Wikipedia tnwiki https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsebe_ya_konokono MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.12 first-letter Pego Faphegileng Puisano Modirisi Puisano ya modirisi Wikipedia Puisano ya Wikipedia Setshwantsho Puisano ya setshwantsho MediaWiki Puisano ya MediaWiki Tempolete Puisano ya tempolete Thuso Puisano ya thuso Karolo Puisano ya karolo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2077 53254 53194 2026-07-26T01:03:25Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox website | name = Wikipedia | logo = [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-tn.svg|250px]] | logo_caption = Sekano sa [[Wikipedia]] | screenshot = Wikipedia Portal Screenshot (2022).svg{{!}}border | screenshot_alt = Wikipedia portal showing the different languages sorted by article count | collapsible = yes | caption = Tebego ya tsebe ya konokono ya Wikipedia ka komputara | type = [[Maranyane a encyclopedia]] | language_count = {{NUMBEROF|languages|Wikipedia}} | country_of_origin = United States | owner = {{Unbulleted list|[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|}} | authors = {{Unbulleted list|[[Jimmy Wales]]|[[Larry Sanger]]}} | url = {{URL|https://www.wikipedia.org/|wikipedia.org}} | commercial = Nyaa | registration = Wa ithopela | num_users = [[List of Wikipedias#Statistics totals|>{{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|totalactive.wikipedia}}}}}}]] active editors<ref> To be considered [[Special:ActiveUsers|active]], a user must make at least one edit or other action in a given month.</ref><br />[[list of Wikipedias#Statistics totals|>{{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|USERS|totalactive.wikipedia}}}}}}]] registered users | launch_date = {{Start date and age|mf=yes|p=yes|br=yes|2001|1|15}} | current_status = Active | content_license = {{Nowrap|[[Creative Commons license|CC Attribution / Share-Alike]] 3.0}}<br />Most text is also dual-licensed under [[GNU Free Documentation License|GFDL]]; media licensing varies | programming_language = [[LAMP (software bundle)|LAMP]] platform<ref name="roadchap">{{cite web |url=https://rogchap.com/2011/09/06/top-40-website-programming-languages/ |title= Top 40 Website Programming Languages |website= rogchap.com |author= Chapman, Roger |date= September 6, 2011 |access-date= September 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922015103/https://rogchap.com/2011/09/06/top-40-website-programming-languages/ |archive-date= September 22, 2013}}</ref> | oclc = 52075003 }} Wikipedia [e] ke [[:en:Encyclopedia|ensaetlopedia]] ya mahala ya maranyane e e kwadilweng le go tlhokomelwa ke setšhaba sa baithaopi, ba ba itsiweng jaaka [[:en:Wikipedians|Bawikipedia]], ka [[:en:Open_collaboration|tirisanommogo e e bulegileng]] le serweboleta sa [[:en:Wiki|wiki]] sa [[:en:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]]. E tlhomilwe ke [[:en:Jimmy_Wales|Jimmy Wales]] le [[:en:Larry_Sanger|Larry Sanger]] ka ngwaga wa 2001, Wikipedia e ntse e amogelwa fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 2003 ke [[:en:Wikimedia_Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]], [[:en:501(c)(3)_organization|mokgatlho wa Amerika o o sa direng dipoelo]] o o tshegediwang thata ke meneelo ya babadi.<ref>[[:en:Lisa_Seitz-Gruwell|Seitz-Gruwell, Lisa]] (October 23, 2023)[[foundationsite:news/2022/11/03/7-reasons-you-should-donate-to-wikipedia/|. "7 reasons you should donate to Wikipedia"]]. [[:en:Wikimedia_Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241008212455/https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/10/23/7-reasons-you-should-donate-to-wikipedia/ Archived] from the original on October 8, 2024. Retrieved December 27, 2023.</ref> Wikipedia ke buka e kgolo go tsotlhe ya [[:en:Reference_work|tshedimosetso e e dirisediwang go batla tshedimosetso,]] gape ke yone e e balwang thata mo ditsong.<ref>[https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher "Wikipedia is 20, and its reputation has never been higher]". ''[https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher The Economist]''. January 9, 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210107165356/https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher Archived] from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved February 25, 2021.</ref><ref>[[:en:Chris_Anderson_(writer)|Anderson, Chris]] (May 8, 2006). [https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1975813_1975844_1976488,00.html "Jimmy Wales – The 2006 Time 100".] ''[https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1975813_1975844_1976488,00.html Time]''. [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/500px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png Archived] from the original on October 12, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2017.</ref> Kwa tshimologong e ne e le teng ka Seesemane fela, Wikipedia e godile [[:en:List_of_Wikipedias|go fitlha dipuo di feta]] [[:en:List_of_Wikipedias|makgolo a mararo]] mme ke nngwe ya [[:en:List_of_most-visited_websites|lefelo la tshedimosetso mo maranyaneng tse di etelwang thata]] mo lefatsheng go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2026. [[:en:English_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Seesemane]], e e nang le [[:en:Article_(publishing)|dipego]] di feta didikadike di le supa, e sa ntse e le yone e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe mo dikgatisong, tse mmogo di nang le dipego di feta didikadike di le masome a a marataro le bosupa mme gape e amogela maeto a a fetang didikadike di le sekete le makgolo a matlhano tsa didirisiwa tse di farologaneng le diphetogo di ka nna didikadike di le lesome le boraro kgwedi le kgwedi, e leng palogare ya diphetogo di ka nna tlhano ka motsotswana. Go fitlha ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ka ngwaga wa 2025, mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong ya batho ba ba etelang Wikipedia ba ne ba tswa kwa lefatsheng la United States, fa lefatshe la Japane le ne le emela mo e ka nnang karolo ya bosupa mo lekgolong, mme mafatshe a United Kingdom, Germany le Russia tsotlhe di ne di emela mo e ka nnang karolo ya botlhano mo lekgolong nngwe le nngwe.<ref>[https://www.similarweb.com/website/wikipedia.org/#geography "wikipedia.org]". ''Similarweb''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200605091241/https://www.similarweb.com/website/wikipedia.org#geography Archived] from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved January 9, 2026.</ref> Wikipedia e ile ya akgolwa ka ntlha ya popego ya yone ya ka fa gare le setso, e e [[:en:Democratization_of_knowledge|kgontshang go dira gore kitso e nne ya]] [[:en:Democratization_of_knowledge|puso ya batho ka batho]], le ka ntlha ya go akaretsa dilo tse dintsi ka dikgang tse di farologaneng, [[:en:Censorship_of_Wikipedia|Wikipedia e ile ya tlhotlhomisiwa]] ke dipuso dingwe tsa bosetšhaba, go simolola ka ditsebe tse di rileng go ya kwa saeteng yotlhe, ka dinako tse dingwe ka ntlha ya go kgala puso kgotsa ka ntlha ya diteng tse di tsewang di le bosula .<ref>Treisman, Rachel (April 1, 2022). [https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine "Russia threatens to fine Wikipedia if it doesn't remove some details about the war]". ''[[:en:NPR|NPR]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221202215844/https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine Archived] from the original on December 2, 2022. Retrieved January 22, 2023.</ref><ref>Skipper, Ben (December 7, 2015). [https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/chinas-government-has-blocked-wikipedia-its-entirety-again-1532138 "China's government has blocked Wikipedia in its entirety again"]. ''International Business Times UK''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180503111142/https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/chinas-government-has-blocked-wikipedia-its-entirety-again-1532138 Archived] from the original on May 3, 2018. Retrieved May 2, 2018.</ref> Ensaekolopedia eo e kile ya tshwaiwa diphoso ka ntlha ya go sekamela mo letlhakoreng le le lengwe mo mokgweng wa yone wa go tlhagisa tshedimosetso. Sekao ke go se neye basadi tshiamelo e e lekanang le ya banna (gender bias) le go sa emele dinaga tsa Borwa jwa Lefatshe (Global South) ka tekatekano. Gape, boikanyego jwa tshedimosetso ya Wikipedia bo ne bo belaelwa gantsi mo dingwageng tsa bo-2000, mme go simolola kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga tsa bo-2010, e simolotse go amogelwa le go akgolwa thata. Ditlhogo tsa Wikipedia tse di buang ka ditiragalo tse di sa tswang go diragala di dirisiwa gantsi ke batho ba le bantsi e le metswedi ya tshedimosetso ya bosheng. [[Category:Wikipedia]] == Ditso == Go ne ga lekeletswa diensaetlolopedia tse di farologaneng tsa tirisanommogo tsa mo mafaratlhatlheng (inthanete) pele ga go simololwa ga Wikipedia, mme tsotlhe tsa atlega fela e seng mo go kalo kalo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Garber |first=Megan |date=October 12, 2011 |title=The contribution conundrum: Why did Wikipedia succeed while other encyclopedias failed? |url=https://www.niemanlab.org/2011/10/the-contribution-conundrum-why-did-wikipedia-succeed-while-other-encyclopedias-failed/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114540/https://www.niemanlab.org/2011/10/the-contribution-conundrum-why-did-wikipedia-succeed-while-other-encyclopedias-failed/ |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=June 5, 2016 |website=Nieman Lab}}</ref> Wikipedia e simolotse e le lenaneo le le tlaleletsang Nupedia, e leng thulaganyo ya mahala ya mafaratlhatlha a inthanete ya ensaetlolopedia ya puo ya Sekgoa e makwalo a yone a neng a kwalwa ke baitseanape le go sekasekwa ka fa tlase ga thulaganyo e e tlhomameng. <ref name="KockJungSyn2016">{{Cite journal |last=Kock |first=Ned |author-link=Ned Kock |last2=Jung |first2=Yusun |last3=Syn |first3=Thant |date=2016 |title=Wikipedia and e-Collaboration Research: Opportunities and Challenges |url=https://cits.tamiu.edu/kock/pubs/journals/2016JournalIJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration/Kock_etal_2016_IJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[International Journal of e-Collaboration]] |publisher=IGI Global |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.4018/IJeC.2016040101 |issn=1548-3681 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927001627/https://cits.tamiu.edu/kock/pubs/journals/2016JournalIJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration/Kock_etal_2016_IJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2016}}</ref> E tlhomilwe ka Mopitlo a le malatsi a le boferabongwe, ngwaga wa 2000, e le ya Bomis, e leng kompone ya web portal . Batho ba bagolo ba yone e ne e le Mookamedi-mogolo wa Bomis e bong Jimmy Wales le Larry Sanger, morulaganyi-mogolo wa Nupedia mme moragonyana wa Wikipedia. Nupedia e neilwe teseletso lantlha ka fa tlase ga teseletso ya yone ya Diteng tse di Buletsweng tsa Nupedia. Pele ga Wikipedia e tlhongwa, Nupedia e ne ya fetogela kwa Teseletso ya Dikwalo ya Mahala ya GNU se se rotloediwa ke Richard Stallman . Gantsi Wales o fiwa tlotla gore o ne a kgona go tlhalosa ka botlalo maikano a go dira ensaetlolopedia e makwalo a yone a kgonang go kwalwa le go baakangwa ke setshaba , fa Sanger ene a bokelwa go tswa ka leano la go dirisa wiki go fitlhelela maikano ao. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-15 |title=Tech Rewind: How Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia came to be |url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/health-and-fitness/article/tech-rewind--how-wikipedia--the-free-encyclopedia-came-to-be-15915177 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> Ka Firikgong a le malatsi a le lesome, ngwaga wa 2001, Sanger o ne a ntsha mogopolo mo dithomelong tsa Nupedia go tlhama wiki gore e bereke go "thusa" lenaneo la Nupedia. <ref name="nupedia feeder from WP 1" group="W">{{Cite news|last=Sanger|first=Larry|date=January 10, 2001|title=Let's Make a Wiki|url=https://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html|access-date=December 26, 2008|publisher=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> === Tshimololo le kgolo === Wikipedia e simolodisitswe ka Firikgong a le malatsi a le lesome le botlhano ka ngwaga wa 2001, (ka dinako tse dingwe le bidiwa "Letsatsi la Wikipedia"), {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=7}} e le kgatiso e le nngwe ya puo ya Sekgoa e e nang le leina la kgolagano ya ''www.wikipedia.com'', mme le ne la bolelwa ke Sanger mo dithomelong tsa Nupedia. Leina le, le le duleng ka Sanger go thibela tshenyo epe e e ka nnang teng mo leineng la Nupedia, <ref>{{Cite news|last=Larry Sanger|author-link=Larry Sanger|date=11 January 2001|title=Re: [Advisory-l] The wiki...|publisher=Nupedia mailing list|url=http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000680.html|access-date=10 July 2026|archivedate=14 April 2003|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030414021138/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000680.html}}</ref> le simolotse mo motswakong wa mafoko ''wiki'' le ''encyclopedia'' . Wales o boletse gore kgopolo ya Wikipedia e ne ya tlhotlhelediwa ke dikgopolo tsa thulaganyo e e sa rulaganngwang e e neng e amana le Friedrich Hayek le [[Austrian School|Sekolo sa tsa itsholelo sa kwa Austria]] morago ga gore moitseanape wa tsa itsholelo yo o ratang kgololesego e bong Mark Thornton a supe megopolo ye . <ref>{{Cite news|date=2009-04-15|title=Wikipedia's Model Follows Hayek - WSJ|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123976347774119699}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mangu-Ward |first=Katherine |date=2007-05-30 |title=Wikipedia and Beyond |url=https://reason.com/2007/05/30/wikipedia-and-beyond/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725210204/https://reason.com/2007/05/30/wikipedia-and-beyond/ |archive-date=July 25, 2021 |access-date=2026-04-21 |website=Reason.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Segolobogolo, Wales o ne ya tlhotlhelediwa ke polelo ya ga Hayek ya Tiriso ya Kitso mo Setšhabeng e e neng e bolela gore e ne e le "konokono" mo mogopolong wa gagwe ka ga "kafa a ka laolang lenaneo la Wikipedia ka teng". <ref name=":0" /> Molao wa tsamaiso ya yone o o botlhokwa wa " pono e e sa tseyeng letlhakore " o ne wa simolola mo ngwageng wa yone wa ntlha . {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=29}}Mme fela, go ne go na le melao e mmalwa, mme e ne e bereka e sa laolwe ke Nupedia. Bomis kwa tshimologong e ne e ikaeletse gore e nne kgwebo e e dirang dipoelo. <ref name="Seth-Finkelstein">{{Cite news|date=September 25, 2008|title=Read me first: Wikipedia isn't about human potential, whatever Wales says|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=London|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/sep/25/wikipedia.internet|access-date=January 23, 2023}}</ref> Wikipedia e ne ya bona bakwadi/batlatsi ba ntlha go tswa mo Nupedia, dipego tsa ''Slashdot'', le go dira dikgolagano tsa enjene ya patlo ya webo. Dikgatiso tsa puo di ne tsa tlhamiwa go simolola ka Mopitlo 2001, mme palo yotlhe ya tse di ne di dirisiwang di le lekgolo le masome a le marataro le bongwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga wa 2004. Nupedia le Wikipedia di ne tsa nna mmogo go fitlhela disefara tsa Nupedia di emisetswa ruri ka 2003, mme dikwalo tsa yone di ne tsa tsenngwa mo Wikipedia. Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e fetile letshwao la dikwalo tse di didikadike di le pedi (2 million) ka Lwetse a le malatsi a le boferabongwe, ngwaga wa 2007, mme se se ne sa e dira gore e nne ensaetlolopedia e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe tse di kileng tsa kokoanngwa, e feta ''Ensaetlolopedia ya Yongle'' e e neng ya dirwa kwa China ka nako ya puso ya ga Ming ka 1408, e e neng e tshwere rekoto ya teng dingwaga di ka nna makgolo a le marataro. Ka ntlha ya go tshaba papatso ya dikgwebo le go tlhoka taolo, badirisi ba Wikipedia ya Sepanishe ba ne ba tswa mo Wikipedia go tlhama {{Lang|es|[[Enciclopedia Libre]]}} ka Tlhakole 2002. <ref name="EL fears and start 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=[long] Enciclopedia Libre: msg#00008 |url=https://osdir.com/ml/science.linguistics.wikipedia.international/2003-03/msg00008.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006065927/https://osdir.com/ml/science.linguistics.wikipedia.international/2003-03/msg00008.html |archive-date=October 6, 2008 |access-date=December 26, 2008 |website=Osdir}}</ref> Morago ga moo Wales o ne a ntsha kitsiso ya gore Wikipedia ga e kitla e bontsha dikgang tsa ipapatso mme ya fetola kgolagano ya dikhomphiutha go tswa go ''wikipedia.com'' go ya go ''wikipedia.org'' . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Vibber |first=Brion |date=August 16, 2002 |title=Brion VIBBER at pobox.com |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2002-August/003982.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620071550/https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2002-August/003982.html |archive-date=June 20, 2014 |access-date=December 8, 2020 |website=[[Wikimedia]]}}</ref> Morago ga paka ya ntlha ya kgolo e e kwa godimo, <ref name="wikisym slowing growth 1" /> go lebega selekanyo sa kgolo ya Wikipedia ya Sekgoa go ya ka dipalo tsa dikwalo tse disha le tsa bakwadi e ne ya tsholetsega thata go bapa le ngwaga wa 2007 o simolola. <ref name="guardian WP user peak 1">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia approaches its limits|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/aug/12/wikipedia-deletionist-inclusionist|access-date=March 31, 2010}}</ref> Kgatiso e e ne ya fitlhelela dikwalo di le didikadike di le tharo ka Phatwe 2009. Dikwalo di ka nna sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi di ne di tsenngwa mo ensaetlolopedia ye ka letsatsi ka ngwaga wa 2006; ka 2013 palogare eo e ne e tsamaela makgolo a le boferabobedi. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=((Editors of Wikipedia)) |author-link=Special:History/Wikipedia:Modelling Wikipedia extended growth |title=Wikipedia:Modelling Wikipedia extended growth |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Modelling_Wikipedia_extended_growth |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826234512/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Modelling_Wikipedia%27s_growth |archive-date=August 26, 2011 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Setlhopha kwa Lekalaneng la Dipatlisiso la Palo Alto se ne sa amanya go fokotsega mo ga kgolo le "go oketsega ga kgokagano le ditshenyegelo tse di kwa godimo, go se akarediwe batho ba basha mo lenaneong, le go gana diphetogo tse disha". Ba bangwe ba ne ba akantsha gore kgolo e ne ya fokotsega ka gonne dikwalo tse di ka bidiwang " [[wiktionary:low-hanging fruit|tse di motlhofo thata]] "— tsa ditlhogo tse di tshwanelwang ke go nna dikwalo—di ne di setse di tlhamilwe le go agiwa thata. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Cohen|author-link=Noam Cohen|title=Wikipedia&nbsp;– Exploring Fact City|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/weekinreview/29cohen.html}}</ref> Ka Ngwanatsele 2009, mmatlisisi mongwe kwa Sekolong sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa Rey Juan Carlos kwa Madrid, kwa Spain, o ne a fitlhela gore Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e ne e latlhegetswe ke bakwadi/batlatsi ba le dikete di le masome a mane le boferabongwe mo dikgweding tsa ntlha tse tharo tsa 2009; fa e bapisiwa, e ne e latlhegetswe ke bakwadi ba le dikete di le nne le makgolo a le boferabongwe fela mo pakeng e e tshwanang ka 2008. <ref name="guardian editors leaving 1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/nov/26/wikipedia-losing-disgruntled-editors|title=Wikipedia falling victim to a war of words|work=The Guardian|location=London|first=Jenny|last=Kleeman|date=November 26, 2009|access-date=December 13, 2016}}</ref> ''Pego ya The Wall Street'' e ne ya umaka melao e e farologaneng e e dirisiwang mo go direng dikwalo le dikganetsano tse di amanang le diteng tsa one gareng ga mabaka a a dirang gore go nne le tlwaelo ya kgang ye. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fowler |first=Geoffrey A. |last2=Angwin |first2=Julia |date=November 27, 2009 |title=Volunteers Log Off as Wikipedia Ages |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125893981183759969 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204041034/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125893981183759969 |archive-date=December 4, 2022 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> Wales o ne a ganetsa dikgang tse ka 2009, a ganela dikgang tsa phokotsego le go belaela mokgwa wa patlisiso eo. <ref name="telegraph Wales WP not losing editors 1">{{Cite news|last=Barnett|first=Emma|date=November 26, 2009|title=Wikipedia's Jimmy Wales denies site is 'losing' thousands of volunteer editors|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|location=London|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/6660646/Wikipedias-Jimmy-Wales-denies-site-is-losing-thousands-of-volunteer-editors.html|access-date=March 31, 2010}}</ref> Morago ga dingwaga di le pedi, ka 2011, o ne a amogela gore go nnile le phokotsego e nnye, a lemoga phokotsego go tswa go "bakwadi ba ba fetang dikete di le masome a mararo le borataro go le sekae" ka Seetebosigo 2010 go ya go ba le dikete di le masome a mararo le botlhano le makgolo a le boferabobedi ka Seetebosigo 2011. Mo go yone potsolotso eo, o ne a bolela gape gore palo ya bakwadi e ne e "tlhomame e bile e tswelelela pele". <ref name="wiki-women">{{Cite news|last=Rawlinson|first=Kevin|date=August 8, 2011|title=Wikipedia seeks women to balance its 'geeky' editors|newspaper=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/wikipedia-seeks-women-to-balance-its-geeky-editors-2333605.html|access-date=April 5, 2012}}</ref> Setlhogo sa lekwalo la 2013 la ''MIT Technology Review'', "Go wela tlase ga Wikipedia", se ne sa belaela polelo e, sa bega gore fa e sale ka 2007 Wikipedia e ne e latlhegetswe ke nngwetharong ya bakwadi ba yone ba ba ithaopileng, mme sa akantsha gore ba ba setseng ba ne ba tlhomile mogopolo thata mo dintlheng tse dinnye. <ref name="Simonite-2013">{{Cite journal |last=Simonite |first=Tom |date=October 22, 2013 |title=The Decline of Wikipedia |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/10/22/175674/the-decline-of-wikipedia/ |url-status=live |journal=[[MIT Technology Review]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731083716/https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/10/22/175674/the-decline-of-wikipedia/ |archive-date=July 31, 2022 |access-date=November 30, 2013}}</ref> Ka Phukwi 2012, ''The Atlantic'' e ne ya bega gore palo ya batsamaisi le yone e ne e fokotsega. <ref name="Meyer-2012">{{Cite news|last=Meyer|first=Robinson|date=July 16, 2012|title=3 Charts That Show How Wikipedia Is Running Out of Admins|work=The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/07/3-charts-that-show-how-wikipedia-is-running-out-of-admins/259829|access-date=January 23, 2023}}</ref> Ka Ngwanatseele 2013, bukana ya ditshwantsho ya ''New York'' e ne ya bolela jaana, "Wikipedia, webosaete ya borataro e e dirisiwang thata, e lebagane le mathata a tsamaiso ya one." Palo ya bakwadi ba esaentlolopedia ya Sekgoa ba ba e dirisang gangwe le gape fa e sa le ka nako eo e ntse e tlhomame morago ga nako e telele ya go wela tlase. <ref>{{Cite news|last=F.|first=G.|date=May 5, 2013|title=Who really runs Wikipedia?|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2013/05/05/who-really-runs-wikipedia|access-date=November 26, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mandiberg |first=Michael |date=February 23, 2020 |title=Mapping Wikipedia |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2020/02/where-wikipedias-editors-are-where-they-arent-and-why/605023/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115131524/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2020/02/where-wikipedias-editors-are-where-they-arent-and-why/605023 |archive-date=November 15, 2021 |access-date=November 26, 2021 |website=The Atlantic}}</ref> Ka Firikgong a le malatsi a le masome a mabedi, ngwaga wa 2014, Subodh Varma yo o neng a begela ''The Economic Times'' o ne a supa gore ga se fela gore kgolo ya Wikipedia e ne e eme, e ne e "latlhegetswe ke palo ya dipono tsa dikwalo di ka nna lesome mo lekgolong ngogola. Go nnile le phokotsego ye e ka nnang dikadikadike di le dikete tse pedi (2 billion) fa gare ga Sedimonthole 2012 le Sedimonthole 2013. Diphetolelo tsa yone tse di ratiwang thata ke tsone tse di eteletseng pele mo tsebeng: dipono tsa dikwalo tsa Wikipedia ya Sekgoa di fokotsegile ka lesome le bobedi mo lekgolong (12%), tsa mofuta wa Sejeremane di fokotsegile ka lesome le bosupa mo lekgolong (17%) mme tsa mofuta wa Sejapane di fokotsegile ka boferabongwe mo lekgolong (9%)." <ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news|last=Varma|first=Subodh|date=January 20, 2014|title=Google eating into Wikipedia page views?|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/29094246.cms|access-date=February 10, 2014}}</ref> Varma o ne a tlatsa a re, "Le fa baokamedi ba Wikipedia ba akanya gore se se ka tswa se bakilwe ke diphoso tsa go tsaa dipalo, baitseanape ba bangwe ba akanya gore lenaneo la Google la Knowledge Graphs le le simolotsweng ngogola le ka tswa le ne le tsaya badirisi ba Wikipedia." <ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com" /> Fa go ikgolagangwa le ene, Clay Shirky, morutintshi-mmogo kwa Sekolo sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa New York le modiri ka ene kwa Lekalana la Setšhaba le mafaratlhatlha a Inthanete la Berkman Klein la Harvard o ne a bolela gore o belaela gore bontsi jwa go fokotsega ga go lebelewa ga ditsebe go bakilwe ke Dikerafo tsa Kitso, a bolela jaana, "Fa o ka kgona go bona karabo ya potso ya gago mo tsebeng ya patlo, ga o tlhoke go [tobetsa] go ya pele." <ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com" /> Kwa bokhutlong jwa Sedimonthole 2016, Wikipedia e ne ya fiwa maemo a botlhano mo webosaeteng e e itseweng thata mo lefatsheng lotlhe ka bophara. <ref name="Alexa">{{Cite web |title=Alexa Top 500 Global Sites |url=https://www.alexa.com/topsites |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203120227/https://www.alexa.com/topsites |archive-date=February 3, 2021 |access-date=December 28, 2016 |website=[[Alexa Internet]]}}</ref> Go ema ka Firikgong 2023, go setse go nopotswe dikwalo di le dikete di le masome a matlhano le botlhano le makgolo a le bosupa le masome a le boferabongwe le bongwe (55 791) tsa Wikipedia ya Sekgoa makgetho a le dikete di le masome a le boferabongwe le bobedi le makgolo a le mararo (92 300 ) mo dibukaneng tsa barutegi, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Citations of Wikipedia as an Online Resource |url=https://exaly.com/online-resource/146983/en.wikipedia.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104134042/https://exaly.com/online-resource/146983/en.wikipedia.org |archive-date=November 4, 2022 |access-date=November 4, 2022 |publisher=exaly}}</ref> tse go tswa mo go tsone tiriso ya dikitso tsa dikhomphiutha e neng e le tsebe e e nopotsweng thata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Citations of Cloud Computing |url=https://exaly.com/online-document/8348259/articles/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104134042/https://exaly.com/online-document/8348259/articles/ |archive-date=November 4, 2022 |access-date=November 4, 2022 |publisher=exaly}}</ref> === Dithulaganyo tse di berekang le yone === Wikipedia e tlhamile mananeo a le mmalwa a a berekang le ensaetlolopedia, tse gape e leng diwiki tse di tsamaisiwang ke [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]] . [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mananeo a mangwe a Wikimedia]] a a akaretsa Wiktionary, lenaneo la bukana ya ithunthuntso mafoko e e neng ya simololwa ka Sedimonthole 2002, Wikiquote, kokoanyo ya dinopolo tse di tlhamilweng beke morago ga gore Wikimedia e simololwe, <ref>{{Cite book |last=Woods |first=Dan |year=2007 |title=Wikis for dummies |last2=Theony |first2=Peter |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1-118-05066-8 |edition=1st |location=Hoboken, NJ |page=58 |chapter=3: The Thousand Problem-Solving Faces of Wikis |oclc=1300481129 |ol=5741003W}}</ref> Wikibooks, kokoanyo ya dibukathuto tsa mahala tse di kwadilweng ka tirisanommogo, <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=((Editors of Meta-Wiki)) |author-link=m:Special:History/Talk:Science Hypertextbook project |title=Talk:Science Hypertextbook project |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=153077 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319183224/http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=153077 |archive-date=March 19, 2023 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> [[Wikimedia Commons]] . e e neng e diretswe metswedi ya dikgang ya kitso e e gololesegileng, Wikinews, ya bobegadikgang jo bo dirisanang mmogo, le Wikiversity, lenaneo la go tlhama didirisiwa tsa go ithuta tsa mahala le go tlamela ka ditiro tsa go ithuta ka inthanete. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=((Editors of Wikiversity)) |author-link=v:Special:History/Wikiversity:History of Wikiversity |title=Wikiversity:History of Wikiversity |url=https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:History_of_Wikiversity |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724204635/https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:History_of_Wikiversity |archive-date=July 24, 2015 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Wikiversity |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Lenaneo le lengwe la Wikipedia, Wikispecies, le nankolola mefuta ya ditshedi tsotlhe, mme ga e a bulegela go ka tlaletswa ke setšhaba. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=February 18, 2005 |title=NET News: Calling All Taxonomists |journal=Science |volume=307 |issue=5712 |page=1021 |doi=10.1126/science.307.5712.1021a |s2cid=220095354 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ka 2012, Wikivoyage, e leng kaedi ya mesepele e e ka tlaleletswang, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Luyt |first=Brendan |date=January 1, 2020 |title=A new kind of travel guide or more of the same? Wikivoyage and Cambodia |journal=Online Information Review |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=356–371 |doi=10.1108/OIR-03-2020-0104}}</ref> le Wikidata, e leng motheo wa kitso o o ka tlaleletswang le one, di ne tsa simololwa. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Roth |first=Matthew |date=March 30, 2012 |title=The Wikipedia data revolution |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2012/03/30/the-wikipedia-data-revolution/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114634/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2012/03/30/the-wikipedia-data-revolution/ |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> === Diphitlhelelo === [[File:List_of_Wikipedia_articles_by_language_-_March_2024.svg|thumb|[[Cartogram]] showing number of articles in the top 88 Wikipedias ({{as of|2024|3|lc=y|post=).}} The size of the circles for Wikipedias that have less than a million articles is fixed and not proportional to the size of the Wikipedia. The smallest Wikipedia that made the cutoff is the [[Haitian Creole]] Wikipedia with 69K articles.{{efn|As of April 2026, the [[Haitian Creole]] Wikipedia, with 72K articles, is in 91st place when ranked by number of articles.}}<br /> The languages are roughly grouped by region: <br />{{hlist|{{legend0|#4C0099|[[Northern Europe]]}}|{{legend0|#CC0000|[[Southern Europe]]}}|{{legend0|#CCCC00|[[Eastern Europe]]}}|{{legend0|#CC6600|[[Middle East]]}}|{{legend0|#4C9900|[[East Asia]]}}|{{legend0|#00CDFF|[[Indian subcontinent]]}}|{{legend0|#660000|[[Sub-Saharan Africa]]}}|{{legend0|#808080|[[Central Asia]]}}|{{legend0|#6600CC|[[Caribbean]]}}}} ]] Ka Firikgong 2007, Wikipedia e ne ya nna nngwe ya diwebosaete tse di lesome tse di tumileng thata kwa Amerika, go ya ka Comscore Networks. <ref name="Comscore-2007">{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2007 |title=New Year's Resolutions Reflected in January U.S. Web Traffic |url=https://ir.comscore.com/static-files/45b068e1-1cee-412a-b48f-21ec34e7b59d |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819190445/https://ir.comscore.com/static-files/45b068e1-1cee-412a-b48f-21ec34e7b59d |archive-date=August 19, 2021 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=[[Comscore]] |page=3 |format=PDF}}</ref> Ka badirisi ba yone ba ba kgethegileng ba le didikadike di le masome a mane le bobedi le dikete di le makgolo a le boferabongwe (42.9), e ne ya nna mo maemong a boferabongwe, e feta ''The New York Times'' (maemo a lesome) le Apple (maemo a lesome le bongwe). <ref name="Comscore-2007" /> Se se ne sa tshwaya koketsego e e bonalang go feta Firikgong 2006, fa Wikipedia e ne e le mo maemong a bomasome a le mararo le boraro, ka badirisi ba kgethegileng ba le didikadike di le lesome le boferabobedi le dikete di le makgolo a le mararo ka (18.3 million). Ka 2014, e ne ya amogela dipono tsa ditsebe di le didikadike di le dikete tse di boferabobedi (8 billion) kgwedi le kgwedi. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikimedia Traffic Analysis Report&nbsp;– Wikipedia Page Views Per Country |url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageViewsPerCountryOverview.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020212633/http://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageViewsPerCountryOverview.htm |archive-date=October 20, 2011 |access-date=March 8, 2015 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Ka Tlhakole a le malatsi ae boferabongwe, 2014, ''The New York Times'' e ne ya bega gore Wikipedia e ne e na le &nbsp;dipono tsa ditsebe di le dikadikadike di le dikete tse dilesome le boferabobedi (18 billion) le badirisi ba ba kgethegileng ba le didikadike di le makgolo a le matlhano (500 million) ka kgwedi, "go ya ka ditekanyetso tsa comScore". <ref name="small screen">{{Cite news|last=Cohen|first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen|date=February 9, 2014|title=Wikipedia vs. the Small Screen|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/10/technology/wikipedia-vs-the-small-screen.html?_r=0|access-date=January 22, 2023}}</ref> Go ema ka Mopitlo 2023, e ne le mo maemong a borataro ka go tuma go ya kaSimilarweb.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Similarweb |title=Top Websites Ranking – Most Visited Websites In The World |url=https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210041116/https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/ |archive-date=February 10, 2022 |access-date=March 4, 2023 |website=[[Similarweb]]}}</ref> Jeff Loveland le Joseph Reagle ba nganga gore, mo tsamaisong, Wikipedia e latela mokgwa wa tsela e e telele wa diensaetlolopedia tsa ditso tse di kokoantseng ditokafatso ka bonya ka bonya ka " go kokoanya ga stigmergy ". <ref name="sagepub WP and encyclopedic production 1">{{Cite journal |last=Loveland |first=Jeff |last2=Reagle |first2=Joseph |date=January 15, 2013 |title=Wikipedia and encyclopedic production |journal=New Media & Society |volume=15 |issue=8 |page=1294 |doi=10.1177/1461444812470428 |issn=1461-4448 |s2cid=27886998}}</ref> <ref name="theatlantic WP actually a reversion 1">{{Cite web |last=Rosen |first=Rebecca J. |date=January 30, 2013 |title=What If the Great Wikipedia 'Revolution' Was Actually a Reversion? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/01/what-if-the-great-wikipedia-revolution-was-actually-a-reversion/272697 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229051117/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/01/what-if-the-great-wikipedia-revolution-was-actually-a-reversion/272697/ |archive-date=December 29, 2022 |access-date=February 9, 2013 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> Ka Firikgong a le malatsi a le lesome le boferabobedi, ngwaga wa 2012, Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e ne ya nna le seabe mo motseletseleng wa ditshupetso tse di rulagantsweng kgatlhanong le melao e mebedi e e neng e tshitshintswe kwa Lekgotlaneng la United States — Molao wa go Emisa go Utswa bodiratsi/dikwalo mo mafaratlhatlheng (SOPA) le Molao wa PROTECT IP (PIPA)—ka go fifatsa ditsebe tsa yone dioura di le masome a mabedi le bone . <ref name="LA Times Jan 19">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia: SOPA protest led eight million to look up reps in Congress|url=https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2012/01/wikipedia-sopa-blackout-congressional-representatives.html|access-date=March 6, 2012}}</ref> Batho ba feta didikadike di le lekgolo le le lengwe le masome a mabedi ba bone tsebe e e neng e tlhalosa go fifafatsa moo e e neng e tsere maemo a diteng tsa ensaetlolopedia nakwana e e seng ya sennela ruri. <ref name="BBC WP blackout protest 1">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia joins blackout protest at US anti-piracy moves|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-16590585|access-date=January 19, 2012}}</ref> <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=SOPA/Blackoutpage |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/SOPA/Blackoutpage |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622185443/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/SOPA/Blackoutpage |archive-date=June 22, 2018 |access-date=January 19, 2012 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Ka Firikgong 2013, 274301 Wikipedia, e leng asteroid, e ne ya bidiwa ka Wikipedia; <ref>{{Cite news|last=Workman|first=Robert|date=January 5, 2013|title=Asteroid Re-Named 'Wikipedia'|work=[[Space.com]]|url=https://www.space.com/19643-asteroid-named-wikipedia.html|access-date=January 23, 2023}}</ref> ka Phalane 2014, Wikipedia e ne ya tlotlomatswa ka ''Sefikantswe sa Wikipedia'' ; <ref>{{Cite news|last=Katz|first=Leslie|date=October 27, 2014|title=A Wikipedia monument? It's true (we're pretty sure)|work=[[CNET]]|url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/a-wikipedia-monument-its-true-were-pretty-sure/|access-date=January 23, 2023}}</ref> mme, ka Phukwi 2015, ditshutiso tsa Wikipedia di le lekgolo le le lengwe le borataro (106) mo go tse di dikete di le bosupa le makgolo a le mane le masome a le bosupa le boraro (7 473) tse di nang le ditsebe di le makgolo a le masupa 700 di ne tsa nna teng e le Wikipedia e e Gatisitsweng . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sawers |first=Paul |date=June 18, 2015 |title=You can soon buy a 7,471-volume printed version of Wikipedia for $500,000 |url=https://venturebeat.com/business/you-can-soon-buy-a-7471-volume-printed-version-of-wikipedia-for-500000/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017154940/https://venturebeat.com/business/you-can-soon-buy-a-7471-volume-printed-version-of-wikipedia-for-500000/ |archive-date=October 17, 2022 |access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=VentureBeat}}</ref> Ka Moranang 2019, sefofane sa Iseraele se se fologang mo ngweding, Beresheet, se ne sa wela mo godimo ga [[Ngwedi]] se tshotse dikhophi tsa dikwalo tsa Wikipedia ya sekgoa tsotlhe di gateletswe mo dipoleiting tse ditshesane tsa nikele; baitseanape ba re go ka direga gore dipoleiti tse di ne tsa seka tsa amega fa tiragalo e ya go wa ga sefofane e diragala. <ref name="WRD-20190805">{{Cite news|last=Oberhaus|first=Daniel|date=August 5, 2019|title=A Crashed Israeli Lunar Lander Spilled Tardigrades On The Moon|work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|url=https://www.wired.com/story/a-crashed-israeli-lunar-lander-spilled-tardigrades-on-the-moon/|access-date=August 6, 2019}}</ref> <ref name="VOX-20190806">{{Cite news|last=Resnick|first=Brian|title=Tardigrades, the toughest animals on Earth, have crash-landed on the moon&nbsp;– The tardigrade conquest of the solar system has begun.|url=https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2019/8/6/20756844/tardigrade-moon-beresheet-arch-mission|date=August 6, 2019|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|access-date=August 6, 2019}}</ref> Ka Seetebosigo 2019, baitseanape ba maranyane ba ne ba bega gore 16 GB otlhe wa dikwalo tse di tswang mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa o tsentswe mo DNA ya maitirelo . <ref name="CNET-20190629">{{Cite news|last=Shankland|first=Stephen|date=June 29, 2019|title=Startup packs all 16&nbsp;GB of Wikipedia onto DNA strands to demonstrate new storage tech&nbsp;– Biological molecules will last a lot longer than the latest computer storage technology, Catalog believes.|work=[[CNET]]|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/startup-packs-all-16gb-wikipedia-onto-dna-strands-demonstrate-new-storage-tech/|access-date=August 15, 2023}}</ref> Ka Firikgong a le lesome le boferabobedi, 2023, Wikipedia e ne ya simolodisa webosaete e ntšha e e baakantsweng , e e bidiwang " Vector 2022 ". <ref name="Pearl-2023">{{Cite web |last=Pearl |first=Mike |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Yes, Wikipedia looks weird. Don't freak out. |url=https://mashable.com/article/new-wikipedia-redesign |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120012235/https://mashable.com/article/new-wikipedia-redesign |archive-date=January 20, 2023 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=[[Mashable]]}}</ref> <ref name="Tech Desk-2023">{{Cite web |last=Tech Desk |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Wikipedia gets a facelift after 10 years: A look at new interface and features |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/wikipedia-gets-a-facelift-after-10-years-a-look-at-new-interface-and-features/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119054103/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/wikipedia-gets-a-facelift-after-10-years-a-look-at-new-interface-and-features/ |archive-date=January 19, 2023 |access-date=January 22, 2023 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> E ne e na le tsebe ya lenaneo e e tlhamilweng sesha, e sutisetsa tafole ya diteng kafa molemeng go e dira baara e e kafa thoko, le diphetogo di le dintsi fa go tobediwang teng go tlhopha tse o batlang go di dirisa jaaka sedirisiwa sa go tlhopha puo. <ref name="Tech Desk-2023" /> <ref group="W">{{Cite news|date=January 18, 2023|title=Wikipedia Gets a Fresh New Look: First Desktop Update in a Decade Puts Usability at the Forefront|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/01/18/wikipedia-gets-a-fresh-new-look-first-desktop-update-in-a-decade-puts-usability-at-the-forefront/|access-date=January 22, 2023}}</ref> Ntšhafatso e e ne ya amogela tsibogo e e sa siamang kwa tshimologong, segolobogolo fa bakwadi botlhe ba Wikipedia ya Seswahili ba ne ba tlhopha go busetsa diphetogo morago. <ref name="Pearl-2023" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rauwerda |first=Annie |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Wikipedia's Redesign Is Barely Noticeable. That's the Point. |url=https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/wikipedia-redesign-vector-2022-skin.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120005241/https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/wikipedia-redesign-vector-2022-skin.html |archive-date=January 20, 2023 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=Slate Magazine}}</ref> Bobedi jo, Sanger le Wales ba ne tsenelela dipotsolotso tse di phatlalatsa kwa bokhutlong jwa 2025 ka ga dikakanyo tsa bone ka ga maemo le seemo sa Wikipedia, go fitlha go felela fa dingwageng tsa one tse di masome a mabedi le botlhano e ntse e le mo tirisong ka Firikgong a le lesome le botlhano, ngwaga wa 2026; Wales o ne a tlhagelela mo thulaganyong ya dikgang tsa PBS mo lenaneong la GZERO World e e neng e botsolodiwa ke Ian Bremmer mme Sanger o ne a tlhagelela mo Dikgannyeng tsa Fox, e e neng e botsolodiwa ke Ashley Rindsberg . Buka ya ga Wales ya ''Melao e e Supa ya go Ikanyega'' e ne ya gatisiwa ke Penguin Random House ka Phalane 2025 . E ne ya tlhalosiwa ke mogatisi jaaka "kakanyo e e tseneletseng ka ga mathata a lefatshe a go ikanyega le kitso" e le buka e e kanokang "melao ya go tshepana" e e letleletseng kgolo le katlego ya Wikipedia. <ref name="Penguin">{{Cite web |title=The Seven Rules of Trust |url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/734278/the-seven-rules-of-trust-by-jimmy-wales-with-dan-gardner/ |access-date=22 October 2025 |website=[[Penguin Random House]] |language=en}}</ref> === Ditlamorago tsa maranyane a botlhale jwa maiterelo (generative AI ) mo dipalong tsa dipono tsa ditsebe tsa Wikipedia === Fa e sa le ka Firikgong 2024, Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia o begile koketsego ya sephatlo mo lekgolong ya tiriso tsa dibandwith go tswa mo go bapaleng diteng tsa bobegakgang mo mananeong a one otlhe. Go ya ka mokgatlho yo, kgolo e e amana le mananeo a a iperekisang ka boone, kgotsa di-bot tsa " scraper ", tse di kokoanyang ditshutiso tsa kitso mo ditsebeng tsa Wikimedia gore di dirisiwe mo go katiseng didirisiwa tse ditona tsa puo le ditiro tse di amanang le tsone. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weaver |first=Tanya |date=2025-04-04 |title=AI scraper bots putting costly strain on Wikimedia infrastructure |url=https://eandt.theiet.org/2025/04/04/ai-scraper-bots-are-putting-costly-strain-wikimedias-infrastructure |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=eandt.theiet.org}}</ref> Ka Phalane 2025, Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia o ne wa bega palo kakanyetso e le boferabobedi mo lekgolong ya phokotsego ya pharakano fa go bapisiwa le kgwedi e e tshwanang ka 2024 mo diponong tse di dirilweng ke batho. Ba bua gore se se bontsha tiriso ya Maranyane a botlhale jwa maitirelo le metswedi ya dikgang di sedimosa ka fa batho ba ratang go batla kitso/dikgang ka teng. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ha |first=Anthony |date=2025-10-18 |title=Wikipedia says traffic is falling due to AI search summaries and social video |url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/10/18/wikipedia-says-traffic-is-falling-due-to-ai-search-summaries-and-social-video/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251221202413/https://techcrunch.com/2025/10/18/wikipedia-says-traffic-is-falling-due-to-ai-search-summaries-and-social-video/ |archive-date=December 21, 2025 |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=TechCrunch}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Marshall |date=2025-10-17 |title=New User Trends on Wikipedia |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/10/17/new-user-trends-on-wikipedia/ |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=Diff}}</ref> == Tirisanommogo ya bakwadi == [[File:History_Comparison_Example_(Vector).png|thumb|Dipharologano tse di gateletsweng mo dikwalong tsa setlhogo se le sengwe]] === Melawana === Ka ntlha ya go tuma ga Wikipedia mo go ntseng go oketsega, dikgatiso dingwe, di akaretsa le tsa Sekgoa, di simolodisitse melawana e e laolang go tlaleletsa dikwalo fa gongwe. Ka sekai, mo Wikipedia ya sekgoa le dikgatiso dingwe tsa dipuo, badirisi ba ba nang le diphetogo di le lesome tsa dikwalo mme gape ba na le malatsi a le mane e le badirisi ke bone fela ba ba ka dirang dikwalo tse disha. Mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, gareng ga tse dingwe, ditsebe tse di bakang dikganetsano thata, tse di masisi, kgotsa tse di nang le kgonagalo ya go senngwa di ile tsa sirelediwa ka selekanyo se se farologaneng. <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Hafner|first1=Katie|date=June 17, 2006|title=Growing Wikipedia Refines Its 'Anyone Can Edit' Policy|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/17/technology/17wiki.html|access-date=December 5, 2016}}</ref> Tsebe e e senngwang gantsi e ka nna "e e sireleditsweng bontlhabongwe" kgotsa "e e sireleditsweng e netefaditswe gape e atolositswe", se se rayang gore ke fela bakwadi ba ba "tlhomamisitsweng" kgotsa ba ba "netefaditsweng mo go atolositsweng" ba ka e fetolang. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=12–13}}Setlhogo se se bakang dikganetsano thata se ka nna sa lotlelwa gore e nne batsamaisi fela ba ba ka dirang diphetogo. Lekwalo la 2021 mo ''Columbia Journalism Review'' le ne la supa melawana ya Wikipedia ya go sireletsa ditsebe jaaka "gongwe tsela e e botlhokwa thata" e e nang le yone ya go "laola mmaraka wa yone wa megopolo". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrison |first=Stephen |last2=Benjakob |first2=Omer |date=January 14, 2021 |title=Wikipedia is twenty. It's time to start covering it better. |url=https://www.cjr.org/opinion/wikipedia-is-twenty-its-time-to-start-covering-it-better.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117150508/https://www.cjr.org/opinion/wikipedia-is-twenty-its-time-to-start-covering-it-better.php |archive-date=January 17, 2023 |access-date=January 15, 2021 |website=[[Columbia Journalism Review]]}}</ref> Wikipedia e abetse di- bot ditiro dingwe . tsamaiso ya algorithm ya mofuta yoo e bonolo go tsenngwa mo tirisong le go lekanyediwa, mme go gana go amogela diphetogo mo go itirisang (automated rejection ) go ka tswa go nnile le seabe mo go fokotsegeng ga bakwadi ba ba matlhagatlhaga ba Wikipedia. <ref name="Ren-2024">{{Cite journal |last=Ren |first=Yuqing |last2=Zhang |first2=Haifeng |last3=Kraut |first3=Robert E. |date=February 29, 2024 |title=How Did They Build the Free Encyclopedia? A Literature Review of Collaboration and Coordination among Wikipedia Editors |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3617369 |url-status=live |journal=ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=1–48 |doi=10.1145/3617369 |issn=1073-0516 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912194101/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3617369 |archive-date=September 12, 2024 |access-date=September 12, 2024}}</ref> Di-bot di tshwanetse go amogelwa ke badirisi pele ga ditiro tsa tsone di tsenngwa mo tirisong. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=36}} Mo dikgannyeng tse dingwe, bakwadi botlhe ba letlelelwa go romela diphetogo, fela go tlhokega tshekatsheko mo bakwading bangwe, go lebilwe diemo dingwe. Ka sekai, Wikipedia ya Sejeremane e boloka "diphetolo tse di tlhomameng" tsa dikwalo tse di fentseng go tlhatlhobiwa mo go rileng. Morago ga diteko tse di tsereng nako e telele le dipuisano tsa badirisi, Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e ne ya tlhagisa thulaganyo ya "diphetogo tse di santseng di letilwe" ka Sedimonthole ngwaga wa 2012. <ref name="BInsider pending changes intro 1">{{Cite news|last=Henderson|first=William|date=December 10, 2012|title=Wikipedia Has Figured Out A New Way To Stop Vandals In Their Tracks|work=[[Insider Inc.|Business Insider]]|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/pending-changes-safeguard-on-wikipedia-2012-12|access-date=January 22, 2023}}</ref> Ka fa tlase ga thulaganyo ye, diphetogo tsa badirisi ba basha le ba ba sa kwadisiwang mo dikwalong dingwe tse di bakang dikganetsano kgotsa tse di nnang di senngwa di sekasekwa ke badirisi ba ba tlhomameng pele ga di gatisiwa. <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Frewin|first1=Jonathan|date=June 15, 2010|title=Wikipedia unlocks divisive pages for editing|journal=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10312095|access-date=August 21, 2014}}</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, melawana ya go tlaleletsa dikwalo e fokotsa go nna le seabe ga bakwadi ga mmogo le maiteko a go kabakanya morafe wa badirisi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ajmani |first=Leah |last2=Vincent |first2=Nicholas |last3=Chancellor |first3=Stevie |date=September 28, 2023 |title=Peer Produced Friction: How Page Protection on Wikipedia Affects Editor Engagement and Concentration |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3610198 |url-status=live |journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction |volume=7 |issue=CSCW2 |pages=1–33 |doi=10.1145/3610198 |issn=2573-0142 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915061444/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3610198 |archive-date=September 15, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> Dikwalo tse di amanang le kgotlhang ya Iseraele le Palestina di bewa ka fa tlase ga tshireletso e e atolositsweng e e netefaditsweng. <ref name="Harrison-2023">{{Cite news|last=Harrison|first=Stephen|date=October 26, 2023|title=Wikipedia Is Covering the War in Israel and Gaza Better Than X|url=https://slate.com/technology/2023/10/wikipedia-elon-musk-gaza-hamas-israel-x-twitter-dispute.html|access-date=December 20, 2023|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|issn=1091-2339}}</ref> Bakwadi gape ba ka dira phetogo ya go boela morago mafoko a bone gangwe fela ka letsatsi go ralala ensaetlolopedia yotlhe mme ba ka thibelwa ruri go tlaleletsa dikwalo tse di amanang le yone. Melawana e e simolotswe ka 2008. <ref name="Benjakob-2020a">{{Cite news|last=Benjakob|first=Omer|date=October 4, 2020|title=The Second Intifada Still Rages on Wikipedia|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2020-10-04/ty-article/.highlight/the-second-intifada-still-rages-on-wikipedia/0000017f-e7fb-da9b-a1ff-efff2c230000|access-date=March 6, 2024|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]}}</ref> Ka Firikgong 2025, Komiti ya Katlholo e ne ya simolodisa "melawana e e lekalekanang ya go tlaleletsa dikwalo", e e tlhokang gore badirisi ba ba nang le dithibelo ba neele fela nngwetharong ya diphetolo tsa bone mo dikwalong tse di amanang le kgotlhang ya Iseraele le Palestina le fa go se na melao epe ya boitshwaro jo bo sa siamang e e robilweng. <ref name="Elia-Shalev-2025">{{Cite web |last=Elia-Shalev |first=Asaf |date=January 24, 2025 |title=Edit wars over Israel spur rare ban of 8 Wikipedia editors — from both sides |url=https://www.jta.org/2025/01/23/israel/edit-wars-over-israel-spur-rare-ban-of-8-wikipedia-editors-from-both-sides |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250610091420/https://www.jta.org/2025/01/23/israel/edit-wars-over-israel-spur-rare-ban-of-8-wikipedia-editors-from-both-sides |archive-date=June 10, 2025 |access-date=May 27, 2025 |website=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]}}</ref> === Tshekatsheko ya diphetogo === [[File:Wikipedia_editing_interface.png|thumb|tsebe ya diphetolo ya Wikipedia]] Le fa diphetogo di sa sekasekwe ka thulaganyo, sofotewere ya Wikipedia e tlamela ka didirisiwa tse di letlelelang mongwe le mongwe go sekaseka diphetogo tse di dirilweng ke ba bangwe. Tsebe ya Ditso ya lekwalo lengwe le sengwe e golagana le diphetolo dingwe le dingwe tsa yone.{{efn|Revisions with libelous content, criminal threats, or copyright infringements may be removed completely.}} Mo dikwalong ka bontsi, mongwe le mongwe o ka lebelela diphetogo tse disha mme gape a baakanya diphetolo tsa ba bangwe ka go tobetsa kgokagano e e mo tsebeng ya Ditso tsa lekwalo la teng. Badirisi ba ba kwadisitsweng ba ka nna ba tlhokometse dikwalo tse di ba kgatlhang ka go nna le "lenaneo la ditebelelo" gore ba kgone go itsisiwe ka diphetogo. "Kanoko ya ditsebe tse disha" ke thulaganyo e mo go yone dikwalo tse di sa tswang go tlhamiwa di tlholwang go bona gore a di na le mathata a a bonalang. Ka 2003, moithuti wa setlankana sa PhD sa dithuto tsa itsholelo Andrea Ciffolilli o ne a bolela gore ditshenyegelo tse di kwa tlase tsa go nna le seabe mo wiki di ne tsa dira gore go nne le tlhabololo ya tirisanommogo, le gore dikarolo tsa mofuta yoo di ne di letlelela gore go nne motlhofo go bona diphetolo tse di fetileng tsa tsebe, mme go ne go thusa ka "dikatlholo tse di agang" go na le "dikatlholo tse di senyang". <ref name="FMonday collaborative effort 1">{{Cite journal |last=Ciffolilli |first=Andrea |date=December 2003 |title=Phantom authority, self-selective recruitment and retention of members in virtual communities: The case of Wikipedia |journal=First Monday |volume=8 |issue=12 |doi=10.5210/fm.v8i12.1108 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Tshenyo === Phetogo epe e e tshosetsang go thokgama ga Wikipedia ka bomo e tsewa e le go senya. Mefuta e e tlwaelegileng thata e e bonalang ya go senya e akaretsa go oketsa ka dilo tse di fatlhang le metlae e e sa siamang; gape e ka akaretsa ipapatso le mefuta e mengwe ya spam. Ka dinako tse dingwe bakwadi ba senya dikwalo ka go tlosa diteng kgotsa go tsenya tsebe e e senang sepe gotlhelele. Mefuta e e sa tlwaelegang thata ya tshenyo, jaaka go tlaletsa dikwalo ka dikgang tse di utlwalang mme di se boammaaruri ka bomo, di ka nna dingalo thata go lemosega. Batho ba ba senyang dikwalo ba ka tsenya fomate e e sa amaneng le sepe, ba fetola motheo wa tsebe jaaka setlhogo sa tsebe kgotsa go aroganngwa ga yone ka ditlhopha, ba dirisa khoutu e e ka fa tlase ga lekwalo ka boferefere, kgotsa ba dirisa ditshwantsho ka tsela e e kgoreletsang. [[File:John_Seigenthaler_Sr._speaking.jpg|alt=White-haired elderly gentleman in suit and tie speaks at a podium.|left|thumb|Mmegadikgang wa MoAmerika John Seigenthaler (1927–2014), setlhogo sa tiragalo ya buka ya botshelo jwa ga Seigenthaler]] Tshenyo e e bonalang ka kakaretso e motlhofo go ka ntshiwa mo dikwalong tsa Wikipedia; nako ya bogare ya go e lemoga le go e baakanya ke metsotso e le mmalwa. Le fa go ntse jalo, tshenyo ye nngwe e tsaya lobaka thata go ka lemogwa le go baakanngwa. Mo tiragalong ya buka ya botshelo jwa ga Seigenthaler, mokwadi mongwe yo o neng a ipipile leina a sa itsiwe o ne a tsenya kgang ye e e seng boammaaruri mo lekwalong la botshelo jwa moeteledipele wa sepolotiki wa Amerika e bong John Seigenthaler ka Motsheganong 2005, a mo kaya mo go maaka jaaka mmelaelwa wa polao ya ga John F. Kennedy . E ne ya nna e sa baakanngwa dikgwedi di le nne. Seigenthaler, mookamedi yo o simolotseng ''USA Today'' le motlhami wa lekgotlana la kgololesego ya Lekalana la Phetolo ya Ntlha kwa Sekolo sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa Vanderbilt, o ne a leletsa motlhami-mmogo wa Wikipedia e bong Jimmy Wales mme a mmotsa gore a o na le tsela epe ya go itse gore ke mang yo o tsentseng kgang ye e senang boammaaruri yeo. Wales o ne a re ga itse, le fa mong wa molato a ne a feleletsa a latedisiwa. <ref name="book The World is Flat 1">{{Cite book |last=Friedman |first=Thomas L. |year=2007 |title=The World is Flat |publisher=[[Farrar, Straus & Giroux]] |isbn=978-0-374-29278-2 |page=124}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Buchanan |first=Brian |date=November 17, 2006 |title=Founder shares cautionary tale of libel in cyberspace |url=https://archive.firstamendmentcenter.org/news.aspx?id=17798 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221140311/https://archive.firstamendmentcenter.org/news.aspx?id=17798 |archive-date=December 21, 2012 |access-date=November 17, 2012 |publisher=[[First Amendment Center]]}}</ref> Morago ga tiragalo e, Seigenthaler o ne a tlhalosa Wikipedia e le "sedirisiwa sa patlisiso se se nang le diphoso gape se sena maikarabelo". Tiragalo e e ne ya dira gore go dirwe diphetogo tsa melawana kwa Wikipedia tsa go gagamatsa go netefadiwa ga dikwalo tse di buang ka matshelo a batho ba ba tshelang. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Helm|first=Burt|title=Wikipedia: "A Work in Progress"|url=https://www.businessweek.com/stories/2005-12-13/wikipedia-a-work-in-progress|date=December 13, 2005|access-date=July 26, 2012}}</ref> === Dikganetsano le dintwa tsa go tlaleletsa dikwalo === Bakwadi ba Wikipedia gantsi ba na le go sa dumalane mabapi le diteng, tse di ka tlotliwang mo ditsebeng tsa Puisano tsa dikwalo. Dikganetsano di ka felela ka diphetogo tse di gaisanang gangwe le gape mo dikwalong, tse di bidiwang "ntwa ya go tlaleletsa". <ref name="NBC WP editorial warzone 12">{{Cite news|last=Coldewey|first=Devin|date=June 21, 2012|title=Wikipedia is editorial warzone, says study|department=Technology|work=[[NBC News]]|url=https://sys03-public.nbcnews.com/technology/wikipedia-editorial-warzone-says-study-838793|access-date=March 26, 2021|archivedate=August 26, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826113318/http://sys03-public.nbcnews.com/technology/wikipedia-editorial-warzone-says-study-838793}}</ref> E bonwa ke botlhe jaaka seemo se se senyang didirisiwa mme go sena kitso epe e e mosola e e tsengwang, <ref>{{Cite book |last=Kalyanasundaram |first=Arun |date=December 2015 |title=2015 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC) |last2=Wei |first2=Wei |last3=Carley |first3=Kathleen M. |last4=Herbsleb |first4=James D. |publisher=IEEE |isbn=978-1-4673-9743-8 |location=Huntington Beach, CA |pages=276–287 |chapter=An agent-based model of edit wars in Wikipedia: How and when is consensus reached |citeseerx=10.1.1.715.2758 |doi=10.1109/WSC.2015.7408171}}</ref> gape e a kgalwa ka e tsewa e dira ngwao ya gore bakwadi ba nne le kgaisano e nang le kgotlhang <ref>{{Cite book |last=Suh |first=Bongwon |date=2009 |title=Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration |last2=Convertino |first2=Gregorio |last3=Chi |first3=Ed H. |last4=Pirolli |first4=Peter |publisher=ACM Press |isbn=978-1-60558-730-1 |location=Orlando, FL |pages=1–10 |chapter=The singularity is not near |doi=10.1145/1641309.1641322 |doi-access=free}}</ref> se se amangwang le dikarolo tsa bong tsa banna tsa setso . <ref>{{Cite news|last=Torres|first=Nicole|date=June 2, 2016|title=Why Do So Few Women Edit Wikipedia?|url=https://hbr.org/2016/06/why-do-so-few-women-edit-wikipedia|access-date=August 20, 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bear |first=Julia B. |last2=Collier |first2=Benjamin |date=March 2016 |title=Where are the Women in Wikipedia? Understanding the Different Psychological Experiences of Men and Women in Wikipedia |journal=Sex Roles |volume=74 |issue=5–6 |pages=254–265 |doi=10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |s2cid=146452625}}</ref> Dipatlisiso di itebagantse thata le, sekai, go tlhoka botho ka dikganetsano, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khazraie |first=Marzieh |last2=Talebzadeh |first2=Hossein |date=February 7, 2020 |title="Wikipedia does NOT tolerate your babbling!": Impoliteness-induced conflict (resolution) in a polylogal collaborative online community of practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378216620300771 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Pragmatics |volume=163 |pages=46–65 |doi=10.1016/j.pragma.2020.03.009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914115833/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378216620300771 |archive-date=September 14, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smirnov |first=Ivan |last2=Oprea |first2=Camelia |last3=Strohmaier |first3=Markus |date=December 1, 2023 |editor-last=Ognyanova |editor-first=Katherine |title=Toxic comments are associated with reduced activity of volunteer editors on Wikipedia |url=https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/article/doi/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad385/7457939 |url-status=live |journal=PNAS Nexus |volume=2 |issue=12 |doi=10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad385 |issn=2752-6542 |pmc=10697426 |pmid=38059265 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007101400/https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/article/doi/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad385/7457939 |archive-date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024 |doi-access=free |article-number=pgad385}}</ref> tlhotlheletso ya dikampa tsa bakwadi tse di gaisanang, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lerner |first=Jürgen |last2=Lomi |first2=Alessandro |date=December 21, 2020 |title=The free encyclopedia that anyone can dispute: An analysis of the micro-structural dynamics of positive and negative relations in the production of contentious Wikipedia articles |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378873318300467 |url-status=live |journal=Social Networks |volume=60 |pages=11–25 |doi=10.1016/j.socnet.2018.12.003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126001010/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378873318300467 |archive-date=November 26, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morris-O'Connor |first=Danielle A. |last2=Strotmann |first2=Andreas |last3=Zhao |first3=Dangzhi |date=April 4, 2023 |title=The colonization of Wikipedia: evidence from characteristic editing behaviors of warring camps |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JD-04-2022-0090/full/html |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Documentation |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=784–810 |doi=10.1108/JD-04-2022-0090 |issn=0022-0418 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020151300/https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JD-04-2022-0090/full/html |archive-date=October 20, 2023 |access-date=November 14, 2023}}</ref> popego ya dipuisano, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ziembowicz |first=Karolina |last2=Roszczyńska-Kurasińska |first2=Magdalena |last3=Rychwalska |first3=Agnieszka |last4=Nowak |first4=Andrzej |date=October 3, 2022 |title=Predicting conflict-prone disputes using the structure of turn-taking: the case of Wikipedia |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1924224 |url-status=live |journal=Information, Communication & Society |volume=25 |issue=13 |pages=1987–2005 |doi=10.1080/1369118X.2021.1924224 |issn=1369-118X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091334/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1924224 |archive-date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> le phetogo ya dikgotlhang go tlhoma mogopolo mo metsweding. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Chhabra |first=Anamika |date=August 25, 2020 |title=Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Open Collaboration |last2=Kaur |first2=Rishemjit |last3=Iyengar |first3=S. R.S. |publisher=ACM |isbn=978-1-4503-8779-8 |pages=1–10 |chapter=Dynamics of Edit War Sequences in Wikipedia |doi=10.1145/3412569.3412585 |access-date=September 15, 2024 |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3412569.3412585 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915052238/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3412569.3412585 |archive-date=September 15, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="Ruprechter">{{Cite journal |last=Ruprechter |first=Thorsten |last2=Santos |first2=Tiago |last3=Helic |first3=Denis |date=September 9, 2020 |title=Relating Wikipedia article quality to edit behavior and link structure |journal=Applied Network Science |volume=5 |issue=1 |doi=10.1007/s41109-020-00305-y |issn=2364-8228 |doi-access=free |article-number=61}}</ref> Taha Yasseri wa Sekolo sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa Oxford o ne a sekaseka dikgotlhang tsa go tlaleletsa/kwala dikwalo le go rarabololwa ga tsone mo patlisisong ya 2013. <ref name="Yasseri-2014">{{Cite book |last=Yasseri |first=Taha |author-link=Taha Yasseri |year=2014 |title=The Most Controversial Topics in Wikipedia: A Multilingual and Geographical Analysis |last2=Spoerri |first2=Anselm |last3=Graham |first3=Mark |last4=Kertész |first4=János |author-link4=János Kertész |publisher=Scarecrow Press |editor-last=Fichman, P. |doi=10.2139/SSRN.2269392 |ssrn=2269392 |editor-last2=Hara, N.}}</ref> Yasseri o ne a nganga gore go boela morago mo go bonolo fela kgotsa ditiro tsa "go dirolola" e ne e se selekanyo se se botlhokwa thata sa boitshwaro jo bo sa siamang jwa tiro kwa Wikipedia. O ne a ikaegile boemong jwa seo ka leano la "bakwadi ba le babedi ba bereka mmogo go boela ditlaleletso morago", le e leng gore mokwadi a le mongwe o tlaabo a busetsa morago go tlaleletsa ga mokwadi yo mongwe yo morago ga moo, ka tatelano, a boelang go busetsa tlaleletso ya mokwadi wa ntlha morago. Maduo a ne a tsenngwa mo lenaneong la diphetolelo di le mmalwa tsa dipuo tsa Wikipedia. Dikgotlhang tsa dipalo tse tharo tse di tona mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e ne e le tsa dikwalo tsa ga George W. Bush, botlhokapuso, le Muhammad . <ref name="Yasseri-2014" /> Fa go bapisiwa, mo Wikipedia ya Jeremane, dikgotlhang tsa dipalo tse tharo tse di tona ka nako ya patlisiso e ne e le tsa dikwalo tse di neng di bua ka Croatia, Scientology, le megopolo ka tiragalo ya 9/11 . <ref name="Yasseri-2014" /> Ka 2020, babatlisisi ba ne ba supa dikgato tse dingwe ka maitsholo a bakwadi, go feta go boela morago ditlaleletso ka bobedi, go supa dikgotlhang tsa go tlaleletsa dikwalo go ralala Wikipedia. <ref name="Ruprechter"/> Bakwadi gape ba ngangisana ka go phimolwa ga dikwalo mo Wikipedia, ka dingangisano tse di ntseng jalo di ka nna dikete di le makgolo a le matlhano fa e sa le Wikipedia e simololwa go tloga ka 2019. Fa lekwalo le sena go tlhophiwa go phimolwa, kganetsano gantsi e laolwa ke ditlhopo tsa ntlha (gore a le bolokwe kgotsa le phimolwe) le ka go umaka melawana ya tse di rileng tsa setlhogo. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mayfield |first=Elijah |last2=Black |first2=Alan W. |date=November 7, 2019 |title=Analyzing Wikipedia Deletion Debates with a Group Decision-Making Forecast Model |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3359308 |url-status=live |journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction |volume=3 |issue=CSCW |pages=1–26 |doi=10.1145/3359308 |issn=2573-0142 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915025504/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3359308 |archive-date=September 15, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> == Melao le diteng == Wikipedia e na le mafelo a maina a a farologaneng a le lesome le bongwe mme dikwalo tsa yone di teng mo ''lefelong la maremelelo'' . Mafelo a mangwe a maina a na le ketapele pele ga setlhogo sa tsebe ya one mme a diragatsa maikaelelo a a farologaneng. Sekai, lefelo la maina a lenaneo le o a dirisa ketapele ''ya Wikipedia'' mme gape le dirisediwa dipuisano tse di amanang le go ipusa. Bontsi jwa babadi ga ba itse ka mafelo a a mangwe a maina. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=3}} Melaometheo ya morafe wa badirisi ba Wikipedia e akareditswe mo "Dipilara tse Tlhano", fa melaometheo e e tseneletseng ya go tlaleletsa dikwalo e tlhagisiwa mo melaong le dikaedi tse dintsi tse di diretsweng go bopa diteng mo go tshwanetseng. Dipilara tse tlhano tseo ke: * Wikipedia ke ensaetlolopedia * Wikipedia e kwadilwe ka tsela e e sa tseyeng letlhakore * Diteng tsa Wikipedia ke tsa mahala tse mongwe le mongwe a ka di dirisang, a di tlaleletsa, le go di anamisa * Bakwadi ba Wikipedia ba tshwanetse go tshwarana ka tlotlo le maitseo * Wikipedia ga e na melao e e kgopo Melao e e tlhamilweng ke badirisi e bolokwa mo lefelong la maina la Wikipedia, mme bakwai ba Wikipedia ba kwala le go tlhabolola melao le dikaelo tsa webosaete go ya ka tumalano ya badirisi. <ref name="pcworld who's behind WP">{{Cite web |date=February 6, 2008 |title=Who's behind Wikipedia? |url=https://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/index.php/id;1866322157;fp;2;fpid;2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209110303/https://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/index.php/id%3B1866322157%3Bfp%3B2%3Bfpid%3B2 |archive-date=February 9, 2008 |access-date=February 7, 2008 |website=PC World |page=2}}</ref> Kwa tshimologong, melao ya dikgatiso tse e seng tsa Sekgoa tsa Wikipedia e ne e beilwe mo thanolong ya melao ya Wikipedia ya Sekgoa. Fa e sa le ka nako eo e ile ya fapoga golo gongwe. === Melao ya diteng le dikaelo === Go ya ka melao ya morafe wa badirisi ba Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, lekwalo lengwe le lengwe mo Wikipedia le tshwanetse go nna le setlhogo se se maleba go nna mo [[wiktionary:encyclopedic|ensaetlolopedia]] mme e se lekwalo le le kwadilweng kana le utlwalega jaaka buka ya tlhaloso ya mafoko. Setlhogo gape se tshwanetse go fitlhelela maemo a Wikipedia a "notability", se se rayang gore setlhogo se tshwanetse gore a bo se kile sa akarediwa thata mo metsweding e e ikanyegang e e ikemetseng ka nosi mo setlhogong sa lekwalo leo. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=53–54}}Wikipedia e ikaeletse go fetisa fela kitso e e setseng e tlhomilwe gape e lemogwa ka jalo ga e a tshwanela go tlhagisa dipatlisiso tsa ntlha tsa setlhogo sa palo. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=32}}Ditlhogo tsa dipalo tse dingwe, jaaka tsa mapolotiki le barutegi, di na le melwana e e kgethegileng. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=53–54}}La bofelo, Wikipedia e tshwanetse go supa karolo e e sa tseyeng letlhakore. Se se fitlhelelwa ka go soboka metswedi e e ikanyegang, go dirisa puo e e sa tseyeng letlhakore, le go tlhomamisa gore go tlhagisiwa dintlha tse dintsintsi go ikaegile ka gore di tlhagelela go le kana kang. Dikgang/kitso gape e tshwanetse gore a bo e ka netefadiwa. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=5–7}}Lekwalo le le senang dinopolo le ka nna la tshwaiwa kgotsa la phimolwa gotlhelele. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=33}}Se ka dinako tse dingwe se ka dira gore go phimolwe lekwalo(tshedimosetso) , le fa e le boammaaruri, e le gore ga e na metswedi sentle. <ref name="IHT WP valid info wrong removable 1">{{Cite news|last=Cohen|first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen|date=August 9, 2011|title=For inclusive mission, Wikipedia is told that written word goes only so far|page=18|newspaper=[[International Herald Tribune]]}}</ref> Jaaka fa melao ya Wikipedia e ntse e fetoga mo tsamaong ya nako, gape e nna dingalo, palo ya yone e ile ya gola. Ka 2008, go ne go na le ditsebe tsa melao di le masome a mane le bone le ditsebe tsa dikaelo di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a le mane le boferabobedi (248); ka 2013, barutegi ba ne ba bala ditsebe tsa melao di le makgolo a le mararo le masome a le boferabobedi le boraro (383) le ditsebe tsa dikaelo di le makgolo a le mane le masome a le mane le boferabongwe (449). <ref name="Ren-2024"/> == Tsamaiso/Puso == Puso ya ntlha ya Wikipedia e ne ya kopanya dikarolo tsa puso ya batho ka batho le tsa tatelano ya maemo fa nako e ntse e tsamaya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanger |first=Larry |author-link=Larry Sanger |date=April 18, 2005 |title=The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir |url=https://features.slashdot.org/story/05/04/18/164213/the-early-history-of-nupedia-and-wikipedia-a-memoir |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525051304/http://features.slashdot.org/features/05/04/18/164213.shtml |archive-date=May 25, 2009 |access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=[[Slashdot]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kostakis |first=Vasilis |date=March 2010 |title=Identifying and understanding the problems of Wikipedia's peer governance: The case of inclusionists versus deletionists |url=https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2613/2479 |url-status=live |journal=First Monday |volume=15 |issue=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310125049/https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2613/2479 |archive-date=March 10, 2021 |access-date=March 26, 2021}}</ref> Lekwalo ga le tsewe e le la motlhami wa lone kgotsa mokwadi ope yo mongwe, le fa e le yo go buiwang ka ene (setlhogo) mo go lone. Bakwadi ba ba mo maemong a a siameng mo morafeng ww badirisi ba ka kopa ditshwanelo tse dingwe tsa bodirisi, se se ka ba nayang bokgoni jwa setegeniki jwa go dira ditiro dingwe tse di kgethegileng. Ditshwanelo dingwe tsa bodirisi di neelwa ka go itirisa (automatically), jaaka ditlhopha tse ''di netefaditsweng ka go itirisa'' le ''tse di netefaditsweng tse di atolositsweng'', fa dingwaga tsa akhaonte le diphetogo tsa dikwalo tse di batliwang di fitlhelelwa. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=12–13}} === Batsamaisi === Bakwadi ba ba nang le kitso ya bodirisi ba ka tlhopha go tsenelela ditlhopho tsa " botsamaisi ", jo bo akaretsang bokgoni jwa go phimola ditsebe kgotsa go di thibela gore di se ka tsa fetolwa mo dikgetseng tsa tshenyo e e masisi kgotsa dikgotlhang tsa dikwalo. Batsamaisi ga ba a tshwanela go nna le dithata dipe tse di kgethegileng tsa go dira ditshwetso; go na le seo, dithata tsa bone di lekanyeditswe thata mo go direng diphetogo tse di botlhokwa thata tsa mananeo mme ka jalo ga di letlelelwe bakwadi ba ba tlwaelesegileng, le go diragatsa dithibelo tse di ikaeletseng go thibela bakwadi ba ba kgoreletsang go dira diphetogo tse di senang mosola. <ref name=":6" group="W" /> Ka 2012, bakwadi ba le mmalwa ba ne ba nna batsamaisi fa ba bapisiwa le dingwaga tsa pele tsa Wikipedia, bontlhabongwe jwa lobaka la kgang e e le gore thulaganyo ya go tlhatlhoba batsamaisi ba ba ka nnang teng e ne e setse e gagametse thata. <ref name="Meyer-2012"/> Ka 2022, go ne ga nna le kopo e e neng ya baka dikganetsano thata ya botsamaisi ka ga maikutlo a ntlhopheng yo o neng a le kgatlhanong le Trump; kwa bofelong, ba ne ba newa botsamaisi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrison |first=Stephen |date=June 16, 2022 |title=Inside Wikipedia's Historic, Fiercely Contested "Election" |url=https://slate.com/technology/2022/06/wikipedia-administrator-election-tamzin.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824123521/https://slate.com/technology/2022/06/wikipedia-administrator-election-tamzin.html |archive-date=August 24, 2022 |access-date=July 22, 2022 |website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]}}</ref> === Tharabololo ya dikgotlhang === Mo tsamaong ya nako, Wikipedia e tlhamile thulaganyo ya go rarabolola dikgotlhang e e sa tlhomamang tota-tota. Go tlhomamisa tumalano gareng ga morafe wa badirisi, bakwadi ba ka tlhagisa dikgang kwa makgotlaneng a badirisi a a maleba, ba batla dikakgelo kwa ntle ka dikopo tsa maikutlo a boraro, kgotsa ba simolola dipuisano tsa morafe wa badirisi ka kakaretso, yo o bidiwang "kopo ya kakgelo", e mo go yone di-bot di tsenyang puisano eo mo lenaneong le le kopantsweng la dipuisano, mme bakwadi a bo ba lalediwa go tsaya karolo, mme morago ba sutlhe puisano eo mo lenaneong morago ga malatsi a le masome a boraro. Le fa go ntse jalo, bakwadi ba na le tshwanelo ya go tswala (le go sutlha) puisano eo pele kgotsa morago ga nako. Fa maduo a puisano a sa bonale sentle, mokwadi yo o gaufi yo o sa amegeng yo gantsi a leng mo maemong a a siameng a ka ntsha katlholo go ya ka maatla a mabaka a a ntshiwang le palo ya batho ba ba ngangisanang mo matlhakoreng otlhe. <ref name="Bandler-2024">{{Citation|last=Bandler|first=Aaron|date=June 21, 2024|title=Wikipedia Editors Label ADL Only Reliable for Antisemitism When 'Israel and Zionism Are Not Concerned'|url=https://jewishjournal.com/news/united-states/372532/wikipedia-editors-label-adl-only-reliable-for-antisemitism-when-israel-and-zionism-are-not-concerned/|access-date=May 3, 2025}}</ref> Badirisi ba Wikipedia ba gatelela gore thulaganyo e ga se go tlhopha ka go umaka dipego tsa maikutlo mo dipuisanong tseo jaaka "!vote", e mo go lone letshwao la kgakgamatso e leng letshwao la go ganetsa ka tsela e e utlwalang mme le bidiwa "nnyaa". <ref>{{Citation|last=Harrison|first=Stephen|title=Wikipedia's War on the Daily Mail|date=July 1, 2021|work=Slate|url=https://slate.com/technology/2021/07/wikipedia-daily-mail-generally-unreliable.html|access-date=May 13, 2025|issn=1091-2339}}</ref> Wikipedia e rotloetsa ditharabololo tsa dikgotlhang, tse Jemielniak a reng di kgethegile thata mo dithutong tsa mokgatlho, le fa go nnile le kgatlhego ya bosheng jaana mo go ageng tumalano mo lephateng le. <ref name="Jemielniak">{{Cite book |last=Jemielniak |first=Dariusz |year=2014 |title=Common Knowledge?: An Ethnography of Wikipedia |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8047-9120-5 |location=Stanford, CA |doi=10.2307/j.ctvqsdrf9 |jstor=j.ctvqsdrf9}}</ref> Reagle le Sue Gardner ba nganga gore mekgwa ya go aga tumalano e tshwana le e e dirisiwang ke ba-Quakers . <ref name="Jemielniak" />{{Rp|page=62}}Pharologanyo le diphuthego tsa ba-Quaker ke go tlhoka motsamaisi fa go na le go sa dumalana, e leng seabe se se tshamekiwang ke mokwaledi mo diphuthegong tsa Ba-Quaker. <ref name="Jemielniak" />{{Rp|page=83}} ==== Komiti ya Katlholo ==== Komiti ya Katlholo e okametse thulaganyo ya bofelo ya tharabololo ya dikgotlhang. Le fa gantsi dikgotlhang di tsoga ka ntlha ya go sa dumalane ka megopolo e mebedi e e ganetsanang ka lekwalo le tshwanetseng go balega ka teng, Komiti ya Katlholo e gana tota ka go dira tshwetso ka tlhamalalo ka mogopolo yo o tshwanetseng go amogelwa. <ref name="Hoffman-2009">{{Cite journal |last=Hoffman |first=David A. |last2=Mehra |first2=Salil K. |date=March 5, 2009 |title=Wikitruth Through Wikiorder |url=https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/elj/vol59/iss1/3/ |url-status=live |journal=Emory Law Journal |volume=59 |issue=1 |ssrn=1354424 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613214656/https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/elj/vol59/iss1/3/ |archive-date=June 13, 2021 |access-date=November 15, 2024}}</ref> Ditshekatsheko tsa dipalopalo di supa gore komiti ya Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e itlhokomolosa diteng tsa dikgotlhang mme go na le moo e remelela thata mo goreng dikgotlhang di tsamaisiwe jang, e sa dire thata go rarabolola dikgotlhang le go dira kagiso fa gare ga bakwadi ba ba ganetsenang, mme e ntsha bakwadi ba ba dingalo e ntse e letla bakwadi ba tlhaga go boela go tsaya karolo gape. <ref name="Hoffman-2009"/> Ka jalo, komiti ga e laole diteng tsa dikwalo, le fa ka dinako tse dingwe e kgala diphetogo tsa diteng fa e tsaya gore diteng tse disha di tlola melao ya Wikipedia (sekai, fa diteng tse disha di tsewa di tsaya letlhakore).{{efn|The committee may directly rule that a content change is inappropriate, but may not directly rule that certain content is inappropriate.}} Ditharabololo tse di dirisiwang gantsi di akaretsa dikgalemo le go beewa leitlho thata( di dirisiwa mo dikgetseng di le masome a le marataro le boraro mo lekgolong (63%)) le go kobela ruri bakwadi mo dikwalong (masome a le mane le boraro mo lekgolong (43%)), dikgang tsa setlhogo (masome a le mabedi le boraro mo lekgolong (23%)), kgotsa mo Wikipedia (lesome le borataro mo lekgolong(16%)). <ref name="Hoffman-2009" /> Go kobelwa ruri mo go feletseng mo Wikipedia gantsi go beetswe fela dikgetse di tshwana le go ipaya o le motho yo mongwe le boitshwaro jwa go sa dirisana le batho ba bangwe sentle . Fa boitshwaro e se go ipaya o le motho yo mongwe kgotsa go nna kgatlhanong le go tshela sentle le batho ba bangwe, mme e le jwa dintwa tsa dikwalo le go roba melao e mengwe ya go tlaleletsa/kwala dikwalo, ditharabololo di na le go ema ka dikgalemo fela. <ref name="Hoffman-2009" /> == Morafe wa badirisi == [[File:Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm|start=00:04|thumbtime=00:16|thumb|Setshwantsho sa motshikinyego saWikimania 2005{{snd}}bokopano jwa ngwaga le ngwaga jwa badirisi ba Wikipedia le mananeo a mangwe a a tsamaisiwang ke [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]], o ne o tshwaretswe kwa Frankfurt am Main, kwa Jeremane, ka Phatwe a le malatsi a le mane go fitlhela a le boferabobedi.]] Lekwalo lengwe le lengwe le modirisi mongwe le mongwe wa Wikipedia o na le tsebe e a amanang le yone gape e e kgethegileng ya "puo". Dilo tse di bopa tsela ya konokono ya dipuisano gore bakwadi ba kgone go abelana megopolo, go rulaganya le go ngangisana. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Viégas |first=Fernanda B. |author-link=Fernanda B. Viégas |last2=Wattenberg |first2=Martin M. |author-link2=Martin M. Wattenberg |last3=Kriss |first3=Jesse |last4=van Ham |first4=Frank |date=January 3, 2007 |title=Talk Before You Type: Coordination in Wikipedia |url=https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/wikipedia_coordination_final.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205111038/https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/wikipedia_coordination_final.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2007 |access-date=June 27, 2008 |publisher=Visual Communication Lab, [[IBM Research]]}}</ref> Morafe wa Wikipedia o tlhalositswe fa o tswana le setlhopha sa bodumedi, <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/dec/15/wikipedia.web20|title=Log on and join in, but beware the web cults|first1=Charles|last1=Arthur|date=December 15, 2005|access-date=December 26, 2008}}</ref> le fa go sa tewe ka mekgwa e e sa lolamang fela ka dinako tsotlhe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/internet/08/03/wikipedia/index.html|title=Wikipedia: The know-it-all Web site|first1=Kristie|last1=Lu Stout|publisher=CNN|date=August 4, 2003|access-date=December 26, 2008}}</ref> Go rata go nna seoposengwe ga one, le fa go tlhoka go mpampetsa mo go akaretsang go tlhokomologa dintlha tsa go itshupa, go biditswe " go nna kgatlhanong le go itseela kwa maemong a a kwa godimo " . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Sanger |first=Larry |author-link=Larry Sanger |date=December 31, 2004 |title=Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism |url=https://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101011352/http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25 |archive-date=November 1, 2021 |access-date=March 26, 2021 |website=[[Kuro5hin]], Op–Ed |quote=There is a certain mindset associated with unmoderated Usenet groups [...] that infects the collectively-managed Wikipedia project: if you react strongly to trolling, that reflects poorly on you, not (necessarily) on the troll. If you [...] demand that something be done about constant disruption by trollish behavior, the other listmembers will cry "censorship", attack you, and even come to the defense of the troll. [...] The root problem: anti-elitism, or lack of respect for expertise. There is a deeper problem [...] which explains both of the above-elaborated problems. Namely, as a community, Wikipedia lacks the habit or tradition of respect for expertise. As a community, far from being elitist, it is anti-elitist (which, in this context, means that expertise is not accorded any special respect, and snubs and disrespect of expertise are tolerated). This is one of my failures: a policy that I attempted to institute in Wikipedia's first year, but for which I did not muster adequate support, was the policy of respecting and deferring politely to experts. (Those who were there will, I hope, remember that I tried very hard.)}}</ref> [[File:Editing_Hoxne_Hoard_at_the_British_Museum.ogv|right|thumb|Badiri ba Wikipedia le batlhokomedi ba [[Motlobo wa ditso wa Borithane]] ba dirisana mmogo mo lekwalong la Hoxne Hoard ka Seetebosigo 2010.]] Wikipedia ga e tlhoke gore bakwadi ba yone le ba na le seabe ba itshupe gore ke bomang. Fa Wikipedia e ntse e gola, potso ya "Ke mang yo o kwalang Wikipedia?" e ne ya nna nngwe ya dipotso tse di neng di botswa thata teng.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kittur |first=Aniket |year=2007 |title=CHI '07: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems |publisher=Viktoria Institute |chapter=Power of the Few vs. Wisdom of the Crowd: Wikipedia and the Rise of the Bourgeoisie |citeseerx=10.1.1.212.8218}}</ref> Jimmy Wales o kile a bolela gore ke fela "morafe&nbsp;... setlhopha se se ineetseng sa baithaopi ba le makgolo a le mmalwa" se se dirang bontsi jwa ditshwaelo mo Wikipedia le gore ka jalo lenaneo le "le tshwana fela le mokgatlho mongwe le mongwe yo o tlwaelesegileng". <ref name="blodget">{{Cite news|last=Blodget|first=Henry|date=January 3, 2009|title=Who The Hell Writes Wikipedia, Anyway?|work=[[Insider Inc.|Business Insider]]|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/2009/1/who-the-hell-writes-wikipedia-anyway|access-date=January 26, 2023}}</ref> Ka Wikipedia e ikaegile ka tiro ya boithaopo, bakwadi gantsi ba remelela mo dikgannyeng tse di ba kgatlhang. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=61–62}} Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e na le dikwalo di le didikadile di le bosupa le dikete di le makgolo a mabedi le boferabongwe le masome a le matlhano le bone ({{self-reference link|Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}}}), bakwadi ba ba kwadisitsweng ba le didikadike di le masome a matlhano le boraro le dikete di le makgolo a marataro le masome a le bosupa le botlhano le makgolo a le mararo le masome a le mane le bongwe ({{self-reference link|Special:ListUsers|{{NUMBEROFUSERS}}}}), le bakwadi ba ba ba tlhaga ba dinako tsotlhe ba le dikete di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a le mane le boferabongwe le makgolo a le mararo le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa( {{self-reference link|Special:ActiveUsers|{{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}}}} ). Mokwadi o tsewa a le tlhaga fa a dirile phetogo/tlaleletso e le nngwe kgotsa go feta mo malatsing a le masome a mararo a a fetileng. Bakwadi ba ba palelwang ke go sela morago mekgwa ya Wikipedia, e e tshwanang le go saena ditshwaelo tsa tsebe ya puisano, ba ka supa ka tlhamalalo gore ke batho ba ba tswang kwa ntle ga Wikipedia, mme se sa oketsa kgonagalo ya gore badirisi ba ba mo teng ga Wikipedia ba ka nna ba lebisa kgotsa ba fokotsa ditshwaelo tsa bone. Go nna modirisi yo o mo teng ga Wikipedia go akaretsa ditshenyegelo tse di sa reng sepe: motsaakarolo o solofetswe go ithuta dikhoutu tsa maranyane tse di rileng tsa Wikipedia, go ineela mo thulaganyong e ka dinako dingwe e leng dingalo ya go rarabolola dikgotlhang, le go ithuta "ngwao e e makatsang e e humileng metlae le dikakgelo tsa mo teng". <ref name="labor squeeze on WP 1" /> Bakwadi ba ba sa tseneng mo teng ga ensaetlolopedia ke " badirisi ba maemo a bobedi " mo Wikipedia ka tsela nngwe, <ref name="labor squeeze on WP 1">{{Cite journal |year=2010 |title=Wikipedia's Labor Squeeze and its Consequences |url=https://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/facpubs/5/ |url-status=live |journal=Journal on Telecommunications and High Technology Law |volume=8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126220032/https://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/facpubs/5/ |archive-date=January 26, 2023 |access-date=January 26, 2023 |via=Santa Clara Law Digital Commons}}</ref> ka gonne "batsayakarolo ba amogetswe semmuso ke maloko a morafe wa wiki, ba ba nang le kgatlhego e e tseneletseng mo go somareleng boleng jwa tiro e e ntshiwang, go lebilwe go nna le seabe ga bone mo go tswelelang", <ref name="legal edu and WP 1">{{Cite journal |date=March 2007 |title=Wikipedia and the Future of Legal Education |journal=Journal of Legal Education |publisher=[[Association of American Law Schools]] |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=3–9 |jstor=42894005}}</ref> mme ditso tsa go nna le seabe tsa bakwadi ba ba sa itsiweng ba sa ikwadisa mme ba lemogwa ka . diaterese tsa bone fela ga di amane le mokwadi ope ka tlhomamo. <ref name="legal edu and WP 1" /> Bakwadi ba basha gantsi ba sokola go tlhaloganya marara a Wikipedia. Bakwadi ba ba nang le maitemogelo/kitso ba rotloediwa gore ba seka ba "tlhasela" badirisi ba ba sha gore ba kgone go dira mowa wa go amogela batho. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=10–11}} === Dipatlisiso === Patlisiso ya 2007 e e dirilweng ke babatlisisi go tswa kwa Dartmouth College e bone gore "badirisi ba ba sa itsiweng le ba ba sa tseyeng karolo thata mo Wikipedia&nbsp;... ke motswedi o o ikanyegang wa kitso fela jaaka badirisi ba ba ikwadisang mo saeteng e". <ref name="sciam good samaritans 1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=good-samaritans-are-on-the-money|title=Wikipedia "Good Samaritans" Are on the Money|work=Scientific American|date=October 19, 2007|access-date=December 26, 2008}}</ref> Jimmy Wales o boletse ka 2009 gore "[Go] bonala gore go feta sephatlo mo lekgolong (50%) ya diphetogo tsotlhe di dirwa ke 0.7% fela ya badirisi&nbsp;... Batho ba le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mabedi le bone&nbsp;... Mme tota, bobedi mo lekgolong (2%) e etlhaga thata, e leng batho ba le sekete le makgolo a mane , ba dirile 73.4% ya diphetogo tsotlhe." <ref name="blodget"/> Le fa go ntse jalo, morulaganyi wa ''Business Insider'' gape e le mmegadikgang Henry Blodget o bontshitse ka 2009 gore mo bontlhengbongwe jwa dikwalo tse di tlhophilweng fela go sena lenaneo, bontsi jwa diteng tsa Wikipedia (tse di lekanngwang ka selekanyo sa mokwalo o o tsentsweng o o sa ntseng o le teng go fitlha ka sampole ya bosheng) di tlhamilwe ke "batho ba ba tswang kwa ntle", fa bontsi jwa go kwala le go fomata go dirwa ke "badirisi ba ba mo teng". <ref name="blodget" /> Ka 2008, setlhogo sa bukana ya ditshwantsho le dikgang y''a Slate'' e ne ya bega gore "bongwe fela mo lekgolong la badirisi ba Wikipedia ke bone ba ba dirang mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa diphetogo tsa saete e." <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.slate.com/id/2184487|title=The Wisdom of the Chaperones|date=February 22, 2008|first=Chris|last=Wilson|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|access-date=August 13, 2014}}</ref> Mokgwa o wa go sekaseka go tsaa karolo o ne wa ganetswa morago ke Aaron Swartz, yo o neng a lemotsha gore dikwalo di le mmalwa tse a neng a di tsaya disampole di ne di na le dikarolo tse ditona tsa diteng tsa tsone (tse di lekanngwang ka palo ya ditlhaka) tse di neng di dirilwe ke badirisi ba ba nang le dipalo tse di kwa tlase tsa bokwadi/go tlaleletsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swartz |first=Aaron |date=September 4, 2006 |title=Raw Thought: Who Writes Wikipedia? |url=https://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/whowriteswikipedia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803134036/https://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/whowriteswikipedia |archive-date=August 3, 2014 |access-date=February 23, 2008}}</ref> Thutopatlisiso ya 2008 e fitlhetse gore batho ba Wikipedia ba ne ba sa dumalane thata, ba sa bulegela megopolo, e bile ba se kelo-tlhoko go feta ba bangwe, <ref name="liebertonline view on WP users 1">{{Cite journal |last=Amichai-Hamburger |first=Yair |last2=Lamdan |first2=Naama |last3=Madiel |first3=Rinat |last4=Hayat |first4=Tsahi |year=2008 |title=Personality Characteristics of Wikipedia Members |journal=CyberPsychology & Behavior |publisher=Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=679–681 |doi=10.1089/cpb.2007.0225 |pmid=18954273}}</ref> le fa kakgelo morago e ne ya supa diphoso tse di masisi, di akaretsa gore phatliso e ne e supa go bulegela megopolo mo go kwa godimo le gore dipharologano tsa setlhopha sa taolo le disampole di ne di le dinnye. <ref>{{Cite web |last=McGreal |first=Scott A. |date=March 11, 2013 |title=The Misunderstood Personality Profile of Wikipedia Members |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/unique-everybody-else/201303/the-misunderstood-personality-profile-wikipedia-members |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716155007/https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/unique-everybody-else/201303/the-misunderstood-personality-profile-wikipedia-members |archive-date=July 16, 2023 |access-date=June 5, 2016 |website=[[Psychology Today]]}}</ref> Go ya ka patlisiso ya 2009, go na le "bosupi jwa kganetso e e golang go tswa mo morafeng wa badirisi ba Wikipedia mabapi le diteng tse disha". <ref name="newscientist WP boom to bust 1">{{Cite web |last=Giles |first=Jim |date=August 4, 2009 |title=After the boom, is Wikipedia heading for bust? |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17554-after-the-boom-is-wikipedia-heading-for-bust.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421215605/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17554-after-the-boom-is-wikipedia-heading-for-bust.html |archive-date=April 21, 2015 |access-date=September 18, 2017 |website=New Scientist}}</ref> === Kabakanyo ya badirisi === Dipatlisiso di le mmalwa di supile gore bontsi jwa batsaakarolo ba ba ithaopileng mo Wikipedia ke banna. Maduo a patlisiso ya [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]] ka 2008 a supile gore bakwadi ba Wikipedia ba le lesome le boraro mo lekgolong(13%) fela e ne e le basadi. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Cohen|first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen|title=Define Gender Gap? Look Up Wikipedia's Contributor List|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/31/business/media/31link.html?_r=0|work=The New York Times|date=January 31, 2011|access-date=October 28, 2013}}</ref> Ka ntlha ya se, dikolo tsa dithuto tse di kgolwane go ralala United States di ne tsa leka go kgothatsa basadi go nna batsaakarolo ba Wikipedia. <ref name="CBC News-2013" /> Ka tsela e e tshwanang, bontsi jwa dikolo tse di kgolwane tse, di akaretsa Yale le Brown, di ne di akgola baithuti ba ba tlhamang kgotsa ba ba tlaleletsa lekwalo le le amanang le basadi mo go tsa maranyane kgotsa mafaratlhatlha.<ref name="CBC News-2013">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ocad-to-storm-wikipedia-this-fall-1.1412807|title=OCAD to 'Storm Wikipedia' this fall|work=CBC News|date=August 27, 2013|access-date=August 21, 2014}}</ref> Andrew Lih, morutintshi-mogolo gape e le mankge wa maranyane, o ne a re lebaka la go bo a ne a akanya gore palo ya banna ba ba nang le seabe e feta palo ya basadi thata ke ka gore go itshupa o le mosadi go ka nna ga dira gore motho a ipeye mo kotsing ya "boitshwaro jo bo maswe, jo bo tshosang". <ref name="Bloomberg 2016">{{Cite news|date=December 22, 2016|title=Is Wikipedia Woke?|work=Bloomberg Businessweek|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2016-12-22/how-woke-is-wikipedia-s-editorial-pool?|access-date=September 21, 2022}}</ref> Dipego di supile gore MaAforika a emetswe ke dipalo tse di kwa tlase tsa bakwadi mo Wikipedia. <ref name="memeb">{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Andy |date=June 21, 2018 |title=The startling numbers behind Africa's Wikipedia knowledge gaps |url=https://memeburn.com/2018/06/wikipedia-wikimania-africa-numbers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319170357/http://memeburn.com/2018/06/wikipedia-wikimania-africa-numbers/ |archive-date=March 19, 2023 |access-date=January 26, 2023 |website=memeburn}}</ref> == Dikgatiso tsa dipuo == Mo bogompienong, go na le dikgatiso tsa dipuo di le makgolo a mararo le masome a mane le bosupa ({{NUMBEROF|active|Wikipedia}}) tsa Wikipedia (tse gape di bidiwang ''diphetolelo tsa puo'', kgotsa fela ''Wikipedias'' ). Go tloga ka {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}, di-Wikipedia tse thataro tse dikgolo, ka tatelano ya palo ya dikwalo, ke tsa Sekgoa ({{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|1}}), {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|2}}, Sejeremane {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|3}}, Sefora {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|4}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|5}}, le {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|6}} . <ref name="WP list of WPs by article 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia:List of Wikipedias |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#All_Wikipedias_ordered_by_number_of_articles |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224190350/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#All_Wikipedias_ordered_by_number_of_articles |archive-date=December 24, 2018 |access-date={{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> DiWikipedia tsa bobedi le ya botlhano ka botona di beilwe mo maemong ao ke bot e e tlhamang dikwalo ya Lsjbot, e ka go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2013 e neng e tlhamile dikwalo di tsamaela sephatlo mo Wikipedia ya Se-Swedish, le bontsi jwa dikwalo mo Wikipedia ya Se-Cebuano le ya Se-Waray . Dipuo tse ka bobedi ke tsa Philippines . Mo godimo ga tse thataro tse di kwa godimo, di-Wikipedia tse dingwe di le lesome le bobedi di na le dikwalo tse di fetang sedikadike nngwe le nngwe ya tsone ( Se{{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|7}}, Se{{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|8}}, Se{{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|9}}, Se{{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|10}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|11}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|12}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|13}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|14}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|15}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|20}} {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|16}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|21}} {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|17}}, le {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|18}} ), tse dingwe di le bosupa go feta di na le dikwalo tse di fetang dikete di le makgolo a matlhano {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|22}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|23}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|24}}, le {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|25}} ), tse dingwe tse di masome a mane le bone ba di na le tse di fetang dikete di le lekgolo , mme di le masome a boferabobedi le bobedi di na le tse di fetang dikete di le lesome. <ref name="WP list of WPs by article 1" group="W"/> E e tona go gaisa, Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, e na le dikwalo di feta didikadike di le bosupa le dikete di le makgolo a mabedi (7.2 million). Go tloga go ema ka Firikgong 2021, Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e amogela masome a le mane le boferabobedi mo lekgolong (48%) ya pharakano e e kokoantsweng ya Wikipedia, mme palo e e setseng e kgaogantswe mo gareng ga dipuo tse dingwe. Dikgatiso tse di kwa godimo di le lesome di emela mo e ka nnang masome a le boferabobedi le botlhano mo lekgolong (85%) ya pharakano yotlhe. Ka Wikipedia e beilwe mo Webo ka jalo e le ya lefatshe ka bophara, batsaakarolo mo kgatisong e le nngwe ya puo ba ka nna ba dirisa diteme (tsa puo e le nngwe) tse di farologaneng kgotsa ba ka tswa ba tswa kwa mafatsheng a a farologaneng (jaaka go ntse ka kgatiso ya Sekgoa).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2026)">citation needed</span>'' &#x5D;</sup> Dipharologano tse di ka baka dikgotlhang dingwe ka ga dipharologano tsa go peleta (sekao, colour kgatlhanong ''le color'' ) <ref name="WP spelling MOS 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Spelling |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104005104/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Spelling |archive-date=January 4, 2021 |access-date=November 6, 2023 |website=Wikipedia}}</ref> kgotsa matlhakore. <ref name="WP countering bias 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104005153/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias |archive-date=January 4, 2021 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |website=Wikipedia}}</ref> Le fa dikgatiso tse di farologaneng tsa dipuo di tshegetswa ka melao ya lefatshe lotlhe jaaka " pono e e sa tseyeng letlhakore ", di farologana mo dintlheng dingwe tsa melao le tiriso, segolobogolo mo go reng a ditshwantsho tse di sa newang teseletso ka kgololesego di ka dirisiwa ka maikaelelo a tiriso e e siameng . <ref name="WP meta fair use 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Non-free content |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Non-free_content |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116024114/http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Non-free_content |archive-date=January 16, 2023 |access-date=January 27, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> <ref name="IBM visual WP 1">{{Cite journal |last=Viégas |first=Fernanda B. |date=January 3, 2007 |title=The Visual Side of Wikipedia |url=https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/viegas_hicss_visual_wikipedia.pdf |journal=Visual Communication Lab, IBM Research |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061024012919/https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/viegas_hicss_visual_wikipedia.pdf |archive-date=October 24, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2007}}</ref> Diteng tsa dikwalo tse di buang ka setlhogo se le sengwe di ka farologana thata magareng ga dipuo, go ikaegile ka gore bakwadi ba dirisa metswedi efe le mabaka a mangwe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fians |first=Guilherme |date=September 16, 2025 |title=Wikipedia: Editing the narrative |url=https://www.ciol.org.uk/wikipedia-editing-narrative |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250924020710/https://www.ciol.org.uk/wikipedia-editing-narrative |archive-date=September 24, 2025 |access-date=September 27, 2025 |publisher=[[Chartered Institute of Linguists]]}}</ref> Jimmy Wales o tlhalositse Wikipedia jaaka "maiteko a go tlhama le go anamisa ensaetlolopedia ya mahala ya boleng jo bo kwa godimo jo kgonegang mo mothong mongwe le mongwe mo lefatsheng ka puo ya gagwe". Le fa kgatiso nngwe le nngwe ya puo e dira e ikemetse ilka nosi, go dirwa maiteko mangwe a go di okamela tsotlhe. Di golagantswe ka bontlhabongwe ke Meta-Wiki, le wiki ya Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia e e neetsweng go tlhokomela mananeo otlhe a yone (Wikipedia le a mangwe). <ref name="WP metawiki maintenance 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Meta-Wiki |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714061722/https://meta.wikimedia.org/ |archive-date=July 14, 2013 |access-date=March 24, 2009 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Sekai, Meta-Wiki e fa dipalopalo tse di botlhokwa mo dikgatisong tsotlhe tsa puo tsa Wikipedia, <ref name="WP meta stats 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Meta-Wiki Statistics |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Statistics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080326192946/http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Statistics |archive-date=March 26, 2008 |access-date=March 24, 2008 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> gape e tlhokomela lenaneo la dikwalo tse Wikipedia nngwe le nngwe e tshwanetseng go nna le tsone. <ref name="WP meta articles on all sites 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=List of articles every Wikipedia should have |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_articles_every_Wikipedia_should_have |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321020418/http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_articles_every_Wikipedia_should_have |archive-date=March 21, 2008 |access-date=March 24, 2008 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Lenaneo le le amana le diteng tsa kwa tshimologong tsa dithuto: bayokerafi, ditso, dithuto tsa dipopego tsa lefatshe, tsa setšhaba, setso, maranyane, mafaratlhatlha, le dipalo. <ref name="WP meta articles on all sites 1" group="W" /> Ga go thona gore dikwalo tse di amanang thata le puo e e rileng di se ka tsa nna le tse di tshwanang le tsone mo kgatisong e nngwe. Sekai, dikwalo tse di buang ka ditoropo tse dinnye kwa United States di ka nna tsa nna teng fela ka Sekgoa, le fa di fitlhelela ditlhokego tse di kgethegileng tsa mananeo a Wikipedia tsa dipuo tse dingwe. [[File:User_-_demography.svg|thumb|Palo kakanyetso ya botsaakarolo go tswa mo dikgaolong tse di farologaneng mo lefatsheng lotlhe ka bophara go ya kwa dikgatisong tse di farologaneng tsa Wikipedia <ref name="PLoS One 2012" />]] Dikwalo tse di ranotsweng di emela fela karolo e nnye ya dikwalo mo dikgatisong di le dintsi, ka gore dikgatiso tseo ga di letlelele gore dikwalo di ranolwe ka botlalo mo go itirisang (automated). Dikwalo tse di leng teng ka dipuo tse di fetang bongwe di ka fa "dikgokagano tsa interwiki", tse di golaganyang le dikwalo tse di tshwanang le tsone mo dikgatisong tse dingwe. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Massa |first=Paolo |last2=Scrinzi |first2=Federico |date=January 4, 2013 |title=Manypedia: Comparing language points of view of Wikipedia communities |journal=[[First Monday (journal)|First Monday]] |volume=18 |issue=1 |doi=10.5210/fm.v18i1.3939 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Manual:Interwiki |url=https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Interwiki |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203112631/https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Interwiki |archive-date=December 3, 2010 |access-date=January 27, 2023 |website=MediaWiki |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Thuto-patlisiso e e gatisitsweng ke ''PLOS One'' ka 2012 le yone e ne ya nna le palo kakanyetso ya dikarolo tsa go nna le seabe mo dikgatisong tse di farologaneng tsa Wikipedia go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di farologaneng tsa lefatshe. E ne ya bega gore selekanyo sa diphetogo tse di dirilweng go tswa kwa Amerika Bokone e ne e le masome a le matlhano le bongwe mo lekgolong (51%) mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, le masome a le mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong (25%) mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e e motlhofo . <ref name="PLoS One 2012">{{Cite journal |last=Yasseri |first=Taha |last2=Sumi |first2=Robert |last3=Kertész |first3=János |author-link3=János Kertész |date=January 17, 2012 |title=Circadian Patterns of Wikipedia Editorial Activity: A Demographic Analysis |journal=[[PLOS One]] |volume=7 |issue=1 |arxiv=1109.1746 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...730091Y |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0030091 |pmc=3260192 |pmid=22272279 |doi-access=free |article-number=e30091}}</ref> === Dipalo tsa bakwadi ba Wikipedia ya Sekgoa === Ka Mopitlo a rogwa, 2014, ''The Economist'', mo lekwalong la setlhogo sa "Isago ya Wikipedia", e ne ya umaka tshekatsheko e e amanang le tshedimosetso e e gatisitsweng ke Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia e e bolelang gore "palo ya bakwadi ba mofuta wa puo ya Sekgoa e wetse tlase ka nngwetharong mo dingwageng di le bosupa." <ref name="economist1">{{Cite news|date=March 1, 2014|title=The future of Wikipedia: WikiPeaks?|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/news/international/21597959-popular-online-encyclopedia-must-work-out-what-next-wikipeaks|access-date=March 11, 2014}}</ref> Seelo sa go tlhokafala ga bakwadi ba ba tlhaga mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa se ne sa umakiwa ke ''The Economist'' jaaka se se farologaneng thata le dipalopalo tsa Wikipedia e e mo dipuong tse dingwe (Wikipedia e e seng ya Sekgoa). ''The Economist'' e ne ya bega gore palo ya ba na le seabe ba ba nang le palogare ya diphetogo di le tlhano kgotsa go feta ka kgwedi e ne e eme golo go le gongwe fa e sale ka 2008 mo Wikipedia ya dipuo tse dingwe, e le bakwadi ba ka nna dikete di masome a mane le bobedi (42 000) mo gare ga dipharologano tse e seng tsa sepe tsa dipaka tsa bakwadi ba ka nna dikete di le pedi go ya kwa godimo kgotsa kwa tlase. Palo ya bakwadi ba ba tlhaga mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, fa e bapisiwa mo go tsepameng, e ne ya umakiwa e le kwa setlhoeng ka 2007 e tsamaela dikete di le masome a matlhano (50,000) mme ya wela kwa tlase go nna dikete di le masome a mararo (30,000) kwa tshimologong ya 2014. <ref name="economist1" /> Go farologana le seo, tshekatsheko ya Wikipedia ka dipuo tse dingwe (Wikipedia e e seng ya Sekgoa) e supa katlego mo go tshwareng bakwadi ba ba tlhaga ka tsela e e kgonang go ntšhwafadiwa le e e tswelelang, ka dipalo tsa bone di nna di sa fetoge di nna fela fa diketeng di le masome mane le bobedi. Ga gona kakgelo epe e e dirilweng mabapi le maemo a a farologaneng a melao ya bokwadi mo Wikipedia ka dipuo tse dingwe (Wikipedia e e seng ya Sekgoa) e ka ntshang tsela e nngwe e e kgonegang mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa go tokafatsa sentle dielo tsa go tlhokafala ga bakwadi mo Wikipedia ya puo ya Sekgoa. <ref name="economist1"/> == Kamogelo == <sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&action=edit &#x5B; tlhabolola &#x5D;]</sup> [[Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014]] [[Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements]] <ref name="Jemielniak"/> Ba ba neng ba e sekaseka ba boletse gore Wikipedia e bontsha go tsaya letlhakore ka tsela e e sa siamang .Ka 2010, mokwadi wa ditlhogo le mmegadikgang Edwin Black o ne a tlhalosa Wikipedia e le motswako wa "boammaaruri, bonnete jo bo sa felelang, le maaka mangwe". <ref name="EdwinBlack">{{Cite news|first=Edwin|last=Black|author-link=Edwin Black|date=April 19, 2010|work=[[History News Network]]|publisher=[[Columbian College of Arts and Sciences]]|title=Wikipedia – The Dumbing Down of World Knowledge|url=https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/125437|access-date=October 21, 2014}}</ref> Metswedi e le mmalwa ya dikgang le baitseanape ba beile Wikipedia molato wa go tsaya letlhakore mo megopolong . Motlhami-mmogo wa Wikipedia Larry Sanger, yo o tlogetseng Wikipedia ka 2002 go tlhoma diwebosaete tse di gaisanang, o boletse gore Wikipedia e fetogile "maaka" e phatlalatsa dikgang tsa molema mo sepolotiking mme a tlhagisa gore lefelo le (Wikipedia) ga le sa tlhole le ikanyega.Ka 2022, molwela-kgololesego John Stossel o ne a ntsha mogopolo wa gore Wikipedia, lenaneo le a neng a le tshegetsa ka madi nako nngwe, go ne go lebega le fetogile thata mo tsamaong ya nako mo go tseyeng letlhakore la molema, segolobogolo mo dikgannyeng tsa sepolotiki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 27, 2022 |title=Wikipedia Bias |url=https://www.johnstossel.com/wikipedia-bias/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209214140/https://www.johnstossel.com/wikipedia-bias/ |archive-date=December 9, 2022 |access-date=January 29, 2023 |website=StosselTV}}</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, beke e le nngwe morago ga go kobiwa ga ga Vibber, WMF e ne ya koba babereki ba le barataro fa e ntse e tswala [[Wikimedia Foundation|setlhopha sa yone sa Community Tech]], mme se sa gakatsa maiteko a go ithola marapo ga bakwadi le go feta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Greis |first=Friedhelm |date=28 May 2026 |title=Nach Entlassung von Entwicklern: Wikipedia-Autoren drohen mit Streik |trans-title=After dismissal of developers Wikipedia writers threaten strike |url=https://www.golem.de/news/nach-entlassung-von-entwicklern-wikipedia-autoren-drohen-mit-streik-2605-209132.html |url-status=live |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Golem.de |language=de}}</ref> Baokamedi ba WMF ba ne ba bolela gore babereki ba Community Tech ba ka dira dikopo tsa maemo a a farologaneng mo mokgatlhong, le gore thulaganyo ya lenaneo la dikeletso e tla rulaganngwa sesha, gape gore WMF e tla amogela lekgotlana le le bonang tshegetso e bontsi go tswa mo babereking. Ba bangwe ba ne ba tshwaya diphoso ka tsela e e tshwanang. <ref name="Orlowski2005">{{Cite news|last=Orlowski|first=Andrew|date=December 16, 2005|title=Wikipedia science 31% more cronky than Britannica's Excellent for Klingon science, though|url=https://www.theregister.com/2005/12/16/wikipedia_britannica_science_comparison/|access-date=February 25, 2019}}</ref> Moitseanape wa tsa Itsholelo Tyler Cowen o ne a kwala jaana: "Fa ke ne ke ka tshwanelwa ke go akanyetsa gore a Wikipedia kgotsa setlhogo sa lekwalodikgang se se buang ka itsholelo se ka tswa se le boammaaruri morago ga go akanya ka lobaka lo loleele, ke ne ke tla tlhopha Wikipedia." O akgela ka gore metswedi mengwe ya setso ya dibuka tse e seng tsa dipolelo di na le go tlhoka tekatekano ga thulaganyo, mme maduo a padi tse, go ya ka kakanyo ya gagwe, di begwa go feta selekanyo mo dikwalong tsa dibukana tsa ditshwantsho mmogo le tshedimosetso e botlhokwa e e sa feleletsweng mo dipegong tsa dikgang. Amy Bruckman o nganga gore, ka ntlha ya palo ya basekaseki, "diteng tsa tsebe e e tlwaelesegileng ya Wikipedia tota ke mofuta o o ikanyegang go gaisa wa tshedimosetso o o kileng wa tlhamiwa". <ref name="PC 2021">{{Cite news|last=Stuart|first=S.C.|title=Wikipedia: The Most Reliable Source on the Internet?|url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/wikipedia-the-most-reliable-source-on-the-internet}}</ref> Ka Lwetse 2022, mmegadikgang wa ''The Sydney Morning Herald'' e bong Liam Mannix o ne a bolela gore: "Ga go na lebaka la go solofela gore Wikipedia e nnete .&nbsp;... Mme le fa go ntse jalo e nnete [go ntse jalo]." Batshwayadiphoso ba bolela gore go bo Wikipedia e bulegile le go tlhoka metswedi e e siameng ya bontsi jwa tshedimosetso/kitso go dira gore e se ka ya ikanyega. <ref name="TNY reliability issues 1">{{Cite news|last=Schiff|first=Stacy|author-link=Stacy Schiff|date=July 23, 2006|title=Know It All|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/07/31/know-it-all|access-date=January 29, 2023}}</ref> Go tsibogela kgang ya bakwadi ba ba duelwang go bua ka dikgang dingwe le dikgang tsa go bokwadi tse di sa senolwang, Wikipedia e ne ya bega mo lekwalong mo ''The Wall Street Journal'' gore e ne ya nonotsha melao ya yone kgatlhanong le go kwalwa/tlaleletsa mo go sa senolwang. <ref name="Elder-2014">{{Cite news|date=June 16, 2014|title=Wikipedia Strengthens Rules Against Undisclosed Editing|magazine=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DGB-35861|access-date=January 29, 2023}}</ref> Wales o gatelela gore diensaetlolopedia tsa mofuta ope fela gantsi ga di a tshwanela go dirisiwa jaaka metswedi e e ka umakiwang, mme ga go a tshwanela go ikaegiwa ka tsone. Setlhopha sa tekeletso se ne sa laelwa go ithuta pele ga ba tla mo ntlwaneng ya borutelo le go bona ditshwaelo ka bonako pele ga ba tsena (mofuta wa ntlwana ya borutelo e e fetotsweng), fa setlhopha sa taolo se ne sa newa ditaelo tse di tlhamaletseng mo ntlwaneng ya borutelo (mofuta o o tlwaelegileng wa mo ntlwaneng ya borutelo). Morago ga moo ditlhopha tse di ne tsa laelwa go dirisana mmogo go tlhama dikwalo tsa Wikipedia, tse di neng di tla bewa matshwao go ya ka boleng morago ga dithutopatlisiso. Ka Mopitlo a le malatsi a le matlhano, 2014, Julie Beck, fa a ne a kwalela bukana ya ditshwantsho ya ''The Atlantic'' mo lekwalong le le bidiwang "Motswedi wa #1 wa Dingaka wa Tshedimosetso ya Tlhokomelo le Botsogo: Wikipedia", o ne a bolela gore "sephatlo mo lekgolong sa dingaka di batla tlhaloso ya malwetsi mo saeteng ya (Wikipedia), mme bangwe ba kwala dikwalo tse ka bobone go tokafatsa boleng jwa tshedimosetso e e leng teng." Mo lekwalong le le latelang mo ''The Atlantic'' la Motsheganong a le malatsi a bosupa, ka ngwaga wa 2014, setlhogo se ne se re "A Wikipedia e ka Tsamaya e Nna Mokwalo o o Tlhomameng wa Kalafi?", Julie Beck o ne a nopola mafoko a ga James Heilman wa WikiProject Medicine a re: "Gore fela dikgokedi tsa kitso di sekasekilwe ke balekane ga go reye gore ke tsa boleng jo bo kwa godimo." Beck o ne a oketsa a re: "Wikipedia e na le thulaganyo ya yone ya go sekaseka ga balekane pele ga dikwalo di ka tlhaolwa jaaka tse di 'siameng' kgotsa tse di 'tlhagisiwang'. Heilman, yo o kileng a nna le seabe mo thulaganyong eo pele, a re kwa tlase ga 'bongwe mo lekgolong' jwa dikwalo tsa kalafi tsa Wikipedia di ne tsa atlega." <ref name="theatlantic.com" /> === Go akaretsa ditlhogo le go tsaya letlhakore === Wikipedia e batla go tlhama tshoboko ya kitso yotlhe ya batho ka sebopego sa ensaetlolopedia ya mo inthaneteng, ka setlhogo sengwe le sengwe se akareditswe ka ensaetlolipedia mo lekwalong le le lengwe. E re ka e na le di-terabyte tsa mafelo a go baya mo disiking, e ka nna le ditlhogo tse dintsi thata go feta tse di ka akarediwang ke ensaetlolopedia epe e e gatisitsweng . Selekanyo se se tlhomameng le mokgwa wa go akaretsa ditlhogo mo Wikipedia o nna o sekasekwa ke bakwadii ba yone, mme go sa dumalane ga go tlwaelesega (bona go phimola le go akaretsa ). <ref name="Economist disagreements not uncommon">{{Cite news|date=March 6, 2008|title=The battle for Wikipedia's soul|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/printedition/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10789354|access-date=March 7, 2008|issn=0013-0613}}</ref> <ref name="telegraph WP torn apart 1">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia: an online encyclopedia torn apart|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=November 10, 2007|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/3354752/Wikipedia-an-online-encyclopedia-torn-apart.html|access-date=November 23, 2010}}</ref> Wikipedia e na le dilo tse batho bangwe ba ka nnang ba di fitlhela di sa amogelesege, di kgopisa kgotsa di na le ditshwantsho tse di fatlhang tsa tlhakanelo dikobo. Molao wa gore "Wikipedia ga e bipe" ka dinako tse dingwe e itshupile e tsosa dikganetsano: ka 2008, Wikipedia e ne ya gana boikuelo jwa mo inthaneteng kgatlhanong le go akarediwa ga ditshwantsho tsa ga Muhammad mo kgatisong ya Sekgoa ya lekwalo la yone la ga Muhammad, go nopotswe molao o. <ref>{{Cite news|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130231600/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/05/books/05wiki.html|date=February 5, 2008|title=Wikipedia Islam Entry Is Criticized|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/05/books/05wiki.html|access-date=January 30, 2023|issn=0362-4331|archivedate=January 30, 2023}}</ref> Go nna teng ga ditshwantsho tse di fatlhang tsa tlhakanelo dikobo, ga mmogo le dilo tse di masisi tsa sepolotiki le bodumedi mo Wikipedia go dirile gore di bipiwe ke balaodi ba bosetšhaba kwa China le Pakistan, gareng ga mafatshe a mangwe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moon |first=Mariella |date=March 12, 2022 |title=Prominent editor of Russian Wikipedia pages detained in Belarus |url=https://www.yahoo.com/now/mark-bernstein-russian-wikipedia-pages-detained-in-belarus-104102452.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313173559/https://www.yahoo.com/now/mark-bernstein-russian-wikipedia-pages-detained-in-belarus-104102452.html |archive-date=March 13, 2022 |access-date=January 30, 2023 |website=[[Yahoo! Inc. (2017–present)|Yahoo!]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Arthur |first=Charles |date=December 8, 2008 |title=Wikipedia row escalates as internet watchdog considers censoring Amazon US over Scorpions image |url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/dec/08/amazon-internet-censorship-iwf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114545/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/dec/08/amazon-internet-censorship-iwf |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=January 30, 2023 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Ka thulaganyo ya yone ya "Wikipedia e Rata Metlobo ya dibuka", Wikipedia e dirisane mmogo le metlobo ya dibuka e metona ya setšhaba di tshwana le Motlobo wa dibuka wa Setšhaba wa New York wa dithuto tsa bodiragatsi go atolosa go akaretsa ga yone ditlhogo le dikwalo tse di sa emelwang sentle. <ref name="NYT subjects and articles">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/21/theater/editing-wikipedia-at-the-new-york-public-library-for-the-performing-arts.html|title=Wikipedia's Deep Dive Into a Library Collection|last=Petrusich|first=Amanda|work=The New York Times|date=October 20, 2011|access-date=October 28, 2011}}</ref> Patlisiso nngwe ya 2011 e e dirilweng ke babatlisisi kwa Sekolo sa dithuto tse di kgolwane sa Minnesota e bontshitse gore bakwadi ba banna le ba basadi ba remelela mo dikgannyeng tse di farologaneng tsa bokwadi. Go ne go na le basadi ba le bantsi mo setlhopheng sa "batho le dithuto ysa bodiragatsi", fa banna ba ne ba remelela thata mo tsa "lefatshe le maranyane". Mokwadi mongwe wa ''The Guardian'' ka 2014 o ne a bolela gore go dirilwe maiteko a mantsi go tlamela ka dikgokedi tsa kitso tsa lenaneo la badiragatsi ba basadi ba ditshwantsho tsa tlhakanelo dikobo go na le lenaneo la bakwadi ba basadi . <ref name="GuardianAugust2014">{{Cite news|date=August 7, 2018|title=The Guardian view on Wikipedia: evolving truth|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/aug/07/guardian-view-wikipedia-evolving-truth|access-date=January 31, 2023}}</ref> ==== Go tsaya letlhakore ga thulaganyo ==== Melao ya Wikipedia e ka nna ya lekanyetsa "bokgoni jwa yone jwa go emela kitso ya lefatshe lotlhe ka boammaaruri". Ka sekai, Wikipedia e tsaya fela metswedi e e gatisitsweng e le e e ka ikanngwang. Kitso ya molomo ya ditso tsa Setso ga se ka metlha e bonalang mo dikgatisong. Ditlhogo tse di kgaphetsweng kwa thoko le tsone di ka tlhoka go akarediwa thata mo metsweding e e ikanyegang. Ka jalo diteng tsa Wikipedia di lekanyeditswe ka ntlha ya go tlhoka tekatekano mo go tona ga thulaganyo. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=37, 38, 47}} Dithuto tsa thuto tsa Wikipedia di bontshitse gore palogare ya motsaakarolo mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa ke monna yo mosweu wa Lekgoa yo o rutegileng, yo o nang le tshekamelo ya gore ke lekgoa la monna, wa dingwaga di le lesome le botlhano go ya kwa go di masome a mane le boferabongwe (15–49), go tswa kwa lefatsheng le le tlhabologileng, le bontsi jwa yone e leng la Bokeresete. <ref name="Livingstone2010">{{Cite journal |last=Livingstone |first=Randall M. |date=November 23, 2010 |title=Let's Leave the Bias to the Mainstream Media: A Wikipedia Community Fighting for Information Neutrality |url=https://www.journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/view/315 |url-status=live |journal=M/C Journal |volume=13 |issue=6 |doi=10.5204/mcj.315 |issn=1441-2616 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121135911/https://www.journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/view/315 |archive-date=November 21, 2022 |access-date=November 23, 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ntlha ya pono e e tsamaelanang (POV) e emetswe go feta selekanyo. <ref name="Hube2017">{{Cite book |last=Hube |first=Christoph |date=April 3, 2017 |title=Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion – WWW '17 Companion |publisher=International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee |isbn=978-1-4503-4914-7 |location=Republic and Canton of Geneva, CHE |pages=717–721 |chapter=Bias in Wikipedia |doi=10.1145/3041021.3053375 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/3041021.3053375}}</ref> <ref name="Bjork-James-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Bjork-James |first=Carwil |date=July 3, 2021 |title=New maps for an inclusive Wikipedia: decolonial scholarship and strategies to counter systemic bias |journal=New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=207–228 |bibcode=2021NRvHM..27..207B |doi=10.1080/13614568.2020.1865463 |s2cid=234286415}}</ref> Go tlhoka tekatekano mo ga dipalopalo tsa bakwadi go felela go baka gore go nne le go tlhoka tekatekano mo setsong, mo go tseyeng letlhakore mo go tsa bong, le mo Wikipedia . <ref name="Ackerly-2022">{{Cite journal |last=Ackerly |first=Brooke A. |last2=Michelitch |first2=Kristin |date=2022 |title=Wikipedia and Political Science: Addressing Systematic Biases with Student Initiatives |journal=PS: Political Science & Politics |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=429–433 |doi=10.1017/S1049096521001463 |s2cid=247795102 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Beytía |first=Pablo |date=April 20, 2020 |title=Companion Proceedings of the Web Conference 2020 |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |isbn=978-1-4503-7024-0 |series=WWW '20 |location=New York |pages=806–810 |chapter=The Positioning Matters |doi=10.1145/3366424.3383569 |access-date=May 8, 2023 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/3366424.3383569 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428132221/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3366424.3383569 |archive-date=April 28, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Go na le mefuta e mebedi e e anameng ya go tsaya letlhakore, e e ''sa tlhamalalang'' (fa setlhogo se tlogetswe) le ''e e tlhamaletseng'' (fa POV e e rileng e emetswe go feta selekanyo mo lekwalong kgotsa ke dikgokedi tsa kitso). <ref name="Hube2017" /> Ditshekatsheko tsa barutegi tsa dikwalo tsa Wikipedia di fitlhetse gore le fa dikwalo di nna di le nnete bile di se na tshedimosetso e e fapogileng, ga di a felela e bile ga di tlhagise dipono tsotlhe ka tsela e e sa tseyeng letlhakore . <ref name="Ackerly-2022"/> Ka 2011, Wales o ne a bolela gore go sa lekalekane ga kakaretso ya ditlhogo ke sesupo sa palo ya bakwadi, a nopola ka sekai "dibuka tsa botshelo tsa basadi ba ba tumileng mo ditsong le dintlha tse di amanang le tlhokomelo ya bana ba ba sa ntseng ba le bannye". <ref name="wiki-women"/> Padi ya Phalane a le malatsi a masome a mabedi, 2013, e e kwadilweng ke Tom Simonite mo ''Tlhatlhobong ya Maranyane'' ya MIT ya setlhogo se se reng " Go wela tlase ga Wikipedia " e ne ya bua ka ditlamorago tsa go tsaya letlhakore ga thulaganyo le go fokotsega ga melawana mo [[Wikipedia|go fokotsegeng ga palo ya bakwadi]] . <ref name="Simonite-2013"/> Patlisiso e e dirilweng ke Mark Graham wa Lefelo la Inthanete la Oxford ka 2009 e bontshitse gore go anamisiwa ga ditlhogo tsa dikwalo go ya ka mafelo ga go lekalekane thata, mme Aforika ke yone e e sa emelwang sentle. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=Mark |date=November 12, 2009 |title=Mapping the Geographies of Wikipedia Content |url=https://zerogeography.net/post/144973716228/mapping-the-geographies-of-wikipedia-content |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002051150/https://zerogeography.net/post/144973716228/mapping-the-geographies-of-wikipedia-content |archive-date=October 2, 2016 |website=Zerogeography}}</ref> Mo dikgatisong di le masome a mararo tsa dipuo tsa Wikipedia, dikwalo le dikarolo tsa ditso ka kakaretso di ikaegile ka Yuropa mme di remeletse mo ditiragalong tsa bosheng. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Strohmaier |first=Markus |date=March 6, 2017 |title=Multilingual historical narratives on Wikipedia |url=https://search.gesis.org/research_data/SDN-10.7802-1411?doi=10.7802/1411 |publisher=[[GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences]] |chapter=KAT50 Society, Culture |doi=10.7802/1411 |quote=Wikipedia narratives about national histories (i) are skewed towards more recent events (recency bias) and (ii) are distributed unevenly across the continents with significant focus on the history of European countries (Eurocentric bias). |access-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131023846/https://search.gesis.org/research_data/SDN-10.7802-1411?doi=10.7802/1411 |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Diteng tse di masisi === Wikipedia e ile ya kgalwa ka ntlha ya go letlelela tshedimosetso ka ga diteng tse di botlha thata. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Maxton|first=Richard|date=September 9, 2008|title=Wikipedia attacked over porn pages|journal=Macquarie Network|url=http://livenews.com.au/Articles/2008/09/09/Wikipedia_attacked_over_porn_pages}}</ref> Ditlhogo tse di bontshang se batshwayadiphoso bangwe ba se biditseng diteng tse di sa siamang (tse di tshwanang le boloko jwa setho, setopo, serwe sa bonna sa motho, molomo wa serwe sa bosadi, le go nna maponapona) di na le ditshwantsho tse di botlha le tshedimosetso e e feletseng e e ka bonwang motlhofo ke mongwe le mongwe yo o nang le inthanete, go akaretsa le bana. Lefelo le gape le akaretsa diteng tsa tlhakanelodikobo tse di tshwanang le ditshwantsho le ditshwantsho tsa motshikinyego tsa go itshwaratshwara dirwe tsa tlhakanelodikobo le go rota, ditshwantsho tsa zoophilia, le dinepe tsa difilimi tsa tlhakanelodikobo mo dikwalong tsa lone. Gape le na le dinepe tse e seng tsa thobalano tsa bana ba ba sa aparang . Setlhogo sa Wikipedia se se buang ka ''Virgin Killer'' —alebamo ya 1976 ya setlhopha sa mmino wa rock sa Jeremane sa Scorpions —se na le setshwantsho sa khabara ya ntlhantlha ya alebamo eno, se se bontshang mosetsana yo o sa aparang sepe yo o sa ntseng a gola . Khabara ya ntlhantlha e e neng ya gololwa e ne ya baka dikganetsano mme ga bewa e sele mo mafatsheng a mangwe. Ka Sedimonthole 2008, go kgona go bona lekwaloa Wikipedia ''ya Virgin Killer'' go ne ga thibelwa malatsi a le mane ke bontsi jwa batlamedi ba ditirelo tsa Inthanete kwa United Kingdom morago ga gore Mokgatlho wa Internet Watch (IWF) o dire tshwetso ya gore khabara ya alebamo e ne e le setshwantsho se se sa siamang se se seng kafa molaong mme wa tsenya URL ya lekwalo le mo "lenaneong la dikwalo tse di tlositsweng" la tlamela ba ditirelo tsa inthanete kwa Borithane ka lone. <ref name="Register ISP censorship">{{Cite news|title=Brit ISPs censor Wikipedia over 'child porn' album cover|first=Cade|last=Metz|newspaper=[[The Register]]|date=December 7, 2008|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/12/07/brit_isps_censor_wikipedia|access-date=May 10, 2009}}</ref> Ka Moranang 2010, Sanger o ne a kwalela Biro ya Dipatlisiso ya Bosetšhaba lekwalo, a tlhalosa matshwenyego a gagwe a gore ditlhopha tse pedi tsa ditshwantsho tse di mo Wikimedia Commons di ne di na le ditshwantsho tsa thobalano tsa bana, mme di ne di tlola molao wa puso wa Amerika wa ditshwantsho tse di leswe . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/wikipedia-rejects-child-porn-accusation-20100428-tsvh|title=Wikipedia rejects child porn accusation|date=April 29, 2010|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=May 14, 2017}}</ref> <ref name="Inquirer child abuse allegations">{{Cite news|date=April 29, 2010|title=Wikipedia denies child abuse allegations: Co-founder grassed the outfit to the FBI|work=The Inquirer|url=https://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1603521/wikipedia-denies-child-abuse-allegations|access-date=October 9, 2010|archivedate=May 1, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100501174521/http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1603521/wikipedia-denies-child-abuse-allegations}}</ref> Moragonyana Sanger o ne a tlhalosa gore ditshwantsho tse, tse di neng di amana le go tlhakanela dikobo le bana le tse dingwe tse di neng di amana le go tlhakanela dikobo le bana, e ne e se tsa bana ba mmatota, mme o ne a re e ne e le " ditshwantsho tse di leswe tsa go sotlaka bana ka thobalano ", ka fa tlase ga Molao wa PROTECT wa 2003 . Molao oo o thibela ditshwantsho tsa thobalano tsa bana le dinepe tsa dipopae le ditshwantsho tsa bana tse di fatlhang go ya ka molao wa Amerika . Sanger o ne a tlhagisa gape matshwenyego a gagwe ka go kgona go bona ditshwantsho tse di mo Wikipedia tse kwa dikolong. <ref name="TET child porn accusations">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia blasts co-founder's accusations of child porn on website|date=April 29, 2010|journal=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infotech/internet/Wikipedia-blasts-co-founders-accusations-of-child-porn-on-website/articleshow/5871943.cms|access-date=April 29, 2010}}</ref> Mmueledi wa [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]] Jay Walsh o ile a gana kgang ya ga Sanger ka maatla, a re Wikipedia e ne e se na "dilo tse di ka bonwang di se ka fa molaong. Fa re ne re na le tsone, re ne re tla di tlosa." Morago ga ngongorego ya ga Sanger, Wales elne ya phimola ditshwantsho tsa tlhakanelodikobo kwa ntle ga go buisana le morafe wa badirisi. Fa bakwadi ba baithaopi ba sena go nganga gore tshwetso e e dirilwe ka bonako, Wales o ne a ithaopela go tlogela dithata dingwe tse a neng a di tshwere jaaka karolo ya maemo a gagwe a go nna motlhami-mmogo. O ne a kwala mo molaetseng o o yang kwa lenaneong la go romela melaetsa la Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia gore kgato e ne e le "mo kgatlhegong ya go rotloetsa dipuisano ka ga dikgang tsa mmatota tsa filosofi/diteng, go na le go nna ka ga me le ka fa ke tsereng kgato ka bonako ka teng". <ref name="BBC News Wales cedes rights">{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/10104946.stm|title=Wikimedia pornography row deepens as Wales cedes rights|work=BBC News|date=May 10, 2010|access-date=May 19, 2010}}</ref> Batshwayadiphoso, ba akaretsa le Wikipediocracy, ba ne ba lemoga gore bontsi jwa ditshwantsho tse di fatlhang tse di phimotsweng mo Wikipedia fa e sale ka 2010 di tlhagile gape. <ref name="XBIZ">{{Cite news|date=September 17, 2013|title=Wikipedia Gives Porn a Break|work=XBIZ.com|url=https://newswire.xbiz.com/view.php?id=169017|access-date=November 10, 2013}}</ref> === Sephiri === Matshwenyego mangwe a sephiri mo kgannyeng ya Wikipedia a amana le tshwanelo ya motho ya go nna moagi yo o ikemetseng go na le go nna motho wa setšhaba mo matlhong a molao. <ref>{{Cite book |last=McStay |first=Andrew |date=2014 |title=Privacy and Philosophy: New Media and Affective Protocol |publisher=[[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang]] |isbn=978-1-4541-9163-6 |series=Digital Formation |volume=86 |doi=10.3726/978-1-4539-1336-9}}</ref>{{efn|See [https://web.archive.org/web/20101130081035/https://texaspress.com/index.php/publications/law-media/731-law-a-the-media-in-texas--libel-cases "Libel"] by David McHam for the legal distinction.}} Ke ntwa fa gare ga tshwanelo ya go sa itsiwe mo inthaneteng le tshwanelo ya go sa itsiwe mo botshelong jwa mmatota . Melao ya sephiri ya Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia e bolela gore, "re dumela gore ga o a tshwanela go tlhoka go tlamela ka tshedimosetso ya gore o mang gore o nne le seabe mo mokgatlhong wa kitso ya mahala", mme e bolela gore "tshedimosetso ya gago" e ka nna ya abelanwa "Ka mabaka a semolao", "Go Go Sireletsa, Rona le Ba bangwe", kgotsa "Go Tlhaloganya le go Lekeletsa". <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Privacy policy |url=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Privacy_policy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131204008/https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Privacy_policy |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Ka Ferikgong 2006, kgotlatshekelo ya Jeremane e ne ya laela gore Wikipedia ya Jeremane e tswalwe mo teng ga Jeremane ka gonne e ne e bolela leina ka botlalo la ga Boris Floric, aka "Tron", yo o neng a tlhasela mo maranyaneng yo o tlhokafetseng. Ka Tlhakole a le malatsi a le boferabongwe, ngwaga wa 2006, taelo e e neng e le kgatlhanong le Wikimedia Deutschland e ne ya menolwa, mme kgotlatshekelo ya gana kgopolo ya gore tshwanelo ya ga Tron ya go nna le sephiri kgotsa ya batsadi ba gagwe e ne e gatakiwa. <ref name="heise Tron public issue 1">{{Cite news|last1=Kleinz|first1=Torsten|title=Gericht weist einstweilige Verfügung gegen Wikimedia Deutschland ab [Update]|url=https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Gericht-weist-einstweilige-Verfuegung-gegen-Wikimedia-Deutschland-ab-Update-173587.html|work=Heise Online|publisher=[[Heinz Heise]]|date=September 2, 2006|language=de}}</ref> Wikipedia e na le " " se se dirisang Znuny, e leng lefelo la sofotewere ya mahala ya motswedi o o bulegileng sa OTRS <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Volunteer Response Team |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_Response_Team |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202072211/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_response_team |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> go emelana le dipotso ntle le tlhoka go senola maina a batho ba ba amegang. Se se dirisiwa, ka sekai, mo go netefatseng tetla ya go dirisa ditshwantsho le metswedi e mengwe ya dikgang mo lenaneong. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=OTRS – A flexible Help Desk and IT-Service Management Software |url=https://www.otrs.com/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030215341/https://www.otrs.com/en/ |archive-date=October 30, 2013 |access-date=June 9, 2012 |website=Open Technology Real Services |publisher=OTRS.com}}</ref> Mo bokhutlong jwa Moranang 2023, Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia o itsisitse gore Wikipedia ga e kitla e ineela mo ditlhomamisong dipe tsa dingwaga tse di ka tlhokwang ke molao wa UK wa Molao wa Pabalesego ya Inthanete . Rebecca MacKinnon wa Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia o ne a bolela gore go tlholwa mo go ntseng jalo go tlaa lhulana le boineelo jwa webosaete jwa go kokoanya tshedimosetso e nnye ka batho ba ba tsenyang letsogo le babadi ba yone. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65388255|title=Wikipedia will not perform Online Safety Bill age checks|work=BBC|date=April 28, 2023|access-date=May 1, 2023}}</ref> === Kgethololo ya bong === Wikipedia e ne ya tlhalosiwa ka 2015 e le lefelo le e nang le setso sa ntwa sa [[Go Tlhaola Batho ka Bong|go tlhaola batho ka bong]] le go tshwenya . <ref name="Paling">{{Cite web |last=Paling |first=Emma |date=October 21, 2015 |title=Wikipedia's Hostility to Women |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/10/how-wikipedia-is-hostile-to-women/411619/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231105811/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/10/how-wikipedia-is-hostile-to-women/411619/ |archive-date=December 31, 2022 |access-date=October 24, 2015 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Auerbach |first=David |date=December 11, 2014 |title=Encyclopedia Frown |url=https://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2014/12/wikipedia_editing_disputes_the_crowdsourced_encyclopedia_has_become_a_rancorous.html |url-status=live |journal=Slate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023233133/http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2014/12/wikipedia_editing_disputes_the_crowdsourced_encyclopedia_has_become_a_rancorous.html |archive-date=October 23, 2015 |access-date=October 24, 2015}}</ref> Go lemogiwa ga tiriso ya puo e e sotlang gone ga buiwa fa e le lebaka le le neng la tlhagisiwa ka 2013 la go tlhoka tekatekano ya bong jwa bakwadi Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Murphy|first=Dan|date=August 1, 2013|title=In UK, rising chorus of outrage over online misogyny|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Security-Watch/Backchannels/2013/0801/In-UK-rising-chorus-of-outrage-over-online-misogyny|access-date=February 1, 2023}}</ref> Go nnile le di-Edit-a-thon go rotloetsa bakwadi ba basadi le go oketsa go akaretsa dikgang tsa basadi. <ref>{{Cite news|title=High Museum to host virtual Wikipedia edit-a-thon to boost entries about women|url=https://www.ajc.com/lifestyles/high-museum-host-virtual-wikipedia-edit-thon-boost-entries-about-women/TxxMEMGWHqFfaNMpV8y9DN/|access-date=October 24, 2020}}</ref> Ka Motsheganong 2018, mokwadi wa Wikipedia o ne a gana lekwalo le le neng le rometswe ka Donna Strickland ka ntlha ya go tlhoka go begwa mo metsweding ya dikgang. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Draft:Donna Strickland |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Donna_Strickland&oldid=842614385 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114656/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Donna_Strickland&oldid=842614385 |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> <ref name="Schlanger-2018">{{Cite web |last=Schlanger |first=Zoë |last2=Purtill |first2=Corinne |date=October 2, 2018 |title=Wikipedia rejected an entry on a Nobel Prize winner because she wasn't famous enough |url=https://qz.com/1410909/wikipedia-had-rejected-nobel-prize-winner-donna-strickland-because-she-wasnt-famous-enough/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025085329/https://qz.com/1410909/wikipedia-had-rejected-nobel-prize-winner-donna-strickland-because-she-wasnt-famous-enough/ |archive-date=October 25, 2018 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]}}</ref> Dikgwedi di le tlhano morago ga tiragalo e, Strickland o ne a gapa Seetsele sa Nobel mo dithutong tsa Maranyane gore o na "le ditlhamo tse di tona mo lephateng la Maranyane a laser", mme a nna mosadi wa boraro go amogela seetsele se. <ref name="Schlanger-2018" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2, 2018 |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 2018 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2018/press-release/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002141926/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2018/press-release/ |archive-date=October 2, 2018 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=The Nobel Prize}}</ref> Pele ga a fenya seetsele se, Strickland o ne a umakiwa fela mo Wikipedia mo lekwalong le le neng le bua ka mmereki ka ene le mofenyi-mmogo wa seetsele e bong Gérard Mourou . <ref name="Schlanger-2018" /> Go kgaphelwa thoko ga gagwe mo Wikipedia go ne ga dira gore Wikipedia e bonwe molato wa go tlhaola batho ka bong, mme Corinne Purtill yo o neng a kwalela ''Quartz'' o ne a bolela gore "gape ke thuto e e tlhamaletseng ka dikotsi tsa go kgetholola ka bong mo metsweding ya dikgang, le ditlamorago tse di anameng tsa go sa emelwe sentle." <ref name="Purtill-2018">{{Cite web |last=Purtill |first=Corinne |date=October 3, 2018 |title=Sexism at Wikipedia feeds off the sexism in the media |url=https://qz.com/1412718/wikipedia-has-a-problem-with-sexism-so-does-the-media/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201022552/https://qz.com/1412718/wikipedia-has-a-problem-with-sexism-so-does-the-media |archive-date=February 1, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]}}</ref> Purtill o amanya kgang e le go tlhoka tekatekano ga bong mo go begeng ga bobegakgang. <ref name="Purtill-2018" /> Patlisiso e e tseneletseng ya 2008, e e gatisitsweng ka 2016, ke Julia B. Bear wa Sekolo sa dithuto tse di kgolwane tsa Kgwebo ya sa Stony Brook le Benjamin Collier wa Sekolo sa dithuto tse di kgolwane sa Carnegie Mellon ba fitlhetse dipharologano tse di tona tsa bong mo go tshepeng boitseanape, go sa phuthologa ga bakwadi, le go tsibogela ditshwaelo tse di botlhokwa. "Basadi ba begile gore ga ba tshepe boitseanape jwa bone, ba tlhagisitse go sa phuthologa mo go tona mo bokwading(se gantsi se akaretsang kgotlhang), mme ba begile maikutlo a a seng molemo thata mo ditshwaelong tse di botlhokwa fa ba bapisiwa le banna." <ref>{{Cite journal |date=January 4, 2016 |title=Where are the Women in Wikipedia ? – Understanding the Different Psychological Experiences of Men and Women in Wikipedia |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |url-status=live |journal=Sex Roles |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer Science]] |volume=74 |issue=5–6 |pages=254–265 |doi=10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |s2cid=146452625 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027122538/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |archive-date=October 27, 2021 |access-date=June 27, 2021}}</ref> === ''Dikwalo tse di tseneletseng tse di boferabongwe '' === ''"Dithesis di le boferabongwe"'' di kaya mogopolo wa diphetogo o o gatisitsweng ke Larry Sanger ka Phalane 2025. ''Dithesis tse di boferabongwe'' tsa ga Sanger mo Wikipedia di tlhagisa lenaneo la tshekatsheko e e botlhokwa la diphetogo la Wikipedia. Mogopolo o ke karolo ya maiteko a gagwe a a anameng a go lebagana le se Sanger a se tsayang e le dikgang tsa thulaganyo mo teng ga Wikipedia, tse di akaretsang, go tsaya letlhakore ga megopolo, go tlhoka go nna mo pepeneneng mo maemong a bakwadi, le tsamaiso e e sa direng sentle ya go dira ditshwetso e e theilweng morago ga ditumalano. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-04 |title=Wikipedia Co-Founder Unveils Plan To Fix Website's Biased 'Engine of Defamation' |url=https://www.nysun.com/article/wikipedia-co-founder-unveils-plan-to-fix-websites-biased-engine-of-defamation |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=The New York Sun |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-11 |title=Nine Theses on Wikipedia |url=https://larrysanger.org/nine-theses/ |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=LarrySanger.org |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tsamaiso == === Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia le mekgatlho e e amanang le one === [[File:Sue_Gardner_during_her_presentation_at_Wikimania_2013.jpg|thumb|Sue Gardner, mookamedi mogolo wa ntlha, ka 2013 kwa Wikimania]] Wikipedia e tshwarwa le go tlamelwa ka madi ke [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]], e leng mokgatlho o o sa direng dipoelo gape o tsamaisang mananeo a a amanang le Wikipedia tse di tshwanang le Wiktionary le Dibuka tsa Wikipedia . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |date=May 30, 2018 |title=Wikimedia Projects |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/our-work/wikimedia-projects/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011065720/https://wikimediafoundation.org/our-work/wikimedia-projects/ |archive-date=October 11, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Mokgatlho o o ikaegile ka meneelo ya setšhaba le dithuso tsa madi go duelela ditiro tsa one. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Wikimedia's approach to coronavirus: Staffers can work 20 hours a week, get paid for full time|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/03/17/wikimedias-approach-coronavirus-staffers-can-work-20-hours-week-get-paid-full-time/|access-date=February 25, 2021|date=March 17, 2020}}</ref> <ref name="financialstatements" group="W">{{Cite web |date=October 12, 2022 |title=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. – Consolidated Financial Statements – June 30, 2022 and 2021 |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/2/26/Wikimedia_Foundation_FY2021-2022_Audit_Report.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114545/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/2/26/Wikimedia_Foundation_FY2021-2022_Audit_Report.pdf |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=June 5, 2016 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Pampiri ya 990 ya Tirelo ya Lotseno ya 2020 e bontsha lotseno lwa $124,60.&nbsp;milione le ditshenyegelo tse e ka nnang tsa $112,200 &nbsp;milione, ka dithoto tse di ka nnang $1 200,20 milione le tse di duelelwang di ka nna $11&nbsp;milione. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |date=May 17, 2022 |title=Wikimedia Foundation 2020 Form 990 |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/e/e4/Wikimedia_Foundation_2020_Form_990.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524102009/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/e/e4/Wikimedia_Foundation_2020_Form_990.pdf |archive-date=May 24, 2022 |access-date=October 14, 2014 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Ka Motsheganong 2014, Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia o ne wa bitsa Lila Tretikov jaaka Mookamedi-mogolo wa one wa bobedi wa khuduthamaga, a tsaya marapo a ga Sue Gardner. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2014 |title=Press releases/WMF announces new ED Lila Tretikov |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Press_releases/WMF_announces_new_ED_Lila_Tretikov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503035438/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Press_releases/WMF_announces_new_ED_Lila_Tretikov |archive-date=May 3, 2014 |access-date=June 14, 2014 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> ''The Wall Street Journal'' e ne ya bega ka Motsheganong a le bongwe, 2014, gore dikitso tsa ga Tretikov tsa maranyane, go tswa mo dingwageng tsa gagwe kwa Sekolong sa dithuto tse di kgolwane sa California di naya Wikipedia tshono ya go tlhabologa ka tsela e e tsepameng thata e e kaelwang ke polelo ya gagwe e e boelediwang gantsi ya gore, "Tshedimosetso, fela jaaka phefo, e tlhoka go nna mahala." <ref name="Jeff Elder 2014">{{Cite news|date=May 1, 2014|title=Wikipedia's New Chief: From Soviet Union to World's Sixth-Largest Site|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DGB-34824|access-date=February 1, 2023}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114542/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/02/business/media/open-source-software-specialist-selected-as-executive-director-of-wikipedia.html?_r=0|date=May 1, 2014|title=Media: Open-Source Software Specialist Selected as Executive Director of Wikipedia|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/02/business/media/open-source-software-specialist-selected-as-executive-director-of-wikipedia.html?_r=0|access-date=February 1, 2023|archivedate=February 10, 2023}}</ref> Setlhogo sone se sa ''Wall Street Journal'' se ne sa bega ka dikaelo tse tsa tlhabololo go ya ka potsolotso le mmueledi Jay Walsh wa Wikimedia, yo o neng a " re Tretikov o tla rarabolola kgang eo ya ( go duela batho go go buelelela ) e le selo se se tlang pele. 'Tota re kgaratlhela go dira dilo mo pepeneneng .&nbsp;... Re gatelela gore go duela bakwadi go go buelelela ga go amogelesege.' Maiteko a go akaretsa batho ba ba farologaneng ba ba nang le seabe, tshegetso e e botoka ya dipuisano tsa Wikipedia, didirisiwa tse disha tsa lefatshe, go bona diteng tsa selegae bonolo, le didirisiwa tse dintsi tsa badirisi mo lefatsheng la bobedi le la boraro le tsone ke ditlapele", Walsh o ne a bolela jalo. <ref name="Jeff Elder 2014" /> Morago ga go tsamaya ga ga Tretikov mo Wikipedia ka ntlha ya mathata a a amanang le tiriso ya karolo ya "tshireletso e e feteletseng" e mefuta mengwe ya puo ya Wikipedia e e amogetseng, <ref group="W">{{Cite news|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125043521/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2014-08-13/News_and_notes|date=August 13, 2014|title=Media Viewer controversy spreads to German Wikipedia|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2014-08-13/News_and_notes|access-date=February 1, 2023|archivedate=January 25, 2023}}</ref> Katherine Maher o ne a nna Mookamedi-mogolo wa boraro wa Mokgatlho wa Wikipedia ka Seetebosigo 2016. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Lorente |first=Patricio |date=March 16, 2016 |title=Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees welcomes Katherine Maher as interim Executive Director |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2016/03/16/board-welcomes-katherine-maher/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114634/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2016/03/16/board-welcomes-katherine-maher/ |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Maher o ne a bolela gore nngwe ya ditlapele tsa gagwe e tla nna kgang ya go tshwenngwa ga bakwadi e e tlwaelesegileng mo Wikipedia jaaka go supilwe ke lekgotlana la Wikipedia ka Sedimonthole. O boleletse ''Bloomberg Businessweek'' mabapi le kgang ya go tshwenngwa a re: "Go dira gore batho ba akanye gore se ke selo se se tlang pele mo morafeng wa badirisi.&nbsp;... [mme paakanyo eo e tlhoka gore] e tshwanetse go nna go feta go bua fela." <ref name="Bloomberg 2016"/> Maher o ne a nna mokaedi wa khuduthamaga go fitlha ka Moranang 2021. <ref name="axios">{{Cite web |last=Salmon |first=Felix |date=February 4, 2021 |title=Exclusive: End of the Maher era at Wikipedia |url=https://www.axios.com/exclusive-the-end-of-the-maher-era-at-wikipedia-c1ed1408-bab7-4308-9407-db093e24c80d.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204180613/https://www.axios.com/exclusive-the-end-of-the-maher-era-at-wikipedia-c1ed1408-bab7-4308-9407-db093e24c80d.html |archive-date=February 4, 2021 |access-date=April 16, 2021 |website=Axios}}</ref> Maryana Iskander o ne a tlhomiwa go nna Mookamedimogolo yo o tsenang ka Lwetse 2021, mme a tsaya maemo a ka Firikgong 2022. O ne a bolela gore nngwe ya dilo tse a tla remelelang mo go tsone e tla nna go oketsa kabakanyo mo morafeng wa badirisi ba Wikimedia. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Lima|first=Cristiano|date=September 14, 2021|title=Wikimedia taps leader of South African nonprofit as its next CEO|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/09/14/wikipedia-maryana-iskander-ceo/|access-date=September 14, 2021|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Iskander o ne a dira go fitlha ka Firikgong 2026, fa Bernadette Meehan a ne a tsaya marapo a go nna Mookamedimogolo. Wikipedia gape e engwe nokeng ke mekgatlho le ditlhopha di le dintsi tse di dirisanang le Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia mme di tsamaisiwa ka bonosi, tse di bidiwang [[Wikimedia Foundation|ditlhopha tse di dirisanang le mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]] . Tse di akaretsa dikgaolo tsa Wikimedia (tse e leng mekgatlho ya setšhaba kgotsa e e kwa tlase ga ya setšhaba, jaaka Wikimedia Deutschland le Wikimedia Fora), mekgatlho ya ditlhogo (e e tshwanang le Amical Wikimedia ya setšhaba sa puo ya Se-Catalan ), le ditlhopha tsa badirisi. Ditlhopha tse di tsaya karolo mo go rotloetseng, go tlhabololeng, le go thusa Wikipedia ka madi. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikimedia chapters |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_chapters |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051112001834/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_chapters |archive-date=November 12, 2005 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> === Ditiro tsa sofotewere le tshegetso/kemo nokeng === Go dira ga Wikipedia go ikaegile ka MediaWiki, e leng sofotewere ya wiki e e itiretsweng, e le ya mahala gape e bulegile se se kwadilweng ka PHP mme se agilwe mo thulaganyong ya polokelo ya tshedimosetso ya MySQL . <ref name="nedworks database system" group="W">{{Cite web |last=Bergsma |first=Mark |title=Wikimedia Architecture |url=https://www.nedworks.org/~mark/presentations/san/Wikimedia%20architecture.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204708/https://www.nedworks.org/~mark/presentations/san/Wikimedia%20architecture.pdf |archive-date=March 3, 2009 |access-date=June 27, 2008 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Sofotewere e e akaretsa ditiriso tsa go dira mananeo a tshwana le puo e kgolo, dilo tse di farologaneng, thulaganyo ya go fetoladithempoleite, le go kaela gape URL . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=MediaWiki Features |url=https://www.wikimatrix.org/show/mediawiki |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202020544/https://www.wikimatrix.org/show/mediawiki |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=WikiMatrix}}</ref> MediaWiki e na le teseletso ka fa tlase ga Teseletso ya Botlhe ya GNU (GPL) mme e dirisiwa ke mananeo otlhe a Wikimedia, ga mmogo le mananeo a mangwe a mantsi a wiki. <ref name="nedworks database system" group="W" /> <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Project:Copyrights |url=https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Project:Copyrights&oldid=262877 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022061355/https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Project:Copyrights&oldid=262877 |archive-date=October 22, 2021 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=MediaWiki |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Kwa tshimologong, Wikipedia e ne e tsamaisiwa mo UseModWiki e e kwadilweng ka Perl ke Clifford Adams (Kgato ya ntlha), e kwa tshimologong e neng e tlhoka CamelCase go dira dikgokagano tsa dikwalo; mofuta wa go dirisa masaka a mabedi se ne sa tsenngwa moragonyana. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=UseMod: UseModWiki |url=https://www.usemod.org/cgi-bin/wiki.pl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001017191620/http://www.usemod.com/cgi-bin/wiki.pl |archive-date=October 17, 2000 |website=UseModWiki}}</ref> Go simolola ka Firikgong 2002 (Kgato ya bobedi), Wikipedia e ne ya simolola go dira mo enjeneng ya wiki ya PHP e e nang le polokelo ya tshedimosetso ya MySQL; sofotewere e e ne e direlwa Wikipedia ke Magnus Manske . Sofotewere ya Kgato ya bobedi e ne ya fetolwa gangwe le gape go emelana le tlhokego e e neng e oketsega ka lobelo lo logolo . Ka Phukwi 2002 ( Kgato ya boraro ), Wikipedia e ne ya fetogela kwa sofotewereng ya kokomane ya boraro, e leng MediaWiki, e e neng e kwadilwe ke Lee Daniel Crocker . Dikatoloso di le mmalwa tsa MediaWiki di tsentswe go atolosa tiro ya sofotewere ya MediaWiki. Ka Moranang 2005, katoloso ya Lucene <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Snow |first=Michael |date=April 18, 2005 |title=Internal search function returns to service |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2005-04-18/Lucene_search |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731211712/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2005-04-18/Lucene_search |archive-date=July 31, 2012 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Vibber |first=Brion |title=[Wikitech-l&#93; Lucene search |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2005-April/016297.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330033506/http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2005-April/016297.html |archive-date=March 30, 2013 |access-date=February 26, 2009 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> e ne ya tsenngwa mo patlong e e diritsweng mo teng ya MediaWiki mme Wikipedia e ne ya fetoga go tswa go MySQL go ya go Lucene go dirisiwa mo patlong. Moragonyana Lucene e ne ya emisediwa ka Patlisiso ya Cirrus e e theilweng mo Patlong ya Elastic . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Extension:CirrusSearch |url=https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:CirrusSearch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413230335/https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:CirrusSearch |archive-date=April 13, 2021 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=MediaWiki}}</ref> Ka Phukwi 2013, morago ga go dira diteko tse di tseneletseng tsa beta, katoloso ya WYSIWYG (Se o se Bonang ke se o se fiwang), VisualEditor, e ne ya bulwa gore e dirisiwe ke botlhe. <ref name="thenextwebve">{{Cite news|title=Wikimedia rolls out WYSIWYG visual editor for logged-in users accessing Wikipedia articles in English|url=https://thenextweb.com/insider/2013/07/02/wikimedia-rolls-out-its-wysiwyg-visual-editor-for-logged-in-users-accessing-wikipedia-articles-in-english/|access-date=February 2, 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/10196578/Wikipedia-introduces-new-features-to-entice-editors.html|title=Wikipedia introduces new features to entice editors|access-date=August 18, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="TheEconomistVE">{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/12/changes-wikipedia|title=Changes at Wikipedia: Seeing things|access-date=July 28, 2013}}</ref> E ne ya ganwa le go tshwaiwa diphoso thata, mme ya tlhalosiwa e le " bonya gape e na le diphoso". <ref name="Orlowski, Andrew">{{Cite web |last=Orlowski |first=Andrew |date=August 1, 2013 |title=Wikipedians say no to Jimmy's 'buggy' WYSIWYG editor |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/08/01/wikipedians_reject_wysiwyg_editor/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804115056/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/08/01/wikipedians_reject_wysiwyg_editor |archive-date=August 4, 2013 |access-date=August 18, 2013 |website=The Register}}</ref> Karolo e ne ya fetolwa go tswa mo go tlhopheng go tswa go ya kwa go tlhopheng go tsena morago ga moo. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Forrester |first=James |date=April 25, 2013 |title=The alpha version of the VisualEditor is now in 15 languages |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2013/04/25/visualeditor-alpha-in-15-languages/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114634/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2013/04/25/visualeditor-alpha-in-15-languages/ |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> === Go kwala mo go itirisang === Mananeo a dibalamakgolo(dikhompiutara) a a bidiwang di-bot gantsi di ile tsa dirisiwa go dira ditiro tse di motlhofo le tse di boelediwang, tse di tshwanang le go baakanya diphoso tse di tlwaelesegileng jaaka go peleta le mathata a mefuta ya tiriso, kgotsa go simolola dikwalo tse di tshwanang le go tsenya tsa dintlha tse digeographic ka mokgwa o o tlwaelegileng go tswa mo go wa tshedimosetso ya dipalopalo. <ref name="meetbots">{{Cite news|last=Nasaw|first=Daniel|date=July 24, 2012|title=Meet the 'bots' that edit Wikipedia|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18892510|access-date=February 2, 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Halliday|first=Josh|title=Boot up: The Wikipedia vandalism police, Apple analysts, and more|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2012/jul/26/boot-up-wikipedia-apple|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=July 26, 2012|access-date=September 5, 2012}}</ref> Mongwe wa bakwadi ba ba neng ba ntsha kganetsano, e bong Sverker Johansson, o ne a tlhama dikwalo ka bot ya gagwe ya Lsjbot, e go neng ga begwa gore e tlhama dikwalo di ka nna dikete di le lesome mo Wikipedia ya Se-Swedish ka malatsi a a rileng. <ref>{{Cite news|date=July 13, 2014|title=For This Author, 10,000 Wikipedia Articles Is a Good Day's Work|url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/for-this-author-10-000-wikipedia-articles-is-a-good-days-work-1405305001|access-date=August 18, 2014}}</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, go na le di-bot tse di diretsweng go itsise bakwadi ka go itirisa fa ba dira diphoso tse di tlwaelesegileng tsa bokwadi (tse di tshwanang le dinopolo tse di sa tsamaelaneng kgotsa masaka a a sa tshwaneng). <ref group="W">{{Cite news|last=Aude|date=March 23, 2009|title=Abuse Filter is enabled|publisher=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2009-03-23/Abuse_Filter|access-date=February 2, 2023}}</ref> Diphetolo tse di supilweng ka maaka ke di-bot e le tiro ya mokwadi yo o kobilweng di ka busediwa ke bakwadi ba bangwe. Bot e e lwantshanang le go senya e rulaganyeditswe go lemoga le go ntsha tshenyo ka bonako. <ref name="meetbots" /> Di-bot di kgona go supa diphetogo go tswa mo diakhaontong tse di rileng kgotsa mo ditlhopheng tsa diaterese tsa IP, jaaka go diragetse ka nako ya go thuntshiwa ga sefofane sa MH17 ka Phukwi 2014 fa go ne go begwa gore diphetogo di dirilwe ka di-IP tse di laolwang ke puso ya Russia. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 21, 2014 |title=MH17 Wikipedia entry edited from Russian government IP address |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/the-stream/2014/7/21/mh17-wikipedia-entry-edited-from-russian-government-ip-address |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116002928/https://stream.aljazeera.com/story/201407211855-0023944 |archive-date=November 16, 2016 |access-date=July 22, 2014 |website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> Di-bot mo Wikipedia di tshwanetse go amogelwa pele di tsenngwa mo tirisong. Go ya ka Andrew Lih, go ne go tla nna thata go akanya ka go atolosiwa ga Wikipedia mo go diragalang gompieno go dira dikadikadike tsa dikwalo fa go ne go sa dirisiwe di-bot tse di ntseng jalo. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Lih |first=Andrew |year=2009 |title=The Wikipedia Revolution |publisher=[[Hachette Books]] |isbn=978-1-4013-0371-6 |pages=99–106 |oclc=232977686}}</ref> Ka Mopitlo 2026, moemedi wa AI, Tom, o ne a dira diphetogo mo Wikipedia ka fa tlase ga akhaonto ya TomWikiAssist. Akhaonto e e ne ya thibelwa ka ntlha ya go nna bot e e sa amogelweng. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maiberg |first=Emmanuel |date=March 30, 2026 |title=An AI Agent Was Banned From Creating Wikipedia Articles, Then Wrote Angry Blogs About Being Banned |url=https://www.404media.co/an-ai-agent-was-banned-from-creating-wikipedia-articles-then-wrote-angry-blogs-about-being-banned/ |url-access=registration |access-date=April 12, 2026 |website=[[404 Media]]}}</ref> === Ditiro tsa hardwere le tshegetso/kemo nokeng === [[File:Wikipedia_webrequest_2022.png|alt=Diagram showing flow of data between Wikipedia's servers.|thumb|Setshwantsho sa lenaneo la thulaganyo go ema ka Phatwe 2022 [[Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2022]] [[Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements]]]] Wikipedia mo bogompienong e dira mo ditlhopheng tse di kgethegileng tsa disefara tsa Linux tse di dirisang tsamaiso ya tiriso ya Debian . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Debian |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Debian |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418084905/https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Debian |archive-date=April 18, 2021 |access-date=April 9, 2021 |website=Wikitech |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Ka Firikgong a le masome a mabedi, 2013, Wikipedia e ne e fuduseditse lefelo la yone la konokono la tshedimosetso kwa lefelong la Equinix kwa Ashburn, kwa Virginia . <ref group="W" name=":0"/> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2013/01/14/its-official-equinix-ashburn-is-wikimedias-home/|title=It's Official: Ashburn is Wikipedia's New Home|first=Jason|last=Verge|access-date=June 5, 2016|date=January 14, 2013}}</ref> Lefelo la bobedi la tshedimosetso ya tiriso le ne la tlhamiwa ka 2014 kwa Carrollton, Texas, go tokafatsa go ikanyega ga Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Data centers - Wikitech |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_centers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129081929/https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_centers |archive-date=January 29, 2023 |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=wikitech.wikimedia.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bergsma |first=Mark |date=May 5, 2014 |title=Wikimedia Foundation selects CyrusOne in Dallas as new data center |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2014/05/05/wikimedia-foundation-selects-cyrusone-in-dallas-as-new-data-center/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715011353/https://blog.wikimedia.org/2014/05/05/wikimedia-foundation-selects-cyrusone-in-dallas-as-new-data-center/ |archive-date=July 15, 2018 |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=Diff}}</ref> Mafelo a a tshedimosetso ka bobedi a dira e le a konokono, mo dipakeng tse di farologaneng, mme e nngwe e dira jaaka ya bobedi ya tshedimosetso. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Switch Datacenter - Wikitech |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Switch_Datacenter |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=wikitech.wikimedia.org}}</ref> Ka 2017, Wikipedia e ne ya tsenya setlhopha sa go boloka tshedimosetso mo lefelong la Equinix kwa Singapore, e leng la ntlha la mofuta ono kwa Asia. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=⚓ T156028 Name Asia Cache DC site |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T156028 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512040933/https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T156028 |archive-date=May 12, 2019 |access-date=May 12, 2019 |website=Wikimedia Phabricator}}</ref> Ka 2022, go ne ga bulwa lefelo la go boloka tshedimosetso kwa Marseille, kwa Fora. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=⚓ T282787 Configure dns and puppet repositories for new drmrs datacenter |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282787 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114545/https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282787 |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Phabricator}}</ref> Ka 2024, go ne ga bulwa lefelo la go boloka tshedimosetso kwa São Paulo, e leng la ntlha la mofuta o kwa Amerika Borwa. <ref group="W" name="Magru">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=July 26, 2024 |title=The journey to open our first data center in South America |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921054425/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/ |archive-date=September 21, 2024 |access-date=November 29, 2024 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Go ema ka Ngwanatseele 2024, ditlhopha tsa go boloka di-cache di kwa Amsterdam, kwa San Francisco, kwa Singapore, kwa Marseille le kwa São Paulo. <ref name=":13" group="W">{{Cite web |date=April 22, 2013 |title=Wikimedia servers |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_servers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120023847/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_servers |archive-date=November 20, 2021 |access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Data centers |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_centers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129081929/https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_centers |archive-date=January 29, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikitech |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> === Dipatlisiso tsa mo teng le tlhabololo ya tsamaiso === Morago ga palo e e golang ya meneelo(madi) e e tsenang ka 2013 e e fetang dinomoro di le supa, <ref name="Simonite-2013"/> Mokgatlho o o fitlheletse selekanyo sa dithoto tse di bonwang di tshwanelega go akanyediwa ka fa tlase ga melaometheo ya itsholelo ya mokgatlho wa madirelo go supa tlhokego ya go beeletsa gape madi/meneelo mo dipatlisisong le mo tlhabololong ya Mokgatlho. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Scherer |first=Frederic M. |author-link=Frederic M. Scherer |date=2009 |title=Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance |url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=1496716 |publisher=Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical Research Reference in Entrepreneurship, [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]] |ssrn=1496716 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |orig-date=1970 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428132257/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1496716 |archive-date=April 28, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mananeo a mabedi a dipatlisiso tse di ntseng jalo tsa mo teng le tlhabololo a nnile tlhamo ya Modiri wa Ditshwantsho le thebo ya "Ke a leboga" e e fitlhelwang mo ditsong tsa go kwala, tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa go tokafatsa mathata a go lapisega ga mokwadi. <ref name="Simonite-2013" /> <ref name="Orlowski, Andrew"/> Dipalo kakanyetso tsa go beeletsa gape ke mekgatlho ya madirelo mo dipatlisisong tsa mo teng le tlhabololo di ne tsa ithutiwa ke Adam Jaffe, yo o kwadileng gore go ne go tshwanetse go laolwa selekanyo sa 4% go ya go 25% ka ngwaga, ka maranyane a maemo a a kwa godimo se se tlhokang seelo se se kwa godimo sa tshegetso ka go beeletsa gape mo mokgatlhong. <ref name="Trajtenberg-2002">{{Cite book |last=Trajtenberg |first=Manuel |year=2002 |title=Patents, Citations, and Innovations: A Window on the Knowledge Economy |url=https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/2593/Patents-Citations-and-InnovationsA-Window-on-the |last2=Jaffe |first2=Adam B. |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn=978-0-262-27623-8 |pages=89–153 |doi=10.7551/mitpress/5263.001.0001 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202174803/https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/2593/Patents-Citations-and-InnovationsA-Window-on-the |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ka maemong a 2013 a meneelo ya Wikimedia e kwadilwe jaaka e le didolara di le dikadikadike di le masome a mane ke botlhano, <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Peters |first=David |last2=Walsh |first2=Jay |year=2013 |title=Wikimedia Foundation 2012–13 Annual Report |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Wmf_AR12_v11_SHIP_2pp_hyper_14jan14.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114540/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Wmf_AR12_v11_SHIP_2pp_hyper_14jan14.pdf |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> selekanyo sa tekanyetso se se badilweng se se akantshitsweng ke Jaffe sa go beeletsa gape mo dipatlisisong le mo tlhabololong se fa gare ga didolara di le 1.8.&nbsp;dimilione le 11.3&nbsp; milione ka ngwaga. <ref name="Trajtenberg-2002" /> Ka 2019, selekanyo sa meneelo se ne sa begwa ke Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia gore ke didikadike tsa di dolara di le lekgolo le masome a mabedi ka ngwaga, <ref group="W">{{Cite web |year=2020 |title=2019 to 2020 Annual Report – Statement of Activities – Audited (July 1, 2019 – June 30, 2020) |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/about/annualreport/2020-annual-report/financials/#section-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202174803/https://wikimediafoundation.org/about/annualreport/2020-annual-report/financials/#section-2 |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> go tlhabolola dipalokakanyetso tsa ga Jaffe tsa maemo a a kwa godimo a tshegetso go nna magareng ga dimilione di le $3.08 le 19,2&nbsp;milione ka ngwaga. <ref name="Trajtenberg-2002" />[[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|alt=Wikipedia Library logo|thumb|Sekano sa motlobo wa dibuka wa Wikipedia]] === Dikgatiso tsa dikgang tse di mo teng === Mananeo a le mantsi a Wikimedia a na le dikgatiso tsa dikgang tsa mo teng. Lekwalodikgang la mo inthaneteng la [[Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia]] ''la The Signpost'' le ne la tlhongwa ka 2005 ke Michael Snow, motsamaisi wa Wikipedia yo o neng a tla nna leloko la khuduthamaga ya batlhokomedi ba Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia ka 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Caroline |date=July 18, 2008 |title=Wikimedia Foundation edits its board of trustees |url=https://www.cnet.com/culture/wikimedia-foundation-edits-its-board-of-trustees/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301224408/https://www.cnet.com/news/wikimedia-foundation-edits-its-board-of-trustees/ |archive-date=March 1, 2016 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[CNET]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|archiveurl=Noam Cohen}}</ref> Kgatiso e e akaretsa dikgang le ditiragalo go tswa kwa Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia, le [[Wikimedia Foundation|mananeo a mangwe a Wikipedia]] . === Motlobo wa dibuka wa Wikipedia === Bakwadi ba Wikipedia ka dinako tse dingwe ba sokola go fitlhelela metswedi e e duelwang e e tlhokegang go tokafatsa dikwalo. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=64}}Motlobo wa dibuka wa Wikipedia ke motswedi wa bakwadi ba Wikipedia o o nayang phitlhelelo ya mahala ya dikgatiso tse dintsi tsa mo maranyaneng, gore ba kgone go leba le go di nopola fa ba ntse ba kwala mo ensaetlolopedieng . <ref name="orlowitz">{{Cite journal |last=Orlowitz |first=Jake |date=January 2018 |title=The Wikipedia Library: the biggest encyclopedia needs a digital library and we are building it |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327963422 |url-status=live |journal=JLIS.it |volume=9 |issue=3 |doi=10.4403/jlis.it-12505 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428132509/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327963422_The_wikipedia_library_The_biggest_encyclopedia_needs_a_digital_library_and_we_are_building_it |archive-date=April 28, 2024 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |via=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref> Bagatisi ba feta masome a marataro ba tlhophile go dirisana mmogo le motlobo wa dibuka wa Wikipedia go tlamela ka phitlhelelo ya didirisiwa tsa bone: fa ICE Publishing e ne ya kopana go dira le bone ka 2020, mmueledi o ne a re "Ka go kgontsha bakwadi ba Wikipedia go fitlhelela diteng tsa rona mahala, re solofela go tsweledisa pele didirisiwa tse morafe o wa batlisisi ba di didirisang- ba kwala le go baakanya dikwalo tsa ditlhogo tsa Civil Engineering tse di balwang ke babadi ba le diketekete kgwedi le kgwedi." <ref name="hall">{{Cite web |last=Hall |first=Sam |date=June 24, 2020 |title=ICE Publishing partners with The Wikipedia Library |url=https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/page/ice-news/106-wikipedia-library |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113161530/https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/page/ice-news/106-wikipedia-library |archive-date=November 13, 2022 |access-date=October 26, 2021 |website=ICE Virtual Library}}</ref> == Refferences == <references /> iq6dknqifi2ta6v0v67441g9ffdrjj0 0 2282 53221 52521 2026-07-25T17:53:29Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53221 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Palapye1987.jpg|thumb|Palapye]] [[Setshwantsho:Old Palapye Church (Botswana, 1895).jpg|thumb|Kereke ya Roman Catholic ya ntlha mo Botswana ko Old palalaye.]] '''Palapye''' ke mongwe wa metse mogolo mo [[Botswana]]. E fitlhelwa mo tseleng ya A1, fa gare ga [[Gaborone]] le [[Francistown]]. Lefelo le e leng mo go lone le fetotse go nna toropo dingwaga tse dintsi tse di fitileng, ka e ne ele marakanelo a di terena le ditsela.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241109112811/https://www.botswana-info.com/country/town/913/palapye "Palapye Travel Information".] www.botswana-info.com. Retrieved 2020-05-26</ref> Go fitlhelwa fa ke Morupule Colliery, e e tlamelang Seteišene sa Motlakase sa Morupule, motswedi o mogolo wa motlakase wa selegae wa Botswana.Lefelo la motlakase se dirile porojekete ya katoloso go oketsa bokgoni jwa sone jwa go tlhagisa motlakase ka maiteko a go fitlhelela tlhokego e e oketsegang ya motlakase mo nageng. Kago e simolotse ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome. Go simolola ka Motsheganong ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe, polante ya Morupule A e ntsha 132 MW ya motlakase, fa Morupule B yone e ntsha 600 MW.<ref>[https://www.mmegi.bw/business/construction-of-600-mw-morupule-b-power-station-begins/news]</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bosupa Palapye go ne go bolelwa fa e le motse o o golang ka bonako mo Afrika, mme go ne go solofetswe gore o tla oketsa palo ya batho go tswa go dikete tse masome a mararo go ya go 180,000. == Ditso == Morafe wa Bamangwato, ka fa tlase ga ga Kgosi Khama III, go dumelwa thata fa e le one batho ba ntlha go nna gaufi le Palapye wa gompieno. Motsemogolo wa bone e ne e le bonno jwa Phalatswe, jo gape bo bidiwang Palapye wa bogologolo, mme bo ne bo le kwa ntlheng ya bophirima jwa dithaba tsa Tswapong. Palapye e ne e kwalwa kwa tshimologong e le Phalatswe, e e neng e kaya lefelo la di-impala.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241109112811/https://www.botswana-info.com/country/town/913/palapye "Palapye Travel Information".] www.botswana-info.com. Retrieved 2020-05-26.</ref> E ne e le teng go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le bobedi, mme marope a kereke ya yone e e agilweng ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le bobedi, a santse a tla bonwa dikilometara di le mmalwa go tswa kwa bogareng jwa toropo ya Palapye. Kgosi Khama o ne a ntsha madi a a ka nnang diponto di le dikete tse tharo go e aga mme a kgatlhegela thata dikgang tsa kereke. Matlo a batho ba Bamangwato kwa tshimologong a ne a kgobokane go dikologa kereke, mme ka go fitlhela tikologo ya yone e le matlapa thata, ba ne ba fuduga dikilometara di le 1.5 (0.93 mi) go tswa kwa Gaborone le go ya kgakala.<ref>Campbell, Alec (2008). "Khama III, Missionaries and Old Palapye Church Building". Botswana Notes and Records. 40. Botswana Society: 172–175. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41236043 41236043].</ref> Leina Palapye ke leina le le thamilweng morago ga gore motse o, o bone matlhotlha pelo mo ditsong tsa one. Motse oo o tlholegile ka leina la Phalatswe gonne lefelo la teng le ne le tshabelelwa ke diphala. Lefa gontse jalo leina Palapye le thamilwe ke dimmishinari (missionaries) ba e leng gore bane ba bona go le thata go bitsa leina Phalatswe. Bangwato totatota bone ba tlholegile ba ikagetse dikago kwa bokone gaufi le dithaba tse e leng gore mo segompienong di setse di thibeletswe ke batswapong kwa bokone mo motseng wa Malaka. Dikago tseo gompieno dibidiwa Old Palapye. Mangwe a mafelo a neng a kgatlhisa batswakwa ka dingwaga tsasekete le makgolo a robabobedi e ne ele : * kereke e kgologolo ya Palapye e e fetang dingwaga tse lekgolo le masome a mabedi entse e le teng. * British Cemetry<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.thevoicebw.com/2011/08/12/old-palapye-my-city-of-ruins/ |access-date=2014-10-02 |archive-date=2016-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314061137/http://www.thevoicebw.com/2011/08/12/old-palapye-my-city-of-ruins/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Morafe== Go fitlhelwa thata morafe wa Bangwato, Batswapong le merafe e mengwe mo motseng wa Palapye. == Seemo sa Bosa == Dikgwedi tsa selemo di simolola mo bogareng jwa September go fitlha mo bogareng jwa April. Selemo se mogote thata kwa Palapye, ka dithemperetšha tsa motshegare di fitlha go 40 °C. Diphefo tsa matsubutsubu di dintsi thata ka selemo. Gantsi pula e na ka selekanyo sa dimilimetara di le makgolo a mararo ka ngwaga. Mariga a kwa Palapye a bonolo e bile a omeletse. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/BC/00/Palapye.html |title="1996 Climate Map for Palapye" |access-date=2026-07-15 |archive-date=2012-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102195548/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/BC/00/Palapye.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Dipalopalo tsa batho == Go dumelwa fa palo ya batho ba Palapye e le gaufi le dikete tse masome a robabobedi , le fa go ntse jalo, se ga se palo ya semmuso, ka bontsi jwa batho ba re palo ya nnete e kwa godimo thata kgotsa kwa tlase thata. Go ya ka 2022 Population and Housing Census preliminary results, Palapye e kwadisitse 3.3% ya kgolo ya baagi go tswa 2011 e ne e le 37,256 mme ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi ke 52,398,<ref>[https://www.statsbots.org.bw/2022-population-and-housing-census-preliminary-results-1 "2022 Population and Housing Census Preliminary Results".] ''Statistics Botswana''. 2022-05-10. Retrieved 2022-05-30.</ref> Bokeresete ke tumelo e kgolo ya sedumedi gareng ga baagi ba Palapye. Le fa go ntse jalo, go na le palo e kgolo ya batho ba Mamoseleme le [[Bahindu]] mo toropong.<ref>Statistics Botswana. [https://www.statsbots.org.bw/sites/default/files/publications/Serowe_Palapye.pdf "Serowe/Palapye Sub District, Population and Housing Census 2011Selected Indicators"] (PDF).</ref> == Didirisiwa tsa motheo le ditlhabololo == Gone jaanong Lefapha la Merero ya Metsi la Palapye le tlamela toropo eno ka metsi a mantsi. Lefelo leno le dikilometara di sekae go tswa mo toropong. The Affairs e tlamela Serowe ka metsi, ka marangrang a macha a dipeipi ho tloha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi. Ka lebaka la kgaello ya motlakase naheng yohle, e bakilweng ke ho hana ha Afrika Borwa ho fana ka motlakase ho Botswana, kaho e emisitswe bakeng sa diporojeke tse ngata. Le fa go ntse jalo, ba simolotse gape, mme porojeke e e botlhokwa go gaisa ke go atolosa Seteishene sa Motlakase sa Morupule. Morero wa Katoloso wa Morupule 1, o o nang le tekanyetsokabo ya dibilione di le P1.5 o solofetswe go ntsha ditone di le dimilione di le 3,8 tsa magala. Gape go ne ga akantshiwa gore go agiwe kokelo e ntšha, e e tshwanang le ya Serowe e e neng e sa tswa go agiwa. Seteishene se sesha sa mapodise se ne sa wediwa ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi . E fa thoko ga tsela ya A1 mo lefelong la bogologolo la madirelo. Go tswa mo go nneng lefelo fela la go ema, Palapye e ntse e gola ka bonako go nna nngwe ya ditikwatikwe tse dikgolo tsa Botswana tsa tsa madi, tsa bonno, tsa madirelo le tsa thuto. Dikhamphase tse disha le ditheo tsa thuto di ntse di oketsega ka bonya ka bonya kwa Palapye. Bogolo jwa toropo bo oketsegile go feta gabedi fa e sale ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe. [ citation needed ] Palapye gape e na le studio ya go rekota ya seporofešenale, e e bidiwang Ruff Riddims, e e agilweng kwa tshimologong ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe . Ke ya ntlha ya mofuta wa yone mo Palapye. 12] == Metswedi == Dipholo. K.(2011), Old Palapye, My City Of Ruins, https://web.archive.org/web/20160314061137/http://www.thevoicebw.com/2011/08/12/old-palapye-my-city-of-ruins/ [[Category:Botswana]] 1cl6m7kthecm1lg9tce0rtzf17hmh9p 0 3257 53264 35204 2026-07-26T10:40:22Z Lucrucia98 12161 53264 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Giraffe standing.jpg|thumb|right|250px|thutlwa]] Central Kalahari ke lefelo le letona la diphologolo mo sekakeng sa Kalahari mo Botswana. Le simolodisitswe ka ngwaga wa ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bongwe, le botona jwa selekanyo sa dikhilomethara tse 52,800 ( e ka tswa e le gabedi mo selekanyong sa Massachusetts, gape bongwe mo lesomeng le borataro (1/16) jwa selekanyo sa lefatshe la Botswana) se se dira gore lefelo le le nne mo maemong a bobedi a diphologolo mo lefatsheng ka bophara.<ref>Lefelo la Diphologolo la Central Kalahari-Bojanala mo Botswana</ref> Go na le diphologolo tsa naga jaaka dithutlwa, manyau,nkwe,ntsha tsa naga, mangau,ditau le tse dingwe fela jalo. Bontsi jwa lefashe le bopapetla, gape ka bori le apesitswe ke ditlhatsana le bojang tse di apesitseng ditotoma le mafelo a go nang le ditlhare tse ditona. Bontsi jwa melapo e apesitswe ke letswai la kwa makgadikgadi. Dinoka tse nne tse di bopilweng gotsweng ditlhatsaneng le diphologolo tse di suleng bogologolo di tshokodia ka lefelo la diphologolo go akaretsa bogwerepa jwa molapo oo simolotseng go agega ka dingwaga tse di makgolokgolo a lesome le borataro malobeng<ref name="Go2Africa.com">{{Cite web |title=Go2Africa.com |url=http://www.go2africa.com/botswana/central-kalahari-game-reserve |access-date=2011-11-22 |archive-date=2012-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705155523/http://www.go2africa.com/botswana/central-kalahari-game-reserve |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Basarwa ,ba sale ba agile mo lefelong go tsweng makgolokgolong a dingwaga e sale ba ntse mo lefelong e le batsumi ba ba neng ba iphetelang.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lefelo la Diphologolo la Central Kalahari - Botswana |url=http://www.places.co.za/botswana/ghanzi.html |access-date=2011-11-22 |archive-date=2007-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019230840/http://www.places.co.za/botswana/ghanzi.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, e sale ka bogare jwa dingwaga tsa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe puso ya lefatshe la Botswana e lekile go fudusa Basarwa go tswa mo lefelong la diphologolo ba lebeletse gore ke lefelo la didirisiwa tse di tlisang madi mo lefatsheng le mororo dipoelo di oketsega ka bojanala go ya lefelong la diphologolo. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bosupa, boraro mo saphatlong ba basarwa ba ne ba fudusiwa go tsweng kwa lefelong la diphologolo la Central Kalahari,gape ka kgwedi ya Phalane ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le botlhano puso ya simolola go fodusa batho ka go ba patika go ya lefelong la bothibelelo kwante ga lefelo la diphologolo go tlogela fela banni ba sennela ruri ba ka tswa makgolo a mabedi le masome a matlhano<ref name="Go2Africa.com"></ref>. Mme ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borataro kgotla tshekelo e ne ya tlhalosa fa go fudusiwa e se ka fa molaong ka go letelela batho go boela kwa lefelong la diphologolo la Central Kalahari. Molelo wa naga oo motona o ne wa tshuba naga mo teng le kwa ntle ga lefelo fa gare ga kgwedi ya Lwetse ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi gape bontlha jo bo masome a borobabobedi bo ne bo tshubilwe. Kwa molelo o tswang tene ga go itsiwe.<ref>[http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=20427 Tekodiso le ditshwantsho tsa loapi go tswa NASA]</ref> <ref>{{cite web |title=Huge Bushfire in the Kalahari |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=35403 |publisher=[[NASA Earth Observatory]] |accessdate=3 May 2011 |author=Michon Scott |coauthors=Rebecca Lindsey |date=26 September 2008}}</ref> Tsela ya go ya Teng Go nale mafelo a botseno a le mararo ebong Khutswe mo Borwa,bophirima ke Xade mme mo bokone-botlhaba ke Matswere.Botseno jo bo rileng mo bokone jwa lefelo le ke fa o tsena ka lefelo la Central Kalahari Matswere.Botseno mo Matswere bo ka dirwa ka go tsena mo Rakops mo eleng dikhilomethara tse di masome a matlhano le botlhano go tswa bolebelelong jwa Matswere. Rakopso ka tsenega o tswa ntheng ya bokone jwa motse wa Maun (go feta Motopi, Kumaga le Tsoe) kgotsa o tswa borwa jwa motse wa Mahalapye (go feta Serowe, Letlhakane le Mopipi). Baeng mo lefelong la Central Kalahari Lefelo la Central Kalahari Game Reserve le etelwa ke baeng ba le bantsi mo letsatsing,baeng ba ngokwa ke diphologolo le ditotoma tse di kgabisitseng tikologo.Basarwa ba bonagala thata mo lefelong ka jalo bajanala ba rata go ithuka ka fa ba tshelang ka teng,ka fa ba dirang dilo ka teng,mme e re morago go tlise kutlwisisanyo ee rileng. Bokhutlo Central Kalahari Game Reserve ke lefelo le le kgatlhisang thata ebile bajanala ba rata go le etela.Lefelo le le tletse meamuso ya tlholego ka jalo se se ka godisa itsholelo ya lefatshe. ==Dipadi tse dingwe== {{reflist}} ==Dikgolagano tsa kwa ntle== *[http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/attractions/central_kalahari_game_reserve.html Ba bojanala mo Botswana] {{coord|21.8895|S|23.7565|E|source:ruwiki_region:BW|format=dms|display=title}} {{National Parks of Botswana}} [[Category:Mafelo a diphologolo mo Botswana]] [[Category:Kgaolo ya Ghanzi]] [[Category:Sekaka sa Kalahari]] [[Category:Mafelo a a babaletsweng a a simolotsweng ka ngwagw wa 1931]] 1yo1kz9fkqs5k8me7150tx73x577gs6 0 3445 53267 49087 2026-07-26T11:52:19Z MmaBaggio 11091 53267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox pageant titleholder | name=Mpule Kwelagobe | photo= [[File:Mpule Kwelagobe.jpg|200px]] | title=Miss Botswana 1997<BR>[[Miss Universe Botswana|Miss Universe Botswana 1999]]<BR>[[Miss Universe 1999]] | nationalcompetition=Miss Botswana 1997<BR>(Winner)<BR>[[Miss World 1997]]<br>[[Miss Universe Botswana|Miss Universe Botswana 1999]]<BR>(Winner)<BR>[[Miss Universe 1999]]<BR>(Winner) | birth_name= Mpule Keneilwe Kwelagobe | birth_date= {{Birth date and age|1979|11|14}} | height=1.80(5'10") | eye_color=[[Brown eyes|Brown]] | hair_color=Black }} '''Mpule Keneilwe Kwelagobe''' (o tshotswe ka Ngwanatseele a le lesome le bone ka1979) ke mmeeletsi wa [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|Motswana]], mosadi wa kgwebo, mmabontle, le mmabontle yo o neng a rwesiwa korone ya [[Mmalobopo ka 1999]]. E ne e le mosadi wa ntlha wa montsho wa Moaforika go fenya nngwe ya dikgaisano tsa bontle tsa boditšhabatšhaba tsa Big Four, mosadi wa ntlha go tswa kwa Botswana go fenya lekgetlho la ntlha go tswa mo lefatsheng la bone la ntlha go tswa mo dikgaisanong tsa bone tsa bontle. Kwelagobe o kile a rwesiwa korone ya [[Mma Botswana wa 1997]] le wa [[Mmalobopo wa Botswana wa 1999]], mme a gaisana mo go tsa [[Mma Lefatshe wa 1997]]. Kwelagobe o amogetswe jaaka molwela ditshwanelo tsa botsogo jwa batho, bogolo jang ka ntwa ya gagwe kgatlhanong le [[HIV/AIDS]] le go buelela gore banana le bomme ba nne le phitlhelelo e kgolo ya thuto le ditirelo tsa tsholo le thobalano. Ke mothei-mmogo wa QuesS Capital LLC, e leng feme ya tekatekano e e ikemetseng e e nang le dipeeletso mo [[ditirelong tsa matlole]], [[maatla a a ntšhwafadiwang]] le temothuo mo Aforika le Asia Borwa. == Botshelo jwa pele le thuto == Kwelagobe o tshotswe ka Ngwanatsele a le lesome le bone ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le borobabongwe kwa [[Gaborone]].<ref name=":1">[https://www.unfpa.org/press/miss-universe-mpule-kwelagobe-appointed-unfpa-goodwill-ambassador-botswana "Miss Universe, Mpule Kwelagobe, Appointed UNFPA Goodwill Ambassador for Botswana"]. ''www.unfpa.org''. Retrieved 12 Phalane 2025.</ref> O tswa mo morafeng wa [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|Batswana]], mme puo ya gagwe ya gae ke [[Setswana]]. Kwelagobe o tsene [[sekolo se segolwane sa Lobatse]] kwa [[Lobatse]], le kwa [[Yunibesithing ya Columbia]] kwa [[New York City]], a aloga ka dikirii ya itsholelo ya sepolotiki ya boditšhabatšhaba.<ref name=":2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210524092511/https://nexteinstein.org/ourboard/ms-mpule-kwelagobe/ "Ms Mpule Kwelagobe – African Institute for Mathematical Sciences"]. ''nexteinstein.org''. Retrieved 12 Phalane 2025.</ref> O simolotse dithuto tsa gagwe kwa Columbia ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bobedi , dingwaga di le pedi morago ga go fetsa puso ya gagwe jaaka Mma Lobopo.<ref name=":3">[https://web.archive.org/web/20230723175947/https://nexteinstein.org/ourboard/ms-mpule-kwelagobe/ "Ms Mpule Kwelagobe"]. AIMS. Retrieved 12 Phalane 2025.</ref> == Tiro == === Mmabontle === Kwelagobe o simolotse tiro ya gagwe ya go dira ditshwantsho le go gata mmabontle a sa ntse a le mo dingwageng tsa bonana. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bosupa, o ne a tsena mo dikgaisanong tsa [[Mma Botswana wa 1997]] a santse a le moithuti wa sekole se segolwane. O nnile mosadi yo mmotlana go gaisa botlhe go fenya Mma Botswana, a le dingwaga di le lesome le bosupa fela. Jaaka Mma Botswana, Kwelagobe o ne a emela Botswana kwa [[Mma Lefatshe wa 1997]] kwa [[Mahé, Seychelles]], kwa a neng a seke a bona maemo.<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210524122033/https://afrotourism.com/travelogue/city-icon-mpule-keneilwe-kwelagobe-miss-universe-1999/ "City Icon: Mpule Keneilwe Kwelagobe (Miss Universe 1999)"]. ''Afro Tourism''. 2015-07-16. Archived from [https://afrotourism.com/travelogue/city-icon-mpule-keneilwe-kwelagobe-miss-universe-1999/ the original] on 2021-05-24. Retrieved 12 Phalane 2025.</ref> Kwelagobe o ne a boela kwa dikgaisanong dingwaga di le pedi moragonyana, a rwesiwa korone ya [[Mma Lobopo wa Botswana wa 1999]], mme a nna ene wa ntlha go tshwara sekgele seo.<ref name=":0" /> Morago ga moo o ne a nna mosadi wa ntlha go emela Botswana mo kgaisanong ya [[Mma Lobopo]], a gaisana mo [[Mma Lobopo ka 1999]] kwa [[Chaguaramas, kwa Trinidad le Tobago]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://www.webmd.com/mpule-kwelagobe "Mpule Kwelagobe"]. ''WebMD''. Retrieved 12 Phalane 2025.</ref><ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/353957.stm "BBC News | ENTERTAINMENT | Miss Botswana takes the crown"]. ''news.bbc.co.uk''. Retrieved 12 Phalane 2025.</ref> Kwelagobe o ne a tswelela go ya kwa maemong a a kwa godimo a le lesome, morago ga moo a ya kwa maemong a ntlha a matlhano, mme kwa bofelong a itsisiwe e le mofenyi wa kgaisano, a eteletse pele wa ntlha [[Miriam Quiambao]] wa Philippines le wa bobedi Diana Nogueira wa Spain. Ka phenyo ya gagwe, Kwelagobe o ne a nna mosadi wa bone wa montsho go fenya Mma Lobopo, Moaforika wa ntlha wa montsho go fenya epe ya dikgaisano tsa bontle tsa boditšhabatšhaba tsa Big Four, le mosadi wa ntlha go tswa kwa Botswana go fenya sekgele se segolo sa boditšhabatšhaba.<ref name=":4">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210524090311/https://www.declaration-of-abu-dhabi.org/mpule-kwelagobe/ "The Declaration of Abu Dhabi | Mpule Kwelagobe"]. Retrieved 12 Phalane 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2019-12-10-black-african-women-who-won-miss-universe-before-zozibini-tunzi/ "Black African women who won Miss Universe before Zozibini Tunzi"]. ''TimesLIVE''. Retrieved 12 Phalane 2025.</ref> === Morago ga dikgaisano tsa mmabontle === Fa a sena go fetsa puso ya gagwe jaaka Mma Lobopo, Kwelagobe o ne a ikwadisa kwa [[Yunibesithing ya Columbia]] mme a aloga ka dikirii ya [[itsholelo ya boditšhabatšhaba ya sepolotiki]]. Ka ngwaga wa 2000, o ne a tlhophiwa go nna moemedi ke ba United Nations, a itebagantse le banana gape le bolwetse jwa [[HIV/AIDS]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> Mo go tse dingwe. O kile a buisa phuthego ya lefatshe la United States (ntlo ya lefatshe la United States ya baemedi ba komiti ya ditirelo tsa baboloki ba madi gape le ditlogamano. Mpule o ne a rurifatsa mo ditengmorago tsa botsalano le batho ba ba lwang le bolwetse jwa AIDS mo Aforika gape a kanela molaokakanyetso o o supang ditlhwatlhwa tsa dituelo go simolodisa mokgatlho wa [[World Bank]] AIDS prevention fund.<ref>[http://www.womenspolicy.org/source/hivaids-subject-of-banking-committee-hearing/ "HIV/AIDS Subject of Banking Committee Hearing - Women's Congressional Policy Institute"]. ''womenspolicy.org''. Retrieved 12 Phalane 2025.</ref> Gape o kile a buisa: *Bokopano jwa bone jwa United Nations jwa banana lefatshe ka bophara (Dakar, Senegal), *Khuduthamaga ya United Nations (New York, USA), *Bokopano jwa mafatshe otlhe ka bophara jwa tiriso sentle ya ditlhabololo (Johannesburg, South Africa), *Bokopano jwa boraro jwa United Nations jwa mafatshe a a kwa tlase (Brussels, Belgium) *AIDS panel ka nako ya Kokoano ya Bantsho ya Congress ka taletso ya Congresswoman Barbara Lee. Ka Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa 2000, Kwelagobe o ne a simolodisa ''MPULE Foundation'' mme a tswelela ka go etela lefatshe la gagwe (Botswana) go rotloetsa phetogo ya maitsholo mo bananeng. Leeto le ne le ikaeletse go thibela go anama ga HIV/AIDS, fa gape le buelela phitlhelelo ya ditshwanelo tsa thobalano le tsholo tsa basadi le basha.<ref name=":0" /> Ka 2001, Kwelagobe o ne a amogela Sekgele sa Ditshwanelo tsa Batho sa Boitekanelo sa Jonathan Mann ke Mokgatlho wa Boditšhabatšhaba wa Dingaka tsa Tlhokomelo ya AIDS (IAPAC).<ref>[https://www.unfpa.org/news/unfpa-goodwill-ambassador-wins-jonathan-mann-award-aids-work?page=8 "UNFPA Goodwill Ambassador Wins Jonathan Mann Award for AIDS Work"]. ''United Nations Population Fund''. 19 November 2001. Retrieved 12 Phalane 2025.</ref> Ka 2003, o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Moeteledipele wa Lefatshe Lotlhe wa Ka moso (GLT) ke [[Foramo ya Itsholelo ya Lefatshe Lotlhe]], mme ka 2006, o ne a tlhophiwa ke one mokgatlho oo jaaka [[Moeteledipele wa Lefatshe Lotlhe yo Mosha]] (YGL).<ref>[https://www.unfpa.org/press/world-economic-forum-selects-unfpa-goodwill-ambassador-global-leader-tomorrow "World Economic Forum Selects UNFPA Goodwill Ambassador as a Global Leader for Tomorrow"]. ''www.unfpa.org''. Retrieved 12 Phalane 2025.</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210524091403/https://yourbotswana.com/2017/05/28/celebrating-18-years-since-botswanas-mpule-kwelagobe-won-miss-universe/ "Celebrating 18 years since Botswana's Mpule Kwelagobe won Miss Universe – YourBotswana"]. Retrieved 12 Phalane 2025.</ref><ref name=":2" /> Ka 2011, Kwelagobe o ne a tlhoma Setheo sa MPULE Institute for Endogenous Development, e leng setheo sa go buelela batho ba ba kwa New York City. Setheo seno se leka ka natla go tshegetsa melao ya setšhaba mme ke setheo se se akanyang ka maiteko a a tala, tlhabololo e e tswelelang pele mo temothuong, tekatekano ya bong, le nonotsho ya basadi le basha.<ref name=":5" /> Ka ngwaga wa 2015, Kwelagobe o ne a saena lekwalo le le bulegileng le [[Letsholo la ONE]] le le ntseng le kokoanya ya ditshaeno mo go lone; lekwalo le ne le lebisitswe kwa go [[Angela Merkel]] le [[Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma]], a ba rotloetsa go tlhoma mogopolo mo basading jaaka ba dira jaaka tlhogo ya G7 kwa Jeremane le [[Kopano ya Aforika]] kwa [[Aforika Borwa]] ka go latelana.<ref>Tracy McVeigh (7 March 2015). [https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/mar/07/povert-sexist-letter-women-equality-gaga-sandberg-beyonce "Poverty is sexist: leading women sign up for global equality | Life and style"]. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 12 Phalane 2025.</ref> Kwelagobe o nna mo botong ya [[Setheo sa Aforika ya Maranyane a Dipalo]], e leng mafaratlhatlha a Aforika yotlhe a Ditlhopha tsa Botswerere mo maranyaneng a dipalo tse di tlhomilweng ke mofenyi wa [[Sekgele sa TED]] wa 2008 le ramaranyane wa physics ya dipalo, Moporofesara [[Neil Turok]].<ref name=":3" /> ==Dietsele tse dingwe== Mpule Kwelagobe o ne a fiwa tlotla ya Jonathan Mann Health Human Rights ke ba lekgotla la International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care (IAPAC). O ne a gape a fiwa tlotla ya e ngwe fa thoko ya go nna moeteledipele wa European Commission HIV programme, Lieve Fransen, gape le William Clintonya o kileng a bo e le tautona . Ka ngwaga wa 2003, o ne a tlhophiwa gape e le moeteledipele wa lefatshe ka bophara wa kamoso(GLT) ke ba World Economic Forum, a kopana le ba le makgolo a matlhano ba ba ikemetseng go tsweng mo dikgwebong, dipolotiki, ba kgaso, gape le ba botaki le maranyane, ba akaretsa Bill Gates, British Prime Minister Tony Blair, Michael Dellgape le Bono,yo o saleng a tlhophilwe ka nako ya fa mokgatlho o simolodisiwa ka ngwaga wa 1993.<br>Ka ngwaga 2006, o ne gape a tlhophiwa ke ba World Economic Forum jaaka monana yo o eteletseng lebopo lotlhe (YGL). Kgotla ya baeteledipel ba banana ba lefatshe lotlhe e simolotswe mo bosheng e pharologanyo, lofatsa la batho ba ba ntsi lwa lefatshe le le pharologanyo la baeteledipele ba ba dingwaga tse di masome a mane kgotsa ba le kwa tlase ga dingwaga tse gape ba iketleeditse go dirisa nako le maatla a bone mo go ageng bokamoso jo bo rileng.<br>Mpule gompieno o nale setlankana sa boemo jo bo kwa godimo sa dithuto tsa maranyane a dipolotiki (dipolotiki tsa itsholelo ya mafatsheftshe) go tsweng kwa mmadikolo wa Columbia mo toropokgolo New York. == Dikgoge tsa kwa ntle== {{Commonscat|Mpule Kwelagobe}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20131030025805/http://www.unfpa.org/ambassadors/mpule.htm Mpule Kwelagobe], UNFPA Goodwill Ambassador *[https://web.archive.org/web/20081219174224/http://www.younggloballeaders.org/ Banana ba bateledipele ba lobopo ] {{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] --> | NAME =Kwelagobe, Mpule | ALTERNATIVE NAMES = | SHORT DESCRIPTION = | DATE OF BIRTH =1979-11-14 | PLACE OF BIRTH = | DATE OF DEATH = | PLACE OF DEATH = }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kwelagobe, Mpule}} [[Karolo:Batho ba ba tshelang]] hcenyk2566ithbfthuo2csnie1mtc7t 0 4251 53259 48810 2026-07-26T08:45:24Z Lucrucia98 12161 53259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Gomolemo Motswaledi | office1 = [[Tautona]] wa [[Botswana Movement for Democracy]] | term_start1 = 29 April 2011 | term_end1 = 30 July 2014 | successor1 = Ndaba Gaolathe | office2 = [[Mokwaledi]] wa [[Umbrella for Democratic Change]] | term_start2 = 2013 | term_end2 = 2014 | successor2 = Ndaba Gaolathe | office3 = Mokwaledi wa [[Botswana Democratic Party]] | term_start3 = July 2009 | term_end3 = August 2009 | predecessor3 = Jacob Nkate | successor3 = Thato Kwerepe | office4 = Modula setilo wa [[Botswana Democratic Party]] Youth Wing | term_start4 = 2000 | term_end4 = 2004 | predecessor4 = Lesang Magang | successor4 = Kefentse Mzwinila | footnotes = | signature = | signature_alt = | party = [[Botswana Movement for Democracy]] | birth_date = 19 June 1970 | birth_place = Mahalapye | death_date = {{Death date and age|2014|07|30|1970|06|19}} | resting_place = Serowe | nationality = [[Botswana|Motswana]] | spouse = | relations = | children = | parents = | residence = | alma_mater = [[University of Botswana]] | profession = [[Politician]] [[Music composer]] | website = | term_start = | term_end = |image=Gomolemo Motswaledi.png}} '''Gomolemo Thatayaone Motswaledi''' (1970-2014) e ne e le mopolotiki wa [[Botswana]] le modiri wa mmino yo o le mongwe wa batlhami ba [[Botswana Movement for Democracy]] ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome . Gomolemo Motswaledi gape ke motlhami wa [[Umbrella for Democratic Change]] gape o dirile e le mokwaledi wa yone wa ntlha go fitha ka leso la gagwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedile lesome le bone.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Gomolemo Motswaledi passes on |work=Botswana Daily News |agency=Radio Botswana |date=30 July 2014 |url=http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/news-details.php?nid=13332 |accessdate=30 July 2014 |archivedate=23 September 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923212614/http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/news-details.php?nid=13332 }}</ref> Motswaledi o simolotse tiro ya gagwe ya sepolotiki kwa [[Botswana Democratic Party]] a na le seabe se segolo mo go tlhomeng setheo sa lekoko se se itsegeng ka leina la GS-26 fa a ne a le moithuti kwa yunibesithing ya Botswana. Moragonyana o ne a direla mo komiting potlana ya BDP pele ga a tlhophiwa go nna Modulasetulo wa khuduthamaga ya Basha ya Bosetšhaba fa gare ga ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bone. O ne a tlhophiwa go nna mokwaledi-mogolo wa lekoko ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe mme o ne a tlosiwa mo maemong ao ka bonako fela morago ga go emisiwa malatsi a le masome marataro mme kwa bofelong dingwaga di le tlhano ke tautona [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]] ka nako ya fa dintwa tsa ditlhopha tsa makoko di ne di le kwa godimo. == Ka ga gagwe == Motswaledi o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le boferabongwe ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa kwa [[Mahalapye]], Botswana. O godiseditswe le go tsena sekolo kwa [[Serowe]]. O dirile Tirelo ya gagwe ya Bosetšhaba (Tirelo Sechaba) kwa [[Shakawe]], mme a amogela digerata ya [[Bachelor ya Maranyane]] mo thutong ya Sociology le Ditso kwa Y[[Mmadikolo wa Botswana|unibesithing ya Botswana]]. Motswaledi o tlhokafetse mo kotsing ya koloi ka kgwedi ya Phukwi a le masome mararo ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone .<ref>[http://www.bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-africa-byo-51431.html "President Khama election rival killed in car accident"]. Bulawayo24 News. 30 July 2014. Retrieved 20 Phalane 2025.</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>[http://www.bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-africa-byo-51601.html "Gomolemo Motswaledi killed?"]. ''Bulawayo24''. Bulabayo24. 3 August 2014. Retrieved 20 Phalane 2025.