 2011]], p.&#x20;149</ref> WUC e kgaogantswe ka tsamaiso go nna kgaolo ya Borwa e e nang le botsamaisi kwa Gaborone le Ditikwatikwe tsa Tsamaiso tse di direlang [[Gaborone,]] Mochudi, Lobatse, [[Molepolole]], Kanye, Gantsi le T[[Sharon Ooja|shabong]]; le kgaolo ya Bokone e e nang le botsamaisi kwa Francistown le Ditikwatikwe tsa Tsamaiso tse di direlang Francistown, [[Mahalapye]], [[Palapye]], [[Serowe]], [[Selebi Phikwe]], [[Masunga]], [[Maun]] le [[Kasane]].<ref>[[:en:Water_Utilities_Corporation#CITEREFWUC_Regions|WUC Regions.]]</ref> Ka Seetebosigo 2007, WUC e ne ya bula lefelo la go ikgolaganya le batho ba ba nang le nomoro e e sa duelelweng go rarabolola dipotso tsa bareki.<ref>[[:en:Water_Utilities_Corporation#CITEREFWater_Utilities_Corporation_launches_contact_center|Water Utilities Corporation launches contact center]].</ref> The WUC's assets include the Gaborone, Nnywane, Bokaa, Shashe and Letsibogo dams, the 360 kilometres (220 mi) long North South Carrier Scheme pipeline, water treatment plants, pump stations and other equipment.<ref name=":1">[[:en:Water_Utilities_Corporation#CITEREFLangeHassan2006|Lange &#x26; Hassan 2006,]] p.&#x20;31</ref>Fa di kopanngwa mmogo, matamo ano a na le bokgoni jwa go boloka metsi a a kana ka 346,900,000 cubic metres (1.225×1010 cu ft). WUC gape e reka metsi go tswa kwa Letamong la Molatedi mo Aforika Borwa. Matamo ano a na le 90% ya bokgoni jotlhe jwa Botswana. Metsi a mantsi a a latlhega go tswa mo matamong ka mowafalo go na le go a dirisa, mme seno se solofetswe go oketsega ka ntlha ya phetogo ya tlelaemete ya lefatshe.<ref name=":2">[[:en:Water_Utilities_Corporation#CITEREFWorkman2009|Workman 2009]], p.&#x20;139</ref> WUC e tlamela Lefapha la Merero ya Metsi ka metsi a a phepafaditsweng ka bontsi. <ref name=":2" /> Lefapha la Merero ya Metsi le rulaganya gore metsi ano le metsi a a tswang mo metsweding ya lone jaaka masimo a sediba a abelwe metse e megolo e le lesome le bosupa. <ref name=":3">[[:en:Water_Utilities_Corporation#CITEREFCorporate_Profile|Corporate Profile]]</ref>Mo e ka nnang halofo ya metsi a a tlisediwang metsana e megolo a tswa kwa WUC.<ref name=":1" /> Dikhansele tsa Kgaolo di tlamela metse e mennye e e fetang makgolo a mabedi ka metsi. Badirisi bangwe ba metsi ba rulaganya gore ba nne le metsi a bone ka bobona. Go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi( 2012), go ne go na le dithulaganyo tsa go fetisetsa maikarabelo a tlamelo ya metsi go tswa kwa Lefapheng la Merero ya Metsi go ya kwa WUC, le go fetisetsa tsamaiso ya metsi a a leswe go tswa kwa Dikhanseleng tsa Kgaolo go ya kwa WUC.<ref name=":3" /> == Dikgang == NWMP e na le dingwaga tse di fetang masome a mabedi, mme e tlhoka go sekasekwa sesha. Botsamaisi jwa metsi a a fetang mo melelwaneng ga bo a akarediwa ke letlhomeso la semmuso la pholisi kwa Botswana, le fa Botswana e dumetse ditumalano tsa boditšhabatšhaba ka ga taolo ya dinoka tse di fetang mo melelwaneng.<ref name=":0" /> Ka ntlha ya botlhokwa jwa dinoka tse di kgabaganyang melelwane mo nageng, go tlhokega ka bonako go tokafatsa tirisanommogo ya boditšhabatšhaba. Pula ga e ke e na thata kwa Botswana, mme dipaka tsa komelelo di ka tsaya dingwaga di le mmalwa. Ka nako e e tshwanang, go oketsega ga khumo go dira gore go tlhokege metsi a mantsi go tlatsa matamo a go thuma, go tlhatswa dikoloi le go nosetsa ditshingwana. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bone (2004), go ne ga nna le leuba. Metsi mo Gaborone Dam a ne a wela kwa go 27% ya bokgoni, mme puso e ne ya patelesega go tlhoma le go pateletsa dithibelo tse di thata mo tirisong ya metsi.<ref name=":2" /> Dituelo tsa WUC di ikaegile ka tiriso ya kgwedi le kgwedi mme maikaelelo a tsone ke go busetsa ditshenyegelo tsa go dira le go tsamaisa. Di fokoditswe ke dithuso tse di ratang badirisi ba kwa magaeng le badirisi ba ba nang le palo e e kwa tlase ya didiriswa. <ref name=":4">[[:en:Water_Utilities_Corporation#CITEREFRietbergen-McCrackenAbaza2000|Rietbergen-McCracken &#x26; Abaza 2000]], p.&#x20;41.</ref> Go na le dilo tse di sa siamang tse di tlhotlheletsang mokgwa wa ikonomi wa WUC. WUC e bona madi ka go rekisa metsi, ka jalo ga e na tlhotlheletso ya go somarela metswedi eno. Ditheko le dithebolelo di tlhomamisiwa ka tlhamalalo go duelela ditshenyegelo, go tlosa tlhotlheletso ya go fokotsa ditshenyegelo le go fokotsa go dutla ga metsi. Bontsi jwa badirisi ba bagolo ba WUC ba duelelwa madi ke puso, mme ba kgona go fetisetsa ditshenyegelo tsa bone tsa metsi kwa mothong yo o duelang lekgetho. Dithuso tsa madi di solofetswe go nna mo godimo ga 30% ya tlhotlhwa go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le leosme le borobabongwe (2019).<ref>[[:en:Water_Utilities_Corporation#CITEREFWohlmuth2004|Wohlmuth 2004]], p.&#x20;420</ref>Go golaganngwa le tiriso ya borakonteraka ba poraefete ba ba sa kgoneng go dira tiro ya tlhokomelo ba ba duelwang tiro e ba e dirileng go na le go duelwa dipoelo, go felela ka gore go nne le tlamelo ya metsi e e seng ya ikonomi. <ref>[[:en:Water_Utilities_Corporation#CITEREFWohlmuth2004|Wohlmuth 2004,]] p.&#x20;421.</ref> Ka ntlha ya go tlhaela ga metsi, ditshenyegelo di a oketsega fa puso yone e ikaeletse go fokotsa madi a e a abang. Ka jalo, ditlhwatlhwa di tla tlhatloga, e leng se se tla thusang go fokotsa tlhokego. Dithuso tsa madi di tla tshwanelwa ke go fetolwa go thusa batho ba ba tlhokang thata.<ref name=":4" />Diphaepe tsa metsi ke tsone tse di ntshang metsi a a tlhokegang mo mafelong a a nang le lotseno lo lo kwa tlase, mme metsi a a tswang mo diphepheng tseno a bonwa mahala kgotsa a duelelwa madi a a rileng a go a dirisa kgwedi le kgwedi, ka jalo ga go na sepe se se tlhotlheletsang batho bano go fokotsa metsi a ba a dirisang. Diphoso tse dingwe mo sebopegong sa tlhotlhwa le tsona di kgoreletsa tiriso e e nonofileng ya metswedi e e tlhaelang ya metsi.<ref>[[:en:Water_Utilities_Corporation#CITEREFRietbergen-McCrackenAbaza2000|Rietbergen-McCracken &#x26; Abaza 2000]], p.&#x20;42</ref>Go simolola ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bobedi (1992), WUC e ntse e tsamaisa metsi ka diphaepe go ya kwa lefelong lengwe le lengwe la toropo kwa Gaborone, e rwala maikarabelo a go a tsenya le a go duedisa le go a phutha. Khansele ya Toropokgolo ya Gaborone (GCC) e ne e tlamela metsi mahala ka diphaepe tsa metsi mo mafelong a matlo a go ithusa, fa e ntse e duela WUC ka metsi. Kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 2000 GCC e ne ya simolola go tlosa diphaepe tsa go ema gore e tle e fokotse ditshenyegelo, e baka mathata a a masisi mo bathong ba le bantsi ba ba neng ba sa kgone go duela WUC ka ntlha ya dikgolagano tsa mo setsheng.<ref>[[:en:Water_Utilities_Corporation#CITEREFMosha2010|Mosha 2010,]] p.&#x20;23</ref> == Metswedi == qdxt46suw2w8v5ef2rtngcix3y4fv58 0 14599 53063 2026-07-24T07:50:43Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Ditshwanelo tsa setho mo Botswana #Wikipedia25BW 53063 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ditshwanelo tsa setho mo Botswana''' di sireleditswe ke molaomotheo. Pego ya ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi ya ditshwanelo tsa setho ya lephata la [[United States of America|United States]] la lefatshe e ne e supa gore ka kakaretso [[puso ya Botswana]] e tlotlile ditshwanelo tsa baagedi ba lefatshe leo.<ref name=":0">[https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/botswana/ "2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Botswana".] ''United States Department of State''. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> == Molaomotheo == [[Molaomotheo wa Botswana]] o bua ka ditshwanelo tsa setho di tshwana le kgololesego ya puo, kgololesego ya go kopana le tshwanelo ya botshelo.<ref>[https://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/ "Constitution of Botswana 1966 - Table of Contents".] Commonlii.org. 30 September 1966. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110930065523/http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/ Archived] from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> == Ditshwanelo tsa batho le sepolotiki == === Kgololesego ya polotiki === Lefatshe la Botswana le na le tsamaiso ya diphathi ya phathi e le nngwe ya boremelelo e mo go yone phathi ya [[Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e fentseng ditlhopho tsotlhe tsa palamente fa e sale ka boipuso go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bone.<ref>Somolekae, Gloria (1 January 2005). [https://africayouthportal.orgpublications/political-parties-in-botswana/ Political Parties in Botswana] (Report). Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa. p.&nbsp;6. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> [[Ditlhopho mo Botswana]] di kaiwa di gololesegile ebile di sena tsietso,<ref name=":1">[https://freedomhouse.org/country/botswana/freedom-world/2022 "Botswana: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report".] ''Freedom House''. Retrieved 24 July 2026.</ref><ref name=":0" /> ga go na dikganedi tsa molao kgatlhanong le diphathi tsa kganetso, mme diphathi tsa kganetso di ipelaetsa gore BDP e na le tshiamelo e e sa tlhamalalang ya ditlhopho fa e le mo setilong.<ref name=":1" /> === Puo le go ikaya === Bobegadikgang jwa Botswana bo bontsi ke jwa puso. Bobegadikgang jo bo ikemetseng bo etswe tlhoko thata, babegadikgang ba ba ikemetseng ba kile ba tshwarwa kgotsa ba sokasokiwa ke puso makgetho a le mantsi.<ref name=":1" /> Go roga lefatshe la Botswana, dikano tse di amanang le lone, kgotsa tona ope wa puso ga go ka fa molaong, ebile motho o o tlolang molao o o o lebisiwa molato.<ref name=":0" /> Kgololesego ya go kokoana e tshwanetse go letlelelwa le go tlhomamiswa ke puso pele.<ref name=":1" /> === Kotlhao le tsamaiso === Molaomotheo wa Botswana o itsa go tshwarwa mo go senang lebaka, batho ba ba tshwerweng ba tshwanelwa ke go emelwa ke ba molao. Bontsi jwa makgotla a molao a obamela dintlha tse, mme lekgotla la ditirelo tsa botlhale le tshireletso (DISS) le ne la tshwara batho ba ba ganetsang mo polotiking makgetho a ka nna mabedi ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bobedi. Puso e neeka motho thuso ya molao mafala fela fa e le molato wa polao. Dikgotlatshekelo tsa selegae ga di fe tshireletso ya molao e e tshwanang le tsa kgotlatshekelo ya puso, le ntswa di tlwaelesegile mo setshabeng.<ref name=":0" /> Go ikemela ga mohama wa molao go salwa morago.<ref name=":1" /> [[Botswana Defence Force|Sesole sa Botswana]] (BDF) se kgaletswe go nna dikgoka kgatlhanong le batho ba go belaelwang ba tsomela diphologolo tsa naga dinaka tsa tsone, go akaretsa taelo ya go thuntshetsa go bolaya wa ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le boraro go tsena ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabobedi.<ref name=":1" /> Diemo tsa [[dikgolegelo mo Botswana]] di fitlhelela diemo tsa mafatshefatshe, badisa dikgologelo ba lebisiwa melato ya diemo tse di kgatlhanong le setho. Puso ya Botswana e kgaletswe dikatlholo dingwe tsa yone di akaretsa polao ya motho o o bolaileng le go otlhaiwa ka thupa ke makgotla a ditshwanelo tsa setho.<ref name=":0" /> === Ditshwanelo tsa pereko === Tshwanelo ya go nna le lekgotla la boemedi e sireleditswe babereki botlhe kwa ntle ga mapodisi, masole le babereki ba dikgolegelo, ditirelo tsa makgotla a babereki di sireleditswe makgotla a a kwadisitsweng. Makgotla a a sa kwadisiwang ga a bone ditshireletso tse di tshwanang. Go gwanta go sireleditswe mehama yotlhe mo molaong kwa ntle ga wa difofane, botsogo, motlakase, metsi le kgopo leswe, molelo le ditirelo tse di laolang motsamao wa difofane, le ntswa dikiletso tse di maleba di diriwa gape megwanto e letlelelwa fela mo diemong di se kae.<ref name=":0" /> Puso e netefatsa letseno le le kwa tlase mo mothong mongwe le mongwe. Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bobedi, madi a ke dipula di supa, le dithebe di le masome mabedi le bobedi (0.56 ka dolara ya America) ka oura. Dioura tsa pereko di masome mane le borobabobedi la beke pele go ka tlhokiwa tuelo ya nako e e feteletseng.<ref name=":0" /> == Kgethololo == === Beng gae === Bontsi jwa [[Basarwa]] ba mo gae ba fudusitswe ka dikgoka mo lefatsheng la bone go isiwa kwa mafelong a a sireleditsweng. Go dira gore ba fuduge ba ne ba ilediwa go bona metsi mo lefatsheng la bone gape ba tshwarwa fa ba tsoma, mo e neng e le one motswedi mogolo wa dijo tsa bone.<ref name=":2">[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-24821867 "Botswana bushmen: Modern life is destroying us".] ''BBC News''. 7 January 2014. Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2026.</ref> Mafatshe a bone  a mo gare ga tshimo ya teemane e e humileng thata mo lefatsheng ka kakaretso. Puso e latotse semmuso gore go na le kamano ya go epa ditswammung ebile e supa fa phuduso e le go somarela diphologolo tsa naga le tokologo, le ntswa Basarwa ba nnile mo lefatsheng le go sena bothata bope jwa go fetsa diphologolo dingwaga di le dintsi.<ref name=":2" /> Kwa mafelong a tshireletso, ba sokola go bona tiro ebile nno tagi e kwa godimo thata.<ref name=":2" /> Ka Phatwe a le masome mabedi le bone ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabobedi, lekgotla la bobegadikgang jo bo faphegileng la [[United Nations General Assembly|UN]] la batho ba ba gatelelwang le ne la ntsha mokwalo o o neng o gwetlha lefatshe la Botswana go oketsa maiteko a go lemoga le go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa batho ba ba gatelelwang fa go tsena mo ditirelong tsa setshaba, lefatshee tiriso didirisiwa ga mmogo le tiriso ya diteme tse dipotlana mo thutong le mehama e mengwe ya botlhokwa.<ref name=":3">[https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2018/08/botswana-minorities-need-boost-education-and-health-care-says-un-expert "Botswana minorities need boost in education and health care, says UN expert urging Bill of Right".] United Nations. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> Ba ne ba kwala gape gore bana ba le bantsi ba merafe e e gayelelwang ba ba nnang kwa magaeng a a kgakala a lefatshe ba kgaogantswe le malwapa a bone ba patelesega go nna mo matlong a boroko a dikolo, gantsi di le dikhilomithara di le makgolo kgakala le magae a bone; ba ka tswa ba rutiwa ka puo e ba sa e bueng, ba na le batlhokomedi ba ba imeditsweng tiro ba ba sa itseng ngwao ya bone, gantsi ba tlhaela didirisiwa le kemo nokeng ya maikutlo. Tsela e e baka go kopana le ba bangwe mo go patelediwang mo go nang le ditlamorago tse di sa siamang mo tseleng e bana ba <ref name=":3" />dirang ka yone kwa sekolong, gantsi ba felele ba tswa mo sekolong, ka tlhwatlhwa e e e kwa godimo mo go bone le mo matshelong a bone. Ditsela tse di botoka tse di sa utlwiseng bana botlhoko ebile di sa kgoreletse matshelo a bone tsa thuto ya bana ba bogolojang ba bannye thata di tshwanetse go sekasekiwa tsa tsenngwa mo tirisong.<ref name=":3" /> O ne a tswelela ka gore fa e sale ka boipuso jwa lone ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borataro, lefatshe la Botswana ga le a dira gore merafe ya lone e mentsi e kgone go lemogiwa semmuso, kwa ntle ga Bayei le Basubiya. Fa godimo ga foo, le dirisa tsamaiso ya molao le puso e e gararo e go lebegang e neela merafe e e robangbobedi e e lemogiwang ke molaomotheo ya Batswana ditshwanelo le tshiamelo, ka kemedi kwa Ntlo ya Dikgosi le mo go eteleleng pele makgotla a botsamaisi.<ref name=":3" /> Go ya ka Varennes, le fa go ntse jalo, "lefatshe la Botswana le nnile le katlego mo tlhabologong ya itsholelo le mehama e mengwe e akaretsa thuto,kitso, kgololesego ya sedumedi, ntwa kgatlhanong le HIV/AIDS le tshenyetso setshaba,mme go le gontsi go santse go tshwanetse go direlwa ba ba palo potlana". === Ditshwanelo tsa batho ba ba ratanang ka bong bo bo tshwanang === Tsebe kgolo: [[Ditshwanelo tsa LGBTQ mo Botswana|'''''Ditshwanelo tsa LGBT mo Botswana''''']] Ditshwanelo tsa batho ba ba ratanang ka bong bo bo tshwanang ke kgang e go ngagisanwang ka yone thata mo Botswana, maloko a setshaba sa batho ba ba ratanang ka bong bo bo tshwanang gantsi ba a kgethololwa. Jaaka mafatshe a mantsi mo Aforika, lefatshe la Botswana le na le palo e ntsi ya batho ba ba kgatlhanong le go nna teng ga go ratana ka bong bo bo tshwanang mo kgaolong, ba go bona e le selo sa kwa bophirima. Lekgotla la [[LEGABIBO]] ke lone la ditshwanelo tsa batho bao mo Botswana fa e sale ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi.<ref>Selemogwe, Morekwe; White, Dale (2013). [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19359705.2013.793223 "An Overview of Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Issues in Botswana".] ''Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health''. '''17''' (4): 406–414. doi:[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19359705.2013.793223 10.1080/19359705.2013.793223]. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:1935-9705 1935-9705.]</ref><ref>Tabengwa, Monica; Nicol, Nancy (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315658017 "The development of sexual rights and the LGBTI movement in Botswana"]. In Lennox, Corinne; Waites, Matthew (eds.). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=MnOhnQEACAAJ&redir_esc=y Human Rights, Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in the Commonwealth: Struggles for Decriminalisation and Change]''. Human Rights Consortium, Institute of Commonwealth Studies. ISBN[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-9573548-8-3|&nbsp;<bdi>978-0-9573548-8-3</bdi>.]]</ref> Melao ya Botswana ya tlhakanelo dikobo ya mekgwa mengwe e ne ya boelwa morago ke kgotlatshekelo ya Botswana ka Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabongwe. Pele ga se, e ne e le tlolo molao go itse motho o mongwe ka tsela e e seng ya tlholego kgotsa tsela e e sa letlelesegeng.<ref>Fox, Kara (11 June 2019). [https://edition.cnn.com/2019/06/11/africa/botswana-lgbtq-ruling-intl/index.html "Botswana scraps gay sex laws in big victory for LGBTQ rights in Africa".] ''CNN''. Retrieved 24 July 2026.</ref> Mo katlholong eo gape, go ne ga lemogiwa gore tshireletso ya semolao mabapi le tlhakanelo dikobo e ama le gore motho o tlhakanela dikobo le batho bafe.<ref>Rickard, Carmel (13 June 2019). [https://africanlii.org/en/articles/2019-06-13/carmel-rickard/its-not-just-sex-sexual-orientation-discrimination-no-longer-allowed-by-botswanas-constitution "It's not just sex: sexual orientation discrimination no longer allowed by Botswana's constitution".] ''AfricanLII''. Retrieved 24 July 2026.</ref> Go ne ga diriwa molao wa gore ke tlolo molao go koba mmereki ka ntlha ya gore o tlhakanela dikobo le batho ba sebopego sefe ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome. [[Kgotlakgolo ya ditsheko ya Botswana|Kgotlatshekelo ya Botswana]] e ne ya atlhola gore batho ba ba fetotseng bong ba na le tshwanelo ya molaomotheo ya gore sesupo sa bone se lemogiwe ka fa molaong ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bosupa.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-botswana-transgender-court-idUSKBN1C91OW "Activists celebrate Botswana's transgender court victory".] ''Reuters''. 4 October 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2026.</ref><ref>Camminga, B (30 July 2020). [https://journals.northumbria.ac.uk/index.php/IJGSL/article/view/993 "One for one and one for all? Human rights and transgender access to legal gender recognition in Botswana".] ''International Journal of Gender, Sexuality and Law''. '''1''' (1). doi:[https://journals.northumbria.ac.uk/index.php/IJGSL/article/view/993 10.19164/ijgsl.v1i1.993]. ISSN&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:2056-3914 2056-3914.]</ref> === Ditshwanelo tsa basadi === Kgang ya ditshwanelo tsa basadi e ne e ile magoletsa ka dingwaga tsa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe, gantsi e supiwa e le nako e basadi ba simolotseng go bua ka yone. [[Emang Basadi]] e ne e le lekgotla le le neng le tlwaelesegile ka go buelela ditshwanelo tsa basadi ba Botswana ka nako eo, le itebagantse pele le go lwantsha melao e e neng e nyenyafatsa ditshwanelo tsa basadi morago le itebaganye ke thuto ya basadi. Lekgotla la Botswana la Caucus for Women in Politics le ne la tlhamiwa ke Emang Basadi ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le bosupa go tsaya maikarabelo a ditirelo tse, mme ga le a dir ditirelo tse dintsi jaaka lekgotla la pele.<ref name=":4">Bauer, Gretchen (2011)[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/african-studies-review/article/update-on-the-womens-movement-in-botswana-have-women-stopped-talking/B80545182FB8F7E1AD5B23AFF1E89E4E . "Update on the Women's Movement in Botswana: Have Women Stopped Talking?".] ''African Studies Review''. '''54''' (2): 23–46. doi:10.1353/arw.2011.0040. ISSN&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0002-0206 0002-0206.]</ref> [[Tsheko ya moatlhodimogolo kgatlhanong le Unity Dow]] e ne e le tsheko e e botlhokwa thata mo Botswana ya ditshwanelo tsa basadi, e mo go yone [[Unity Dow]] a neng a ema kgatlhanong le [[Molao wa setshaba wa Batswana|molao wa setshaba wa Botswana]] o o neng o letla boagedi go tsewa ka go sala morago lotso lwa ga rre fela.<ref name=":4" /> Lephata la dikgang tsa bomme ke lekgotla la puso le maikarabelo a lone e leng go rarabolola dikgang tse di amang bomme. Le kgadilwe ke balweladitshwanelo ba basadi go bo le sa dire tiro ya lone. Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le lesome, mafatshe a Botswana le [[Swaziland]] [[Eswatini|(Eswatini]] wa gompieno) e ne e le one fela mafatshe mo borwa jwa [[Aferika|Aforika]] a a neng a sena lekgotla le le buang ka dikgang tse di amang bomme mo lephateng.<ref name=":4" /> == Seemo sa ditso == Moalo o o latelang o supa maemo a Botswana fa e sale ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bobedi mo dipegong tsa kgololesego mo lefatsheng ka bophara, tse di gatisiwang ngwaga le ngwaga ke Freedom House. Letshwao la bongwe le supa "kgololesego", e seng go sa nne le kgololesego.<ref>[[:en:Freedom_House|Freedom House]] (2024). [["Country and Territory Ratings and Statuses, FIW 1973-2024"]] (XLS). Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Ngwaga !Ditshwanelo tsa sepolotiki !Kgololesego ya beng gae !Maemo !Tautona |- |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bobedi |boraro |bone |ba gololesegile bontlha bongwe |[[Seretse Khama]] |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le boraro |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Seretse Khama |- |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bone |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Seretse Khama |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le botlhano |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Seretse Khama |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borataro |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Seretse Khama |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bosupa |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Seretse Khama |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borobabobedi |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Seretse Khama |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borobabongwe |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Seretse Khama |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Seretse Khama |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le motso |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |[[Quett Masire]] |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bobedi |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le boraro |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bone |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le botlhano |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borataro |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bosupa |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borobabobedi |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe |bongwe |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe |bongwe |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le motso |bongwe |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bobedi |bongwe |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le boraro |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bone |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le botlhano |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borataro |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bosupa |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |[[Festus Mogae]] |- |Dikete pedi |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Festus Mogae |- |Dikete pedi le motso |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Festus Mogae |- |Dikete pedi le bobedi |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Festus Mogae |- |Dikete pedi le boraro |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Festus Mogae |- |Dikete pedi le bone |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Festus Mogae |- |Dikete pedi le botlhano |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Festus Mogae |- |Dikete pedi le borataro |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Festus Mogae |- |Dikete pedi le bosupa |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Festus Mogae |- |Dikete pedi le borobabobedi |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Festus Mogae |- |Dikete pedi le borobabongwe |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |[[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]] |- |Dikete pedi le lesome |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Ian Khama |- |Dikete pedi lesome le motso |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Ian Khama |- |Dikete pedi lesome le bobedi<ref>Freedom House (2013). [https://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%202013%20Booklet.pdf "Freedom in the World 2013: Democratic Breakthroughs in the Balance"] (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Ian Khama |- |Dikete pedi lesome le boraro<ref>Freedom House (2014). [https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW2014%20Booklet.pdf "Freedom in the World 2014"] (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 July 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Ian Khama |- |Dikete pedi lesome le bone<ref>Freedom House (2015). [https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/01152015_FIW_2015_final.pdf "Freedom in the World 2015"] (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Ian Khama |- |Dikete pedi lesome le botlhano |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Ian Khama |- |Dikete pedi lesome le borataro |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Ian Khama |- |Dikete pedi lesome le bosupa |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Ian Khama |- |Dikete pedi lesome le borobabobedi |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Ian Khama |- |Dikete pedi lesome le borobabongwe |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |[[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] |- |Dikete pedi le masome a mabedi |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Mokgweetsi Masisi |- |Dikete pedi le masome a mabedi le motso |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Mokgweetsi Masisi |- |Dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Mokgweetsi Masisi |- |Dikete pedi masome a mabedi le boraro |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Mokgweetsi Masisi |} == Ditumalano le mafatshe a mangwe == Lefatshe la Botswana le eme jaan mo ditumalanong tsa ditshwanelo tsa setho le mafatshe a mangwe: {| class="wikitable" |+ !Tumalano !Lekgotla !E simolotswe !E beilwe monwana !E fetotswe |- |Bokopano jwa thibelo le kotlhao ya go tlola molao wa kganyaolo<ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121020233944/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-1&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 1. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Paris, 9 December 1948"]. Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete, amkgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le borobabobedi | - | - |- |Bokopano jwa mafatshefatshe jwa go fedisa mekgwa yotlhe ya tlhaolele ya lotso<ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110211223019/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-2&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 2. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. New York, 7 March 1966".] Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borataro | - |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bone |- |Bokopano jwa mafatshefatshe jwa ditshwanelo tsa itsholelo, matshelo le ngwao<ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120917040858/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 16 December 1966".] Archived from the original on 17 September 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borataro | - | - |- |Bokopano jwa mafatshefatshe jwa ditshwanelo tsa selegae le polotiki<ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100901184638/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 4. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966"]. Archived from the original on 1 September 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borataro |Dikete pedi |Dikete pedi |- |Tsamaiso ya ntlha e e itlhophelwang ya bokopano jwa mafatshefatshe jwa ditshwanelo tsa matshelo le polotiki<ref>United Nations. [https://treaties.un.org/Pages/PageNotFound.aspx "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 5. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966".] Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borobabobedi | - | - |- |Bokopano jwa go tlhaela ga melao ya tlolo molao ya ntwa le kgatlhanong le setho<ref>United Nations. [https://treaties.un.org/Pages/PageNotFound.aspx "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 6. Convention on the non-applicability of statutory limitations to war crimes and crimes against humanity. New York, 26 November 1968".] Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le boraro | - | - |- |Bokopano jwa mafatshefatshe jwa kgatelelo le kotlhao ya tlolo molao ya puso ya tlhaolele<ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120718122932/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-7&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 7. International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid. New York, 30 November 1973".] Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borobabongwe | - |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borataro |- |Bokopano jwa go fedisa kgethololo ya basadi<ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120823144158/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 18 December 1979".] Archived from the original on 23 August 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bone |Dikete pedi |Dikete pedi |- |Bokopano kgatlhanong le pogiso le mekgwa e mengwe ya kotlhao e e setlhogo, e le kgatlhanong le setho kgotsa e nyenyafatsa <ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20101108052518/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-9&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 9. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. New York, 10 December 1984".] Archived from the original on 8 November 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2026.</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe | - |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le botlhano |- |Bokopano jwa ditshwanelo tsa ngwana<ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140211151110/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11. Convention on the Rights of the Child. New York, 20 November 1989".] Archived from the original on 11 February 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe | - | - |- |Tsamaiso ya bobedi e e itlhophelwang ya bokopano jwa mafatshefatshe jwa disthwanelo tsa botshelo le polotiki, ka maikaelelo a go emisa katlholelo loso<ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121020234014/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-12&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 12. Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty. New York, 15 December 1989".] Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe | - | - |- |Bokopano jwa mafatshefatshe jwa pabalelo ya ditshwanelo tsa babereki ba batswakwa le maloko a malwapa a bone<ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120825222904/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-13&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 13. International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families. New York, 18 December 1990".] Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe | - |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |Tsamaiso e e itlhophetsweng ya bokopano jwa go emisa mekgwa yotlhe ya kgethololo basadi<ref>United Nations. [https://treaties.un.org/Pages/PageNotFound.aspx "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 6 October 1999".] Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi le boraro |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bone |- |Tsamaiso e e itlhophetsweng ya bokopano jwa ditshwanelo tsa ngwana mo go akaretseng bana mo ntweng ya dibetsa<ref>United Nations. [https://treaties.un.org/Pages/PageNotFound.aspx "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict. New York, 25 May 2000".] Archived from the original on 25 April 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi | - |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi le boraro |- |Tsamaiso e e itlhophetsweng ya bokopano jwa ditshwanelo tsa ngwana mo thekisong ya bana, go dirisa bana go gweba ka mmele le go supa bana ba dirisiwa botlhaswa mo ditshwantshong tsa motshikinyego<ref>United Nations. [https://treaties.un.org/Pages/PageNotFound.aspx "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11c. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. New York, 25 May 2000"]. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro | - | - |- |Bokopano jwa ditshwanelo tsa batho ba ba tshelang ka bogole<ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120819033725/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006".] Archived from the original on 19 August 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro | - | - |- |Tsamaiso e e itlhophetsweng ya bokopano jwa ditshwanelo tsa batho ba ba tshelang ka bogole<ref>United Nations. [https://treaties.un.org/Pages/PageNotFound.aspx "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 16. International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance. New York, 20 December 2006".] Archived from the original on 21 August 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro | - | - |- |Tsamaiso e e itlhophetsweng ya bokopano jwa mafatshefatshe jwa ditshwanelo tsa itsholelo, botshelo le ngwao<ref>United Nations. [https://treaties.un.org/Pages/PageNotFound.aspx "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3a. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 10 December 2008".] Archived from the original on 24 September 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi | - | - |- |Tsamaiso e e itlhophelwang ya bokopano jwa ditshwanelo tsa ngwana mo tsamaisong ya ditlhaeletsanyo<ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120825214748/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-d&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11d. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a communications procedure . New York, 19 December 2011. New York, 10 December 2008".] Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le motso | - | - |} == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Ditshwanelo tsa LGBTQ mo Botswana]] == Dintlha == * Ela tlhoko gore "Ngwaga" o supa ngwaga o o akareditsweng. Ka jalo dinltha tsa ngwaga o o tshwaelweng ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi di tswa mo pegong e e gatisitsweng ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabongwe jalo jalo. * Ka Firikgong a rogwa * pego ya ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bobedi o akaretsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le motso le setlha sa ntlha sa ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bobedi, pego e e latelang ya ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bone e akaretsa setlha sa bobedi sa ngwaga wa sekete, amkgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bobedi le ngwaga otlhe wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le boraro. Go tlhofofatsa, dipego tse pedi tse tsa ngwaga le sephatlo di kgaogantswe go nna dipego tsa dingwaga di le tharo ka boleele. == Metswedi == m999cvptvayhp5mcx8nujhm6lkt5mmo 53064 53063 2026-07-24T07:56:55Z JudithShe 9421 53064 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ditshwanelo tsa setho mo Botswana''' di sireleditswe ke molaomotheo. Pego ya ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi ya ditshwanelo tsa setho ya lephata la [[United States of America|United States]] la lefatshe e ne e supa gore ka kakaretso [[puso ya Botswana]] e tlotlile ditshwanelo tsa baagedi ba lefatshe leo.<ref name=":0">[https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/botswana/ "2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Botswana".] ''United States Department of State''. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> == Molaomotheo == [[Molaomotheo wa Botswana]] o bua ka ditshwanelo tsa setho di tshwana le kgololesego ya puo, kgololesego ya go kopana le tshwanelo ya botshelo.<ref>[https://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/ "Constitution of Botswana 1966 - Table of Contents".] Commonlii.org. 30 September 1966. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110930065523/http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/ Archived] from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> == Ditshwanelo tsa batho le sepolotiki == === Kgololesego ya polotiki === Lefatshe la Botswana le na le tsamaiso ya diphathi ya phathi e le nngwe ya boremelelo e mo go yone phathi ya [[Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e fentseng ditlhopho tsotlhe tsa palamente fa e sale ka boipuso go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bone.<ref>Somolekae, Gloria (1 January 2005). [https://africayouthportal.orgpublications/political-parties-in-botswana/ Political Parties in Botswana] (Report). Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa. p.&nbsp;6. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> [[Ditlhopho mo Botswana]] di kaiwa di gololesegile ebile di sena tsietso,<ref name=":1">[https://freedomhouse.org/country/botswana/freedom-world/2022 "Botswana: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report".] ''Freedom House''. Retrieved 24 July 2026.</ref><ref name=":0" /> ga go na dikganedi tsa molao kgatlhanong le diphathi tsa kganetso, mme diphathi tsa kganetso di ipelaetsa gore BDP e na le tshiamelo e e sa tlhamalalang ya ditlhopho fa e le mo setilong.<ref name=":1" /> === Puo le go ikaya === Bobegadikgang jwa Botswana bo bontsi ke jwa puso. Bobegadikgang jo bo ikemetseng bo etswe tlhoko thata, babegadikgang ba ba ikemetseng ba kile ba tshwarwa kgotsa ba sokasokiwa ke puso makgetho a le mantsi.<ref name=":1" /> Go roga lefatshe la Botswana, dikano tse di amanang le lone, kgotsa tona ope wa puso ga go ka fa molaong, ebile motho o o tlolang molao o o o lebisiwa molato.<ref name=":0" /> Kgololesego ya go kokoana e tshwanetse go letlelelwa le go tlhomamiswa ke puso pele.<ref name=":1" /> === Kotlhao le tsamaiso === Molaomotheo wa Botswana o itsa go tshwarwa mo go senang lebaka, batho ba ba tshwerweng ba tshwanelwa ke go emelwa ke ba molao. Bontsi jwa makgotla a molao a obamela dintlha tse, mme lekgotla la ditirelo tsa botlhale le tshireletso (DISS) le ne la tshwara batho ba ba ganetsang mo polotiking makgetho a ka nna mabedi ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bobedi. Puso e neeka motho thuso ya molao mafala fela fa e le molato wa polao. Dikgotlatshekelo tsa selegae ga di fe tshireletso ya molao e e tshwanang le tsa kgotlatshekelo ya puso, le ntswa di tlwaelesegile mo setshabeng.<ref name=":0" /> Go ikemela ga mohama wa molao go salwa morago.<ref name=":1" /> [[Botswana Defence Force|Sesole sa Botswana]] (BDF) se kgaletswe go nna dikgoka kgatlhanong le batho ba go belaelwang ba tsomela diphologolo tsa naga dinaka tsa tsone, go akaretsa taelo ya go thuntshetsa go bolaya wa ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le boraro go tsena ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabobedi.<ref name=":1" /> Diemo tsa [[dikgolegelo mo Botswana]] di fitlhelela diemo tsa mafatshefatshe, badisa dikgologelo ba lebisiwa melato ya diemo tse di kgatlhanong le setho. Puso ya Botswana e kgaletswe dikatlholo dingwe tsa yone di akaretsa polao ya motho o o bolaileng le go otlhaiwa ka thupa ke makgotla a ditshwanelo tsa setho.<ref name=":0" /> === Ditshwanelo tsa pereko === Tshwanelo ya go nna le lekgotla la boemedi e sireleditswe babereki botlhe kwa ntle ga mapodisi, masole le babereki ba dikgolegelo, ditirelo tsa makgotla a babereki di sireleditswe makgotla a a kwadisitsweng. Makgotla a a sa kwadisiwang ga a bone ditshireletso tse di tshwanang. Go gwanta go sireleditswe mehama yotlhe mo molaong kwa ntle ga wa difofane, botsogo, motlakase, metsi le kgopo leswe, molelo le ditirelo tse di laolang motsamao wa difofane, le ntswa dikiletso tse di maleba di diriwa gape megwanto e letlelelwa fela mo diemong di se kae.<ref name=":0" /> Puso e netefatsa letseno le le kwa tlase mo mothong mongwe le mongwe. Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bobedi, madi a ke dipula di supa, le dithebe di le masome mabedi le bobedi (0.56 ka dolara ya America) ka oura. Dioura tsa pereko di masome mane le borobabobedi la beke pele go ka tlhokiwa tuelo ya nako e e feteletseng.<ref name=":0" /> == Kgethololo == === Beng gae === Bontsi jwa [[Basarwa]] ba mo gae ba fudusitswe ka dikgoka mo lefatsheng la bone go isiwa kwa mafelong a a sireleditsweng. Go dira gore ba fuduge ba ne ba ilediwa go bona metsi mo lefatsheng la bone gape ba tshwarwa fa ba tsoma, mo e neng e le one motswedi mogolo wa dijo tsa bone.<ref name=":2">[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-24821867 "Botswana bushmen: Modern life is destroying us".] ''BBC News''. 7 January 2014. Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2026.</ref> Mafatshe a bone  a mo gare ga tshimo ya teemane e e humileng thata mo lefatsheng ka kakaretso. Puso e latotse semmuso gore go na le kamano ya go epa ditswammung ebile e supa fa phuduso e le go somarela diphologolo tsa naga le tokologo, le ntswa Basarwa ba nnile mo lefatsheng le go sena bothata bope jwa go fetsa diphologolo dingwaga di le dintsi.<ref name=":2" /> Kwa mafelong a tshireletso, ba sokola go bona tiro ebile nno tagi e kwa godimo thata.<ref name=":2" /> Ka Phatwe a le masome mabedi le bone ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabobedi, lekgotla la bobegadikgang jo bo faphegileng la [[United Nations General Assembly|UN]] la batho ba ba gatelelwang le ne la ntsha mokwalo o o neng o gwetlha lefatshe la Botswana go oketsa maiteko a go lemoga le go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa batho ba ba gatelelwang fa go tsena mo ditirelong tsa setshaba, lefatshee tiriso didirisiwa ga mmogo le tiriso ya diteme tse dipotlana mo thutong le mehama e mengwe ya botlhokwa.<ref name=":3">[https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2018/08/botswana-minorities-need-boost-education-and-health-care-says-un-expert "Botswana minorities need boost in education and health care, says UN expert urging Bill of Right".] United Nations. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> Ba ne ba kwala gape gore bana ba le bantsi ba merafe e e gayelelwang ba ba nnang kwa magaeng a a kgakala a lefatshe ba kgaogantswe le malwapa a bone ba patelesega go nna mo matlong a boroko a dikolo, gantsi di le dikhilomithara di le makgolo kgakala le magae a bone; ba ka tswa ba rutiwa ka puo e ba sa e bueng, ba na le batlhokomedi ba ba imeditsweng tiro ba ba sa itseng ngwao ya bone, gantsi ba tlhaela didirisiwa le kemo nokeng ya maikutlo. Tsela e e baka go kopana le ba bangwe mo go patelediwang mo go nang le ditlamorago tse di sa siamang mo tseleng e bana ba <ref name=":3" />dirang ka yone kwa sekolong, gantsi ba felele ba tswa mo sekolong, ka tlhwatlhwa e e e kwa godimo mo go bone le mo matshelong a bone. Ditsela tse di botoka tse di sa utlwiseng bana botlhoko ebile di sa kgoreletse matshelo a bone tsa thuto ya bana ba bogolojang ba bannye thata di tshwanetse go sekasekiwa tsa tsenngwa mo tirisong.<ref name=":3" /> O ne a tswelela ka gore fa e sale ka boipuso jwa lone ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borataro, lefatshe la Botswana ga le a dira gore merafe ya lone e mentsi e kgone go lemogiwa semmuso, kwa ntle ga Bayei le Basubiya. Fa godimo ga foo, le dirisa tsamaiso ya molao le puso e e gararo e go lebegang e neela merafe e e robangbobedi e e lemogiwang ke molaomotheo ya Batswana ditshwanelo le tshiamelo, ka kemedi kwa Ntlo ya Dikgosi le mo go eteleleng pele makgotla a botsamaisi.<ref name=":3" /> Go ya ka Varennes, le fa go ntse jalo, "lefatshe la Botswana le nnile le katlego mo tlhabologong ya itsholelo le mehama e mengwe e akaretsa thuto,kitso, kgololesego ya sedumedi, ntwa kgatlhanong le HIV/AIDS le tshenyetso setshaba,mme go le gontsi go santse go tshwanetse go direlwa ba ba palo potlana". === Ditshwanelo tsa batho ba ba ratanang ka bong bo bo tshwanang === Tsebe kgolo: [[Ditshwanelo tsa LGBTQ mo Botswana|'''''Ditshwanelo tsa LGBT mo Botswana''''']] Ditshwanelo tsa batho ba ba ratanang ka bong bo bo tshwanang ke kgang e go ngagisanwang ka yone thata mo Botswana, maloko a setshaba sa batho ba ba ratanang ka bong bo bo tshwanang gantsi ba a kgethololwa. Jaaka mafatshe a mantsi mo Aforika, lefatshe la Botswana le na le palo e ntsi ya batho ba ba kgatlhanong le go nna teng ga go ratana ka bong bo bo tshwanang mo kgaolong, ba go bona e le selo sa kwa bophirima. Lekgotla la [[LEGABIBO]] ke lone la ditshwanelo tsa batho bao mo Botswana fa e sale ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi.<ref>Selemogwe, Morekwe; White, Dale (2013). [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19359705.2013.793223 "An Overview of Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Issues in Botswana".] ''Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health''. '''17''' (4): 406–414. doi:[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19359705.2013.793223 10.1080/19359705.2013.793223]. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:1935-9705 1935-9705.]</ref><ref>Tabengwa, Monica; Nicol, Nancy (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315658017 "The development of sexual rights and the LGBTI movement in Botswana"]. In Lennox, Corinne; Waites, Matthew (eds.). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=MnOhnQEACAAJ&redir_esc=y Human Rights, Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in the Commonwealth: Struggles for Decriminalisation and Change]''. Human Rights Consortium, Institute of Commonwealth Studies. ISBN[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-9573548-8-3|&nbsp;<bdi>978-0-9573548-8-3</bdi>.]]</ref> Melao ya Botswana ya tlhakanelo dikobo ya mekgwa mengwe e ne ya boelwa morago ke kgotlatshekelo ya Botswana ka Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabongwe. Pele ga se, e ne e le tlolo molao go itse motho o mongwe ka tsela e e seng ya tlholego kgotsa tsela e e sa letlelesegeng.<ref>Fox, Kara (11 June 2019). [https://edition.cnn.com/2019/06/11/africa/botswana-lgbtq-ruling-intl/index.html "Botswana scraps gay sex laws in big victory for LGBTQ rights in Africa".] ''CNN''. Retrieved 24 July 2026.</ref> Mo katlholong eo gape, go ne ga lemogiwa gore tshireletso ya semolao mabapi le tlhakanelo dikobo e ama le gore motho o tlhakanela dikobo le batho bafe.<ref>Rickard, Carmel (13 June 2019). [https://africanlii.org/en/articles/2019-06-13/carmel-rickard/its-not-just-sex-sexual-orientation-discrimination-no-longer-allowed-by-botswanas-constitution "It's not just sex: sexual orientation discrimination no longer allowed by Botswana's constitution".] ''AfricanLII''. Retrieved 24 July 2026.</ref> Go ne ga diriwa molao wa gore ke tlolo molao go koba mmereki ka ntlha ya gore o tlhakanela dikobo le batho ba sebopego sefe ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome. [[Kgotlakgolo ya ditsheko ya Botswana|Kgotlatshekelo ya Botswana]] e ne ya atlhola gore batho ba ba fetotseng bong ba na le tshwanelo ya molaomotheo ya gore sesupo sa bone se lemogiwe ka fa molaong ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bosupa.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-botswana-transgender-court-idUSKBN1C91OW "Activists celebrate Botswana's transgender court victory".] ''Reuters''. 4 October 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2026.</ref><ref>Camminga, B (30 July 2020). [https://journals.northumbria.ac.uk/index.php/IJGSL/article/view/993 "One for one and one for all? Human rights and transgender access to legal gender recognition in Botswana".] ''International Journal of Gender, Sexuality and Law''. '''1''' (1). doi:[https://journals.northumbria.ac.uk/index.php/IJGSL/article/view/993 10.19164/ijgsl.v1i1.993]. ISSN&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:2056-3914 2056-3914.]</ref> === Ditshwanelo tsa basadi === Kgang ya ditshwanelo tsa basadi e ne e ile magoletsa ka dingwaga tsa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe, gantsi e supiwa e le nako e basadi ba simolotseng go bua ka yone. [[Emang Basadi]] e ne e le lekgotla le le neng le tlwaelesegile ka go buelela ditshwanelo tsa basadi ba Botswana ka nako eo, le itebagantse pele le go lwantsha melao e e neng e nyenyafatsa ditshwanelo tsa basadi morago le itebaganye ke thuto ya basadi. Lekgotla la Botswana la Caucus for Women in Politics le ne la tlhamiwa ke Emang Basadi ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le bosupa go tsaya maikarabelo a ditirelo tse, mme ga le a dir ditirelo tse dintsi jaaka lekgotla la pele.<ref name=":4">Bauer, Gretchen (2011)[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/african-studies-review/article/update-on-the-womens-movement-in-botswana-have-women-stopped-talking/B80545182FB8F7E1AD5B23AFF1E89E4E . "Update on the Women's Movement in Botswana: Have Women Stopped Talking?".] ''African Studies Review''. '''54''' (2): 23–46. doi:10.1353/arw.2011.0040. ISSN&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0002-0206 0002-0206.]</ref> [[Tsheko ya moatlhodimogolo kgatlhanong le Unity Dow]] e ne e le tsheko e e botlhokwa thata mo Botswana ya ditshwanelo tsa basadi, e mo go yone [[Unity Dow]] a neng a ema kgatlhanong le [[Molao wa setshaba wa Batswana|molao wa setshaba wa Botswana]] o o neng o letla boagedi go tsewa ka go sala morago lotso lwa ga rre fela.<ref name=":4" /> Lephata la dikgang tsa bomme ke lekgotla la puso le maikarabelo a lone e leng go rarabolola dikgang tse di amang bomme. Le kgadilwe ke balweladitshwanelo ba basadi go bo le sa dire tiro ya lone. Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le lesome, mafatshe a Botswana le [[Swaziland]] [[Eswatini|(Eswatini]] wa gompieno) e ne e le one fela mafatshe mo borwa jwa [[Aferika|Aforika]] a a neng a sena lekgotla le le buang ka dikgang tse di amang bomme mo lephateng.<ref name=":4" /> == Seemo sa ditso == Moalo o o latelang o supa maemo a Botswana fa e sale ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bobedi mo dipegong tsa kgololesego mo lefatsheng ka bophara, tse di gatisiwang ngwaga le ngwaga ke Freedom House. Letshwao la bongwe le supa "kgololesego", e seng go sa nne le kgololesego.<ref>[[:en:Freedom_House|Freedom House]] (2024). [["Country and Territory Ratings and Statuses, FIW 1973-2024"]] (XLS). Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref>{{efn|Ela tlhoko gore "Ngwaga" o supa ngwaga o o akareditsweng. Ka jalo dinltha tsa ngwaga o o tshwaelweng ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi di tswa mo pegong e e gatisitsweng ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabongwe jalo jalo.}} {| class="wikitable" |+ !Ngwaga !Ditshwanelo tsa sepolotiki !Kgololesego ya beng gae !Maemo !Tautona {{efn|Ka Firikgong a rogwa.