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140808072823/http://www.botswanaguardian.co.bw/news/971-was-motswaledi-killed.html "Was Gomolemo Motswaledi killed?"]. ''Botswana Guardian''. Botswana Guardian. 3 August 2014. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 20 Phalane 2025.</ref> == Tiro ya sepolotiki == * Ngwaga wa ntlha kwa [[Mmadikolo wa Botswana|Yunibesithing ya Botswana]] o ne a tsenelela lekala la baithuti ba Yunibesithi la [[Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP), la GS26 e le [[Ramatlotlo]] mme morago a nna modulasetilo wa lone * Tautona wa lekgotla la banana la [[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] * O tsene mo Lephateng la Badiri le Merero ya Selegae jaaka Motsamaisi wa Setso * O ne a tsenelela [[Mmadikolo wa Botswana|Yunibesithi ya Botswana]] e le motsamaisi go fitlha a tlhokafala * Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe o ne a nna [[Mokwaledi Mogolo]] wa Komitikgolo ya [[Botswana Democratic Party]] * Ka kgwedi ya Phatwe ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe o ne a isa [[Tautona wa Botswana|Tautona]] kwa kgotlatshekelo mme a latlhegelwa ke ditshenyegelo * [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]], Tautona wa nako eo wa [[Botswana Democratic Party]] o ne a mo kgaola mo phathing ya [[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]] dingwaga di le tlhano mme a gogela morago bontlhopheng jwa gagwe jwa bopalamente jwa [[Gaborone]] legare * Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesomebaeteledipele ba BDP ba ne ba leka go mo tswalela mo kgolegelong ya selegae mme Batswana ba mo pholosa ka go duela sekoloto sa gagwe * Kakgwedi ya Mopitlo ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome -Lekoko la BDP la Barata Phati le kopane kwa Mogoditshane mme ba dumalana go tswa mo lekokong * Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le boferabongwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome Lekoko le le kgaoganeng la BDP la [[Botswana Movement for Democracy]] le simolodisitswe semmuso * Motswaledi o ne a nna Mothusa Modulasetilo wa nakwana wa BMD mme morago a nna Modulasetilo wa nakwana * O tlhophilwe go nna Tautona wa ntlha wa BMD * Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi go ne ga tlhamiwa Umbrella for Democratic Change (UDC) mme o ne a nna Mokwaledi mogolo wa ntlha wa yone * Ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone, kgwedi ya Phukwi a le masome mabedi-Kokoano ya ntlha ya Serowe UDC e mo tlhophile go nna mothusa tautona * Phukwi a le masome mararo ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone o ne a tlhokafala mo kotsing ya koloi<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140810063943/http://www.thevoicebw.com/2010/12/24/%E2%80%98behind-a-successful-man-there-is-a-woman%E2%80%99/ "Behind a successful man there is a woman"]. The Voice. 24 December 2010. Archived from the [http://www.thevoicebw.com/2010/12/24/%E2%80%98behind-a-successful-man-there-is-a-woman%E2%80%99/ original] on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 20 Phalane 2025.</ref> == Phitlho == Gomolemo Motswaledi o fitlhilwe ka Labotlhano, kgwedi ya Phatwe e tlhola malatsi a robabobedi ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone, kwa motseng wa gaabo wa [[Serowe]]. ==Metswedi== {{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Ditsalo tsa 1970]] [[Karolo:Dintsho tsa 2014]] [[Karolo:Batho ba ba tswang Central District]] [[Karolo:Dintsho tsa dikotsi tsa tsela mo Botswana]] [[Karolo:Mapolotiki a Botswana Democratic Party]] o1jowh020v6kfe8mtizodmat8tu47yk 0 5063 53251 42486 2026-07-25T23:15:53Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53251 wikitext text/x-wiki Di-instithushene tsa '''technical and further education''' or '''TAFE''' (/ˈteɪf/) kwa Australia di abelana ka dirutwa tse di anameng segolo thata tsa borutatiro (vocational), go ntsi dirutwa tse di khwalifaya ka fa tlase ga National Training System/Australian Qualifications Framework/Australian Quality Training Framework. Mafapha a akarediwang a akaretsa tsa kgwebo (business), moruo (finance), hospitality, bojanala (tourism), dikago (construction), bo-enjinere (engineering), botshwantshisi jwa ponalo (visual arts), thelenolji ya kitso (information technology) le tsa tirelo setshaba (community work). Di-instithushene ts TAFE ka bo bosi (go le gontsi di na le dikhampase di le mmalwa) tseo di itsagaleng jaaka dikholetshe kgots di-instithuti, go ya ka lefatshe kgotsa naga-lefelo la yone. Dikholetshe tsa TAFE di owned, dirisiwa gape le go duelelwa ke mebuso ya mehutahuta ya lefatshe le naga-lefelo (state and territory). Se se farologane le lefapha la yunibesithi, leo tuelelo ya lona e leng segolo se tonna the domain ya mmuso wa (federal government) mme beng ba diyunibesithi tse segolo se tonna ke mebuso ya naga-lefatshe. == Dikhwalifikheishene tse di abiwang ke dikholetshe tsa TAFE == Dikholetshe tsa T.A.F.E di aba dikhwalifikheishene tsa Australian Qualifications Framework (AQF) tse di netefaditsweng ke lefapha la Vocational Education and Training (VET) tse di tsamaelenang le dikhwalifikheishene tsa Certificate I, Certificate II, Certificate III, Certificate IV, Diploma, Advanced Diploma, Graduate Certificate le Graduate Diploma.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aqf.edu.au/register/about/|title=About the AQF Register|publisher=|accessdate=17 July 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704223551/http://www.aqf.edu.au/register/about/|archivedate=4 July 2015}}</ref> Mo mabakeng a le mantsi dithuto tsa TAFE di ka dirisiwa jaaka partial credit go isa go thulaganyo ya yunibesithi ya leemo la dikerii ya bachelor. Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2002 lefapha la thuto la TAFE le kgonne go abelana ka dikerii ya bachelor le ka dithutiso tsa post-graduate diploma go tlatsa sekgala, segolo thata sa thutotiro tse di itebantseng le di -area tsa thuto ya tiro e e rileng. Go tloga ka letlha la Seetebosigo 2009 dikholetshe tsa TAFE tse 10 (bontsing tse di kwa New South Wales,<ref>"TAFE NSW Higher Education",https://web.archive.org/web/20150713065325/http://www.highered.tafensw.edu.au/, TAFE NSW Higher Education Website</ref> Victoria, mme gape le kwa Western Australia, ACT, le kwa Queensland) jaanong jaana di abelana ka difoka tsa bona tsa leemo la dikerii le tsa dipoloma tsa post graduate, le fa tshimologong ba sa ye go feta leemo la dikerii ya bachelor. Le fa go le jalo, Melbourne Polytechnic e akhreditilwe ka ngwaga wa 2015 go ka fa dithutiso tse pedi tsa dikerii tsa master's.<ref name="annualreport2014p22">Melbourne Polytechnic Annual Report pp22</ref> Go tshwana jalo, diyunibesithi tse dingwe , sekao, Charles Darwin University le Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, di abelana ka dithutisi tsa thuto-tiro (e se seng e leng boagelo ba TAFE); tseo di duelelwang ke puso-selegae le mmuso wa sedikadikwe. Dikolo dingwe tse dikgolo le tsona di abelana ka dithutiso tse di tlhagisitsweng e bile diakhreditilwe ke TAFE.<ref name="theage2002">''[http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/07/24/1027332400427.html TAFE gears up to offer degrees]'' By Rebecca Scott, [[The Age]] 24 July 2002. Accessed 3 August 2008</ref><ref name="highered_in_tafe">Leesa Wheelahan, Gavin Moodie, [[Stephen Billett]] and Ann Kelly, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130515174100/http://www.ncver.edu.au/publications/2167.html Higher education in TAFE]'', Research report published by National Centre for Vocational Education Research (NCVER), 3 September 2009. Accessed 24 September 2009</ref> Baithuti ba ba ikwadisetsang dithutisi tsa dikerii tsa kalogo-tlase kwa TAFE ba tshwnetse go duelela dituelo tsa dithutiso ka botlalo ebile ga ba letlelelwa dituelelo-kadimo tsa baithuti tsa Commonwealth Government supported student fee loans, tse di itsegeng e le dituelelo-kadimo jaaka HECS, e fela ba ka fitlhelela sekema sa kadimo ya Tuelo-Thuso but (FEE-HELP).<ref>See Department of Education, Employment, and Workplace Relations, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20100202084140/http://www.goingtouni.gov.au/Main/FeesLoansAndScholarships/Undergraduate/FullFeesAndFEE-HELP/FullFeesAndFeeHELP.htm Full Fees and FEE-HELP] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100202084140/http://www.goingtouni.gov.au/Main/FeesLoansAndScholarships/Undergraduate/FullFeesAndFEE-HELP/FullFeesAndFeeHELP.htm|date=2 February 2010}}'', goingtouni.gov.au website. Accessed 19 September 2011</ref> Le fa diyunibesithi di na le tshono le matla go aga/bopa le go abelana ka dithutiso tsa dikerii tsa tsona, nngwe le nngwe ya dithutiso tsa dikerii tsa TAFE di tshwanetswe tsa tlhatlhobiwa le go letlelelwa ke Higher Education Accreditation Committee (HEAC).<ref name="theage2002"/> Di TAFE mo mafelelong a mangwe di ka ruta dikhwalifikheisene tsa dikolo-kgolwane, jaaka tsa VCE, Victorian Certificate of Applied Learning, le Higher School Certificate. Diyunibesithi tse dingwe, sekao, Charles Darwin University le Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, di abelana ka dithutiso tsa TAFE; tseo di duelelwang ke mebuso ya selegae le ya sediko. Dikolo dingwe tse kgolo le tsona di ruta dithutiso tse tsweleditsweng le go akhreditiwa ke di TAFEs. Di-instithushene dingwe tsa poraebete le tsona di abelana ka dithutiso tse do tswang go di-TAFE, le fa go le jalo ka setlwaedi do abelana ka dithutiso tse dingwe tsa vocational education and training. Bontsi ba Ma-Australia ba kaya dithutiso tsotlhe tse di kwa tlase-ga-dikerii jaaka dithutiso tsa "TAFE", go sa re sepe gore ke di=instithushene dife tse tlhodileng kgotsa di rutang dithutiso tseo. Pele ga mengwaga ya bo-1990s, Di-TAFE di ne di atametse go nnamonopoly mo sekthatareng e. Dithutiso tsa TAFE di naya baithuti phatlha/tshono ya makwalo-tshupo a dikhwalifikheishene tse, setifikheati, dipoloma, le dipoloma e e tsweletseng mo dibakeng tse di bophara. == Dikholetshe tsa TAFE ka naga/tikologo == Go le gontsi, dikhamphase tsa TAFE di tlhaotswe ka di-instithushene tsa TAFE go ya ke methaladi ya seleago. Bontsi ba di-TAFE bo filwe karolo e e itsagaleng ya sediko ya naga moo ba dirang bongbosi go akaretsa dirutwa di le dintsi. Di-TAFE di le mmalwa di-speshalisa ka kgaolo e le nngwe ya thuto. Ka gale tse di bonwa kgaufi le bogare ba metsesetoropo, mme di direla ka bogotlhe naga kgotsa sediko. Sekao, Trade and Technician Skills Institute kwa Brisbane, (go tloga ka di 1 tsa kgwedi ya Phukwe 2006), e speshalisa ka dirutwa tsa automotive, building le construction, manufacturing le engineering, le electrical/electronic go baithuti ba mo Queensland yotlhelele. Kgotsa William Angliss Institute of TAFE kwa Melbourne e e speshalisang ka dithutiso tsa dijo, theleso le bojanala go ba mo Victoria. === Nagakgolo ya Australia === Mo nagakgolo ya Australia [Australian Capital Territory] the di akaretsa: * Canberra Institute of Technology === New South Wales === Go na le intitshiti di le lesome tsa TAFE NSW kwa NSW tse di akaretsang: * Hunter Institute * Illawarra Institute * New England Institute * North Coast Institute * Northern Sydney Institute * Riverina Institute * South Western Sydney Institute * Sydney Institute * Western Institute * Western Sydney Institute, go akaretsa OTEN === Northern Territory === Kwa Northern Territory tse di akaretsa: * Charles Darwin University * Batchelor Institute of Indigenous Tertiary Education === Queensland === Kwa Queensland, ''TAFE Queensland'' di akaretsa: Go tloga ka kgwedi yaMotsheganong 2014, di-instithushene tsa TAFE ditlhakantshitswe go didiko tsa bogare ba TAFE Queensland (parent body)di le tshelela. Didiko tsa ''TAFE Queensland'' ke:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tafeqld.edu.au/|title=TAFE Queensland|accessdate=2014-04-26}}</ref> * Brisbane (peleng Brisbane North Institute ya TAFE, Metropolitan South Institute ya TAFE le Southbank Institute ya Technology) * Gold Coast (fpeleng Gold Coast Institute ya TAFE) * East Coast (peleng Sunshine Coast Institute ya TAFE le Wide Bay Institute ya TAFE) * South West (peleng Bremer Institute ya TAFE le Southern Queensland Institute ya TAFE) * North (peleng Barrier Reef Institute ya TAFE, Mount Isa Institute ya TAFE le Tropical North Queensland TAFE) * SkillsTech (formerly SkillsTech Australia) === Australia Borwa === Kwa South Australia: * TAFE SA Kwa Tasmania, go na le mebuso e mebedi ya makgotla a TAFE: * TAFE Tasmania e akaretsa: ** Institute of TAFE Tasmania (general)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tafe.tas.edu.au/institute/campuses.htm|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2005-11-20|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060105202941/http://www.tafe.tas.edu.au/institute/campuses.htm|archivedate=5 January 2006}}</ref> ** Drysdale Institute (tsa bojanala le hospitality)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tafe.tas.edu.au/TAFEAPP.ASP?WCI=SigList&id=11|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2005-11-20|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051024154833/http://www.tafe.tas.edu.au/TAFEAPP.ASP?WCI=SigList&id=11|archivedate=24 October 2005}}</ref> * Australian Maritime College TAFE (maritime studies) === Victoria === Kwa Victoria tse di akaretsa: * Bendigo Regional Institute of TAFE (Local: Bendigo-Echuca) * Box Hill Institute of TAFE (Local: Eastern Melbourne, Specialist: Short courses) * Chisholm Institute (Local: South East Melbourne) * East Gippsland Institute of TAFE (Local: East Gippsland) * Central Gippsland Institute of TAFE (Local: West and South Gippsland, Specialist: High-voltage electrical) * Gordon Institute of TAFE (Local: Geelong) * Goulburn Ovens Institute of TAFE (Local: North East Victoria) * Holmesglen Institute of TAFE (Local: Eastern Melbourne) * Kangan Institute (Local: North West Melbourne, Specialist: Automotive, Fashion) * Melbourne Polytechnic (Local: Northern and inner East Melbourne, Specialist: Equine, Aquaculture, Agriculture, Viticulture, Music) * RMIT University (Specialist: Various) * South West Institute of TAFE (Local: Western District) * Sunraysia Institute of TAFE (Local: North West Victoria) * Swinburne University of Technology (Local: Eastern Melbourne) * University of Ballarat (Local: Ballarat-Wimmera) * Victoria University (Local: Western Melbourne) * William Angliss Institute of TAFE (Specialist: Hospitality) * Wodonga Institute of TAFE (Local: Wodonga, Specialist: Driving) * The University of Melbourne discontinued its TAFE arm (which specialised in agriculture and forestry) at the start of 2007. === Western Australia === [[File:Central_TAFE,_Perth,_Western_Australia.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|North Metropolitan TAFE Perth campus.]] Kwa Western Australia, tse di akaretsa: * North Metropolitan TAFE (Peleng Central Institute of Technology & West Coast Institute of Training)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.northmetrotafe.wa.edu.au/|title=North Metropolitan TAFE -|accessdate=14 December 2016}}</ref> * South Metropolitan TAFE (Peleng Challenger Institute of Technology & Polytechnic West)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.southmetrotafe.wa.edu.au/|title=South Metropolitan TAFE - More courses, more qualifications, more places to learn.|accessdate=14 December 2016}}</ref> * Central Regional TAFE (Peleng Durack Institute ya Technology, Goldfields Institute ya Technology & C. Y. O'Connor Institute)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.centralregionaltafe.wa.edu.au/|title=Central Regional TAFE -|accessdate=14 December 2016}}</ref> * South Regional TAFE (Peleng South West Institute of Technology & Great Southern Institute ya Technology)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.southregionaltafe.wa.edu.au/|title=South Regional TAFE -|accessdate=14 December 2016}}</ref> * North Regional TAFE (Pelelng Kimberley TAFE & Pilbara Institute)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.northregionaltafe.wa.edu.au/|title=North Regional TAFE -|accessdate=14 December 2016}}</ref> == Bona gape == * Education in Australia * Further education * Registered Training Organisations * TAFE Outreach * Vocational education * Category:TAFE == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} == Dipapadi tse dingwe == === State and territory TAFE websites === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051107234620/http://www.tafe.nsw.edu.au/ TAFE NSW] * [http://www.tafe.vic.gov.au TAFE Victoria] ** [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20060306062627/http://www.vtac.edu.au/pdf/guide/tafecourses.pdf Victorian TAFE Courses] [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20060306062627/http://www.vtac.edu.au/pdf/guide/tafecourses.pdf] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080819193316/http://ttsi.tafe.qld.gov.au/ TAFE QLD] ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20080819193316/http://ttsi.tafe.qld.gov.au/ Trade and Technician Skills Institute] * [http://www.tafesa.edu.au TAFE SA] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060819084128/http://www.tafe.wa.edu.au/ TAFE WA] ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20190524084833/http://wcit.wa.edu.au/ West Coast Institute of Training] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080317010352/http://www.tafe.tas.edu.au/ TAFE Tasmania] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100815030230/http://www.cit.act.edu.au/ Canberra Institute of Technology] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210321222536/http://www.globalcollege.edu.au/ International colleges in Australasia] * [http://worldacad.com/ Best courses and colleges in india] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190630053024/https://worldacad.com/list/short-term-courses/india Short term course list in india] === Victorian Association of TAFE Libraries === * [http://www.vatl.org.au/ VATL] === Vocational education and training (VET) === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050224091736/http://www.dest.gov.au/ Department of Education, Science and Training] (DEST) * [http://www.ncver.edu.au/ National Centre for Vocational Education Research] (NCVER) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190721005606/http://flexiblelearning.net.au/ Australian Flexible Learning Framework] (FLX) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051023055404/http://www.austafe.edu.au/ National Association of TAFE Managers] – (AUSTAFE Inc.) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160625072238/http://www.ntis.gov.au/ National Training Information Service] (NTIS – database of VET providers and qualifications) === Kaelo ya Career === * [http://www.myfuture.edu.au Australian Government myfuture portal: career guide] Registration required * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140908022239/http://www.trainingadvisor.com.au/AdviceCentre.aspx Training Advisor- Career & TAFE Course Advice] Free to Individuals & Businesses === Mafelo aTAFE a kopano === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080804142941/http://www.aeuvic.asn.au/campaigns/tafe_stop/ AEU Victoria – TAFE Teachers] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080922100614/http://www.ourtafesmatter.com.au/ Our TAFEs Matter – NTEU] {{DEFAULTSORT:Training And Further Education}} 7wkmp9ywfvhxnu3w8u1u80flecb026q 0 8616 53263 30368 2026-07-26T10:33:29Z Lucrucia98 12161 53263 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Moremi elephant.jpg|thumb|Tlou e kgabaganya tsela kwa lefelo la diphologolo la Moremi ]] Lefelo la Diphologolo la Moremi ke lefelo le le sireleditsweng mo [[Botswana]]. Le kwa botlhaba jwa noka ya [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango]]. Leina le lefelo le le le filweng ke la ga [[:en:Moremi_III|Kgosi Moremi]] wa baTawana. Moremi o ne a agilwe ka leano la gore e nne lefelo le go tla nnang diphologolo mo go lone, e seng lefelo la puso. Se se ne se raya gore [[Basarwa]] ba ba neng ba nna kwa go lone, ba ne ba letlelelwa go tswelela ba nna mo go lone. == Lefelo == [[Setshwantsho:Lioness in Moremi game reserve.JPG|thumb|Tau e namagadi kwa lefelong la diphologolo la Moremi Game Reserve]] [[Setshwantsho:Leopard stalking.JPG|thumb|Lengau le tsamaya mo bojannyeng]] Moremi Game Reserve e botona jwa di kilomithara di le dikete tse tlhano, e apesitse bontlha jo bogolo jwa botlhaba jwa noka ya Okavango, se se tlhakanya metsi a se nnela ruri a a foo le fa go omeletseng, mme se se supa pharologanyo e tona. Mafelo a a tumileng thata mo lefelong le ke Chiefs Island le Moremi Tongue.<ref>Alan Murphy, Kate Armstrong, Matthew D. Firestone, Mary Fitzpatrick, 2007</ref> Kwa Moremi Game Reserve motho o ka itemogela bontle jwa savannah game le go lebelela dinonyane mo lekadibeng. Go na gape le naga e e kitlaneng e go nnang mo go yone dintsa tsa naga le mangau. Kwa bokonebotlhaba go na le Chobe National Park e le leng mo molelwaneng wa Moremi Game Reserve. == Ditlhare le Diphologolo == Le ntswa Moremi Game Reserve e se lengwe la diparaka tse dikgolo, e kgatlhisa leitlho la bajanala ba tlhwatlhwa. Dilo tse di mo lefelong le di farologane, di akaretsa ditlhare tsa mophane, dikgwa tsa ditlhare tsa mokala, makadiba le matsha. Mefuta ya dinonyane e le makgolo a matlhano le diphologolo tse dingwe tsa naga jaaka ditau, mangau, ditlou, dinare, ditshukudu,dikubu,dipitse tsa naga, dithutlwa,dikgokong,matlotse,bophokoje,dikolobe tsa naga, le diphala di teng mo lefelong le. Lefelo la Moremi le itsege le nna dintsa tsa naga thata <ref>C. Michael Hogan. 2009</ref>mo bontsi jwa tsone bo neng jwa dirisiwa mo dipatlisisong go tswa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe;ka jalo bontsi jwa tsone bo apesitswe mabante mo thamong. == Ditso == Lefelo le le ne la tlhomiwa go nna reserve ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobgwe le masome a marataro le boraro, le biditswe jaaka Kgosi Moremi wa boraro wa morafe wa baTawana ba kgaolo ya [[:en:North-West_District_(Botswana)|Ngamiland.]] Motlholagadi wa ga kgosi Moremi e bong Elizabeth Pulane Moremi, o neng a eteletse pele lefelo le ka anko eo, o ne a tsaya kgato ya go babalela diphologolo tse di mo lefelong le ka o ne a tshwenyegile ka go tsoma mo go neng go fokotsa palo ya tsone.<ref name=":0">''[https://independent-travellers.com/botswana/moremi/ "The photographs of Moremi Game Reserve, October 2017"]''.Independent Travellers.independent-travellers.com.Retrieved March 9, 2018</ref> == Dipalamo == [[Setshwantsho:Okavangodelta Xakanaxa.jpg|thumb|Moremi Xakanaxa maemo a bosa a pula]] Lefelo leno le na le ditshono tse dintsi tsa go le bona o tsamaya ka maoto le ka mokoro - mokoro o o gabilweng o dirwa ka logong lwa ebony kgotsa logong lwa boroso mme o kgweediwa ke mokaedi wa gago. Le fa go ntse jalo, gompieno mekoro e le mentsi (bontsi jwa mokoro), e dirilwe ka fiberglass, ka jalo e thusa go boloka ditlhare tse dintle le tse di godileng tsa lefelo leo. Go bonwa diphologolo tsa naga thata go tloga ka kgwedi ya Phukwi go ya go Phalane , ka nako ya fa metsi a a leng teng ka paka e e rileng a kgala mme diphologolo tsa naga di bo di nna mo metsing a a nnang a le teng ka metlha. Go simolola ka kgwedi ya Phalane go fitlha dipula di na kwa bofelong jwa kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele kgotsa mo masimologong a Morule, go ka nna mogote thata. Dintshi tse di tshwaetsang malaria di aname mo Reserve yotlhe mme go akantshiwa thata gore baeti ba tshwanetse go nna kelotlhoko pele ga ba etela, ka nako ya fa ba etile le morago ga foo. Botswana e ile ya kgona go tlhabolola bojanala jwa yone kwantle ga gore e tlhoke madi a mantsi a dinaga tse dingwe tsa Afrika di a tlhokang. Leano la bojanala jwa tikologo le le nang le poelo e e kwa godimo, mme le na le ditlamorago tse di kwa tlase, le dirile gore bajanala ba kgone go bona Afrika e le mo maemong a yone a tlholego, a a sa senngwang le a a kgatlhang. Ka jalo, Reserve ka boyone e na le matlo a mannye fela a bonno, mme go na le mafelo a le manè fela a a beetsweng kwa thoko go ka thibelela mo go one (kwa South Gate, Third Bridge, Xakanaxa, le Khwai). Go na le mafelo a le mmalwa a bonno kwa ntle ga lefelo le, a bajanala ba one ba yang kwa go one letsatsi le letsatsi go ya go bona diphologolo. Go tsamaya fa gare ga di-lodge go dirwa ka sefofane se se motlhofo le ka dihelikopotara, ka gonne di-lodge di le dintsi di na le mafelo a tsone a go fofa. Ka jalo, o ka kgona go kopanya dikago di le mmalwa tsa bonno mo mafelong a a farologaneng. Go na le difofane tsa go lebelela metshameko ka dihelikopotara go tswa mo matlong a bonno a le mantsi.<ref>Helicopter Horizons</ref> == Ditsela == Ditsela tse di mo Moremi Game Reserve di fetoga thata go ikaegile ka dipaka le metsi a Letsha. Fa metsi a morwalela a le kwa godimo, ditsela dingwe di tlala metsi mme mafelo a a tletseng motlhaba a thata go tsamaya mo go one ka dikgwedi tse di mogote tsa selemo. Lefelo la Moremi Game Reserve ke serapa se se se nang dikotsi tse dintsi, se se rayang gore ga go na dikoloi tse dintsi le batho ba le bantsi mo lefelong leno. Seno se molemo thata fa o batla go bona diphologolo ka gonne gantsi o a bo o le nosi fa o di bona, mme gape go raya gore ga go motlhofo go bona thuso fa o le kgakala le ditsela tse dikgolo. Tlhomamisa gore o na le sedirisiwa se se lekaneng sa go iphalotsa mme o itse gore o ka se dirisa jang, mme o tla tlhoka sekgoge mo koloing ya gago fa o kgabaganya metsi. Fa o kgweetsa serori se se hirilweng, tlhatlhoba melao le melawana ya khampani e e go hirisang malebana le go kgweetsa mo metsing.<ref name=":0" /> == Go tsomiwa ga Diphologolo == Go tloga ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le borobabongwe, go tsoma ka dikgoka go oketsegile ka selekanyo se se tshosang mo lefelong leno. Mekgatlho e e rulagantsweng ya go tsoma ka bokukuntshwane e bolaile dinare di le masome a mane le borataro mo dikgweding di le lesome, e leng mo e ka nnang diperesente di le lesome tsa dinare di le makgolo a matlhano tsa Botswana. Badiredibagolo ba ne ba boifa gore mefuta eno e mebedi ya ditshukudu e ne e tla nyelela, ka gonne bontsi jwa ditshukudu tsa kwa Botswana di nna mo dipoeng tse di nang le bojang kwa bokone jwa Okavango Delta, kwa Moremi Game Reserve e leng gone. Go tsomiwa ga dinaka tsa ditshukudu ka bokukuntshwane go dirwa ke go batla dinaka tsa ditshukudu tse di sa kgaleng, tse di jang $60,000/kg.<ref>[https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/nearly-50-rhino-killed-in-botswana-in-10-months-as-poaching-surges-20200224 Nearly 50 rhino killed in Botswana in 10 months as poaching surges".] News24. AFP. 24 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.</ref> == Metswedi == nvape23ald2t7e58snyw1hxmrl6y40r 0 8623 53262 37889 2026-07-26T10:19:31Z Lucrucia98 12161 53262 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Cebras de Burchell (Equus quagga burchellii), vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 30.jpg|thumb|zebras]] [[Setshwantsho:Elefante africano de sabana (Loxodonta africana), vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 34.jpg|thumb|Tlou]] [[Setshwantsho:Sedudu Gate, Chobe National Park.jpg|thumb|Boroto ya Chobe National Park ]] Ditshedi tsa naga tsa lefatshe la [[Botswana]] di akaretsa diphologolo le dimela tsa lefatshe le. Sephatlho se sentsi sa lefatshe la Botswana se apesitswe ke ditlhare tse di phatlaletseng, go na le ditlhatshana kwa borwabophirima kwa mafelong a a omeletseng,go bo go nna le ditlhare le bojang mo mafelong a a emang metsi.<ref name=":1">Behnke,Alison (1 February 2009)''[https://books.google.com/books?id=csWh3znUrWcC&pg=PA14 ."Botswana in Pictures"].Twenty-First Century Books.p 14. ISBN 978-1-57505-953-2''.Retrieved 3 April 2011. etrieved R</ref> Le kwa go leng mogote jaaka kwa sekakeng sa [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari]], mefuta e farologaneng ya dimela e a tshela, lefatshe le le na le mefuta ya dimela e feta dikete tse pedi le makgolo a matlhano, le mefuta ya ditlhare e le makgolo a marataro le masome a matlhano.<ref name=":2">''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110313012401/http://www.kidcyber.com.au/topics/botswanflora.htm "Botswana:Plants"].''Kidcyber.com.Retrieved 3 April 2011.</ref> Dimela le maungo a naga le tsone di botlhokwa thata, e bile ke dijo, melemo le leokwane mo bathong ba ba tshelelang kwa sekakeng.<ref name=":3">Motlhanka, D.M.T., P. Motlhanka and T. Selebatso''[[."Edible Indigenous Wild Fruit Plants of Eastern Botswana"]] (PDF).Gaborone:'' Department of Basic Sciences, [[Botswana College of Agriculture]], [[International Journal of Poultry Science]]..Retrieved 3 April 2011.</ref> Go na le mafelo a le mararo a tshireletso dihphologolo tsa naga e le a puso, go bo go nna le a le supa a a ikemetseng. A puso ke [[Chobe National Park]], Nxai Pan le Makgadikgadi National Park le Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. A a supa a a ikemetseng ke Central Game Reserve, Gaborone Game Reserve, Khutse Game Reserve, Mannyelanong Game Reserve, Maun Game Reserve le Moremi Game Reserve. Fa godimo ga foo, mafelo a mangwe a mannye a teng.<ref>Main,Michael.(31 October 2001).''[https://books.google.com/books?id=rdugjOahrC4C&pg=PA206 "African adventurer's guide to Botswana"].Struik.PP 206–.ISBN 978-1-86872-576-2''.Retrieved 5 April 2011.</ref> == Popego == Sekaka sa Kalahari Desert, se se phuthulogileng mo molelwaneng wa bophirima se phuthulogetse mo mafatsheng a [[Aforika Borwa]], [[Namibia]] le Angola, se apesitse lefelo la masome a ferabobedi mo lekgolong la lefatshe la Botswana.<ref name=":0">''[http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/about/geographical_info.html "Geographical Info"].(2006).''Official website of the Botswana Tourism Organisation.Retrieved 4 April 2011.</ref> Le apesitswe ke ditlhatshana, ditlhare, bojang le dikgwa tse di mitlwa. Kwa ntle ga dithaba le mekgatsha e e phatlaletseng, dithotha tsa metlhaba tse di kwa borwa di na le mekgatsha e e tlalang metsi ka nako ya dipula, e e tshegetsang ditshedi ka dikotla le bojang jwa yone.<ref name=":0" /> == Mafelo a tlhokomelo ditshedi == === Chobe National Park === Chobe National Park e e dikaganyeditsweng ke mafelo a le mane a tikologo, e itsege ka go nna le diphologolo tse dintsi mo kgaolong ya [[Aferika|Aforika]]. E simolotse e le lefelo le le ikemetseng ka ngwaga wa 1960 mme ya nna lefelo le le mo tlhokomelong ya puso ka ngwaga wa 1967. Mokgatsha wa Chobe River o mo bokonebotlhaba jwa lefelo le, o na le dikgwa tse di kitlaneng le dipoa tse ditala. Marshland of Savuti e mo bophirima. Hinterlad e fa gare ga marshland of Savuti kwa bophirima le Linyati Swamps kwa bokonebophirima. [[Basarwa]] <ref>Barnard,Alan.(2007).''[[oclc:560526388|"Anthropology and the bushman"]].Berg.Oxford.ISBN 978-1-84788-330-8''. OCLC [https://www.worldcat.org/title/560526388 560526388.]</ref> ke bone batho ba ntlha go thibelela mo lefelong leo ebile e le batsomi. Lefelo le le na le ditlou tse dintsi go feta mafelo a mangwe mo Botswana. Mebele ya ditlou tsa lefelo le ke e metona go gaisa tse dingwe, mme dinaka tsa tsone di dikhutshwane di bo di robega motlhofo. Dingwe diphologolo tse di fitlhelwang fa kwa ntle ga ditau,bophokoje,diphiri,dintsa tsa naga le matlotse ke bo magogwe, dikgokong, ditholo,dinare le dikukama.<ref>''[http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/attractions/chobe_national_park.html "Chobe National Park"].(2006).''Official website of the Botswana Tourism Organisation.Retrieved 4 April 2011.</ref> Fa godimo ga foo mefuta ya dinonyane e feta makgolo a matlhano e kwadisitswe kwa lefelong leo.<ref>''[http://www.chobe.com/ "Chobe National Park"].(2016).''Chobe.com.Retrieved 10 July 2017.</ref> === Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park === Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park (KTP), ke lefelo la tlhokomelo diphologo le le fa gare ga Botswana le Aforika Borwa, ke lone lefelo lantlha go bewa kwa borwa jwa sekka sa Kalahari ka ngwaga wa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi kgwedi ya Motsheganong. Lefatshe la Botswana le tlhokomela bontlha jwa selekanyo sa 28,400 skm fa la Aforika Borwa le tlhokomela 9,600 skm. === Makgadikgadi and Nxai National Park === Lefelo la tlhokomelo diphologolo la Makgadikgadi le Nxai Park le apesitse 7500skm, le simolodisetswe ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa. Le tlwaelesegile ka gore dihologolo di bo di fudugela kwa go lone ka jalo se sa baka go kopanngwa ga mafelo a mabedi ao go nna lefelo le lengwe. Le na le melapo ya Ntwetwe,Makgadikgadi,Nxai,Baines'Baobabs le Kudiakam.<ref>''[http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/attractions/makgadikgadi_and_nxai_pan_nationalpark.html "Makgadikgadi and Nxai Pan National Park"].(2006)''.Official website of the Botswana Tourism Organisation.Retrieved 4 April 2011.</ref> === Moremi Game Reserve === Moremi Game Reserve e kwa botlhaba jwa letsha la Okavango, lefelo le le biditswe jaaka kgosi Moremi wa BaTawana. Lefelo le ke le le ikemetseng e seng le le mo tlhokomelong ya puso. Se se ne se raya goe Basarwa ba ba neng ba nna mo go lone ba letlelelwa go tswelela ba nna mo go lone. === Khutse Game Reserve === Lefelo la Khutse Game Reserve le simolotswe ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobgwe le masome a supa le bongwe, le apesitse 2500 skm wa lefelo la Bakwena. Ga le na metswedi ya metsi e mentsi, ka jalo ga le na diphologolo tse dintsi. Diphologolo tse di nnang mo go lone di ne di tshela ka bojang jo bo tlhogang mo mekgatsheng se sa ngoka dibatana.<ref>''[http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/attractions/khutse_game_reserve.html "Khutse Game Reserve"].(2006).''Official website of the Botswana Tourism Organisation.Retrieved 4 April 2011.</ref> === Central Kalahari Game Reserve === Central Kalahari Game Reserve, e e leng lefelo la bobedi le legolo thata mo Botswana le le akaretsang kgaolo ya disekwerekilometara di le 52 800 (20 400 sq mi), ke lefelo la dipoa tse di bulegileng, mafelo a letswai le dinoka. E na le dikgwa tse di kitlaneng tsa mopane kwa borwa le kwa botlhaba. Baagi ba koo ba ba sa bolong go nna koo go tloga bogologolo ba bidiwa Ba-Bushman kgotsa Ba-Basarwa kgotsa Ba-San. E itsege gape ka ntlha ya Deception Valley ya yone koo go ileng ga dirwa dipatlisiso ka diphologotswana tse di bidiwang brown hyena (Parahyaena brunnea). Go tsietsa e ne e le leina le le neng la newa mafelo a letswai a a mo mokgatšheng, a a neng a dira gore motho a akanye gore o bona metsi a le kgakala. Setlhaketlhake sa Tree e ne e le lefelo le legolo la go kampa fano. Buka e e itsegeng thata ya Cry of the Kalahari e ne ya dira gore lefelo leno le tume. Diphologolo tsa naga tse di jaaka thutlwa, tshukudu e e borokwa, phokojwe, ntša ya naga, cheetah, [[Nkwe e tshweu|nkwe]], tau, kgama e tala, eland, gemsbok, kudu, hartebeest e khibidu le springbok di bonwa kwa dipoeng le kwa mekgatšheng, segolo thata ka paka ya go tloga ka Sedimonthole go ya Moranang.<ref>[http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/attractions/central_kalahari_game_reserve.html "Central Kalahari Game Reserve".] Official website of the Botswana Tourism Organisation. 2006. Retrieved 4 April 2011</ref> == Mafelo a go bolokiwang diphologolo tsa naga mo go one le a batho == === Lefelo la Tshireletso la Khama Rhino === Khama Rhino Sanctuary e ne ya tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bobedi, e akaretsa diheketara di le dikete di robabobedi , makgolo a matlhano le masome a robabobedi le botlhano (21,210 acres) tsa Kalahari sandveld le Serwe Pan, segolobogolo go sireletsa ditshukudu tse ka nako eo di neng di le mo lenaaneng la ditshukudu tse di neng di le mo kotsing ya go thukhuthwa ka go bo go ne go na le poifo ya gore di ka nyelela. Go ne ga tlhomiwa mokgatlho wa setšhaba o o neng o tla sireletsa mefuta ya ditshukudu tse dintsho le tse ditshweu tse di neng di setse mo lefelong leno. Gape go na le mefuta e mengwe e le masome a mararo ya diphologolo le mefuta e e fetang makgolo a mabedi le masome a matlhano ya dinonyane mo lefelong leno. Go na le ditiro di le dintsi tse di ka dirwang fa o le kwa Khama Rhino Sanctuary tse di akaretsang, go kgweetsa, go tsamaya ka dinao le go lekola ditshukudu. <ref>[["Khama Rhino Sanctuary"]]. Official website of the Botswana Tourism Organisation. 2006. Archived from [http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/attractions/khama_rhino_sanctuary.html the original] on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 4 April 2011.</ref>Lefelo la botshabelo ke trust ya setšhaba e e laolwang ke boto ya batlhokomedi ba ba tlhophilweng go tswa mo baaging ba lefelo la [[Serowe]], Paje le Mabeleapudi . Tautona wa Botswana, [[Seretse Khama Ian Khama]], Tlhogo ya [[Bangwato|Bamangwato,]] ke motshegetsi wa trust.<ref>[https://independent-travellers.com/botswana/khama/ Khama Rhino Sanctuary, November 2017"]. ''Independent Travellers''. independent-travellers.com. Retrieved March 21, 2018.</ref> === Phaka ya Mokolodi === '''Phaka ya Mokolodi''' se na le bogolo jwa diheketara di le dikete di le lesome, ke serapa se se tlhokometsweng ke Mokolodi Wildlife Foundation, mokgatlho o ikemetseng ka nosi, gaufi le [[Gaborone|Gaborone.]] Ka ntlha ya maiteko a go tsosolosa ditshedi, tikologo ya yone e nnile le mefuta e mentsi ya diphologolo tsa naga tse di jaaka tshukudu e tshweu, Lengau, reedbuck ya kwa dithabeng, thutlwa, zebra, hartebeest e khibidu, sable, gemsbok, tse di nnang mmogo le diphologolo tsa naga tse di jaaka [[kudu]], Phala, [[Phiri]] nkwe le phokojwe ya metsi. Serapa seno sa diphologolo se dirilwe jaaka lefelo la tshireletso ya tlhago le le nang le ditsela tse dintsi tse di ka tsamayang ka koloi, tse di dirang gore o kgone go bona diphologolo tsa naga o le gaufi. Tsamaiso ya phaka e rulaganyetsa go atolosa melelwane ya lefelo la tshomarelo go fitlha kwa Lion Park go lebagana le [[dikwena.]] <ref>[http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/attractions/mokolodi_nature_reserve.html "Mokolodi Nature Reserve"]. Official website of the Botswana Tourism Organisation. 2006. Retrieved 4 April 2011.</ref> === Northern Tuli Game Reserve === Northern Tuli Game Reserve ke lefelo le le sireleditsweng la poraefete le le akaretsang diheketara di le 46 000 (110,000 acres) tse di dirilweng ka dipoa tsa savannah, dikgwa tsa noka, mafelo a a bulegileng a a tletseng seretse le mafika a motlhaba. Ke lefelo le legolo go a gaisa otlhe le le sireleditsweng ke batho kwa borwa jwa Afrika. Ke lefelo le le nang le ditlou tse dintsi go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng. Mo godimo ga moo, go ile ga begiwa gore go na le mefuta e e fetang makgolo a mararo le masome a matlhano ya dinonyane mo lefelong leno. Diphologolo tse dingwe tsa Botswana le tsona di fitlhelwa mo lefelong leno.<ref>[http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/attractions/mashatu_game_reserve.html "The Mashatu Game Reserve".] Official website of the Botswana Tourism Organisation. 2006. Retrieved 4 April 2011.</ref> == Mafelo a go laolwang diphologolo tsa naga mo go one == Mafelo a go laolwang diphologolo tsa naga mo go one (WMAs) ke mafelo a mo go one go dirisiwa ga diphologolo tsa naga go laolwang ke molao. Gantsi mafelo a a sireleditsweng a diphologolo tsa naga a dira jaaka mafelo a a sireletsang diphologolo tsa naga, ka gonne bontsi jwa diphologolo tsa naga di fetsa nako e telele di seyo mo mafelong a a sireleditsweng. Kgopolo eno e ne ya simololwa ka bo1980. Boikaelelo jwa yone ke go thibela gore lefatshe le diphologolo tsa naga di dirisiwang mo go lone go dira kgwebo, le se ka la fetolwa go nna lefatshe la temothuo le diphologolo tsa naga di bogisiwang kgotsa le e leng go nyelediwa mo go lone. Go ne ga dirwa ditshitshinyo tsa di-WMA di le lesome le bobedi, nngwe ya tsone e ne ya ganwa ke balaodi ba kgaolo.<ref>Parry, DC* & Campbell, B. (1990). "Wildlife management areas of Botswana". ''Botswana Notes & Records'', '''22''' (1), 65-77.</ref> == Dimela == Kwa Botswana sekgwa se akaretsa 27% ya naga yotlhe, e e lekanang le 15,254,700 ha (37,695,000 acres) ya sekgwa ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi, go tswa go 18,803,700 ha (46,465,000 acres) ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi ,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi , dikgwa tse di tsosolositsweng ka tlholego di ne di akaretsa diheketara di le 15 254 700 (37 695 000 acres), mo dikgweng tse di tsosolositsweng ka tlholego go ne ga begwa gore 0% ya tsone e ne e le dikgwa tsa motheo (tse di nang le mefuta ya ditlhare tsa tlholego tse di se nang matshwao a a bonalang sentle a ditiro tsa batho) mme mo e ka nnang 11% ya sekgwa e ne e le mo mafelong a a sireleditsweng. Mo ngwageng wa wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano , 24% ya kgaolo ya sekgwa e ne ya begwa e le ka fa tlase ga beng ba setšhaba le 76% ya beng ba ba ikemetseng ka nosi. <ref>''[https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194]''. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2023.</ref> Mefutafuta ya dimela mo Botswana, e e amogelang palogare ya pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya dimilimitara di le makgolo a mane le masome a matlhano (18 in) fela, e tlhalosiwa ka kakaretso ka ditlhogo di le tharo tse dikgolo e leng, hardveld, sandveld le Okavango deltaveld tse di supang pharologano ya setlha mo boleng jwa yona jwa phepo, ka dimela tsa logong di rekota boleng jo bo kwa godimo fa go bapisiwa le bojang; ''[[Panicum]]'' e rekotile dikotla tse di kwa godimo ka nako ya dipula. <ref name=":4">[https://books.google.com/books?id=qcoUwA3W2IsC&pg=PA37 International Livestock Centre for Africa. ''African Forage Plant Genetic Resources, Evalulation of Forage Germplasm and Extensive Livestock Production Systems'']. ILRI (aka ILCA and ILRAD). pp.&nbsp;37–. GGKEY:1WUC5B1U5L6. Retrieved 5 April 2011.</ref> Dimela tsa Hardveld di na le dimela tse di nang le ditlhare le bojang. Dimela tse di logong ke; Acacia karroo, Albizia anthelmintica, ''[[Balanites aegyptiaca]], [[Mopane]] (Colophospermum mopane), Combretum'' apiculatum, Grewia bicolor, Grewia flavecens, Grewia monticola, Lonchocarpus capassa le Terminalia.[ <ref name=":4" /> Sandveld ya sekaka sa Kalahari e na le bojang, e leng Kragrostis pallens, Striagostis uniplumis, Anthephora pubescens, Schmidtia pappophoreides le Megaloprotachne albescens. Dimela tsa logong tse di begilweng ke Grewia avellana, Grewia retinervis, Lonchocarpus nelsii le Terminalia sericia.[ 19] Okavango deltaveld e na le bojang le dimela tse di nang le matlhare. Dimela tse di nang le matlhare ke Ficus verruculosa le Hyphaene crinata. Mefero e e begilweng ke Phragmites communis, Dichanthium papillusum, Panicum repens, Andropogon encomus, Echinochloa pyramidalis le Imperata cylindrica.<ref name=":4" /> Diperesente di le masome a robongwe tsa Botswana ke savanna. <ref name=":2" />Go na le mafelo a mannye a dikgwa, fela kwa bokone jo bo kgakala go bapa le [[Noka ya Chobe]]. Ditlhare tsa Gruff shrubland di gola mo mafelong a a omileng a sekaka, fa ditlhare tsone di gola mo mafelong a a nang le ditlhatsana, segolo thata kwa Okavango delta e e nang le metsi a mantsi gore di kgone go gola. <ref name=":1" />Botswana e na le mefuta e e fetang dikete tse pedi le makgolo a matlhano ya dimela le mefuta e e fetang makgolo a marataro le masome a matlhano ya ditlhare.<ref name=":2" /> === Ditlhare === [[Setshwantsho:Marula02.jpg|thumb|Setlhare sa Morula]] Ditlhare tse di tlwaelegileng ke mopane, baobab, marula, acacia, motlhwa wa kamela, motopi (setlhare sa modisa), mokolane wa naga, papirase, setlhare sa mofeige sa sycamore, mokolane wa mmatota, mangosteen ya Afrika le setlhare sa boroso. Ditlhare tseno di gola thata mo mafelong a a nang le metsi a mantsi, jaaka mo mekgatšheng ya Okavango Delta. [[Setshwantsho:Marula01.jpg|thumb|Maungo a Morula]] Setlhare sa Mowana, se se itsegeng jaaka mowana ka puo ya Setswana ke dingwe tsa ditlhare tse di tshelang nako e telele mo Botswana mme di ka gola go feta dingwaga di le dikete tse pedi .<ref name=":2" />Makape a sone a mmala wa botala jo bo serolwana, a phatsima. Dithunya tse ditona tse ditshweu, ka palogare di ka nna 12 cm ka bophara mme di tlhagelela magareng ga Kgwedi ya Phalane le Sedimonthole, fa maungo a mmala o o serolwana-botshweu a a ka nnang 24 cm ka boleele a tlhagelela ka Moranang-Motsheganong. <ref name=":2" /> [[Setshwantsho:Plocepasser mahali -Okovango Delta, Botswana -nests in acacia tree-8.jpg|thumb]] [[Setshwantsho:Baobob tree.jpg|thumb|setlhare sa Mowana]] Setlhare sa marula kgotsa morula, se e leng sa lelapa la dimango Anacardiaceae, se gola go fitlha go boleele jwa 15 metres kgotsa 49 feet (le go fitlha go 20 metres kgotsa 66 feet) kwa Okavango Delta kwa sekgweng le kwa sekgweng,<ref name=":3" /> mme se na le lekgapetla le le serolwana mme se na le matlhare. <ref name=":2" /> Go tloga ka ka kgwedi ya Hirikgong go ya go Phukwi, matlhare a nna botala jo bosetlha mme kwa bofelong a nna mmala o o serolwana se se phatsimang mme a bo a wa mo karolong ya bofelo ya ngwaga ka nako ya mariga.<ref name=":5">[http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/flora_n_fauna/plants.html Plants"]. Botswana Tourism Organization. Retrieved 3 April 2011.</ref> Mo dikgweding tsa selemo ditlhare di tlhagisa maungo a a kgolokwe go ya go a a kgolokwe, a a humileng ka Vitamine C,<ref name=":3" /> a a nang le lekape le le bokete le le apesitseng mmudula o mosweu o o boreledi, o o tshwanang le matlhare o fetogang mmala o o serolwana kwa bokhutlong jwa setlha sa go thunya. <ref name=":5" />Gape e na le dithunya, tse di pinki le tse di namagadi le tse di bohibidu le bosweu le tse di namagadi.; tse di tonanyana di na le go nna dikgolo mme di tsholwa mo dithunyeng tse di sa phuthologang.<ref name=":5" /> [[Setshwantsho:Sausage tree, Botswana.jpg|thumb]] Setlhare sa mokolane sa naga ke sengwe sa mefuta e mebedi fela ya ditlhare tsa mokolane tse di fitlhelwang kwa letsheng la Okavango , se sengwe ke setlhare sa mokolane wa mmatota. Palema, ke semela se se nnang se le setala, se na le go fitlha bogodimo jwa dimetara di le thataro (20 ft) mme se gola ka bontsi mo mekgotheng ya Botswana, mmogo le papyrus. <ref name=":5" />E na le matlhare a a bopegileng jaaka mafofa fa a bapisiwa le matlhare a a bopegileng jaaka difene a setlhare sa mmatota sa fan palm. Matlhare gantsi a gola go nna boleele jwa dimetara tse tharo go ya go tse nne (9.8-13.1 ft) ka matlhare a mangwe a a boleta a basal le a mangwe a a botala jo bo tseneletseng le go lebega a le magwata. Dithunya tsa tona tsa setlhare di na le mmala o mosetlha o o bosetlha jo bo bosetlha mme dithunya tsa caduceus le tse ditona di dinnye, di na le mmala o o botala jo bo botala. <ref name=":5" /> Setlhare sa mofeige sa sycamore ke sengwe sa ditlhare tse dikgolo tse di golang kwa Botswana, gantsi se fitlhelwa kwa Okavango delta se gola go fitlha go dimetara di le masome a mabedi . Setlhare se se nang le matlhare a mannye, se na le kutu e e phatsimang e e nang le lekape la mmala wa namune o o phatsimang mme se ungwa difeige tse di ka nnang bophara jwa dicentimetara tse tharo tse kgabagare di fetogang bohibidu jo bo phatsimang go nna bohibidu fa di butswa go tswa go botala mme di fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa tsone magareng ga kgwedi ya Phukwi le Sedimonthole. <ref name=":5" /> Sejalo sa African mangosteen se se tlhogang mo metsing se ka gola go fitlha dimetara di le lesome le borobabobedi (59 ft) ka bogodimo, se ka lemogiwa ka kutu ya sone e e senang sepe, e e kgaogantsweng ka go tshwana e e serolwana-botshweu e e tlhomologileng kgatlhanong le serurubele sa yone se se kitlaneng, se se lefifi thata. <ref name=":5" />Makgapetla a na le mmala o o serolwana mme setlhare se na le matlhare a botala jo bo tseneletseng, a a phatsimang a letlalo a a ka nnang 9 cm (3.5 in) ka 3 cm (1.2 in), a a nang le mothalo o o serolwana. Maungo a setlhare seno a na le mmala o o motopo le wa namune e e serolwana, a bophara jwa disentimetara di le pedi le sephatlo mme a bonala go tloga ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele go ya go Tlhakole.<ref name=":5" /> Setlhare sa mmilo, sa mofuta wa Vangueria infausta sa lelapa la Rubiaceae ke setlhare se sennye sa matlhare se se tlhogang mo nageng e e nang le ditlhare le mo sekgweng, segolobogolo mo mafelong a a nang le matlapa. E na le maungo a a jewang a mmala o o serolwana-borokwa, a boleele jwa go fitlha go 35 millimetres (1.4 in) ka bophara a peo ya ona gantsi e bonwang go dira sejo se se bidiwang nchwachwa ka paka ya mariga a a omileng. <ref name=":3" /> Mofuta wa setlhare sa boroso sa Kigelia africana se tlhoga kwa Okavango Delta, segolo thata kwa Xakanaxa, Third Bridge le kwa Mboma Island mme se kgona go fitlha bogodimo jwa dimetara di le masome a mabedi (66 ft), se se dirang gore e nne setlhare se se kwa godimo go gaisa kwa Botswana. <ref name=":5" /> E itsege ka maungo a yone a a tshwanang le disoseje tse ditona mme a ka nna bokete jwa 4 -5 kg le boleele jwa disentimetara di le masome a matlhano le bophara jwa disentimetara di le lesome le botlhano.<ref name=":5" />Makgapetla a na le mmala o mosetlha le go nna borethe mo ditlhareng tse di sa ntseng di le dinnye mme a ka nna le matlhare a boleele jwa disentimetara di le masome a mararo (12 in) le dithunya tsa mmala o mohibidu o o lefifi go ya go o o borokwa tse di bopegileng jaaka dikopi tse di lekanang disentimetara di le lesome le botlhano mme di thunya ka kgwedi ya Phatwe go ya go Phalane. <ref name=":5" /> === Diphologolo === Mefuta e le robedi ya dinonyane, mo go tse makgolo a matlhano le masome a robabongwe le boraro tse di begilweng, e tsewa e le e e mo kotsing ya go nyelela mo lefatsheng lotlhe. Kgama ya kwa botlhaba (Bubulcus coromandus, syn. Bubulcus ibis coromandus) ke nonyane ya bosetšhaba ya Botswana.<ref>[http://iberianature.com/wildworld/guides/wildlife-of-botswana/birds-of-botswana/ "Birds of Botswana".] Wildlife and nature guides to the world. 6 April 2011.</ref> === Diphologolo tse di amusang === Diphologolo tse di amusang tse di fitlhelwang mo Botswana di akaretsa phiri ya naga, tlou ya sekgwa ya Afrika, civet ya Afrika, katse ya gouta ya Afrika, tshepe ya Afrika e e nang le methalo, phokojwe e e nang le methalo, phokojwe e e nang le ditsebe tse di bogale, katse e e nang le maoto a mantsho, phokojwe e e botala jwa legodimo, bongo (phokojwe), phokojwe e e borokwa, zebra ya Burchell, bushbuck, buffalo ya Afrika, Cape fox, Cape hyrax, Cape wild dog, caracal, cheetah ya Aforika Borwa, phokojwe e e tlwaelegileng, elandbok e e tlwaelegileng, gems, giant sable antelope, giraffe ya Angola, kudu e kgolo, pangolin ya mo mmung, hartebeest, hippopotamus, impala, Kirk's dik-dikunga, klipspringer, lech wildebeest, African leopard, tau, tau ya thaba, oribi, antel roanble, antelope, saelope, serval, Sharpe's grays === Dinonyane === [[Setshwantsho:Gyps coprotheres -St Augustine Alligator Farm, St. Augustine, Florida-8a-3c.jpg|thumb|Lenong]] [[Setshwantsho:Falco vespertinus NAUMANN.jpg|thumb]] Mafelo a le lesome le bobedi a a botlhokwa a dinonyane a a tlhophilweng mo Botswana a le supa a one e leng mafelo a a nang le metsi mme a a lemogiwang le go tshegediwa ke BirdLife International a a itsegeng ka dinonyane tsa one a akaretsa go feta 25% ya lefatshe la naga. Dipaka tseno ke: Chobe National Park; Linyanti Swamp go bapa le Noka ya Chobe; Okavango Delta, Letsha la Ngami; Makgadikgadi Pans; Central Kalahari; Manyelanong Hill; Tswapong Hills; Boka Dam; Phakalane Sewage Lagoons; Southeast Botswana; le Gemsbok National Park. Thulaganyo e e simolotsweng ke IBA ke ya go tlhoma 'Site Support Groups' (SSGs), setlhopha se se rulagantsweng sa batho ba selegae ka maikaelelo a go "tshegetsa mefutafuta ya ditshedi go tshegetsa go itshedisa kwa metseselegaeng ya Botswana"; go na le di-SSG di le lekgolo le masome a matlhano mo mafelong a a botlhokwa a dinonyane tse go begilweng gore di a dira go ralala Afrika. Phokojwe ya maoto a makhubedu (Falco vespertinus), phokojwe ya amur (Falco amurensis) le tshukudu (Hirundo rustica) le phokojwe ya Kapa (Gyps coprotheres) ke dingwe tsa dinonyane tse di begilweng ke IBA go tswa kwa mafulong, mafulo, dithabana, kwa mafelong a Kalahari Highveld, di-delta le go dikologa matsha a a tlhodilweng ke matamo.<ref>[http://www.birdlifebotswana.org.bw/botswana_4_birders/important_birding_areas.html "Important Bird Areas (IBAs)".] BirdLife International. Retrieved 4 April 2011.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Landsvale.jpg|thumb]] Botswana Bird Club (BBC) e e tlhomilweng ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi, jaanong e bidiwa gape ka BirdLife Botswana<ref>[http://www.birdlifebotswana.org.bw/ "BirdLife Botswana |".] ''www.birdlifebotswana.org.bw''. Retrieved 2021-05-24.</ref> e rotloetsa kitso le kgatlhego ya dinonyane mme gape e gatisa lokwalopaka lwa semmuso lo lo bidiwang The Babbler le lekwalodikgang la kotara le le itsegeng jaaka The Familiar Chat le le buang ka dikgang tsotlhe tsa tshomarelo ya dinonyane, patlisiso le katiso mo Botswana.<ref>[http://www.birdlife.org/worldwide/national/botswana/index.html "Botswana:BirdLife Botswana (BLB)"]. Birdlife International. Retrieved 4 April 2011.</ref> Mafika a mannye a Manyelanong Game Reserve a sireletsa setlhopha sa dinonyane tsa Cape vultures, e leng sone se segolo go gaisa tsotlhe mo Botswana mme ka jalo se bidiwa "Otse Vulture Colony" ka gonne dinonyane tsa teng ke mofuta wa ditshedi tse di mo kotsing ya go nyelela tse di sireleditsweng ke molao. Tshireletso e dirile gore mofuta ono o kgone go ntsifala; palo ya ona mo dingwageng tsa bosheng ke dipara di le masome a supa tse di tsadisang tse di bonweng mo koloning.<ref>[http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/attractions/manyelanong_game_reserve.html "Manyelanong Game Reserve"]. Botswana Tourism Organisation. 2006.</ref> === Lefelo le le Sireleditsweng la Dinonyane la Nata === Lefelo le le Sireleditsweng la Dinonyane la Nata, e e tlhomilweng mo masimologong a dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe, e kwa ntlheng ya bokone-botlhaba jwa Sowa Pan. E na le bogolo jwa disekwerekilometara di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a mararo mme e tlhokometswe jaaka porojeke ya setšhaba go boloka mefuta ya dinonyane e le lekgolo le masome a marataro le botlhano. Dingwe tsa mefuta e go begilweng ka yone ke tse di jang dinotshe, tse di jang dinotshe, tse di jang ntsu, tse di jang dinotshe le tse di jang dinotshe. Dinonyane tsa metsi tsa mo Afrika di thologela mo lefelong leno ka mariga; mefuta ya dinonyane tse go begilweng ka tsone ke tse di bidiwang di-teal, di-duck, di-geese, di-pelican, di-spoonbill, di-flamingo le di-flamingo tse dinnye. Di-flamingo le di-pelican le tsone di nna mo lefelong leno. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110301083719/http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/attractions/nata_bird_sanctuary.html "Nata Bird Sanctuary".] Botswana Tourism Organisation. 2006. Archived from the original on 1 March 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2011.</ref> === Dithutlwa === Go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a malthano le bone go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro, go ile ga begwa mefuta e le masome a martaro leboraro ya di-mollusk (di-bivalve di le lesome le boraro, di-snail tsa metsi a a letswai di le masome a mabedi le bone, di-snail tsa mo lefatsheng di le masome a mabedi le bone le di-slug di le pedi) mo mefuteng e le masome a mane le boraro le mo malapeng a le masome a mabedi le bongwe. Gape go na le mefuta e le menè e e tsentsweng mo nageng: Cornu aspersum, Lissachatina fulica, Physella acuta le Radix auricularia, e e ka nnang ya nna dijalo tse di tlhaselang le tse di tshwenyang ikonomi. Bontsi jwa mefuta e e fitlhelwa kwa dikgaolong tsa [[letsha la Okavango]] le Chobe  - Linyanti  -Kwando noka tsamaiso go bapa le [[East Caprivi]]<ref>Rapalai, B.L. (2024). "An annotated checklist of molluscs recorded from Botswana". ''Indago''. '''41''': 15–44. [[doi:10.5281/zenodo.13132605|doi:10.5281/zenodo.13132605.]]</ref> Go na le mefuta e ka nna makgolo a mararo le masome a supa ya di-lepidoptera tse di begilweng mo Botswana, le mefuta e e fetang makgolo a mabedi le masome a matlhano ya dirurubele le mefuta e le lekgolo le lesome le botlhano ya dinonyane. <ref>[http://abdb-africa.org/alienPORT.al?shopid=afrobut&language_code=en&ewtarget0=0c&ewcateg0=15&oid=35 African Butterfly Database]</ref><ref>[http://atbutterflies.com/botswana.htm Afrotropical Butterflies]</ref> === Lefelo la Diphologolo la Gaborone === Gaborone Game Reserve, e e gaufi le toropo ya Gaborone, e na le lefelo le lennye la diheketara di le 600 (1.500 acres) mme e na le mafelo a a rategang a go lebelela diphologolo mo mebileng. E na le dinonyane tse dintsi le diphologolo tsa naga mo tikologong ya yone. Lefelo leno le na le dikgwa le dikgwa tse di nang le mebitlwa le dikgwa tsa noka le mafelo a a nang le dithotobolo tse di ngokang dinonyane tse di farologaneng tse di jaaka dinonyane tse di jang nama, ntsu ya noga, boubou e e bohibidu jo bo letlhololo (mofuta wa nonyane e e jang nama e e mebalabala) le gallinule. Mefuta ya diphologolo tse di bonwang fano ke ditshukudu, di-impala, di-kudu, di-ostrich, di-gnu, di-zebra, di-gemsbok, di-bushbuck, di-springbok, di-duiker, di-giant eland (Taurotragus derbianus gape e itsiwe jaaka Lord Derby eland), e e leng antelope e kgolo go gaisa mo Afrika. <ref>[http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/attractions/gaborone_game_reserve.html "Gaborone Game Reserve".] Official website of the Botswana Tourism Organisation. 2006. Retrieved 4 April 2011.</ref> === Lefelo la Tshireletso la Moremi === Lefelo la Tshireletso la Moremi, le le tlhomilweng ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le botlhano mme ya atolosiwa mo dingwageng tse di fetileng mme jaanong e akaretsa lefelo la disekwerekilometara di le dikete tse nne,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a supa le bongwe, ke lefelo la dikgwa tsa mopane le dikgwa tsa acacia, dipoa tsa merwalela le matsha. Go bolelwa gore ke nngwe ya mafelo a mantle thata a a sireleditsweng mo Afrika a a tlhokometsweng ke Lephata la Ditshedi Tsa Naga le Dipaka Tsa Naga. Dinonyane tse di nnang mo phakeng eno di dintsi e bile di na le mefuta e e farologaneng; gantsi go bonwa dinonyane tsa metsi le tse di ditlhong tse di nnang mo sekgweng. Diphologolo tse dingwe tsa naga tse di jaaka ditlou, dinare (tse di fitlhelwang ka palo e kgolo mo Letamong la Dinare), ditshukudu di le mmalwa le lechwe e khibidu.<ref>[http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/attractions/moremi_game_reserve.html "Moremi Game Reserve".] Official website of the Botswana Tourism Organisation. 2006. Retrieved 4 April 2011.</ref>Moremi gape e itsege thata ka go bona dintša tsa naga tsa Afrika.<ref>[http://www.moremi.com/information-moremi.html "Moremi Game Reserve"]. Moremi.com. 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2017</ref> == Metswedi == npwj7umlrfn4kr76vdyst3i5o25jw8i 0 8693 53203 42433 2026-07-25T13:05:48Z Atsile Edith 11759 Ke senotse tsebe e #Wikipedia25BW 53203 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Temperature Bar Chart Africa--1901-2020--2021-07-14.png|thumb|Setshwantso sa dipalopalo se se bontshang [[:en:Instrumental_temperature_record|phetogo ya mogote]] mo Aforika magareng ga 1901 le 2021, ka mmala o mohibidu o le bothitho mme botala jwa legodimo bo le tsididi go feta palogare (Palogare ya mogote ka nako ya ngwaga wa 1971 go ya kwa ngwageng wa 2000 e tsewa jaaka ntlha ya tshupiso ya diphetogo tse.)]] '''Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo Aforika''' ke matshosetsi a magolo ka gonne karolo ya eo ke nngwe ya dikgaolo tse [[:en:Climate_change_vulnerability|di mo kotsing]] thata ya [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change|ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya]] [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change|seemo sa bosa]], le fa e le yone e e bakang mesi e e kwa tlase ga karolo ya bone mo lekgolong ya lefatshe lotlhe e e dirang gore go nne le kgololo ya dighese tse di tshwarang mollo mo lefaufaung.<ref>Bank, African Development (5 November 2024). "[https://www.afdb.org/en/cop29/focus-africa Focus on Africa]". ''African Development Bank Group''. Retrieved 1 July 2026.</ref>Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e baka mekgwa e e sa tlhomamang ya pula, d[[:en:Extreme_weather|itiragalo tse di feteletseng tsa]] [[:en:Extreme_weather|tepo loapi]] tse di diragalang kgapetsakgapetsa tse di jaaka [[:en:Drought|komelelo]], [[:en:Flood|merwalela]], le [[:en:Sea_surface_temperature|megote e e tlhatlogang ya boalogodimo jwa lewatle]] go ralala karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi mo teng. Diphetogo tse di tshosetsa tshireletsego ya [[:en:Food_security|dijo]] le [[:en:Water_security|tshireletsego ya metsi]], [[:en:Biodiversity|mefutafuta ya ditshedi]], [[:en:Public_health|boitekanelo jwa setšhaba]], le [[:en:Economic_development|tlhabololo ya itsholelo]].<ref name=":0">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (22 June 2023). "Africa". ''[https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009325844/type/book Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'' (1&#x20;ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.&#x20;1285–1456. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/9781009325844.011|10.1017/9781009325844.011]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-009-32584-4|978-1-009-32584-4]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>United Nations, UNEP (2017). "[http://www.unep.org/regions/africa/regional-initiatives/responding-climate-change Responding to climate change]". ''UNEP – UN Environment Programme''. Retrieved 1 July 2022.</ref> Aforika gone jaana e thuthafala ka bonako go feta lefatshe lotlhe ka palogare.<ref>World Meterological Organization (2 September 2024). [https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/africa-faces-disproportionate-burden-from-climate-change-and-adaptation-costs "Africa faces disproportionate burden from climate change and adaptation costs]". ''World Meteorological Organization''. Retrieved 16 September 2025.</ref> Phetogo ya tlelaemete e gakatsa matshosetsi a a leng teng a loago le itsholelo. Dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa baagi ba Aforika di ikaegile ka matshelo a a bosisi mo seemong sa bosa jaaka temothuo (55 - 62% ya badiri mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara)[5] mme di setse di tshela mo lehumeng, se se oketsang go tlhagelela ga bona mo ditshosong. Ditlamorago tsa botsogo di nna maswe le go feta fa kgatelelo ya mogote, malwetse a a tshelanwang ke ditshenekegi (a a tshwanang le malaria le dengue), le phepelotlase di ntse di anama thata. Go feta halofo (56%) ya ditiragalo tse di fetang 2,000 tse di kwadilweng tsa boitekanelo jwa setšhaba mo Aforika magareng ga 2001 le 2021 di ne di amana le phetogo ya tlelaemete.[6] Tlhaelo ya didirisiwa e na le seabe mo go fudugeng le dikgotlhang, bogolosegolo mo dikgaolong tse di bokoa. Mafelo a ditoropo, a gantsi a tlhaolwang ke mafelo a bonno a a sa tlhomamang, a lebane le dikotsi tse di kwa godimo tsa morwalela le mogote o o feteletseng.<ref name=":0" /> == Pabalesego ya metsi le go senyega ga metswedi == [[Setshwantsho:View of the surrounding at the Lake Kariba with hippos (6910358407).jpg|thumb|Lekadiba la Kariba]] Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e dira jaaka selo se segolo se se sa tlhomamang ga tshireletsego ya metsi go ralala karolo kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi ya Aforika, ka ditikologo tsa metsi tse di bontshang go sa tlhomama go go oketsegileng. Go ya ka pegelo ya Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe wa Maemo a Bosa (WMO) ya ''Seemo sa'' ''sa bosa mo Aforika ya ngwaga wa 2025'', maemo a bosa a a feteletseng le ditshupo tse di amanang le seemo sa bosa di amile bonnye jwa batho ba le didkadike di le lesome le boraro mme tsa baka dintsho tse di fetang dikete tse tharo tse di begilweng ka ngwaga wa 2025 fela, mme merwalela e ne ya dira go feta sephatlo sa seemo sa bosa sotlhe se se diphatsa.<ref>"[https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/extreme-weather-and-climate-events-impact-millions-africa-2025 Extreme weather and climate events impact millions in Africa in 2025]". World Meteorological Organization. 18 June 2026. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref>. Go gakala mo ga dikotsi go kgoreletsa go nna teng ga metsi a a fa godimo ga lefatshe le mafaratlhatlha a dikago, go fetola dikotsi tsa seemo sa bosa go nna mathata a metsi a itsholelo a a anameng.<ref>"[https://reliefweb.int/report/world/state-climate-africa-2025-enar State of the Climate in Africa 2025 &#x5B;EN/AR]&#x5D;". World Meteorological Organization via ReliefWeb. 18 June 2026. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref> === Selekanyo sa mogote le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa === [[Setshwantsho:Koppen-Geiger Map v2 Africa 1991–2020.svg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa Aforika wa go tlhaola seemo sa bosa sa Köppen ka ngwaga wa 1991 go ya kwa ngwageng wa 2020]] Go etswe tlhoko fa mogote wa moalo wa lefatshe o ile kwa godimo mo Aforika fa e sale ka 19th century go fitlhelela ka 21st century ka mogote wa 1 degrees celcius, mme mo gae mogote oo kwa tlase kwa Sahel fa paka e e omeletseng e fela e le 3 degrees celcius.<ref name=":3">''Rural societies in the face of climatic and environmental changes in West Africa''. Marseille: IRD éditions. 2017. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-2-7099-2424-5|<bdi>978-2-7099-2424-5</bdi>.]] [[:en:OCLC#OCLC|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/title/1034784045 1034784045]. Impr. Jouve.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Koppen-Geiger Map Africa future.svg|thumb|Setshwantso sa karolo kgolo ya Lefatshe ye naleng mafatshe ya Africa ya dingwaga tsa 2071 go ya kwa 2100 ka fa tlase ga boemo jo bo tseneletseng thata jwa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa . Ditiragalo tsa magareng ga jaana di tsewa di ka nna teng.]] Ditlhotlhomiso tse di dirilweng ka ngwaga wa 2019 di akanyeditse fa paka ya komelelo e tla tsaya lobaka ka nako ya dipula mme gape go nne le dipula tse di matsorotsoro mo Aforika.<ref name=":1">Kendon, Elizabeth J.; Stratton, Rachel A.; Tucker, Simon; Marsham, John H.; Berthou, Ségolène; Rowell, David P.; Senior, Catherine A. (2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6478940/ "Enhanced future changes in wet and dry extremes over Africa at convection-permitting scale"]. ''Nature Communications''. '''10''' (1): 1794. [[bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1794K|Bibcode]]:[[bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1794K|2019NatCo..10.1794K.]] [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi]]:[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-09776-9 10.1038/s41467-019-09776-9.] [[:en:International_Standard_Serial_Number|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:2041-1723 2041-1723]. [[:en:PubMed_Central#PMCID|PMC]][https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6478940/ &nbsp;6478940]. [[:en:PubMed#PubMed_identifier|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31015416/ 31015416.]</ref> Ka mafoko a mangwe maemo a a feteletseng a bosa a tla gakalela pele.<ref name=":2">"[https://weather.com/news/climate/news/2019-06-18-africa-extreme-weather-drought-flood More Extreme Weather in Africa's Future, Study Says | The Weather Channel – Articles from The Weather Channel | weather.com"]. ''The Weather Channel''. Retrieved 1 July 2022.</ref> Patlisiso e lemogile fa didirisiwa tse di lekanyang di ka se kgone go bona selekanyo sa diphetogo tse ka di sa direlwa go kapa selekanyo se se kalo.<ref name=":1" /> == Tlhotlheletso mo bathong == Phetogo ya seemo sa loapi e tla tswelela ka go ama Aforika ka ntlha ya mabaka a le mantsi. Manokonoko a a setse a kgona go utlwiwa mme a tla tswelela ka go oketsega fa go sa tsewe kgato epe go fokotsa kgaso ya mowa o o borai mo lefatsheng ka bophara. Manokonoko a akaretsa mogote o o kwa godimo, lenyora, go fetoga ga ka fa pula e nang ka teng lego oketsega ga dipharologanyo tsa phetogo ya loapi. Diemo tse di na le seabe mo go fetlheng motlakase le tiriso ya one. Lenyora le le nnileng teng mo malobeng mo mafatsheng a le mantsi a Aforika, mo go amantsweng le phetogo ya loapi, go amile go fetlhiwa ga motlakase le kgolo ya itsholelo mo kontinenteng ka bophara. Aforika e tla nna nngwe ya dikgaolo tse di amilweng thata ke manokonoko a phetogo ya seemo sa loapi.<ref>IPCC (2014). ''[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf Africa. In: Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'' (PDF).</ref> Mabaka a gore Aforika a bo a tshabelelwa ke go amega a a farologana ebile a akaretsa selekanyo se se kwa tlase sa go itepatepanya le phetogo e. Mafatshe a le mantsi mo Aforika a wela mo mafatsheng a a kwa tlase mo ditlhabologong, mme ka jalo a lebanwe ke dikgwetlho tse di farologaneng fa go tla mo go tsibogeleng manokonoko a phetogo ya loapi.<ref>UNDP/GEF (2018). [https://www.thegef.org/sites/default/files/publications/CCA-Africa-Final.pdf ''Climate Change Adaptation in Africa UNDP: Synthesis of Experiences and Recommendations'' (PDF). UNDP/GEF.]</ref> == Metswedi == bju3lk1rdkhkhwto63q17140mu4u5c9 53205 53203 2026-07-25T13:41:39Z Atsile Edith 11759 Ke senotse tsebe e #Wikipedia25BW 53205 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Temperature Bar Chart Africa--1901-2020--2021-07-14.png|thumb|Setshwantso sa dipalopalo se se bontshang [[:en:Instrumental_temperature_record|phetogo ya mogote]] mo Aforika magareng ga 1901 le 2021, ka mmala o mohibidu o le bothitho mme botala jwa legodimo bo le tsididi go feta palogare (Palogare ya mogote ka nako ya ngwaga wa 1971 go ya kwa ngwageng wa 2000 e tsewa jaaka ntlha ya tshupiso ya diphetogo tse.)]] '''Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo Aforika''' ke matshosetsi a magolo ka gonne karolo ya eo ke nngwe ya dikgaolo tse [[:en:Climate_change_vulnerability|di mo kotsing]] thata ya [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change|ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya]] [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change|seemo sa bosa]], le fa e le yone e e bakang mesi e e kwa tlase ga karolo ya bone mo lekgolong ya lefatshe lotlhe e e dirang gore go nne le kgololo ya dighese tse di tshwarang mollo mo lefaufaung.