}} |- |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bobedi |boraro |bone |ba gololesegile bontlha bongwe |[[Seretse Khama]] |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le boraro |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Seretse Khama |- |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bone |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Seretse Khama |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le botlhano |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Seretse Khama |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borataro |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Seretse Khama |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bosupa |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Seretse Khama |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borobabobedi |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Seretse Khama |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borobabongwe |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Seretse Khama |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Seretse Khama |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le motso |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |[[Quett Masire]] |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bobedi |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le boraro |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bone |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le botlhano |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borataro |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bosupa |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borobabobedi |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe |bongwe |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe |bongwe |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le motso |bongwe |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bobedi |bongwe |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le boraro |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bone |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le botlhano |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borataro |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bosupa |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |[[Festus Mogae]] |- |Dikete pedi |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Festus Mogae |- |Dikete pedi le motso |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Festus Mogae |- |Dikete pedi le bobedi |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Festus Mogae |- |Dikete pedi le boraro |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Festus Mogae |- |Dikete pedi le bone |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Festus Mogae |- |Dikete pedi le botlhano |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Festus Mogae |- |Dikete pedi le borataro |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Festus Mogae |- |Dikete pedi le bosupa |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Festus Mogae |- |Dikete pedi le borobabobedi |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Festus Mogae |- |Dikete pedi le borobabongwe |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |[[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]] |- |Dikete pedi le lesome |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Ian Khama |- |Dikete pedi lesome le motso |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Ian Khama |- |Dikete pedi lesome le bobedi<ref>Freedom House (2013). [https://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%202013%20Booklet.pdf "Freedom in the World 2013: Democratic Breakthroughs in the Balance"] (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Ian Khama |- |Dikete pedi lesome le boraro<ref>Freedom House (2014). [https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW2014%20Booklet.pdf "Freedom in the World 2014"] (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 July 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Ian Khama |- |Dikete pedi lesome le bone<ref>Freedom House (2015). [https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/01152015_FIW_2015_final.pdf "Freedom in the World 2015"] (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Ian Khama |- |Dikete pedi lesome le botlhano |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Ian Khama |- |Dikete pedi lesome le borataro |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Ian Khama |- |Dikete pedi lesome le bosupa |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Ian Khama |- |Dikete pedi lesome le borobabobedi |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Ian Khama |- |Dikete pedi lesome le borobabongwe |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |[[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] |- |Dikete pedi le masome a mabedi |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Mokgweetsi Masisi |- |Dikete pedi le masome a mabedi le motso |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Mokgweetsi Masisi |- |Dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Mokgweetsi Masisi |- |Dikete pedi masome a mabedi le boraro |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Mokgweetsi Masisi |} == Ditumalano le mafatshe a mangwe == Lefatshe la Botswana le eme jaan mo ditumalanong tsa ditshwanelo tsa setho le mafatshe a mangwe: {| class="wikitable" |+ !Tumalano !Lekgotla !E simolotswe !E beilwe monwana !E fetotswe |- |Bokopano jwa thibelo le kotlhao ya go tlola molao wa kganyaolo<ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121020233944/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-1&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 1. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Paris, 9 December 1948"]. Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete, amkgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le borobabobedi | - | - |- |Bokopano jwa mafatshefatshe jwa go fedisa mekgwa yotlhe ya tlhaolele ya lotso<ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110211223019/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-2&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 2. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. New York, 7 March 1966".] Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borataro | - |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bone |- |Bokopano jwa mafatshefatshe jwa ditshwanelo tsa itsholelo, matshelo le ngwao<ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120917040858/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 16 December 1966".] Archived from the original on 17 September 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borataro | - | - |- |Bokopano jwa mafatshefatshe jwa ditshwanelo tsa selegae le polotiki<ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100901184638/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 4. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966"]. Archived from the original on 1 September 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borataro |Dikete pedi |Dikete pedi |- |Tsamaiso ya ntlha e e itlhophelwang ya bokopano jwa mafatshefatshe jwa ditshwanelo tsa matshelo le polotiki<ref>United Nations. [https://treaties.un.org/Pages/PageNotFound.aspx "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 5. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966".] Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borobabobedi | - | - |- |Bokopano jwa go tlhaela ga melao ya tlolo molao ya ntwa le kgatlhanong le setho<ref>United Nations. [https://treaties.un.org/Pages/PageNotFound.aspx "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 6. Convention on the non-applicability of statutory limitations to war crimes and crimes against humanity. New York, 26 November 1968".] Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le boraro | - | - |- |Bokopano jwa mafatshefatshe jwa kgatelelo le kotlhao ya tlolo molao ya puso ya tlhaolele<ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120718122932/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-7&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 7. International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid. New York, 30 November 1973".] Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borobabongwe | - |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borataro |- |Bokopano jwa go fedisa kgethololo ya basadi<ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120823144158/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 18 December 1979".] Archived from the original on 23 August 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bone |Dikete pedi |Dikete pedi |- |Bokopano kgatlhanong le pogiso le mekgwa e mengwe ya kotlhao e e setlhogo, e le kgatlhanong le setho kgotsa e nyenyafatsa <ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20101108052518/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-9&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 9. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. New York, 10 December 1984".] Archived from the original on 8 November 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2026.</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe | - |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le botlhano |- |Bokopano jwa ditshwanelo tsa ngwana<ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140211151110/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11. Convention on the Rights of the Child. New York, 20 November 1989".] Archived from the original on 11 February 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe | - | - |- |Tsamaiso ya bobedi e e itlhophelwang ya bokopano jwa mafatshefatshe jwa disthwanelo tsa botshelo le polotiki, ka maikaelelo a go emisa katlholelo loso<ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121020234014/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-12&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 12. Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty. New York, 15 December 1989".] Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe | - | - |- |Bokopano jwa mafatshefatshe jwa pabalelo ya ditshwanelo tsa babereki ba batswakwa le maloko a malwapa a bone<ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120825222904/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-13&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 13. International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families. New York, 18 December 1990".] Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe | - |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |Tsamaiso e e itlhophetsweng ya bokopano jwa go emisa mekgwa yotlhe ya kgethololo basadi<ref>United Nations. [https://treaties.un.org/Pages/PageNotFound.aspx "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 6 October 1999".] Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi le boraro |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bone |- |Tsamaiso e e itlhophetsweng ya bokopano jwa ditshwanelo tsa ngwana mo go akaretseng bana mo ntweng ya dibetsa<ref>United Nations. [https://treaties.un.org/Pages/PageNotFound.aspx "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict. New York, 25 May 2000".] Archived from the original on 25 April 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi | - |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi le boraro |- |Tsamaiso e e itlhophetsweng ya bokopano jwa ditshwanelo tsa ngwana mo thekisong ya bana, go dirisa bana go gweba ka mmele le go supa bana ba dirisiwa botlhaswa mo ditshwantshong tsa motshikinyego<ref>United Nations. [https://treaties.un.org/Pages/PageNotFound.aspx "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11c. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. New York, 25 May 2000"]. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro | - | - |- |Bokopano jwa ditshwanelo tsa batho ba ba tshelang ka bogole<ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120819033725/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006".] Archived from the original on 19 August 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro | - | - |- |Tsamaiso e e itlhophetsweng ya bokopano jwa ditshwanelo tsa batho ba ba tshelang ka bogole<ref>United Nations. [https://treaties.un.org/Pages/PageNotFound.aspx "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 16. International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance. New York, 20 December 2006".] Archived from the original on 21 August 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro | - | - |- |Tsamaiso e e itlhophetsweng ya bokopano jwa mafatshefatshe jwa ditshwanelo tsa itsholelo, botshelo le ngwao<ref>United Nations. [https://treaties.un.org/Pages/PageNotFound.aspx "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3a. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 10 December 2008".] Archived from the original on 24 September 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi | - | - |- |Tsamaiso e e itlhophelwang ya bokopano jwa ditshwanelo tsa ngwana mo tsamaisong ya ditlhaeletsanyo<ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120825214748/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-d&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11d. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a communications procedure . New York, 19 December 2011. New York, 10 December 2008".] Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le motso | - | - |} == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Ditshwanelo tsa LGBTQ mo Botswana]] == Dintlha == * Ela tlhoko gore "Ngwaga" o supa ngwaga o o akareditsweng. Ka jalo dinltha tsa ngwaga o o tshwaelweng ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi di tswa mo pegong e e gatisitsweng ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabongwe jalo jalo. * Ka Firikgong a rogwa * pego ya ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bobedi o akaretsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le motso le setlha sa ntlha sa ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bobedi, pego e e latelang ya ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bone e akaretsa setlha sa bobedi sa ngwaga wa sekete, amkgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bobedi le ngwaga otlhe wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le boraro. Go tlhofofatsa, dipego tse pedi tse tsa ngwaga le sephatlo di kgaogantswe go nna dipego tsa dingwaga di le tharo ka boleele. == Metswedi == 1lqou83vt7pqptgzpdcfpax41nwbn5i 53065 53064 2026-07-24T08:05:21Z JudithShe 9421 Ke okeditse thanolo le go tsenya dintlha tsa tsebe e #Wikipedia25BW 53065 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ditshwanelo tsa setho mo Botswana''' di sireleditswe ke molaomotheo. Pego ya ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi ya ditshwanelo tsa setho ya lephata la [[United States of America|United States]] la lefatshe e ne e supa gore ka kakaretso [[puso ya Botswana]] e tlotlile ditshwanelo tsa baagedi ba lefatshe leo.<ref name=":0">[https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/botswana/ "2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Botswana".] ''United States Department of State''. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> == Molaomotheo == [[Molaomotheo wa Botswana]] o bua ka ditshwanelo tsa setho di tshwana le kgololesego ya puo, kgololesego ya go kopana le tshwanelo ya botshelo.<ref>[https://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/ "Constitution of Botswana 1966 - Table of Contents".] Commonlii.org. 30 September 1966. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110930065523/http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/ Archived] from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> == Ditshwanelo tsa batho le sepolotiki == === Kgololesego ya polotiki === Lefatshe la Botswana le na le tsamaiso ya diphathi ya phathi e le nngwe ya boremelelo e mo go yone phathi ya [[Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e fentseng ditlhopho tsotlhe tsa palamente fa e sale ka boipuso go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bone.<ref>Somolekae, Gloria (1 January 2005). [https://africayouthportal.orgpublications/political-parties-in-botswana/ Political Parties in Botswana] (Report). Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa. p.&nbsp;6. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> [[Ditlhopho mo Botswana]] di kaiwa di gololesegile ebile di sena tsietso,<ref name=":1">[https://freedomhouse.org/country/botswana/freedom-world/2022 "Botswana: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report".] ''Freedom House''. Retrieved 24 July 2026.</ref><ref name=":0" /> ga go na dikganedi tsa molao kgatlhanong le diphathi tsa kganetso, mme diphathi tsa kganetso di ipelaetsa gore BDP e na le tshiamelo e e sa tlhamalalang ya ditlhopho fa e le mo setilong.<ref name=":1" /> === Puo le go ikaya === Bobegadikgang jwa Botswana bo bontsi ke jwa puso. Bobegadikgang jo bo ikemetseng bo etswe tlhoko thata, babegadikgang ba ba ikemetseng ba kile ba tshwarwa kgotsa ba sokasokiwa ke puso makgetho a le mantsi.<ref name=":1" /> Go roga lefatshe la Botswana, dikano tse di amanang le lone, kgotsa tona ope wa puso ga go ka fa molaong, ebile motho o o tlolang molao o o o lebisiwa molato.<ref name=":0" /> Kgololesego ya go kokoana e tshwanetse go letlelelwa le go tlhomamiswa ke puso pele.<ref name=":1" /> === Kotlhao le tsamaiso === Molaomotheo wa Botswana o itsa go tshwarwa mo go senang lebaka, batho ba ba tshwerweng ba tshwanelwa ke go emelwa ke ba molao. Bontsi jwa makgotla a molao a obamela dintlha tse, mme lekgotla la ditirelo tsa botlhale le tshireletso (DISS) le ne la tshwara batho ba ba ganetsang mo polotiking makgetho a ka nna mabedi ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bobedi. Puso e neeka motho thuso ya molao mafala fela fa e le molato wa polao. Dikgotlatshekelo tsa selegae ga di fe tshireletso ya molao e e tshwanang le tsa kgotlatshekelo ya puso, le ntswa di tlwaelesegile mo setshabeng.<ref name=":0" /> Go ikemela ga mohama wa molao go salwa morago.<ref name=":1" /> [[Botswana Defence Force|Sesole sa Botswana]] (BDF) se kgaletswe go nna dikgoka kgatlhanong le batho ba go belaelwang ba tsomela diphologolo tsa naga dinaka tsa tsone, go akaretsa taelo ya go thuntshetsa go bolaya wa ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le boraro go tsena ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabobedi.<ref name=":1" /> Diemo tsa [[dikgolegelo mo Botswana]] di fitlhelela diemo tsa mafatshefatshe, badisa dikgologelo ba lebisiwa melato ya diemo tse di kgatlhanong le setho. Puso ya Botswana e kgaletswe dikatlholo dingwe tsa yone di akaretsa polao ya motho o o bolaileng le go otlhaiwa ka thupa ke makgotla a ditshwanelo tsa setho.<ref name=":0" /> === Ditshwanelo tsa pereko === Tshwanelo ya go nna le lekgotla la boemedi e sireleditswe babereki botlhe kwa ntle ga mapodisi, masole le babereki ba dikgolegelo, ditirelo tsa makgotla a babereki di sireleditswe makgotla a a kwadisitsweng. Makgotla a a sa kwadisiwang ga a bone ditshireletso tse di tshwanang. Go gwanta go sireleditswe mehama yotlhe mo molaong kwa ntle ga wa difofane, botsogo, motlakase, metsi le kgopo leswe, molelo le ditirelo tse di laolang motsamao wa difofane, le ntswa dikiletso tse di maleba di diriwa gape megwanto e letlelelwa fela mo diemong di se kae.<ref name=":0" /> Puso e netefatsa letseno le le kwa tlase mo mothong mongwe le mongwe. Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bobedi, madi a ke dipula di supa, le dithebe di le masome mabedi le bobedi (0.56 ka dolara ya America) ka oura. Dioura tsa pereko di masome mane le borobabobedi la beke pele go ka tlhokiwa tuelo ya nako e e feteletseng.<ref name=":0" /> == Kgethololo == === Beng gae === Bontsi jwa [[Basarwa]] ba mo gae ba fudusitswe ka dikgoka mo lefatsheng la bone go isiwa kwa mafelong a a sireleditsweng. Go dira gore ba fuduge ba ne ba ilediwa go bona metsi mo lefatsheng la bone gape ba tshwarwa fa ba tsoma, mo e neng e le one motswedi mogolo wa dijo tsa bone.<ref name=":2">[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-24821867 "Botswana bushmen: Modern life is destroying us".] ''BBC News''. 7 January 2014. Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2026.</ref> Mafatshe a bone  a mo gare ga tshimo ya teemane e e humileng thata mo lefatsheng ka kakaretso. Puso e latotse semmuso gore go na le kamano ya go epa ditswammung ebile e supa fa phuduso e le go somarela diphologolo tsa naga le tokologo, le ntswa Basarwa ba nnile mo lefatsheng le go sena bothata bope jwa go fetsa diphologolo dingwaga di le dintsi.<ref name=":2" /> Kwa mafelong a tshireletso, ba sokola go bona tiro ebile nno tagi e kwa godimo thata.<ref name=":2" /> Ka Phatwe a le masome mabedi le bone ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabobedi, lekgotla la bobegadikgang jo bo faphegileng la [[United Nations General Assembly|UN]] la batho ba ba gatelelwang le ne la ntsha mokwalo o o neng o gwetlha lefatshe la Botswana go oketsa maiteko a go lemoga le go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa batho ba ba gatelelwang fa go tsena mo ditirelong tsa setshaba, lefatshee tiriso didirisiwa ga mmogo le tiriso ya diteme tse dipotlana mo thutong le mehama e mengwe ya botlhokwa.<ref name=":3">[https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2018/08/botswana-minorities-need-boost-education-and-health-care-says-un-expert "Botswana minorities need boost in education and health care, says UN expert urging Bill of Right".] United Nations. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> Ba ne ba kwala gape gore bana ba le bantsi ba merafe e e gayelelwang ba ba nnang kwa magaeng a a kgakala a lefatshe ba kgaogantswe le malwapa a bone ba patelesega go nna mo matlong a boroko a dikolo, gantsi di le dikhilomithara di le makgolo kgakala le magae a bone; ba ka tswa ba rutiwa ka puo e ba sa e bueng, ba na le batlhokomedi ba ba imeditsweng tiro ba ba sa itseng ngwao ya bone, gantsi ba tlhaela didirisiwa le kemo nokeng ya maikutlo. Tsela e e baka go kopana le ba bangwe mo go patelediwang mo go nang le ditlamorago tse di sa siamang mo tseleng e bana ba <ref name=":3" />dirang ka yone kwa sekolong, gantsi ba felele ba tswa mo sekolong, ka tlhwatlhwa e e e kwa godimo mo go bone le mo matshelong a bone. Ditsela tse di botoka tse di sa utlwiseng bana botlhoko ebile di sa kgoreletse matshelo a bone tsa thuto ya bana ba bogolojang ba bannye thata di tshwanetse go sekasekiwa tsa tsenngwa mo tirisong.<ref name=":3" /> O ne a tswelela ka gore fa e sale ka boipuso jwa lone ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borataro, lefatshe la Botswana ga le a dira gore merafe ya lone e mentsi e kgone go lemogiwa semmuso, kwa ntle ga Bayei le Basubiya. Fa godimo ga foo, le dirisa tsamaiso ya molao le puso e e gararo e go lebegang e neela merafe e e robangbobedi e e lemogiwang ke molaomotheo ya Batswana ditshwanelo le tshiamelo, ka kemedi kwa Ntlo ya Dikgosi le mo go eteleleng pele makgotla a botsamaisi.<ref name=":3" /> Go ya ka Varennes, le fa go ntse jalo, "lefatshe la Botswana le nnile le katlego mo tlhabologong ya itsholelo le mehama e mengwe e akaretsa thuto,kitso, kgololesego ya sedumedi, ntwa kgatlhanong le HIV/AIDS le tshenyetso setshaba,mme go le gontsi go santse go tshwanetse go direlwa ba ba palo potlana". === Ditshwanelo tsa batho ba ba ratanang ka bong bo bo tshwanang === Tsebe kgolo: [[Ditshwanelo tsa LGBTQ mo Botswana|'''''Ditshwanelo tsa LGBT mo Botswana''''']] Ditshwanelo tsa batho ba ba ratanang ka bong bo bo tshwanang ke kgang e go ngagisanwang ka yone thata mo Botswana, maloko a setshaba sa batho ba ba ratanang ka bong bo bo tshwanang gantsi ba a kgethololwa. Jaaka mafatshe a mantsi mo Aforika, lefatshe la Botswana le na le palo e ntsi ya batho ba ba kgatlhanong le go nna teng ga go ratana ka bong bo bo tshwanang mo kgaolong, ba go bona e le selo sa kwa bophirima. Lekgotla la [[LEGABIBO]] ke lone la ditshwanelo tsa batho bao mo Botswana fa e sale ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi.<ref>Selemogwe, Morekwe; White, Dale (2013). [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19359705.2013.793223 "An Overview of Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Issues in Botswana".] ''Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health''. '''17''' (4): 406–414. doi:[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19359705.2013.793223 10.1080/19359705.2013.793223]. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:1935-9705 1935-9705.]</ref><ref>Tabengwa, Monica; Nicol, Nancy (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315658017 "The development of sexual rights and the LGBTI movement in Botswana"]. In Lennox, Corinne; Waites, Matthew (eds.). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=MnOhnQEACAAJ&redir_esc=y Human Rights, Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in the Commonwealth: Struggles for Decriminalisation and Change]''. Human Rights Consortium, Institute of Commonwealth Studies. ISBN[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-9573548-8-3|&nbsp;<bdi>978-0-9573548-8-3</bdi>.]]</ref> Melao ya Botswana ya tlhakanelo dikobo ya mekgwa mengwe e ne ya boelwa morago ke kgotlatshekelo ya Botswana ka Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabongwe. Pele ga se, e ne e le tlolo molao go itse motho o mongwe ka tsela e e seng ya tlholego kgotsa tsela e e sa letlelesegeng.<ref>Fox, Kara (11 June 2019). [https://edition.cnn.com/2019/06/11/africa/botswana-lgbtq-ruling-intl/index.html "Botswana scraps gay sex laws in big victory for LGBTQ rights in Africa".] ''CNN''. Retrieved 24 July 2026.</ref> Mo katlholong eo gape, go ne ga lemogiwa gore tshireletso ya semolao mabapi le tlhakanelo dikobo e ama le gore motho o tlhakanela dikobo le batho bafe.<ref>Rickard, Carmel (13 June 2019). [https://africanlii.org/en/articles/2019-06-13/carmel-rickard/its-not-just-sex-sexual-orientation-discrimination-no-longer-allowed-by-botswanas-constitution "It's not just sex: sexual orientation discrimination no longer allowed by Botswana's constitution".] ''AfricanLII''. Retrieved 24 July 2026.</ref> Go ne ga diriwa molao wa gore ke tlolo molao go koba mmereki ka ntlha ya gore o tlhakanela dikobo le batho ba sebopego sefe ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome. [[Kgotlakgolo ya ditsheko ya Botswana|Kgotlatshekelo ya Botswana]] e ne ya atlhola gore batho ba ba fetotseng bong ba na le tshwanelo ya molaomotheo ya gore sesupo sa bone se lemogiwe ka fa molaong ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bosupa.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-botswana-transgender-court-idUSKBN1C91OW "Activists celebrate Botswana's transgender court victory".] ''Reuters''. 4 October 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2026.</ref><ref>Camminga, B (30 July 2020). [https://journals.northumbria.ac.uk/index.php/IJGSL/article/view/993 "One for one and one for all? Human rights and transgender access to legal gender recognition in Botswana".] ''International Journal of Gender, Sexuality and Law''. '''1''' (1). doi:[https://journals.northumbria.ac.uk/index.php/IJGSL/article/view/993 10.19164/ijgsl.v1i1.993]. ISSN&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:2056-3914 2056-3914.]</ref> === Ditshwanelo tsa basadi === Kgang ya ditshwanelo tsa basadi e ne e ile magoletsa ka dingwaga tsa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe, gantsi e supiwa e le nako e basadi ba simolotseng go bua ka yone. [[Emang Basadi]] e ne e le lekgotla le le neng le tlwaelesegile ka go buelela ditshwanelo tsa basadi ba Botswana ka nako eo, le itebagantse pele le go lwantsha melao e e neng e nyenyafatsa ditshwanelo tsa basadi morago le itebaganye ke thuto ya basadi. Lekgotla la Botswana la Caucus for Women in Politics le ne la tlhamiwa ke Emang Basadi ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le bosupa go tsaya maikarabelo a ditirelo tse, mme ga le a dir ditirelo tse dintsi jaaka lekgotla la pele.<ref name=":4">Bauer, Gretchen (2011)[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/african-studies-review/article/update-on-the-womens-movement-in-botswana-have-women-stopped-talking/B80545182FB8F7E1AD5B23AFF1E89E4E . "Update on the Women's Movement in Botswana: Have Women Stopped Talking?".] ''African Studies Review''. '''54''' (2): 23–46. doi:10.1353/arw.2011.0040. ISSN&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0002-0206 0002-0206.]</ref> [[Tsheko ya moatlhodimogolo kgatlhanong le Unity Dow]] e ne e le tsheko e e botlhokwa thata mo Botswana ya ditshwanelo tsa basadi, e mo go yone [[Unity Dow]] a neng a ema kgatlhanong le [[Molao wa setshaba wa Batswana|molao wa setshaba wa Botswana]] o o neng o letla boagedi go tsewa ka go sala morago lotso lwa ga rre fela.<ref name=":4" /> Lephata la dikgang tsa bomme ke lekgotla la puso le maikarabelo a lone e leng go rarabolola dikgang tse di amang bomme. Le kgadilwe ke balweladitshwanelo ba basadi go bo le sa dire tiro ya lone. Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le lesome, mafatshe a Botswana le [[Swaziland]] [[Eswatini|(Eswatini]] wa gompieno) e ne e le one fela mafatshe mo borwa jwa [[Aferika|Aforika]] a a neng a sena lekgotla le le buang ka dikgang tse di amang bomme mo lephateng.