<ref>Bank, African Development (5 November 2024). "[https://www.afdb.org/en/cop29/focus-africa Focus on Africa]". ''African Development Bank Group''. Retrieved 1 July 2026.</ref>Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e baka mekgwa e e sa tlhomamang ya pula, d[[:en:Extreme_weather|itiragalo tse di feteletseng tsa]] [[:en:Extreme_weather|tepo loapi]] tse di diragalang kgapetsakgapetsa tse di jaaka [[:en:Drought|komelelo]], [[:en:Flood|merwalela]], le [[:en:Sea_surface_temperature|megote e e tlhatlogang ya boalogodimo jwa lewatle]] go ralala karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi mo teng. Diphetogo tse di tshosetsa tshireletsego ya [[:en:Food_security|dijo]] le [[:en:Water_security|tshireletsego ya metsi]], [[:en:Biodiversity|mefutafuta ya ditshedi]], [[:en:Public_health|boitekanelo jwa setšhaba]], le [[:en:Economic_development|tlhabololo ya itsholelo]].<ref name=":0">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (22 June 2023). "Africa". ''[https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009325844/type/book Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'' (1&#x20;ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.&#x20;1285–1456. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/9781009325844.011|10.1017/9781009325844.011]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-009-32584-4|978-1-009-32584-4]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>United Nations, UNEP (2017). "[http://www.unep.org/regions/africa/regional-initiatives/responding-climate-change Responding to climate change]". ''UNEP – UN Environment Programme''. Retrieved 1 July 2022.</ref> Aforika gone jaana e thuthafala ka bonako go feta lefatshe lotlhe ka palogare.<ref>World Meterological Organization (2 September 2024). [https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/africa-faces-disproportionate-burden-from-climate-change-and-adaptation-costs "Africa faces disproportionate burden from climate change and adaptation costs]". ''World Meteorological Organization''. Retrieved 16 September 2025.</ref> Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e gakatsa matshosetsi a a leng teng a loago le itsholelo. Dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa baagi ba Aforika di ikaegile ka matshelo a a bosisi mo seemong sa bosa jaaka temothuo (karolo ya masome a matlhano le botlhano go ya kwa masome a marataro le bobedi mo lekgolong ya badiri mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara)<ref>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (22 June 2023). "Africa". ''[https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009325844/type/book Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'' (1&#x20;ed.). Cambridge University Press. p.&#x20;1289. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/9781009325844.011|10.1017/9781009325844.011]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-009-32584-4|978-1-009-32584-4]]</bdi>.</ref> mme di setse di tshela mo lehumeng, se se oketsang go tlhagelela ga bona mo ditshosong. Ditlamorago tsa botsogo di nna maswe le go feta fa [[:en:Hyperthermia|kgatelelo ya mogote]], [[:en:Disease_vector|malwetse a a tshelanwang ke dibopiwa tse di ananmisang bolwetse]] (a a tshwanang le [[:en:Malaria|malaria]] le [[:en:Dengue_fever|dengue]]), le letlhoko la dikotla di ntse di anama thata. Go feta sephatlo e leng karolong ya masome a matlhano le borataro mo lekgolong (56%) ya ditiragalo tse di fetang dikete tse pedi tse di kwadilweng tsa boitekanelo jwa setšhaba mo Aforika magareng ga ngwaga wa 2001 le ngwaga wa 2021 di ne di amana le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>Africa CDC (7 July 2025). ''[https://africacdc.org/download/climate-change-and-health-strategic-framework-2025/ Climate Change and Health: Strategic Framework 2025]''. p.&#x20;vii.</ref> [[:en:Resource_depletion|Tlhaelo ya didirisiwa]] e na le seabe mo go fudugeng le dikgotlhang, bogolosegolo mo dikgaolong tse di bokoa. Mafelo a ditoropo, a gantsi a tlhaolwang ke mafelo a bonno a a sa tlhomamang, a lebane le dikotsi tse di kwa godimo tsa morwalela le mogote o o feteletseng.<ref name=":0" /> Temothuo ke nngwe ya makalana a a mo kotsing thata, ka bontsi jwa balemirui ba Aforika ba ikaegile ka dijalo tse di [[:en:Rainfed_agriculture|nosetswang ke pula]]. Pula e e fokoditsweng le e e sa bonelwang pele, e kopantswe le megote e e kwa godimo, e kgweetsa tatlhegelo ya bongola jwa mmu, [[:en:Desertification_in_Africa|go nna sekaka]] (bogolosegolo kwa [[:en:Sahara|Sahara]]) le go sutisa mafelo a a tshwanetseng a go gola. Diphetogo tse di fokotsa thobo ya dijalo tsa konokono, di nyatsa tshireletsego ya dijo le go gakatsa tlala. Boitekanelo jwa [[:en:Livestock|leruo]] bo ntse bo tsenngwa mo kotsing thata ke kgatelelo ya mogote le go fetoga ga mekgwa ya malwetse. Dithulaganyo tsa tikologo tsa lebopo le tsa lewatle di lebane le mawatle a a thuthafetseng le [[:en:Sea_level_rise|maemo a a tlhatlogang]], se se tshosetsang batshwaraditlhapi le mafelo a a nang le batho ba le bantsi a a mo lebopong.<ref>Fonjong, Lotsmart; Matose, Frank; Sonnenfeld, David A. (1 December 2024). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095937802400116X "Climate change in Africa: Impacts, adaptation, and policy responses"]. ''Global Environmental Change''. '''89''' 102912. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024GEC....8902912F 2024GEC....8902912F]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2024.102912|10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2024.102912]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-3780 0959-3780].</ref> Ditshenyegelo tsa itsholelo tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa di maswe thata. Ka palogare mafatshe a Aforika a lebane le ditatlhegelo tse di amanang le seemo sa bosa tse di fitlhang ko karolong ya bobedi go ya kwa botlhanong mo lekgolong ya [[:en:Gross_domestic_product|Palogotlhe ya Boleng jwa Ditlhagiso tsa Naga(GDP)]] ka ngwaga, fa ditshenyegelo tsa go [[:en:Climate_change_adaptation|tlwaela]] mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahran di akanyediwa go nna didikadike tsa di dilara tsa lefatshe la USA di le masome a mararo go yab kwa masomemg a matlhano (USD 30-50 billion) ka ngwaga mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di tlang. Se se tshosetsa dipoelo tsa tlhabololo le go baya kgatelelo mo dipusong le mo ditheong tsa boditšhabatšhaba go kokoanya [[:en:Climate_finance|matlole a seemo sa bosa]].<ref>World Meteorological Organization (2024). ''[https://uneca.org/sites/default/files/ACPC/publication/State-of-the-Climate-in-Africa-2023_en.pdf State of the Climate in Africa: 2023]'' (PDF). Geneva. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-63-11360-3|978-92-63-11360-3]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>European Investment Bank (19 October 2022). ''[https://www.eib.org/en/publications/finance-in-africa-navigating-the-financial-landscape-in-turbulent-times Finance in Africa - Navigating the financial landscape in turbulent times]''. European Investment Bank. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5382-2|978-92-861-5382-2]]</bdi>.</ref> Maano a Aforika a go itlwaetsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa a tsepamisitse mogopolo mo go ageng nonofo ka [[:en:Climate-smart_agriculture|temothuo e e botlhale mo]] [[:en:Climate-smart_agriculture|seemong sa bosa]] , [[:en:Water_management|taolo ya metsi]] e e tswelelang, [[:en:Environmental_protection|tshomarelo ya tikologo]], le go matlafatsa dithulaganyo tsa boitekanelo le tsa mafaratlhatlha. Mekgwa e e baya kwa pele go tokafatsa puso, go kokoanya matlole le dipeeletso tsa seemo sa bosa, le go rotloetsa go tsaya karolo ga baagi go samagana le go nna mo kotsing ka botlalo.<ref>Tadesse, Debay (1 December 2010). [https://issafrica.org/research/papers/the-impact-of-climate-change-in-africa "The impact of climate change in Africa"]. ''ISS Africa''. Retrieved 16 September 2025.</ref><ref>Badji, Arfang; Ibanda, Angele; Akello, Sarah; Ekwamu, Adipala (2022). [https://afjrdev.org/index.php/jos/article/view/410 "Climate change impacts and adaptation strategies in Africa: Selected case studies"]. ''African Journal of Rural Development''. '''7''' (3): 209–274. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2415-2838 2415-2838].</ref><ref>Ngongolo, Kelvin; Gayo, Leopody (21 May 2025). [[doi:10.3389/past.2025.14225|"Climate change impacts and mitigation strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa's livestock production sector. A brief review"]]. ''Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice''. '''15''' 14225. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025Pasto..1514225N :2025Pasto..1514225N.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3389/past.2025.14225|10.3389/past.2025.14225]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-7136 2041-7136].</ref>Matlhomeso a karolo kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mangwe le a bosetšhaba a gatelela kgokagano ya makalana a mantsi, kamogelo ya maranyane, le kago ya bokgoni go tshegetsa tlhabololo e e tswelelang le go fokotsa [[:en:Climate_risk|dikotsi tsa seemo sa bosa]].<ref>African Union (28 June 2022). [https://au.int/en/documents/20220628/african-union-climate-change-and-resilient-development-strategy-and-action-plan ''African Union Climate Change and Resilient Development Strategy and Action Plan (2022-2032)''.] African Union.</ref> == Pabalesego ya metsi le go senyega ga metswedi == [[Setshwantsho:View of the surrounding at the Lake Kariba with hippos (6910358407).jpg|thumb|Lekadiba la Kariba]] Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e dira jaaka selo se segolo se se sa tlhomamang ga tshireletsego ya metsi go ralala karolo kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi ya Aforika, ka ditikologo tsa metsi tse di bontshang go sa tlhomama go go oketsegileng. Go ya ka pegelo ya Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe wa Maemo a Bosa (WMO) ya ''Seemo sa'' ''sa bosa mo Aforika ya ngwaga wa 2025'', maemo a bosa a a feteletseng le ditshupo tse di amanang le seemo sa bosa di amile bonnye jwa batho ba le didkadike di le lesome le boraro mme tsa baka dintsho tse di fetang dikete tse tharo tse di begilweng ka ngwaga wa 2025 fela, mme merwalela e ne ya dira go feta sephatlo sa seemo sa bosa sotlhe se se diphatsa.<ref>"[https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/extreme-weather-and-climate-events-impact-millions-africa-2025 Extreme weather and climate events impact millions in Africa in 2025]". World Meteorological Organization. 18 June 2026. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref>. Go gakala mo ga dikotsi go kgoreletsa go nna teng ga metsi a a fa godimo ga lefatshe le mafaratlhatlha a dikago, go fetola dikotsi tsa seemo sa bosa go nna mathata a metsi a itsholelo a a anameng.<ref>"[https://reliefweb.int/report/world/state-climate-africa-2025-enar State of the Climate in Africa 2025 &#x5B;EN/AR]&#x5D;". World Meteorological Organization via ReliefWeb. 18 June 2026. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref> === Selekanyo sa mogote le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa === [[Setshwantsho:Koppen-Geiger Map v2 Africa 1991–2020.svg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa Aforika wa go tlhaola seemo sa bosa sa Köppen ka ngwaga wa 1991 go ya kwa ngwageng wa 2020]] Go etswe tlhoko fa mogote wa moalo wa lefatshe o ile kwa godimo mo Aforika fa e sale ka 19th century go fitlhelela ka 21st century ka mogote wa 1 degrees celcius, mme mo gae mogote oo kwa tlase kwa Sahel fa paka e e omeletseng e fela e le 3 degrees celcius.<ref name=":3">''Rural societies in the face of climatic and environmental changes in West Africa''. Marseille: IRD éditions. 2017. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-2-7099-2424-5|<bdi>978-2-7099-2424-5</bdi>.]] [[:en:OCLC#OCLC|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/title/1034784045 1034784045]. Impr. Jouve.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Koppen-Geiger Map Africa future.svg|thumb|Setshwantso sa karolo kgolo ya Lefatshe ye naleng mafatshe ya Africa ya dingwaga tsa 2071 go ya kwa 2100 ka fa tlase ga boemo jo bo tseneletseng thata jwa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa . Ditiragalo tsa magareng ga jaana di tsewa di ka nna teng.]] Ditlhotlhomiso tse di dirilweng ka ngwaga wa 2019 di akanyeditse fa paka ya komelelo e tla tsaya lobaka ka nako ya dipula mme gape go nne le dipula tse di matsorotsoro mo Aforika.<ref name=":1">Kendon, Elizabeth J.; Stratton, Rachel A.; Tucker, Simon; Marsham, John H.; Berthou, Ségolène; Rowell, David P.; Senior, Catherine A. (2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6478940/ "Enhanced future changes in wet and dry extremes over Africa at convection-permitting scale"]. ''Nature Communications''. '''10''' (1): 1794. [[bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1794K|Bibcode]]:[[bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1794K|2019NatCo..10.1794K.]] [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi]]:[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-09776-9 10.1038/s41467-019-09776-9.] [[:en:International_Standard_Serial_Number|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:2041-1723 2041-1723]. [[:en:PubMed_Central#PMCID|PMC]][https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6478940/ &nbsp;6478940]. [[:en:PubMed#PubMed_identifier|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31015416/ 31015416.]</ref> Ka mafoko a mangwe maemo a a feteletseng a bosa a tla gakalela pele.<ref name=":2">"[https://weather.com/news/climate/news/2019-06-18-africa-extreme-weather-drought-flood More Extreme Weather in Africa's Future, Study Says | The Weather Channel – Articles from The Weather Channel | weather.com"]. ''The Weather Channel''. Retrieved 1 July 2022.</ref> Patlisiso e lemogile fa didirisiwa tse di lekanyang di ka se kgone go bona selekanyo sa diphetogo tse ka di sa direlwa go kapa selekanyo se se kalo.<ref name=":1" /> == Tlhotlheletso mo bathong == Phetogo ya seemo sa loapi e tla tswelela ka go ama Aforika ka ntlha ya mabaka a le mantsi. Manokonoko a a setse a kgona go utlwiwa mme a tla tswelela ka go oketsega fa go sa tsewe kgato epe go fokotsa kgaso ya mowa o o borai mo lefatsheng ka bophara. Manokonoko a akaretsa mogote o o kwa godimo, lenyora, go fetoga ga ka fa pula e nang ka teng lego oketsega ga dipharologanyo tsa phetogo ya loapi. Diemo tse di na le seabe mo go fetlheng motlakase le tiriso ya one. Lenyora le le nnileng teng mo malobeng mo mafatsheng a le mantsi a Aforika, mo go amantsweng le phetogo ya loapi, go amile go fetlhiwa ga motlakase le kgolo ya itsholelo mo kontinenteng ka bophara. Aforika e tla nna nngwe ya dikgaolo tse di amilweng thata ke manokonoko a phetogo ya seemo sa loapi.<ref>IPCC (2014). ''[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf Africa. In: Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'' (PDF).</ref> Mabaka a gore Aforika a bo a tshabelelwa ke go amega a a farologana ebile a akaretsa selekanyo se se kwa tlase sa go itepatepanya le phetogo e. Mafatshe a le mantsi mo Aforika a wela mo mafatsheng a a kwa tlase mo ditlhabologong, mme ka jalo a lebanwe ke dikgwetlho tse di farologaneng fa go tla mo go tsibogeleng manokonoko a phetogo ya loapi.<ref>UNDP/GEF (2018). [https://www.thegef.org/sites/default/files/publications/CCA-Africa-Final.pdf ''Climate Change Adaptation in Africa UNDP: Synthesis of Experiences and Recommendations'' (PDF). UNDP/GEF.]</ref> == Metswedi == 210q41xzzuvf9oi9dd0wjhecpbt729p 53207 53205 2026-07-25T15:02:31Z Atsile Edith 11759 Ke senotse tsebe e #Wikipedia25BW 53207 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Temperature Bar Chart Africa--1901-2020--2021-07-14.png|thumb|Setshwantso sa dipalopalo se se bontshang [[:en:Instrumental_temperature_record|phetogo ya mogote]] mo Aforika magareng ga 1901 le 2021, ka mmala o mohibidu o le bothitho mme botala jwa legodimo bo le tsididi go feta palogare (Palogare ya mogote ka nako ya ngwaga wa 1971 go ya kwa ngwageng wa 2000 e tsewa jaaka ntlha ya tshupiso ya diphetogo tse.)]] '''Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo Aforika''' ke matshosetsi a magolo ka gonne karolo ya eo ke nngwe ya dikgaolo tse [[:en:Climate_change_vulnerability|di mo kotsing]] thata ya [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change|ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya]] [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change|seemo sa bosa]], le fa e le yone e e bakang mesi e e kwa tlase ga karolo ya bone mo lekgolong ya lefatshe lotlhe e e dirang gore go nne le kgololo ya dighese tse di tshwarang mollo mo lefaufaung.<ref>Bank, African Development (5 November 2024). "[https://www.afdb.org/en/cop29/focus-africa Focus on Africa]". ''African Development Bank Group''. Retrieved 1 July 2026.</ref>Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e baka mekgwa e e sa tlhomamang ya pula, d[[:en:Extreme_weather|itiragalo tse di feteletseng tsa]] [[:en:Extreme_weather|tepo loapi]] tse di diragalang kgapetsakgapetsa tse di jaaka [[:en:Drought|komelelo]], [[:en:Flood|merwalela]], le [[:en:Sea_surface_temperature|megote e e tlhatlogang ya boalogodimo jwa lewatle]] go ralala karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi mo teng. Diphetogo tse di tshosetsa tshireletsego ya [[:en:Food_security|dijo]] le [[:en:Water_security|tshireletsego ya metsi]], [[:en:Biodiversity|mefutafuta ya ditshedi]], [[:en:Public_health|boitekanelo jwa setšhaba]], le [[:en:Economic_development|tlhabololo ya itsholelo]].<ref name=":0">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (22 June 2023). "Africa". ''[https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009325844/type/book Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'' (1&#x20;ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.&#x20;1285–1456. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/9781009325844.011|10.1017/9781009325844.011]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-009-32584-4|978-1-009-32584-4]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>United Nations, UNEP (2017). "[http://www.unep.org/regions/africa/regional-initiatives/responding-climate-change Responding to climate change]". ''UNEP – UN Environment Programme''. Retrieved 1 July 2022.</ref> Aforika gone jaana e thuthafala ka bonako go feta lefatshe lotlhe ka palogare.<ref>World Meterological Organization (2 September 2024). [https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/africa-faces-disproportionate-burden-from-climate-change-and-adaptation-costs "Africa faces disproportionate burden from climate change and adaptation costs]". ''World Meteorological Organization''. Retrieved 16 September 2025.</ref> Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e gakatsa matshosetsi a a leng teng a loago le itsholelo. Dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa baagi ba Aforika di ikaegile ka matshelo a a bosisi mo seemong sa bosa jaaka temothuo (karolo ya masome a matlhano le botlhano go ya kwa masome a marataro le bobedi mo lekgolong ya badiri mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara)<ref>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (22 June 2023). "Africa". ''[https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009325844/type/book Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'' (1&#x20;ed.). Cambridge University Press. p.&#x20;1289. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/9781009325844.011|10.1017/9781009325844.011]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-009-32584-4|978-1-009-32584-4]]</bdi>.</ref> mme di setse di tshela mo lehumeng, se se oketsang go tlhagelela ga bona mo ditshosong. Ditlamorago tsa botsogo di nna maswe le go feta fa [[:en:Hyperthermia|kgatelelo ya mogote]], [[:en:Disease_vector|malwetse a a tshelanwang ke dibopiwa tse di ananmisang bolwetse]] (a a tshwanang le [[:en:Malaria|malaria]] le [[:en:Dengue_fever|dengue]]), le letlhoko la dikotla di ntse di anama thata. Go feta sephatlo e leng karolong ya masome a matlhano le borataro mo lekgolong (56%) ya ditiragalo tse di fetang dikete tse pedi tse di kwadilweng tsa boitekanelo jwa setšhaba mo Aforika magareng ga ngwaga wa 2001 le ngwaga wa 2021 di ne di amana le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>Africa CDC (7 July 2025). ''[https://africacdc.org/download/climate-change-and-health-strategic-framework-2025/ Climate Change and Health: Strategic Framework 2025]''. p.&#x20;vii.</ref> [[:en:Resource_depletion|Tlhaelo ya didirisiwa]] e na le seabe mo go fudugeng le dikgotlhang, bogolosegolo mo dikgaolong tse di bokoa. Mafelo a ditoropo, a gantsi a tlhaolwang ke mafelo a bonno a a sa tlhomamang, a lebane le dikotsi tse di kwa godimo tsa morwalela le mogote o o feteletseng.<ref name=":0" /> Temothuo ke nngwe ya makalana a a mo kotsing thata, ka bontsi jwa balemirui ba Aforika ba ikaegile ka dijalo tse di [[:en:Rainfed_agriculture|nosetswang ke pula]]. Pula e e fokoditsweng le e e sa bonelwang pele, e kopantswe le megote e e kwa godimo, e kgweetsa tatlhegelo ya bongola jwa mmu, [[:en:Desertification_in_Africa|go nna sekaka]] (bogolosegolo kwa [[:en:Sahara|Sahara]]) le go sutisa mafelo a a tshwanetseng a go gola. Diphetogo tse di fokotsa thobo ya dijalo tsa konokono, di nyatsa tshireletsego ya dijo le go gakatsa tlala. Boitekanelo jwa [[:en:Livestock|leruo]] bo ntse bo tsenngwa mo kotsing thata ke kgatelelo ya mogote le go fetoga ga mekgwa ya malwetse. Dithulaganyo tsa tikologo tsa lebopo le tsa lewatle di lebane le mawatle a a thuthafetseng le [[:en:Sea_level_rise|maemo a a tlhatlogang]], se se tshosetsang batshwaraditlhapi le mafelo a a nang le batho ba le bantsi a a mo lebopong.<ref>Fonjong, Lotsmart; Matose, Frank; Sonnenfeld, David A. (1 December 2024). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095937802400116X "Climate change in Africa: Impacts, adaptation, and policy responses"]. ''Global Environmental Change''. '''89''' 102912. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024GEC....8902912F 2024GEC....8902912F]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2024.102912|10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2024.102912]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-3780 0959-3780].</ref> Ditshenyegelo tsa itsholelo tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa di maswe thata. Ka palogare mafatshe a Aforika a lebane le ditatlhegelo tse di amanang le seemo sa bosa tse di fitlhang ko karolong ya bobedi go ya kwa botlhanong mo lekgolong ya [[:en:Gross_domestic_product|Palogotlhe ya Boleng jwa Ditlhagiso tsa Naga(GDP)]] ka ngwaga, fa ditshenyegelo tsa go [[:en:Climate_change_adaptation|tlwaela]] mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahran di akanyediwa go nna didikadike tsa di dilara tsa lefatshe la USA di le masome a mararo go yab kwa masomemg a matlhano (USD 30-50 billion) ka ngwaga mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di tlang. Se se tshosetsa dipoelo tsa tlhabololo le go baya kgatelelo mo dipusong le mo ditheong tsa boditšhabatšhaba go kokoanya [[:en:Climate_finance|matlole a seemo sa bosa]].<ref>World Meteorological Organization (2024). ''[https://uneca.org/sites/default/files/ACPC/publication/State-of-the-Climate-in-Africa-2023_en.pdf State of the Climate in Africa: 2023]'' (PDF). Geneva. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-63-11360-3|978-92-63-11360-3]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>European Investment Bank (19 October 2022). ''[https://www.eib.org/en/publications/finance-in-africa-navigating-the-financial-landscape-in-turbulent-times Finance in Africa - Navigating the financial landscape in turbulent times]''. European Investment Bank. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5382-2|978-92-861-5382-2]]</bdi>.</ref> Maano a Aforika a go itlwaetsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa a tsepamisitse mogopolo mo go ageng nonofo ka [[:en:Climate-smart_agriculture|temothuo e e botlhale mo]] [[:en:Climate-smart_agriculture|seemong sa bosa]] , [[:en:Water_management|taolo ya metsi]] e e tswelelang, [[:en:Environmental_protection|tshomarelo ya tikologo]], le go matlafatsa dithulaganyo tsa boitekanelo le tsa mafaratlhatlha. Mekgwa e e baya kwa pele go tokafatsa puso, go kokoanya matlole le dipeeletso tsa seemo sa bosa, le go rotloetsa go tsaya karolo ga baagi go samagana le go nna mo kotsing ka botlalo.<ref>Tadesse, Debay (1 December 2010). [https://issafrica.org/research/papers/the-impact-of-climate-change-in-africa "The impact of climate change in Africa"]. ''ISS Africa''. Retrieved 16 September 2025.</ref><ref>Badji, Arfang; Ibanda, Angele; Akello, Sarah; Ekwamu, Adipala (2022). [https://afjrdev.org/index.php/jos/article/view/410 "Climate change impacts and adaptation strategies in Africa: Selected case studies"]. ''African Journal of Rural Development''. '''7''' (3): 209–274. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2415-2838 2415-2838].</ref><ref>Ngongolo, Kelvin; Gayo, Leopody (21 May 2025). [[doi:10.3389/past.2025.14225|"Climate change impacts and mitigation strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa's livestock production sector. A brief review"]]. ''Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice''. '''15''' 14225. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025Pasto..1514225N :2025Pasto..1514225N.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3389/past.2025.14225|10.3389/past.2025.14225]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-7136 2041-7136].</ref>Matlhomeso a karolo kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mangwe le a bosetšhaba a gatelela kgokagano ya makalana a mantsi, kamogelo ya maranyane, le kago ya bokgoni go tshegetsa tlhabololo e e tswelelang le go fokotsa [[:en:Climate_risk|dikotsi tsa seemo sa bosa]].<ref>African Union (28 June 2022). [https://au.int/en/documents/20220628/african-union-climate-change-and-resilient-development-strategy-and-action-plan ''African Union Climate Change and Resilient Development Strategy and Action Plan (2022-2032)''.] African Union.</ref> == Pabalesego ya metsi le go senyega ga metswedi == [[Setshwantsho:View of the surrounding at the Lake Kariba with hippos (6910358407).jpg|thumb|Lekadiba la Kariba]] Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e dira jaaka selo se segolo se se sa tlhomamang ga tshireletsego ya metsi go ralala karolo kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi ya Aforika, ka ditikologo tsa metsi tse di bontshang go sa tlhomama go go oketsegileng. Go ya ka pegelo ya Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe wa Maemo a Bosa (WMO) ya ''Seemo sa'' ''sa bosa mo Aforika ya ngwaga wa 2025'', maemo a bosa a a feteletseng le ditshupo tse di amanang le seemo sa bosa di amile bonnye jwa batho ba le didkadike di le lesome le boraro mme tsa baka dintsho tse di fetang dikete tse tharo tse di begilweng ka ngwaga wa 2025 fela, mme merwalela e ne ya dira go feta sephatlo sa seemo sa bosa sotlhe se se diphatsa.<ref>"[https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/extreme-weather-and-climate-events-impact-millions-africa-2025 Extreme weather and climate events impact millions in Africa in 2025]". World Meteorological Organization. 18 June 2026. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref>. Go gakala mo ga dikotsi go kgoreletsa go nna teng ga metsi a a fa godimo ga lefatshe le mafaratlhatlha a dikago, go fetola dikotsi tsa seemo sa bosa go nna mathata a metsi a itsholelo a a anameng.<ref>"[https://reliefweb.int/report/world/state-climate-africa-2025-enar State of the Climate in Africa 2025 &#x5B;EN/AR]&#x5D;". World Meteorological Organization via ReliefWeb. 18 June 2026. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref> === Selekanyo sa mogote le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa === [[Setshwantsho:Koppen-Geiger Map v2 Africa 1991–2020.svg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa Aforika wa go tlhaola seemo sa bosa sa Köppen ka ngwaga wa 1991 go ya kwa ngwageng wa 2020]] Go etswe tlhoko fa mogote wa moalo wa lefatshe o ile kwa godimo mo Aforika fa e sale ka 19th century go fitlhelela ka 21st century ka mogote wa 1 degrees celcius, mme mo gae mogote oo kwa tlase kwa Sahel fa paka e e omeletseng e fela e le 3 degrees celcius.<ref name=":3">''Rural societies in the face of climatic and environmental changes in West Africa''. Marseille: IRD éditions. 2017. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-2-7099-2424-5|<bdi>978-2-7099-2424-5</bdi>.]] [[:en:OCLC#OCLC|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/title/1034784045 1034784045]. Impr. Jouve.</ref> Dikai tsa ga jaana tsa seemo sa bosa (jaaka di sobokantswe mo [[:en:IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report|Pegelong ya Tshekatsheko ya Borataro ya IPCC]]) di bonelapele koketsego ya makgetlo le maatla a ditiragalo tsa komelelo le pula e e maatla.<ref name=":4">Armstrong, Andrew; Dyer, Ellen; Koehler, Johanna; Hope, Rob (2022). [[doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102592|"Intra-seasonal rainfall and piped water revenue variability in rural Africa".]] Global Environmental Change. 76 102592. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022GEC....7602592A 2022GEC....7602592A]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102592|10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102592.]]  Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Gape di bonelapele phokotsego ya pula e e magareng mo e ka nnang gongwe le gongwe mo Aforika, ka tshepo e e magareng go ya go e e kwa godimo. Le fa go ntse jalo, diphetogo tsa pula ya selegae le ditirisano tsa loago le seemo sa bosa di ka bonala ka mekgwa e e tlhakaneng. Ka jalo, ditlamorago tse di kopanang tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa di tla farologana go ralala karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a a mantsi mo teng. Mo metseng ya selegae, mekgwa ya pula e tlhotlheletsa tiriso ya metsi.<ref name=":4" /> [[Setshwantsho:Koppen-Geiger Map Africa future.svg|thumb|Setshwantso sa karolo kgolo ya Lefatshe ye naleng mafatshe ya Africa ya dingwaga tsa 2071 go ya kwa 2100 ka fa tlase ga boemo jo bo tseneletseng thata jwa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa . Ditiragalo tsa magareng ga jaana di tsewa di ka nna teng.]] Ditlhotlhomiso tse di dirilweng ka ngwaga wa 2019 di akanyeditse fa paka ya komelelo e tla tsaya lobaka ka nako ya dipula mme gape go nne le dipula tse di matsorotsoro mo Aforika.<ref name=":1">Kendon, Elizabeth J.; Stratton, Rachel A.; Tucker, Simon; Marsham, John H.; Berthou, Ségolène; Rowell, David P.; Senior, Catherine A. (2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6478940/ "Enhanced future changes in wet and dry extremes over Africa at convection-permitting scale"]. ''Nature Communications''. '''10''' (1): 1794. [[bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1794K|Bibcode]]:[[bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1794K|2019NatCo..10.1794K.]] [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi]]:[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-09776-9 10.1038/s41467-019-09776-9.] [[:en:International_Standard_Serial_Number|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:2041-1723 2041-1723]. [[:en:PubMed_Central#PMCID|PMC]][https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6478940/ &nbsp;6478940]. [[:en:PubMed#PubMed_identifier|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31015416/ 31015416.]</ref> Ka mafoko a mangwe "maemo a a feteletseng a bosa a tla gakalela pele".<ref name=":2">"[https://weather.com/news/climate/news/2019-06-18-africa-extreme-weather-drought-flood More Extreme Weather in Africa's Future, Study Says | The Weather Channel – Articles from The Weather Channel | weather.com"]. ''The Weather Channel''. Retrieved 1 July 2022.</ref> Patlisiso e fitlhetse gore bontsi jwa [[:en:Climate_model|dikai tsa seemo sa bosa]] ga di kitla di kgona go bona selekanyo sa diphetogo tseno ka gonne ga di letlelele [[:en:Atmospheric_convection|phetogo]] ya mowa mo dilekanong tsa tsone tse di makgwakgwa.<ref name=":1" /> === Go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle === ''Bona gape : [[:en:Floods_in_Africa|Merwalela mo Aforika]]'' [[Setshwantsho:Dar es Salaam (Aerial).jpg|thumb|Pono e e bonwang kwa godimo ya motsemogolo wa lefatshe la Tanzania, e leng Dar es Salaam.]] Mo [[:en:Africa|Aforika]], [[:en:Population_growth|kgolo ya batho]] mo isagong e oketsa dikotsi tse di bakiwang ke go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle. Batho ba ka nna didikadike di le masome a matlhano le bone ntlha pedi ba ne ba nna mo dikgaolong tsa lebopo tse di kwa tlase tse di tlhagelelang thata (LECZ) ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000. Palo e e tla menagana gabedi go fitlha go batho ba ka nna didikadike di le lekgolo le lesome ka dingwaga tsa bo 2030. Ka ngwaga wa 2060 e tla bo e le batho ba ka nna didikadike di le lekgolo le masome a borobabobedi le botlhano go ya go ko makgolong a mabedi le boraro, go ikaegile ka selekanyo sa kgolo ya baagi. Palogare ya tlhatlogo ya bogodimo jwa lewatle jwa kgaolo e tla nna mo tikologong ya selekanyo sa boleele jwa di centimetara di le masome a mabedi le bongwe ka ngwaga wa 2060. Ka nako eo ditiragalo tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ga di kitla di dira pharologanyo e ntsi. Mme thutafatshe ya selegae le diphetogo tsa baagi di dirisana go oketsa go tlhagelela mo dikotsing tse di jaaka merwalela ya dingwaga di le lekgolo ka tsela e e raraaneng.<ref name=":5">Trisos, C. H., I. O. Adelekan, E. Totin, A. Ayanlade, J. Efitre, A. Gemeda, K. Kalaba, C. Lennard, C. Masao, Y. Mgaya, G. Ngaruiya, D. Olago, N. P. Simpson, and S. Zakieldeen 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter09.pdf Chapter 9: Africa]. In Climate [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E. S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, New York, US, pp. 2043–2121 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.011.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Abidjan des Lagune.jpg|thumb|Abidjan, e leng toropo e e nonofileng thata ya ikonomi ya Ivory Coast]] {| class="wikitable" |+Dipalopalo tsa batho mo dipoeng tsa merwalela tsa dingwaga di le 100.<ref name=":5" /> !Lefatshe !2000 !2030 !2060 !Kgolo go ya ngwaga wa 2000 goya kwa ngwageng wa 2060 |- |Egypt |7.4 |13.8 |20.7 |0.28 |- |Nigeria |0.1 |0.3 |0.9 |0.84 |- |Senegal |0.4 |1.1 |2.7 |0.76 |- |Benin |0.1 |0.6 |1.6 |1.12 |- |Tanzania |0.2 |0.9 |4.3 |2.3 |- |Somalia |0.2 |0.6 |2.7 |1.7 |- |Cote d'Ivoire |0.1 |0.3 |0.7 |0.65 |- |Mozambique |0.7 |1.4 |2.5 |0.36 |} # Mo didikadikeng tsa batho. Kholomo ya bobedi le ya boraro di akaretsa bobedi ditlamorago tsa kgolo ya baagi le bogolo jo bo oketsegileng jwa dipoa tsa morwalela ka nako eo. # Koketsego ya baagi ba lefelo le boemo jo bo kwa godimo jo bo utlwalang jwa kgolo ya baagi. [[Setshwantsho:ANKOMAH 20221122-009.jpg|thumb|Monna mongwe o lebile kwa ntle kwa lotshitshing lwa lewatle a le mo kagong e e sentsweng ke makhubu a a kwa godimo kwa [[:en:Chorkor|Chorkor]], e leng torotswana ya [[:en:Accra|Accra]]. Morwalela wa letsatsi le letsatsi o o bakiwang ke go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle, o oketsa [[:en:Coastal_erosion|kgogolego ya mabopo]] e e senyang matlo, mafaratlhatlha le dithulaganyo tsa tlholego tsa tikologo. Baagi ba le mmalwa kwa Coastal Ghana ba setse ba itemogela go fetoga ga makhubu a lewatle.]] Mo pakeng e e gaufi, go lebeletswe gore go fuduga mo gogolo go tla diragala mo kgaolong ya [[:en:East_Africa|Botlhaba jwa Aforika]] . Bonnye jwa batho ba le dikete tse makgolo a supa le botlhano koo go ka direga gore ba fudusiwe go tswa kwa mabopong magareng ga dingwaga tsa 2020 le 2050. Dithutopatlisiso tsa saense di akanyeditse gore ditoropo tse dikgolo di le lesome le bobedi tsa Aforika di tla tshegetsa tshenyo e e kokoantsweng ya didikadike tsa dilora tsa USA di le masome a marataro le botlhano ka ntlha ya boemo jwa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa jo bo "magareng" jwa [[:en:Representative_Concentration_Pathway|RCP4.5]] ka ngwaga wa 2050. Ditoropo tse Abidjan, Alexandria, Algiers, Cape Town, Casablanca, Dakar, Dar es Salaam, Durban, Lagos, Lomé, Luanda le Maputo. Ka fa tlase ga boemo jwa go ntsha mesi e e kwa godimo jwa RCP8.5 tshenyo e tla fitlha didikadike tsa di dolara tsa lefatshe la USA di le masome a borobabobedi le boratatro ntlha tlhano. Mofuta wa boemo jwa go ntsha mesi e e kwa godimo jo bo nang le ditlamorago tse dingwe go tswa mo go sa tlhomamang ga aese e e kwa godimo go tla akaretsa ditshenyegelo tse di ka fitlhang go didikadike tsa di dolara tsa lefatshe la USA di le lekgolo le masome a mararo le bosupa ntlha tlhano. Tshenyo e e tswang mo ditiragalong tse tharo tse di ikarabelang mo godimo ga "ditiragalo tse di nang le kgonagalo e e kwa tlase, tse di nang le tshenyo e e kwa godimo" e tla tlhatlogela kwa go didikadikeng tsa di dolara di le lekgolo le masome a borobabobedi le bosupa, tse makgolo a mabei le borataro le makgolo a mararo le masome a a borobabongwe le bosupa ka go latelana.<ref name=":5" /> Mo dikakanyetsong tse, motsemogolo wa Egepeto wa Alexandria o le nosi o dira mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa palo e.<ref name=":5" /> Batho ba le diketekete tse di makgolokgolo mo mafelong a yone a a kwa tlase ba ka tswa ba setse ba tlhoka go fuduga mo dingwageng tse di lesome tse di tlang.<ref>Michaelson, Ruth (25 August 2018). [https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/aug/29/alexandria-little-venice-egypt-climate-change-frontline "Houses claimed by the canal: life on Egypt's climate change frontline"]. [[:en:The_Guardian|The Guardian]]. Retrieved 30 August 2018.</ref> Go ralala Aforika o o kwa [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|borwa jwa Sahara]] ka kakaretso, tshenyo e e bakiwang ke go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle e ka fitlha karolo ya bobedi go ya kwa boneng mo lekgolong ya GDP ka ngwaga wa 2050. Le fa go ntse jalo palo e e ikaegile ka selekanyo sa [[:en:Economic_growth|kgolo ya itsholelo]] ya isago le [[:en:Adaptation|go tlwaela]].<ref name=":5" /> [[Setshwantsho:Leptis Magna amphitheatre - panoramio.jpg|left|thumb|Masalela a [[:en:Amphitheater|lefelo la bobogelo]] la Leptis Magna, mme lewatle le bonala kwa morago]] Mo pakeng e telele, Egepeto, Mozambique le Tanzania di ka nna le palo e kgolo ya batho ba ba amiwang ke morwalela wa ngwaga le ngwaga mo dinageng tsotlhe tsa Aforika. Tekanyetso e e tsaya gore thuthafalo ya lefatshe e tla fitlha selekanyo sa mogote wa Celcius tse nne (4 °C) kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga. Tlhatlhogo eo e amana le boemo jwa RCP8.5. Ka fa tlase ga RCP8.5, mafelo a botlhokwa a setso a le lesome a ne a tla bo a le mo kotsing ya morwalela le kgogolego kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo. Tsena ke [[:en:Casbah_of_Algiers|Casbah ya Algiers]], [[:en:Carthage#Archaeological_site|Lefelo la Boepi la Carthage]], [[:en:Kerkouane|Kerkouane]], Leptis Magna Lefelo la Boepi, Medina wa Sousse, Medina wa Tunis, Lefelo la Boepi la Sabratha, Setlhaketlhake sa Robben, Setlhaketlhake sa Saint-Louis le Tipasa. Palogotlhe ya lesome le botlhano a [[:en:Ramsar_site|mafelo a Ramsar]] le mafelo a mangwe a boswa jwa tlholego a ne a tla lebana le dikotsi tse di tshwanang. Tseno ke [[:en:Bao_Bolong_Wetland_Reserve|Lefelo la Polokelo ya Lefelo le le Metsi la Bao Bolong]][[:en:Delta_du_Saloum_National_Park|,Lefelo la Bosetšhaba ya Delta du Saloum]], [[:en:Diawling_National_Park|Lefelo la Bosetšhaba ya Diawling]], Kolofo ya Boughrara, Kalissaye, Letsha la Lewatle le Lefelo la Mejerda, [[:en:Marromeu_Game_Reserve|Lefelo la Tshireletso ya Diphologolo tsa Marromeu]], Lefelo la Tshireletso ya Diphologolo tsa Diphologolo tsa Marromeu, Lefelo la Tshireletso la Tlhago la Ditlhare tsa Mangrove le Lefelo la Polokelo ya Diphologolo tsa Seal, Essed, Sebkhet Soliman, Lefelo la Tlhago la Kgatlhego ya Setšhaba la Somone, [[:en:Songhor_Lagoon|Lefelo la Tlhago la Ditshedi la Songor]], [[:en:Tanbi_Wetland_Complex|Lefelo]] [[:en:Tanbi_Wetland_Complex|le le dikago tse dintsi la Metsi la Tanbi]] le [[:en:Watamu_Marine_National_Park|Lefelo la Bosetšhaba ya Lewatle ya Watamu]].<ref name=":5" /> == Tlhotlheletso mo bathong == Phetogo ya seemo sa loapi e tla tswelela ka go ama Aforika ka ntlha ya mabaka a le mantsi. Manokonoko a a setse a kgona go utlwiwa mme a tla tswelela ka go oketsega fa go sa tsewe kgato epe go fokotsa kgaso ya mowa o o borai mo lefatsheng ka bophara. Manokonoko a akaretsa mogote o o kwa godimo, lenyora, go fetoga ga ka fa pula e nang ka teng lego oketsega ga dipharologanyo tsa phetogo ya loapi. Diemo tse di na le seabe mo go fetlheng motlakase le tiriso ya one. Lenyora le le nnileng teng mo malobeng mo mafatsheng a le mantsi a Aforika, mo go amantsweng le phetogo ya loapi, go amile go fetlhiwa ga motlakase le kgolo ya itsholelo mo kontinenteng ka bophara. Aforika e tla nna nngwe ya dikgaolo tse di amilweng thata ke manokonoko a phetogo ya seemo sa loapi.<ref>IPCC (2014). ''[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf Africa. In: Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'' (PDF).</ref> Mabaka a gore Aforika a bo a tshabelelwa ke go amega a a farologana ebile a akaretsa selekanyo se se kwa tlase sa go itepatepanya le phetogo e. Mafatshe a le mantsi mo Aforika a wela mo mafatsheng a a kwa tlase mo ditlhabologong, mme ka jalo a lebanwe ke dikgwetlho tse di farologaneng fa go tla mo go tsibogeleng manokonoko a phetogo ya loapi.<ref>UNDP/GEF (2018). [https://www.thegef.org/sites/default/files/publications/CCA-Africa-Final.pdf ''Climate Change Adaptation in Africa UNDP: Synthesis of Experiences and Recommendations'' (PDF). UNDP/GEF.]</ref> == Metswedi == 9l25kgc09a5hytkr1whu5be8n36lu4k 53212 53207 2026-07-25T16:28:23Z Atsile Edith 11759 Ke senotse tsebe e #Wikipedia25BW 53212 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Temperature Bar Chart Africa--1901-2020--2021-07-14.png|thumb|Setshwantso sa dipalopalo se se bontshang [[:en:Instrumental_temperature_record|phetogo ya mogote]] mo Aforika magareng ga 1901 le 2021, ka mmala o mohibidu o le bothitho mme botala jwa legodimo bo le tsididi go feta palogare (Palogare ya mogote ka nako ya ngwaga wa 1971 go ya kwa ngwageng wa 2000 e tsewa jaaka ntlha ya tshupiso ya diphetogo tse.)]] '''Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo Aforika''' ke matshosetsi a magolo ka gonne karolo ya eo ke nngwe ya dikgaolo tse [[:en:Climate_change_vulnerability|di mo kotsing]] thata ya [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change|ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya]] [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change|seemo sa bosa]], le fa e le yone e e bakang mesi e e kwa tlase ga karolo ya bone mo lekgolong ya lefatshe lotlhe e e dirang gore go nne le kgololo ya dighese tse di tshwarang mollo mo lefaufaung.<ref>Bank, African Development (5 November 2024). "[https://www.afdb.org/en/cop29/focus-africa Focus on Africa]". ''African Development Bank Group''. Retrieved 1 July 2026.</ref>Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e baka mekgwa e e sa tlhomamang ya pula, d[[:en:Extreme_weather|itiragalo tse di feteletseng tsa]] [[:en:Extreme_weather|tepo loapi]] tse di diragalang kgapetsakgapetsa tse di jaaka [[:en:Drought|komelelo]], [[:en:Flood|merwalela]], le [[:en:Sea_surface_temperature|megote e e tlhatlogang ya boalogodimo jwa lewatle]] go ralala karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi mo teng. Diphetogo tse di tshosetsa tshireletsego ya [[:en:Food_security|dijo]] le [[:en:Water_security|tshireletsego ya metsi]], [[:en:Biodiversity|mefutafuta ya ditshedi]], [[:en:Public_health|boitekanelo jwa setšhaba]], le [[:en:Economic_development|tlhabololo ya itsholelo]].<ref name=":0">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (22 June 2023). "Africa". ''[https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009325844/type/book Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'' (1&#x20;ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.&#x20;1285–1456. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/9781009325844.011|10.1017/9781009325844.011]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-009-32584-4|978-1-009-32584-4]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>United Nations, UNEP (2017). "[http://www.unep.org/regions/africa/regional-initiatives/responding-climate-change Responding to climate change]". ''UNEP – UN Environment Programme''. Retrieved 1 July 2022.</ref> Aforika gone jaana e thuthafala ka bonako go feta lefatshe lotlhe ka palogare.<ref>World Meterological Organization (2 September 2024). [https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/africa-faces-disproportionate-burden-from-climate-change-and-adaptation-costs "Africa faces disproportionate burden from climate change and adaptation costs]". ''World Meteorological Organization''. Retrieved 16 September 2025.</ref> Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e gakatsa matshosetsi a a leng teng a loago le itsholelo. Dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa baagi ba Aforika di ikaegile ka matshelo a a bosisi mo seemong sa bosa jaaka temothuo (karolo ya masome a matlhano le botlhano go ya kwa masome a marataro le bobedi mo lekgolong ya badiri mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara)<ref>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (22 June 2023). "Africa". ''[https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009325844/type/book Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'' (1&#x20;ed.). Cambridge University Press. p.&#x20;1289. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/9781009325844.011|10.1017/9781009325844.011]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-009-32584-4|978-1-009-32584-4]]</bdi>.</ref> mme di setse di tshela mo lehumeng, se se oketsang go tlhagelela ga bona mo ditshosong. Ditlamorago tsa botsogo di nna maswe le go feta fa [[:en:Hyperthermia|kgatelelo ya mogote]], [[:en:Disease_vector|malwetse a a tshelanwang ke dibopiwa tse di ananmisang bolwetse]] (a a tshwanang le [[:en:Malaria|malaria]] le [[:en:Dengue_fever|dengue]]), le letlhoko la dikotla di ntse di anama thata. Go feta sephatlo e leng karolong ya masome a matlhano le borataro mo lekgolong (56%) ya ditiragalo tse di fetang dikete tse pedi tse di kwadilweng tsa boitekanelo jwa setšhaba mo Aforika magareng ga ngwaga wa 2001 le ngwaga wa 2021 di ne di amana le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>Africa CDC (7 July 2025). ''[https://africacdc.org/download/climate-change-and-health-strategic-framework-2025/ Climate Change and Health: Strategic Framework 2025]''. p.&#x20;vii.</ref> [[:en:Resource_depletion|Tlhaelo ya didirisiwa]] e na le seabe mo go fudugeng le dikgotlhang, bogolosegolo mo dikgaolong tse di bokoa. Mafelo a ditoropo, a gantsi a tlhaolwang ke mafelo a bonno a a sa tlhomamang, a lebane le dikotsi tse di kwa godimo tsa morwalela le mogote o o feteletseng.<ref name=":0" /> Temothuo ke nngwe ya makalana a a mo kotsing thata, ka bontsi jwa balemirui ba Aforika ba ikaegile ka dijalo tse di [[:en:Rainfed_agriculture|nosetswang ke pula]]. Pula e e fokoditsweng le e e sa bonelwang pele, e kopantswe le megote e e kwa godimo, e kgweetsa tatlhegelo ya bongola jwa mmu, [[:en:Desertification_in_Africa|go nna sekaka]] (bogolosegolo kwa [[:en:Sahara|Sahara]]) le go sutisa mafelo a a tshwanetseng a go gola. Diphetogo tse di fokotsa thobo ya dijalo tsa konokono, di nyatsa tshireletsego ya dijo le go gakatsa tlala. Boitekanelo jwa [[:en:Livestock|leruo]] bo ntse bo tsenngwa mo kotsing thata ke kgatelelo ya mogote le go fetoga ga mekgwa ya malwetse. Dithulaganyo tsa tikologo tsa lebopo le tsa lewatle di lebane le mawatle a a thuthafetseng le [[:en:Sea_level_rise|maemo a a tlhatlogang]], se se tshosetsang batshwaraditlhapi le mafelo a a nang le batho ba le bantsi a a mo lebopong.<ref>Fonjong, Lotsmart; Matose, Frank; Sonnenfeld, David A. (1 December 2024). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095937802400116X "Climate change in Africa: Impacts, adaptation, and policy responses"]. ''Global Environmental Change''. '''89''' 102912. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024GEC....8902912F 2024GEC....8902912F]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2024.102912|10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2024.102912]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-3780 0959-3780].</ref> Ditshenyegelo tsa itsholelo tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa di maswe thata. Ka palogare mafatshe a Aforika a lebane le ditatlhegelo tse di amanang le seemo sa bosa tse di fitlhang ko karolong ya bobedi go ya kwa botlhanong mo lekgolong ya [[:en:Gross_domestic_product|Palogotlhe ya Boleng jwa Ditlhagiso tsa Naga(GDP)]] ka ngwaga, fa ditshenyegelo tsa go [[:en:Climate_change_adaptation|tlwaela]] mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahran di akanyediwa go nna didikadike tsa di dilara tsa lefatshe la USA di le masome a mararo go yab kwa masomemg a matlhano (USD 30-50 billion) ka ngwaga mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di tlang. Se se tshosetsa dipoelo tsa tlhabololo le go baya kgatelelo mo dipusong le mo ditheong tsa boditšhabatšhaba go kokoanya [[:en:Climate_finance|matlole a seemo sa bosa]].<ref>World Meteorological Organization (2024). ''[https://uneca.org/sites/default/files/ACPC/publication/State-of-the-Climate-in-Africa-2023_en.pdf State of the Climate in Africa: 2023]'' (PDF). Geneva. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-63-11360-3|978-92-63-11360-3]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>European Investment Bank (19 October 2022). ''[https://www.eib.org/en/publications/finance-in-africa-navigating-the-financial-landscape-in-turbulent-times Finance in Africa - Navigating the financial landscape in turbulent times]''. European Investment Bank. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5382-2|978-92-861-5382-2]]</bdi>.</ref> Maano a Aforika a go itlwaetsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa a tsepamisitse mogopolo mo go ageng nonofo ka [[:en:Climate-smart_agriculture|temothuo e e botlhale mo]] [[:en:Climate-smart_agriculture|seemong sa bosa]] , [[:en:Water_management|taolo ya metsi]] e e tswelelang, [[:en:Environmental_protection|tshomarelo ya tikologo]], le go matlafatsa dithulaganyo tsa boitekanelo le tsa mafaratlhatlha. Mekgwa e e baya kwa pele go tokafatsa puso, go kokoanya matlole le dipeeletso tsa seemo sa bosa, le go rotloetsa go tsaya karolo ga baagi go samagana le go nna mo kotsing ka botlalo.<ref>Tadesse, Debay (1 December 2010). [https://issafrica.org/research/papers/the-impact-of-climate-change-in-africa "The impact of climate change in Africa"]. ''ISS Africa''. Retrieved 16 September 2025.</ref><ref>Badji, Arfang; Ibanda, Angele; Akello, Sarah; Ekwamu, Adipala (2022). [https://afjrdev.org/index.php/jos/article/view/410 "Climate change impacts and adaptation strategies in Africa: Selected case studies"]. ''African Journal of Rural Development''. '''7''' (3): 209–274. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2415-2838 2415-2838].</ref><ref>Ngongolo, Kelvin; Gayo, Leopody (21 May 2025). [[doi:10.3389/past.2025.14225|"Climate change impacts and mitigation strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa's livestock production sector. A brief review"]]. ''Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice''. '''15''' 14225. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025Pasto..1514225N :2025Pasto..1514225N.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3389/past.2025.14225|10.3389/past.2025.14225]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-7136 2041-7136].</ref>Matlhomeso a karolo kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mangwe le a bosetšhaba a gatelela kgokagano ya makalana a mantsi, kamogelo ya maranyane, le kago ya bokgoni go tshegetsa tlhabololo e e tswelelang le go fokotsa [[:en:Climate_risk|dikotsi tsa seemo sa bosa]].<ref>African Union (28 June 2022). [https://au.int/en/documents/20220628/african-union-climate-change-and-resilient-development-strategy-and-action-plan ''African Union Climate Change and Resilient Development Strategy and Action Plan (2022-2032)''.] African Union.</ref> == Pabalesego ya metsi le go senyega ga metswedi == [[Setshwantsho:View of the surrounding at the Lake Kariba with hippos (6910358407).jpg|thumb|Lekadiba la Kariba]] Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e dira jaaka selo se segolo se se sa tlhomamang ga tshireletsego ya metsi go ralala karolo kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi ya Aforika, ka ditikologo tsa metsi tse di bontshang go sa tlhomama go go oketsegileng. Go ya ka pegelo ya Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe wa Maemo a Bosa (WMO) ya ''Seemo sa'' ''sa bosa mo Aforika ya ngwaga wa 2025'', maemo a bosa a a feteletseng le ditshupo tse di amanang le seemo sa bosa di amile bonnye jwa batho ba le didkadike di le lesome le boraro mme tsa baka dintsho tse di fetang dikete tse tharo tse di begilweng ka ngwaga wa 2025 fela, mme merwalela e ne ya dira go feta sephatlo sa seemo sa bosa sotlhe se se diphatsa.<ref>"[https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/extreme-weather-and-climate-events-impact-millions-africa-2025 Extreme weather and climate events impact millions in Africa in 2025]". World Meteorological Organization. 18 June 2026. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref>. Go gakala mo ga dikotsi go kgoreletsa go nna teng ga metsi a a fa godimo ga lefatshe le mafaratlhatlha a dikago, go fetola dikotsi tsa seemo sa bosa go nna mathata a metsi a itsholelo a a anameng.<ref>"[https://reliefweb.int/report/world/state-climate-africa-2025-enar State of the Climate in Africa 2025 &#x5B;EN/AR]&#x5D;". World Meteorological Organization via ReliefWeb. 18 June 2026. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref> === Selekanyo sa mogote le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa === [[Setshwantsho:Koppen-Geiger Map v2 Africa 1991–2020.svg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa Aforika wa go tlhaola seemo sa bosa sa Köppen ka ngwaga wa 1991 go ya kwa ngwageng wa 2020]] Go etswe tlhoko fa mogote wa moalo wa lefatshe o ile kwa godimo mo Aforika fa e sale ka 19th century go fitlhelela ka 21st century ka mogote wa 1 degrees celcius, mme mo gae mogote oo kwa tlase kwa Sahel fa paka e e omeletseng e fela e le 3 degrees celcius.<ref name=":3">''Rural societies in the face of climatic and environmental changes in West Africa''. Marseille: IRD éditions. 2017. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-2-7099-2424-5|<bdi>978-2-7099-2424-5</bdi>.]] [[:en:OCLC#OCLC|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/title/1034784045 1034784045]. Impr. Jouve.</ref> Dikai tsa ga jaana tsa seemo sa bosa (jaaka di sobokantswe mo [[:en:IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report|Pegelong ya Tshekatsheko ya Borataro ya IPCC]]) di bonelapele koketsego ya makgetlo le maatla a ditiragalo tsa komelelo le pula e e maatla.<ref name=":4">Armstrong, Andrew; Dyer, Ellen; Koehler, Johanna; Hope, Rob (2022). [[doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102592|"Intra-seasonal rainfall and piped water revenue variability in rural Africa".]] Global Environmental Change. 76 102592. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022GEC....7602592A 2022GEC....7602592A]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102592|10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102592.]]  Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Gape di bonelapele phokotsego ya pula e e magareng mo e ka nnang gongwe le gongwe mo Aforika, ka tshepo e e magareng go ya go e e kwa godimo. Le fa go ntse jalo, diphetogo tsa pula ya selegae le ditirisano tsa loago le seemo sa bosa di ka bonala ka mekgwa e e tlhakaneng. Ka jalo, ditlamorago tse di kopanang tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa di tla farologana go ralala karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a a mantsi mo teng. Mo metseng ya selegae, mekgwa ya pula e tlhotlheletsa tiriso ya metsi.<ref name=":4" /> [[Setshwantsho:Koppen-Geiger Map Africa future.svg|thumb|Setshwantso sa karolo kgolo ya Lefatshe ye naleng mafatshe ya Africa ya dingwaga tsa 2071 go ya kwa 2100 ka fa tlase ga boemo jo bo tseneletseng thata jwa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa . Ditiragalo tsa magareng ga jaana di tsewa di ka nna teng.]] Ditlhotlhomiso tse di dirilweng ka ngwaga wa 2019 di akanyeditse fa paka ya komelelo e tla tsaya lobaka ka nako ya dipula mme gape go nne le dipula tse di matsorotsoro mo Aforika.<ref name=":1">Kendon, Elizabeth J.; Stratton, Rachel A.; Tucker, Simon; Marsham, John H.; Berthou, Ségolène; Rowell, David P.; Senior, Catherine A. (2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6478940/ "Enhanced future changes in wet and dry extremes over Africa at convection-permitting scale"]. ''Nature Communications''. '''10''' (1): 1794. [[bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1794K|Bibcode]]:[[bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1794K|2019NatCo..10.1794K.]] [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi]]:[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-09776-9 10.1038/s41467-019-09776-9.] [[:en:International_Standard_Serial_Number|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:2041-1723 2041-1723]. [[:en:PubMed_Central#PMCID|PMC]][https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6478940/ &nbsp;6478940]. [[:en:PubMed#PubMed_identifier|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31015416/ 31015416.]</ref> Ka mafoko a mangwe "maemo a a feteletseng a bosa a tla gakalela pele".<ref name=":2">"[https://weather.com/news/climate/news/2019-06-18-africa-extreme-weather-drought-flood More Extreme Weather in Africa's Future, Study Says | The Weather Channel – Articles from The Weather Channel | weather.com"]. ''The Weather Channel''. Retrieved 1 July 2022.</ref> Patlisiso e fitlhetse gore bontsi jwa [[:en:Climate_model|dikai tsa seemo sa bosa]] ga di kitla di kgona go bona selekanyo sa diphetogo tseno ka gonne ga di letlelele [[:en:Atmospheric_convection|phetogo]] ya mowa mo dilekanong tsa tsone tse di makgwakgwa.<ref name=":1" /> === Go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle === ''Bona gape : [[:en:Floods_in_Africa|Merwalela mo Aforika]]'' [[Setshwantsho:Dar es Salaam (Aerial).jpg|thumb|Pono e e bonwang kwa godimo ya motsemogolo wa lefatshe la Tanzania, e leng Dar es Salaam.]] Mo [[:en:Africa|Aforika]], [[:en:Population_growth|kgolo ya batho]] mo isagong e oketsa dikotsi tse di bakiwang ke go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle. Batho ba ka nna didikadike di le masome a matlhano le bone ntlha pedi ba ne ba nna mo dikgaolong tsa lebopo tse di kwa tlase tse di tlhagelelang thata (LECZ) ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000. Palo e e tla menagana gabedi go fitlha go batho ba ka nna didikadike di le lekgolo le lesome ka dingwaga tsa bo 2030. Ka ngwaga wa 2060 e tla bo e le batho ba ka nna didikadike di le lekgolo le masome a borobabobedi le botlhano go ya go ko makgolong a mabedi le boraro, go ikaegile ka selekanyo sa kgolo ya baagi. Palogare ya tlhatlogo ya bogodimo jwa lewatle jwa kgaolo e tla nna mo tikologong ya selekanyo sa boleele jwa di centimetara di le masome a mabedi le bongwe ka ngwaga wa 2060. Ka nako eo ditiragalo tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ga di kitla di dira pharologanyo e ntsi. Mme thutafatshe ya selegae le diphetogo tsa baagi di dirisana go oketsa go tlhagelela mo dikotsing tse di jaaka merwalela ya dingwaga di le lekgolo ka tsela e e raraaneng.<ref name=":5">Trisos, C. H., I. O. Adelekan, E. Totin, A. Ayanlade, J. Efitre, A. Gemeda, K. Kalaba, C. Lennard, C. Masao, Y. Mgaya, G. Ngaruiya, D. Olago, N. P. Simpson, and S. Zakieldeen 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter09.pdf Chapter 9: Africa]. In Climate [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E. S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, New York, US, pp. 2043–2121 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.011.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Abidjan des Lagune.jpg|thumb|Abidjan, e leng toropo e e nonofileng thata ya ikonomi ya Ivory Coast]] {| class="wikitable" |+Dipalopalo tsa batho mo dipoeng tsa merwalela tsa dingwaga di le 100.<ref name=":5" /> !Lefatshe !2000 !2030 !2060 !Kgolo go ya ngwaga wa 2000 goya kwa ngwageng wa 2060 |- |Egypt |7.4 |13.8 |20.7 |0.28 |- |Nigeria |0.1 |0.3 |0.9 |0.84 |- |Senegal |0.4 |1.1 |2.7 |0.76 |- |Benin |0.1 |0.6 |1.6 |1.12 |- |Tanzania |0.2 |0.9 |4.3 |2.3 |- |Somalia |0.2 |0.6 |2.7 |1.7 |- |Cote d'Ivoire |0.1 |0.3 |0.7 |0.65 |- |Mozambique |0.7 |1.4 |2.5 |0.36 |} # Mo didikadikeng tsa batho. Kholomo ya bobedi le ya boraro di akaretsa bobedi ditlamorago tsa kgolo ya baagi le bogolo jo bo oketsegileng jwa dipoa tsa morwalela ka nako eo. # Koketsego ya baagi ba lefelo le boemo jo bo kwa godimo jo bo utlwalang jwa kgolo ya baagi. [[Setshwantsho:ANKOMAH 20221122-009.jpg|thumb|Monna mongwe o lebile kwa ntle kwa lotshitshing lwa lewatle a le mo kagong e e sentsweng ke makhubu a a kwa godimo kwa [[:en:Chorkor|Chorkor]], e leng torotswana ya [[:en:Accra|Accra]]. Morwalela wa letsatsi le letsatsi o o bakiwang ke go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle, o oketsa [[:en:Coastal_erosion|kgogolego ya mabopo]] e e senyang matlo, mafaratlhatlha le dithulaganyo tsa tlholego tsa tikologo. Baagi ba le mmalwa kwa Coastal Ghana ba setse ba itemogela go fetoga ga makhubu a lewatle.]] Mo pakeng e e gaufi, go lebeletswe gore go fuduga mo gogolo go tla diragala mo kgaolong ya [[:en:East_Africa|Botlhaba jwa Aforika]] . Bonnye jwa batho ba le dikete tse makgolo a supa le botlhano koo go ka direga gore ba fudusiwe go tswa kwa mabopong magareng ga dingwaga tsa 2020 le 2050. Dithutopatlisiso tsa saense di akanyeditse gore ditoropo tse dikgolo di le lesome le bobedi tsa Aforika di tla tshegetsa tshenyo e e kokoantsweng ya didikadike tsa dilora tsa USA di le masome a marataro le botlhano ka ntlha ya boemo jwa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa jo bo "magareng" jwa [[:en:Representative_Concentration_Pathway|RCP4.5]] ka ngwaga wa 2050. Ditoropo tse Abidjan, Alexandria, Algiers, Cape Town, Casablanca, Dakar, Dar es Salaam, Durban, Lagos, Lomé, Luanda le Maputo. Ka fa tlase ga boemo jwa go ntsha mesi e e kwa godimo jwa RCP8.5 tshenyo e tla fitlha didikadike tsa di dolara tsa lefatshe la USA di le masome a borobabobedi le boratatro ntlha tlhano. Mofuta wa boemo jwa go ntsha mesi e e kwa godimo jo bo nang le ditlamorago tse dingwe go tswa mo go sa tlhomamang ga aese e e kwa godimo go tla akaretsa ditshenyegelo tse di ka fitlhang go didikadike tsa di dolara tsa lefatshe la USA di le lekgolo le masome a mararo le bosupa ntlha tlhano. Tshenyo e e tswang mo ditiragalong tse tharo tse di ikarabelang mo godimo ga "ditiragalo tse di nang le kgonagalo e e kwa tlase, tse di nang le tshenyo e e kwa godimo" e tla tlhatlogela kwa go didikadikeng tsa di dolara di le lekgolo le masome a borobabobedi le bosupa, tse makgolo a mabei le borataro le makgolo a mararo le masome a a borobabongwe le bosupa ka go latelana.<ref name=":5" /> Mo dikakanyetsong tse, motsemogolo wa Egepeto wa Alexandria o le nosi o dira mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa palo e.<ref name=":5" /> Batho ba le diketekete tse di makgolokgolo mo mafelong a yone a a kwa tlase ba ka tswa ba setse ba tlhoka go fuduga mo dingwageng tse di lesome tse di tlang.<ref>Michaelson, Ruth (25 August 2018). [https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/aug/29/alexandria-little-venice-egypt-climate-change-frontline "Houses claimed by the canal: life on Egypt's climate change frontline"]. [[:en:The_Guardian|The Guardian]]. Retrieved 30 August 2018.</ref> Go ralala Aforika o o kwa [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|borwa jwa Sahara]] ka kakaretso, tshenyo e e bakiwang ke go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle e ka fitlha karolo ya bobedi go ya kwa boneng mo lekgolong ya GDP ka ngwaga wa 2050. Le fa go ntse jalo palo e e ikaegile ka selekanyo sa [[:en:Economic_growth|kgolo ya itsholelo]] ya isago le [[:en:Adaptation|go tlwaela]].<ref name=":5" /> [[Setshwantsho:Leptis Magna amphitheatre - panoramio.jpg|left|thumb|Masalela a [[:en:Amphitheater|lefelo la bobogelo]] la Leptis Magna, mme lewatle le bonala kwa morago]] Mo pakeng e telele, Egepeto, Mozambique le Tanzania di ka nna le palo e kgolo ya batho ba ba amiwang ke morwalela wa ngwaga le ngwaga mo dinageng tsotlhe tsa Aforika. Tekanyetso e e tsaya gore thuthafalo ya lefatshe e tla fitlha selekanyo sa mogote wa Celcius tse nne (4 °C) kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga. Tlhatlhogo eo e amana le boemo jwa RCP8.5. Ka fa tlase ga RCP8.5, mafelo a botlhokwa a setso a le lesome a ne a tla bo a le mo kotsing ya morwalela le kgogolego kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo. Tsena ke [[:en:Casbah_of_Algiers|Casbah ya Algiers]], [[:en:Carthage#Archaeological_site|Lefelo la Boepi la Carthage]], [[:en:Kerkouane|Kerkouane]], Leptis Magna Lefelo la Boepi, Medina wa Sousse, Medina wa Tunis, Lefelo la Boepi la Sabratha, Setlhaketlhake sa Robben, Setlhaketlhake sa Saint-Louis le Tipasa. Palogotlhe ya lesome le botlhano a [[:en:Ramsar_site|mafelo a Ramsar]] le mafelo a mangwe a boswa jwa tlholego a ne a tla lebana le dikotsi tse di tshwanang. Tseno ke [[:en:Bao_Bolong_Wetland_Reserve|Lefelo la Polokelo ya Lefelo le le Metsi la Bao Bolong]][[:en:Delta_du_Saloum_National_Park|,Lefelo la Bosetšhaba ya Delta du Saloum]], [[:en:Diawling_National_Park|Lefelo la Bosetšhaba ya Diawling]], Kolofo ya Boughrara, Kalissaye, Letsha la Lewatle le Lefelo la Mejerda, [[:en:Marromeu_Game_Reserve|Lefelo la Tshireletso ya Diphologolo tsa Marromeu]], Lefelo la Tshireletso ya Diphologolo tsa Diphologolo tsa Marromeu, Lefelo la Tshireletso la Tlhago la Ditlhare tsa Mangrove le Lefelo la Polokelo ya Diphologolo tsa Seal, Essed, Sebkhet Soliman, Lefelo la Tlhago la Kgatlhego ya Setšhaba la Somone, [[:en:Songhor_Lagoon|Lefelo la Tlhago la Ditshedi la Songor]], [[:en:Tanbi_Wetland_Complex|Lefelo]] [[:en:Tanbi_Wetland_Complex|le le dikago tse dintsi la Metsi la Tanbi]] le [[:en:Watamu_Marine_National_Park|Lefelo la Bosetšhaba ya Lewatle ya Watamu]].<ref name=":5" /> == Ditlamorago tsa loago le itsholelo == [[Setshwantsho:Access to wood and water appears to be severely impacted by climate change in Kenya and Cameroon.png|thumb|Dipholo tsa patlisiso go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2022 di bontsha gore go bonala dikgong le metsi go amiwa thata ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa kwa Kenya le kwa Cameroon<ref>Bank, European Investment (5 June 2023). ''[https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230098-eib-climate-survey-africa-and-middle-east The EIB Climate Survey: Africa and the Middle East]''. European Investment Bank. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5534-5|<bdi>978-92-861-5534-5</bdi>.]]</ref>]] [[:en:Climate_change|Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa]] e tla ama Aforika ka bontsi ka ntlha ya mabaka a le mantsi. Ditlamorago tse di setse di utlwiwa mme di tla oketsega ka bogolo fa go sa tsewe dikgato tsa go fokotsa mesi ya khabone mo lefatsheng lotlhe. Ditlamorago di akaretsa megote e e kwa godimo, komelelo, go fetoga ga mekgwa ya pula, le go fetoga fetoga mo go oketsegileng ga seemo sa bosa. Maemo a a na le tshusumetso mo go direng le go diriseng ga maatla. Komelelo ya sešweng mo [[:en:African_countries|mafatsheng a a mantsi a Aforika]], e e ntseng e golaganngwa le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, e amile ka tsela e e sa siamang bobedi jwa [[:en:Energy_security|tshireletsego ya maatla]] le kgolo ya itsholelo go ralala karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi mo teng. Aforika e tla nna nngwe ya dikgaolo tse di amiwang thata ke ditlamorago tse di sa siamang tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>''[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf Africa. In: Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'' (PDF). 2014.</ref> Mabaka a go nna mo kotsing ga Aforika a farologane mme a akaretsa maemo a a kwa tlase a bokgoni jwa go tlwaela, go anamisiwa mo go bokoa ga maranyane, le tshedimosetso e e maleba go tshegetsa go tlwaela, le go ikaega thata ka dithulaganyo tsa temothuo go bona matshelo.<ref>Welborn, Lily (2018). ''Africa and climate change: Projecting vulnerability and adaptive capacity''. Institute for Security Studies.</ref> Mafatshe a le mantsi go ralala Aforika a tlhaolwa jaaka [[:en:Least_Developed_Countries|mafatshe a a sa Tlhabologang thata]] (LDCs) tse di nang le maemo a a bokoa a loago le itsholelo, mme ka ntlha ya se di lebagane le dikgwetlho tse di rileng mo go tsibogeleng ditlamorago tsa [[:en:Climate_change|phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.]]<ref>UNDP/GEF (2018). ''[https://www.thegef.org/sites/default/files/publications/CCA-Africa-Final.pdf Climate Change Adaptation in Africa UNDP: Synthesis of Experiences and Recommendations]'' (PDF). UNDP/GEF.</ref> Dikotsi tse di bonalang tse di supilweng mo Aforika mo Pegelong ya Tlhatlhobo ya Botlhano ya IPCC di amana le dithulaganyo tsa tikologo, go nna teng ga metsi, le dithulaganyo tsa temothuo, ka ditlamorago mo tshireletsegong ya dijo.[36] == Tlhotlheletso mo bathong == Phetogo ya seemo sa loapi e tla tswelela ka go ama Aforika ka ntlha ya mabaka a le mantsi. Manokonoko a a setse a kgona go utlwiwa mme a tla tswelela ka go oketsega fa go sa tsewe kgato epe go fokotsa kgaso ya mowa o o borai mo lefatsheng ka bophara. Manokonoko a akaretsa mogote o o kwa godimo, lenyora, go fetoga ga ka fa pula e nang ka teng lego oketsega ga dipharologanyo tsa phetogo ya loapi. Diemo tse di na le seabe mo go fetlheng motlakase le tiriso ya one. Lenyora le le nnileng teng mo malobeng mo mafatsheng a le mantsi a Aforika, mo go amantsweng le phetogo ya loapi, go amile go fetlhiwa ga motlakase le kgolo ya itsholelo mo kontinenteng ka bophara. Aforika e tla nna nngwe ya dikgaolo tse di amilweng thata ke manokonoko a phetogo ya seemo sa loapi.