<ref name=":4" /> == Seemo sa ditso == Moalo o o latelang o supa maemo a Botswana fa e sale ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bobedi mo dipegong tsa kgololesego mo lefatsheng ka bophara, tse di gatisiwang ngwaga le ngwaga ke Freedom House. Letshwao la bongwe le supa "kgololesego", e seng go sa nne le kgololesego.<ref>[[:en:Freedom_House|Freedom House]] (2024). [["Country and Territory Ratings and Statuses, FIW 1973-2024"]] (XLS). Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref>{{efn|Ela tlhoko gore "Ngwaga" o supa ngwaga o o akareditsweng. Ka jalo dinltha tsa ngwaga o o tshwaelweng ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi di tswa mo pegong e e gatisitsweng ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabongwe jalo jalo.}} {| class="wikitable" |+ !Ngwaga !Ditshwanelo tsa sepolotiki !Kgololesego ya beng gae !Maemo !Tautona {{efn|Ka Firikgong a rogwa.}} |- |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bobedi |boraro |bone |ba gololesegile bontlha bongwe |[[Seretse Khama]] |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le boraro |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Seretse Khama |- |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bone |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Seretse Khama |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le botlhano |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Seretse Khama |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borataro |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Seretse Khama |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bosupa |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Seretse Khama |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borobabobedi |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Seretse Khama |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borobabongwe |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Seretse Khama |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Seretse Khama |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le motso |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |[[Quett Masire]] |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bobedi{{efn|pego ya ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bobedi o akaretsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le motso le setlha sa ntlha sa ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bobedi, pego e e latelang ya ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bone e akaretsa setlha sa bobedi sa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bobedi le ngwaga otlhe wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le boraro. Go tlhofofatsa, dipego tse pedi tse tsa ngwaga le sephatlo di kgaogantswe go nna dipego tsa dingwaga di le tharo ka boleele.}} |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le boraro |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bone |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le botlhano |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borataro |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bosupa |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borobabobedi |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe |bongwe |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe |bongwe |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le motso |bongwe |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bobedi |bongwe |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le boraro |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bone |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le botlhano |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borataro |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bosupa |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |[[Festus Mogae]] |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Festus Mogae |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi le motso |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Festus Mogae |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi le bobedi |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Festus Mogae |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi le boraro |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Festus Mogae |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi le bone |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Festus Mogae |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi le botlhano |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Festus Mogae |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi le borataro |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Festus Mogae |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi le bosupa |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Festus Mogae |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi le borobabobedi |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Festus Mogae |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi le borobabongwe |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |[[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]] |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi le lesome |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Ian Khama |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi lesome le motso |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Ian Khama |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi lesome le bobedi<ref>Freedom House (2013). [https://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%202013%20Booklet.pdf "Freedom in the World 2013: Democratic Breakthroughs in the Balance"] (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Ian Khama |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi lesome le boraro<ref>Freedom House (2014). [https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW2014%20Booklet.pdf "Freedom in the World 2014"] (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 July 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Ian Khama |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi lesome le bone<ref>Freedom House (2015). [https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/01152015_FIW_2015_final.pdf "Freedom in the World 2015"] (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Ian Khama |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi lesome le botlhano |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Ian Khama |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi lesome le borataro |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Ian Khama |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi lesome le bosupa |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Ian Khama |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi lesome le borobabobedi |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Ian Khama |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi lesome le borobabongwe |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |[[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi le masome a mabedi |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Mokgweetsi Masisi |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi le masome a mabedi le motso |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Mokgweetsi Masisi |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Mokgweetsi Masisi |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi masome a mabedi le boraro |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Mokgweetsi Masisi |} == Ditumalano le mafatshe a mangwe == Lefatshe la Botswana le eme jaan mo ditumalanong tsa ditshwanelo tsa setho le mafatshe a mangwe: {| class="wikitable" |+ !Tumalano !Lekgotla !E simolotswe !E beilwe monwana !E fetotswe |- |Bokopano jwa thibelo le kotlhao ya go tlola molao wa kganyaolo<ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121020233944/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-1&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 1. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Paris, 9 December 1948"]. Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete, amkgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le borobabobedi | - | - |- |Bokopano jwa mafatshefatshe jwa go fedisa mekgwa yotlhe ya tlhaolele ya lotso<ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110211223019/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-2&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 2. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. New York, 7 March 1966".] Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borataro | - |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bone |- |Bokopano jwa mafatshefatshe jwa ditshwanelo tsa itsholelo, matshelo le ngwao<ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120917040858/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 16 December 1966".] Archived from the original on 17 September 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borataro | - | - |- |Bokopano jwa mafatshefatshe jwa ditshwanelo tsa selegae le polotiki<ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100901184638/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 4. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966"]. Archived from the original on 1 September 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borataro |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi |- |Tsamaiso ya ntlha e e itlhophelwang ya bokopano jwa mafatshefatshe jwa ditshwanelo tsa matshelo le polotiki<ref>United Nations. [https://treaties.un.org/Pages/PageNotFound.aspx "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 5. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966".] Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borobabobedi | - | - |- |Bokopano jwa go tlhaela ga melao ya tlolo molao ya ntwa le kgatlhanong le setho<ref>United Nations. [https://treaties.un.org/Pages/PageNotFound.aspx "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 6. Convention on the non-applicability of statutory limitations to war crimes and crimes against humanity. New York, 26 November 1968".] Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le boraro | - | - |- |Bokopano jwa mafatshefatshe jwa kgatelelo le kotlhao ya tlolo molao ya puso ya tlhaolele<ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120718122932/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-7&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 7. International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid. New York, 30 November 1973".] Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borobabongwe | - |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borataro |- |Bokopano jwa go fedisa kgethololo ya basadi<ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120823144158/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 18 December 1979".] Archived from the original on 23 August 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bone |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi |- |Bokopano kgatlhanong le pogiso le mekgwa e mengwe ya kotlhao e e setlhogo, e le kgatlhanong le setho kgotsa e nyenyafatsa <ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20101108052518/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-9&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 9. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. New York, 10 December 1984".] Archived from the original on 8 November 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2026.</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe | - |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le botlhano |- |Bokopano jwa ditshwanelo tsa ngwana<ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140211151110/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11. Convention on the Rights of the Child. New York, 20 November 1989".] Archived from the original on 11 February 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe | - | - |- |Tsamaiso ya bobedi e e itlhophelwang ya bokopano jwa mafatshefatshe jwa disthwanelo tsa botshelo le polotiki, ka maikaelelo a go emisa katlholelo loso<ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121020234014/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-12&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 12. Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty. New York, 15 December 1989".] Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe | - | - |- |Bokopano jwa mafatshefatshe jwa pabalelo ya ditshwanelo tsa babereki ba batswakwa le maloko a malwapa a bone<ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120825222904/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-13&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 13. International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families. New York, 18 December 1990".] Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe | - |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |Tsamaiso e e itlhophetsweng ya bokopano jwa go emisa mekgwa yotlhe ya kgethololo basadi<ref>United Nations. [https://treaties.un.org/Pages/PageNotFound.aspx "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 6 October 1999".] Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi le boraro |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bone |- |Tsamaiso e e itlhophetsweng ya bokopano jwa ditshwanelo tsa ngwana mo go akaretseng bana mo ntweng ya dibetsa<ref>United Nations. [https://treaties.un.org/Pages/PageNotFound.aspx "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict. New York, 25 May 2000".] Archived from the original on 25 April 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi | - |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi le boraro |- |Tsamaiso e e itlhophetsweng ya bokopano jwa ditshwanelo tsa ngwana mo thekisong ya bana, go dirisa bana go gweba ka mmele le go supa bana ba dirisiwa botlhaswa mo ditshwantshong tsa motshikinyego<ref>United Nations. [https://treaties.un.org/Pages/PageNotFound.aspx "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11c. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. New York, 25 May 2000"]. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro | - | - |- |Bokopano jwa ditshwanelo tsa batho ba ba tshelang ka bogole<ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120819033725/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006".] Archived from the original on 19 August 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro | - | - |- |Tsamaiso e e itlhophetsweng ya bokopano jwa ditshwanelo tsa batho ba ba tshelang ka bogole<ref>United Nations. [https://treaties.un.org/Pages/PageNotFound.aspx "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 16. International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance. New York, 20 December 2006".] Archived from the original on 21 August 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro | - | - |- |Tsamaiso e e itlhophetsweng ya bokopano jwa mafatshefatshe jwa ditshwanelo tsa itsholelo, botshelo le ngwao<ref>United Nations. [https://treaties.un.org/Pages/PageNotFound.aspx "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3a. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 10 December 2008".] Archived from the original on 24 September 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi | - | - |- |Tsamaiso e e itlhophelwang ya bokopano jwa ditshwanelo tsa ngwana mo tsamaisong ya ditlhaeletsanyo<ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120825214748/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-d&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11d. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a communications procedure . New York, 19 December 2011. New York, 10 December 2008".] Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le motso | - | - |} == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Ditshwanelo tsa LGBTQ mo Botswana]] == Notes == == Dintlha == * Ela tlhoko gore "Ngwaga" o supa ngwaga o o akareditsweng. Ka jalo dintha tsa ngwaga o o tshwaelweng ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi di tswa mo pegong e e gatisitsweng ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabongwe jalo jalo. * Ka Firikgong a rogwa * pego ya ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bobedi o akaretsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le motso le setlha sa ntlha sa ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bobedi, pego e e latelang ya ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bone e akaretsa setlha sa bobedi sa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bobedi le ngwaga otlhe wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le boraro. Go tlhofofatsa, dipego tse pedi tse tsa ngwaga le sephatlo di kgaogantswe go nna dipego tsa dingwaga di le tharo ka boleele. == Metswedi == <references /> nre3z5naagtumn728zwuu9qzsx2m5bc 53066 53065 2026-07-24T08:06:45Z JudithShe 9421 53066 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ditshwanelo tsa setho mo Botswana''' di sireleditswe ke molaomotheo. Pego ya ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi ya ditshwanelo tsa setho ya lephata la [[United States of America|United States]] la lefatshe e ne e supa gore ka kakaretso [[puso ya Botswana]] e tlotlile ditshwanelo tsa baagedi ba lefatshe leo.<ref name=":0">[https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/botswana/ "2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Botswana".] ''United States Department of State''. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> == Molaomotheo == [[Molaomotheo wa Botswana]] o bua ka ditshwanelo tsa setho di tshwana le kgololesego ya puo, kgololesego ya go kopana le tshwanelo ya botshelo.<ref>[https://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/ "Constitution of Botswana 1966 - Table of Contents".] Commonlii.org. 30 September 1966. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110930065523/http://www.commonlii.org/bw/legis/const/1966/ Archived] from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> == Ditshwanelo tsa batho le sepolotiki == === Kgololesego ya polotiki === Lefatshe la Botswana le na le tsamaiso ya diphathi ya phathi e le nngwe ya boremelelo e mo go yone phathi ya [[Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e fentseng ditlhopho tsotlhe tsa palamente fa e sale ka boipuso go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bone.<ref>Somolekae, Gloria (1 January 2005). [https://africayouthportal.orgpublications/political-parties-in-botswana/ Political Parties in Botswana] (Report). Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa. p.&nbsp;6. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> [[Ditlhopho mo Botswana]] di kaiwa di gololesegile ebile di sena tsietso,<ref name=":1">[https://freedomhouse.org/country/botswana/freedom-world/2022 "Botswana: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report".] ''Freedom House''. Retrieved 24 July 2026.</ref><ref name=":0" /> ga go na dikganedi tsa molao kgatlhanong le diphathi tsa kganetso, mme diphathi tsa kganetso di ipelaetsa gore BDP e na le tshiamelo e e sa tlhamalalang ya ditlhopho fa e le mo setilong.<ref name=":1" /> === Puo le go ikaya === Bobegadikgang jwa Botswana bo bontsi ke jwa puso. Bobegadikgang jo bo ikemetseng bo etswe tlhoko thata, babegadikgang ba ba ikemetseng ba kile ba tshwarwa kgotsa ba sokasokiwa ke puso makgetho a le mantsi.<ref name=":1" /> Go roga lefatshe la Botswana, dikano tse di amanang le lone, kgotsa tona ope wa puso ga go ka fa molaong, ebile motho o o tlolang molao o o o lebisiwa molato.<ref name=":0" /> Kgololesego ya go kokoana e tshwanetse go letlelelwa le go tlhomamiswa ke puso pele.<ref name=":1" /> === Kotlhao le tsamaiso === Molaomotheo wa Botswana o itsa go tshwarwa mo go senang lebaka, batho ba ba tshwerweng ba tshwanelwa ke go emelwa ke ba molao. Bontsi jwa makgotla a molao a obamela dintlha tse, mme lekgotla la ditirelo tsa botlhale le tshireletso (DISS) le ne la tshwara batho ba ba ganetsang mo polotiking makgetho a ka nna mabedi ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bobedi. Puso e neeka motho thuso ya molao mafala fela fa e le molato wa polao. Dikgotlatshekelo tsa selegae ga di fe tshireletso ya molao e e tshwanang le tsa kgotlatshekelo ya puso, le ntswa di tlwaelesegile mo setshabeng.<ref name=":0" /> Go ikemela ga mohama wa molao go salwa morago.<ref name=":1" /> [[Botswana Defence Force|Sesole sa Botswana]] (BDF) se kgaletswe go nna dikgoka kgatlhanong le batho ba go belaelwang ba tsomela diphologolo tsa naga dinaka tsa tsone, go akaretsa taelo ya go thuntshetsa go bolaya wa ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le boraro go tsena ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabobedi.<ref name=":1" /> Diemo tsa [[dikgolegelo mo Botswana]] di fitlhelela diemo tsa mafatshefatshe, badisa dikgologelo ba lebisiwa melato ya diemo tse di kgatlhanong le setho. Puso ya Botswana e kgaletswe dikatlholo dingwe tsa yone di akaretsa polao ya motho o o bolaileng le go otlhaiwa ka thupa ke makgotla a ditshwanelo tsa setho.<ref name=":0" /> === Ditshwanelo tsa pereko === Tshwanelo ya go nna le lekgotla la boemedi e sireleditswe babereki botlhe kwa ntle ga mapodisi, masole le babereki ba dikgolegelo, ditirelo tsa makgotla a babereki di sireleditswe makgotla a a kwadisitsweng. Makgotla a a sa kwadisiwang ga a bone ditshireletso tse di tshwanang. Go gwanta go sireleditswe mehama yotlhe mo molaong kwa ntle ga wa difofane, botsogo, motlakase, metsi le kgopo leswe, molelo le ditirelo tse di laolang motsamao wa difofane, le ntswa dikiletso tse di maleba di diriwa gape megwanto e letlelelwa fela mo diemong di se kae.<ref name=":0" /> Puso e netefatsa letseno le le kwa tlase mo mothong mongwe le mongwe. Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bobedi, madi a ke dipula di supa, le dithebe di le masome mabedi le bobedi (0.56 ka dolara ya America) ka oura. Dioura tsa pereko di masome mane le borobabobedi la beke pele go ka tlhokiwa tuelo ya nako e e feteletseng.<ref name=":0" /> == Kgethololo == === Beng gae === Bontsi jwa [[Basarwa]] ba mo gae ba fudusitswe ka dikgoka mo lefatsheng la bone go isiwa kwa mafelong a a sireleditsweng. Go dira gore ba fuduge ba ne ba ilediwa go bona metsi mo lefatsheng la bone gape ba tshwarwa fa ba tsoma, mo e neng e le one motswedi mogolo wa dijo tsa bone.<ref name=":2">[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-24821867 "Botswana bushmen: Modern life is destroying us".] ''BBC News''. 7 January 2014. Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2026.</ref> Mafatshe a bone  a mo gare ga tshimo ya teemane e e humileng thata mo lefatsheng ka kakaretso. Puso e latotse semmuso gore go na le kamano ya go epa ditswammung ebile e supa fa phuduso e le go somarela diphologolo tsa naga le tokologo, le ntswa Basarwa ba nnile mo lefatsheng le go sena bothata bope jwa go fetsa diphologolo dingwaga di le dintsi.<ref name=":2" /> Kwa mafelong a tshireletso, ba sokola go bona tiro ebile nno tagi e kwa godimo thata.<ref name=":2" /> Ka Phatwe a le masome mabedi le bone ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabobedi, lekgotla la bobegadikgang jo bo faphegileng la [[United Nations General Assembly|UN]] la batho ba ba gatelelwang le ne la ntsha mokwalo o o neng o gwetlha lefatshe la Botswana go oketsa maiteko a go lemoga le go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa batho ba ba gatelelwang fa go tsena mo ditirelong tsa setshaba, lefatshee tiriso didirisiwa ga mmogo le tiriso ya diteme tse dipotlana mo thutong le mehama e mengwe ya botlhokwa.<ref name=":3">[https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2018/08/botswana-minorities-need-boost-education-and-health-care-says-un-expert "Botswana minorities need boost in education and health care, says UN expert urging Bill of Right".] United Nations. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> Ba ne ba kwala gape gore bana ba le bantsi ba merafe e e gayelelwang ba ba nnang kwa magaeng a a kgakala a lefatshe ba kgaogantswe le malwapa a bone ba patelesega go nna mo matlong a boroko a dikolo, gantsi di le dikhilomithara di le makgolo kgakala le magae a bone; ba ka tswa ba rutiwa ka puo e ba sa e bueng, ba na le batlhokomedi ba ba imeditsweng tiro ba ba sa itseng ngwao ya bone, gantsi ba tlhaela didirisiwa le kemo nokeng ya maikutlo. Tsela e e baka go kopana le ba bangwe mo go patelediwang mo go nang le ditlamorago tse di sa siamang mo tseleng e bana ba <ref name=":3" />dirang ka yone kwa sekolong, gantsi ba felele ba tswa mo sekolong, ka tlhwatlhwa e e e kwa godimo mo go bone le mo matshelong a bone. Ditsela tse di botoka tse di sa utlwiseng bana botlhoko ebile di sa kgoreletse matshelo a bone tsa thuto ya bana ba bogolojang ba bannye thata di tshwanetse go sekasekiwa tsa tsenngwa mo tirisong.<ref name=":3" /> O ne a tswelela ka gore fa e sale ka boipuso jwa lone ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borataro, lefatshe la Botswana ga le a dira gore merafe ya lone e mentsi e kgone go lemogiwa semmuso, kwa ntle ga Bayei le Basubiya. Fa godimo ga foo, le dirisa tsamaiso ya molao le puso e e gararo e go lebegang e neela merafe e e robangbobedi e e lemogiwang ke molaomotheo ya Batswana ditshwanelo le tshiamelo, ka kemedi kwa Ntlo ya Dikgosi le mo go eteleleng pele makgotla a botsamaisi.<ref name=":3" /> Go ya ka Varennes, le fa go ntse jalo, "lefatshe la Botswana le nnile le katlego mo tlhabologong ya itsholelo le mehama e mengwe e akaretsa thuto,kitso, kgololesego ya sedumedi, ntwa kgatlhanong le HIV/AIDS le tshenyetso setshaba,mme go le gontsi go santse go tshwanetse go direlwa ba ba palo potlana". === Ditshwanelo tsa batho ba ba ratanang ka bong bo bo tshwanang === Tsebe kgolo: [[Ditshwanelo tsa LGBTQ mo Botswana|'''''Ditshwanelo tsa LGBT mo Botswana''''']] Ditshwanelo tsa batho ba ba ratanang ka bong bo bo tshwanang ke kgang e go ngagisanwang ka yone thata mo Botswana, maloko a setshaba sa batho ba ba ratanang ka bong bo bo tshwanang gantsi ba a kgethololwa. Jaaka mafatshe a mantsi mo Aforika, lefatshe la Botswana le na le palo e ntsi ya batho ba ba kgatlhanong le go nna teng ga go ratana ka bong bo bo tshwanang mo kgaolong, ba go bona e le selo sa kwa bophirima. Lekgotla la [[LEGABIBO]] ke lone la ditshwanelo tsa batho bao mo Botswana fa e sale ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi.<ref>Selemogwe, Morekwe; White, Dale (2013). [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19359705.2013.793223 "An Overview of Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Issues in Botswana".] ''Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health''. '''17''' (4): 406–414. doi:[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19359705.2013.793223 10.1080/19359705.2013.793223]. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:1935-9705 1935-9705.]</ref><ref>Tabengwa, Monica; Nicol, Nancy (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315658017 "The development of sexual rights and the LGBTI movement in Botswana"]. In Lennox, Corinne; Waites, Matthew (eds.). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=MnOhnQEACAAJ&redir_esc=y Human Rights, Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in the Commonwealth: Struggles for Decriminalisation and Change]''. Human Rights Consortium, Institute of Commonwealth Studies. ISBN[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-9573548-8-3|&nbsp;<bdi>978-0-9573548-8-3</bdi>.]]