<ref>IPCC (2014). ''[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf Africa. In: Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'' (PDF).</ref> Mabaka a gore Aforika a bo a tshabelelwa ke go amega a a farologana ebile a akaretsa selekanyo se se kwa tlase sa go itepatepanya le phetogo e. Mafatshe a le mantsi mo Aforika a wela mo mafatsheng a a kwa tlase mo ditlhabologong, mme ka jalo a lebanwe ke dikgwetlho tse di farologaneng fa go tla mo go tsibogeleng manokonoko a phetogo ya loapi.<ref>UNDP/GEF (2018). [https://www.thegef.org/sites/default/files/publications/CCA-Africa-Final.pdf ''Climate Change Adaptation in Africa UNDP: Synthesis of Experiences and Recommendations'' (PDF). UNDP/GEF.]</ref> Dikotsi tse di bonalang tse di supilweng mo Aforika mo [[:en:IPCC_Fifth_Assessment_Report|Pegelong ya Tlhatlhobo ya Botlhano]] ya [[:en:Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change|IPCC]] di amana le dithulaganyo tsa tikologo, [[:en:Water_resources|go nna teng ga metsi]], le dithulaganyo tsa temothuo, ka ditlamorago mo tshireletsegong ya dijo.<ref>''[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf Africa. In: Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'' (PDF). 2014.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2022, batho ba feta sekete di le borataro ba ba arabileng go tswa kwa mafatsheng a le lesome aAforika ba ne ba tsaya karolo mo patlisisong ya seemo sa bosa se se neng sa dirwa ke [[:en:European_Investment_Bank|Banka ya Dipeeletso karolokgolo ya lefatshe se se naleng mafatshe a mantsi sa Europe]].<ref name=":6">"[https://www.eib.org/en/surveys/climate-survey/5th-climate-survey/africa.htm 2022-2023 EIB Climate Survey, part 1 of 2: 88% of respondents believe that climate change is already affecting their everyday life]". ''EIB.org''. Retrieved 28 February 2023.</ref> Patlisiso e fitlhetse gore karolo ya masome a borobabobebdi le borobabobedi ya ba ba arabilweng ba boletse fa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e utlwisa matshelo a bone botlhoko, fa karolo ya masome a marataro le bongwe mo lekgolong ya ba ba arabilweng ba boletse fa [[:en:Environmental_degradation|tshenyo ya tikologo]] e amile lotseno lwa bone kgotsa motswedi wa matshelo a bone.<ref>[https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2022-554-eib-climate-survey-88-of-african-respondents-believe-that-climate-change-is-already-affecting-their-everyday-life "EIB Climate Survey: 88% of African respondents believe that climate change is already affecting their everyday life"]. ''European Investment Bank''. Retrieved 28 February 2023.</ref> Ditatlhegelo tse gantsi di bakwa ke [[:en:Drought|komelelo]] e e tseneletseng, go oketsega ga bogodimo jwa lewatle kgotsa [[:en:Coastal_erosion|kgogolego ya mabopo]], kgotsa ditiragalo tse di feteletseng tsa maemo a bosa jaaka [[:en:Flood|merwalela]] kgotsa ditsuatsue.<ref name=":6" /> Go feta sephatlo sa batho ba ba arabilweng ba Aforika (karolo ya masome a matlhano le bosupa mo lekgolong) ba rile bone kgotsa batho ba ba ba itseng ba setse ba tsere dikgato tsa go tlwaela ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa. Gareng ga dikgato tse ke dipeeletso mo didirisweng tse di somarelang metsi go fokotsa ditlamorago tsa komelelo le go phepafatsa mesele ya metsi pele ga morwalela.<ref name=":6" /> Karolo ya masome a mararo le bone mo lekgolong ya batho botlhe ba ba arabilweng ba Aforika ba rile phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ke nngwe ya dintlha tse di botlhokwa thata tse di lebaganeng le lefatshe la bona, gareng ga dintlha tse dingwe tsa botlhokwa tse di jaaka [[:en:Inflation|koketsego]] ya ditlhwatlhwa le phitlhelelo ya [[:en:Health_care|tlhokomelo ya boitekanelo]].<ref name=":6" /> === Ditlamorago tsa itsholelo === Afrika e thuthafala ka bonako go feta lefatshe lotlhe ka palogare. Dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa karolokgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi mo teng di ka nna tsa se ka tsa agiwa ka ntlha ya seo mme palogotlhe ya [[:en:Gross_domestic_product|dikumo tsa selegae tsa Aforika]] (GDP) e ka nna ya fokotsega ka karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong ka ntlha ya tlhatlogo ya selekanyo sa mogote wa Celcius e le nngwe (1 °C) ya mogote ya palogare ya lefatshe, le ka karolo ya lesome le bobedi mo lekgolong (12%) ka ntlha ya tlhatlogo ya selekanyo sa mogote wa karolo ya Celcius ya bone (4 °C) ya mogote. Dithobo tsa dijalo di solofetswe go fokotsega thata ka ntlha ya go tlhatloga ga mogote mme go solofetswe gore dipula tse di maatla di tla na kgapetsakgapetsa le ka maatla mo Aforika yotlhe, go oketsa kotsi ya merwalela.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#CITEREFEuropean_Investment_Bank2022c|European Investment Bank 2022c]].</ref><ref>[https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/climate-change-triggers-mounting-food-insecurity-poverty-and-displacement-africa "Climate change triggers mounting food insecurity, poverty and displacement in Africa]". ''public.wmo.int''. 18 October 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2022.</ref><ref>"[https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/december-2018-march-2019/global-warming-severe-consequences-africa Global warming: severe consequences for Africa]". ''Africa Renewal''. 7 December 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2022.</ref><ref>[https://unfccc.int/news/climate-change-is-an-increasing-threat-to-africa "Climate Change Is an Increasing Threat to Africa]". ''United Nations Climate Change News''. 27 October 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2022.</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, Aforika e latlhegelwa ke madi a a fa gare ga didolara di le didikadike di le supa le didolara di le didikaike di le lesome le botlhano ka ngwaga ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, mme go lebeletswe gore e tla fitlha go didolara di le didikadike di le masome a matlhano ka ngwaga wa 2030.<ref>Rathi, Akshat; Rao, Mythili (2 May 2024). "[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-05-02/inside-the-bank-financing-africa-s-green-growth One Bank Is Turning Africa's Climate Vulnerability Into Opportunity]". ''www.bloomberg.com''. Retrieved 11 May 2024.</ref> ==== Temothuo ==== ''Pego e kgolo: [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture#Africa|Ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo temothuong § Aforika]]'' Temothuo ke lekalana le le botlhokwa thata mo Aforika, le le nang le seabe mo matshelong le mo itsholelong go ralala karolo e kgolo ya Lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi mo teng. Batho ba le bantsi ba ikaegile ka temothuo jaaka tsela ya go ikaga mo itsholelong le motswedi wa dijo. Ba le bantsi ba ikaegile ka metswedi e e bosisi mo seemong sa bosa. Go akanyediwa gore tiro ya dijalo e tlaa fokotsega go ralala Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara. Ka palogare, temothuo mo Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara e na le seabe sa karolo ya lesome le botlhano mo lekgolong ya GDP yotlhe.<ref name=":7">OECD/FAO (2016). ''[http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5778e.pdf OECD‑FAO Agricultural Outlook 2016‑2025]'' (PDF). OECD Publishing. pp.&#x20;59–61. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-64-25323-0|<bdi>978-92-64-25323-0</bdi>.]]</ref> Thutafatshe ya Aforika e dira gore e nne mo kotsing thata ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, mme karolo ya masome a supa mo lekgolong ya baagi ba ikaegile ka temothuo e e fepiwang ka pula go itshedisa.<ref>Läderach, Peter; Martinez-Valle, Armando; Bourgoin, Clement; Parker, Louis (27 March 2019). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6436735 Vulnerability of the agricultural sector to climate change: The development of a pan-tropical Climate Risk Vulnerability Assessment to inform sub-national decision making"]. ''PLOS ONE''. '''14''' (3) e0213641. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PLoSO..1413641P 2019PLoSO..1413641P.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213641|10.1371/journal.pone.0213641.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6436735 6436735]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30917146 30917146].</ref> [[:en:Smallholding|Dipolase tse dinnye]] di dira karolo ya masome a borobabobedi mo lekgolong ya masimo a a lengwang mo Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara.<ref name=":7" /> IPCC ka ngwaga wa 2007 e ne ya akanyetsa gore go fetoga ga seemo sa bosa le phetogo go tla tsenya ntshodikuno ya temothuo mo kotsing thata le phitlhelelo ya dijo<ref>Parry, M. L.; et&#x20;al., eds. (2007). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20181102223635/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/spmsspm-c.html Summary for Policymakers: C. Current knowledge about future impacts]". ''Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change''. Cambridge University Press. Archived from [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/spmsspm-c.html the original] on 2 November 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2023.</ref>:(tsebe ya lesome le boraro) Tekanyetso e e ne ya abelwa "tshepo e e kwa godimo". Dithulaganyo tsa dijalo, leruo le botshwaraditlhapi di tla nna mo kotsing e kgolo ya disenyi le malwetse ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ya isago.<ref name=":8">Dhanush, D.; Bett, B. K.; Boone, R. B.; Grace, D.; Kinyangi, J.; Lindahl, J. F.; Mohan, C. V.; Ramírez Villegas, J.; Robinson, T. P.; Rosenstock, T. S.; Smith, J. (2015). [https://cgspace.cgiar.org/rest/bitstreams/55241/retrieve "Impact of climate change on African agriculture: focus on pests and diseases]". ''CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security''.</ref> Disenyi tsa dijalo di setse di dira mo e ka nnang bongwe mo borartarong ya ditatlhegelo tsa ntshodikuno ya polase.<ref name=":8" /> Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e tla itlhaganedisa go anama ga disenyi le malwetse le go oketsa go diragala ga ditiragalo tse di nang le ditlamorago tse di masisi.<ref name=":8" /> Ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa boswa mo ntshokunong ya temothuo mo Aforika di tla nna le ditlamorago tse di masisi mo tshireletsegong ya dijo le mo matshelong. Go tlhoka dikotla tse di farologaneng go ne ga baka go palelwa ke go ja dikotla dingwe tse di botlhokwa. Go tlhoka dikotla tse go ka baka tlhaelo ya vitamin A le madi. Se se ne se tlwaelegile thata go bonwa ka dinako tsa komelelo le tlhaelo ya dijo ka gonne ditlhopho di ne di le mmalwa.[citation needed] Magareng ga ngwaga wa 2014 le ngwaga wa 2018, Aforika e ne e na le maemo a a kwa godimo a go tlhoka tshireletsego ya dijo mo lefatsheng.<ref>''[http://www.fao.org/state-of-food-security-nutrition/en/ SOFI 2019 – The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World]''. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2021. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4060/CB4474EN|10.4060/CB4474EN.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-5-134325-8|<bdi>978-92-5-134325-8</bdi>.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241785130 241785130].</ref> Mabapi le dithulaganyo tsa temothuo, go ikaega thata ka temothuo ya go iphedisa e e fepiwang ke pula le kamogelo e e kwa tlase ya [[:en:Climate_smart_agriculture|mekgwa ya temothuo e e botlhale]] ya seemo sa bosa go na le seabe mo maemong a a kwa godimo a go nna mo kotsing ga lekalana. Seemo se okediwa ke go sa ikanyege ga, le phitlhelelo ya, tshedimosetso ya seemo sa bosa le tshedimosetso go tshegetsa dikgato tsa go tlwaela.<ref>Dinku, Tufa. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221101070648/https://ictupdate.cta.int/en/article/overcoming-challenges-in-the-availability-and-use-of-climate-data-in-africa-sid06fd8a811-e179-4fa5-9c8f-806bd2f27c3e "Overcoming challenges in the availability and use of climate data in Africa]". ''ICT Update CTA''. Archived from [https://ictupdate.cta.int/en/article/overcoming-challenges-in-the-availability-and-use-of-climate-data-in-africa-sid06fd8a811-e179-4fa5-9c8f-806bd2f27c3e the original] on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2023.</ref> Dikgoreletsi tse di lemogilweng le tse di akanyediwang mo mekgweng ya pula ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa di ka nna tsa khutshwafatsa dipaka tsa go gola le go ama thobo ya dijalo mo dikarolong di le dintsi tsa Aforika. Go feta moo, lekalana la temothuo mo Aforika le laolwa ke balemi ba banyennyane ba nang le phihlello e lekanyeditsweng ya maranyane le mehlodi ya go tlwaela.<ref>"[https://www.cropscience.bayer.com/en/stories/2018/supporting-sub-saharan-africas-farmers-closing-the-gap Supporting Sub-Saharan Africa's Farmers – Bayer – Crop Science]". ''www.cropscience.bayer.com''. Retrieved 15 August 2019.</ref> == Maatla == [[Setshwantsho:M-Power solar in Tanzania (1080).jpg|thumb|Dipone tsa letsatsi le motlakase di tsentswe mo lapeng la mosadi mongwe wa kwa Tanzania.]] Ka palo ya batho e e oketsegang le tlhokego e e tsamaelanang ya maatla, tshireletsego ya maatla e tshwanetse go rarabololwa ka gonne maatla a botlhokwa mo tlhabololong e e tswelelang. Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e amile makalana a maatla mo Aforika jaaka fa mafatshe a le mantsi a ikaegile ka tlhagiso ya maatla a metsi. Go fokotsega ga maemo a pula le komelelo go dirile gore maemo a metsi a nne kwa tlase mo matamong a a nang le ditlamorago tse di sa siamang mo go tlhagiseng maatla a metsi. Se se dirile gore go nne le tlhagiso e e kwa tlase ya maatla a motlakase, ditshenyegelo tse di kwa godimo tsa motlakase le go kgaoga ga motlakase kgotsa go kgaoga ga motlakase mo mafatsheng a mangwe a Aforika a a ikaegileng ka tlhagiso ya motlakase o o dirisiwang ka metsi. Dikgoreletsi tsa go dira maatla a metsi di amile makala a a farologaneng mo mafatsheng jaaka [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]], [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] le [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] ka tsela e e sa siamang. == Letlhoko la metsi == [[Setshwantsho:Water Shortage in Ethiopia (935).jpg|thumb|Tlhaelo ya metsi kwa lefatsheng la Ethiiopia]] Boleng le go nna teng ga metsi go senyegile mo mafelong a le mantsi a Aforika, bogolosegolo ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>Rankoana, Sejabaledi Agnes (1 January 2020). [[doi:10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2020-0033|"Climate change impacts on water resources in a rural community in Limpopo province, South Africa: a community-based adaptation to water insecurity"]]. ''International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management''. '''12''' (5): 587–598. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020IJCCS..12..587R 2020IJCCS..12..587R.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2020-0033|10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2020-0033]].</ref> Metswedi ya metsi e mo kotsing mme e na le kgonagalo ya go amiwa thata ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ka ditlamorago tse dikgolo mo merafeng ya batho.<ref>[https://www.ipcc.ch/publication/climate-change-and-water-2/ "Climate Change and Water — IPCC]". Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> IPCC e bonelapele gore didikadike tsa batho mo Aforika di tla nna di lebane le kgatelelo e e oketsegileng ya metsi ka ntlha ya go fetoga ga seemo sa bosa le phetogo ([[:en:IPCC_Fifth_Assessment_Report|IPCC 2013]]). Diphetogo mo mekgweng ya pula di ama ka tlhamalalo [[:en:Surface_runoff|go elela ga metsi mo godimo ga lefatshe]] le go nna teng ga metsi.<ref>Fowler, H. J.; Blenkinsop, S.; Tebaldi, C. (October 2007). "Linking climate change modelling to impacts studies: recent advances in downscaling techniques for hydrological modelling". ''International Journal of Climatology''. 27 (12): 1547–1578. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007IJCli..27.1547F 2007IJCli..27.1547F.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Water_Shortage_in_Ethiopia_%28935%29.jpg/500px-Water_Shortage_in_Ethiopia_%28935%29.jpg 10.1002/joc.1556]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53472608 53472608].</ref> == Metswedi == cele7xn6ai5lk85tkcdiho41uj88tmu 53230 53212 2026-07-25T18:51:09Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53230 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Temperature Bar Chart Africa--1901-2020--2021-07-14.png|thumb|Setshwantso sa dipalopalo se se bontshang [[:en:Instrumental_temperature_record|phetogo ya mogote]] mo Aforika magareng ga 1901 le 2021, ka mmala o mohibidu o le bothitho mme botala jwa legodimo bo le tsididi go feta palogare (Palogare ya mogote ka nako ya ngwaga wa 1971 go ya kwa ngwageng wa 2000 e tsewa jaaka ntlha ya tshupiso ya diphetogo tse.)]] '''Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo Aforika''' ke matshosetsi a magolo ka gonne karolo ya eo ke nngwe ya dikgaolo tse [[:en:Climate_change_vulnerability|di mo kotsing]] thata ya [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change|ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya]] [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change|seemo sa bosa]], le fa e le yone e e bakang mesi e e kwa tlase ga karolo ya bone mo lekgolong ya lefatshe lotlhe e e dirang gore go nne le kgololo ya dighese tse di tshwarang mollo mo lefaufaung.<ref>Bank, African Development (5 November 2024). "[https://www.afdb.org/en/cop29/focus-africa Focus on Africa]". ''African Development Bank Group''. Retrieved 1 July 2026.</ref>Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e baka mekgwa e e sa tlhomamang ya pula, d[[:en:Extreme_weather|itiragalo tse di feteletseng tsa]] [[:en:Extreme_weather|tepo loapi]] tse di diragalang kgapetsakgapetsa tse di jaaka [[:en:Drought|komelelo]], [[:en:Flood|merwalela]], le [[:en:Sea_surface_temperature|megote e e tlhatlogang ya boalogodimo jwa lewatle]] go ralala karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi mo teng. Diphetogo tse di tshosetsa tshireletsego ya [[:en:Food_security|dijo]] le [[:en:Water_security|tshireletsego ya metsi]], [[:en:Biodiversity|mefutafuta ya ditshedi]], [[:en:Public_health|boitekanelo jwa setšhaba]], le [[:en:Economic_development|tlhabololo ya itsholelo]].<ref name=":0">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (22 June 2023). "Africa". ''[https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009325844/type/book Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'' (1&#x20;ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.&#x20;1285–1456. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/9781009325844.011|10.1017/9781009325844.011]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-009-32584-4|978-1-009-32584-4]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>United Nations, UNEP (2017). "[http://www.unep.org/regions/africa/regional-initiatives/responding-climate-change Responding to climate change]". ''UNEP – UN Environment Programme''. Retrieved 1 July 2022.</ref> Aforika gone jaana e thuthafala ka bonako go feta lefatshe lotlhe ka palogare.<ref>World Meterological Organization (2 September 2024). [https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/africa-faces-disproportionate-burden-from-climate-change-and-adaptation-costs "Africa faces disproportionate burden from climate change and adaptation costs]". ''World Meteorological Organization''. Retrieved 16 September 2025.</ref> Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e gakatsa matshosetsi a a leng teng a loago le itsholelo. Dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa baagi ba Aforika di ikaegile ka matshelo a a bosisi mo seemong sa bosa jaaka temothuo (karolo ya masome a matlhano le botlhano go ya kwa masome a marataro le bobedi mo lekgolong ya badiri mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara)<ref>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (22 June 2023). "Africa". ''[https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009325844/type/book Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'' (1&#x20;ed.). Cambridge University Press. p.&#x20;1289. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/9781009325844.011|10.1017/9781009325844.011]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-009-32584-4|978-1-009-32584-4]]</bdi>.</ref> mme di setse di tshela mo lehumeng, se se oketsang go tlhagelela ga bona mo ditshosong. Ditlamorago tsa botsogo di nna maswe le go feta fa [[:en:Hyperthermia|kgatelelo ya mogote]], [[:en:Disease_vector|malwetse a a tshelanwang ke dibopiwa tse di ananmisang bolwetse]] (a a tshwanang le [[:en:Malaria|malaria]] le [[:en:Dengue_fever|dengue]]), le letlhoko la dikotla di ntse di anama thata. Go feta sephatlo e leng karolong ya masome a matlhano le borataro mo lekgolong (56%) ya ditiragalo tse di fetang dikete tse pedi tse di kwadilweng tsa boitekanelo jwa setšhaba mo Aforika magareng ga ngwaga wa 2001 le ngwaga wa 2021 di ne di amana le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>Africa CDC (7 July 2025). ''[https://africacdc.org/download/climate-change-and-health-strategic-framework-2025/ Climate Change and Health: Strategic Framework 2025]''. p.&#x20;vii.</ref> [[:en:Resource_depletion|Tlhaelo ya didirisiwa]] e na le seabe mo go fudugeng le dikgotlhang, bogolosegolo mo dikgaolong tse di bokoa. Mafelo a ditoropo, a gantsi a tlhaolwang ke mafelo a bonno a a sa tlhomamang, a lebane le dikotsi tse di kwa godimo tsa morwalela le mogote o o feteletseng.<ref name=":0" /> Temothuo ke nngwe ya makalana a a mo kotsing thata, ka bontsi jwa balemirui ba Aforika ba ikaegile ka dijalo tse di [[:en:Rainfed_agriculture|nosetswang ke pula]]. Pula e e fokoditsweng le e e sa bonelwang pele, e kopantswe le megote e e kwa godimo, e kgweetsa tatlhegelo ya bongola jwa mmu, [[:en:Desertification_in_Africa|go nna sekaka]] (bogolosegolo kwa [[:en:Sahara|Sahara]]) le go sutisa mafelo a a tshwanetseng a go gola. Diphetogo tse di fokotsa thobo ya dijalo tsa konokono, di nyatsa tshireletsego ya dijo le go gakatsa tlala. Boitekanelo jwa [[:en:Livestock|leruo]] bo ntse bo tsenngwa mo kotsing thata ke kgatelelo ya mogote le go fetoga ga mekgwa ya malwetse. Dithulaganyo tsa tikologo tsa lebopo le tsa lewatle di lebane le mawatle a a thuthafetseng le [[:en:Sea_level_rise|maemo a a tlhatlogang]], se se tshosetsang batshwaraditlhapi le mafelo a a nang le batho ba le bantsi a a mo lebopong.<ref>Fonjong, Lotsmart; Matose, Frank; Sonnenfeld, David A. (1 December 2024). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095937802400116X "Climate change in Africa: Impacts, adaptation, and policy responses"]. ''Global Environmental Change''. '''89''' 102912. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024GEC....8902912F 2024GEC....8902912F]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2024.102912|10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2024.102912]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-3780 0959-3780].</ref> Ditshenyegelo tsa itsholelo tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa di maswe thata. Ka palogare mafatshe a Aforika a lebane le ditatlhegelo tse di amanang le seemo sa bosa tse di fitlhang ko karolong ya bobedi go ya kwa botlhanong mo lekgolong ya [[:en:Gross_domestic_product|Palogotlhe ya Boleng jwa Ditlhagiso tsa Naga(GDP)]] ka ngwaga, fa ditshenyegelo tsa go [[:en:Climate_change_adaptation|tlwaela]] mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahran di akanyediwa go nna didikadike tsa di dilara tsa lefatshe la USA di le masome a mararo go yab kwa masomemg a matlhano (USD 30-50 billion) ka ngwaga mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di tlang. Se se tshosetsa dipoelo tsa tlhabololo le go baya kgatelelo mo dipusong le mo ditheong tsa boditšhabatšhaba go kokoanya [[:en:Climate_finance|matlole a seemo sa bosa]].<ref>World Meteorological Organization (2024). ''[https://uneca.org/sites/default/files/ACPC/publication/State-of-the-Climate-in-Africa-2023_en.pdf State of the Climate in Africa: 2023]'' (PDF). Geneva. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-63-11360-3|978-92-63-11360-3]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>European Investment Bank (19 October 2022). ''[https://www.eib.org/en/publications/finance-in-africa-navigating-the-financial-landscape-in-turbulent-times Finance in Africa - Navigating the financial landscape in turbulent times]''. European Investment Bank. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5382-2|978-92-861-5382-2]]</bdi>.</ref> Maano a Aforika a go itlwaetsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa a tsepamisitse mogopolo mo go ageng nonofo ka [[:en:Climate-smart_agriculture|temothuo e e botlhale mo]] [[:en:Climate-smart_agriculture|seemong sa bosa]] , [[:en:Water_management|taolo ya metsi]] e e tswelelang, [[:en:Environmental_protection|tshomarelo ya tikologo]], le go matlafatsa dithulaganyo tsa boitekanelo le tsa mafaratlhatlha. Mekgwa e e baya kwa pele go tokafatsa puso, go kokoanya matlole le dipeeletso tsa seemo sa bosa, le go rotloetsa go tsaya karolo ga baagi go samagana le go nna mo kotsing ka botlalo.<ref>Tadesse, Debay (1 December 2010). [https://issafrica.org/research/papers/the-impact-of-climate-change-in-africa "The impact of climate change in Africa"]. ''ISS Africa''. Retrieved 16 September 2025.</ref><ref>Badji, Arfang; Ibanda, Angele; Akello, Sarah; Ekwamu, Adipala (2022). [https://afjrdev.org/index.php/jos/article/view/410 "Climate change impacts and adaptation strategies in Africa: Selected case studies"]. ''African Journal of Rural Development''. '''7''' (3): 209–274. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2415-2838 2415-2838].</ref><ref>Ngongolo, Kelvin; Gayo, Leopody (21 May 2025). [[doi:10.3389/past.2025.14225|"Climate change impacts and mitigation strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa's livestock production sector. A brief review"]]. ''Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice''. '''15''' 14225. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025Pasto..1514225N :2025Pasto..1514225N.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3389/past.2025.14225|10.3389/past.2025.14225]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-7136 2041-7136].</ref>Matlhomeso a karolo kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mangwe le a bosetšhaba a gatelela kgokagano ya makalana a mantsi, kamogelo ya maranyane, le kago ya bokgoni go tshegetsa tlhabololo e e tswelelang le go fokotsa [[:en:Climate_risk|dikotsi tsa seemo sa bosa]].<ref>African Union (28 June 2022). [https://au.int/en/documents/20220628/african-union-climate-change-and-resilient-development-strategy-and-action-plan ''African Union Climate Change and Resilient Development Strategy and Action Plan (2022-2032)''.] African Union.</ref> == Pabalesego ya metsi le go senyega ga metswedi == [[Setshwantsho:View of the surrounding at the Lake Kariba with hippos (6910358407).jpg|thumb|Lekadiba la Kariba]] Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e dira jaaka selo se segolo se se sa tlhomamang ga tshireletsego ya metsi go ralala karolo kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi ya Aforika, ka ditikologo tsa metsi tse di bontshang go sa tlhomama go go oketsegileng. Go ya ka pegelo ya Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe wa Maemo a Bosa (WMO) ya ''Seemo sa'' ''sa bosa mo Aforika ya ngwaga wa 2025'', maemo a bosa a a feteletseng le ditshupo tse di amanang le seemo sa bosa di amile bonnye jwa batho ba le didkadike di le lesome le boraro mme tsa baka dintsho tse di fetang dikete tse tharo tse di begilweng ka ngwaga wa 2025 fela, mme merwalela e ne ya dira go feta sephatlo sa seemo sa bosa sotlhe se se diphatsa.<ref>"[https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/extreme-weather-and-climate-events-impact-millions-africa-2025 Extreme weather and climate events impact millions in Africa in 2025]". World Meteorological Organization. 18 June 2026. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref>. Go gakala mo ga dikotsi go kgoreletsa go nna teng ga metsi a a fa godimo ga lefatshe le mafaratlhatlha a dikago, go fetola dikotsi tsa seemo sa bosa go nna mathata a metsi a itsholelo a a anameng.<ref>"[https://reliefweb.int/report/world/state-climate-africa-2025-enar State of the Climate in Africa 2025 &#x5B;EN/AR]&#x5D;". World Meteorological Organization via ReliefWeb. 18 June 2026. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref> === Selekanyo sa mogote le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa === [[Setshwantsho:Koppen-Geiger Map v2 Africa 1991–2020.svg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa Aforika wa go tlhaola seemo sa bosa sa Köppen ka ngwaga wa 1991 go ya kwa ngwageng wa 2020]] Go etswe tlhoko fa mogote wa moalo wa lefatshe o ile kwa godimo mo Aforika fa e sale ka 19th century go fitlhelela ka 21st century ka mogote wa 1 degrees celcius, mme mo gae mogote oo kwa tlase kwa Sahel fa paka e e omeletseng e fela e le 3 degrees celcius.<ref name=":3">''Rural societies in the face of climatic and environmental changes in West Africa''. Marseille: IRD éditions. 2017. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-2-7099-2424-5|<bdi>978-2-7099-2424-5</bdi>.]] [[:en:OCLC#OCLC|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/title/1034784045 1034784045]. Impr. Jouve.</ref> Dikai tsa ga jaana tsa seemo sa bosa (jaaka di sobokantswe mo [[:en:IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report|Pegelong ya Tshekatsheko ya Borataro ya IPCC]]) di bonelapele koketsego ya makgetlo le maatla a ditiragalo tsa komelelo le pula e e maatla.<ref name=":4">Armstrong, Andrew; Dyer, Ellen; Koehler, Johanna; Hope, Rob (2022). [[doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102592|"Intra-seasonal rainfall and piped water revenue variability in rural Africa".]] Global Environmental Change. 76 102592. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022GEC....7602592A 2022GEC....7602592A]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102592|10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102592.]]  Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Gape di bonelapele phokotsego ya pula e e magareng mo e ka nnang gongwe le gongwe mo Aforika, ka tshepo e e magareng go ya go e e kwa godimo. Le fa go ntse jalo, diphetogo tsa pula ya selegae le ditirisano tsa loago le seemo sa bosa di ka bonala ka mekgwa e e tlhakaneng. Ka jalo, ditlamorago tse di kopanang tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa di tla farologana go ralala karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a a mantsi mo teng. Mo metseng ya selegae, mekgwa ya pula e tlhotlheletsa tiriso ya metsi.<ref name=":4" /> [[Setshwantsho:Koppen-Geiger Map Africa future.svg|thumb|Setshwantso sa karolo kgolo ya Lefatshe ye naleng mafatshe ya Africa ya dingwaga tsa 2071 go ya kwa 2100 ka fa tlase ga boemo jo bo tseneletseng thata jwa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa . Ditiragalo tsa magareng ga jaana di tsewa di ka nna teng.]] Ditlhotlhomiso tse di dirilweng ka ngwaga wa 2019 di akanyeditse fa paka ya komelelo e tla tsaya lobaka ka nako ya dipula mme gape go nne le dipula tse di matsorotsoro mo Aforika.<ref name=":1">Kendon, Elizabeth J.; Stratton, Rachel A.; Tucker, Simon; Marsham, John H.; Berthou, Ségolène; Rowell, David P.; Senior, Catherine A. (2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6478940/ "Enhanced future changes in wet and dry extremes over Africa at convection-permitting scale"]. ''Nature Communications''. '''10''' (1): 1794. [[bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1794K|Bibcode]]:[[bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1794K|2019NatCo..10.1794K.]] [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi]]:[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-09776-9 10.1038/s41467-019-09776-9.] [[:en:International_Standard_Serial_Number|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:2041-1723 2041-1723]. [[:en:PubMed_Central#PMCID|PMC]][https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6478940/ &nbsp;6478940]. [[:en:PubMed#PubMed_identifier|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31015416/ 31015416.]</ref> Ka mafoko a mangwe "maemo a a feteletseng a bosa a tla gakalela pele".<ref name=":2">"[https://weather.com/news/climate/news/2019-06-18-africa-extreme-weather-drought-flood More Extreme Weather in Africa's Future, Study Says | The Weather Channel – Articles from The Weather Channel | weather.com"]. ''The Weather Channel''. Retrieved 1 July 2022.</ref> Patlisiso e fitlhetse gore bontsi jwa [[:en:Climate_model|dikai tsa seemo sa bosa]] ga di kitla di kgona go bona selekanyo sa diphetogo tseno ka gonne ga di letlelele [[:en:Atmospheric_convection|phetogo]] ya mowa mo dilekanong tsa tsone tse di makgwakgwa.<ref name=":1" /> === Go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle === ''Bona gape : [[:en:Floods_in_Africa|Merwalela mo Aforika]]'' [[Setshwantsho:Dar es Salaam (Aerial).jpg|thumb|Pono e e bonwang kwa godimo ya motsemogolo wa lefatshe la Tanzania, e leng Dar es Salaam.]] Mo [[:en:Africa|Aforika]], [[:en:Population_growth|kgolo ya batho]] mo isagong e oketsa dikotsi tse di bakiwang ke go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle. Batho ba ka nna didikadike di le masome a matlhano le bone ntlha pedi ba ne ba nna mo dikgaolong tsa lebopo tse di kwa tlase tse di tlhagelelang thata (LECZ) ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000. Palo e e tla menagana gabedi go fitlha go batho ba ka nna didikadike di le lekgolo le lesome ka dingwaga tsa bo 2030. Ka ngwaga wa 2060 e tla bo e le batho ba ka nna didikadike di le lekgolo le masome a borobabobedi le botlhano go ya go ko makgolong a mabedi le boraro, go ikaegile ka selekanyo sa kgolo ya baagi. Palogare ya tlhatlogo ya bogodimo jwa lewatle jwa kgaolo e tla nna mo tikologong ya selekanyo sa boleele jwa di centimetara di le masome a mabedi le bongwe ka ngwaga wa 2060. Ka nako eo ditiragalo tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ga di kitla di dira pharologanyo e ntsi. Mme thutafatshe ya selegae le diphetogo tsa baagi di dirisana go oketsa go tlhagelela mo dikotsing tse di jaaka merwalela ya dingwaga di le lekgolo ka tsela e e raraaneng.<ref name=":5">Trisos, C. H., I. O. Adelekan, E. Totin, A. Ayanlade, J. Efitre, A. Gemeda, K. Kalaba, C. Lennard, C. Masao, Y. Mgaya, G. Ngaruiya, D. Olago, N. P. Simpson, and S. Zakieldeen 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter09.pdf Chapter 9: Africa]. In Climate [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E. S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, New York, US, pp. 2043–2121 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.011.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Abidjan des Lagune.jpg|thumb|Abidjan, e leng toropo e e nonofileng thata ya ikonomi ya Ivory Coast]] {| class="wikitable" |+Dipalopalo tsa batho mo dipoeng tsa merwalela tsa dingwaga di le 100.<ref name=":5" /> !Lefatshe !2000 !2030 !2060 !Kgolo go ya ngwaga wa 2000 goya kwa ngwageng wa 2060 |- |Egypt |7.4 |13.8 |20.7 |0.28 |- |Nigeria |0.1 |0.3 |0.9 |0.84 |- |Senegal |0.4 |1.1 |2.7 |0.76 |- |Benin |0.1 |0.6 |1.6 |1.12 |- |Tanzania |0.2 |0.9 |4.3 |2.3 |- |Somalia |0.2 |0.6 |2.7 |1.7 |- |Cote d'Ivoire |0.1 |0.3 |0.7 |0.65 |- |Mozambique |0.7 |1.4 |2.5 |0.36 |} # Mo didikadikeng tsa batho. Kholomo ya bobedi le ya boraro di akaretsa bobedi ditlamorago tsa kgolo ya baagi le bogolo jo bo oketsegileng jwa dipoa tsa morwalela ka nako eo. # Koketsego ya baagi ba lefelo le boemo jo bo kwa godimo jo bo utlwalang jwa kgolo ya baagi. [[Setshwantsho:ANKOMAH 20221122-009.jpg|thumb|Monna mongwe o lebile kwa ntle kwa lotshitshing lwa lewatle a le mo kagong e e sentsweng ke makhubu a a kwa godimo kwa [[:en:Chorkor|Chorkor]], e leng torotswana ya [[:en:Accra|Accra]]. Morwalela wa letsatsi le letsatsi o o bakiwang ke go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle, o oketsa [[:en:Coastal_erosion|kgogolego ya mabopo]] e e senyang matlo, mafaratlhatlha le dithulaganyo tsa tlholego tsa tikologo. Baagi ba le mmalwa kwa Coastal Ghana ba setse ba itemogela go fetoga ga makhubu a lewatle.]] Mo pakeng e e gaufi, go lebeletswe gore go fuduga mo gogolo go tla diragala mo kgaolong ya [[:en:East_Africa|Botlhaba jwa Aforika]] . Bonnye jwa batho ba le dikete tse makgolo a supa le botlhano koo go ka direga gore ba fudusiwe go tswa kwa mabopong magareng ga dingwaga tsa 2020 le 2050. Dithutopatlisiso tsa saense di akanyeditse gore ditoropo tse dikgolo di le lesome le bobedi tsa Aforika di tla tshegetsa tshenyo e e kokoantsweng ya didikadike tsa dilora tsa USA di le masome a marataro le botlhano ka ntlha ya boemo jwa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa jo bo "magareng" jwa [[:en:Representative_Concentration_Pathway|RCP4.5]] ka ngwaga wa 2050. Ditoropo tse Abidjan, Alexandria, Algiers, Cape Town, Casablanca, Dakar, Dar es Salaam, Durban, Lagos, Lomé, Luanda le Maputo. Ka fa tlase ga boemo jwa go ntsha mesi e e kwa godimo jwa RCP8.5 tshenyo e tla fitlha didikadike tsa di dolara tsa lefatshe la USA di le masome a borobabobedi le boratatro ntlha tlhano. Mofuta wa boemo jwa go ntsha mesi e e kwa godimo jo bo nang le ditlamorago tse dingwe go tswa mo go sa tlhomamang ga aese e e kwa godimo go tla akaretsa ditshenyegelo tse di ka fitlhang go didikadike tsa di dolara tsa lefatshe la USA di le lekgolo le masome a mararo le bosupa ntlha tlhano. Tshenyo e e tswang mo ditiragalong tse tharo tse di ikarabelang mo godimo ga "ditiragalo tse di nang le kgonagalo e e kwa tlase, tse di nang le tshenyo e e kwa godimo" e tla tlhatlogela kwa go didikadikeng tsa di dolara di le lekgolo le masome a borobabobedi le bosupa, tse makgolo a mabei le borataro le makgolo a mararo le masome a a borobabongwe le bosupa ka go latelana.<ref name=":5" /> Mo dikakanyetsong tse, motsemogolo wa Egepeto wa Alexandria o le nosi o dira mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa palo e.<ref name=":5" /> Batho ba le diketekete tse di makgolokgolo mo mafelong a yone a a kwa tlase ba ka tswa ba setse ba tlhoka go fuduga mo dingwageng tse di lesome tse di tlang.<ref>Michaelson, Ruth (25 August 2018). [https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/aug/29/alexandria-little-venice-egypt-climate-change-frontline "Houses claimed by the canal: life on Egypt's climate change frontline"]. [[:en:The_Guardian|The Guardian]]. Retrieved 30 August 2018.</ref> Go ralala Aforika o o kwa [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|borwa jwa Sahara]] ka kakaretso, tshenyo e e bakiwang ke go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle e ka fitlha karolo ya bobedi go ya kwa boneng mo lekgolong ya GDP ka ngwaga wa 2050. Le fa go ntse jalo palo e e ikaegile ka selekanyo sa [[:en:Economic_growth|kgolo ya itsholelo]] ya isago le [[:en:Adaptation|go tlwaela]].<ref name=":5" /> [[Setshwantsho:Leptis Magna amphitheatre - panoramio.jpg|left|thumb|Masalela a [[:en:Amphitheater|lefelo la bobogelo]] la Leptis Magna, mme lewatle le bonala kwa morago]] Mo pakeng e telele, Egepeto, Mozambique le Tanzania di ka nna le palo e kgolo ya batho ba ba amiwang ke morwalela wa ngwaga le ngwaga mo dinageng tsotlhe tsa Aforika. Tekanyetso e e tsaya gore thuthafalo ya lefatshe e tla fitlha selekanyo sa mogote wa Celcius tse nne (4 °C) kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga. Tlhatlhogo eo e amana le boemo jwa RCP8.5. Ka fa tlase ga RCP8.5, mafelo a botlhokwa a setso a le lesome a ne a tla bo a le mo kotsing ya morwalela le kgogolego kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo. Tsena ke [[:en:Casbah_of_Algiers|Casbah ya Algiers]], [[:en:Carthage#Archaeological_site|Lefelo la Boepi la Carthage]], [[:en:Kerkouane|Kerkouane]], Leptis Magna Lefelo la Boepi, Medina wa Sousse, Medina wa Tunis, Lefelo la Boepi la Sabratha, Setlhaketlhake sa Robben, Setlhaketlhake sa Saint-Louis le Tipasa. Palogotlhe ya lesome le botlhano a [[:en:Ramsar_site|mafelo a Ramsar]] le mafelo a mangwe a boswa jwa tlholego a ne a tla lebana le dikotsi tse di tshwanang. Tseno ke [[:en:Bao_Bolong_Wetland_Reserve|Lefelo la Polokelo ya Lefelo le le Metsi la Bao Bolong]][[:en:Delta_du_Saloum_National_Park|,Lefelo la Bosetšhaba ya Delta du Saloum]], [[:en:Diawling_National_Park|Lefelo la Bosetšhaba ya Diawling]], Kolofo ya Boughrara, Kalissaye, Letsha la Lewatle le Lefelo la Mejerda, [[:en:Marromeu_Game_Reserve|Lefelo la Tshireletso ya Diphologolo tsa Marromeu]], Lefelo la Tshireletso ya Diphologolo tsa Diphologolo tsa Marromeu, Lefelo la Tshireletso la Tlhago la Ditlhare tsa Mangrove le Lefelo la Polokelo ya Diphologolo tsa Seal, Essed, Sebkhet Soliman, Lefelo la Tlhago la Kgatlhego ya Setšhaba la Somone, [[:en:Songhor_Lagoon|Lefelo la Tlhago la Ditshedi la Songor]], [[:en:Tanbi_Wetland_Complex|Lefelo]] [[:en:Tanbi_Wetland_Complex|le le dikago tse dintsi la Metsi la Tanbi]] le [[:en:Watamu_Marine_National_Park|Lefelo la Bosetšhaba ya Lewatle ya Watamu]].<ref name=":5" /> == Ditlamorago tsa loago le itsholelo == [[Setshwantsho:Access to wood and water appears to be severely impacted by climate change in Kenya and Cameroon.png|thumb|Dipholo tsa patlisiso go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2022 di bontsha gore go bonala dikgong le metsi go amiwa thata ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa kwa Kenya le kwa Cameroon<ref>Bank, European Investment (5 June 2023). ''[https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230098-eib-climate-survey-africa-and-middle-east The EIB Climate Survey: Africa and the Middle East]''. European Investment Bank. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5534-5|<bdi>978-92-861-5534-5</bdi>.]]</ref>]] [[:en:Climate_change|Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa]] e tla ama Aforika ka bontsi ka ntlha ya mabaka a le mantsi. Ditlamorago tse di setse di utlwiwa mme di tla oketsega ka bogolo fa go sa tsewe dikgato tsa go fokotsa mesi ya khabone mo lefatsheng lotlhe. Ditlamorago di akaretsa megote e e kwa godimo, komelelo, go fetoga ga mekgwa ya pula, le go fetoga fetoga mo go oketsegileng ga seemo sa bosa. Maemo a a na le tshusumetso mo go direng le go diriseng ga maatla. Komelelo ya sešweng mo [[:en:African_countries|mafatsheng a a mantsi a Aforika]], e e ntseng e golaganngwa le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, e amile ka tsela e e sa siamang bobedi jwa [[:en:Energy_security|tshireletsego ya maatla]] le kgolo ya itsholelo go ralala karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi mo teng. Aforika e tla nna nngwe ya dikgaolo tse di amiwang thata ke ditlamorago tse di sa siamang tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>''[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf Africa. In: Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'' (PDF). 2014.</ref> Mabaka a go nna mo kotsing ga Aforika a farologane mme a akaretsa maemo a a kwa tlase a bokgoni jwa go tlwaela, go anamisiwa mo go bokoa ga maranyane, le tshedimosetso e e maleba go tshegetsa go tlwaela, le go ikaega thata ka dithulaganyo tsa temothuo go bona matshelo.<ref>Welborn, Lily (2018). ''Africa and climate change: Projecting vulnerability and adaptive capacity''. Institute for Security Studies.</ref> Mafatshe a le mantsi go ralala Aforika a tlhaolwa jaaka [[:en:Least_Developed_Countries|mafatshe a a sa Tlhabologang thata]] (LDCs) tse di nang le maemo a a bokoa a loago le itsholelo, mme ka ntlha ya se di lebagane le dikgwetlho tse di rileng mo go tsibogeleng ditlamorago tsa [[:en:Climate_change|phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.]]<ref>UNDP/GEF (2018). ''[https://www.thegef.org/sites/default/files/publications/CCA-Africa-Final.pdf Climate Change Adaptation in Africa UNDP: Synthesis of Experiences and Recommendations]'' (PDF). UNDP/GEF.</ref> Dikotsi tse di bonalang tse di supilweng mo Aforika mo Pegelong ya Tlhatlhobo ya Botlhano ya IPCC di amana le dithulaganyo tsa tikologo, go nna teng ga metsi, le dithulaganyo tsa temothuo, ka ditlamorago mo tshireletsegong ya dijo.[36] == Tlhotlheletso mo bathong == Phetogo ya seemo sa loapi e tla tswelela ka go ama Aforika ka ntlha ya mabaka a le mantsi. Manokonoko a a setse a kgona go utlwiwa mme a tla tswelela ka go oketsega fa go sa tsewe kgato epe go fokotsa kgaso ya mowa o o borai mo lefatsheng ka bophara. Manokonoko a akaretsa mogote o o kwa godimo, lenyora, go fetoga ga ka fa pula e nang ka teng lego oketsega ga dipharologanyo tsa phetogo ya loapi. Diemo tse di na le seabe mo go fetlheng motlakase le tiriso ya one. Lenyora le le nnileng teng mo malobeng mo mafatsheng a le mantsi a Aforika, mo go amantsweng le phetogo ya loapi, go amile go fetlhiwa ga motlakase le kgolo ya itsholelo mo kontinenteng ka bophara. Aforika e tla nna nngwe ya dikgaolo tse di amilweng thata ke manokonoko a phetogo ya seemo sa loapi.<ref>IPCC (2014). ''[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf Africa. In: Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'' (PDF).</ref> Mabaka a gore Aforika a bo a tshabelelwa ke go amega a a farologana ebile a akaretsa selekanyo se se kwa tlase sa go itepatepanya le phetogo e. Mafatshe a le mantsi mo Aforika a wela mo mafatsheng a a kwa tlase mo ditlhabologong, mme ka jalo a lebanwe ke dikgwetlho tse di farologaneng fa go tla mo go tsibogeleng manokonoko a phetogo ya loapi.<ref>UNDP/GEF (2018). [https://www.thegef.org/sites/default/files/publications/CCA-Africa-Final.pdf ''Climate Change Adaptation in Africa UNDP: Synthesis of Experiences and Recommendations'' (PDF). UNDP/GEF.]</ref> Dikotsi tse di bonalang tse di supilweng mo Aforika mo [[:en:IPCC_Fifth_Assessment_Report|Pegelong ya Tlhatlhobo ya Botlhano]] ya [[:en:Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change|IPCC]] di amana le dithulaganyo tsa tikologo, [[:en:Water_resources|go nna teng ga metsi]], le dithulaganyo tsa temothuo, ka ditlamorago mo tshireletsegong ya dijo.<ref>''[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf Africa. In: Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'' (PDF). 2014.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2022, batho ba feta sekete di le borataro ba ba arabileng go tswa kwa mafatsheng a le lesome aAforika ba ne ba tsaya karolo mo patlisisong ya seemo sa bosa se se neng sa dirwa ke [[:en:European_Investment_Bank|Banka ya Dipeeletso karolokgolo ya lefatshe se se naleng mafatshe a mantsi sa Europe]].<ref name=":6">"[https://www.eib.org/en/surveys/climate-survey/5th-climate-survey/africa.htm 2022-2023 EIB Climate Survey, part 1 of 2: 88% of respondents believe that climate change is already affecting their everyday life]". ''EIB.org''. Retrieved 28 February 2023.</ref> Patlisiso e fitlhetse gore karolo ya masome a borobabobebdi le borobabobedi ya ba ba arabilweng ba boletse fa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e utlwisa matshelo a bone botlhoko, fa karolo ya masome a marataro le bongwe mo lekgolong ya ba ba arabilweng ba boletse fa [[:en:Environmental_degradation|tshenyo ya tikologo]] e amile lotseno lwa bone kgotsa motswedi wa matshelo a bone.<ref>[https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2022-554-eib-climate-survey-88-of-african-respondents-believe-that-climate-change-is-already-affecting-their-everyday-life "EIB Climate Survey: 88% of African respondents believe that climate change is already affecting their everyday life"]. ''European Investment Bank''. Retrieved 28 February 2023.</ref> Ditatlhegelo tse gantsi di bakwa ke [[:en:Drought|komelelo]] e e tseneletseng, go oketsega ga bogodimo jwa lewatle kgotsa [[:en:Coastal_erosion|kgogolego ya mabopo]], kgotsa ditiragalo tse di feteletseng tsa maemo a bosa jaaka [[:en:Flood|merwalela]] kgotsa ditsuatsue.<ref name=":6" /> Go feta sephatlo sa batho ba ba arabilweng ba Aforika (karolo ya masome a matlhano le bosupa mo lekgolong) ba rile bone kgotsa batho ba ba ba itseng ba setse ba tsere dikgato tsa go tlwaela ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa. Gareng ga dikgato tse ke dipeeletso mo didirisweng tse di somarelang metsi go fokotsa ditlamorago tsa komelelo le go phepafatsa mesele ya metsi pele ga morwalela.<ref name=":6" /> Karolo ya masome a mararo le bone mo lekgolong ya batho botlhe ba ba arabilweng ba Aforika ba rile phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ke nngwe ya dintlha tse di botlhokwa thata tse di lebaganeng le lefatshe la bona, gareng ga dintlha tse dingwe tsa botlhokwa tse di jaaka [[:en:Inflation|koketsego]] ya ditlhwatlhwa le phitlhelelo ya [[:en:Health_care|tlhokomelo ya boitekanelo]].<ref name=":6" /> === Ditlamorago tsa itsholelo === Afrika e thuthafala ka bonako go feta lefatshe lotlhe ka palogare. Dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa karolokgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi mo teng di ka nna tsa se ka tsa agiwa ka ntlha ya seo mme palogotlhe ya [[:en:Gross_domestic_product|dikumo tsa selegae tsa Aforika]] (GDP) e ka nna ya fokotsega ka karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong ka ntlha ya tlhatlogo ya selekanyo sa mogote wa Celcius e le nngwe (1 °C) ya mogote ya palogare ya lefatshe, le ka karolo ya lesome le bobedi mo lekgolong (12%) ka ntlha ya tlhatlogo ya selekanyo sa mogote wa karolo ya Celcius ya bone (4 °C) ya mogote. Dithobo tsa dijalo di solofetswe go fokotsega thata ka ntlha ya go tlhatloga ga mogote mme go solofetswe gore dipula tse di maatla di tla na kgapetsakgapetsa le ka maatla mo Aforika yotlhe, go oketsa kotsi ya merwalela.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#CITEREFEuropean_Investment_Bank2022c|European Investment Bank 2022c]].</ref><ref>[https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/climate-change-triggers-mounting-food-insecurity-poverty-and-displacement-africa "Climate change triggers mounting food insecurity, poverty and displacement in Africa]". ''public.wmo.int''. 18 October 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2022.</ref><ref>"[https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/december-2018-march-2019/global-warming-severe-consequences-africa Global warming: severe consequences for Africa]". ''Africa Renewal''. 7 December 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2022.</ref><ref>[https://unfccc.int/news/climate-change-is-an-increasing-threat-to-africa "Climate Change Is an Increasing Threat to Africa]". ''United Nations Climate Change News''. 27 October 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2022.</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, Aforika e latlhegelwa ke madi a a fa gare ga didolara di le didikadike di le supa le didolara di le didikaike di le lesome le botlhano ka ngwaga ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, mme go lebeletswe gore e tla fitlha go didolara di le didikadike di le masome a matlhano ka ngwaga wa 2030.<ref>Rathi, Akshat; Rao, Mythili (2 May 2024). "[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-05-02/inside-the-bank-financing-africa-s-green-growth One Bank Is Turning Africa's Climate Vulnerability Into Opportunity]". ''www.bloomberg.com''. Retrieved 11 May 2024.</ref> ==== Temothuo ==== ''Pego e kgolo: [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture#Africa|Ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo temothuong § Aforika]]'' Temothuo ke lekalana le le botlhokwa thata mo Aforika, le le nang le seabe mo matshelong le mo itsholelong go ralala karolo e kgolo ya Lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi mo teng. Batho ba le bantsi ba ikaegile ka temothuo jaaka tsela ya go ikaga mo itsholelong le motswedi wa dijo. Ba le bantsi ba ikaegile ka metswedi e e bosisi mo seemong sa bosa. Go akanyediwa gore tiro ya dijalo e tlaa fokotsega go ralala Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara. Ka palogare, temothuo mo Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara e na le seabe sa karolo ya lesome le botlhano mo lekgolong ya GDP yotlhe.<ref name=":7">OECD/FAO (2016). ''[http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5778e.pdf OECD‑FAO Agricultural Outlook 2016‑2025]'' (PDF). OECD Publishing. pp.&#x20;59–61. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-64-25323-0|<bdi>978-92-64-25323-0</bdi>.]]</ref> Thutafatshe ya Aforika e dira gore e nne mo kotsing thata ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, mme karolo ya masome a supa mo lekgolong ya baagi ba ikaegile ka temothuo e e fepiwang ka pula go itshedisa.<ref>Läderach, Peter; Martinez-Valle, Armando; Bourgoin, Clement; Parker, Louis (27 March 2019). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6436735 Vulnerability of the agricultural sector to climate change: The development of a pan-tropical Climate Risk Vulnerability Assessment to inform sub-national decision making"]. ''PLOS ONE''. '''14''' (3) e0213641. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PLoSO..1413641P 2019PLoSO..1413641P.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213641|10.1371/journal.pone.0213641.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6436735 6436735]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30917146 30917146].</ref> [[:en:Smallholding|Dipolase tse dinnye]] di dira karolo ya masome a borobabobedi mo lekgolong ya masimo a a lengwang mo Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara.<ref name=":7" /> IPCC ka ngwaga wa 2007 e ne ya akanyetsa gore go fetoga ga seemo sa bosa le phetogo go tla tsenya ntshodikuno ya temothuo mo kotsing thata le phitlhelelo ya dijo<ref>Parry, M. L.; et&#x20;al., eds. (2007). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20181102223635/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/spmsspm-c.html Summary for Policymakers: C. Current knowledge about future impacts]". ''Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change''. Cambridge University Press. Archived from [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/spmsspm-c.html the original] on 2 November 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2023.</ref>:(tsebe ya lesome le boraro) Tekanyetso e e ne ya abelwa "tshepo e e kwa godimo". Dithulaganyo tsa dijalo, leruo le botshwaraditlhapi di tla nna mo kotsing e kgolo ya disenyi le malwetse ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ya isago.<ref name=":8">Dhanush, D.; Bett, B. K.; Boone, R. B.; Grace, D.; Kinyangi, J.; Lindahl, J. F.; Mohan, C. V.; Ramírez Villegas, J.; Robinson, T. P.; Rosenstock, T. S.; Smith, J. (2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230716201342/https://cgspace.cgiar.org/rest/bitstreams/55241/retrieve "Impact of climate change on African agriculture: focus on pests and diseases]". ''CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security''.</ref> Disenyi tsa dijalo di setse di dira mo e ka nnang bongwe mo borartarong ya ditatlhegelo tsa ntshodikuno ya polase.<ref name=":8" /> Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e tla itlhaganedisa go anama ga disenyi le malwetse le go oketsa go diragala ga ditiragalo tse di nang le ditlamorago tse di masisi.<ref name=":8" /> Ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa boswa mo ntshokunong ya temothuo mo Aforika di tla nna le ditlamorago tse di masisi mo tshireletsegong ya dijo le mo matshelong. Go tlhoka dikotla tse di farologaneng go ne ga baka go palelwa ke go ja dikotla dingwe tse di botlhokwa. Go tlhoka dikotla tse go ka baka tlhaelo ya vitamin A le madi. Se se ne se tlwaelegile thata go bonwa ka dinako tsa komelelo le tlhaelo ya dijo ka gonne ditlhopho di ne di le mmalwa.[citation needed] Magareng ga ngwaga wa 2014 le ngwaga wa 2018, Aforika e ne e na le maemo a a kwa godimo a go tlhoka tshireletsego ya dijo mo lefatsheng.<ref>''[http://www.fao.org/state-of-food-security-nutrition/en/ SOFI 2019 – The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World]''. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2021. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4060/CB4474EN|10.4060/CB4474EN.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-5-134325-8|<bdi>978-92-5-134325-8</bdi>.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241785130 241785130].</ref> Mabapi le dithulaganyo tsa temothuo, go ikaega thata ka temothuo ya go iphedisa e e fepiwang ke pula le kamogelo e e kwa tlase ya [[:en:Climate_smart_agriculture|mekgwa ya temothuo e e botlhale]] ya seemo sa bosa go na le seabe mo maemong a a kwa godimo a go nna mo kotsing ga lekalana. Seemo se okediwa ke go sa ikanyege ga, le phitlhelelo ya, tshedimosetso ya seemo sa bosa le tshedimosetso go tshegetsa dikgato tsa go tlwaela.<ref>Dinku, Tufa. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221101070648/https://ictupdate.cta.int/en/article/overcoming-challenges-in-the-availability-and-use-of-climate-data-in-africa-sid06fd8a811-e179-4fa5-9c8f-806bd2f27c3e "Overcoming challenges in the availability and use of climate data in Africa]". ''ICT Update CTA''. Archived from [https://ictupdate.cta.int/en/article/overcoming-challenges-in-the-availability-and-use-of-climate-data-in-africa-sid06fd8a811-e179-4fa5-9c8f-806bd2f27c3e the original] on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2023.</ref> Dikgoreletsi tse di lemogilweng le tse di akanyediwang mo mekgweng ya pula ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa di ka nna tsa khutshwafatsa dipaka tsa go gola le go ama thobo ya dijalo mo dikarolong di le dintsi tsa Aforika. Go feta moo, lekalana la temothuo mo Aforika le laolwa ke balemi ba banyennyane ba nang le phihlello e lekanyeditsweng ya maranyane le mehlodi ya go tlwaela.<ref>"[https://www.cropscience.bayer.com/en/stories/2018/supporting-sub-saharan-africas-farmers-closing-the-gap Supporting Sub-Saharan Africa's Farmers – Bayer – Crop Science]". ''www.cropscience.bayer.com''. Retrieved 15 August 2019.</ref> == Maatla == [[Setshwantsho:M-Power solar in Tanzania (1080).jpg|thumb|Dipone tsa letsatsi le motlakase di tsentswe mo lapeng la mosadi mongwe wa kwa Tanzania.]] Ka palo ya batho e e oketsegang le tlhokego e e tsamaelanang ya maatla, tshireletsego ya maatla e tshwanetse go rarabololwa ka gonne maatla a botlhokwa mo tlhabololong e e tswelelang. Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e amile makalana a maatla mo Aforika jaaka fa mafatshe a le mantsi a ikaegile ka tlhagiso ya maatla a metsi. Go fokotsega ga maemo a pula le komelelo go dirile gore maemo a metsi a nne kwa tlase mo matamong a a nang le ditlamorago tse di sa siamang mo go tlhagiseng maatla a metsi. Se se dirile gore go nne le tlhagiso e e kwa tlase ya maatla a motlakase, ditshenyegelo tse di kwa godimo tsa motlakase le go kgaoga ga motlakase kgotsa go kgaoga ga motlakase mo mafatsheng a mangwe a Aforika a a ikaegileng ka tlhagiso ya motlakase o o dirisiwang ka metsi. Dikgoreletsi tsa go dira maatla a metsi di amile makala a a farologaneng mo mafatsheng jaaka [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]], [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] le [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] ka tsela e e sa siamang. == Letlhoko la metsi == [[Setshwantsho:Water Shortage in Ethiopia (935).jpg|thumb|Tlhaelo ya metsi kwa lefatsheng la Ethiiopia]] Boleng le go nna teng ga metsi go senyegile mo mafelong a le mantsi a Aforika, bogolosegolo ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>Rankoana, Sejabaledi Agnes (1 January 2020). [[doi:10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2020-0033|"Climate change impacts on water resources in a rural community in Limpopo province, South Africa: a community-based adaptation to water insecurity"]]. ''International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management''. '''12''' (5): 587–598. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020IJCCS..12..587R 2020IJCCS..12..587R.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2020-0033|10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2020-0033]].</ref> Metswedi ya metsi e mo kotsing mme e na le kgonagalo ya go amiwa thata ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ka ditlamorago tse dikgolo mo merafeng ya batho.<ref>[https://www.ipcc.ch/publication/climate-change-and-water-2/ "Climate Change and Water — IPCC]". Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> IPCC e bonelapele gore didikadike tsa batho mo Aforika di tla nna di lebane le kgatelelo e e oketsegileng ya metsi ka ntlha ya go fetoga ga seemo sa bosa le phetogo ([[:en:IPCC_Fifth_Assessment_Report|IPCC 2013]]). Diphetogo mo mekgweng ya pula di ama ka tlhamalalo [[:en:Surface_runoff|go elela ga metsi mo godimo ga lefatshe]] le go nna teng ga metsi.<ref>Fowler, H. J.; Blenkinsop, S.; Tebaldi, C. (October 2007). "Linking climate change modelling to impacts studies: recent advances in downscaling techniques for hydrological modelling". ''International Journal of Climatology''. 27 (12): 1547–1578. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007IJCli..27.1547F 2007IJCli..27.1547F.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Water_Shortage_in_Ethiopia_%28935%29.jpg/500px-Water_Shortage_in_Ethiopia_%28935%29.jpg 10.1002/joc.1556]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53472608 53472608].</ref> == Metswedi == 5ztez2enjh8u7uafzjvbp8vkpgt6s8m 53245 53230 2026-07-25T21:22:41Z Atsile Edith 11759 Ke senotse tsebe e #Wikipedia25BW 53245 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Temperature Bar Chart Africa--1901-2020--2021-07-14.png|thumb|Setshwantso sa dipalopalo se se bontshang [[:en:Instrumental_temperature_record|phetogo ya mogote]] mo Aforika magareng ga 1901 le 2021, ka mmala o mohibidu o le bothitho mme botala jwa legodimo bo le tsididi go feta palogare (Palogare ya mogote ka nako ya ngwaga wa 1971 go ya kwa ngwageng wa 2000 e tsewa jaaka ntlha ya tshupiso ya diphetogo tse.)]] '''Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo Aforika''' ke matshosetsi a magolo ka gonne karolo ya eo ke nngwe ya dikgaolo tse [[:en:Climate_change_vulnerability|di mo kotsing]] thata ya [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change|ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya]] [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change|seemo sa bosa]], le fa e le yone e e bakang mesi e e kwa tlase ga karolo ya bone mo lekgolong ya lefatshe lotlhe e e dirang gore go nne le kgololo ya dighese tse di tshwarang mollo mo lefaufaung.<ref>Bank, African Development (5 November 2024). "[https://www.afdb.org/en/cop29/focus-africa Focus on Africa]". ''African Development Bank Group''. Retrieved 1 July 2026.</ref>Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e baka mekgwa e e sa tlhomamang ya pula, d[[:en:Extreme_weather|itiragalo tse di feteletseng tsa]] [[:en:Extreme_weather|tepo loapi]] tse di diragalang kgapetsakgapetsa tse di jaaka [[:en:Drought|komelelo]], [[:en:Flood|merwalela]], le [[:en:Sea_surface_temperature|megote e e tlhatlogang ya boalogodimo jwa lewatle]] go ralala karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi mo teng. Diphetogo tse di tshosetsa tshireletsego ya [[:en:Food_security|dijo]] le [[:en:Water_security|tshireletsego ya metsi]], [[:en:Biodiversity|mefutafuta ya ditshedi]], [[:en:Public_health|boitekanelo jwa setšhaba]], le [[:en:Economic_development|tlhabololo ya itsholelo]].<ref name=":0">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (22 June 2023). "Africa". ''[https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009325844/type/book Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'' (1&#x20;ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.&#x20;1285–1456. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/9781009325844.011|10.1017/9781009325844.011]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-009-32584-4|978-1-009-32584-4]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>United Nations, UNEP (2017). "[http://www.unep.org/regions/africa/regional-initiatives/responding-climate-change Responding to climate change]". ''UNEP – UN Environment Programme''. Retrieved 1 July 2022.</ref> Aforika gone jaana e thuthafala ka bonako go feta lefatshe lotlhe ka palogare.<ref>World Meterological Organization (2 September 2024). [https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/africa-faces-disproportionate-burden-from-climate-change-and-adaptation-costs "Africa faces disproportionate burden from climate change and adaptation costs]". ''World Meteorological Organization''. Retrieved 16 September 2025.</ref> Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e gakatsa matshosetsi a a leng teng a loago le itsholelo. Dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa baagi ba Aforika di ikaegile ka matshelo a a bosisi mo seemong sa bosa jaaka temothuo (karolo ya masome a matlhano le botlhano go ya kwa masome a marataro le bobedi mo lekgolong ya badiri mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara)<ref>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (22 June 2023). "Africa". ''[https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009325844/type/book Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'' (1&#x20;ed.). Cambridge University Press. p.&#x20;1289. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/9781009325844.011|10.1017/9781009325844.011]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-009-32584-4|978-1-009-32584-4]]</bdi>.</ref> mme di setse di tshela mo lehumeng, se se oketsang go tlhagelela ga bona mo ditshosong. Ditlamorago tsa botsogo di nna maswe le go feta fa [[:en:Hyperthermia|kgatelelo ya mogote]], [[:en:Disease_vector|malwetse a a tshelanwang ke dibopiwa tse di ananmisang bolwetse]] (a a tshwanang le [[:en:Malaria|malaria]] le [[:en:Dengue_fever|dengue]]), le letlhoko la dikotla di ntse di anama thata. Go feta sephatlo e leng karolong ya masome a matlhano le borataro mo lekgolong (56%) ya ditiragalo tse di fetang dikete tse pedi tse di kwadilweng tsa boitekanelo jwa setšhaba mo Aforika magareng ga ngwaga wa 2001 le ngwaga wa 2021 di ne di amana le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>Africa CDC (7 July 2025). ''[https://africacdc.org/download/climate-change-and-health-strategic-framework-2025/ Climate Change and Health: Strategic Framework 2025]''. p.&#x20;vii.</ref> [[:en:Resource_depletion|Tlhaelo ya didirisiwa]] e na le seabe mo go fudugeng le dikgotlhang, bogolosegolo mo dikgaolong tse di bokoa. Mafelo a ditoropo, a gantsi a tlhaolwang ke mafelo a bonno a a sa tlhomamang, a lebane le dikotsi tse di kwa godimo tsa morwalela le mogote o o feteletseng.<ref name=":0" /> Temothuo ke nngwe ya makalana a a mo kotsing thata, ka bontsi jwa balemirui ba Aforika ba ikaegile ka dijalo tse di [[:en:Rainfed_agriculture|nosetswang ke pula]]. Pula e e fokoditsweng le e e sa bonelwang pele, e kopantswe le megote e e kwa godimo, e kgweetsa tatlhegelo ya bongola jwa mmu, [[:en:Desertification_in_Africa|go nna sekaka]] (bogolosegolo kwa [[:en:Sahara|Sahara]]) le go sutisa mafelo a a tshwanetseng a go gola. Diphetogo tse di fokotsa thobo ya dijalo tsa konokono, di nyatsa tshireletsego ya dijo le go gakatsa tlala. Boitekanelo jwa [[:en:Livestock|leruo]] bo ntse bo tsenngwa mo kotsing thata ke kgatelelo ya mogote le go fetoga ga mekgwa ya malwetse. Dithulaganyo tsa tikologo tsa lebopo le tsa lewatle di lebane le mawatle a a thuthafetseng le [[:en:Sea_level_rise|maemo a a tlhatlogang]], se se tshosetsang batshwaraditlhapi le mafelo a a nang le batho ba le bantsi a a mo lebopong.<ref>Fonjong, Lotsmart; Matose, Frank; Sonnenfeld, David A. (1 December 2024). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095937802400116X "Climate change in Africa: Impacts, adaptation, and policy responses"]. ''Global Environmental Change''. '''89''' 102912. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024GEC....8902912F 2024GEC....8902912F]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2024.102912|10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2024.102912]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-3780 0959-3780].</ref> Ditshenyegelo tsa itsholelo tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa di maswe thata. Ka palogare mafatshe a Aforika a lebane le ditatlhegelo tse di amanang le seemo sa bosa tse di fitlhang ko karolong ya bobedi go ya kwa botlhanong mo lekgolong ya [[:en:Gross_domestic_product|Palogotlhe ya Boleng jwa Ditlhagiso tsa Naga(GDP)]] ka ngwaga, fa ditshenyegelo tsa go [[:en:Climate_change_adaptation|tlwaela]] mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahran di akanyediwa go nna didikadike tsa di dilara tsa lefatshe la USA di le masome a mararo go yab kwa masomemg a matlhano (USD 30-50 billion) ka ngwaga mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di tlang. Se se tshosetsa dipoelo tsa tlhabololo le go baya kgatelelo mo dipusong le mo ditheong tsa boditšhabatšhaba go kokoanya [[:en:Climate_finance|matlole a seemo sa bosa]].<ref>World Meteorological Organization (2024). ''[https://uneca.org/sites/default/files/ACPC/publication/State-of-the-Climate-in-Africa-2023_en.pdf State of the Climate in Africa: 2023]'' (PDF). Geneva. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-63-11360-3|978-92-63-11360-3]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>European Investment Bank (19 October 2022). ''[https://www.eib.org/en/publications/finance-in-africa-navigating-the-financial-landscape-in-turbulent-times Finance in Africa - Navigating the financial landscape in turbulent times]''. European Investment Bank. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5382-2|978-92-861-5382-2]]</bdi>.</ref> Maano a Aforika a go itlwaetsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa a tsepamisitse mogopolo mo go ageng nonofo ka [[:en:Climate-smart_agriculture|temothuo e e botlhale mo]] [[:en:Climate-smart_agriculture|seemong sa bosa]] , [[:en:Water_management|taolo ya metsi]] e e tswelelang, [[:en:Environmental_protection|tshomarelo ya tikologo]], le go matlafatsa dithulaganyo tsa boitekanelo le tsa mafaratlhatlha. Mekgwa e e baya kwa pele go tokafatsa puso, go kokoanya matlole le dipeeletso tsa seemo sa bosa, le go rotloetsa go tsaya karolo ga baagi go samagana le go nna mo kotsing ka botlalo.