</ref> Melao ya Botswana ya tlhakanelo dikobo ya mekgwa mengwe e ne ya boelwa morago ke kgotlatshekelo ya Botswana ka Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabongwe. Pele ga se, e ne e le tlolo molao go itse motho o mongwe ka tsela e e seng ya tlholego kgotsa tsela e e sa letlelesegeng.<ref>Fox, Kara (11 June 2019). [https://edition.cnn.com/2019/06/11/africa/botswana-lgbtq-ruling-intl/index.html "Botswana scraps gay sex laws in big victory for LGBTQ rights in Africa".] ''CNN''. Retrieved 24 July 2026.</ref> Mo katlholong eo gape, go ne ga lemogiwa gore tshireletso ya semolao mabapi le tlhakanelo dikobo e ama le gore motho o tlhakanela dikobo le batho bafe.<ref>Rickard, Carmel (13 June 2019). [https://africanlii.org/en/articles/2019-06-13/carmel-rickard/its-not-just-sex-sexual-orientation-discrimination-no-longer-allowed-by-botswanas-constitution "It's not just sex: sexual orientation discrimination no longer allowed by Botswana's constitution".] ''AfricanLII''. Retrieved 24 July 2026.</ref> Go ne ga diriwa molao wa gore ke tlolo molao go koba mmereki ka ntlha ya gore o tlhakanela dikobo le batho ba sebopego sefe ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome. [[Kgotlakgolo ya ditsheko ya Botswana|Kgotlatshekelo ya Botswana]] e ne ya atlhola gore batho ba ba fetotseng bong ba na le tshwanelo ya molaomotheo ya gore sesupo sa bone se lemogiwe ka fa molaong ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bosupa.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-botswana-transgender-court-idUSKBN1C91OW "Activists celebrate Botswana's transgender court victory".] ''Reuters''. 4 October 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2026.</ref><ref>Camminga, B (30 July 2020). [https://journals.northumbria.ac.uk/index.php/IJGSL/article/view/993 "One for one and one for all? Human rights and transgender access to legal gender recognition in Botswana".] ''International Journal of Gender, Sexuality and Law''. '''1''' (1). doi:[https://journals.northumbria.ac.uk/index.php/IJGSL/article/view/993 10.19164/ijgsl.v1i1.993]. ISSN&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:2056-3914 2056-3914.]</ref> === Ditshwanelo tsa basadi === Kgang ya ditshwanelo tsa basadi e ne e ile magoletsa ka dingwaga tsa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe, gantsi e supiwa e le nako e basadi ba simolotseng go bua ka yone. [[Emang Basadi]] e ne e le lekgotla le le neng le tlwaelesegile ka go buelela ditshwanelo tsa basadi ba Botswana ka nako eo, le itebagantse pele le go lwantsha melao e e neng e nyenyafatsa ditshwanelo tsa basadi morago le itebaganye ke thuto ya basadi. Lekgotla la Botswana la Caucus for Women in Politics le ne la tlhamiwa ke Emang Basadi ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le bosupa go tsaya maikarabelo a ditirelo tse, mme ga le a dir ditirelo tse dintsi jaaka lekgotla la pele.<ref name=":4">Bauer, Gretchen (2011)[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/african-studies-review/article/update-on-the-womens-movement-in-botswana-have-women-stopped-talking/B80545182FB8F7E1AD5B23AFF1E89E4E . "Update on the Women's Movement in Botswana: Have Women Stopped Talking?".] ''African Studies Review''. '''54''' (2): 23–46. doi:10.1353/arw.2011.0040. ISSN&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0002-0206 0002-0206.]</ref> [[Tsheko ya moatlhodimogolo kgatlhanong le Unity Dow]] e ne e le tsheko e e botlhokwa thata mo Botswana ya ditshwanelo tsa basadi, e mo go yone [[Unity Dow]] a neng a ema kgatlhanong le [[Molao wa setshaba wa Batswana|molao wa setshaba wa Botswana]] o o neng o letla boagedi go tsewa ka go sala morago lotso lwa ga rre fela.<ref name=":4" /> Lephata la dikgang tsa bomme ke lekgotla la puso le maikarabelo a lone e leng go rarabolola dikgang tse di amang bomme. Le kgadilwe ke balweladitshwanelo ba basadi go bo le sa dire tiro ya lone. Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le lesome, mafatshe a Botswana le [[Swaziland]] [[Eswatini|(Eswatini]] wa gompieno) e ne e le one fela mafatshe mo borwa jwa [[Aferika|Aforika]] a a neng a sena lekgotla le le buang ka dikgang tse di amang bomme mo lephateng.<ref name=":4" /> == Seemo sa ditso == Moalo o o latelang o supa maemo a Botswana fa e sale ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bobedi mo dipegong tsa kgololesego mo lefatsheng ka bophara, tse di gatisiwang ngwaga le ngwaga ke Freedom House. Letshwao la bongwe le supa "kgololesego", e seng go sa nne le kgololesego.<ref>[[:en:Freedom_House|Freedom House]] (2024). [["Country and Territory Ratings and Statuses, FIW 1973-2024"]] (XLS). Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref>{{efn|Ela tlhoko gore "Ngwaga" o supa ngwaga o o akareditsweng. Ka jalo dinltha tsa ngwaga o o tshwaelweng ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi di tswa mo pegong e e gatisitsweng ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabongwe jalo jalo.}} {| class="wikitable" |+ !Ngwaga !Ditshwanelo tsa sepolotiki !Kgololesego ya beng gae !Maemo !Tautona {{efn|Ka Firikgong a rogwa.}} |- |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bobedi |boraro |bone |ba gololesegile bontlha bongwe |[[Seretse Khama]] |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le boraro |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Seretse Khama |- |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bone |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Seretse Khama |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le botlhano |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Seretse Khama |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borataro |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Seretse Khama |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bosupa |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Seretse Khama |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borobabobedi |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Seretse Khama |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borobabongwe |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Seretse Khama |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Seretse Khama |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le motso |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |[[Quett Masire]] |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bobedi{{efn|pego ya ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bobedi o akaretsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le motso le setlha sa ntlha sa ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bobedi, pego e e latelang ya ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bone e akaretsa setlha sa bobedi sa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bobedi le ngwaga otlhe wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le boraro. Go tlhofofatsa, dipego tse pedi tse tsa ngwaga le sephatlo di kgaogantswe go nna dipego tsa dingwaga di le tharo ka boleele.}} |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le boraro |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bone |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le botlhano |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borataro |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bosupa |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borobabobedi |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe |bongwe |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe |bongwe |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le motso |bongwe |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bobedi |bongwe |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le boraro |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bone |bobedi |boraro |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le botlhano |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borataro |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bosupa |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Quett Masire |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |[[Festus Mogae]] |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Festus Mogae |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi le motso |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Festus Mogae |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi le bobedi |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Festus Mogae |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi le boraro |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Festus Mogae |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi le bone |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Festus Mogae |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi le botlhano |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Festus Mogae |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi le borataro |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Festus Mogae |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi le bosupa |bobedi |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Festus Mogae |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi le borobabobedi |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Festus Mogae |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi le borobabongwe |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |[[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]] |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi le lesome |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Ian Khama |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi lesome le motso |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Ian Khama |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi lesome le bobedi<ref>Freedom House (2013). [https://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%202013%20Booklet.pdf "Freedom in the World 2013: Democratic Breakthroughs in the Balance"] (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Ian Khama |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi lesome le boraro<ref>Freedom House (2014). [https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW2014%20Booklet.pdf "Freedom in the World 2014"] (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 July 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Ian Khama |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi lesome le bone<ref>Freedom House (2015). [https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/01152015_FIW_2015_final.pdf "Freedom in the World 2015"] (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Ian Khama |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi lesome le botlhano |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Ian Khama |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi lesome le borataro |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Ian Khama |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi lesome le bosupa |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Ian Khama |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi lesome le borobabobedi |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Ian Khama |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi lesome le borobabongwe |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |[[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi le masome a mabedi |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Mokgweetsi Masisi |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi le masome a mabedi le motso |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Mokgweetsi Masisi |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Mokgweetsi Masisi |- |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi masome a mabedi le boraro |boraro |bobedi |ba gololesegile |Mokgweetsi Masisi |} == Ditumalano le mafatshe a mangwe == Lefatshe la Botswana le eme jaan mo ditumalanong tsa ditshwanelo tsa setho le mafatshe a mangwe: {| class="wikitable" |+ !Tumalano !Lekgotla !E simolotswe !E beilwe monwana !E fetotswe |- |Bokopano jwa thibelo le kotlhao ya go tlola molao wa kganyaolo<ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121020233944/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-1&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 1. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Paris, 9 December 1948"]. Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete, amkgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le borobabobedi | - | - |- |Bokopano jwa mafatshefatshe jwa go fedisa mekgwa yotlhe ya tlhaolele ya lotso<ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110211223019/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-2&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 2. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. New York, 7 March 1966".] Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borataro | - |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bone |- |Bokopano jwa mafatshefatshe jwa ditshwanelo tsa itsholelo, matshelo le ngwao<ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120917040858/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 16 December 1966".] Archived from the original on 17 September 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borataro | - | - |- |Bokopano jwa mafatshefatshe jwa ditshwanelo tsa selegae le polotiki<ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100901184638/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 4. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966"]. Archived from the original on 1 September 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borataro |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi |- |Tsamaiso ya ntlha e e itlhophelwang ya bokopano jwa mafatshefatshe jwa ditshwanelo tsa matshelo le polotiki<ref>United Nations. [https://treaties.un.org/Pages/PageNotFound.aspx "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 5. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966".] Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borobabobedi | - | - |- |Bokopano jwa go tlhaela ga melao ya tlolo molao ya ntwa le kgatlhanong le setho<ref>United Nations. [https://treaties.un.org/Pages/PageNotFound.aspx "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 6. Convention on the non-applicability of statutory limitations to war crimes and crimes against humanity. New York, 26 November 1968".] Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le boraro | - | - |- |Bokopano jwa mafatshefatshe jwa kgatelelo le kotlhao ya tlolo molao ya puso ya tlhaolele<ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120718122932/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-7&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 7. International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid. New York, 30 November 1973".] Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borobabongwe | - |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borataro |- |Bokopano jwa go fedisa kgethololo ya basadi<ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120823144158/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 18 December 1979".] Archived from the original on 23 August 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bone |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi |Ngwaga wa Dikete pedi |- |Bokopano kgatlhanong le pogiso le mekgwa e mengwe ya kotlhao e e setlhogo, e le kgatlhanong le setho kgotsa e nyenyafatsa <ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20101108052518/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-9&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 9. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. New York, 10 December 1984".] Archived from the original on 8 November 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2026.</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe | - |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le botlhano |- |Bokopano jwa ditshwanelo tsa ngwana<ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140211151110/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11. Convention on the Rights of the Child. New York, 20 November 1989".] Archived from the original on 11 February 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe | - | - |- |Tsamaiso ya bobedi e e itlhophelwang ya bokopano jwa mafatshefatshe jwa disthwanelo tsa botshelo le polotiki, ka maikaelelo a go emisa katlholelo loso<ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121020234014/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-12&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 12. Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty. New York, 15 December 1989".] Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe | - | - |- |Bokopano jwa mafatshefatshe jwa pabalelo ya ditshwanelo tsa babereki ba batswakwa le maloko a malwapa a bone<ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120825222904/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-13&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 13. International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families. New York, 18 December 1990".] Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe | - |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |Tsamaiso e e itlhophetsweng ya bokopano jwa go emisa mekgwa yotlhe ya kgethololo basadi<ref>United Nations. [https://treaties.un.org/Pages/PageNotFound.aspx "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 6 October 1999".] Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi le boraro |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bone |- |Tsamaiso e e itlhophetsweng ya bokopano jwa ditshwanelo tsa ngwana mo go akaretseng bana mo ntweng ya dibetsa<ref>United Nations. [https://treaties.un.org/Pages/PageNotFound.aspx "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict. New York, 25 May 2000".] Archived from the original on 25 April 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi | - |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi le boraro |- |Tsamaiso e e itlhophetsweng ya bokopano jwa ditshwanelo tsa ngwana mo thekisong ya bana, go dirisa bana go gweba ka mmele le go supa bana ba dirisiwa botlhaswa mo ditshwantshong tsa motshikinyego<ref>United Nations. [https://treaties.un.org/Pages/PageNotFound.aspx "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11c. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. New York, 25 May 2000"]. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro | - | - |- |Bokopano jwa ditshwanelo tsa batho ba ba tshelang ka bogole<ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120819033725/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006".] Archived from the original on 19 August 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro | - | - |- |Tsamaiso e e itlhophetsweng ya bokopano jwa ditshwanelo tsa batho ba ba tshelang ka bogole<ref>United Nations. [https://treaties.un.org/Pages/PageNotFound.aspx "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 16. International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance. New York, 20 December 2006".] Archived from the original on 21 August 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro | - | - |- |Tsamaiso e e itlhophetsweng ya bokopano jwa mafatshefatshe jwa ditshwanelo tsa itsholelo, botshelo le ngwao<ref>United Nations. [https://treaties.un.org/Pages/PageNotFound.aspx "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3a. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 10 December 2008".] Archived from the original on 24 September 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi | - | - |- |Tsamaiso e e itlhophelwang ya bokopano jwa ditshwanelo tsa ngwana mo tsamaisong ya ditlhaeletsanyo<ref>United Nations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120825214748/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-d&chapter=4&lang=en "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11d. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a communications procedure . New York, 19 December 2011. New York, 10 December 2008".] Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |United Nations |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le motso | - | - |} == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Ditshwanelo tsa LGBTQ mo Botswana]] == Metswedi == <references /> == Dintlha == dqk92lcy3nui33ceyrzjv80l3jjz7ri 0 14600 53067 2026-07-24T08:17:21Z JudithShe 9421 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320712677|Botswana Prison Service]]" 53067 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ba Tirelo ya dikgolegelo tsa Botswana''' ( '''BPS''' ) ke lekgotla le le baakanyang tlolo molao mo [[Botswana]] . Lekgotla le le okametse go isiwa kgolegelong le go tsosolosiwa ga magolegwa pele ga tsheko le a a bonweng molato a a tshwerweng kwa dikgolegelong tsa lefatshe leo. == Dikgolegelo == * [[Kanye Prison|Kgolegelo ya kwa Kanye]] ( [[Kanye]] ) * [[Letlhakane Prison|Kgolegelo ya kwa Letlhakane]] ( [[Letlhakane]] ) * [[Lobatse Prison|Kgolegelo ya kwa Lobatse]] ( [[Lobatse]] ) * [[Machaneng Prison|Kgolegelo ya kwa Machaneng]] ( [[Machaneng]] ) * [[Mahalapye Prison|Kgolegelo ya kwa Mahalapye]] ( [[Mahalapye]] ) * [[Mochudi Prison|Kgolegelo ya kwa Mochudi]] ( [[Mochudi]] ) * [[Molepolole Prison|Kgolegelo ya kwa Molepolole]] ( [[Molepolole]] ) * [[Selebi Phikwe Prison|Kgolegelo ya kwa Selebi Phikwe]] ( [[Selebi-Phikwe]] ) * [[Serowe New Prison|Kgolegelo e ntsha ya kwa Serowe]] ( [[Serowe]] ) * [[Tsabong Prison|Kgolegelo ya kwa Tsabong]] ( Tsabong ) * [[First Offenders Prison|Kgolegelo ya]] batho ba ba tlolang molao e le lantlha ( [[Gaborone]] ) * [[Boro Prison|Kgolegelo ya kwa Boro]] ( [[Boro, Botswana|Boro]] ) * [[Ghanzi Prison|Kgolegelo ya kwa Ghanzi]] ( [[Ghanzi]] ) * [[Moshupa Boys Prison|Kgolegelo ya basimane ya kwa Moshupa]] ( [[Moshupa]] ) * [[Gaborone Maximum Prison|Kgolegelo e e kwa godimo ya badira melato e e masisi kwa Gaborone]] ( [[Gaborone]] ) * [[Gaborone Women's Prison|Kgolegelo ya bomme ya kwa Gaborone]] ( [[Gaborone]] ) * [[Tshane Prison|Kgolegelo ya kwa Tshane]] ( [[Tshane]] ) * [[Francistown Prison|Kgolegelo ya kwa Francistown]] ( [[Francistown]] ) * [[Maun Prison|Kgolegelo ya kwa Maun]] ( [[Maun]] ) == Metswedi == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Dipadi tse di kwa ntle == * ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=BrMmHQAACAAJ Bodirediloago mo Tirelong ya Dikgolegelo tsa Botswana]'' . Lefapha la Dikgolegelo tsa Botswana, 1983. r4hu1sy2ouh7qap3xgqtqm0dlheenz2 53068 53067 2026-07-24T08:21:41Z JudithShe 9421 53068 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company|name=Tirelo ya dikgolegelo tsa Botswana|founded=Motsheganong a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borobabongwe<ref>{{Cite web |title=community involvement in offender treatment country report botswana |url=https://www.unafei.or.jp/publications/pdf/RS_No84/No84_18PA_Letsatle.pdf |website=国連アジア極東犯罪防止研修所}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana Prison Service |url=https://www.facebook.com/BotswanaPrisonService/ |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=www.facebook.com |language=en}}</ref> }} '''Ba Tirelo ya dikgolegelo tsa Botswana''' ( '''BPS''' ) ke lekgotla le le baakanyang tlolo molao mo [[Botswana]] . Lekgotla le le okametse go isiwa kgolegelong le go tsosolosiwa ga magolegwa pele ga tsheko le a a bonweng molato a a tshwerweng kwa dikgolegelong tsa lefatshe leo.<ref>[https://www.gov.bw/Global/Prisons%20and%20rehabilitation%5B1%5D.pdf "Prisons and Rehabilitation."] (Archive) [[:en:Government_of_Botswana|Government of Botswana.]] Retrieved on 24 July 2026</ref> == Dikgolegelo == * [[Kanye Prison|Kgolegelo ya kwa Kanye]] ( [[Kanye]] ) * [[Letlhakane Prison|Kgolegelo ya kwa Letlhakane]] ( [[Letlhakane]] ) * [[Lobatse Prison|Kgolegelo ya kwa Lobatse]] ( [[Lobatse]] ) * [[Machaneng Prison|Kgolegelo ya kwa Machaneng]] ( [[Machaneng]] ) * [[Mahalapye Prison|Kgolegelo ya kwa Mahalapye]] ( [[Mahalapye]] ) * [[Mochudi Prison|Kgolegelo ya kwa Mochudi]] ( [[Mochudi]] ) * [[Molepolole Prison|Kgolegelo ya kwa Molepolole]] ( [[Molepolole]] ) * [[Selebi Phikwe Prison|Kgolegelo ya kwa Selebi Phikwe]] ( [[Selebi-Phikwe]] ) * [[Serowe New Prison|Kgolegelo e ntsha ya kwa Serowe]] ( [[Serowe]] ) * [[Tsabong Prison|Kgolegelo ya kwa Tsabong]] ( Tsabong ) * [[First Offenders Prison|Kgolegelo ya]] batho ba ba tlolang molao e le lantlha ( [[Gaborone]] ) * [[Boro Prison|Kgolegelo ya kwa Boro]] ( [[Boro, Botswana|Boro]] ) * [[Ghanzi Prison|Kgolegelo ya kwa Ghanzi]] ( [[Ghanzi]] ) * [[Moshupa Boys Prison|Kgolegelo ya basimane ya kwa Moshupa]] ( [[Moshupa]] ) * [[Gaborone Maximum Prison|Kgolegelo e e kwa godimo ya badira melato e e masisi kwa Gaborone]] ( [[Gaborone]] ) * [[Gaborone Women's Prison|Kgolegelo ya bomme ya kwa Gaborone]] ( [[Gaborone]] ) * [[Tshane Prison|Kgolegelo ya kwa Tshane]] ( [[Tshane]] ) * [[Francistown Prison|Kgolegelo ya kwa Francistown]] ( [[Francistown]] ) * [[Maun Prison|Kgolegelo ya kwa Maun]] ( [[Maun]] ) == Metswedi == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Dipadi tse di kwa ntle == * ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=BrMmHQAACAAJ Bodirediloago mo Tirelong ya Dikgolegelo tsa Botswana]'' . Lefapha la Dikgolegelo tsa Botswana, 1983. dh2tdploq3f8f1dyssfcqmnuqat2k4f 0 14601 53069 2026-07-24T08:28:32Z JudithShe 9421 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363083960|Tshane Airport]]" 53069 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maemelo difofane a kwa Tshane''' ke maemela difofane a a direlang motse wa [[Tshane]], mo [[Botswana]] . Salt Pan ya kwa Tshane e sephaphathi thata mme e na le ditsela tse dintsi mme ga go na tsela e e tshwailweng ya go fofa ga difofane fa di emelela. == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Dipalamo tsa lefatshe la Botswana]] * [[Maemelo a difofane mo Botswana]] == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Coordinates on Wikidata]] ch8en6ki242ux46cm4lo655kltsqwlu 0 14602 53070 2026-07-24T08:30:21Z Khumo Batolomi 11767 Created by translating the opening section from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360653450|Elections in Botswana]]" 53070 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ditlhopho mo Botswana''' di tlhomilwe go diragala ka thulaganyo ya puso ka batho e e nang le ditlhopha(diphathi) di le dintsi le tsamaiso ya palamente . [[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Khuduthamaga ya Lefatshe]] gantsi e tlhophiwa ka tlhamalalo, mme yone e tlhope tautona le maloko a mangwe a yone. Maloko a [[Ntlo ya Dikgosi tsa Botswana|Ntlo ya Dikgosi]] ke a a tlhomilweng, a letso la bogosi le a a tlhophilweng ka tsela e e sa tlhamalalang. Ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa thulaganyo ya ditlhopha kana diphathi tse dintsi di nnile ka [[Ditlhopho tsa 1965 tsa Bechuanaland|1965]] . <ref>{{Citation|chapter=The Fate of Africa's Democratic Experiments 1989–2014|date=2015|title=Democracy in Africa: Successes, Failures, and the Struggle for Political Reform|pages=234–238|editor-last=Cheeseman|editor-first=Nic|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/democracy-in-africa/fate-of-africas-democratic-experiments-19892014/DA50F32498C1D14DF4AAA43175265455|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/CBO9781139030892.009|isbn=978-0-521-13842-0}}</ref> qpqke4l59b0q4q7blh02y1fbk3e2k5n 0 14603 53071 2026-07-24T09:28:14Z JudithShe 9421 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330700998|Attorney General of Botswana v. Unity Dow]]" 53071 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Mmueledi Mogolo wa Botswana kgatlhanong le Unity Dow''''' (ka dinako tse dingwe e khutshwafaditswe gotwe '''''Mmueledi Mogolo kgatlhanong le Dow''''', boikuelo jwa selegae jwa bone mo go di le masome a robabongwe le motso (No. 4/91), e itsege mo gae jaaka Tsheko ya boagedi kgotsa Tsheko ya ga Dow)<ref>Segwai, 2008</ref> e ne e le tshwetso e e botlhokwa thata ya Kgotlatshekelo ya Botswana, ya ga mmueledi Unity Dow, o o tlaa nnang moatlhodimogolo wa kgotlatshekelo ya Botswana le tona wa puso. E ne e bolela gore ditshetlana tsa [[Molao wa setshaba wa Batswana|molao wa setshaba wa Botswana]] wa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bone, o o neng o iletsa bana go nna baagedi ba lefatshe ba tsaya lotso lwa bomme ba bone, di kgatlhanong le molaotheo. E ne ya felela ka gore go fetisiwe molao wa boagedi wa Botswana wa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le botlhano (1995), o o neng wa fedisa go tlhoka tekatekano ya bong mo molaong. Tsheko e, e ne ya dira gore basadi ba kgatlhegele gore go dirwe diphetogo mo melaong ya setshaba go ralala [[Aferika|Aforika]]. == Tse di diragetseng pele == Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe (1990), [[Unity Dow]], o e leng mmueledi mo Motswana, le mongongoregi o o neng a isitse tsheko e kwa kwa [[Kgotlakgolo ya ditsheko ya Botswana|Kgotlatsheke]]<nowiki/>ng ya lefatshe la [[Botswana]] ba nne kgatlhanong le melao ya setshaba ya Botswana . [ 3 ] Kgato e, ya ga ''Unity Dow kgatlhanong le Mmueledimogolo (Botswana)'' (Kgotlatshekelo ya Botswana Misca. 124/1990), e ne ya nganga gore molao wa go tsaya boagedi wa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bone (1984) o a tlhaola ka gore o ne o sa letle bana kgonagalo e e tshwanang ya go sala lotso lwa batsadi ba bone morago. [ 4 ] Dow e ne e le mosadi wa [[Basarwa|Mosarwa]] ka tlholego o a neng a na le ngwana le Peter Nathan Dow, motho wa kwa Amerika, ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabongwe (1979). [ 5 ] [ 1 ] . Bobedi bo ba ne ba nyalana ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bone (1984) mme morago ga moo ba nna le bana ba bangwe ba babedi. Ka ntlha ya ditshetlana tsa molao wa boagedi wa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bone (1984), ngwana wa ntlha wa ga Dow o ne a kgona go bona boagedi jwa mo Botswana ka gore o ne a tsholetswe kwa ntle ga lenyalo. Bana ba bone ba babedi ba ba botlana ba ne ba seka ba kgona go bona boagedi jo ba bo tsayang mo go mmaabone ka gore batsadi ba bone ba ne ba nyalane ka fa molaong. [ 5 ] Ka fa tlase ga karolo ya bone ya molao wa boagedi, bana ba ba tsholetsweng mo lenyalong ba ne ba ka bona boagedi jwa Botswana fela fa rraabone e le Motswana, le ntswa ba ne ba tsholetswe mo lefatsheng leo, ebile ba ntse kwa go lone botshelo jwa bone '''jotlhe'''. [ 6 ] Dow o ne a nganga gore ka fa tlase ga molaotheo, baagedi botlhe ba ne ba neelwa ditshwanelo go sa kgathalesege gore tumelo ya bone, mmala, lotso kgotsa bong ke eng; ba ne ba thibelwa go amogela dikotlhao tse di nyenyafatsang setho mme ba ne ba neelwa kgololesego ya motsamao. O ne a nganga gore Karolo ya lesome le botlhano e thibela melao go dira ditshetlana tse di kgethololang. [ 4 ] Moatlhodi wa Kgotlatshekelo, Martin Horowitz o ne a ema Dow nokeng, a dumalana gore molao o ama go itlhophela gore o nyalwa ke mang, o ka mo pateletsa go kgaoganngwa le ba lelwapa la gagwe fa monna wa gagwe le bana ba sa neelwe ditetla tsa boagedi tse di ntshafaditsweng, le gore o a kgetholola. [ 7 ] == Boikuelo == Puso e ne ya dumalana le boikuelo ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a ronbabongwe le bobedi (1992), ya ''Mmueledimogolo wa Botswana kgatlhanong le Unity Dow,'' e nganga gore Kgotlatshekelo ya boikuelo ya gore Dow ga a na boemo jwa go nna kgatlhanong le molao, ka a ne a sa amege ka gope, le gore molaotheo o ne o sa neele tshwanelo epe ya go nna Motswana kgotsa bokgoni jwa go fetisetsa boagedi kwa baneng. [ 8 ] Mmueledimogolo o ne gape a nganga gore go tlogelwa ga lefoko "bong" mo Karolong ya lesome le boraro (3) ya molaotheo go ne go diretswe go letla thulaganyo ya setso ya setshaba le go somarela dingwao tsa setso mabapi le ka fa basadi ba batswana ba tshwarwang ka teng,ka jalo, molao wa boagedi o ne o sa kgetholole ka o ne o sala ngwao morago. [ 5 ] [ 9 ] . O ne a buelela kgethololo ya bong mo molaong wa boagedi gore e botlhokwa go somarela ngwao ya setshaba sa Botswana e e ikaegileng ka go eteletsa banna kwa pele le go thibela go nna le boagedi ja mafatshe a mabedi. [ 10 ] Austin Amissah, Moatlhodimogolo wa Kgotlatshekelo ya boikuelo, o ne a sekaseka Kgaolo Iya bobedi (II), Karolo ya boraro (3), ya [[Molaomotheo wa Botswana|Molaotheo wa Botswana]] e e nang le lenaane la ditshwanelo le dikgololesego tsa motho a le mongwe, le Karolo ya lesome le borobabobedi (18), e e nang le ditshetlana tsa go diragatsa ditshwanelo tsa Molaotheo. O fitlhetse e le gore Karolo ya boraro e umakile ka tlhamalalo "thobalano" jaaka selo se se tlhalosang tshwanelo ya ditshwanelo tseo tsa motheo. Ka e ne e le tshetllana ya motheo ya Kgaolo ya bobedi mo go tlhaloseng ditshwanelo le kgololesego tse motho mongwe le mongwe a nang le tshwanelo ya tsone, ditshwanelo tsa motheo di ne di ka se tlolwe ntle le fa di ama dikgatlhego tsa setšhaba kgotsa go akola ditshwanelo ke batho bangwe. [ 11 ] O ne a tswelela ka go lemoga gore Kgaolo ya bobedi , Karolo ya lesome le botlhano e ne e ka se kgaoganngwe le Karolo ya boraro, ka gore ditshetlana tsotlhe tse dingwe mo Kgaolong ya bobedi ya Molaotheo di thailwe go remeletsweng mo karolong ya boraro. O ne a soboka ka gore ka kgethololo e sa umakiwe mo Karolong ya boraro, go sa tshwarwe ka tekatekano go ka se letlelelwe go lekanyetsa ditshwanelo le kgololesego tse di tlhalosiwang mo go yone. Amissah o ne a re, "Ga ke itse molawana ope wa kago mo molaong o o reng tshwanelo ya motheo e e neetsweng motho ke Molaotheo e ka kgaoganngwa ke tlhaloso mo karolong e nngwe go ya ka maikaelelo a Karolo e nngwe eo". [ 12 ] O ne a gatelela gore ngwao ga e ka ke ya bewa kwa pele ga molaotheo, ka gore Molaotheo o tla pele, [ 10 ] o ne a boelela gore tshireletso e e lekanang ya ditshwanelo tsa bone ka fa tlase ga molao e neelwa motho mongwe le mongwe, e le monna kgotsa mosadi, ebile e ne e tlhokiwa ke molao wa Aforika wa ditshwanelo tsa setho le batho, tumalano ya fedisiwa ga mefuta yotlhe ya kgethololo ya basadi le molao wa mafatshefatshe wa ditshwanelo tsa setho, o Botswana a tlamegang go o sala morago. [ 13 ] Bontsi jwa baatlhodi, e bong Amissah, Akinola Aguda, le George Bizos ba ne ba fetsa ka gore go ya ka botlhokwa jwa tsheko e, Molaotheo o o ne o iletsa kgethololo ya bong. [ 14 ] Fa e le ka go ema, Amissah o ne a lemotsha gore moikarabedi (Dow) o ne a tshwanetse fela go nna le tumelo e e utlwalang ya gore ditshwanelo tsa gagwe di ka nna tsa tlolwa go batla paakanyo kwa kgotlatshekelong. [ 15 ] Moatlhodi Aguda o ne a dumalana, a bolela gore fa monna wa ga Dow le bana ba gagwe go ka ganwa ba tsena mo Botswana, o ne a tla ikutlwa ka tshwanelo gore o ne a tshwarwa ka tsela e e nyenyefatsang mme a ka kopa thuso ka mabaka ao. Bontsi jwa baatlhodi, e leng Amissah, Aguda, Bizos le Bill Schreiner, ba ne ba dumalana gore Dow e ne e na le boemo. [ 16 ] Setilo se se tletseng baatlhodi sa Kgotlatshekelo ya boikuelo ka bontsi jwa boraro go ya go bobedi e ne ya tlhomamisa tshwetso ya Kgotlatshekelo ka diphetogo tse dipotlana, ya bolela gore dikarolo tsa bone le botlhano tsa molao wa boagedi wa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bobedi, jaaka o fetotswe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bone, ga di dumalane le molaotheo. [ 17 ] Amissah, Aguda le Bizos ba ne ba nna bangwe ba ba mo bontsing mme Cedric Puckrin le Schreiner ba ne ba kopanela mo bonnyeng. [ 18 ] == Ditlamorago == Tsheko e, e ne ya nna tsheko e e botlhokwa thata mo Aforika. [ 3 ] Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le botlhano, go ne ga fetisiwa molao o mosha wa boagedi mo Botswana, o o neng wa fedisa go tlhoka tekatekano ya bong mo molaong. [ 19 ] Tsheko e e ne ya fa balweladitshwanelo ba bomme maatla a go gatelela gore go diriwe diphetogo mo melaong ya bosetšhaba go ralala Aforika. [ 20 ] Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le lesome, go ne ga diriwa diphetogo mo melaong ya bosetšhaba kwa mafatsheng a [[Algeria]], [[Burkina Faso]], [[Burundi]], [[Djibouti]], [[Egepeto]], [[Ethiopia]], [[The Gambia|Gambia]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Kenya]], [[Lesotho]], [[Mali]], [[Mauritius]], [[Morocco]], [[Niger]], [[Rwanda]], [[Senegal|Senegal,]] [[Sierra Leone]], [[Tunisia]], [[Uganda]] le [[Zimbabwe]] go fedisa dingwe tsa dikgethololo tsa melao ya bosetshaba. [ 21 ] Pele ga ngwaga wa dikete pedil lesome le borobabobedi , mafatshe a le masome a mane le bobedi mo go a le masome a matlhano le bone a Aforika a ne a fetotse melao e e neng e thibetse basadi go fetisetsa boagedi jwa bone kwa baneng ba bone. [ 20 ] Tsheko e, e ne ya dira gore Dow a nne le go bonagala mo setshabeng le mo mafatshefatsheng mme ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le bosupa, o ne a tlhomiwa go nna mosadi wa ntlha go berekela mo Kgotlatshekelong e kgolo ya lefatshe la Botswana. [ 1 ] [ 3 ] . Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bone, o ne a tlhophiwa go nna mopalamente o o tlhophilweng ka mo go faphegileng mme o ne a direla puso mo maphateng a a farologaneng go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le masome a mabedi, fa a ne a nna kwa morago mo palamenteng. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] . == Dintlha == {{Reflist|group=Notes}} == Metswedi == === Dikinolo ===   oux8zekwxfv2ye85ht0xv2gchf6qxov 53072 53071 2026-07-24T09:46:10Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Mmueledi Mogolo wa Botswana kgatlhanong le Unity Dow #Wikipedia25BW 53072 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Mmueledi Mogolo wa Botswana kgatlhanong le Unity Dow''''' (ka dinako tse dingwe e khutshwafaditswe gotwe '''''Mmueledi Mogolo kgatlhanong le Dow''''', boikuelo jwa selegae jwa bone mo go di le masome a robabongwe le motso (No. 4/91), e itsege mo gae jaaka Tsheko ya boagedi kgotsa Tsheko ya ga Dow)<ref name=":0">Segwai, 2008</ref> e ne e le tshwetso e e botlhokwa thata ya Kgotlatshekelo ya Botswana, ya ga mmueledi Unity Dow, o o tlaa nnang moatlhodimogolo wa kgotlatshekelo ya Botswana le tona wa puso. E ne e bolela gore ditshetlana tsa [[Molao wa setshaba wa Batswana|molao wa setshaba wa Botswana]] wa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bone, o o neng o iletsa bana go nna baagedi ba lefatshe ba tsaya lotso lwa bomme ba bone, di kgatlhanong le molaotheo. E ne ya felela ka gore go fetisiwe molao wa boagedi wa Botswana wa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le botlhano (1995), o o neng wa fedisa go tlhoka tekatekano ya bong mo molaong. Tsheko e, e ne ya dira gore basadi ba kgatlhegele gore go dirwe diphetogo mo melaong ya setshaba go ralala [[Aferika|Aforika]]. == Tse di diragetseng pele == Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe (1990), [[Unity Dow]], o e leng mmueledi mo Motswana, le mongongoregi o o neng a isitse tsheko e kwa kwa [[Kgotlakgolo ya ditsheko ya Botswana|Kgotlatsheke]]<nowiki/>ng ya lefatshe la [[Botswana]] ba nne kgatlhanong le melao ya setshaba ya Botswana.<ref name=":1">Lederer, Mary S.; Macharia-Mokobi, Elizabeth (2012). [[:en:Emmanuel_K._Akyeampong|"Dow, Unity".]] In Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; [[:en:Henry_Louis_Gates_Jr.|Gates Jr., Henry Louis]] (eds.). ''Dictionary of African Biography''. Vol.&nbsp;2: Brath – Haile. New York, New York: [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. pp.&nbsp;248–249. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538207-5|<bdi>978-0-19-538207-5</bdi>.]]</ref>Kgato e, ya ga ''Unity Dow kgatlhanong le Mmueledimogolo (Botswana)'' (Kgotlatshekelo ya Botswana Misca. 124/1990), e ne ya nganga gore molao wa go tsaya boagedi wa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bone (1984) o a tlhaola ka gore o ne o sa letle bana kgonagalo e e tshwanang ya go sala lotso lwa batsadi ba bone morago.<ref name=":2">Coldham, Simon (Spring 1992). [https://access.heinonline.com/HOL/MojoCallback?payload=UURVSkYtMTc4NDg4NTQzOS0zMzc4NQ%3D%3D&auth_token=pCU5EIYwvbKCSgeFil9Q%2FsyUbQG7svjSO9EYoANyr%2Fk%3D&timestamp=1784885440&url=%2FHOL%2FPage%3Fpublic%3Dtrue%26handle%3Dhein.journals%2Fjaflaw36%26div%3D15%26start_page%3D91%26collection%3Djournals%26set_as_cursor%3D1%26men_tab%3Dsrchresults "Human Rights in Botswana – Unity Dow v. Attorney-General (Botswana), High Court of Botswana Misca".] ''[[:en:Journal_of_African_Law|Journal of African Law]]''. '''36''' (1). Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press: 91–92. doi:[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-law/article/abs/human-rights-in-botswana/A6F2DF4A48336A7F438B87C3171FAECB 10.1017/S0021855300009773]. ISSN&nbsp;0021-8553. OCLC&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/title/4669289226 4669289226]. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> Dow e ne e le mosadi wa [[Basarwa|Mosarwa]] ka tlholego o a neng a na le ngwana le Peter Nathan Dow, motho wa kwa Amerika, ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabongwe (1979).<ref name=":3">[[:en:Chaloka_Beyani|Beyani, Chaloka]] (1994). [https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=KAMa0rwJUDkC&pg=PA294&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false "Toward a More Effective Guarantee of Women's Rights in the African Human Rights System".] In Cook, Rebecca J. (ed.). ''Human Rights of Women: National and International Perspectives''. Philadelphia, [[:en:University_of_Pennsylvania_Press|Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press]]. pp.&nbsp;285–306. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0-8122-3261-5|<bdi>0-8122-3261-5</bdi>.]]</ref><ref name=":0" /> . Bobedi bo ba ne ba nyalana ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bone (1984) mme morago ga moo ba nna le bana ba bangwe ba babedi. Ka ntlha ya ditshetlana tsa molao wa boagedi wa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bone (1984), ngwana wa ntlha wa ga Dow o ne a kgona go bona boagedi jwa mo Botswana ka gore o ne a tsholetswe kwa ntle ga lenyalo. Bana ba bone ba babedi ba ba botlana ba ne ba seka ba kgona go bona boagedi jo ba bo tsayang mo go mmaabone ka gore batsadi ba bone ba ne ba nyalane ka fa molaong.<ref name=":3" /> Ka fa tlase ga karolo ya bone ya molao wa boagedi, bana ba ba tsholetsweng mo lenyalong ba ne ba ka bona boagedi jwa Botswana fela fa rraabone e le Motswana, le ntswa ba ne ba tsholetswe mo lefatsheng leo, ebile ba ntse kwa go lone botshelo jwa bone '''jotlhe'''.<ref>Quansah, E. K. (March 1992). [https://access.heinonline.com/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/afjincol4&id=207&collection=journals&index= "Unity Dow v. Attorney-General of Botswana – One More Relic of a Woman's Servitude Removed".] [[:en:African_Journal_of_International_and_Comparative_Law|''African Journal of International and Comparative Law''.]] '''4''' (1). Edinburgh, Scotland: [[:en:Edinburgh_University_Press|Edinburgh University Press]]: 195–204. ISSN&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0954-8890 0954-8890]. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> Dow o ne a nganga gore ka fa tlase ga molaotheo, baagedi botlhe ba ne ba neelwa ditshwanelo go sa kgathalesege gore tumelo ya bone, mmala, lotso kgotsa bong ke eng; ba ne ba thibelwa go amogela dikotlhao tse di nyenyafatsang setho mme ba ne ba neelwa kgololesego ya motsamao. O ne a nganga gore Karolo ya lesome le botlhano e thibela melao go dira ditshetlana tse di kgethololang. <ref name=":2" /> Moatlhodi wa Kgotlatshekelo, Martin Horowitz o ne a ema Dow nokeng, a dumalana gore molao o ama go itlhophela gore o nyalwa ke mang, o ka mo pateletsa go kgaoganngwa le ba lelwapa la gagwe fa monna wa gagwe le bana ba sa neelwe ditetla tsa boagedi tse di ntshafaditsweng, le gore o a kgetholola.<ref>[https://access.heinonline.com/HOL/Page?public=true&handle=hein.journals/jaflaw36&div=15&start_page=91&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=1&men_tab=srchresults Coldham 1992,] pp.&nbsp;91–92.</ref> == Boikuelo == Puso e ne ya dumalana le boikuelo ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a ronbabongwe le bobedi (1992), ya ''Mmueledimogolo wa Botswana kgatlhanong le Unity Dow,'' e nganga gore Kgotlatshekelo ya boikuelo ya gore Dow ga a na boemo jwa go nna kgatlhanong le molao, ka a ne a sa amege ka gope, le gore molaotheo o ne o sa neele tshwanelo epe ya go nna Motswana kgotsa bokgoni jwa go fetisetsa boagedi kwa baneng.<ref>Quansah, E. K. (March 1993). [https://access.heinonline.com/HOL/Page?public=true&handle=hein.journals/afjincol5&div=16&start_page=189&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=0&men_tab=srchresults "Unity Dow v. Attorney-General of Botswana – The Sequel".] ''African Journal of International and Comparative Law''. '''5''' (1). Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press: 189–207. ISSN&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0954-8890 0954-8890]. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref>Mmueledimogolo o ne gape a nganga gore go tlogelwa ga lefoko "bong" mo Karolong ya lesome le boraro (3) ya molaotheo go ne go diretswe go letla thulaganyo ya setso ya setshaba le go somarela dingwao tsa setso mabapi le ka fa basadi ba batswana ba tshwarwang ka teng,ka jalo, molao wa boagedi o ne o sa kgetholole ka o ne o sala ngwao morago.<ref name=":3" /><ref>[[:en:African_Journal_of_International_and_Comparative_Law|Quansah 1993]], p.&nbsp;191.</ref> O ne a buelela kgethololo ya bong mo molaong wa boagedi gore e botlhokwa go somarela ngwao ya setshaba sa Botswana e e ikaegileng ka go eteletsa banna kwa pele le go thibela go nna le boagedi ja mafatshe a mabedi.<ref name=":4">[[:en:Chaloka_Beyani|Beyani 1994]], p.&nbsp;295.</ref> Austin Amissah, Moatlhodimogolo wa Kgotlatshekelo ya boikuelo, o ne a sekaseka Kgaolo Iya bobedi (II), Karolo ya boraro (3), ya [[Molaomotheo wa Botswana|Molaotheo wa Botswana]] e e nang le lenaane la ditshwanelo le dikgololesego tsa motho a le mongwe, le Karolo ya lesome le borobabobedi (18), e e nang le ditshetlana tsa go diragatsa ditshwanelo tsa Molaotheo. O fitlhetse e le gore Karolo ya boraro e umakile ka tlhamalalo "thobalano" jaaka selo se se tlhalosang tshwanelo ya ditshwanelo tseo tsa motheo. Ka e ne e le tshetllana ya motheo ya Kgaolo ya bobedi mo go tlhaloseng ditshwanelo le kgololesego tse motho mongwe le mongwe a nang le tshwanelo ya tsone, ditshwanelo tsa motheo di ne di ka se tlolwe ntle le fa di ama dikgatlhego tsa setšhaba kgotsa go akola ditshwanelo ke batho bangwe.<ref>[https://access.heinonline.com/HOL/Page?public=true&handle=hein.journals/afjincol5&div=16&start_page=189&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=0&men_tab=srchresults Quansah 1993], p.&nbsp;193.</ref>O ne a tswelela ka go lemoga gore Kgaolo ya bobedi , Karolo ya lesome le botlhano e ne e ka se kgaoganngwe le Karolo ya boraro, ka gore ditshetlana tsotlhe tse dingwe mo Kgaolong ya bobedi ya Molaotheo di thailwe go remeletsweng mo karolong ya boraro. O ne a soboka ka gore ka kgethololo e sa umakiwe mo Karolong ya boraro, go sa tshwarwe ka tekatekano go ka se letlelelwe go lekanyetsa ditshwanelo le kgololesego tse di tlhalosiwang mo go yone. Amissah o ne a re, "Ga ke itse molawana ope wa kago mo molaong o o reng tshwanelo ya motheo e e neetsweng motho ke Molaotheo e ka kgaoganngwa ke tlhaloso mo karolong e nngwe go ya ka maikaelelo a Karolo e nngwe eo".<ref>[https://access.heinonline.com/HOL/Page?public=true&handle=hein.journals/afjincol5&div=16&start_page=189&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=0&men_tab=srchresults Quansah 1993], p.&nbsp;195.</ref> O ne a gatelela gore ngwao ga e ka ke ya bewa kwa pele ga molaotheo, ka gore Molaotheo o tla pele,<ref name=":4" />o ne a boelela gore tshireletso e e lekanang ya ditshwanelo tsa bone ka fa tlase ga molao e neelwa motho mongwe le mongwe, e le monna kgotsa mosadi, ebile e ne e tlhokiwa ke molao wa Aforika wa ditshwanelo tsa setho le batho, tumalano ya fedisiwa ga mefuta yotlhe ya kgethololo ya basadi le molao wa mafatshefatshe wa ditshwanelo tsa setho, o Botswana a tlamegang go o sala morago.<ref>[https://access.heinonline.com/HOL/Page?public=true&handle=hein.journals/afjincol5&div=16&start_page=189&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=0&men_tab=srchresults Quansah 1993], p.&nbsp;196.</ref>Bontsi jwa baatlhodi, e bong Amissah, Akinola Aguda, le George Bizos ba ne ba fetsa ka gore go ya ka botlhokwa jwa tsheko e, Molaotheo o o ne o iletsa kgethololo ya bong.<ref>[https://access.heinonline.com/HOL/Page?public=true&handle=hein.journals/afjincol5&div=16&start_page=189&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=0&men_tab=srchresults Quansah 1993], pp.&nbsp;197–198.</ref> Fa e le ka go ema, Amissah o ne a lemotsha gore moikarabedi (Dow) o ne a tshwanetse fela go nna le tumelo e e utlwalang ya gore ditshwanelo tsa gagwe di ka nna tsa tlolwa go batla paakanyo kwa kgotlatshekelong.<ref>[https://access.heinonline.com/HOL/Page?public=true&handle=hein.journals/afjincol5&div=16&start_page=189&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=0&men_tab=srchresults Quansah 1993], p.&nbsp;200.</ref> Moatlhodi Aguda o ne a dumalana, a bolela gore fa monna wa ga Dow le bana ba gagwe go ka ganwa ba tsena mo Botswana, o ne a tla ikutlwa ka tshwanelo gore o ne a tshwarwa ka tsela e e nyenyefatsang mme a ka kopa thuso ka mabaka ao. Bontsi jwa baatlhodi, e leng Amissah, Aguda, Bizos le Bill Schreiner, ba ne ba dumalana gore Dow e ne e na le boemo.<ref>[https://access.heinonline.com/HOL/Page?public=true&handle=hein.journals/afjincol5&div=16&start_page=189&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=0&men_tab=srchresults Quansah 1993], pp.&nbsp;200–201, 203</ref>Setilo se se tletseng baatlhodi sa Kgotlatshekelo ya boikuelo ka bontsi jwa boraro go ya go bobedi e ne ya tlhomamisa tshwetso ya Kgotlatshekelo ka diphetogo tse dipotlana, ya bolela gore dikarolo tsa bone le botlhano tsa molao wa boagedi wa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bobedi, jaaka o fetotswe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bone, ga di dumalane le molaotheo.<ref>[https://access.heinonline.com/HOL/Page?public=true&handle=hein.journals/afjincol5&div=16&start_page=189&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=0&men_tab=srchresults Quansah 1993], p.&nbsp;189.</ref>Amissah, Aguda le Bizos ba ne ba nna bangwe ba ba mo bontsing mme Cedric Puckrin le Schreiner ba ne ba kopanela mo bonnyeng.<ref>[https://access.heinonline.com/HOL/Page?public=true&handle=hein.journals/afjincol5&div=16&start_page=189&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=0&men_tab=srchresults Quansah 1993], p.&nbsp;201.</ref> == Ditlamorago == Tsheko e, e ne ya nna tsheko e e botlhokwa thata mo Aforika.<ref name=":1" /> Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le botlhano, go ne ga fetisiwa molao o mosha wa boagedi mo Botswana, o o neng wa fedisa go tlhoka tekatekano ya bong mo molaong.<ref>[[:en:Bronwen_Manby|Manby, Bronwen]] (2010). ''[https://www.unhcr.org/4cbc60ce6.pdf Citizenship Law in Africa: A Comparative Study]'' (PDF) (2nd&nbsp;ed.). New York, New York: Open Society Foundations, Africa Governance Monitoring and Advocacy (AfriMAP), Open Society Justice Initiative. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-936133-29-1|978-1-936133-29-1]]</bdi>. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 February 2021.</ref>Tsheko e e ne ya fa balweladitshwanelo ba bomme maatla a go gatelela gore go diriwe diphetogo mo melaong ya bosetšhaba go ralala Aforika. Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le lesome, go ne ga diriwa diphetogo mo melaong ya bosetšhaba kwa mafatsheng a [[Algeria]], [[Burkina Faso]], [[Burundi]], [[Djibouti]], [[Egepeto]], [[Ethiopia]], [[The Gambia|Gambia]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Kenya]], [[Lesotho]], [[Mali]], [[Mauritius]], [[Morocco]], [[Niger]], [[Rwanda]], [[Senegal|Senegal,]] [[Sierra Leone]], [[Tunisia]], [[Uganda]] le [[Zimbabwe]] go fedisa dingwe tsa dikgethololo tsa melao ya bosetshaba.<ref>[[:en:Bronwen_Manby|Manby 2010]], p.&nbsp;45.</ref> Pele ga ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabobedi , mafatshe a le masome a mane le bobedi mo go a le masome a matlhano le bone a Aforika a ne a fetotse melao e e neng e thibetse basadi go fetisetsa boagedi jwa bone kwa baneng ba bone.<ref>Pailey, Robtel Neajai (2020). [https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/62239/chapter/550822612#550822612 "Women, Equality, and Citizenship in Contemporary Africa"]. In Cheeseman, Nic (ed.). [https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/62239 ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of African Politics''.] Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.&nbsp;1834–1856. doi:[https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/62239/chapter/550822612#550822612 10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.852]. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-008904-7|<bdi>978-0-19-008904-7</bdi>.]]</ref> Tsheko e, e ne ya dira gore Dow a nne le go bonagala mo setshabeng le mo mafatshefatsheng mme ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le bosupa, o ne a tlhomiwa go nna mosadi wa ntlha go berekela mo Kgotlatshekelong e kgolo ya lefatshe la Botswana<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />. Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bone, o ne a tlhophiwa go nna mopalamente o o tlhophilweng ka mo go faphegileng mme o ne a direla puso mo maphateng a a farologaneng go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le masome a mabedi, fa a ne a nna kwa morago mo palamenteng.<ref>Motsamai, Mmoniemang (28 October 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305011339/http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/news-details.php?nid=15458 "Meet Specially Elected MPs"]. ''Daily News Botswana''. Gaborone, Botswana. Archived from [http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/news-details.php?nid=15458 the original] on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref><ref>Motlhoka, Thobo (3 September 2020). [https://www.sundaystandard.info/sacrificial-dow-takes-one-for-the-team/ "Sacrificial Dow Takes One for the Team"]. ''Sunday Standard''. Gaborone, Botswana. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210302162035/https://www.sundaystandard.info/sacrificial-dow-takes-one-for-the-team/ Archived] from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> == Metswedi ==   p5prb74t271qseaufo78qx1590jmwhu 0 14604 53073 2026-07-24T09:55:01Z JudithShe 9421 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1257178883|Malotwana Siding]]" 53073 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Malotwana Siding''' ke motse o o mo [[Kgaolo ya Kgatleng|kgaolong ya Kgatleng]] mo [[Botswana]] O dikhilomithara di le lesome kwa bokone jwa [[Mochudi]], palo ya batho ba motse o o e ne e le makgolo a mararo, masome a matlhano le bone mo palong ya batho ya ngwaga wa dikete pedi le motso. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Distribution of population by sex by villages and their associated localities: 2001 population and housing census |url=http://www.cso.gov.bw/html/census/dist40.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124145537/http://www.cso.gov.bw/html/census/dist40.html |archive-date=2007-11-24 |access-date=2008-02-07}}</ref> Mo nakong ya gompieno go na le sekolo se le sengwe fela mo motseng o, se sebotlana sa Boiteko. Bontsi jwa batho ba ba nnang mo motseng o ke balemi barui fela ba ba itshedisang ka jone. == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} re5sbgs0h972evx28zriwylcsxw42ne 53074 53073 2026-07-24T09:57:26Z JudithShe 9421 Ke tsentse setshwantsho mo tsebeng e #Wikipedia25BW 53074 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Botswana location map.svg|thumb|Lefelo le Malotwana Siding a leng kwa go lone]] '''Malotwana Siding''' ke motse o o mo [[Kgaolo ya Kgatleng|kgaolong ya Kgatleng]] mo [[Botswana]] O dikhilomithara di le lesome kwa bokone jwa [[Mochudi]], palo ya batho ba motse o o e ne e le makgolo a mararo, masome a matlhano le bone mo palong ya batho ya ngwaga wa dikete pedi le motso. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Distribution of population by sex by villages and their associated localities: 2001 population and housing census |url=http://www.cso.gov.bw/html/census/dist40.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124145537/http://www.cso.gov.bw/html/census/dist40.html |archive-date=2007-11-24 |access-date=2008-02-07}}</ref> Mo nakong ya gompieno go na le sekolo se le sengwe fela mo motseng o, se sebotlana sa Boiteko. Bontsi jwa batho ba ba nnang mo motseng o ke balemi barui fela ba ba itshedisang ka jone. == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} mby8llse7kj293qh7tikyed3k128h80 0 14605 53075 2026-07-24T10:02:52Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Mogonye #Wikipedia25BW 53075 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement|name=Mogonye|type=Motse}} '''Mogonye''' ke motse o o kwa kgaolong ya borwa jwa [[Botswana]]. Mo palo bathong ya ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi, o ne o na le batho ba le sekete, masome a robabobedi le motso.<ref>[https://www.statsbots.org.bw/village-mogonye-0 "Village Mogonye".]</ref> == Metswedi == 5g4s90w4ynpdz0kdz9vi5ifivkegl6y 0 14606 53079 2026-07-24T10:44:19Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tsebe ya Directorate of Intelligence and Security(DIS) 53079 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Directorate of Intelligence and Security (DIS)''' ke lephata la matlhale la Botswana le le tlhomilweng ka fa tlase ga [[Intelligence and Security Service Act]] e e simolotseng ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi (2008).<ref>[https://botswanalaws.com/alphabetical-list-of-statutes/intelligence-and-security-service "INTELLIGENCE AND SECURITY SERVICE | Alphabetical List of Statutes".] ''botswanalaws.com''. Retrieved 20 January 2021</ref>DIS e ne ya tlhomiwa go okamela merero ya [[counterintelligence]] le tshireletsego ya ka fa gare ya [[Botswana]].<ref>Mosinyi, Thato (23 July 2020). [https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/57353 "Directorate restructures". ''D'']''aily News Botswana''. Retrieved 20 January 2021.</ref> DIS e na le taolo ya dipatlisiso go tshwara kgotsa go tshwara le go botsolotsa mo mefuteng e mentsi ya melato ya bosenyi.<ref>Maundeni, Zibani (2008). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41236039 "Vision 2016 and Reforming the Intelligence in Botswana".] ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''40''': 135–146. ISSN&#x20;0525-5090. JSTOR&#x20;41236039.</ref> == Ditiro == Ditiro tsa DIS di akaretsa:<ref>Government of Botswana "CHAPTER 23:02 " Government of Botswana, https://dis.org.bw/assets/pdf/index/act.pdf, Date accessed: July 23, 2026</ref> * Go batlisisa, go kgobokanya, go rulaganya, go sekaseka, go golaganya, go ranola, go boloka le go anamisa tshedimosetso, go sa kgathalesege gore e ka ga dilo tse di mo teng kgotsa kwa ntle ga Botswana, ka maikaelelo a go lemoga le go lemoga matshosetsi a tshireletso ya bosetšhaba, go gakolola Moporesitente le Puso ya Botswana ka matshosetsi a tshireletso ya bosetšhaba, le go tsaya dikgato tsa sepolotiki, ikonomi, le/kgotsa tsa sesole go sireletsa dikgatlhego tsa tshireletso ya Botswana * Go kgobokanya tshedimosetso ya bosebeletsi ka kopo ya lefapha lengwe le lengwe la puso, lefapha kgotsa setheo mme, ntle le tiego, go sekaseka le go fetisetsa tshedimosetso e e kopilweng kwa lefapheng leo, lefapha kgotsa setheo * Go laola, ka tirisanommogo le lefapha lengwe le lengwe la Puso, lefapha kgotsa setheo se se rweleng maikarabelo a go okamela karolo nngwe le nngwe ya tshireletsego ya bosetšhaba, motsamao wa tshedimosetso le tshireletsego, le tirisanommogo magareng ga Bokaedi le setheo seo, lefapha kgotsa setheo sa ditiro tse di amanang le tshedimosetso * Go gakolola puso, ditheo tsa puso le ditheo tsa semolao ka tshireletso ya didiriswa tse di botlhokwa le ditokomane tse di tsewang e le sephiri * Dira dipatlisiso tsa tshireletso go netefatsa gore batho ba ba nang le phitlhelelo ya tshedimosetso nngwe le nngwe e e botlhokwa kgotsa e e tsewang e le sephiri ba na le tetla ya tshireletso * Go dira dikatlanegiso go Tautona malebana le dipholisi ka ga botlhale le tshireletsego, botlhale le tshireletsego tse di botlhokwa, le dikgato tsa tshireletsego mo mafapheng a puso, mafapha le ditheo * Go tlamela ka tshireletso ya sebele go Tautona wa maloba, ba lelapa la Tautona wa maloba,Tautona, ba lelapa la Tautona, Motlatsa-Tautonae, ba lelapa la Motlatsa-Tautona, batlotlegi ba ba etetseng le batho ba bangwe ba ba ka tlhomamisiwang ke Tautona. == Thulaganyo == Motsamaisi-Kakaretso wa Ajensi ke [[Brigadier Peter Magosi]] yo o neng a le mo masole a a kgethegileng a [[Botswana Defence Force]] pele a tlhomiwa mo Ajensi ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi (2018).<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/SundayStandardBW/posts/1535409746585374 "Sunday Standard/ The Telegraph"]. ''www.facebook.com''. Retrieved 20 January 2021.</ref>[[Edward Robert]] ke motlhankedi wa dikamano le setšhaba wa DIS. === Thulaganyo ya Phuthego === DIS e na le dikarolo tse di farologaneng le diyuniti tse di akaretsang:<ref>Government of Botswana "CHAPTER 23:02 " Government of Botswana, https://dis.org.bw/assets/pdf/index/act.pdf, Date accessed: July 23, 2026</ref> * Mokaedi-Kakaretso * Motlatsa Mokaedi-Kakaretso * Lephata la Tshedimosetso ya Selegae * Lephata la Tshedimosetso e e Kwa Ntle Gape ba na le yuniti e e bidiwang Special Task Team (khutsufatso: STT).<ref>Reporter, Sunday Standard (1 March 2022). [https://www.sundaystandard.info/phase-2-robbers-were-defenceless-against-the-double-tap-of-dis-strike-force/ "Phase 2 robbers were defenceless against the 'double-tap' of DIS' strike force | Sunday Standard".] Retrieved 11 June 2026.</ref> == Metswedi == h4i276w1unyigr3nyb56op94p45yiut 0 14607 53090 2026-07-24T11:23:32Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tsebe ya Gilbert Khunwane 53090 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gilbert "Ghisto" Khunwane''' (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le lesome le botlhano, ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bosupa (1977) kwa [[Mmankgodi]]) ke motshameki wa motshameko wa mabole yo o tlogetseng tiro go tswa kwa [[Botswana]], yo o neng a gaisana mo metshamekong ya Diolimpiki tsa Selemo tsa dikete tse pedi (2000) kwa [[Sydney]], [[Australia]]. Fa a le koo o ne a tlosiwa mo motshamekong wa ntlha wa banna ba ba bokete jo bo kwa tlase ( -60 kg) a fenngwa ke Cristian Bejarano wa kwa Mexico yo kwa bofelong a neng a gapa sekgele sa boronse. O ne a gapa sekgele sa boronse mo metshamekong ya [[All-Africa Games]] ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe (1999) mo kgaisanong ya bokete jo bo motlhofo. Khunwane o ne a gapa sekgele sa boronse kwa Metshamekong ya Commonwealth ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bobedi (2002) kwa [[Manchester]]. O ne a tshotse folaga ya naga ya gaabo kwa moletlong wa go bulwa ga metshameko ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi [[(2000) Summer Olympics]] kwa [[Sydney,]] [[Australia]] pele a tlogela metshameko ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le botlhano (2005) go nna mokatisi.<ref>Kebadiretse, Frederick (27 June 2012). [https://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=8&aid=1326&dir=2012/June/Wednesday27 "Khunwane challenges Thipe for BoBA vice-presidency"]. ''Mmegi''. Retrieved 24 July 2020.</ref>E ne e le mokapotene wa setlhopha sa bosetšhaba sa Botswana sa mabokose <ref>[https://allafrica.com/stories/200502110600.html Botswana: Khunwane to Retire in Style"]. 11 February 2005.</ref>le mothusi wa mokatisi. O ne a tlhophiwa go nna mothusa Tautona wa Mokgatlho wa Bobokose wa Botswana ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le leosme le borobabongwe (2019).<ref>More, Ketshepile (10 February 2019). [https://allafrica.com/stories/201902110363.html "Botswana: Association Appoints Khunwane Vice President"]. ''AllAfrica''. Retrieved 24 July 2020.</ref> == Metswedi == ainr5uezvaeamd5gl16taea6ux50937 0 14608 53094 2026-07-24T11:46:36Z MmaBaggio 11091 #Wikipedia25BW KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Boitsaanape le Maranyane mo Botswana 53094 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Boitsaanape le Maranyane mo Botswana''' di akaretsa tlhabololo ya ditso ya melawana ya boitsaanape , tlhaeletsano, mafaratlhatlha a dijithale, maranyane a lefaufau, maranyane a madi, le ditsamaiso tsa tlhago tsa botswerere kwa [[Botswana]], Lefatshe le le senang kgogedi ya lewatle mo borwa jwa Afrika. [[Lefatshe la Botswana]] e ne e le nngwe ya dinaga tsa ntlha tsa [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC) go amogela pholisi ya saense le thekenoloji, e dira jalo ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi, mme ya e tlhabolola ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bongwe .<ref name=":0">Mbula-Kraemer, Erika; Scerri, Mario (2015). ''[http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf Southern Africa. In: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030]'' (PDF). Paris: UNESCO. pp.&#x20;535–565. [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-3-100129-1|ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-92-3-100129-1</bdi>.]]</ref> Lefatshe le fetogile go tswa mo ikonoming e e ikaegileng ka teemane go ya ikonoming e e ikaegileng ka kitso fa e sale ka dingwaga tsa bo dikete tse pedi, ka dilo tse di botlhokwa tse di akaretsang go bulwa ga sathalaete ya yone ya ntlha ya bosetšhaba ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano. == Maemo a loago le itsholelo == Lefatshe la Botswana Le na le ditso tse ditelele tsa go nna le tlhomamo ya sepolotiki mo Aforika morago ga boipuso. Ke puso yabatho ka batho ya maloko a mantsi, le tsewa e le lefatshe le le dirang sentle mo kontinenteng ke Corruption Perceptions Index mme le beilwe mo maemong a boraro ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone mo Ibrahim Index of African Governance.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Lemarchand, Guillermo A.; Schneegans, Susan (2013). ''[http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002247/224725E.pdf Mapping Research and Innovation in the Republic of Botswana]'' (PDF). Paris: UNESCO. [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-3-001219-9|ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-92-3-001219-9</bdi>]].</ref> Ka nako ya fa Botswana e ne e bona boipuso ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le borataro , e ne e le lengwe la mafatshe humanegileng thata mo lefatsheng. Ngwaga morago ga moo, diteemane di ne tsa bonwa mme fa e sa le ka nako eo di ile tsa nna motheo wa itsholelo Magareng ga ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe le dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro , GDP ya motho a le mongwe e ne ya tlhatloga go tswa go $12 404 go ya go $15 247 (ka diranta tsa go reka ka tlhwatlhwa e e tshwanang, ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bongwe ka ditlhwatlhwa tse di sa fetogeng), e e neng ya rotloediwa ke go tlhatloga ga itsholelo ya lefatshe lotlhe, e e tsamaisanang le go tlhatloga ga diperesente di le masome a mabedi le boraro tsa GDP ya motho a le mongwe mo nakong eo. Mo kgaolong ya SADC, ke Seychelles le Mauritius fela tse di nang le maemo a a kwa godimo a lotseno la palogare. <ref name=":0" />Le fa gone GDP ya mmatota ya motho a le mongwe e le kwa godimo e bile e ntse e gola, Lefatshe leno le mo maemonga bobedi mo SADC ka ntlha ya go sa lekalekane mme go na le lehuma le le anameng. Palo ya batho ba ba sa berekeng e ne e le lesome lesome le borobabobedi mo lekgolong ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro, mme palo ya batho ba ba nang le HIV mo Botswana e le 18.5 lekgolong ya baagi e ne e le nngwe ya tse di kwa godimo go gaisa mo lefatsheng go ya ka dipatisiso tsa Botswana AIDS Impact Survey tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Go Kabakanya Itsholelo == Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano, Botswana e ne e le lefatshe le le ntshang diteemane tse dintsi go gaisa mo lefatsheng. Le fa Botswana e ikaegile thata ka lephata la meepo, e falotse phutso ya metswedi ya madi ka go kgaoganya ditshenyegelo tsa setšhaba le lotseno go tswa mo lephateng la meepo, go beeletsa lotseno lwa diteemane mo letloleng la go boloka madi go kgontsha pholisi ya matlole e e kgatlhanong le modikologo le mo dilong tsa setšhaba, mafaratlhatlha, le dithulaganyo tsa borutegi tse di tshegetsang thuto ka botlalo mo maemong otlhe. <ref>''African Economic Outlook 2013. Special Thematic Edition: Structural Transformation and Natural Resources''. African Development Bank. 2013.</ref> Go farologanya itsholelo go ne ga dirwa selo sa botlhokwa mo Leanong la Bosetšhaba la Tlhabololo la Bolesome la ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe go ya go ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro, ka puso e tsaya gore go nna le seabe ga lekalana le le ikemetseng go botlhokwa thata le gore R&D ke yone tsela e e nang le matswela thata ya go rotloetsa bo-rakgwebo. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome, puso e ne ya phatlalatsa Economic Diversification Drive ya yone. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bongwe, e ne ya fetola Molao wa dikompone go letlelela kwadiso ya kompone ntle le bakwadisi ba kompone, go fokotsa ditshenyegelo tsa go simolola, mme ya tsenya tsamaiso e e theilweng mo dintlheng go letla bajaki ba ba nang le bokgoni go dira mo Botswana. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Go farologangwa ga itsholelo go ne ga dirwa selo sa botlhokwa mo Leanong la Bosetšhaba la Tlhabololo la Bolesome la ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe go ya ko ngwageng wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro, ka puso e tsaya gore go nna le seabe ga lekalana le le ikemetseng ka nosi go botlhokwa thata le gore R&D ke yone tsela e e nang le matswela thata ya go rotloetsa bo-rakgwebo. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse le lesome, puso e ne ya phatlalatsa Economic Diversification Drive ya yone. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bongwe, e ne ya fetola Molao wa Dikompone go letlelela kwadiso ya kompone e ntle le bakwadisi ba dikompone, go fokotsa ditshenyegelo tsa go simolola, mme ya tsenya tsamaiso e e theilweng mo dintlheng go letla babeeletsi ba ba nang le bokgoni go dira mo Botswana.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Go farologanya ke selo se se botlhokwa mo Leanong la Bosetšhaba la Tlhabololo la bo lesome le bongwe la ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bosupa go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro, le le kaelwang ke Pono ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mararo le borataro (2016), le e leng leano la Botswana la go fitlhelela maemo a lotseno lo lo kwa godimo ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mararo le borataro. Dikarolo tse di tsepameng tse di nang le mosola wa go bapisa di akaretsa ditirelo tsa madi, thuto, boitekanelo, diteemane, nama ya kgomo, bojanala le meepo. Mafelo a a kgethegileng a itsholelo a a tlhabololwa go dikologa Sir Seretse Khama International Airport le mo lefelong la Padamatenga go ngoka dipeeletso.<ref name=":2">Kraemer-Mbula, Erika; Sheikheldin, Gussai; Karimanzira, Rungano (2021). ''Southern Africa. In: UNESCO Science Report: the Race Against Time for Smarter Development''. UNESCO Publishing. pp.&#x20;534–573. [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-3-100450-6|ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-92-3-100450-6</bdi>.]]</ref> == Boitsaanape, Maranyane le melawana ya tlhabololo == === Tsamaiso ya bosetšhaba === Botswana e tsewa e na le thulaganyo ya bosetšhaba e e tlhabologang ya go dira dilo tse disha. E ne e le mo maemong a bo masome a robabobedi le bosuap mo Global Innovation Index ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano.<ref>[https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/botswana "GII Innovation Ecosystems and Data Explorer 2025".] ''WIPO''. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref>Tafole e e latelang e bontsha seemo sa ditsamaiso tsa bosetšhaba tsa bosetšhaba go ralala Southern African Development Community jaaka e sekasekilwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano. Melawana wa bosetšhaba wa Boitsaanape le Maranayane Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi, Tona ya Tlhaeletsano, boitsaanape le maranyane o kopile thuso ya UNESCO go sekaseka melawana ya Boitsaanape le maranayane ya ntlha ya lefatshe, e e simolotseng ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi . Botswana e ne ya phatlalatsa National Policy on Research, Science and Technology ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bongwe, moTirong ya UNESCO e e neng e tshegediwa ke Spanish Agency for International Cooperation and Development.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Go ne ga tsewa gore molawana ono o fitlheletse kgatelopele e e rileng mme e paletswe ke go rarabolola bothata jwa go sa nne le madi a a lekaneng mo go R&D le go sa nne le ditiro le khumo e e lekaneng. Leano le le tlhabolotsweng la ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bongwe le ne la kopanngwa le leano la Patlisiso, boitsaanape le maranyane la Botswana la ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le botlhano mme le na le dikgato di le nne tse dikgolo: tlhabololo ya mokgwa o o rulaganeng le o o kopaneng wa go rulaganyaboitsaanape, maranyane le boitshupo; tlhabololo ya matshwao a STI go ya ka bukana ya melao Frascati le Oslo ya [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]]; go simololwa ga ditiro tsa go bonela pele tse di tsayang karolo ka metlha; le go matlafatsa dibopego tsa setheo tse di ikarabelelang go lekola le go diragatsa melawana.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro , Tona ya Thuto le Bokgoni [[Pelonomi Venson-Moitoi]] o ne a tlhagisa dikgwetlho tse Botswana e lebaneng le tsone fa go ne go simololwa patlisiso ya UNESCO ka ga thulaganyo ya bosetšhaba ya bosetšhaba ya bosetšhaba, a bua ka tlhokego ya go tokafatsa tshireletso ya thoto ya botlhale le kgwebo ya dikumo tsa R&D, le go lemoga bothata jwa go tlamela ka matlole a go lekalekanya peeletso ya R&D kgatlhanong le ditlhokego tsa tlhabololo ya ka bonako jaaka mafaratlhatlha a tlhokomelo ya boitekanelo. <ref>[http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/science-technology/sti-policy/global-observatory-of-policy-instruments/go-spin-botswana/ "UNESCO launches new series with a profile of R&D in Botswana".] ''UNESCO Science, Technology and Innovation Policy''. 14 November 2013.</ref>Lekgotla la Botswana Academy of Sciences le simolotse ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano. === Melao ya Maranyane(2025) === Ka kgwedi ya Phatwe ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano, Palamente ya Botswana e ne ya fetisa melao e mebedi e e botlhokwa e e malebana le tsa boranyane. Molaotlhomo wa Ditirelo tsa maranyane o rotloetsa go nna le phitlhelelo e e lekalekanang ya ditirelo tsa maranyane tse di tlhwatlhwa e e kwa tlase, segolo thata mo baaging ba ba sa direlweng sentle, mme o tlhoma letlhomeso la Bothati jwa Ditirelo tsa maranyen. Molaotlhomo wa Pabalesego ya maranyane o tlhoma dithulaganyo tsa go rotloetsa go agiwa ga bokgoni jwa pabalesego ya inthanete go ralala lefatshe. Melaotlhomo e mebedi e supa kgato e e botlhokwa mo go tlhomeng semmuso tikologo ya taolo ya maranyane ya Botswana. <ref>[https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/botswana-digital-economy Botswana: Digital Economy".] U.S. International Trade Administration. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> === Moalo wa tiriso ya AI === Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano puso ya Botswana e ne e dira molawana wa bosetšhaba wa Artificial Intelligence morago ga letsholo la AI Readiness Foundation le le tserweng ka tirisanommogo le [[UNESCO]], le le neng le lekola go iketleetsa ga naga eo go ya ka mekgwa, go akaretsa, tshireletsego le go tsamaisana le maikaelelo a bosetšhaba a tlhabololo. Mothusa Tautona, Ndaba Gaolathe, o tlhalositse leano la puso jaaka go aga tikologo ya AI, fintech, agritech, cleantech, le health tech, ka dipeeletso mo mafaratlhatlheng, talente, le tshegetso ya molawana ono.<ref>[https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/88106 Artificial Intelligence Policy in final stage"]. Daily News Botswana. 13 August 2025. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> == Ditlhaeletsano == === Lekgotla la Botswana la Ditlhaeletsano (1980) === [[Lekgotla la Botswana la Ditlhaeletsano]] (BTC) le ne ya tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi jaaka lekgolo mo lekgolong ya puso e e leng ya semmuso go tlamela, go tlhabolola, go dira le go laola ditirelo tsa tlhaeletsano ya mo nageng le ya boditšhabatšhaba ya Botswana. Mo dingwageng tsa yone tsa ntlha di le lesome le borataro, BTC e ne e dira jaaka motlamedi a le esi wa tlhaeletsano mo lefatsheng. Maranyane a yone a ne a agilwe ka microwave le fiber optic system ya dijithale ka phapanyetsano ya dijithale kwa ditikwatikweng tse dikgolo, e e nang le dikilometara di le dikete tse supa le makgolo a mararo tsa marangrang a radio le fiber optic. <ref name=":3">[[:en:Botswana_Telecommunications_Corporation|"Botswana Telecommunications Corporation".]] Wikipedia. Retrieved 14 April 2026</ref> == Kgololesego le Kganetsano ya Megala ya lotheka (1996 go ya go 1999) == Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borataro, phetolo ya Molao wa BTC e ne ya phimola monopoly ya BTC mme ya tsenya kgaisano ka go dirisa dikoporasi tse pedi tse di kopaneng tsa disele: Mascom Wireless le Vista Communications, tse moragonyana di neng tsa bidiwa Orange Botswana. Bobedi jwa tsone di ne tsa fiwa diteseletso tsa dingwaga di le lesome le botlhano tsa go tsamaisa megala ya letheka ka dingwaga di le lesome[[Botswana Communications Regulatory Authority|. Botswana Communications Regulatory Authority]] (BOCRA), e e neng e simolotse e le Botswana Telecommunications Authority, e ne ya tlhamiwa jaaka molaodi wa lephata. Diteseletso tsa ntlha tsa batlamedi ba diterelo tsa maranyane le tsone di ne tsa rebolwa ka yone nako eo. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe, BTA e ne ya rebola dilaesense tsa diradio tsa FM tsa ntlha tse pedi tsa Botswana, [[Yarona FM]] le Gabz FM.<ref>[https://www.bocra.org.bw/history-communication-regulation "History of Communication Regulation"]. Botswana Communications Regulatory Authority. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> === Go ikemela le go atolosiwa (dingwaga tsa 2000 go ya go 2010) === Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borataro, puso e ne ya tsaa tshwetso go dira gore BTC e nne e ikemele ka bonosi. Palamente e ne ya dira Molao wa BTC (Transition) ka ngwaga wa dikete tse ped i le borobabobedi , go dira gore Botswana Fibre Networks (BoFiNet) e nne motlamedi wa ditirelo tsa tlhaeletsano ya bosetšhaba le ya boditšhabatšhaba fa BTC e ne e ntse e le motlamedi wa thekiso. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi , BTC e ne ya itshimololela thaeletsani ya yone ya mogala ka leina la beMOBILE. Ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele e rogwa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi, BTC e ne ya fetolwa semmuso go tswa mo mokgatlhong wa semolao go nna kompone ya setšhaba e e lekanyeditsweng ke dikabelo mme ya tewa leina la Botswana Telecommunications Corporation Limited (BTCL), ya nna kgwebo ya ntlha ya puso go tsenngwa mo go tsa poraefete ka go kwadisa kwa setoko sa dithoto fa e kwadisitswe kwa Botswana Stock Exchange ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro . Puso ga jaana e tshwere 54.16 lekgolong ya share capital e e ntshitsweng.<ref name=":3" /> Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe , Mascom e tlhomile mafaratlhatlha a ditikwatikwe tsa metse ya magae tse di itsegeng jaaka Mascom Kitsong Centres, tse di tlamelang ka go fitlhelela inthanete le ditirelo tse dingwe tsa dijithale go akaretsa madi a mogala le katiso ya dikhomputara. Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi, go ne go na le ditikwatikwe tse di ntseng jalo di le lekgolo le lesome mo metseng e le mentsi. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro, Mascom e ne ya simolola porojeke ya e-Schools, e e neng ya golaganya dikolo tsa puso di le makgolo a marataro le masome a mabedi le boraro le inthanete ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome borobabongwe. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi, [[Mascom]] e ne ya tlamela ka inthanete ya mahala go puso ya Covid-19 tracker system, e e dirilweng ka tirisanommogo le [[UNICEF]], sekolo se setona sa Oslo, le balekane ba bangwe.<ref name=":2" /> === Tsela e mmaraka o ntseng ka yone gone jaanong === Mmaraka wa tlhaeletsano ya megala o jaana o tlamelwa ke Badiri ba maranyane a Tlhaeletsano ya Megala ba le bararo: BTCL, Mascom Wireless (setlamo sa MTN Group ya Aforika Borwa), le Orange Botswana (e e engwang nokeng ke Orange Group). Mascom e ne ya etelela pele mo mmarakeng wa difouno tsa selula ka dipalo tsa ba ba ikwadisitseng go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro. BoFiNet e tlamela ka mafaratlhatlha a bosetšhaba le a boditšhabatšhaba go akaretsa le dikgokagano tsa fiber go ya kwa dikgwebong le kwa magaeng. BOCRA e bega gore go tla bo go na le 4G mo diperesenteng di le 98.2 tsa naga eno le 5G mo diperesenteng di le 41.89 ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano. Go tsena ga tirelo ya inthanete ya sathalaete ya SpaceX Starlink go atolositse phitlhelelo ya inthanete ya lebelo le le kwa godimo go ya kwa mafelong a a kgakala koo mafaratlhatlha a a mo lefatsheng a neng a lekanyeditswe.<ref>[https://www.bocra.org.bw/telecommunications "Telecommunications".] Botswana Communications Regulatory Authority. Retrieved 14 April 202</ref><ref>[https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/botswana-telecommunications "Botswana: Telecommunications"]. U.S. International Trade Administration. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi, Palamente e ne ya fetisa Molao wa Tshireletso ya Tshedimosetso o o tlhomang Khomišene ya Tshedimosetso le Tshireletso ya Tshedimosetso, go tlhomamisa tshwanelo ya baagi go fitlhelela tshedimosetso ya bona ya sebele le go ganetsa go e dirisa.<ref name=":2" /> == Thuto e kgolwane le dipatlisiso == === Dikolo tse Dikgolwane === Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone, Botswana e ne e na le dikolo tse dikgolwane tse pedi tsa puso le tse supa tse di ikemetseng. [[sekolo se segolwane sa Botswana]] ke setheo sa thuto. sekolo ya Boditšhabatšhaba ya Saense le Thekenoloji ya Botswana (BIUST), e e amogetseng baithuti ba yone ba ntlha ba le makgolo a mabedi le masome a marataro le bosupa ka kgwedi ya Lwetse ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi, ke sekolo se segolwanesa patlisiso. Mo ngwageng wa 2018/2019 go ne go na le baithuti ba le sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi le bongwe ba ba neng ba kwadisitswe kwa BIUST, mme diperesente di le masome a mararo le boraro tsa bone e ne e le basadi. Dikarolo tse BIUST e tsepamisang mo go tsona dipatlisiso di akaretsa go tlhatlhoba ka kgakajana ga metswedi ya tlholego le tikologo, maatla a a tswelelang le go dirisa metswedi, didiriswa tsa maatla a letsatsi, sboitsaanape le boranyane jwa nuklea e e dirisiwang, bioinformatics, boitsaanape jwa tshedimosetso le dibalamakgolo tsa bokgoni jo bo kwa godimo, le botlhale jwa maitirelo le ditsamaiso tse di botlhale. <ref>[https://www.biust.ac.bw/annual-reports/ "Botswana International University of Science and Technology Annual Report 2018/2019".] BIUST. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> Mo gare ga dinaga tsa SADC, Botswana e ne ya dira karolo ya bobedi e kgolo ya GDP go ya ditshenyegelong tsa thuto (9.5%) morago ga Lesotho ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe, mme ya neela karolo e kgolo ya GDP go ya ditshenyegelong tsa thuto e e kwa godimo (3.9%) morago ga Lesotho. Magareng ga ngwaga wa dikete tse borataro le ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bongwe , palo ya baithuti ba ba ikwadisitseng mo dithutong tse di kwa godimo e ne ya tlhatloga go tswa go 22,257 go ya go 39,894.<ref name=":0" />Ka fa tlase ga Pan-African Planetary and Space Science Network e e tlamelwang ka matlole ke EU, BIUST e amogetse thuso ya madi ya €1.4 million go baakanyetsa borasaense ba baša diporojeke tse di akaretsang [[Square Kilometre Array]].<ref name=":2" /> === Go beeletsa mo patlisisong le mo tlhabololong === Botswana e neetse R&D 0.26% ya GDP ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi, mme dikwatara tse tharo tsa dipeeletso tseno di tswa kwa pusong, 6% go tswa kwa lekaleng la kgwebo, le 7% go tswa kwa moseja. Pholisi ya Bosetšhaba ya Dipatlisiso, Saense, Thekenoloji le Tlhabololo (2011) e beile pakane ya go oketsa ditshenyegelo tsa ka fa gare tsa R&D go feta 2% ya GDP ka 2016. <ref>''National Policy on Research, Science, Technology and Innovation''. Gaborone: Ministry of Infrastructure, Science and Technology. 2011.</ref>Ditshenyegelo tsa R&D jaaka karolo ya GDP e ne ya tlhatlogela go 0.54 lekgolong ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro, ngwaga o o sa tswang go feta ka dipalo go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe .<ref>[https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000377433/PDF/377433eng.pdf.multi ''UNESCO Science Report: the Race Against Time for Smarter Development''.] Paris: UNESCO. 11 June 2021. [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-3-100450-6|ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-92-3-100450-6</bdi>.]]</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Gross domestic expenditure on Research and Development GDP ratio in Southern Africa, 2012 or closest year.svg|thumb|Madi otlhe a a dirisediwang dipatlisiso le tlhabololo jaaka karolo ya GDP mo Borwa jwa Aforika, 2012 kgotsa ngwaga o o gaufi thata. Motswedi: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030]] Le fa go na le madi a mannye thata a a beetsweng go dira dipatlisiso, Botswana e na le palo e e kwa godimo thata ya babatlisisi mo dinageng tsa Afrika tse di kwa borwa jwa Sahara ka gonne go na le babatlisisi ba le makgolo a mararo le masome a mane le bone mo baaging ba le milione, fa go bapisiwa le palogare ya ba le masome a robabongwe le bongwe mo baaging ba le milione mo dinageng tsa Afrika tse di kwa borwa jwa Sahara ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro. Motho a le mongwe mo go ba le banè ba ba dirang dipatlisiso kwa Botswana (diperesente di le 27) e ne e le mosadi ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi . Babatlisisi ba basadi ba batlile ba nna le tekatekano mo go tsa kalafi ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro (44%) mme ba ne ba emetswe sentle mo go tsa loago le tsa botho (38%) le tsa tlhago (28%) mme ba sa ntse ba sa tlwaelega mo go tsa boenjiniri (8%).<ref name=":0" /> === Kgatiso ya Boitsaanape === Palo ya diphatlalatso tsa bo rramaranyane ba Botswana tse di kwadisitsweng mo diakhaontong tsa boditšhabatšhaba e oketsegile go tswa go lekgolo le masome a mararo le boraro go ya go makgolo a mabedi le lesome magareng ga ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe le ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone go ya ka Thomson Reuters' Web of Science. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi, go ne go na le dikwalo di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a robabobedi le bongwe tsa saense le tsa botegeniki tse di tswang kwa Botswana. Botswana e na le nngwe ya dinaga tse di nang le selekanyo se se kwa godimo thata sa batho ba ba berekang mo go tsa saense mo Afrika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara, fa Afrika Borwa yone e le kwa morago. Magareng ga ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi le masome a mabedi le lesome le bone, borra maranyane go tswa Botswana ba ne ba dira mmogo le balekane go tswa kwa United States, ba latelwa ke Afrika Borwa, United Kingdom, Canada, le Germany.<ref name=":0" /> Botswana Digital le Innovation Hub Botswana Digital and Innovation Hub (BDIH), e e itsegeng gape jaaka Botswana Innovation Hub (BIH), ke phaka ya ntlha ya saense le thekenoloji ya Botswana. Ke setheo sa puso se se leng ka fa tlase ga Lefapha la Thuto e e Kwa Godimo, Patlisiso, boitsaanape le maranyane se se mo lefelong la diheketara tse masome a matlhano le bosupa gaufi le [[maemelo a difofane a Sir Seretse Khama]] kwa [[Gaborone]]. Lefelo leno le ne la tlhamiwa jaaka karolo ya Leano la Botswerere la Botswana la ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi, le le neng la tlhoma maitlhomo a bosetšhaba a go farologanya ikonomi le go fetogela mo itsholelong e e theilweng mo kitsong. Dikago tsa yone di ne di dirilwe ke SHoP Architects ya New York.<ref name=":4">[https://www.bih.co.bw/ "Botswana Digital and Innovation Hub".] BDIH. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> Selo sa botlhokwa mo thulaganyong ya puso ya go dira gore itsholelo e farologane e ne e le go tlhabololwa ga mafelo a le marataro a go dira dilo tse disha. Tseno di akaretsa lefelo la temothuo, Botswana Diamond Hub (e e nang le Diamond Technology Park e e tlhomilweng kwa Gaborone ka 2009), BDIH jaaka lefelo le le botlhokwa la maranyane, lefelo la thuto, lefelo la boitekanelo le lefelo la dipalangwa. Kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi, mekgatlho e e laolang ya BDIH e ne e amogetse le go kwadisa ditheo di le lesome le bosupa go dira mo phakeng, go akaretsa mafelo a a akaretsang ditiriso tsa ICT, go tlhama dibenyane tsa taemane, dithekenoloji tsa patlisiso ya meepo le tlhabololo ya software.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> BDIH e dira mo makaleng a le matlhano a botlhokwa: Maranyane a meepo, maranyane a ditshedi, maranyane a a phepa, maranyane a tshedimosetso le tlhaeletsano, le kitso ya selegae. Mananeo a yone a akaretsa Botswana Innovation Fund, e e simolotseng ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi mme e abela dikgwebo tse di simololang tsa thekenoloji dithuso (kopo ya yone ya ntlha e abetse BWP di le dimilione di le 5.6 mo diporojekeng di le supa go akaretsa Intelligent Traffic Management System), lenaneo la BOOST UP le le tshegetsang dikgwebo tse di simololang go dirisa thekenoloji go lebana le dikgwetlho tsa loago go ralala borwa jwa Aforika, le dikamano le mekgatlho e e akaretsang [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] Kuo Sharper Centre, e e simolotseng lenaneo la dibeke di le lesome le bongwe la go godisa dikgwebo ka tirisanommogo le BDIH ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano . Mo ngwageng wa dingwaga tse pedi le lesome le bosupa go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi, hub e tshegeditse dikgwebo tse di simololang tse di fetang lekgolo.<ref name=":4" /> BOTSAT-1 le Maranyane a lefaufau BOTSAT-1 (Botswana Satellite 1) ke sathalaete ya ntlha e e tlhamilweng le go dirisiwa ke Botswana. E ne ya simololwa ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe e le lesome le botlhano ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano ka rokete ya [[SpaceX]] ya Falcon 9 jaaka karolo ya Transporter-13 ya go tsamaya ka sekepe go tswa kwa Vandenberg [[Space Force Base]] kwa California, go tlisa palogotlhe ya disathalaete tsa Aforika go 65. Satellite ke [[3U CubeSat]] e e agilweng ke motlhami wa satellite wa Bulgaria EnduroSat ka tirisanommogo le baenjenere go tswa [[BIUST.]]<ref name=":5">[https://spaceinafrica.com/2025/03/15/botswana-successfully-launches-first-satellite-botsat-1/ Botswana Successfully Launches First Satellite, BOTSAT-1".] Space in Africa. 15 March 2025. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> Lenaneo le ne la tlhamiwa ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi mme la dirwa kwa ntle ga setheo sa semmuso sa lefaufau, ka BIUST e tsaya karolo e setheo sa lefaufau se neng se ka e tshameka. Tiro eno e ne e eteletswe pele ke Dr Dimane Mpoeleng jaaka Moeteledipele wa Porojeke le Dr Modisa Mosalaosi jaaka maitsanape yo o eteletseng pele, mme go ne go na le baithaopi ba ka nna masome a robabobedi go akaretsa le baithuti ba le lesome ba dikirii ya morago ga kalogo. Baenjenere ba BIUST ba ne ba wetsa kgato ya go kopanya, go kopanya le go leka mo mafelong a EnduroSat kwa Sofia, Bulgaria, ka kgwedi ya Lwetse ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone . Ditshenyegelo tsotlhe tsa porojeke di ne di ka nna US$2.19 million mo dingwageng di le nne, e e duelelwang ka madi a puso ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya BWP 33 million ka lephata la Ditlhaeletsano le Tlhabololo le lephata la Thuto e e Kwa Godimo.<ref name=":6">[https://www.techinafrica.com/botswana-first-satellite-explained-name-launch-partner-payload-use-cases/ "Botswana's First Satellite Explained".] Tech In Africa. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> BOTSAT-1 e na le Mantis Hyperspectral Imager, e e dirilweng ke kompone ya Aforika Borwa ya Dragonfly Aerospace, e e nayang tharabololo ya dimetara di ka nna lesome le bobedi le bophara jwa dikilometara di le masome a mararo le bobedi. E fetsa mo e ka nnang go feta ga metsamao e le merataro mo Botswana ka letsatsi mme e fetisetsa tshedimosetso kwa seteišeneng sa BIUST kwa [[Palapye]], se se tokafaditsweng go nna le bokgoni jwa X-band ka tlhwatlhwa ya mo e ka nnang US$200,000. Ditiriso di akaretsa temothuo e e nepagetseng, go dira dimmapa tsa diminerale tsa lephata la meepo, go lekola tikologo, tsamaiso ya dikotsi tsa masetlapelo, le thulaganyo ya ditoropo. <ref>[https://dragonflyaerospace.com/botswana-and-dragonfly-aerospace-celebrate-the-successful-launch-of-botsat-1/ Botswana and Dragonfly Aerospace Celebrate the Successful Launch of BOTSAT-1"]. Dragonfly Aerospace. 20 March 2025. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> Tautona wa Botswana [[Duma Boko]] o ne a le teng mo go simololweng ga tiro eno jaaka karolo ya loeto lwa gagwe lwa tiro kwa United States. Sesupo sa ntlha se se amogetsweng go tswa go BOTSAT-1 morago ga go romelwa e ne e le go romelwa ga pina ya bosetšhaba ya Botswana ka [[Setswana]]. Lenaneo la go fitlhelela dikolo le le neng le tsamaisiwa ka nako e le nngwe le ne la tlisa baithuti ba le makgolo a mararo le botlhano go tswa kwa dikolong tse di kwa godimo tsa sekontari di le masome a mararo le bone go nna le seabe mo ditirong tsa go latedisa le go etsisa ka disathalaete.<ref name=":5" /> Morago ga katlego ya BOTSAT-1, puso e netefaditse dithulaganyo tsa BOTSAT-2, e eteletswe pele ke BIUST mme e tshegeditswe ke BITRI, e ikaeletse go neela bokgoni jwa go lekola lefatshe jo bo gatetseng pele. BIUST gape e simolotse Lenaneo la Borutabana mo Boenjinering jwa Lefaufau le Thekenoloji ka ditšhono tsa go ananya boditšhabatšhaba go tshegetsa diphaposiborutegi tsa boenjineri jwa lefaufau.<ref name=":6" /> == Maranyane a tsa madi == '''Fintech Association of Botswana''' (FAB), e e itsegeng gape ka Fintechs Botswana, ke mokgatlho o o sa direng poelo o o tlhomilweng ka ngwaga dikete tse pedi le masoe a mabedi go golaganya batsayakarolo mo lephateng la thekenoloji ya tsa madi ya Botswana, go akaretsa dibanka, dikompone tsa inšorense, dikompone tsa tlhaeletsano, dikgwebo tse di simololang le balaodi. Ke leloko la Africa Fintech Network. Mokgatlho o dirile ka natla go tlhoma dikantoro tsa thekenoloji ya matlotlo mo Lekgotleng la Taolo ya Ditheo tsa Ditšhelete tse e seng tsa Banka (NBFIRA) le Banka ya Botswana, go thusa go tlhama letlhomeso le le tlhalositsweng sentle la taolo ya lephata leno.<ref>[https://techcabal.com/2023/09/29/tavonga-botswana-fintech-association-interview/ Can the Fintech Association boost Botswana's fintech scene?"]. TechCabal. 29 September 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone, FAB e nnile leloko la ntlha la Alliance of Digital Finance and Fintech Associations (DFA) go wetsa ditlhokego tsotlhe tsa DFA Accelerator Programme, ba amogela Certificate of Proficiency go tswa go Alliance. <ref>[https://alliancedfa.org/2024/05/26/celebrating-a-major-milestone-fintech-association-of-botswanas-achievement/ "Celebrating a Milestone: Fintech Association of Botswana's Achievement"]. Alliance of Digital Finance and Fintech Associations. 26 May 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> Mmaraka wa Botswana wa mobile money o ne o na le batho ba le dimilione di le 1.8 ba ba ikwadisitseng ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro, go tswa go ba le dimilione di le 1.65 ngwaga pele ga foo. Ditirelo tsa madi a mogala di tlamelwa ke Orange Money (Orange Botswana), MyZaka (Mascom), Smega (BTCL), le Poso Money (BotswanaPost). Orange Money e ne e na le karolo ya 53% ya mmaraka ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone.<ref>[https://www.mmegi.bw/business/mobile-money-users-grow-by-10/news Mobile money users grow by 10 percent".] Mmegi Online. 4 May 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> == Mananeo a go ruta le go tlhabolola a STEM == BrainSTREAM Institute of Technology ke khampani ya thekenoloji ya thuto e e leng kwa Botswana e e tlamelang ka diroboto, khodiso le thuto ya STEM go bana le barutabana. Lebaka la yone ya katiso ya barutabana e amogetswe ke Human Resource Development Council of Botswana (HRDC) mme e katisitse barutabana ba feta lekgolo mo Botswana le mo kgaolong. BrainSTREAM ke molekane wa BDIH mo katisong ya barutabana ba FIRST Lego League mme e tsaya karolo mo Khonferenseng ya All Schools Robotics Make-a-Thon, tiragalo ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya dikolo tse dintsi kwa Gaborone e e tshegediwang ke [[First National Bank Botswana.]] Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro, BrainSTREAM e ne ya atolosetsa mofuta wa kampa ya malatsi a boikhutso kwa ditoropong di le tlhano mo Afrika Borwa mme ya itsise ka dikampa tsa diroboto le dikhoutu kwa Harare, Zimbabwe.<ref>[https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/87349 "Educators conduct robotics and coding bootcamps"]. Daily News Botswana. 2025. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> Lenaneo la Women in Tech Accelerator (WiT Botswana), le le tsamaisiwang mmogo ke [[Standard Chartered Botswana]] le Dream Factory Foundation Botswana, le tshegetsa dikgwebo tse di eteletsweng pele ke basadi mo go tsa maranyane, fintech, agritech, e-commerce le go dira dilo tse disha mo go tsa boitekanelo. E simolotse ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone mme e abela madi a peo ka ditlhopha tsa ngwaga le ngwaga. Setlhopha sa bobedi ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano se ne sa aba go feta P700,000 ka madi a peo go dikgwebo di le thataro go ralala mafapha go akaretsa thekenoloji ya ditiragalo, temothuo e e botlhale ka seemo sa loapi, ditirelo tsa boranyane, maranyane a temothuo, temothuo ya leruo le le itekanetsen.<ref>[https://www.mmegi.bw/business/innovators-shine-at-women-in-tech-accelerator-programme-graduation/news "Innovators shine at Women in Tech Accelerator Programme graduation"]. Mmegi Online. 18 November 2025. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> '''Botswana Mobile and Internet Summit''' (BITMIS), e e simolotsweng ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi ke motsamaisi Phuthego Chere, ke kopano ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya maranyane a a tshwarelwang kwasekolong se segolwane sa Botswana Conference Centre kwa Gaborone. Khonferense eno e na le dikarolo di le nne tse di farologaneng: Khonferense ya Pabalesego ya boranyane, bokopane jwa Pabalesego ya maranyane, Khonferense ya Botswana Developers le Khonferense ya Artificial Intelligence. E ne ya tlhongwa go rarabolola bothata jwa go tlhoka setšhaba sa batlhabolodi ba ba dirang le go tokafatsa boleng jwa thuto ya IT mo lefatsheng.<ref>[https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/75840 "Botswana hosts Mobile Internet second annual summit".] Daily News Botswana. 19 October 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> == Dikgaisano tsa go itlhamela == Orange Innovation Day, e e tshwarwang ngwaga le ngwaga ke [[Orange Botswana]], e kopanya batlhami ba maranyane ba ba dirang ka ditharabololo tsa dikgwetlho tsa loago mme e aba madi ka dikgaisano tse pedi: Orange Social Venture Prize (OSVP) le Orange Summer Challenge (OSC). Kgatiso ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone e abetswe go feta P180,000 go ditlhopha tse di fentseng go kgabaganya makala go akaretsa ditirelo tsa difounu tsa baagi ba ba sa direlwang sentle, thekenoloji ya thuto, le pabalesego ya mo tseleng.<ref>[https://www.mmegi.bw/business/top-tech-innovators-awarded-in-botswana/news "Top tech innovators awarded in Botswana".] Mmegi Online. 14 November 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> == Tlhabololo e e tswelelang == Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi, Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya dinaga di le lesome tsa Aforika tse di neng tsa amogela [[Gaborone Declaration for Sustainability in Africa kwa Summit for Sustainability in Africa]]. Basayini ba lemogile gore GDP e na le ditekanyetso jaaka seelo sa boitekanelo mme ba itlamile go tsenyeletsa boleng jwa kapetlele ya tlholego mo ditsamaisong tsa boikwadiso jwa bosetšhaba le dithulaganyo tsa togamaano ya kgwebo.<ref name=":0" /> Botswana e dumetse Tumalano ya Paris ka ga phetogo ya seemo sa loapi ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele e le lesome le bongwe ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro . Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro , puso ya Botswana e ne ya kwala melawana ya go tsibogela phetogo ya tlelaemete ka tshegetso ya United Nations Development Programme, e e neng e tshitshinya lenane la dipatlisiso le le neng le lebagane le tlelaemete le go tlhomiwa ga Yuniti ya Bosetšhaba ya Phetogo ya Tlelaemete. Letlhomeso la leano la bosetšhaba la phetogo ya tlelaemete le ne le emetse tshegetso ya semmuso ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi.<ref name=":2" /> Babatlisisi ba ntse ba leka go rarabolola bothata jwa setshedi se se bidiwang Salvinia molesta, se se ileng sa tshosetsa [[letsha la Okavango]] , e leng lefelo le le bidiwang ke [[UNESCO World Heritage]] site e bile e le lefelo le legolo la Afrika le le nang le metsi, mo dingwageng di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. Ka ntlha ya go tlhagisiwa ga Salvinia-munching weevil ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bobedi jaaka sengwe se se ka dirisiwang go na le dibolayatshenekegi, tlhaselo e ne ya laolwa ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro . Senthara ya SADC kwa Gaborone e na le Regional Early Warning System, Famine Early Warning System, le Climate Services Centre. Go ya ka patlisiso ya [[UNESCO]] ya ditlhogo di le masome a matlhano le borataro tsa patlisiso tse di amanang le Maitlhomo a Tlhabololo e e Tsweletseng, palo ya dikgatiso tsa Botswana tse di buang ka mefuta ya ditshedi e e tlhaselang e ne ya oketsega go tswa go kgatiso e le nngwe mo pakeng ya ya dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi go ya go dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano go ya go tse lesome le botlhano mo pakeng ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro go ya ko go wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe.<ref>Straza; Schneegans (11 June 2021). [https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000377454/PDF/377454eng.pdf.multi ''Are we using science for smarter development?''.] Paris: UNESCO. [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-3-100450-6|ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-92-3-100450-6</bdi>.]]</ref> == Kago la molawana wa kgaolo == Botswana ke lengwe la mafatshe a nne fela a SADC a a neng a beile monwana Tumalano ya SADC ka ga boitsaanape , maranyane le Tlhabololo (2008) ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano . Mafatshe a le lesome mo go a le matlhano a SADC a tshwanetse go dumalana le tumalano eno gore e tle e dire. Tumelano e e rotloetsa tirisanommogo ya semolao le ya sepolotiki mme e gatelela botlhokwa jwa boitsaanape le maranyane go fitlhelela kgolo e e tswelelang le e e lekalekanang ya itsholelo ya loago le go fedisa lehuma. <ref name=":0" /> Leano la Kgatelopele ya Selegae la Selegae la ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le botlhano go ya go ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le supa mafelo a le lesome le bobedi a a botlhokwa a go ka tsenngwang letsogo mo go one. Maitlhomo a yone a a amanang le STI a ne a akaretsa go oketsa ditshenyegelo tsa bosetšhaba tsa R&D go fitlha go lekgolong ya GDP ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano le go fitlhelela lekgolo lekgolong ya go golaganngwa le motlakase wa motlakase wa kgaolo ya mafatshe otlhe a maloko ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi . Tshekatsheko e e fa gare ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro e lemogile kgatelopele e e lekanyeditsweng mo go fitlheleleng maitlhomo a STI, ka ntlha ya tlhaelo ya didiriswa tsa batho le tsa madi kwa Bokwaledi jwa SADC. Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone, ditona tsa SADC di amogetse SADC Regional Strategic Plan on Science, Technology and Innovation ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano go ya ko ngwageng wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi go kaela tiragatso ya mananeo a kgaolo.<ref name=":0" /> == Metswedi == sxf4pjka1k402dmjtnzko3d1ou830ed 0 14609 53096 2026-07-24T11:54:11Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tsebe ya Botswana kwa Metshamekong ya Paralympics 53096 wikitext text/x-wiki Botswana e ne ya simolola metshameko ya Paralympic kwa Metshamekong ya Paralympic ya Selemo ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bone (2004) kwa Athene, e romela moemedi a le mongwe (Tshotlego Morama) go gaisana mo metshamekong ya diatleletiki. Morama o ne a tsenela fela kgaisano ya basadi ya 400m T46, mme a gapa gouta, a tlhoma rekoto ya lefatshe ya nako ya 55.99. Ga go na baatlelete ba bangwe ba Botswana ba ba kileng ba tsenela metshameko ya Summer Games, mme Botswana ga e ise e tseye karolo mo metshamekong ya Winter Paralympics - go tlogela naga e na le phitlhelelo ya 100% ya dimetale tsa gauta go fitlha ga jaana.<ref>[http://www.paralympic.org/Sport/Results/search.html?npc=BOT&gender=all&medal=all&sport=all&games=all Botswana at the Paralympics,] [[:en:International_Paralympic_Committee|International Paralympic Committee]]</ref> Morago ga go gapa sekgele sa gauta kwa Athene, Morama o ne a tshwanetse go emela Botswana gape kwa Metshamekong ya Di-Paralympics ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi (2008) kwa [[Beijing]], ka tsholofelo ya go sireletsa sereto sa gagwe. O ne a tla nna ene fela moemedi wa naga.<ref>[http://chinaolympicsblog.com/2008/07/14/tshotlego-for-paralympics-dailynews/ "Tshotlego for Paralympics"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813132249/http://chinaolympicsblog.com/2008/07/14/tshotlego-for-paralympics-dailynews/|date=2011-08-13}}, Dailynews, Botswana government website, July 14, 2008</ref>Le fa go ntse jalo, o ne a ikgogela morago pele ga Metshameko ka ntlha ya kgobalo mme, pele ga Metshameko e simolola, go ne ga itsisiwe gore baatlelete ba bangwe ba naga eo (ba ba sa tlhalosiwang) ba ba ka bong ba mo emisitse, ba ne ba "ganetswe ke barulaganyi ka gonne ba sa fitlhelele ditlhokego tsa go tsenela metshameko", e leng go nna le seabe mo ditiragalong tsa boditšhabatšhaba. <ref>[["Botswna locked out of Paralympics"]], ''Mmegi'', 5 September 2008</ref> Mo metshamekong ya [[Summer Paralympics]] ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi (2012) kwa London, naga e ne ya tlhopha moatlelete a le mongwe, mmampodi wa matlho Tshotlego Golden, yo o neng a tla tsaya karolo mo kgaisanong ya banna ya 200m sprint (T13). Le fa go ntse jalo, Botswana e ne ya patelesega go boela morago gape ka nako ya bofelo, diura di sekae fela pele ga moletlo wa go bula. Mo nakong e, go ikgogela morago ga naga e ne e le ka ntlha ya fa Komiti ya Bosetšhaba ya Diolimpiki ya Botswana e ne ya phimola tshegetso ya yona ya madi, e tlhalosa fa go na le "ditiragalo tse di sa siamang tsa madi" mo setheong sa bosetšhaba sa Paralympics.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/aug/30/paralympics-malawi-botswana-withdraw-teams?newsfeed=true "Paralympics 2012: Malawi and Botswana withdraw teams",] ''The Guardian'', 30 August 2012</ref><ref>[http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=8&aid=907&dir=2012/August/Friday31 "Paralympic athlete's participation botched"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193554/http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=8&aid=907&dir=2012%2FAugust%2FFriday31|date=2016-03-04}}, ''Mmegi'', 31 August 2012</ref> == Metswedi == 9z4h64eijcrqksn3hpo4kbb34ydf52t