<ref>Tadesse, Debay (1 December 2010). [https://issafrica.org/research/papers/the-impact-of-climate-change-in-africa "The impact of climate change in Africa"]. ''ISS Africa''. Retrieved 16 September 2025.</ref><ref>Badji, Arfang; Ibanda, Angele; Akello, Sarah; Ekwamu, Adipala (2022). [https://afjrdev.org/index.php/jos/article/view/410 "Climate change impacts and adaptation strategies in Africa: Selected case studies"]. ''African Journal of Rural Development''. '''7''' (3): 209–274. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2415-2838 2415-2838].</ref><ref>Ngongolo, Kelvin; Gayo, Leopody (21 May 2025). [[doi:10.3389/past.2025.14225|"Climate change impacts and mitigation strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa's livestock production sector. A brief review"]]. ''Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice''. '''15''' 14225. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025Pasto..1514225N :2025Pasto..1514225N.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3389/past.2025.14225|10.3389/past.2025.14225]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-7136 2041-7136].</ref>Matlhomeso a karolo kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mangwe le a bosetšhaba a gatelela kgokagano ya makalana a mantsi, kamogelo ya maranyane, le kago ya bokgoni go tshegetsa tlhabololo e e tswelelang le go fokotsa [[:en:Climate_risk|dikotsi tsa seemo sa bosa]].<ref>African Union (28 June 2022). [https://au.int/en/documents/20220628/african-union-climate-change-and-resilient-development-strategy-and-action-plan ''African Union Climate Change and Resilient Development Strategy and Action Plan (2022-2032)''.] African Union.</ref> == Pabalesego ya metsi le go senyega ga metswedi == [[Setshwantsho:View of the surrounding at the Lake Kariba with hippos (6910358407).jpg|thumb|Lekadiba la Kariba]] Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e dira jaaka selo se segolo se se sa tlhomamang ga tshireletsego ya metsi go ralala karolo kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi ya Aforika, ka ditikologo tsa metsi tse di bontshang go sa tlhomama go go oketsegileng. Go ya ka pegelo ya Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe wa Maemo a Bosa (WMO) ya ''Seemo sa'' ''sa bosa mo Aforika ya ngwaga wa 2025'', maemo a bosa a a feteletseng le ditshupo tse di amanang le seemo sa bosa di amile bonnye jwa batho ba le didkadike di le lesome le boraro mme tsa baka dintsho tse di fetang dikete tse tharo tse di begilweng ka ngwaga wa 2025 fela, mme merwalela e ne ya dira go feta sephatlo sa seemo sa bosa sotlhe se se diphatsa.<ref name=":9">"[https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/extreme-weather-and-climate-events-impact-millions-africa-2025 Extreme weather and climate events impact millions in Africa in 2025]". World Meteorological Organization. 18 June 2026. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref>. Go gakala mo ga dikotsi go kgoreletsa go nna teng ga metsi a a fa godimo ga lefatshe le mafaratlhatlha a dikago, go fetola dikotsi tsa seemo sa bosa go nna mathata a metsi a itsholelo a a anameng.<ref>"[https://reliefweb.int/report/world/state-climate-africa-2025-enar State of the Climate in Africa 2025 &#x5B;EN/AR]&#x5D;". World Meteorological Organization via ReliefWeb. 18 June 2026. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref> === Diphoso tse dikgolo tsa letamo le motlhamo wa motlakase === Go nna mo kotsing ga dithulaganyo tse dikgolo tsa polokelo ya metsi mo dipharologanong tsa mogote tse di tsayang nako e telele go ne ga bontshiwa ka nako ya komelelo ya kgaolo ya ngwaga wa 2023 go ya kwa ngwageng ya 2025 kwa Borwa jwa Aforika, e e neng ya tlhaolwa jaaka komelelo e e maswe go gaisa e e amileng kgaolo mo dingwageng di feta lekgolo.<ref>[https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/mozambique/southern-africa-el-nino-regional-humanitarian-overview-september-2024 Southern Africa: El Niño Regional Humanitarian Overview] (Report). UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). 20 September 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref> E tlhotlhelediwa ke legato le le tseneletseng la El Niño le diphetogo tse di siameng tsa Dipole tsa Lewatle la India, ditlhaelo tsa pula di ne tsa baka go wela tlase ga ditso ga selekanyo sa metsi a Letsha la Kariba, letamo le legolo go gaisa mo Aforika le le dirilweng ke batho ka bogolo jo bo ka tsayang metsi .<ref>[https://wmo.int/resources/publication-series/state-of-climate-africa/state-of-climate-africa-2025 "State of the Climate in Africa 2025 Interactive]". World Meteorological Organization. 18 June 2026. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref> Go fokotsega ga bogolo jo bo ka tsayang metsi ya polokelo e e tshelang ya letamo go dirile gore ditlhomo tsa motlakase o o amanang le metsi di se ka tsa kgona go dira, ga pateletsa go kgaoga ga motlakase ka nako e telele le go abelwa metsi a a phepa go ralala mafatshe a Zambia le Zimbabwe, mme ga felela ka dikgoeletso tsa bosetšhaba tsa masetlapelo a komelelo go ralala ditšhaba di le thataro, go akaretsa Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi le Namibia.<ref>[https://reliefweb.int/report/angola/drought-southern-africa-angola-botswana-lesotho-malawi-mozambique-namibia-zambia-zimbabwe-public-health-situation-analysis-phsa-14-october-2024 Drought in Southern Africa: Public Health Situation Analysis] (Report). World Health Organization. 14 October 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref> === Kgotlelego ya mafaratlhatlha le sediba se se kgabaganyang melelwane === Go farologana le seo, go akofisa ga ditiragalo tsa pula e e feteletseng go tshoseditse ka go lekana phitlhelelo ya metsi a a phepa. Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ka ngwaga wa 2025, morwalela o o sa tshwanelang le o o bokete wa tshoganyetso kwa Nigeria o ne wa baka dintsho di feta makgolo a mabedi le go fekeetsa mafaratlhatlha a metsi a mmasepala a selegae, mme se sa baka go tlhakana ka tlhamalalo ga metsi a a elelang le mokgatšha wa metsi a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe mo lefelong la ditoropo o o seng ko teng le dithulaganyo tsa diphaephe tsa mmasepala.<ref>[https://wmo.int/resources/publication-series/state-of-climate-africa/state-of-climate-africa-2025 "State of the Climate in Africa 2025]". World Meteorological Organization. 18 June 2026. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref> Mo dibeiseneng tse di kgabaganyang melelwane jaaka kgaolo ya Letsha la Chad, thuthafalo e e tswelelang le diphetogo tsa pula e e sa tlhomamang thata di tswelela go fetola bogolo jo bo ka tsayang metsi tsa paka. Dikgobalo tse di tlholang mo lefelong le le leng teng la boalogodimo di nyatsa ka tlhamalalo motheo wa didirisiwa tsa batho ba feta didikadike di le masome a mararo go ralala Nigeria, Niger, Chad, le Cameroon, go bontsha ka fao go sa sireletsega ga metsi mo go bakiwang ke seemo sa bosa go ka dirang jaaka setlhotlheletsi sa tsitsipano ya lefatshe le sepolotiki le go fuduga ka pateletso.<ref name=":9" /> == Ditlamorago == === Selekanyo sa mogote le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa === [[Setshwantsho:Koppen-Geiger Map v2 Africa 1991–2020.svg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa Aforika wa go tlhaola seemo sa bosa sa Köppen ka ngwaga wa 1991 go ya kwa ngwageng wa 2020]] Go etswe tlhoko fa [[:en:Instrumental_temperature_record|mogote wa moalo wa lefatshe]] ka kakaretsoo ile kwa godimo mo Aforika kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe go ya kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi le bongwe ka bokana jwa mogote wa Celcius e le nngwe (1 °C), mme mo gae mogote oo kwa tlase kwa Sahel fa paka e e omeletseng e fela e leselekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius e le boraro (3 °C).<ref name=":3">''Rural societies in the face of climatic and environmental changes in West Africa''. Marseille: IRD éditions. 2017. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-2-7099-2424-5|<bdi>978-2-7099-2424-5</bdi>.]] [[:en:OCLC#OCLC|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/title/1034784045 1034784045]. Impr. Jouve.</ref>Go thuthafala ga Aforika go oketsegile ka lefela ntlha tharo ya selekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius (+0.3 C) go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1991 go ya ko ngwageng wa 2021 fa go bapisiwa le koketsego ya lefela ntlha pedi (+0.2) ka nako ya ngwaga wa 1961 go ya ko ngwageng wa 1910. Go fophakanyediwa olediwa gore ka ngwaga wa 2030, batho ba Aforika ba tla bo ba le mo kotsing ya go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle ka ntlha ya go tlhatloga ga mogote. Se se tla dira gore go [[:en:Agricultural_productivity|ntsha dikungo ga temothuo]] go fokotsege.<ref>Engel, Ulf (2024). Engel, Ulf (ed.). ''Yearbook on the African Union Volume 3 (2022)''. Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar: Brill. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-90-04-68308-2|<bdi>978-90-04-68308-2</bdi>.]]</ref> Diphetogo tsa pula tse di lemogilweng di supa dipharologano tsa sebaka le tsa nako jaaka go solofetswe.<ref name=":10">Collins, Jennifer M. (15 July 2011). [[doi:10.1175/2011JCLI3753.1|"Temperature Variability over Africa]]". ''Journal of Climate''. '''24''' (14): 3649–3666. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JCli...24.3649C 2011JCli...24.3649C]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/2011JCLI3753.1|10.1175/2011JCLI3753.1]].</ref><ref>Niang, I.; O. C. Ruppel; M. A. Abdrabo; A. Essel; C. Lennard; J. Padgham, and P. Urquhart, 2014: Africa. In: ''Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability''. Part B: Regional Aspects. [https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Barros, V. R.; C. B. Field; D. J. Dokken et al. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1199–1265.</ref> Diphetogo tse di lemogilweng mo megoteng le [[:en:Precipitation|pula]] di farologana go ya ka dikgaolo.<ref>Conway, Declan; Persechino, Aurelie; Ardoin-Bardin, Sandra; Hamandawana, Hamisai; Dieulin, Claudine; Mahé, Gil (February 2009). [[doi:10.1175/2008JHM1004.1|"Rainfall and Water Resources Variability in Sub-Saharan Africa during the Twentieth Century"]]. ''Journal of Hydrometeorology''. '''10''' (1): 41–59. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JHyMe..10...41C 2009JHyMe..10...41C.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/2008JHM1004.1|10.1175/2008JHM1004.1]].</ref><ref name=":10" /> Dikai tsa ga jaana tsa seemo sa bosa (jaaka di sobokantswe mo [[:en:IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report|Pegelong ya Tshekatsheko ya Borataro ya IPCC]]) di bonelapele koketsego ya makgetlo le maatla a ditiragalo tsa komelelo le pula e e maatla.<ref name=":4">Armstrong, Andrew; Dyer, Ellen; Koehler, Johanna; Hope, Rob (2022). [[doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102592|"Intra-seasonal rainfall and piped water revenue variability in rural Africa".]] Global Environmental Change. 76 102592. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022GEC....7602592A 2022GEC....7602592A]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102592|10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102592.]]  Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Gape di bonelapele phokotsego ya pula e e magareng mo e ka nnang gongwe le gongwe mo Aforika, ka tshepo e e magareng go ya go e e kwa godimo. Le fa go ntse jalo, diphetogo tsa pula ya selegae le ditirisano tsa loago le seemo sa bosa di ka bonala ka mekgwa e e tlhakaneng. Ka jalo, ditlamorago tse di kopanang tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa di tla farologana go ralala karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a a mantsi mo teng. Mo metseng ya selegae, mekgwa ya pula e tlhotlheletsa tiriso ya metsi.<ref name=":4" /> [[Setshwantsho:Koppen-Geiger Map Africa future.svg|thumb|Setshwantso sa karolo kgolo ya Lefatshe ye naleng mafatshe ya Africa ya dingwaga tsa 2071 go ya kwa 2100 ka fa tlase ga boemo jo bo tseneletseng thata jwa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa . Ditiragalo tsa magareng ga jaana di tsewa di ka nna teng.]] Ditlhotlhomiso tse di dirilweng ka ngwaga wa 2019 di akanyeditse fa paka ya komelelo e tla tsaya lobaka ka nako ya dipula mme gape go nne le dipula tse di matsorotsoro mo Aforika.<ref name=":1">Kendon, Elizabeth J.; Stratton, Rachel A.; Tucker, Simon; Marsham, John H.; Berthou, Ségolène; Rowell, David P.; Senior, Catherine A. (2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6478940/ "Enhanced future changes in wet and dry extremes over Africa at convection-permitting scale"]. ''Nature Communications''. '''10''' (1): 1794. [[bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1794K|Bibcode]]:[[bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1794K|2019NatCo..10.1794K.]] [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi]]:[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-09776-9 10.1038/s41467-019-09776-9.] [[:en:International_Standard_Serial_Number|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:2041-1723 2041-1723]. [[:en:PubMed_Central#PMCID|PMC]][https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6478940/ &nbsp;6478940]. [[:en:PubMed#PubMed_identifier|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31015416/ 31015416.]</ref> Ka mafoko a mangwe "maemo a a feteletseng a bosa a tla gakalela pele".<ref name=":2">"[https://weather.com/news/climate/news/2019-06-18-africa-extreme-weather-drought-flood More Extreme Weather in Africa's Future, Study Says | The Weather Channel – Articles from The Weather Channel | weather.com"]. ''The Weather Channel''. Retrieved 1 July 2022.</ref> Patlisiso e fitlhetse gore bontsi jwa [[:en:Climate_model|dikai tsa seemo sa bosa]] ga di kitla di kgona go bona selekanyo sa diphetogo tseno ka gonne ga di letlelele [[:en:Atmospheric_convection|phetogo]] ya mowa mo dilekanong tsa tsone tse di makgwakgwa.<ref name=":1" /> === Go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle === ''Bona gape : [[:en:Floods_in_Africa|Merwalela mo Aforika]]'' [[Setshwantsho:Dar es Salaam (Aerial).jpg|thumb|Pono e e bonwang kwa godimo ya motsemogolo wa lefatshe la Tanzania, e leng Dar es Salaam.]] Mo [[:en:Africa|Aforika]], [[:en:Population_growth|kgolo ya batho]] mo isagong e oketsa dikotsi tse di bakiwang ke go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle. Batho ba ka nna didikadike di le masome a matlhano le bone ntlha pedi ba ne ba nna mo dikgaolong tsa lebopo tse di kwa tlase tse di tlhagelelang thata (LECZ) ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000. Palo e e tla menagana gabedi go fitlha go batho ba ka nna didikadike di le lekgolo le lesome ka dingwaga tsa bo 2030. Ka ngwaga wa 2060 e tla bo e le batho ba ka nna didikadike di le lekgolo le masome a borobabobedi le botlhano go ya go ko makgolong a mabedi le boraro, go ikaegile ka selekanyo sa kgolo ya baagi. Palogare ya tlhatlogo ya bogodimo jwa lewatle jwa kgaolo e tla nna mo tikologong ya selekanyo sa boleele jwa di centimetara di le masome a mabedi le bongwe ka ngwaga wa 2060. Ka nako eo ditiragalo tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ga di kitla di dira pharologanyo e ntsi. Mme thutafatshe ya selegae le diphetogo tsa baagi di dirisana go oketsa go tlhagelela mo dikotsing tse di jaaka merwalela ya dingwaga di le lekgolo ka tsela e e raraaneng.<ref name=":5">Trisos, C. H., I. O. Adelekan, E. Totin, A. Ayanlade, J. Efitre, A. Gemeda, K. Kalaba, C. Lennard, C. Masao, Y. Mgaya, G. Ngaruiya, D. Olago, N. P. Simpson, and S. Zakieldeen 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter09.pdf Chapter 9: Africa]. In Climate [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E. S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, New York, US, pp. 2043–2121 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.011.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Abidjan des Lagune.jpg|thumb|Abidjan, e leng toropo e e nonofileng thata ya ikonomi ya Ivory Coast]] {| class="wikitable" |+Dipalopalo tsa batho mo dipoeng tsa merwalela tsa dingwaga di le 100.<ref name=":5" /> !Lefatshe !2000 !2030 !2060 !Kgolo go ya ngwaga wa 2000 goya kwa ngwageng wa 2060 |- |Egypt |7.4 |13.8 |20.7 |0.28 |- |Nigeria |0.1 |0.3 |0.9 |0.84 |- |Senegal |0.4 |1.1 |2.7 |0.76 |- |Benin |0.1 |0.6 |1.6 |1.12 |- |Tanzania |0.2 |0.9 |4.3 |2.3 |- |Somalia |0.2 |0.6 |2.7 |1.7 |- |Cote d'Ivoire |0.1 |0.3 |0.7 |0.65 |- |Mozambique |0.7 |1.4 |2.5 |0.36 |} # Mo didikadikeng tsa batho. Kholomo ya bobedi le ya boraro di akaretsa bobedi ditlamorago tsa kgolo ya baagi le bogolo jo bo oketsegileng jwa dipoa tsa morwalela ka nako eo. # Koketsego ya baagi ba lefelo le boemo jo bo kwa godimo jo bo utlwalang jwa kgolo ya baagi. [[Setshwantsho:ANKOMAH 20221122-009.jpg|thumb|Monna mongwe o lebile kwa ntle kwa lotshitshing lwa lewatle a le mo kagong e e sentsweng ke makhubu a a kwa godimo kwa [[:en:Chorkor|Chorkor]], e leng torotswana ya [[:en:Accra|Accra]]. Morwalela wa letsatsi le letsatsi o o bakiwang ke go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle, o oketsa [[:en:Coastal_erosion|kgogolego ya mabopo]] e e senyang matlo, mafaratlhatlha le dithulaganyo tsa tlholego tsa tikologo. Baagi ba le mmalwa kwa Coastal Ghana ba setse ba itemogela go fetoga ga makhubu a lewatle.]] Mo pakeng e e gaufi, go lebeletswe gore go fuduga mo gogolo go tla diragala mo kgaolong ya [[:en:East_Africa|Botlhaba jwa Aforika]] . Bonnye jwa batho ba le dikete tse makgolo a supa le botlhano koo go ka direga gore ba fudusiwe go tswa kwa mabopong magareng ga dingwaga tsa 2020 le 2050. Dithutopatlisiso tsa saense di akanyeditse gore ditoropo tse dikgolo di le lesome le bobedi tsa Aforika di tla tshegetsa tshenyo e e kokoantsweng ya didikadike tsa dilora tsa USA di le masome a marataro le botlhano ka ntlha ya boemo jwa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa jo bo "magareng" jwa [[:en:Representative_Concentration_Pathway|RCP4.5]] ka ngwaga wa 2050. Ditoropo tse Abidjan, Alexandria, Algiers, Cape Town, Casablanca, Dakar, Dar es Salaam, Durban, Lagos, Lomé, Luanda le Maputo. Ka fa tlase ga boemo jwa go ntsha mesi e e kwa godimo jwa RCP8.5 tshenyo e tla fitlha didikadike tsa di dolara tsa lefatshe la USA di le masome a borobabobedi le boratatro ntlha tlhano. Mofuta wa boemo jwa go ntsha mesi e e kwa godimo jo bo nang le ditlamorago tse dingwe go tswa mo go sa tlhomamang ga aese e e kwa godimo go tla akaretsa ditshenyegelo tse di ka fitlhang go didikadike tsa di dolara tsa lefatshe la USA di le lekgolo le masome a mararo le bosupa ntlha tlhano. Tshenyo e e tswang mo ditiragalong tse tharo tse di ikarabelang mo godimo ga "ditiragalo tse di nang le kgonagalo e e kwa tlase, tse di nang le tshenyo e e kwa godimo" e tla tlhatlogela kwa go didikadikeng tsa di dolara di le lekgolo le masome a borobabobedi le bosupa, tse makgolo a mabei le borataro le makgolo a mararo le masome a a borobabongwe le bosupa ka go latelana.<ref name=":5" /> Mo dikakanyetsong tse, motsemogolo wa Egepeto wa Alexandria o le nosi o dira mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa palo e.<ref name=":5" /> Batho ba le diketekete tse di makgolokgolo mo mafelong a yone a a kwa tlase ba ka tswa ba setse ba tlhoka go fuduga mo dingwageng tse di lesome tse di tlang.<ref>Michaelson, Ruth (25 August 2018). [https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/aug/29/alexandria-little-venice-egypt-climate-change-frontline "Houses claimed by the canal: life on Egypt's climate change frontline"]. [[:en:The_Guardian|The Guardian]]. Retrieved 30 August 2018.</ref> Go ralala Aforika o o kwa [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|borwa jwa Sahara]] ka kakaretso, tshenyo e e bakiwang ke go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle e ka fitlha karolo ya bobedi go ya kwa boneng mo lekgolong ya GDP ka ngwaga wa 2050. Le fa go ntse jalo palo e e ikaegile ka selekanyo sa [[:en:Economic_growth|kgolo ya itsholelo]] ya isago le [[:en:Adaptation|go tlwaela]].<ref name=":5" /> [[Setshwantsho:Leptis Magna amphitheatre - panoramio.jpg|left|thumb|Masalela a [[:en:Amphitheater|lefelo la bobogelo]] la Leptis Magna, mme lewatle le bonala kwa morago]] Mo pakeng e telele, Egepeto, Mozambique le Tanzania di ka nna le palo e kgolo ya batho ba ba amiwang ke morwalela wa ngwaga le ngwaga mo dinageng tsotlhe tsa Aforika. Tekanyetso e e tsaya gore thuthafalo ya lefatshe e tla fitlha selekanyo sa mogote wa Celcius tse nne (4 °C) kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga. Tlhatlhogo eo e amana le boemo jwa RCP8.5. Ka fa tlase ga RCP8.5, mafelo a botlhokwa a setso a le lesome a ne a tla bo a le mo kotsing ya morwalela le kgogolego kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo. Tsena ke [[:en:Casbah_of_Algiers|Casbah ya Algiers]], [[:en:Carthage#Archaeological_site|Lefelo la Boepi la Carthage]], [[:en:Kerkouane|Kerkouane]], Leptis Magna Lefelo la Boepi, Medina wa Sousse, Medina wa Tunis, Lefelo la Boepi la Sabratha, Setlhaketlhake sa Robben, Setlhaketlhake sa Saint-Louis le Tipasa. Palogotlhe ya lesome le botlhano a [[:en:Ramsar_site|mafelo a Ramsar]] le mafelo a mangwe a boswa jwa tlholego a ne a tla lebana le dikotsi tse di tshwanang. Tseno ke [[:en:Bao_Bolong_Wetland_Reserve|Lefelo la Polokelo ya Lefelo le le Metsi la Bao Bolong]][[:en:Delta_du_Saloum_National_Park|,Lefelo la Bosetšhaba ya Delta du Saloum]], [[:en:Diawling_National_Park|Lefelo la Bosetšhaba ya Diawling]], Kolofo ya Boughrara, Kalissaye, Letsha la Lewatle le Lefelo la Mejerda, [[:en:Marromeu_Game_Reserve|Lefelo la Tshireletso ya Diphologolo tsa Marromeu]], Lefelo la Tshireletso ya Diphologolo tsa Diphologolo tsa Marromeu, Lefelo la Tshireletso la Tlhago la Ditlhare tsa Mangrove le Lefelo la Polokelo ya Diphologolo tsa Seal, Essed, Sebkhet Soliman, Lefelo la Tlhago la Kgatlhego ya Setšhaba la Somone, [[:en:Songhor_Lagoon|Lefelo la Tlhago la Ditshedi la Songor]], [[:en:Tanbi_Wetland_Complex|Lefelo]] [[:en:Tanbi_Wetland_Complex|le le dikago tse dintsi la Metsi la Tanbi]] le [[:en:Watamu_Marine_National_Park|Lefelo la Bosetšhaba ya Lewatle ya Watamu]].<ref name=":5" /> == Ditlamorago tsa loago le itsholelo == [[Setshwantsho:Access to wood and water appears to be severely impacted by climate change in Kenya and Cameroon.png|thumb|Dipholo tsa patlisiso go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2022 di bontsha gore go bonala dikgong le metsi go amiwa thata ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa kwa Kenya le kwa Cameroon<ref>Bank, European Investment (5 June 2023). ''[https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230098-eib-climate-survey-africa-and-middle-east The EIB Climate Survey: Africa and the Middle East]''. European Investment Bank. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5534-5|<bdi>978-92-861-5534-5</bdi>.]]</ref>]] [[:en:Climate_change|Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa]] e tla ama Aforika ka bontsi ka ntlha ya mabaka a le mantsi. Ditlamorago tse di setse di utlwiwa mme di tla oketsega ka bogolo fa go sa tsewe dikgato tsa go fokotsa mesi ya khabone mo lefatsheng lotlhe. Ditlamorago di akaretsa megote e e kwa godimo, komelelo, go fetoga ga mekgwa ya pula, le go fetoga fetoga mo go oketsegileng ga seemo sa bosa. Maemo a a na le tshusumetso mo go direng le go diriseng ga maatla. Komelelo ya sešweng mo [[:en:African_countries|mafatsheng a a mantsi a Aforika]], e e ntseng e golaganngwa le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, e amile ka tsela e e sa siamang bobedi jwa [[:en:Energy_security|tshireletsego ya maatla]] le kgolo ya itsholelo go ralala karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi mo teng. Aforika e tla nna nngwe ya dikgaolo tse di amiwang thata ke ditlamorago tse di sa siamang tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>''[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf Africa. In: Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'' (PDF). 2014.</ref> Mabaka a go nna mo kotsing ga Aforika a farologane mme a akaretsa maemo a a kwa tlase a bokgoni jwa go tlwaela, go anamisiwa mo go bokoa ga maranyane, le tshedimosetso e e maleba go tshegetsa go tlwaela, le go ikaega thata ka dithulaganyo tsa temothuo go bona matshelo.<ref>Welborn, Lily (2018). ''Africa and climate change: Projecting vulnerability and adaptive capacity''. Institute for Security Studies.</ref> Mafatshe a le mantsi go ralala Aforika a tlhaolwa jaaka [[:en:Least_Developed_Countries|mafatshe a a sa Tlhabologang thata]] (LDCs) tse di nang le maemo a a bokoa a loago le itsholelo, mme ka ntlha ya se di lebagane le dikgwetlho tse di rileng mo go tsibogeleng ditlamorago tsa [[:en:Climate_change|phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.]]<ref>UNDP/GEF (2018). ''[https://www.thegef.org/sites/default/files/publications/CCA-Africa-Final.pdf Climate Change Adaptation in Africa UNDP: Synthesis of Experiences and Recommendations]'' (PDF). UNDP/GEF.</ref> Dikotsi tse di bonalang tse di supilweng mo Aforika mo [[:en:IPCC_Fifth_Assessment_Report|Pegelong ya Tlhatlhobo ya Botlhano]] ya [[:en:Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change|IPCC]] di amana le dithulaganyo tsa tikologo, [[:en:Water_resources|go nna teng ga metsi]], le dithulaganyo tsa temothuo, ka ditlamorago mo tshireletsegong ya dijo.<ref>''[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf Africa. In: Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'' (PDF). 2014.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2022, batho ba feta sekete di le borataro ba ba arabileng go tswa kwa mafatsheng a le lesome aAforika ba ne ba tsaya karolo mo patlisisong ya seemo sa bosa se se neng sa dirwa ke [[:en:European_Investment_Bank|Banka ya Dipeeletso karolokgolo ya lefatshe se se naleng mafatshe a mantsi sa Europe]].<ref name=":6">"[https://www.eib.org/en/surveys/climate-survey/5th-climate-survey/africa.htm 2022-2023 EIB Climate Survey, part 1 of 2: 88% of respondents believe that climate change is already affecting their everyday life]". ''EIB.org''. Retrieved 28 February 2023.</ref> Patlisiso e fitlhetse gore karolo ya masome a borobabobebdi le borobabobedi ya ba ba arabilweng ba boletse fa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e utlwisa matshelo a bone botlhoko, fa karolo ya masome a marataro le bongwe mo lekgolong ya ba ba arabilweng ba boletse fa [[:en:Environmental_degradation|tshenyo ya tikologo]] e amile lotseno lwa bone kgotsa motswedi wa matshelo a bone.<ref>[https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2022-554-eib-climate-survey-88-of-african-respondents-believe-that-climate-change-is-already-affecting-their-everyday-life "EIB Climate Survey: 88% of African respondents believe that climate change is already affecting their everyday life"]. ''European Investment Bank''. Retrieved 28 February 2023.</ref> Ditatlhegelo tse gantsi di bakwa ke [[:en:Drought|komelelo]] e e tseneletseng, go oketsega ga bogodimo jwa lewatle kgotsa [[:en:Coastal_erosion|kgogolego ya mabopo]], kgotsa ditiragalo tse di feteletseng tsa maemo a bosa jaaka [[:en:Flood|merwalela]] kgotsa ditsuatsue.<ref name=":6" /> Go feta sephatlo sa batho ba ba arabilweng ba Aforika (karolo ya masome a matlhano le bosupa mo lekgolong) ba rile bone kgotsa batho ba ba ba itseng ba setse ba tsere dikgato tsa go tlwaela ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa. Gareng ga dikgato tse ke dipeeletso mo didirisweng tse di somarelang metsi go fokotsa ditlamorago tsa komelelo le go phepafatsa mesele ya metsi pele ga morwalela.<ref name=":6" /> Karolo ya masome a mararo le bone mo lekgolong ya batho botlhe ba ba arabilweng ba Aforika ba rile phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ke nngwe ya dintlha tse di botlhokwa thata tse di lebaganeng le lefatshe la bona, gareng ga dintlha tse dingwe tsa botlhokwa tse di jaaka [[:en:Inflation|koketsego]] ya ditlhwatlhwa le phitlhelelo ya [[:en:Health_care|tlhokomelo ya boitekanelo]].<ref name=":6" /> === Ditlamorago tsa itsholelo === Afrika e thuthafala ka bonako go feta lefatshe lotlhe ka palogare. Dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa karolokgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi mo teng di ka nna tsa se ka tsa agiwa ka ntlha ya seo mme palogotlhe ya [[:en:Gross_domestic_product|dikumo tsa selegae tsa Aforika]] (GDP) e ka nna ya fokotsega ka karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong ka ntlha ya tlhatlogo ya selekanyo sa mogote wa Celcius e le nngwe (1 °C) ya mogote ya palogare ya lefatshe, le ka karolo ya lesome le bobedi mo lekgolong (12%) ka ntlha ya tlhatlogo ya selekanyo sa mogote wa karolo ya Celcius ya bone (4 °C) ya mogote. Dithobo tsa dijalo di solofetswe go fokotsega thata ka ntlha ya go tlhatloga ga mogote mme go solofetswe gore dipula tse di maatla di tla na kgapetsakgapetsa le ka maatla mo Aforika yotlhe, go oketsa kotsi ya merwalela.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#CITEREFEuropean_Investment_Bank2022c|European Investment Bank 2022c]].</ref><ref>[https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/climate-change-triggers-mounting-food-insecurity-poverty-and-displacement-africa "Climate change triggers mounting food insecurity, poverty and displacement in Africa]". ''public.wmo.int''. 18 October 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2022.</ref><ref>"[https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/december-2018-march-2019/global-warming-severe-consequences-africa Global warming: severe consequences for Africa]". ''Africa Renewal''. 7 December 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2022.</ref><ref>[https://unfccc.int/news/climate-change-is-an-increasing-threat-to-africa "Climate Change Is an Increasing Threat to Africa]". ''United Nations Climate Change News''. 27 October 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2022.</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, Aforika e latlhegelwa ke madi a a fa gare ga didolara di le didikadike di le supa le didolara di le didikaike di le lesome le botlhano ka ngwaga ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, mme go lebeletswe gore e tla fitlha go didolara di le didikadike di le masome a matlhano ka ngwaga wa 2030.<ref>Rathi, Akshat; Rao, Mythili (2 May 2024). "[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-05-02/inside-the-bank-financing-africa-s-green-growth One Bank Is Turning Africa's Climate Vulnerability Into Opportunity]". ''www.bloomberg.com''. Retrieved 11 May 2024.</ref> ==== Temothuo ==== ''Pego e kgolo: [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture#Africa|Ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo temothuong § Aforika]]'' Temothuo ke lekalana le le botlhokwa thata mo Aforika, le le nang le seabe mo matshelong le mo itsholelong go ralala karolo e kgolo ya Lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi mo teng. Batho ba le bantsi ba ikaegile ka temothuo jaaka tsela ya go ikaga mo itsholelong le motswedi wa dijo. Ba le bantsi ba ikaegile ka metswedi e e bosisi mo seemong sa bosa. Go akanyediwa gore tiro ya dijalo e tlaa fokotsega go ralala Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara. Ka palogare, temothuo mo Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara e na le seabe sa karolo ya lesome le botlhano mo lekgolong ya GDP yotlhe.<ref name=":7">OECD/FAO (2016). ''[http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5778e.pdf OECD‑FAO Agricultural Outlook 2016‑2025]'' (PDF). OECD Publishing. pp.&#x20;59–61. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-64-25323-0|<bdi>978-92-64-25323-0</bdi>.]]</ref> Thutafatshe ya Aforika e dira gore e nne mo kotsing thata ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, mme karolo ya masome a supa mo lekgolong ya baagi ba ikaegile ka temothuo e e fepiwang ka pula go itshedisa.<ref>Läderach, Peter; Martinez-Valle, Armando; Bourgoin, Clement; Parker, Louis (27 March 2019). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6436735 Vulnerability of the agricultural sector to climate change: The development of a pan-tropical Climate Risk Vulnerability Assessment to inform sub-national decision making"]. ''PLOS ONE''. '''14''' (3) e0213641. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PLoSO..1413641P 2019PLoSO..1413641P.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213641|10.1371/journal.pone.0213641.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6436735 6436735]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30917146 30917146].</ref> [[:en:Smallholding|Dipolase tse dinnye]] di dira karolo ya masome a borobabobedi mo lekgolong ya masimo a a lengwang mo Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara.<ref name=":7" /> IPCC ka ngwaga wa 2007 e ne ya akanyetsa gore go fetoga ga seemo sa bosa le phetogo go tla tsenya ntshodikuno ya temothuo mo kotsing thata le phitlhelelo ya dijo<ref>Parry, M. L.; et&#x20;al., eds. (2007). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20181102223635/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/spmsspm-c.html Summary for Policymakers: C. Current knowledge about future impacts]". ''Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change''. Cambridge University Press. Archived from [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/spmsspm-c.html the original] on 2 November 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2023.</ref>:(tsebe ya lesome le boraro) Tekanyetso e e ne ya abelwa "tshepo e e kwa godimo". Dithulaganyo tsa dijalo, leruo le botshwaraditlhapi di tla nna mo kotsing e kgolo ya disenyi le malwetse ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ya isago.<ref name=":8">Dhanush, D.; Bett, B. K.; Boone, R. B.; Grace, D.; Kinyangi, J.; Lindahl, J. F.; Mohan, C. V.; Ramírez Villegas, J.; Robinson, T. P.; Rosenstock, T. S.; Smith, J. (2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230716201342/https://cgspace.cgiar.org/rest/bitstreams/55241/retrieve "Impact of climate change on African agriculture: focus on pests and diseases]". ''CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security''.</ref> Disenyi tsa dijalo di setse di dira mo e ka nnang bongwe mo borartarong ya ditatlhegelo tsa ntshodikuno ya polase.<ref name=":8" /> Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e tla itlhaganedisa go anama ga disenyi le malwetse le go oketsa go diragala ga ditiragalo tse di nang le ditlamorago tse di masisi.<ref name=":8" /> Ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa boswa mo ntshokunong ya temothuo mo Aforika di tla nna le ditlamorago tse di masisi mo tshireletsegong ya dijo le mo matshelong. Go tlhoka dikotla tse di farologaneng go ne ga baka go palelwa ke go ja dikotla dingwe tse di botlhokwa. Go tlhoka dikotla tse go ka baka tlhaelo ya vitamin A le madi. Se se ne se tlwaelegile thata go bonwa ka dinako tsa komelelo le tlhaelo ya dijo ka gonne ditlhopho di ne di le mmalwa.[citation needed] Magareng ga ngwaga wa 2014 le ngwaga wa 2018, Aforika e ne e na le maemo a a kwa godimo a go tlhoka tshireletsego ya dijo mo lefatsheng.<ref>''[http://www.fao.org/state-of-food-security-nutrition/en/ SOFI 2019 – The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World]''. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2021. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4060/CB4474EN|10.4060/CB4474EN.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-5-134325-8|<bdi>978-92-5-134325-8</bdi>.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241785130 241785130].</ref> Mabapi le dithulaganyo tsa temothuo, go ikaega thata ka temothuo ya go iphedisa e e fepiwang ke pula le kamogelo e e kwa tlase ya [[:en:Climate_smart_agriculture|mekgwa ya temothuo e e botlhale]] ya seemo sa bosa go na le seabe mo maemong a a kwa godimo a go nna mo kotsing ga lekalana. Seemo se okediwa ke go sa ikanyege ga, le phitlhelelo ya, tshedimosetso ya seemo sa bosa le tshedimosetso go tshegetsa dikgato tsa go tlwaela.<ref>Dinku, Tufa. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221101070648/https://ictupdate.cta.int/en/article/overcoming-challenges-in-the-availability-and-use-of-climate-data-in-africa-sid06fd8a811-e179-4fa5-9c8f-806bd2f27c3e "Overcoming challenges in the availability and use of climate data in Africa]". ''ICT Update CTA''. Archived from [https://ictupdate.cta.int/en/article/overcoming-challenges-in-the-availability-and-use-of-climate-data-in-africa-sid06fd8a811-e179-4fa5-9c8f-806bd2f27c3e the original] on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2023.</ref> Dikgoreletsi tse di lemogilweng le tse di akanyediwang mo mekgweng ya pula ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa di ka nna tsa khutshwafatsa dipaka tsa go gola le go ama thobo ya dijalo mo dikarolong di le dintsi tsa Aforika. Go feta moo, lekalana la temothuo mo Aforika le laolwa ke balemi ba banyennyane ba nang le phihlello e lekanyeditsweng ya maranyane le mehlodi ya go tlwaela.<ref>"[https://www.cropscience.bayer.com/en/stories/2018/supporting-sub-saharan-africas-farmers-closing-the-gap Supporting Sub-Saharan Africa's Farmers – Bayer – Crop Science]". ''www.cropscience.bayer.com''. Retrieved 15 August 2019.</ref> == Maatla == [[Setshwantsho:M-Power solar in Tanzania (1080).jpg|thumb|Dipone tsa letsatsi le motlakase di tsentswe mo lapeng la mosadi mongwe wa kwa Tanzania.]] Ka palo ya batho e e oketsegang le tlhokego e e tsamaelanang ya maatla, tshireletsego ya maatla e tshwanetse go rarabololwa ka gonne maatla a botlhokwa mo tlhabololong e e tswelelang. Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e amile makalana a maatla mo Aforika jaaka fa mafatshe a le mantsi a ikaegile ka tlhagiso ya maatla a metsi. Go fokotsega ga maemo a pula le komelelo go dirile gore maemo a metsi a nne kwa tlase mo matamong a a nang le ditlamorago tse di sa siamang mo go tlhagiseng maatla a metsi. Se se dirile gore go nne le tlhagiso e e kwa tlase ya maatla a motlakase, ditshenyegelo tse di kwa godimo tsa motlakase le go kgaoga ga motlakase kgotsa go kgaoga ga motlakase mo mafatsheng a mangwe a Aforika a a ikaegileng ka tlhagiso ya motlakase o o dirisiwang ka metsi. Dikgoreletsi tsa go dira maatla a metsi di amile makala a a farologaneng mo mafatsheng jaaka [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]], [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] le [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] ka tsela e e sa siamang. == Letlhoko la metsi == [[Setshwantsho:Water Shortage in Ethiopia (935).jpg|thumb|Tlhaelo ya metsi kwa lefatsheng la Ethiiopia]] Boleng le go nna teng ga metsi go senyegile mo mafelong a le mantsi a Aforika, bogolosegolo ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>Rankoana, Sejabaledi Agnes (1 January 2020). [[doi:10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2020-0033|"Climate change impacts on water resources in a rural community in Limpopo province, South Africa: a community-based adaptation to water insecurity"]]. ''International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management''. '''12''' (5): 587–598. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020IJCCS..12..587R 2020IJCCS..12..587R.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2020-0033|10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2020-0033]].</ref> Metswedi ya metsi e mo kotsing mme e na le kgonagalo ya go amiwa thata ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ka ditlamorago tse dikgolo mo merafeng ya batho.<ref>[https://www.ipcc.ch/publication/climate-change-and-water-2/ "Climate Change and Water — IPCC]". Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> IPCC e bonelapele gore didikadike tsa batho mo Aforika di tla nna di lebane le kgatelelo e e oketsegileng ya metsi ka ntlha ya go fetoga ga seemo sa bosa le phetogo ([[:en:IPCC_Fifth_Assessment_Report|IPCC 2013]]). Diphetogo mo mekgweng ya pula di ama ka tlhamalalo [[:en:Surface_runoff|go elela ga metsi mo godimo ga lefatshe]] le go nna teng ga metsi.<ref>Fowler, H. J.; Blenkinsop, S.; Tebaldi, C. (October 2007). "Linking climate change modelling to impacts studies: recent advances in downscaling techniques for hydrological modelling". ''International Journal of Climatology''. 27 (12): 1547–1578. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007IJCli..27.1547F 2007IJCli..27.1547F.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Water_Shortage_in_Ethiopia_%28935%29.jpg/500px-Water_Shortage_in_Ethiopia_%28935%29.jpg 10.1002/joc.1556]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53472608 53472608].</ref> == Metswedi == mysutmypfpazz05pe5n870un9gpchig 0 9181 53227 51117 2026-07-25T18:20:06Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53227 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Pearl Thusi|caption=Pearl Thusi at the 2014 Metro FM Music Awards in Durban|birthname=Sithembile Xola Pearl Thusi|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1988|05|13|df=y}}|birth_place=Hammarsdale, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa|education=University of the Witwatersrand|occupation=* Actress * model * radio personality * television host * businesswoman|yearsactive=2003–present|known for=Queen Sono Quantico (TV series){{!}}Quantico Bulletproof (TV series){{!}}Bulletproof] Fistful of Vengeance The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency|children=2|website={{URL|http://www.pearlthusiofficial.com}}}} '''Sithembile Xola Pearl Thusi''' o tshotswe ka Motsheganong a le lesome le boraro ka ngwaga wa 1988. Ke modiragatsi, mmabontle ebile ke mogasi. O itsege ka baanelwa ba a batshamekileng jaaka ''Patricia Kopong'' mo motseletseleng wa motshameko o o kgathisang wa motswedi wa tshedimosetso wa [[:en:BBC|BBC/]][[:en:HBO|HBO]] o o bidiwang [[:en:The_No._1_Ladies'_Detective_Agency_(TV_series)|The No.1 Ladies' Detective Agency,]] ''Dayana Mampasi'' mo [[:en:Quantico_(TV_series)|Quantico]] e e neng e supiwa mo [[:en:ABC_Signature#ABC_Studios|ABC,]] le Samkelo mo filiming ya marato ya [[:en:Catching_Feelings_(film)|Catching Feelings.]]<ref>[https://tv.apple.com/ee/person/pearl-thusi/umc.cpc.70b5nbdghnp156oj3zpk1jxe "Pearl Thusi Films and Shows – Apple TV (EE)"]. ''Apple TV''. Retrieved 28 May 2024.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2020, o ne a nna moanelwa-mogolo mo motseletseleng wa [[Aferika|Aforika]] wa ntlha go supiwa mo [[:en:Netflix|Netflix,]] ebong [[:en:Queen_Sono|Queen Sono.]]<ref>Kanter, Jake (28 April 2020). [https://deadline.com/2020/04/queen-sono-netflix-renews-first-african-original-1202919754/ "'Queen Sono': Netflix Renews Its First African Original Series".] ''Deadline''. Retrieved 13 August 2020.</ref> == Botshelo jwa a le mmotlana le thuto == Thusi o tswa kwa motsesetoropong wa ''KwaNdengezi'' le kwa [[:en:Mpumalanga,_KwaZulu-Natal|Hammarsdale]] gaufi le [[:en:Durban|Durban]]. O na le bomonnawe ba basetsana ba le babedi.<ref>Jordan, Andrea (17 January 2017). [https://www.essence.com/celebrity/pearl-thusi-interview/ "Why South African Actress and Beauty Expert Pearl Thusi Is The One To Watch".] ''Essence''. Retrieved 11 August 2021.</ref> O tsene sekolo sa basetsana fela kwa [[:en:Pinetown_Girls'_High_School|Pinetown Girls' High School.]]<ref>Madu, Golden (8 April 2022). [https://dnbstories.com/2022/04/pearl-thusi-biography-marriage-husband-and-children.html "Pearl Thusi Biography: Age, Marriage, Husband and Children"]. ''DNB Stories Africa''. Retrieved 28 May 2024.</ref> O simolotse dithuto tsa gagwe kwa [[:en:University_of_the_Witwatersrand|University of Witwatersrand]] (Wits University), mme a ikgogela morago gore a nne le nako ya go bereka. Ka ngwaga wa 2020, o ne a tsweledisa dithuto tsa gagwe kwa [[:en:University_of_South_Africa|University of South Africa]] (UNISA).<ref>Ngenyane, Andiswa (28 January 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20231030143155/https://www.snl24.com/dailysun/Celebs/pearl-thusi-goes-back-to-school-20200128 "Pearl Thusi goes back to school".] ''Daily Sun''. Retrieved 11 August 2021.</ref> == Lelapa le Dikamano == Thusi o na le bomorwadiabobedi. Ngwana wa gagwe wa ntlha, Thando Mokwena, e leng ngwana wa gagwe wa madi, le ngwana yo o tshotseng yo o bidiwang Okuhlekonke Thusi.<ref>Mbayimbayi, Asanda (10 October 2023). [https://www.citizen.co.za/entertainment/celebrity-news/she-confuses-some-letters-curriculum-specialist-on-pearl-thusis-daughter/ "'She confuses some letters' – curriculum specialist on Pearl Thusi's daughter"]. ''The Citizen''. Retrieved 28 May 2024.</ref> == Tiro == Thusi ke mogasi wa [[:en:Lip_Sync_Battle|Lip Sync Battle Africa]] mo [[:en:MTV|MTV]] le [[:en:E.tv|e.tv,]] ga mmogo le mo thulaganyong ya pusiano ya ''Moments'' mo [[:en:Ebonylife_TV|EbonyLife TV.]] <ref>Zeeman, Kyle (2 July 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20231030143152/https://www.news24.com/Channel/Watch-Pearl-Thusi-and-Lerato-K-make-their-Ebony-Life-TV-debut-20150702 "Pearl and Lerato K make their Ebony Life TV debut".] ''Channel24''. Retrieved 21 February 2019.</ref>O kile a tlhagelela mo thulaganyong ya [[:en:SABC_3|SABC 3]] ya [[:en:Isidingo|Isidingo]] a tshameka Palesa Motaung, a gasa ''Live Amp'' le ''DJ Warras'' le [[:en:Luthando_Shosha|Luthando Shosha]], le thulaganyo ya [[:en:SABC_1|SABC 1]] ya ''Real Goboza.''<ref>[https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=7058 "Pearl Thusi - TVSA".]</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2009, Thusi o ne a tlhagelela mo thulaganyong e e kgatlhisang e e neng e gasiwa mo motsweding wa tshedimosetso wa BBC/HBO e bidiwa The No.1 Ladies Detective Agency.<ref>Naik, Sameer (26 January 2019). [https://www.iol.co.za/saturday-star/news/atypicalinterview-with-pearl-thusi-18970413 "A Typical Interview with Pearl Thusi".] ''IOL''. Retrieved 21 February 2019.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2015, Thusi o tlhageletse e le Dr. Nandi Montabu mo [[:en:Tremors_5:_Bloodlines|Tremors 5:Bloodlines.]] O tlhageletse gape mo setshwantshong sa mmino se bidiwa "Pearl Thusi" sa ga [[:en:Emtee|Emtee.]]<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AwQ6q--avE0 "Emtee Pearl Thusi".] ''[[:en:YouTube|YouTube]]''. 26 January 2016. Retrieved 7 March 2018.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2016, Thusi o ne a nna mongwe wa ba ba tlhagelelang kgapetsa mo karolong ya bobedi ya thulaganyo ya metseletsele ya ABC e e bidiwang Quantico a le Dayana Mampasi, a diragatsa le [[:en:Priyanka_Chopra|Priyanka Chopra.]]<ref>Petski, Denise (12 July 2016). [https://deadline.com/2016/07/quantico-cast-pearl-thusi-series-regular-1201785594/ "'Quantico' Casts Pearl Thusi As New Series Regular For Season 2".] Retrieved 13 July 2016.</ref> <ref>[https://blavity.com/entertainment/2016/07/12/south-african-actress-pearl-thusi-joins-quantico-cast-as-a-series-regular-her-stateside-debut/ "South African Actress Pearl Thusi Joins 'Quantico' Cast as Series Regular - Her Stateside Debut".] Shadow and Act. 12 July 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2016.</ref>Ka one ngwaga oo, Thusi o ne a diragatsa e le Samkelo mo filiming ya marato ya Catching Feelings.<ref>Stidhum, Tonja (19 June 2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20211117032825/http://hollywoodsblackrenaissance.com/laff-2017-catching-feelings/ "LAFF 2017: 'Catching Feelings' Starring Pearl Thusi Navigates the Journey of Sex, Marriage, & Love".] ''The South African''. Retrieved 7 March 2018.</ref> Filimi e e ntshitswe ka Mopitlo a le lesome le borobabongwe ka ngwaga wa 2018.<ref>Andersen, Nic (28 February 2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20231002204733/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/catching-feelings-release-date-cast-latest-trailer/ "Catching Feelings: South African release date, cast and latest trailer".] ''The South African''. Retrieved 7 March 2018.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2017 Thusi o ne a diragatsa e le Brenda Riviera mo filiming ya [[:en:Kalushi|Kalushi.]]<ref>[https://www.marieclaireinternational.com/celebrity/pearl-thusi-kalushi-interview "Pearl Thusi Says Kalushi Shoot Took Her Back To Apartheid"]. ''Marie Claire''. 9 March 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2019.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2018, Thusi o ne a nna mogasi o mosha wa kgaolo ya boraro ya ''Behind The Story'' ya MTV Base.<ref>[https://www.msn.com/en-za/entertainment/local/behind-the-story-with-new-host-pearl-thusi-is-back-on-mtv-base-zaleb-gossip-and-more-dstv/vp-BBMkkqN "Behind The Story with new host Pearl Thusi is back on MTV Base!".] ''MSN Entertainment''. 23 August 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2018.</ref> E ntse e le one ngwaga oo, Thusi o ne a nna moanelwamogolo wa Queen Sono mo thulaganyong ya [[:en:Netflix|Netflix]] e bidiwa Queen Sono.<ref name=":0">White, Peter (10 December 2018). [https://deadline.com/2018/12/queen-sono-pearl-thusi-netflix-1202516920/ "'Quantico' Star Pearl Thusi To Lead 'Queen Sono', Netflix's First African Original Series".] Deadline. Retrieved 11 December 2018.</ref> Thulaganyo e ne ya simolola ka Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ka ngwaga wa 2020 mme ya amogelesega ka diatla tsoo-pedi mo basekaseking, bogolo jang bodiragatsi jwa gagwe Thusi.<ref>''[https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/queen_sono/s01 Queen Sono: Season 1]'', retrieved 13 August 2020</ref> <ref>''[https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/queen_sono Queen Sono]'', retrieved 13 August 2020</ref><ref>Isama, Antoinette (11 June 2019). [https://www.okayafrica.com/production-for-queen-sono-netflix-first-african-original-series-is-underway/ "Production for 'Queen Sono,' Netflix's First African Original Series, Is Underway".] ''OkayAfrica''. Retrieved 12 June 2019.</ref><ref>Winifred, Chisom (10 December 2019). [https://web.archive.org/web/20231002204734/https://glamafrica.com/queen-sono "Queen is coming: Queen Sono premieres February 28th, 2020".] ''Glam Africa''. Retrieved 11 December 2019.</ref>Ka Moranang 2020, e ne ya ntshafadiwa go nna le kgaolo ya bobedi,<ref>Kanter, Jake (28 April 2020). [https://deadline.com/2020/04/queen-sono-netflix-renews-first-african-original-1202919754/ "'Queen Sono': Netflix Renews Its First African Original Series".] ''Deadline Hollywood''. Retrieved 28 April 2020.</ref> mme e ne ya re ka Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa 2020, ga begiwa fa Netflix e emisitse thulaganyo eo ka ntlha ya dikgwetlho tsa kgatiso tse di bakilweng ke segajaja sa [[:en:COVID-19|COVID-19]].<ref>Eloff, Herman (26 November 2020). [https://www.news24.com/life/arts-and-entertainment/tv/queen-sonos-second-season-cancelled-amid-current-trying-times-20201126-2 "Queen Sono's second season cancelled amid 'current trying times'".] ''Channel24''. Retrieved 26 November 2020.</ref> Ka Morule a le lesome le botlhano ngwaga wa 2020, o ne a nna mogasi wa dietsele tsa ntlha tsa kwa [[:en:KwaZulu-Natal|KZN]] tsa tloso budutu tsa [[:en:1st_KZN_Entertainment_Awards|1st KZN Entertainment Awards]] a gasa le [[:en:Somizi_Mhlongo|Somizi Mhlongo.]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20231030143154/https://www.entertainmentsa.co.za/2020/12/somizi-and-pearl-thusi-to-co-host-the-kwazulu-natal-entertainment-awards/ "Somizi and Pearl Thusi to co-host the Kwazulu Natal Entertainment Awards".] 8 December 2020.</ref><ref name=":1">[https://briefly.co.za/90319-pearl-thusi-somizi-mhlongo-motaung-score-a-dope-hosting-gig.html "Pearl Thusi and Somizi Mhlongo-Motaung score a dope new hosting gig"]. 9 December 2020.</ref><ref>[https://fakazanews.com/2020/12/08/somizi-mhlongo-and-pearl-thusi-to-host-kzn-entertainment-awards/ "Somizi Mhlongo and Pearl Thusi to host KZN Entertainment Awards &#x7C; Fakaza News".] 8 December 2020.</ref> Ka Tlhakole ngwaga wa 2021, Thusi o ne a nna Zama Zulu mo filiming ya Netflix ya [[:en:Fistful_of_Vengeance|Fistful of Vengeance]]. <ref>Petski, Denise (26 February 2021). [https://deadline.com/2021/02/wu-assassins-standalone-movie-netflix-fistful-of-vengeance-1234702006/ "'Wu Assassins' Standalone Movie Set At Netflix".] ''Deadline Hollywood''. Retrieved 27 February 2021.</ref>E gasitswe ka Tlhakole a le lesome le bosupa ka ngwaga wa 2022.<ref>Massoto, Erick (20 January 2022). [https://collider.com/fistful-of-vengeance-trailer-wu-assassins-netflix/ "'Fistful of Vengeance' Trailer Reveals the 'Wu Assassins' Standalone Movie Coming to Netflix".] ''Collider''. Retrieved 20 January 2022.</ref> == Difilimi tse a di Tshamekileng == === Filimi === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Ngwaga !Setlhogo !Karolo |- |2015 |''[[Tremors 5: Bloodlines]]'' |Ngaka Nandi Montabu |- |2015 |''Einfach Rosa: Wolken über Kapstadt'' |Nandi |- |2017 |''[[Catching Feelings]]'' |Samkelo |- |2017 |''[[Kalushi: The Story of Solomon Mahlangu]]'' |Brenda Riviera |- |2018 |''[[The Scorpion King: Book of Souls]]'' |Tala |- |2020 |''[[Bulletproof 2]]'' |Joanna "Jo" Schmidt |- |2022 |''[[Fistful of Vengeance]]'' |Zama Zulu |} Thelebishene {| class="wikitable" |+ !Ngwaga !Setlhogo !Karolo |- |2009 |''[[The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency]]'' |Patricia Kopong |- |2011–2012 |''Zone 14'' |Samkelisiwe |- |2011–2016 |''Live Amp'' |Motsamaelatedi-mmogo |- |2012 |''Real Goboza'' |Motsamaelatedi-mmogo |- |2013 |''[[Isidingo]]'' |Palesa Motaung |- |2013 |''Tropika Island of Treasure'' |Motsamaisi |- |2015 |''Moments'' |Motsamaelatedi-mmogo |- |2016–2017 |''[[Lip Sync Battle Africa]]'' |Motsamaelatedi-mmogo |- |2016–2017 |''[[Quantico]]'' |Dayana Mampasi |- |2018–jaanong |''Behind the Story'' |Motsamaisi |- |2020 |''[[Queen Sono]]''<ref name=":0" /> |Queen Sono |- |2020 |''[[1st KZN Entertainment Awards]]''<ref name=":1" /> |Motsamaelatedi-mmogo |- |2023 |''[[Kizazi Moto: Generation Fire]]'' |Maadi (lentswe) |- |2024–jaanong |''[[The Real Black Pearl]]'' |Ene / Lenaneo la Nnete |} == Metswedi == [[Category: Pearl Thusi]] [[Category: Black Pearl]] [[Category: Mamma Pantha]] [[Category: Mrs Smeg]] [[Category: Pearl Wick]] 54f0d717sh99n3jks64o60h1c5n9xft 0 10749 53234 53080 2026-07-25T19:19:56Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53234 wikitext text/x-wiki [[:en:Public_holidays|Malatsi a boikhutso]] a [[Botswana]] a laolwa thata ke bathapi ba puso ba ba fiwang malatsi a boikhutso a a duelwang. Thulaganyo ya malatsi a boikhutso a puso e solegela badiredi ba puso le ba dikgwebo tse di laolwang ke puso molemo thata. Ka fa mothapi a bonang ka teng, malatsi a mangwe a boikhutso a e seng a semmuso a jaaka [[:en:Christmas_Eve|maitseboa a Keresemose]] ke a a tlwaelegileng a okediwang mo palong ya malatsi a boikhutso a a duelwang.<ref name=":0">[2]</ref> Malatsi a magolo a boikhutso a [[:en:Christianity|bakeresete]] a jaaka [[:en:Christmas|Keresemose]] le [[:en:Good_Friday|Labotlhano yo o Molemo]] a ketekwa semmuso, go letlelelwa malatsi a boikhutso a mangwe a bodumedi. Ka sekai, bana bangwe ba sekolo le badiri ba tsaya malatsi a boikhutso ka malatsi a boikhutso a [[:en:Muslim_holidays|Bamoseleme]], [[:en:List_of_Hindu_festivals|malatsi a boikhutso a Bahindu]], kana malatsi a boikhutso a [[:en:Eastern_Orthodox_Church|Eastern Orthodox]] go ya ka [[:en:Julian_calendar|khalendara ya ga Julian]]. Le fa ka tlwaelo batho ba Batswana ba sa ye tirong, ba keteka [[:en:Valentine's_Day|Letsatsi la Baratiwa,]] [[:en:Halloween|Halowine]], [[:en:Mother's_Day|letsatsi la Bomme]] le [[:en:Father's_Day|letsatsi la Borre]]<nowiki/>ke ditlwaelo tsa setso tsa [[:en:Tswana_people|Batswana]].<ref name=":0" /> == Malatsi a boikhutso a setshaba == Letsatsi la boikhutso mo Botswana le laolwa ka molao ke palamente ya Botswana. Bontsi jwa babereki, ba puso le ba mohama o o ikemetseng, ba na le tshwanelo ya go tsaya letsatsi ba sa theogela mme ba duelwa madi a a lekanang le a dinako tsotlhe. Le fa go ntse jalo, bahiri bangwe ba tlhoka gore babereki ba bone ba bereke ka letsatsi leo la boikhutso, mme mohiri o tshwanetse go amogela letsatsi a sa theogela mo boemong jwa letsatsi la boikhutso kgotsa o tshwanetse go duelwa ka seelo se se kwa godimo - gantsi ke bongwe le sephatlho kgotsa gabedi, tuelo ya gale le gale ya nako e ba e berekileng ka letsatsi leo, fa godimo ga letsatsi la boikhutso.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140201194731/http://www.bse.co.bw/holidays.php "BSE - Public Holidays and None Trading days".] ''www.bse.co.bw''. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> == Malatsi a boikhutso a lefatshe la Botswana == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Letsatsi !Leina !ditshwaelo |- |Firikgong a rogwa go tsena a le malatsi a mabedi |Letsatsi la ngwaga o mosha |go ipelelwa letsatsi la ntlha la ngwaga mongwe le mongwe. |- |Mopitlo kgotsa Moranang |Labotlhano o o molemo |Go ipelelwa segopotso sa papolo ya ga Keresete |- |Mopitlo kgotsa Moranang |Letsatsi la tsogo ya ga Kereesete |Go ipelelwa tsogo ya ga Keresete go tswa mo losong<ref>Vicki K. Black (1 July 2004). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=GZsHDG1-4X0C&q=Many+congregations+today+continue+to+have+Easter+egg+hunts+for+the+children+after+the+services+on+Easter+Day.&pg=PT109&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Many%20congregations%20today%20continue%20to%20have%20Easter%20egg%20hunts%20for%20the%20children%20after%20the%20services%20on%20Easter%20Day.&f=false The Church Standard,] Volume 74''. Church Publishing, Inc. ISBN[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780819225757|&nbsp;<bdi>9780819225757</bdi>]]. Retrieved 24 July 2026. <q>In parts of Europe, the eggs were dyed red and were then cracked together when people exchanged Easter greetings. Many congregations today continue to have Easter egg hunts for the children after the services on Easter Day.</q></ref> |- |Motsheganong a rogwa |Letsatsi la babereki |go ipelelwa dikatlgeo tsa babereki<ref>Marsh, James H. "[https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/origins-of-labour-day-feature Origins of Labour Day"]. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090910163817/http://www.jis.gov.jm/special_sections/labourDay2008/history.htm "History of Labour Day".] ''National Labour Day 2008''. Jamaica Information Service. Archived from [https://jis.gov.jm/special_sections/labourDay2008/history.htm the original] on 10 September 2009.</ref> |- |Motsheganong kgotsa Seetebosigo |Letsatsi la tlhatlogo ya Morena |Go ipelelwa go tlhatloga ga ga Keresete go ya legodimong.<ref>[https://www.goarch.org/special/listen_learn_share/ascension/index_html "Feast of the Ascension of Our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ".] Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America. 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2026. <q>The Feast of the Ascension of our Lord God and Savior Jesus Christ is celebrated each year on the fortieth day after the Great and Holy Feast of Pascha (Easter). Since the date of Pascha changes each year, the date of the Feast of the Ascension changes. The Feast is always celebrated on a Thursday.</q></ref><ref>[https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-worship/worship/texts/the-calendar/common-worship-rules/rulesyear.aspx "Rules to Order the Christian Year".] [[:en:Church_of_England|Church of England]]. 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2026. <q>Rogation Days are the three days before Ascension Day, when prayer is offered for God's blessing on the fruits of the earth and on human labour. The nine days after Ascension Day until Pentecost are days of prayer and preparation to celebrate the outpouring of the Spirit.</q></ref> |- |Phukwi a rogwa |Letsatsi la matsalo a ga tautona wa pele [[Seretse Khama]] |Go ipelelwa letsatsi la matsalo a ga tautona wa ntlha<ref>[https://www.mmegi.bw/business/a-new-aon-ceda-venture-to-enhance-citizen-empowerment/news "Mmegi Online :: A glimpse of Seretse Khama's legacy"]. 26 April 2007. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |- |Mosupologo le Labobedi wa boraro wa Phukwi |Letsatsi la botautona |Letsatsi le lengwe fela la Mosupologo kgotsa Labobedi wa boraro mo kgweding ya Phukwi.<ref>[http://aglobalworld.com/holidays-around-the-world/botswana-presidents-day/ "Botswana Presidents Day".] ''aglobalworld.com''. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |- |Lwetse a le masome mararo |Letsatsi la Botswana |Go ipelelwa letsatsi le lefatshe la Botswana le tsereng boipuso ka lone go tswa kwa United Kingdom ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome amarataro le borataro<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13041658 "Botswana profile - Timeline".] ''BBC News''. 5 August 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> |- |Morule a le masome mabedi le botlhano |Letsatsi la matsalo a ga Keresete |Go ipelelwa matsalo a ga Keresete |- |Morule a le masome mabedi le borataro |Letsatsi la dimpho |Le ipelelwa morago ga letsatsi la matsalo a ga Keresete, fa batlhanka le bagwebi ba amogela dimpho tse di itsegeng e le lebokoso la matsalo a ga Keresete go tswa kwa go beng ba bone, bahiri kgotsa bareki.<ref>(pseud.), Peter Parley (1 January 1838). [https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=UVcEAAAAQAAJ&redir_esc=y ''Tales About Christmas''.] Thomas Tegg and Son.</ref> |} == Malatsi a boikhutso a a nang le sesupo sa tumelo kgotsa ngwao == Malatsi a boikhutso a tumelo le ngwao mo Botswana a supagala ka go farologana ga ditumelo. === Malatsi a Sekeresete === Dikgwebo dingwe tse di ikemetseng le makgotla a mangwe di a tswalwa ka letsatsi la papolo ya Morena. Mmaraka wa madi le dipeeletso o a tswalwa le one ka letsatsi la papolo ya Morena. Bontsi jwa mabentlele a nna a butswe le ntswa mangwe a tswalwa pele ga nako e e tlwaelesegileng. Dikolo tsa puso le tse dikgolwane di a tswalwa ka letsatsi la papolo ya Morena, e le letsatsi la boikhutso le le ikemetseng kgotsa bontlha jwa malatsi a boikhutso a nako eo. Poso e a bulwa, dibanka tse di laolwang ke puso ga di tswalwe. Bontsi jwa dikompone, di akaretsa dibanka, marekisetso le mabentlele a a bulwang ka letsatsi la Tshipi a a tswalwa ka malatsi a papolo ya ga Keresete. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Letsatsi !Leina !Ditshwaelo |- |Tlhakole a le lesome le bone |Letsatsi la baratani |ke letsatsi le le reeletsweng ka Saint Valentine le tlhamilwe ke mopapa Gelasius. Bontsi jwa batho mo bosheng ba ipelela lorato lwa bone, ba neelana dikarata, dilekere, dithunya le dimpho tse dingwe |- |Tlhakole kgotsa Mopitlo, letsatsi le a farologana |Laboraro wa molora |malatsi a le masome a mane pele ga papolo ya ga Kereesete, go sa balelelwe letsatsi la Tshipi |- |Letsatsi la Tshipi pele ga papolo |Palm Sunday |go ipelelwa go tsena ga ga Keresete kwa Jerusalema |- |Labotlhano pele ga papolo |Papolo ya Morena |Labotlhano wa beke e e molemo fa Bakeresete ba bophirima ba ipelela papolo ya Morena le loso lwa gagwe. Dibanka le diposo tse di mo kagong ee tswalwang ka letsatsi le le tsone di a tswalwa. |- |Letsatsi la Tshipi morago ga ngwedi o o tletseng, malatsi a a farologana go tswa ka Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le bobedi go tsena Moranang a le masome mabedi le botlhano |Papolo |Go ipelelwa tsogo ya ga Keresete |- |Phalane a le masome mararo le motso |Halloween |pele e ne e supa phelelo ya paka ya go roba, gompieno go ipelelwa letsatsi pele ga letsatsi la baithephi. Mekgabisa e akaretsa dipone. Bana ba ya go kopa dilekere tse ba di neelwang ke baagisanyi. |- |Morule a le masome mabedi le bone |Letsatsi pele ga matsalo a ga Keresete |Letsatsi pele ga matsalo a ga Keresete, dikgwebo di tswalwa pele ga nako, le ntswa di le mmalwa di bulwa letsatsi lotlhe le bosigo jotlhe. |- |Morule a le masome mararo le motso |Letsatsi pele ga ngwaga o mosha |Letsatsi pele ga ngwaga o mosha. Kgwebo nngwe le nngwe e tswalwa pele ga nako, le ntswa di le mmalwa di bulwa letsatsi lotlhe le bosigo jotlhe. |} == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * Dingangisano tsa papolo ya Morena == Metswedi == 91f5w2vcm4tb2m2v32felxqrtio7j3v 0 10997 53233 48970 2026-07-25T19:15:59Z JudithShe 9421 Ke tlhabolotse tsebe ya ga Shirley Itumeleng Segokgo #Wikipedia25BW 53233 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shirley Itumeleng Tiny Segokgo''' ke mopolotiki wa lefatshe la [[Botswana]]. Ke leloko la khuduthamaga ya Botswana mme gape ke leloko la lekoko la basadi kwa palamenteng. Segokgo gape ke leloko la [[:en:Pan-African_Parliament|Palamente ya Pan-Afrika]].<ref>[http://www.africa-union.org/organs/pan%20african%20parliament/List%20of%20Members%20pap.pdf List of Members of the Pan African Parliament] (March 15, 2004) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110518171107/http://www.africa-union.org/organs/pan%20african%20parliament/List%20of%20Members%20pap.pdf Archived] 18 May 2011 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]</ref> == Bona Gape == * [[:en:List_of_members_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament|List of members of the Pan-African Parliament]] == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Mapolotiki a Botswana]] <references /> [[Karolo:Batho ba ba tshelang]] [[Karolo:Maloko a palamente ya Pan-Africa go tswa mo Botswana]] [[Karolo:Bomme ba Mapolotiki ba Botswana ba dingwaga tse dikete pedi le bongwe]] eb7ixss1z9lyadbshxufezv77a0gn64 0 12013 53213 45093 2026-07-25T16:45:39Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53213 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Nomalungelo Gina|office=Mothusa tona wa maranyane|term_start=Seetebosigo a le masome mararo ngwaga wa 2024|president=[[Cyril Ramaphosa]]|minister=[[Blade Nzimande]]|predecessor=[[Buti Manamela]]|office1=Mothusa tona wa dikgwebo le madirelo|term_start1=Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le borobabongwe ngwaga wa 2019|term_end1=Seetebosigo a le lesome le borobabongwe ngwaga wa 2024|president1=[[Cyril Ramaphosa]]|minister1=[[Ebrahim Patel]]|predecessor1=[[Bulelani Magwanishe]]|successor1=[[Andrew Whitfield]] [[Zuko Godlimpi]]|office2=Modulasetilo wa komiti ya thuto go tswa kwa moding|term_start2=Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bone ngwaga wa 2014|term_end2=Motsheganong a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa 2019|speaker=[[Baleka Mbete]]|predecessor2=[[Hope Malgas]]|successor2=[[Bongiwe Mbinqo-Gigaba]]|office3=Mopalamente|term_start3=Motsheganong a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa 1969|birth_date=Phalane a le masome mabedi le botlhano ngwaga wa 1969|birth_place=[[Ndwedwe]][[Natale]]|party=[[African National Congress]]|otherparty=[[South African Communist Party]]|spouse=[[Cedric Gina]]|education=[[Inanda Seminary School]]|alma_mater=[[University of Zululand]]}}'''Nomalungelo Gina''' (o o tshotsweng ka Phalane a le masome mabedi le botlhano ngwaga wa 1969)  ke mopolotiki wa kwa [[Aforika Borwa]] o o tlholegang kwa [[KwaZulu-Natal]], o a berekang e le mothusa tona wa maranyane fa e sale ka Seetebosigo 2024. O ne a emetse [[African National Congress]] kwa palamenteng fa e sale ka Motsheganong 2009. Ke morutabana ka tiro, Gina o o tseneletse dipolotiki ka lekgotla la barutabana, e le modulasetilo wa komiti ya thuto go tswa kwa moding ka palamente ya botlhano. O ne a tsena mo palamenteng ka Motsheganong 2019 fa tautona [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] a mo tlhoma mothusa tona wa  tsa pereko le madirelo. O nnile mo ofising eo go fitlhelela morago ga ditlhopho tsa Motsheganong   2024, fa a ne a tlhomiwa mo maemong a a leng mo go one gompieno. == Botshelo jwa a le mmotlana le thuto == A tshotswe ka Phalane a le masome mabedi le botlhano ngwaga wa 1969<ref>[https://www.elections.org.za/pw/Documents/Candidates-List-NPE2024/Regional%20Candidates%20List.pdf "Final Candidate Lists for 2024 National and Provincial Elections: Regional Candidates"] (PDF). ''Electoral Commission of South Africa''. 10 April 2024. Retrieved 24 November 2025</ref>, Gina o tlholega kwa [[Ndwedwe]] kwa kgaolong ya pele ya [[Natale]] (kwa e leng KwaZulu Natal). <ref name=":0">[https://www.gov.za/about-government/contact-directory/science-technology-and-innovation-deputy-ministry/nomalungelo "Nomalungelo Gina, Ms".] ''South African Government''. Retrieved 24 November 2025</ref>O alogile ka matrix kwa [[Inanda Seminary School]] a fetaa degree tsa gagwe tsa borutabana kwa [[University of Zululand]]. Ka nako eo o ne a tsenelela dipolotiki e le leloko la lekalana la [[Musa Dladla]] la African National Congress kwa [[Richards Bay]].<ref name=":1">[https://www.gov.za/about-government/contact-directory/science-technology-and-innovation-deputy-ministry/nomalungelo "Nomalungelo Gina, Ms"]. ''South African Government''. Retrieved 24 November 2025</ref> == Palamente:2009 go tsena 2019 == Gina o tsene mo palamenteng ya Aforika Borwa ka ditlhopho tsa  Moranang 2009, e le ntlhopheng wa ANC kwa kgaolong ya botlhophi ya KwaZulu-Natal. Ka palamente ya bone, e ne e le leloko la komiti ya thuto e kgolwane le katiso gape e le motlhokomedi wa palamente wa ANC mo komiting ya thuto go tswa kwa moding.<ref name=":0" /> Morago ga go tlhophiwa gape go ya palamenteng mo ditlhophong tsa Motsheganong 2014, ANC e ne ya itsise gore e tlaa mo tlhopha go go tlhatlhama [[Hope Malgas]] e le modulasetilo wa komiti ya thuto, ka [[Pinky Mokoto]] a tsena e le motlhokomedi o mosha wa ANC.<ref>[https://www.politicsweb.co.za/politics/this-is-wholl-chair-parliamentary-committees--anc "This is who'll chair parliamentary committees – ANC".] ''PoliticsWeb''. 12 June 2014. Retrieved 24 November 2025</ref> O ne a tlhophiwa semmuso mo bodulasetilong ka Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bone ngwaga wa 2014,<ref>[https://pmg.org.za/committee-meeting/17144/ "Basic Education: Election of Chairperson".] ''PMG''. 24 June 2014. Retrieved 24 November 2025</ref> a nna mo setilong seo mo palamenteng ya botlhano yotlhe<ref>Merten, Marianne (29 May 2019). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-05-30-horse-trading-and-compromises-ramaphosas-realpolitik-cabinet/ "Horse-trading and compromises: Ramaphosa's realpolitik Cabinet"]. ''Daily Maverick''. Retrieved 24 November 2025</ref>. Ka nako eo, Gina o ne a golafetse mo kotsing ya koloi fa a le mo loetong la komiti go ya dikolong kwa Kapa Winelands. Moemedi wa ANC [[Timothy Khoza]] o ne a tlhokafala mo kotsing eo, mapolotiki a kganetso [[Ian Ollis]] le [[Cynthia Majeke]] ba ne ba golafala le bone.<ref>Heard, Janet (2 August 2017). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-08-02-condolences-pour-in-after-mp-dies-in-paarl-car-crash/ "Condolences pour in after MP dies in Paarl car crash"]. ''Daily Maverick''. Retrieved 24 November 2025</ref> Mo palamenteng ya botlhano Gina gape e ne e le o o bitsang dikopano tsa lekgotla la dikomiti tsa palamente.<ref name=":0" /> Fa godimo ga foo, o ne a le mo komiting ya kgaolo ya South African Communist Party (SACP) kwa KwaZulu Natal.<ref name=":0" /> Bokopano jwa borobabobedi jwa kgaolo jwa SACP , bo ne jwa tshwarelwa kwa Pongola ka Phatwe 2018, kwa Gina a neng a tlhophiwa go tlhatlhama [[Nomvuzo Shabalala]] e le mothusa modulasetilo wa kgaolo wa SACP. Ke mothusa modulasetilo [[James Nxumalo]].<ref>Mthethwa, Bongani (29 August 2018). [https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2018-08-29-ive-got-no-beef-with-blade-says-sacp-kzn-head-themba-mthembu/ "I've got no beef with Blade' says SACP KZN head Themba Mthembu".] ''Sunday Times''. Retrieved 24 November 2025</ref> == Mothusa tona:2019 go tsena gompieno == Gina o ne a tlhophiwa gape kwa palamenteng ka Motsheganong 2019, a le mo maemong a boraro a a ANC a kgaolo ya botlhophi ya KwaZulu Natal.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Merten, Marianne (17 March 2019). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-03-18-anc-lists-will-bring-about-new-look-back-benches-including-premiers-mecs-and-tainted-politicians/ "ANC lists will bring about new-look back benches, including premiers, MECs and tainted politicians".] ''Daily Maverick''. Retrieved 24 November 2025</ref>  Fa a itsise matona a gagwe ka Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le borobabongwe ngwaga wa 2019, tautona [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] o ne a tlhopha Gina go nna mongwe wa bathusi ba babedi ba tona wa pereko le madirelo.<ref>Nicolson, Greg (29 May 2019). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-05-29-ramaphosa-cuts-cabinet-from-36-to-28-ministers-half-of-whom-are-women/ "Ramaphosa cuts Cabinet from 36 to 28 ministers, half of whom are women".] ''Daily Maverick''. Retrieved 24 November 2025</ref> Mo lephateng le le neng le sa tswa go atolosiwa la pereko, madirelo le diphadisano, o berekile ka fa tlase ga [[Ebrahim Patel]] a bereka le [[Fikile Majola]] wa lekgotla la pereko.<ref>[https://mg.co.za/article/2019-06-22-00-just-implementing-existing-plans-will-mark-a-revolution-in-the-state-patel/ "Just implementing existing plans will mark a 'revolution' in the state — Patel".] ''The Mail & Guardian''. 22 June 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2025</ref> Fa lekalana la KwaZulu Natal la ANC le tlhopha bo ntlhopheng ba lone pele ga ditlhopho, Gina o ne a le mo maemong a ntlha a kgaolo.<ref>[https://witness.co.za/news/kzn/2024/03/13/anc-support-for-former-health-minister-mkhize-remains-strong-in-kzn/ "ANC support for former health minister Mkhize remains strong in KZN"]. ''The Witness''. 13 March 2024. Retrieved 24 November 2025</ref> O ne a tlhophiwa gape go ya palamenteng fa ditlhopho di tshwarwa ka Motsheganong 2024, ka Seetebosigo a le masome mararo ngwaga wa 2024 tautona Ramaphosa o ne a mo tlhoma mothusa tona wa maranyane ka fa tlase ga ga tona [[Blade Nzimande|Blade Mzimande]].<ref>[https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2024-06-30-south-africas-post-election-cabinet-charters-new-political-territory-after-30-years-of-democracy/ "South Africa's post-election Cabinet enters new political territory after 30 years of democracy".] ''Daily Maverick''. 30 June 2024. Retrieved 24 November 2025</ref> O ne a tlhomamisiwa ka Phukwi a le malatsi a mararo.<ref name=":0" /> == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Monna wa ga Gina e ne e le mopolotiki wa ANC o a neng a le mo lekgotleng la pereko Cedric Gina, tautona wa pele wa lekgotla la babereki ba ditshipi;<ref>[https://mg.co.za/article/2019-05-30-new-and-lesser-known-faces-in-ramaphosas-cabinet/ "New and lesser-known faces in Ramaphosa's Cabinet".] ''The Mail & Guardian''. 30 May 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2025</ref> o tlhokafetse ka Tlhakole 2019.<ref>Phungula, Willem (4 February 2019). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250805042011/https://www.snl24.com/dailysun/news/national/stress-sent-union-boss-to-grave-20190203 "'Stress sent union boss to grave'"]. ''Daily Sun''. Retrieved 24 November 2025</ref> O na le bana ba le babedi.<ref name=":0" /> == Metswedi == s6dhwt7cvhtzdfbjy6usfzoodznzlst 0 12120 53206 46836 2026-07-25T13:49:35Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53206 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Nakedi Sibanda-Kekana|office=Mokhanselara wa temothuo le tlhabololo magae wa kwa [[Limpopo]]|premier=[[Phophi Ramathuba]]|predecessor=[[Thabo Mokone]]|term_start=Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi ngwaga wa 2024|office1=Mokhanselara wa [[Limpopo]] wa metshameko, botaki le ngwao|term_start1=Phalane a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa 2022|term_end1=Seetebosigo a le lesome le bone ngwaga wa 2024|premier1=[[Stan Mathabatha]]|predecessor1=[[Thandi Moraka]]|successor1=[[Jerry Maseko]]|term_start2=Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa 2019|term_start3=Seetebosigo 2022|office2=Mopalamente wa Limpopo|office3=Motshwara madi wa ANC kwa Limpopo|predecessor3=[[Danny Msiza]]|birth_date=Firikgong a le lesome le borataro ngwaga wa 1966|citizenship=mo [[Aforika borwa]]|party=[[African National Congress]]}} '''Nakedi Grace Sibanda-Kekana''' (o o tshotsweng ka Firikgong a le lesome le borataro ngwaga wa 1966) ke mopolotiki wa kwa [[Aforika Borwa]] o o berekang e le mokhanselara wa temothuo le tlhabololo magae kwa [[Limpopo]]. Pele e ne e le mokhanselara wa metshameko, botaki le ngwao, maemo a a tseneng mo go one ka Phalane 2022, morago ga a sena go tlhophiwa e le motshwara madi wa kgaolo ya Limpopo mo phathing ya gagwe ya [[African National Congress]] (ANC). Pele o ne a tlhophilwe e le mokhanselara wa kgaolo ka 2019 le mmatoropo wa mmasepala wa [[Lepelle-Nkumpi]] go tswa ka Phatwe 2016 go tsena Morule 2018, fa ANC e mo kopa go ithola marapo ka nako ya tshenyetso setshaba ya banka ya VBS Mutual. == Tiro ya gagwe mo pusong == Sibanda-kekana e ne e le mokhanselara wa mmasepala wa Lepelle-Nkumpi wa kgaolo ya Limpopo kwa Capricon a bereka gape e le motsamaisa dipuisano tsa khansele ya mmasepala, o tsene mo ofising eo ka 2013<ref>Moloto, Moloko (15 February 2013). [https://iol.co.za/news/south-africa/limpopo/2013-02-15-municipality-slow-to-act-on-illegal-spending/ "Municipality slow to act on illegal spending".] ''IOL''. Retrieved 28 November 2025</ref>, go fitlhelela ka ditlhopho tsa Phatwe 2016.<ref>Import, Pongrass (14 July 2016). [http://reviewonline.co.za/160111/capricorn-district-municipality-hands-over-new-trucks/ "Mayor Kganyago, Speaker Sibanda test drive new trucks"]. ''Polokwane Observer''. Retrieved 28 November 2025</ref> Pele ga ditlhopho tsa 2016, o ne a tlhophiwa gale go ya khanseleng, a tlhophiwa go nna mmatoropo wa Lepelle-Nkumpi.<ref>[https://www.lepelle-nkumpi.gov.za/?q=Lepelle_nkumpi_appoints_new_mayor "Lepelle-Nkumpi Appoints New Mayor".] ''Lepelle-Nkumpi Local Municipality''. 2016. Retrieved 01 December 2025</ref><ref>Import, Pongrass (17 August 2016). [https://www.citizen.co.za/review-online/367504/more-women-mayors-after-236750416-election/ "13 female mayors appointed in Limpopo"]. ''Polokwane Observer''. Retrieved 01 December 2025</ref><ref>Import, Pongrass (21 November 2016). [https://www.citizen.co.za/review-online/184177/capricorn-district-mayors-inaugurated/ "Capricorn district mayors inaugurated"]. ''Polokwane Observer''. Retrieved 01 December 2025</ref> Ka nako ya fa a tlhophiwa mmatoropo, Sibanda-Kekana o ne a le mo maemong a a kwa godimo mo phathing ya gagwe ya sepolotiki ya [[African National Congress]] (ANC), e le motshwara madi wa kgaolo ya Limpopo ya [[Peter Mokaba]];<ref>ANCLimpopo (18 August 2016). [https://www.facebook.com/100044602501993/posts/1037891549661862/ "Nakedi Sibanda (Peter Mokaba Regional Treasurer) was elected Mayor and Barrel Ntsoane elected as Speaker of Lepelle-Nkumpi Municipality in the inaugural council meeting earlier today. #ANCinGovt"]. ''Facebook''. Retrieved 01 December 2025</ref> o ne a tlhophiwa gape mo setlheng se sengwe a ntse a le mo maemong ao ka Phukwi 2018.<ref>[https://www.capricornfm.co.za/john-mpe-emerges-new-peter-mokaba-chair/ "John Mpe emerges new Peter Mokaba chair".] ''Capricorn FM''. 7 July 2018. Retrieved 01 December 2025</ref> Ka Phalane 2018, Sibanda-Kekana o ne a amega mo kgangyeng ya tshenyetso setshaba  kwa bankeng ya VBS Mutual fa e tlhaga, mo tshekatshekong ya [[South African Reserve Bank]], gore mmasepala wa Lepelle-Nkumpi mo ketelelong pele ya Sibanda-Kekana o ne o tsentse madi a a fetang didikadike di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome matlhano mo bankeng eo pele ga e phatlaladiwa.<ref name=":0">[https://www.dailydispatch.co.za/news/2019-02-07-fired-vbs-mayor-robbed-of-r140k/ "Fired VBS mayor 'robbed' of R140k"]. ''Dispatch''. 7 February 2019. Retrieved 01 December 2025</ref><ref name=":1">Yende, Sizwe Sama (9 March 2022). [https://www.news24.com/citypress/politics/limpopo-ancs-alliance-partners-do-not-support-mathabathas-bid-for-third-term-under-the-vbs-faction-20220309 "Limpopo ANC's alliance partners do not support Mathabatha's bid for third term under the VBS faction"]. ''City Press''. Retrieved 01 December 2025</ref> Phathi ya kganetso ya Democratic Alliance (DA) e ne ya re a rolwe marapo,<ref>Mileham, Kevin (29 October 2018). [https://www.politicsweb.co.za/politics/vbsheist-mkhize-and-15-anc-mayors-must-step-down-- "VBS: Mkhize and 15 ANC mayors must step down"]. ''Politicsweb''. Retrieved 01 December 2025</ref> ka Morule 2018 e ne e le mongwe wa baeteledipele ba ditoropo ba ANC ba phathi e neng e ba pateleditswe go ithola marapo ka go nna le seabe mo go tsenyeng madi kwa VBS.<ref>[https://mg.co.za/article/2018-12-14-00-anc-fudges-over-fired-vbs-mayors/ "ANC fudges over fired VBS mayors"]. ''The Mail & Guardian''. 14 December 2018. Retrieved 01 December 2025</ref> Ka 2019, o ne a tlhatlhamiwa ke Meriam Molala,<ref>[https://www.capricornfm.co.za/molala-appointed-lepelle-nkumpi-new-mayor/ "Molala appointed Lepelle Nkumpi new mayor"]. ''Capricorn FM''. 5 August 2019. Retrieved 01 December 2025</ref> le ntswa go thapiwa ga ga Molala morago go ne ga twe ga go a tsepama go ya ka kgotlatshekelo.<ref>[https://www.capricornfm.co.za/anc-member-welcomes-ruling-on-appointment-of-lepelle-nkumpi-mayor/ "ANC member welcomes ruling on appointment of Lepelle-Nkumpi mayor".] ''Capricorn FM''. 14 October 2020. Retrieved 01 December 2025</ref> == Tiro ya gagwe mo pusong ya kgaolo == Morago ga go ithola marapo e le mmatoropo, Sibanda-Kekana o ne a tswelela a nna motshwara madi wa kgaolo wa ANC<ref name=":0" />, mo ditlhophong tsa 2019, o ne a tlhophiwa go nna mokhanselara wa kgaolo ya Limpopo, a le mo maemong a masome mabedi le bone mo lenaaneng la ANC.<ref>Raletjena, Phuti (21 May 2019). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250219091355/https://www.snl24.com/dailysun/news/national/vbs-mayors-get-legislature-jobs-20190521 "VBS mayors get legislature jobs".] ''Daily Sun''. Retrieved 01 December 2025</ref><ref>[https://www.pa.org.za/person/nakedi-grace-kekana/ "Nakedi Grace Sibanda-Kekana"]. ''People's Assembly''. Retrieved 01 December 2025</ref> Ka Morule 2021, kgaolo ya Peter Mokaba e ne ya mo tlhopha gape e le motshwara madi wa kgaolo.<ref>Mahlati, Zintle (23 December 2021). [https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/anc-exec-re-elected-into-positions-at-regional-conference-in-limpopo-20211223 "ANC exec re-elected into positions at regional conference in Limpopo"]. ''News24''. Retrieved 01 December 2025</ref> === Motshwara madi wa kgaolo wa ANC:2022 === Ka ngwaga wa 2022, Sibanda-Kekana o ne a tlhaga e le ntlhopheng o o nonofileng wa motshwara madi a kgaolo ya Limpopo. O ne a eme ka kemo nokeng ya modulasetilo wa ANC wa kgaolo [[Stan Mathabatha]], o a neng a emetse go tlhophiwa gape e le laboraro mo ofising.<ref>Sadike, Mashudu (4 June 2022). [https://iol.co.za/pretoria-news/news/2022-06-04-10-contenders-nominated-for-top-five-positions-at-limpopo-anc-conference/ "10 contenders nominated for top five positions at Limpopo ANC conference".] ''IOL''. Retrieved 01 December 2025</ref> Go ema ga gagwe go ne ga itemogela kemo nokeng ya boeteledipele jwa kgaolo ya ga gabo ya Peter Mokaba, le ntswa makalana a mangwe mo kgaolong a ne a ratile [[Donald Selamolela]] e le ene a ka nnang mo maemong ao. Go tlhophiwa ga gagwe go ne go ngangisanwa ka gone mo makgotleng a ANC: lekalana la Limpopo la South African Communist Party (SACP) le ne le re Sibanda-Kekana le ba bangwe ba ga Mathabatha ba ba neng ba amana le kgang ya VBS ga ba a tshwanela go tlhophiwa go sa kgathalesege gore a ba ne ba lebisiwa molato mo kgang e.<ref name=":1" /> Fa bokopano jwa ANC jwa kgaolo bo simolola ka Seetebosigo 2022, Donald Selamolela o ne a gana go ema kgatlhanong le Sibanda-Kekana, a mo tlogela go ema kgatlhanong le Faith Chauke.<ref>Sadike, Mashudu (4 June 2022). [https://iol.co.za/pretoria-news/news/2022-06-04-10-contenders-nominated-for-top-five-positions-at-limpopo-anc-conference/ "10 contenders nominated for top five positions at Limpopo ANC conference"]. ''IOL''. Retrieved 01 December 2025</ref> O ne a amogela ditlhopho di le makgolo a supa, masome a robabobedi le boratark kgatlhanong le Chauke o ene a neng a iponela ditalama di le makgolo a mararo, masome a supa le botlhano,ka jalo Sibanda a tsena mo maemong ao,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240529000303/https://limpopochronicle.co.za/2022/06/06/mathabatha-re-elected-limpopo-anc-chairperson/ "Mathabatha re-elected Limpopo ANC Chairperson"]. ''Limpopo Chronicle''. 6 June 2022. Retrieved 01 December 2025</ref> fela jaaka ba bangwe ba ba neng ba le mo thotloetsong ya ga Mathabatha.<ref>Masuabi, Queenin (4 June 2022). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2022-06-04-stan-mathabatha-wins-third-term-but-anc-to-mull-over-limpopo-premiership-succession-plan/ "Stan Mathabatha wins third term but ANC to mull over Limpopo premiership succession plan".] ''Daily Maverick''. Retrieved 01 December 2025</ref> === Khansele: 2022 go fitlhelela gompieno === Ka Phalane a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa 2022, Mathabatha e le moeteledipele wa Limpopo, o ne a itsise ka tswakanyo ya khansele ya Limpopo e go neng go dumelwa gore e amana le maduo a bokopano jwa ANC jwa Seetebosigo. Sibanda-Kekana o ne a tlhomiwa mokhanselara wa metshameko, botaki le ngwao, o ne a tlhatlhama Thandi Moraka, o a neng a reteletswe ke go iponela tlhopho gape mo komiting ya ANC kwa bokopanong jwa phathi.<ref>Sadike, Mashudu (7 October 2022). [https://iol.co.za/pretoria-news/news/2022-10-07-limpopo-premier-stan-mathabatha-fires-three-mecs-from-executive-committee/ "Limpopo Premier Stan Mathabatha fires three MECs from executive committee"]. ''IOL''. Retrieved 01 December 2025</ref> O mongwe o a neng a tlhomilwe mo khanseleng ka tswakanyo eo e ne e le Florence Radzilani, mmatoropo o mongwe wa pele o a neng a ithotse marapo ka nako ya kgang ya VBS. Go thapiwa ga ga Radzilani le Sibanda-Kekana go ne ga kgalwa ke diphathi tsa kganetso tsa DA<ref>Import, Pongrass (14 October 2022). [https://iol.co.za/pretoria-news/news/2022-10-07-limpopo-premier-stan-mathabatha-fires-three-mecs-from-executive-committee/ "Limpopo Executive Council's reshuffle raises questions"]. ''Polokwane Observer''. Retrieved 01 December 2025</ref>,[[Economic Freedom Fighters]],<ref>[https://www.citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/politics/recycling-dead-wood-opposition-unhappy-over-limpopo-premiers-cabinet-reshuffle/ "'Recycling dead wood': Opposition unhappy over Limpopo premier's cabinet reshuffle".] ''The Citizen''. 7 October 2022. Retrieved 01 December 2025</ref> [[ActionSA]] le Azanian People's organisation (AZAPO); ka Ngwanatsele, AZAPO e ne ya rulaganya mogwanto go ya kwa ofising ya moeteledipele, ba re Radzilani le Sibanda-Kekana ba ntshiwe.<ref>Mamphiswana, Phumudzo (10 November 2022). [https://www.capricornfm.co.za/azapo-joins-calls-for-the-removal-of-mecs-radzilani-and-kekana/ "Azapo joins calls for the removal of MECs Radzilani and Kekana"]. ''Capricorn FM''. Retrieved 01 December 2025</ref> Fa a tsibogela go kgalwa moo, Mathabatha o ne a supa gore Radzilani le Sibanda-Kekana ga ba a lebisiwa melato epe le gore go thapiwa ga bone go tsamaelana le melawana le ditshetlana tsa ANC tsa maloko a a amegang mo tshenyetsong setshaba.<ref>Dube, Mpho (20 June 2022). [https://sundayworld.co.za/news/election-of-officials-linked-to-vbs-scandal-irks-anc-members/ "Election of officials linked to VBS scandal irks ANC members".] ''Sunday World''. Retrieved 01 December 2025</ref> Sibanda-Kekana o ne a nna mokhanselara wa temothuo le tlhabololo magae morago ga go tlhophiwa ga ga [[Phophi Ramathuba]] go nna moeteledipele morago fa ditlhopho tsa 2024.<ref>[https://www.jacarandafm.com/news/news/ramathuba-shakes-limpopo-provincial-cabinet/ "Ramathuba shakes up Limpopo provincial cabinet"]. ''Jacaranda FM''. Retrieved 01 December 2025</ref> == Metswedi == dd4lrkk28tn6q5st5iwoe38l8g1lrge 0 12968 53224 48737 2026-07-25T18:05:26Z MmaBaggio 11091 53224 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mabolwe''' ke motse o o mo kgaolong ya Bogare jwa Botswana mo ntlheng ya botlhaba jwa molelwane wa lefatshe la Botswana le [[Zimbabwe]]. Go simolola ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe, motse ono o na le sekolo se le sengwe se se potlana, mme ebile banni ba le masome a mararo go tswa mo go ba le dikete tse tharo ba a bereka.<ref>[https://college.georgetown.edu/news-story/georgetown-student-worked-to-end-poverty-in-mabule-botswana/ "Georgetown Student Worked to End Poverty in Mabule, Botswana". ''Georgetown College'']. 2019-11-05. Retrieved 2021-07-19</ref> Tshedimosetso e nngwe ya dipalo tsa mo bosheng e ka bonwa go tswa mo Dipalopalo tsa Botswana.<ref>[https://www.statsbots.org.bw/village-mabolwe-0 "Statistics Botswana"]. 2022</ref> == Molelwane wa Mabolwe == Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi , puso ya Botswana e ne ya dumela gore go nne le molelwane kwa Mabolwe Mmamabaka, o o golaganyang Botswana le Zimbabwe ka bobedi. Poso ya molelwane e ne ya bulwa ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro .<ref>Motsaathebe, Manowe (2019-11-15). [https://allafrica.com/stories/201911150102.html "Botswana: Mabolwe Border Post Placid Yet Challenged".] ''allAfrica.com''. Retrieved 2021-10-23.</ref> == Ditso == Baagi ba ntlha ba Mabolwe ke batho ba Bobirwa ba ba neng ba tsamayatsamaya pele ga ba bona bonno jwa sennela ruri mo mafelong a bone a bogompieno. Bobirwa ke lefelo le le fa gare ga [[Noka ya Shashe]] le mola wa bokone–borwa o o ka nnang 28 0 15 ' E. Lefelo le, le akaretsa metse ya [[Bobonong]], [[Gobojango]], Mabolwe, [[Lentswe-Ie-Moriti]], [[Mathathane]], [[Molalatau|Molaladau]], [[Mothabaneng]], le [[Tsetsebjwe]]. Morafe wa Babirwa o simolotse kwa Nareng, e e mo borwa jwa [[Bolobedi]] mo lefatsheng la Letswalo go dikologa [[Phalaborwa]]. Go nna teng ga merafe ya Babirwa kwa Nareng go simolotse magareng ga dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a matlhano le lesome le ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a matlhano le masome arobabongwe le borobabongwe. Babirwa ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa Nareng ka fa tlase ga kgosana ya bone, Tshukudu, go ya kwa kgaolong ya Bloubergstrand kwa Transvaal ya maloba. Ke fa ba le kwa Blaauwberg fa ba simolola go kgaogana ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mabedi . Setlhopha se se neng se tswa kwa Bloubergstrand se ne sa leba kwa Zimbabwe ka fa tlase ga Dauyatswala le morwarraagwe e bong Makhure. Setlhopha se se ne se sa amogelwe mo nageng ya ga Mambo. Bakaulengwe bano ba babedi ba ne ba tsaya tshwetso ya gore ba tsamaye ba ye go batla botshabelo kwa lefelong le lengwe. Kwa bofelong,Makhure a gana go tsamaya le Dauyatswala. Dauyatswala mmogo le balatedi ba gagwe, ba boela kwa Transvaal. Makhure o ne a fiwa setsha kwa Zimbabwe gore a nne le balatedi ba gagwe. Ba ne ba tshela lobaka pele ga ba tla tlhaselwa ke MaNdebele a ga Mzilikazi, ba ba neng ba tshaba puso ya ga Shaka ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mararo le bosupa. Ba tshabela kwa Botswana wa gompieno ba eteletswe pele ke Sekoba, mongwe wa barwa ba ga Makhure. Sekoba o ne a patilwe ke bomorwarraagwe Makala, Mbalane, le Bolamba, ba, mo dingwaong di le dintsi, ba umakiwang go bapa le Sekoba jaaka moeteledipele wa setlhopha. Mo setlhopheng seo gape go ne go na le borangwaneagwe Sekoba, Serumola, Legong, Mphago, le Maunatlala. Ga go tlhaloganyesege go tswa mo metsweding gore a banna bano e ne e le bomorwarraagwe Makhure tota kgotsa e ne e le bomorwarraagwe Makhure ka mmaagwe. Setlhopha se se ne sa kgaogana le Sekoba le balatedi ba gagwe ba nna kwa Lephokwe, fa setlhopha sa ga Bolamba se ne sa nna kwa [[Tuli Block]]. Ke gone kwa Babirwa ba simolotseng go anama le kgaolo e gompieno e bidiwang Bobirwa, go akaretsa le Tuli Block. Babirwa ga ba a ka ba tshela lobaka ka fa tlase ga taolo ya ga Sekoba. Ba ne ba kgaogana le Sekoba mme ba nna mo mafelong a a kgaoganeng. Go ne ga sala le ene fela ba ba ikanyegang mo go Sekoba. Setlhopha sa ga Sekoba se ne sa ya go nna kwa dithoteng tsa Majweng. Bolamba le balatedi ba gagwe ba ne ba nna kwa Zembefonyi gaufi le Lentswe-le-Moriti la gompieno. Maunatlala o ne a aga le batho ba gagwe kwa dithabeng tsa Lepoko kwa karolong e e kwa bokone jwa Bobonong. Serumola o ne a fudusa batho ba gagwe mme a nna kwa lentsweng la Lephale mo Tuli Block, mme Makala ene, a nna kwa Botlhaba jwa Mapungubwe. Batho ba Kgwatalala le Mbalane ba ne ba thibelela mo thoteng e e bidiwang Lekhubu-la-Mbalane ko go bidiwang [[Semolale]] gompieno. Mo mafelong a bonno a bone, Babirwa ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke masole a MaNdebele. Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1860, Khama o ne a romela mophato wa gagwe wa dingwaga o o neng o sa tswa go tlhamiwa wa Mafolosa le Matshosa kwa Bobirwa. Mephato eno e ne e tshwanetse go kgobokanya Babirwa mo lefelong le le lengwe. Ka ntlha ya ditlhaselo le go tenega ga puso ya ga Khama, Babirwa ba ne ba fudugela kwa Transvy mme ba ikopanya le Babirwa ba bangwe go ne koo. Ba ne ba nna mo Transvaal go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le bone, fa Maburu a ne a ba tlhasela, morago ga moo Babirwa ba boela kwa mafelong a bone a bonno mo Botswana. Setlhopha sa ga Sekoba se se neng se eteletswe pele ke morwawe Madikwe se ne sa thibelela kwa lentsweng la Majweng kwa bokone botlhaba jwa Bobonong gompieno. Ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe , Malema o ne a nna moeteledipele wa batho ba Bolamba ba ba neng ba nna kwa Tuli Block kwa Zembefonyi; go bapa le bone go ne go le Mmadema kwa Pitseng gaufi le Ghadi Pan, mme mo teng ga kgaolo eo Serumola le balatedi ba gagwe ba nna kwa Lentsweng la Lephale. Gompieno, ba santse ba busiwa ke setlogolo sa ga Serumola, Richard Serumola. Pele ga ba gapa Mathathane, batho bano ba ne ba le mo gare ga batho ba ga Malema ba ba neng ba patelediwa go tswa mo Tuli Block ke Khama III ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi . Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le borataro , [[Khama III]] o ne a roma mokgweetsi wa gagwe Modisaotsile Mokomane jaaka moemedi yo mogolo go phutha morafe wa Bobirwa le go ba baya mo motseng o le mongwe. Modisaotsile o ne a tlhoma Bobonong wa gompieno ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le borobabongwe mme a kopanngwa ke ditlhopha tse dingwe tse di neng di ikanyega mo go Khama III. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le borobabongwe , Khama o ne a romela Modisaotsile go ya go tlosa batho ba ga Malema mo Tuli Block go bulela baagi ba basweu ba Komponi ya Aforika Borwa ya Borithane tsela. Khama o ne a neela puso ya Boritane lefelo la Tuli Block ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le botlhano, le le neng la fetisediwa kwa komponeng ya BSA. Malema a gana go tswa mo lefelong leo, a ntsha mabaka a gore o setse a lemile, mme Modisaotsile a araba ka dikgoka. Mephato ya gagwe ya masole e ne ya fisa masimo a batho ba ga Malema. Nako nngwe, Malema a bilediwa kwa Serowe a tsentse dikeetane, dikgomo tsa Bobirwa le tsone tsa gapiwa. Malema o ne a atlholelwa loso mme mongwe le mongwe a laelwa gore a mmolaye ka segai fa a ka mmona. Malema o ne a tlhatlhela kgetsi kwa kgotlatshekelong ya molao a batla gore a busediwe lefatshe la gagwe la bagologolwane le go kopa madi a a kanang ka $40,000 a ditshenyegelo. O ne a emetswe ke mmueledi yo o nnang kwa [[Mahikeng|Mafikeng]] yo o bidiwang Glucksman, yo Malema a neng a mo solofetsa dikgomo di le sekete jaaka tuelo fa a ka fenya. Khama III o ne a tlhokafala kgang e ise e rarabololwe, mme morwawe [[Sekgoma II]] o ne a tlhomiwa go nna kgosi, yo o neng a dumela gore rraagwe o ne a atlhola ka bogale. Kwa bofelong, dikgatlhego tsa Boritane di ne tsa kgona go kgaola kgetsi eno. Go ipelaetsa, Malema o ne a tshaba le batho ba gagwe kwa Transvaal pele a boela go nna kwa Molaladau ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le bone. == Setso == Batho ba Mabolwe, fela jaaka Bobirwa ba bangwe, ba bua Sebirwa, puo e e tswang mo lelapeng la Bantu e e nang le babui ba ka nna dikete tse lesome kwa Botswana le Aforika Borwa.<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237345081 "The Sebirwa language: a synchronic and diachronic account".] ResearchGate. Retrieved 2021-07-19.</ref> == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Metse e e mo Botswana]] [[Karolo:Metse mo kgaolong ya legare la Botswana]] [[Karolo:Metse e mengwe mo Botswana]] 40c7oidk0s2b4k4230ac3mm5nszlw1j 0 12993 53210 51820 2026-07-25T15:41:53Z Khumo Batolomi 11767 Created by translating the section "Life and career" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353619994|Machana Shamukuni]]" 53210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Botswana politician}} {{Infobox officeholder | citizenship = [[Botswana]] | occupation = Politician | name = Machana Shamukuni | office = [[Ministry of Justice (Botswana)|Minister of Justice]] | successor = [[Nelson Ramaotwana]] | predecessor1 = [[Mpho Balopi]] | successor1 = ''Office abolished'' | termstart = 2022 | termend = 2024 | termstart1 = 2022 | termstart2 = 2014 | termend2 = 2024 | president = [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] | president1 = Mokgweetsi Masisi | party = [[Botswana Democratic Party]] | office1 = Minister of Employment, Labour Productivity and Skills Development | office2 = Member of Parliament for [[Chobe District|Chobe]] | termend1 = 2022 }} '''Machana Ronald Shamukuni('''23 September 1976 – 3 April 2026) e ne e le radipolotiki wa Motswana yo o neng a direla jaaka Tona ya Bosiamisi fa e sale lefapha le tlhamiwa ka 2022 go fitlha ka 2024.<ref>Staff Writer (2022-12-21). [https://www.mmegi.bw/news/prominent-lawyers-not-interested-in-jsc-jobs/news "Prominent lawyers not interested in JSC jobs"]. Mmegi Online. Retrieved 2022-12-29</ref> E ne e le Leloko la Kokoano Bosetšhaba la kgaolo ya Chobe go tloga ka 2014 go fitlha ka 2024. == Tiro == Shamukuni o ne a tlhophiwa go emela Chobe mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba mo ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa 2014 fa a ne a fenya mokgethi wa BCP Gibson Nshimwe, a amogela diboutu di le 4,114 go feta tsa ga Nshimwe di le 3,166.<ref>[https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/15351 "Shamukuni is New Chobe MP"]. ''Botswana Daily News''. 2014-10-25. Retrieved 2022-12-29.</ref> Ka nako ya gagwe ya ntlha, Shamukuni o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Mothusa Tona ya Merero ya Moporesitente.<ref>[https://thepatriot.co.bw/masisis-balancing-act/ "Masisi's balancing act".] ''The Patriot On Sunday''. 2019-11-14. Retrieved 2022-12-29</ref> O ne a fenya ditlhopho tsa 2019 kgatlhanong le mokgatlhô wa UDC Simasiku Mapulanga, a amogela diboutu di le 4,575 kgatlhanong le tsa ga Mapulanga di le 3,200.<ref>Letsholo, Keamogetse (2019-10-24). [https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/52505 "BDP Retains Chobe Constituency"]. Botswana Daily News. Retrieved 2022-12-29.</ref> Fa paka ya gagwe ya bobedi e simologa, Moporesitente Mokgweetsi Masisi ga a ka a mo boloka mo kabineteng e ntšhwa. Ka Pherekgong 2022, Masisi o ne a thapa Shamukuni jaaka Tona ya Ditiro, Tlhagiso ya Badiri le Tlhabololo ya Bokgoni. <ref>Office of the President [@BWPresidency] (2022-01-26). [https://web.archive.org/web/20241130002110/https://x.com/BWPresidency/status/1486262281113636864 "Honourable Machana Ronald Shamukuni has been appointed Minister of Employment, Labour Productivity and Skills Development"] (Tweet). Retrieved 2022-12-29 – via Twitter.</ref>Moragonyana mo ngwageng oo, Masisi o ne a tlhoma Shamukuni jaaka tona ya Lefapha la Bosiamisi le le neng le sa tswa go tlhomiwa.<ref>Peloetletse, Emma A. (2022). "Cabinet Appointments" (Press release). Gabarone, Botswana: Office of the President of Botswana.</ref>Shamukuni o tlhokafetse ka Moranang 2026.<ref>[https://www.mmegi.bw/news/bdp-confirms-shamukunis-passing/news "BDP confirms Shamukuni's passing"]. Mmegi Online. 4 April 2026. Retrieved 4 April 2026.</ref> == Metswedi == {{reflist}} [[Karolo:Mapolotiki a Botswana a dikete tse pedi le bongwe]] [[Karolo:Ditona tsa boatlhodi]] [[Karolo:Ditona tsa khiro]] [[Karolo:Mapolotiki a Botswana]] [[Karolo:Dintsho tsa 2026]] == Botshelo le tsa tiro == Shamukuni o ne a tlhophiwa go emela [[Kgaolo ya Chobe|Chobe]] kwa [[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|Khuduthamegeng ya Botswana]] mo [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 2014 (Botswana)|ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa 2014]] fa a ne a fenya ntlhopheng wa [[Botswana Congress Party|BCP]] Gibson Nshimwe, a amogela ditlhopho di le dikete di le nne le lekgolo le lesome le bone go feta tsa ga Nshimwe tse di neng di le dikete di ke tharo le lekgolo ke masome a marataro ke borataro. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2014 |title=Shamukuni is New Chobe MP |url=https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/15351 |access-date=29 December 2022 |website=Botswana Daily News}}</ref> Mo pakeng ya gagwe ya ntlha, Shamukuni o ne a tlhomiwa go nna Mothusa Tona wa Merero ya ditiro tsa ga tautona. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=14 November 2019 |title=Masisi's balancing act |url=https://thepatriot.co.bw/masisis-balancing-act/ |access-date=29 December 2022 |website=The Patriot On Sunday |language=en-US}}</ref> O fentse ditlhopho gape ka 2019 kgatlhanong le ntlhopheng wa [[Umbrella for Democratic Change|UDC]] Simasiku Mapulanga, a amogela ditlhopho di le dikete di le nne le makgolo a me matlhano le masome a ke bosupa le botlhano go feta di le dikete di le tharo le makgolo a mabedi tsa ga Mapulanga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Letsholo |first=Keamogetse |date=24 October 2019 |title=BDP Retains Chobe Constituency |url=https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/52505 |access-date=29 December 2022 |website=Botswana Daily News}}</ref> Fa paka ya gagwe ya bobedi e simolola, Tautona [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] ga a ka a mo tsenya mo kabineteng e ntšha.. <ref name=":0" /> Ka Firikgong 2022, Masisi o ne a tlhoma Shamukuni go nna Tona ya khiro, pereko ya Babereki le Tlhabololo ya dikitso. Moragonyana mo ngwageng yoo, Masisi o ne a tlhoma Shamukuni go nna tona ya lephata la tsa Molao le le neng le sa tswa go tlhamiwa . Shamukuni o ne a tlhokafala ka Moranang 2026. <ref>{{Cite news|title=BDP confirms Shamukuni's passing|url=https://www.mmegi.bw/news/bdp-confirms-shamukunis-passing/news|access-date=4 April 2026|publisher=Mmegi Online|date=4 April 2026}}</ref> r053co4v9ylv1f9q4sydnlzwrn0aru8 0 13213 53199 49755 2026-07-25T12:20:02Z MmaBaggio 11091 53199 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:St. Joseph's College, Kgale LOGO.jpg|thumb|'''Sekolo sa St. Joseph's''']] '''Kholeje ya St. Joseph''' ke sekolo sa SeKatoliki se se thusiwang ke puso se se mo [[Gaborone]], Botswana.<ref>[http://www.localbotswana.com/company/12397/ST_JOSEPHS_COLLEGE "ST JOSEPH'S COLLEGE".] Retrieved 17 June 2016.</ref><ref>[http://www.localbotswana.com/company/12397/ST_JOSEPHS_COLLEGE "St Joseph's College"]. LocalBotswana.com. Retrieved 24 August 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.africanadvice.com/1346557/Colleges/Botswana/St_Joseph's_College/ "St Joseph's College".] Africa Pages. Retrieved 24 June 2016.</ref> Se tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi ke ba Kereke ya SeKatoliki, Kholeje ya St. Joseph maikaelelo a yone ke go fa bana ba Batswana thuto. Jaaka sekolo sa barongwa se se thusiwa ke puso, madi a yone a tswa mo pusong ya Botswana, fa bong le tsamaiso di le ka fa tlase ga Diyosese ya Roma ya SeKatoliki ya Gaborone.<ref>[http://dioceseofgaborone.mariannhillmedia.org/ "Diocese of Gaborone main website"]</ref> Kholeje e tsamaya ka lenaneothuto la bosetšhaba le le beilweng ke Lephata la Thuto le Tlhabololo ya Bokgoni la Botswana.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100118184745/http://www.moe.gov.bw/index.php "Ministry of Education".] Archived from [http://www.moe.gov.bw/index.php the original] on 18 January 2010.</ref> Fa ba fetsa lenaneo la bone la dithuto, baithuti ba kwala tlhatlhobo ya bofelo ya Setankana sa Botswana sa Thuto ya Bobedi (BGCSE).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161010125524/http://www.bec.co.bw/ "Botswana Examinations Council".] Archived from [http://www.bec.co.bw/ the original] on 10 October 2016.</ref> Kholeje ya St. Joseph, Kgale, e itsiwe jaaka sekolo se segolwane sa puso se godisang maitsholo a laolesegang mo baithuting.<ref>[http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?aid=58127&dir=2016/february/26 "Education in crisis"]. Mmegi Online. 26 February 2016. Retrieved 10 October 2016.</ref>Sekolo se na le leina le le ntle la maduo a a kgatlhisang mo Ditlhatlhobong tsa Bosetšhaba. == Moono == ==== Mola wa motheo: Per aspera ad astra ==== Moono wa sekolo ke _Per Aspera Ad Astra_. Lefoko _Ad astra_ le tswa mo puong ya Selatine mme le ranola "go ya kwa dinaleding," fa _per aspera_ e le lefoko le lengwe la Selatine le le rayang "ka mathata" kgotsa "ka dikgwetlho."<ref>Keiter, Heinrich (1872). [[iarchive:perasperaadastr00keitgoog|Per aspera ad astra!: Roman]]. Hermann Costenoble. p. 67. Retrieved 10 October 2016. Per aspera ad astra!: Roman By Heinrich Keiter.</ref><ref>Ookeditse, Lawrence. [http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=3&dir=2008/August/Tuesday5//// "Per Aspera, Ad Astra"]. Mmegi Online. Retrieved 10 October 2016.</ref> == Kokelo ya Barongwa ya St. Joseph == Sekolo sa St. Joseph se na le kokelo e e diretsweng go thusa baithuti ba yone ka ditirelo tsa kalafi. Kokelo e na le badiri ba tsa botsogo ba ba nang le dithutego, go akaretsa baoki le dingaka. Mo godimo ga moo, kokelo e direla le batho ba ba tswang kwa ntle ba ba itseng ka go nna teng ga yone. Badiri ba tsa kalafi ba akaretsa baoki ba ba katisitsweng le dingaka tse di nang le dithutego, bangwe ba bone e le bosisitere.<ref>[http://www.africanadvice.com/1346630/Private_Clinics/Botswana/St_Joseph's_Mission_Clinic/ "St Joseph's Mission Clinic".] African Advice. Retrieved 10 October 2016.</ref> == Boitshupo jwa Sekolo == === Mebala === Botala jwa segosi, Botala jwa loapi le Bopududu<ref>[http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?aid=49518 "Mmegi Online :: Bravo to St Joseph's College".] Mmegi Online. Retrieved 26 October 2016.</ref> == Metswedi == oapc5ypetc5wagkf0r9emecp0fsioyk 0 13335 53253 50336 2026-07-26T00:21:25Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53253 wikitext text/x-wiki Go tswa mo Wikipedia, saetlopedia ya mahala (Go tswa mo Tsamaiso ya Metswedi ya Metsi) Setlhogo seno se bua ka mefuta yotlhe ya metsi a a ka nnang a thusa batho. Go bona mofuta wa metsi a tholego a batho ba a dirisang thata, bona Water Resources. Fa o batla go itse go le gontsi bona Freshwater (disambiguation). Metsi a a phepha kgotsa metsi a phepha ke metsi fela a e leng metsi kgotsa a gatseditsweng a na le selekanyo se se kwa tlase sa letswai le le nyerolotsweng le dilo tse dingwe tse di thata tse di nyerolotsweng. Lereo leno ga le akaretse metsi a lewatle le metsi a a letswai, mme le akaretsa metsi a a senang letswai a a nang le diminerale tse di ntse, a a jaaka metswedi ya metsi a a senang letswai. Metsi a a phepha a ka akaretsa metsi a a gatsetseng le a gakologang mo dikgapetleng tsa aese, mo dikgapetleng tsa kapoko le mo dithabeng tsa aese, mo dipuleng tsa tlholego tse di jaaka pula, kapoko, sefako/sleet le graupel, le metsi a a elelang a tswang mo godimo ga lefatshe a a bopang metsi a a mo teng ga lefatshe a a jaaka mafelo a a bongola, matamo, matsha, dinoka, melatswana ga mmogo le metsi a a kwa tlase ga lefatshe a a mo dikhuting tsa metsi, dinoka tse di ka fa tlase ga lefatshe le matsha. Metsi a botlhokwa thata gore ditshedi tsotlhe di kgone go tshela.Ditshedi ka bontsi di kgona go tshela sentle mo metsing a a letswai mme bontsi jwa dimela tse di nang le ditshika le bontsi jwa dintshenekegi, di-amphibian, digagabi, diamusi le dinonyane di thoka metsi a a phepha gore di tshele. Metsi a a phepha ke metsi ke motswedi wa metsi o o leng botlhokwa thata mo bathong. Metsi a a phepha ga se ka metlha e le metsi a a ka nowang, ke gore, metsi a a bolokesegileng gore batho ba ka a nwa. Bontsi jwa metsi a a phepha a lefatshe (a a fa godimo le a a kwa tlase ga lefatshe) ga a siamela go nowa ke batho fa a sa alafiwe. Metsi a a phepha a ka kgotlelwa mothofo ke ditiro tsa batho kgotsa ka ntha ya dilo tsa tholego tse di jaaka go gogolega ga mmu. Metsi a a phepha a dira dipalo tse di kwa tlase ga tse di tharo mo lekgolong tsa metsi a a leng teng mo lefatsheng, mme ke palo e le nngwe mo lekgolong fela tsa one tse di teng. Mo e ka nnang dipalo tse di lesome le bosupa mo lekgolong tsa metsi a a phepha a lefatshe a gatseditswe kwa Antarctica. Ke palo ya boraro mo lekgolong fela tsa yone tse di ntshediwang gore batho ba nwe. Temothuo e dirisa mo e ka nnang peditharong ya metsi otlhe a a phepha a tswang mo tikologong.<ref>[https://www.eib.org/en/essays/wastewater-resource-recovery "Wastewater resource recovery can fix water insecurity and cut carbon emissions"]. ''European Investment Bank''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220829150040/https://www.eib.org/en/essays/wastewater-resource-recovery Archived] from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210219192438/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/freshwater-crisis "Competing for Clean Water Has Led to a Crisis"]. ''Environment''. 26 January 2010. Archived from [https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/freshwater-crisis the original] on 19 February 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2022.</ref><ref>"[https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/freshwater-resources/ Freshwater Resources | National Geographic Society]". ''education.nationalgeographic.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220526195118/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/freshwater-resources Archived] from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022.</ref> Metsi a a phepha ke motswedi wa tholego o o kgonang go ntshafadiwa ebile o kgona go fetofetoga, le fa go ntse yalo oa thaela. Metsi a a phepha a tlalediwa ke modikologo wa tholego wa metsi, o mo go one metsi a lewatle, a matsha, a dikgwa, a naga, a dinoka le a matamo a mowafalang, a bopa maru mme a boela mo teng ga naga ele pula.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20191127053410/https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/fundamentals-water-cycle?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects The Fundamentals of the Water Cycle]". ''www.usgs.gov''. Archived from [https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/fundamentals-water-cycle?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects the original] on 27 November 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2021.</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, fa metsi a a phepha a dirisiwa thata ka ditiro tsa batho go na le go tsosolosiwa ka tholego, seno se ka felela ka go fokotsega ga metsi a a phepha (kgotsa thaelo ya metsi) go tswa mo metsweding ya fa godimo le ya ka fa tlase ga lefatshe mme se ka baka tshenyo e kgolo mo tikologong e e dikologileng le e e amanang le yone.<ref>Alviar, Rene (1998). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20250121172714/https://tuklas.up.edu.ph/Record/IPN-00000053237?sid=961997 Laguna de Bay drying up fast, says task force]". UP collection of Inquirer. Retrieved 30 December 2024.</ref> Gape kgotlelo ya metsi e fokotsa metsi a a phepha a re nang le one. Mo mafelong a go senang metsi a a lekaneng mo go one, batho ba ile ba simolola go dirisa maranyane a a tshwanang le a go tlosa letswai mo metsing le go dirisa gape metsi a a leswe go oketsa metsi a a leng teng. Le fa go ntse jalo, ka ntlha ya ditshenyegelo tse di kwa godimo (tsa kapetlele le tsa go tsamaisa) le - segolobogolo mo go ntsheng letswai - ditlhokego tsa maatla, bontsi jwa tsone e santse e le didirisiwa tse di sa reng sepe. Tsela e nngwe e sa kgoneng go dirisiwa ke go dirisa se gotweng ke "metsi a a tswang mo ditsheding tsa bogologolo<nowiki>''</nowiki> a tswang mo metsweding ya metsi e e kwa tlase ga lefatshe. E re fa metswedi ya metsi a a kwa tlase ga lefatshe e bopegile dingwaga di le dimilione tse di fetileng fa tlelaemete ya lefelo leo e ne e le metsi (sekao go tswa mo go nngwe ya dipaka tsa Green Sahara) mme ga di tlale ka tsela e e utlwalang mo maemong a tlaemete ya gompieno-bogolo fa go bapisiwa le go gogiwa, metswedi ye ya metsi a a kwa tlase ga lefatshe di bopa metswedi e e sa ntshafadiweng fa go tshwantshiwa le peat kana lignite, tse di tswelelang di bopega ka metlha e e sa kgaotseng mo nakong ya gompieno mme ditsamaiso tsa bogolo di bonya go na le ka fa di epololwang ka teng. == Ditlhaloso == '''Tlhaloso ya Dipalo''' Metsi a a phepha a ka tlhalosiwa e le metsi a a kwa tlase ga dikarolo tse di makgolo a a matlhano mo milione wa matswai a a nyerolotsweng.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060428102341/http://www.groundwater.org/gi/gwglossary.html#F "Groundwater Glossary"]. 27 March 2006. Archived from [http://www.groundwater.org/gi/gwglossary.html#F the original] on 28 April 2006. Retrieved 14 May 2006.</ref> Mdetswedi e mengwe e ntsha melelwane e e kwa godimo ya letswai la metsi a a phepha, sekao, 1000 ppm<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110606104533/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=freshwater "Freshwater"]. ''Glossary of Meteorology''. [[:en:American_Meteorological_Society|American Meteorological Society]]. June 2000. Archived from [http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=freshwater the original] on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 27 November 2009.</ref> kgotsa 3000 ppm.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060511182717/http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/pfk/pages/glossary.php?entry_name=Freshwater "Freshwater"]. ''Fishkeeping glossary''. [[:en:Practical_Fishkeeping|Practical Fishkeeping]]. Archived from [http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/pfk/pages/glossary.php?entry_name=Freshwater the original] on 11 May 2006. Retrieved 27 November 2009.</ref> '''Ditsamaiso''' Mafelo a metsi a a phepha a kgaogantswe go nna ditsamaiso tsa lentic, tse e leng metsi a a sa kgaleng a a akaretsang matamo, matsha, matamo le dikhuti; lotic tse e leng ditsamaiso tsa metsi a a elelang kgotsa metsi a a kwa tlase ga lefatshe a a elelang mo matlapeng le mo mafelong a a nang le metsi a mantsi. Mo godimo ga moo, go na le kgaolo e e kopanyang metsi a a kwa tlase ga lefatshe le metsi a a elelang fa godimo, e leng kgaolo ya hyporheic, e e leng fa tlase ga dinoka tse dintse tse di kgolo mme e ka nna le metsi a mantsi go feta a a bonwang mo mogogorong o bulegileng. Gape e ka nna ya bo e na le bokopano jwa thamalalo le metsi a a ka tlase ga lefatshe. == Metswedi == Ditlhogo tsa konokono: Modikologo wa metsi le Metswedi ya metsi Mo e ka nnang metsi otlhe a a phepha a tswa mo puleng e e tswamg mo atemosefereng, ele mouwane, pula le kapoko. Metsi a a phepha a a welang jaaka mouwane, pula kgotsa kapoko a na le dilo tse di tswang mo atemosefereng le tse di tswang mo lewatleng le mo lefatsheng tse maru a nang le pula a neng a tsamaya mo go tsone. Kgabagare pula e dira gore go nne le metsi a batho ba ka a dirisang jaaka metswedi ya metsi a a phepha: matamo,matsha, dipula, melatswana le metsi a a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe a a mo teng ga lefatshe. Mo mafelong a a gaufi le lotshitsi, metsi a a phepha a ka nna le letswai le lentsi le le tswang mo lewatleng fa diphefo di dira gore marotlhodi a metsi a lewatle a tsene mo marung a a nang le pula. Seno se ka dira gore go nne le sodium, chloride, magnesium le sulfate tse di kwa godimo thata ga mmogo le di khemikale tse dingwe tse dintse tse di kwa tlase thata. Mo mafelong a sekaka, kgotsa mafelo a nang le mmu o o humangegileng kgotsa o o tletseng lerole, diphefo tse di nang le pula di ka kgona go phutha motlhaba le lerole mme seno se ka nna sa tshelwa kwa mafelong a mangwe e le pula mme seno sa dira gore metsi == Metswedi == bgx750cu2yn5janucdq1qpchxl79d6r 0 13712 53208 50848 2026-07-25T15:31:02Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53208 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Noka ya Kidepo''' ke noka ya setlha mo mokgatšheng wa Kidepo mo kgaolong ya Karamoja ya [[Uganda]],<ref>[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/crossing-the-dry-kidepo-river-1470966 "Crossing the dry Kidepo river"]. ''Monitor''. 2021-01-05. Retrieved 2025-06-28.</ref>le mo kgaolong ya East Equatoria ya [[South Sudan]]. Noka e naya leina la yone kwa Kidepo Valley National Park, e e e ralalang.<ref>Patel, Colin Hancock, Heenali (2016-01-05). [https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/uganda-kidepo-park-top-destination "Kidepo National Park: Uganda's top destination".] ''CNN''. Retrieved 2025-06-28.</ref><ref>Mafabi, David (2018-02-27). [https://pmldaily.com/features/2018/02/giraffes-another-wonder-at-kidepo-park.html "Giraffes; another wonder at Kidepo Park".] ''PML Daily''. Retrieved 2025-06-28.</ref> == Tsela == Metsi a a kwa bokone-botlhaba jwa Uganda a golagane le dithaba tsa Napore-Nyangea le dithaba tsa Morungole le Zulia, tse di itsegeng e le metswedi ya dinoka mo kgaolong ya Karamoja, go akaretsa le tsamaiso ya Kidepo.<ref name=":0">[https://ugandawildlife.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Kidepo_Valley_-National_Park_GMP.pdf Kidepo Valley National Park General Management Plan 2012–2022] (PDF) (Report). Uganda Wildlife Authority. Retrieved 18 December 2025</ref>Noka e ralala kgaolo ya Kidepo Valley (go akaretsa Kidepo Valley National Park) pele ga e kgabaganya go ya kwa [[South Sudan]].<ref name=":1">[https://ugandawildlife.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/KVNP-2018-4.pdf KIDEPO VALLEY NATIONAL PARK: Park at a glance] (PDF) (Report). Uganda Wildlife Authority. Retrieved 18 December 2025</ref>Mo molatswaneng wa noka ya Kidepo  ⁇  Narus, dinoka tsa Kidepo le Narus di tlhalosiwa jaaka di elela go ya kwa bokone mme di kopana kwa Sudan (e jaanong e leng South Sudan), kwa bofelong di elela go ya kwa molatswaneng wa Nile.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20251222230904/https://www.stevecunliffe.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/Africa-Geographic-Kidepo.pdf Kidepo Valley National Park in north-eastern Uganda (Africa Geographic, February 2008)] (PDF) (Report). Africa Geographic. Retrieved 18 December 2025.</ref> == Dipopego tsa lefatshe == Noka ya Kidepo e elela karolo ya naga e e omeletseng ya bokone jwa [[Uganda]] le borwa jwa [[South Sudan|South Sudan.]] Lefelo la yone le le kwa godimo le mo kgaolong ya Karamoja, koo metsi a a elelang go tswa kwa dithabeng tsa Napore-Nyangea le dithaba tsa Morungole le Zulia a dirang gore dinoka di elele ka dinako tsa ngwaga.<ref name=":0" />Noka e kgabaganya Kidepo Valley, nngwe ya dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa Kidepo Valley National Game Park, pele ga e kgabaganya go tsena mo [[South Sudan]].<ref name=":1" />Mafelo a a dikologileng a na le savanna e e bulegileng, mafelo a a bongola a setlha, dimela tsa noka, le dithaba tse di itlhaotseng tse di tlhotlheletsang metsi a lefelo leo le mefutafuta ya ditshedi. <ref name=":0" /> == Hydrology le dipaka == Kwa Kidepo Valley National Park, dinoka tsa Kidepo le Narus di tlhalosiwa jaaka "dinoka tsa motlhaba" tse di elelang ka bokhutshwane morago ga dipula tse di maatla, mme Kidepo Valley le melatswana ya yone e nna e omile mo karolong e kgolo ya ngwaga.<ref>[https://ugandawildlife.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/KVNP-2018-4.pdf KIDEPO VALLEY NATIONAL PARK: Park at a glance (PDF) (Report). Uganda Wildlife Authority.] Retrieved 18 December 2025.</ref>Go nna teng ga metsi mo dikgweding tse di omileng go begwa segolo thata jaaka matamo a masalela (segolo thata go bapa le Narus), a diphologolo tsa naga di a dirisang fa go se na metsi a a elelang kwa godimo.<ref name=":2">[https://ugandawildlife.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/KVNP-2018-4.pdf KIDEPO VALLEY NATIONAL PARK: Park at a glance (PDF) (Report). Uganda Wildlife Authority.] Retrieved 18 December 2025.</ref> Tlhaloso ya kwa ntle ya thulaganyo ya noka mo kgaolong ya Kidepo e tlhalosa Kidepo jaaka noka ya nakwana e e nang le go nna le merwalela, e e elelang mo tikologong e e omeletseng ya mokgatšha. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20251222230904/https://www.stevecunliffe.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/Africa-Geographic-Kidepo.pdf Kidepo Valley National Park in north-eastern Uganda (Africa Geographic, February 2008)] (PDF) (Report). Africa Geographic. Retrieved 18 December 2025</ref>Tshedimosetso ya Uganda Wildlife Authority ya Kidepo Valley National Park e bega ka tlelaemete e e omileng mme e neela dipharologano tsa pula magareng ga mokgatšha wa Narus (mo e ka nnang 890 mm ka ngwaga) le mokgatšha wa Kidepo (mo e ka nnang 635 mm ka ngwaga).<ref>[https://ugandawildlife.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/KVNP-2018-4.pdf KIDEPO VALLEY NATIONAL PARK: Park at a glance] (PDF) (Report). Uganda Wildlife Authority. Retrieved 18 December 2025.</ref> == Kgaolo ya Kidepo == Profaele ya taolo ya mafatshe a a bongola ya [[Sudan]] Borwa e tlhalosa "Kidepo Basin" jaaka e elelelang ka dikgaolo tsa Lamwo, Kitgum, le Kaabong mme e elela mo White Nile kwa Sudan Borwa ka dinoka tsa Kidepo le Narus.<ref>[https://nilebasin.org/sites/default/files/2023-09/WRM-WBS-2022-11_South%2520Sudan%2520Wetlands%2520Governance%2520and%2520Management%2520Profile.pdf South Sudan Wetlands Governance and Management Profile] (PDF) (Report). Nile Basin Initiative. Retrieved 18 December 2025</ref> Motswedi o o tshwanang o bolela fa lefelo le le omileng, le na le mafelo a a bongola a dipaka a a begilweng go bapa le molelwane wa kgaolo ya Lamwo  ⁇  Kitgum le kwa dikarolong tsa Kgaolo ya Kaabong kwa karolong e e kwa godimo ya Noka ya Kidepo.<ref>[https://nilebasin.org/sites/default/files/2023-09/WRM-WBS-2022-11_South%2520Sudan%2520Wetlands%2520Governance%2520and%2520Management%2520Profile.pdf South Sudan Wetlands Governance and Management Profile] (PDF) (Report). Nile Basin Initiative. Retrieved 18 December 2025.</ref> == Tikologo le mafelo a a sireleditsweng == Mokgatšha wa Kidepo ⁇ Narus o tshegetsa mafelo a a amanang le dinoka mo Kidepo Valley National Park. [[Uganda]] Wildlife Authority e tlhalosa gore pula ga e ne ka nako ya komelelo mme e bontsha pharologano magareng ga Kidepo Valley e e omileng le maemo a a ikanyegang a metsi a a amanang le kgaolo ya Narus.<ref>[https://ugandawildlife.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/KVNP-2018-4.pdf KIDEPO VALLEY NATIONAL PARK: Park at a glance] (PDF) (Report). Uganda Wildlife Authority. Retrieved 18 December 2025.</ref> Ka fa gare ga serapa sa bosetšhaba, ditlhare tsa Borassus di tlhalosiwa jaaka karolo e e tlwaelegileng go bapa le dinoka go akaretsa Kidepo le Narus.<ref>[https://ugandawildlife.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Kidepo_Valley_-National_Park_GMP.pdf Kidepo Valley National Park General Management Plan 2012–2022] (PDF) (Report). Uganda Wildlife Authority. Retrieved 18 December 2025</ref> == Tlhokomelo == Bontsi jwa noka ya Kidepo bo mo Kidepo Valley National Game Park, e leng lefelo le le sireleditsweng le le laolwang ke Uganda Wildlife Authority. <ref name=":0" />Noka le mafelo a yone a a amanang le yone a thusa mo go bolokeng tikologo ya Kidepo-Narus, e tshegetsa diphologolo tsa naga le dimela tse di nnang gaufi le noka. Matamo a dipaka a a salang morago ga gore noka e kgaotse go elela a tlamela metswedi e e botlhokwa ya metsi a setlha se se omeletseng a diphologolo tsa naga mo teng ga Serapa.<ref name=":2" /> Ka jalo tshomarelo ya mafelo a dinoka e tsewa e le karolo e e botlhokwa ya tsamaiso ya tikologo e e anameng mo lefelong le le sireleditsweng.<ref name=":0" /> == Metswedi == h20jit24lfuabqu6pp34skp9cfeluw0 0 14289 53252 52632 2026-07-25T23:58:04Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Thulani Maseko|image=Thulani Maseko.jpg|image caption=Maseko ka 2011|birth_name=Thulani Rudolf Maseko|birth_date=Mopitlo a rogwa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa|birth_place=Luhleko, [[Swwaziland]]|death_date=Firkgong a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le boraro|death_place=Luhleko, [[Eswatini]]|education=[[University of Swaziland]] Molao|occupation=Mmueledi|years active=Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le bone go tsena dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le boraro.|spouse=[[Tanele Maseko]]}} '''Thulani Rudolf Maseko''' (o o tshotsweng ka Mopitlo a rogwa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa, a tlhokafala ka Firikgong a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le boraro) <ref>[https://allafrica.com/stories/202301250094.html "Eswatini: Centre for Human Rights Expresses Shock and Sadness at the Death of Human Rights Defender and Graduate Thulani Maseko"]. ''[[:en:AllAfrica|allAfrica]]''. 25 January 2023. Retrieved 02 July 2026</ref>e ne e le mmueledi wa ditshwanelo tsa setho wa kwa Eswatini<ref>[https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Top-rights-lawyer-arrested-20090604 "Top rights lawyer arrested".] ''N[[:en:News24_(website)|ews24]]''[[:en:News24_(website)|.]] 24 June 2009. Retrieved 02 July 2026</ref> o pele a berekileng e le mokwaledi mogolo wa lekgotla la People's United Democratic Movement (PUDEMO).<ref>https://www.swazilandnews.co.za/fundza.php?nguyiphi=5925</ref><ref>Fabricius, Peter (22 January 2023). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2023-01-22-leading-swazi-activist-thulani-maseko-shot-dead-at-his-home/ "Leading Swazi activist Thulani Maseko shot dead at his home"]. ''[[:en:Daily_Maverick|Daily Maverick]]''. Retrieved 02 July 2026</ref> O kile a tsena mo kgolegelong go tswa ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le bone go tsena wa dikete pedi, lesome le botlhano, lekgotla la ditshwanelo tsa setho la [[Amnesty International]] le ne la tlhomamisa fa e le legolegwa le le tshwaretsweng dilo tse di kgatlhanong le segakolodi sa gagwe. O ne a ema kgatlhanong le [[Kgosi Mswati wa boraro]] kwa kgotlhatshekelong ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le lesome le borobabobedi, o bolailwe ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le boraro. == Botshelo jwa a le mmotlana le thuto == Maseko o tsholetswe kwa Luhleko, gaufi le Bhunya kwa kgaolong ya Manzini kwa Swaziland ka Mopitlo a rogwa, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa. O tsene sekolo se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro kwa [[University of Swaziland]],a aloga ka dithuto tsa botaki mo go tsa molao ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le bone le Bachelor of Laws ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le bosupa.<ref name=":0">[https://www.up.ac.za/news/centre-human-rights-expresses-shock-and-sadness-death-of-human-rights-defender-and-graduate "Centre for Human Rights expresses shock and sadness at the death of human rights defender and graduate Thulani Maseko".] ''up.ac.za''. [[:en:University_of_Pretoria|University of Pretoria]]. 23 January 2023. Retrieved 02 July 2026</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le motso, o ne a aloga ka Master in International Legal Studies go tswa kwa sekolong se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa [[Washington College of Law]] kwa America.<ref name=":0" /> == Go lwela ditshwanelo le go tshwarwa == Maseko e ne e le mmueledi wa puso ya batho ka batho, gape e le mmueledi wa ditshwanelo tsa setho o a neng a lemogiwa ka maiteko a gagwe a go sireletsa ditlhopha tsa batho ba dipalo tse dipotlana le batho ba ba kubilweng mo malwapeng a bone.<ref name=":1">[[:en:Geoffrey_York|York, Geoffrey]] (22 January 2023). [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-human-rights-lawyer-gunned-down-amid-turmoil-in-africas-last-absolute/ "Human-rights lawyer gunned down amid turmoil in Africa's last absolute monarchy"]. ''[[:en:The_Globe_and_Mail|The Globe and Mail]]''. Retrieved 02 July 2026</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabongwe, o ne a emela setlhopha sa babereki ba pele ba meepo ba kwa Swaziland mo tshekong e ba neng ba atlega mo go yone kgatlhanong le puso go bo e reteletswe ke go tshegetsa molaomotheo wa gore bana botlhe ba kwa Swaziland ba tlaa amogela thuto go tswa kwa moding ba sa duele sepe mo sebakeng sa dingwaga di le tharo molaomotheo o sena go tlhomiwa.<ref>Nxumalo, Manqoba (17 March 2009). [https://web.archive.org/web/20251204123032/https://www.times.co.sz/404.php "Govt loses free education case"]. [[:en:Times_of_Eswatini|''Times of Swaziland''.]] Retrieved 02 July 2026</ref> Ka Mopitlo a le malatsi a le lesome le borobabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le bone, Maseko o ne a isiwa kgolegelong ka ntlha ya go nyatsa kgotlatshekelo morago ga go kgala tsamaiso ya boatlhodi ya kwa Swaziland.<ref>James, Caroline (14 April 2014). [https://www.southernafricalitigationcentre.org/2014/04/14/thulani-maseko-and-bheki-makhubu-contempt-of-court-case-timeline-of-proceedings/ "Thulani Maseko and Bheki Makhubu Contempt of Court Case: Timeline of Proceedings"]. ''southernafricalitigationcentre.org''. [[:en:Southern_Africa_Litigation_Centre|Southern Africa Litigation Centre]]. Retrieved 02 July 2026</ref><ref>Maseko, Thulani (July 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20141019182057/http://www.thenation.co.sz/index.php/10-news-july-2014/36-why-we-are-jailed "Why We Are Jailed".] ''The Nation''. Archived from [http://www.thenation.co.sz/index.php/10-news-july-2014/36-why-we-are-jailed the original] on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 02 July 2026</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120250/http://www.swazilii.org/sz/judgment/high-court/2014/152 "Rex v Nation Magazine & 3 Others"]. ''swazilii.org''. Swaziland Legal Information Institute. 2014. Archived from [http://www.swazilii.org/sz/judgment/high-court/2014/152 the original] on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 02 July 2026</ref><ref name=":2">Maseko, Thulani (3 August 2014). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/03/-sp-barack-obama-swaziland-thulani-maseko "Letter to Barack Obama from a Swaziland jail cell".] [[:en:The_Guardian|''The Guardian''.]] Retrieved 02 July 2026</ref> Ka Moranang ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bone, mokwaledimogolo wa lekgotla la [[People's United Democratic Movement]] [[Mlungisi Makhanya]] o ne a tshwarwa go bo a ne a apere sekipa sa phathi fa a ya go gwanta mabapi le go tshwarwa ga ga Maseko le mmega dikgang Bheki Makhubu.<ref>Sandner, Philipp (14 July 2014). [https://www.dw.com/en/swaziland-africas-last-absolute-monarchy/a-17784664 "Swaziland: Africa's last absolute monarchy".] ''dw.de''. [[:en:Deutsche_Welle|Deutsche Welle]]. Retrieved 02 July 2026</ref><ref>[https://www.ifex.org/swaziland/2009/06/10/maseko_arrested/ "MISA condemns arrest of human rights lawyer"]. ''[[:en:IFEX_(organization)|IFEX]]''. 10 June 2009. Retrieved 02 July 2026</ref> Ka Phatwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le bone, Maseko o ne a kwalela tautona wa [[USA|United States]] [[Barack Obama]] a le kwa kgolegelong, a kopa gore a tsereganye pele ga bokopano jwa baetelepedi ba Aforika le ba United States jwa ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bone.<ref name=":2" /> Maseko o ne a gololwa kwa kgolegelong ka Phukwi a le masome mararo ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le botlhano. Lekgotla la mafatshefatshe la ditshwanelo tsa setho la Amnesty International le ne la re ke legolegwa le le tshwaretsweng dilo tse di kgatlhanong le segakolodi sa gagwe.<ref>[https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2015/07/im-dreaming-how-it-feels-when-your-husband-comes-home/ ""I'm dreaming" – how it feels when your husband comes home".] ''amnesty.org''. [[:en:Amnesty_International|Amnesty International]]. 7 July 2015. Retrieved 02 July 2026</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabobedi, Maseko o ne a ema kgatlhanong le Kgosi Mswati wa boraro mo kgotlhatshekelong ka ntlha ya go fetolwa leina ga lefatshe go tswa kwa go Swaziland go nna [[Eswatini]].<ref>Nkosi, Sibongakonkhe (9 July 2018). [https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/king-mswati-iii-faces-court-challenge-over-swaziland-name-change-20180709 "King Mswati III faces court challenge over Swaziland name change".] ''[[:en:City_Press_(South_Africa)|City Press]]''. Retrieved 02 July 2026</ref> == Loso == Maseko o ne a bolawa a le kwa ntlong ya gagwe mo kamoreng ya boiketlo,<ref name=":1" /> mo pele ga ba lolwapa lwa gagwe ka Firikgong a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le boraro kwa Luhleko.<ref>Mthethwa, Cebelihle (22 January 2023). [https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/human-rights-lawyer-thulani-maseko-shot-dead-outside-home-in-eswatini-20230122 "Human rights lawyer Thulani Maseko shot dead outside home in eSwatini"]. ''News24''. Retrieved 02 July 2026</ref> Tiragalo e, e ne ya salwa morago ke ,maiteko a a tseneletseng a go didimatsa batho ba ba lwelang puso ya batho ka batho le babueledi ba ditshwanelo tsa setho kwa Eswatini.<ref>Dlamini, Zweli Martin (21 January 2023). [https://swazilandnews.co.za/fundza.php?nguyiphi=3732 "EXCLUSIVE: Human rights lawyer Thulani Maseko shot dead".] ''The Swaziland News''. Retrieved 02 July 2026</ref> Fa a bua pele ga tiragalo e Kgosi Mswati wa boraro o ne a bua jaana phatlalatsa are "batho ba seka ba lela ba bo ba ngongoregela gore masole a a bolaya. Batho ba ke bone ba simolotseng tlhaselo pele".<ref name=":3">Kulkarni, Pavan (27 January 2023). [https://peoplesdispatch.org/2023/01/27/assassination-of-thulani-maseko-has-killed-prospects-of-peaceful-struggle-in-swaziland/ "Assassination of Thulani Maseko has killed prospects of peaceful struggle in Swaziland".] ''Peoples Dispatch''. Retrieved 02 July 2026</ref> Maseko o ne a bolokwa ka Firkgong a le masome mabedi le borobabongwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le boraro.<ref>[https://www.africanews.com/2023/01/30/eswatini-52-year-old-human-rights-lawyer-thulani-maseko-laid-to-rest/ "Eswatini: 52-year old human rights lawyer Thulani Maseko laid to rest".] ''Africanews''. 30 January 2023. Retrieved 02 July 2026</ref> === Tsibogo === Morago ga loso lwa ga Maseko, mmega dikgang wa kwa [[Zimbabwe]] [[Hopewell Chin'ono]] o ne a kwala mo maranyaneng a twitter gore polao ya gagwe e ne e kgakololo e e tshosang ya gore baeteledipele ba sepolotiki ba ba senyetsang setshaba ba ipaakanyeditse go dira sengwe le sengwe fela go didimatsa batho ba ba batlang puso ya batho ka batho".<ref name=":1" /> Makgotla a ditshwanelo tsa setho a le mantsi, ga mmogo le lekgotla la babereki ba tshipi kwa [[Aforika Borwa]],<ref>[https://www.polity.org.za/article/numsa-condemns-the-mswati-regime-for-the-assassination-of-human-rights-lawyer-adv-thulani-maseko-2023-01-25 "NUMSA condemns the Mswati regime for the assassination of human rights lawyer Adv Thulani Maseko".] ''Polity''. 25 January 2023. Retrieved 02 July 2026</ref> bokopano jwa makgotla a babereki kwa Aforika Borwa,<ref>Mafisa, Itumeleng (23 January 2023). [https://iol.co.za/the-star/news/2023-01-23-saftu-condemns-assassination-of-eswatini-political-activist-and-human-rights-lawyer/ "Saftu condemns assassination of eSwatini political activist and human rights lawyer"]. ''The Star''. Retrieved 02 July 2026</ref> lekgotla la molao kwa Aforika Borwa<ref>Motsoere, Gloria (24 January 2023). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230127164124/https://ewn.co.za/2023/01/24/law-society-of-sa-condemns-murder-of-eswatini-human-rights-lawyer-thulani-maseko "Law Society of SA condemns murder of eSwatini human rights lawyer Thulani Maseko"]. ''[[:en:Eyewitness_News_(South_Africa)|Eyewitness News]]''. Retrieved 02 July 2026</ref>, lekgotla la [[United Nations General Assembly|United Nations]] <ref>[[:en:Jason_Burke|Burke, Jason]] (24 January 2023). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/24/eswatini-of-pro-democracy-activist-prompts-outrage "Eswatini: murder of pro-democracy activist prompts outrage"]. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 02 July 2026</ref>le makgotla a mangwe a mantsi a ne a kgala polao e. Puso ya Eswatini e ne ya ntsha mokwalo o o neng o re "Loso lwa ga Maseko ke tatlhegelo mo lefatsheng, dikgato tsa gagwe e le mmueledi wa ditshwanelo tsa setho ke bosupi jwa seabe sa gagwe mo lefatsheng" e ne ya re go tlaa diriwa ditlhotlhomiso go netefatsa gore babolai ba gagwe ba a atlholwa.<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/01/25/eswatini-activist-rights-lawyer-brutally-killed "Eswatini: Activist, Rights Lawyer Brutally Killed".] [[:en:Human_Rights_Watch|''Human Rights Watch''.]] 25 January 2023. Retrieved 02 July 2026</ref> Tautona wa PUDEMO Mlungisi Makhanya o ne a re "Ga go na pelaesego ya gore polao e dirilwe ka taelo ya ga Kgosi...polao ya ga Thulani ke Kgosi Mswati go emela selo se le sengwe fela - polao ya kagiso. Thulani e ne e le monna wa kagiso. E ne e le moeteledipele o o obamelang melao o a neng a dira bojotlhe jwa gagwe mo go lweleng ditshwanelo tsa setho le puso ya batho ka batho, mme a dirisa mekgwa ya kagiso ka dinako tsotlhe."<ref name=":3" /> Ka Firkgong a le masome mabedi le boraro ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le boraro, mothusa mookamedi wa kwa botlhaba le borwa jwa [[Aferika|Aforika]] wa lekgotla la Amnesty International Flavia Mwangovya, o ne a re polao ya ga Maseko e ne e le kgaokololo e e tshosang ya gore ba ba lwelang phetogo ya sepoloitiki kwa Eswatini ga ba a babalesega. Lekgotla le, le ne la gwetla gore go diriwe tlhotlhomiso e e tseneletseng, e sa tsee lotlhakore ebile e le mo mpepeneneng ya polao ya ga Maseko go netefatsa gore babolai ba gagwe ba a atlholwa. Lekgotla le ne la re tlhotlhomiso e tshwanetse go diriwa ke lekgotla le le ikemetseng le eseng la puso.<ref>[https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/01/eswatini-leave-no-stone-unturned-in-ensuring-justice/ "Eswatini: Leave no stone unturned in ensuring justice for Thulani Maseko's unlawful killing".] ''Amnesty International''. 23 January 2023. Retrieved 02 July 2026</ref> Morago ga loso lwa gagwe, mosadi wa ga Maseko, [[Tanele Maseko]], o ne a etelela pele letsholo le le neng le gwetlha gore loso lwa gagwe lo tlhotlhomisiwe ke ba ba ikemetseng.<ref>Masiko-Mpaka, Nomathamsanqa (28 March 2024). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240328222533/https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/03/28/eswatini-authorities-target-activists-widow "Eswatini Authorities Target Activist's Widow"]. ''Human Rights Watch''. Archived from [https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/03/28/eswatini-authorities-target-activists-widow the original] on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 02 July 2026</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Ditshwanelo tsa setho kwa Eswatini]] * [[Puso ya Eswatini]] == Metswedi == ibwb1c8v1i8flgs4e11yba89zub4nvt 0 14350 53209 52224 2026-07-25T15:31:30Z Khumo Batolomi 11767 Created by translating the section "History" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363547274|Letsholathebe II Memorial Hospital]]" 53209 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sepatela sa Letsholathebe Memorial''' ke sepatela sa puso sa kgaolo se se kwa [[Maun]], ke toropo ya botlhano ka botona mo [[Botswana]]. Mo ngwageng wa dikete pedi, lesome le motso, toropo e, e ne e na le palo ya batho ba le dikete di le masome a matlhano le botlhano, makgolo a supa, masome a robabobedi le bone. Maun ke toropokgolo ya bojanala ya Botswana gape ke lefelo la botsamaisi la kgaolo ya [[Ngamiland]]. == Ditso == Sepatela sa Letsholathebe Memorial se tlhomilwe ke [[puso ya Botswana]] ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi, kgwedi ya Lwetse.<ref>[https://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/MinistryofHealth-MOH/Departments-of-MOH/MOA-Departments2/ "Establishment of Letsholathebe Memorial Hospital".] Retrieved 09 July 2026</ref> Lefelo le le tlamela setshaba mo Botswana. Se bereka se le mo bookameding jwa ga Mr. Richard Kambinda o e leng ene tlhogo ya tsa botsogo kwa go sone.<ref>[https://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/MinistryofHealth-MOH/Departments-of-MOH/MOA-Departments2/ "CMO Letsholathebe Hospital"]. ''Botswana Ministry of Health''. Retrieved 09 July 2026</ref> == Metswedi == == Ditso == Kokelo ya Letsholathebe Memorial e tlhomilwe ka kgwedi ya Lwetse ngwaga wa 2008 ke puso ya lefatshe la Botswana. Kokelo e e direla setšhaba mo Botswana. E dira ka fa tlase ga boeteledipele jwa mookamedimogolo wa tsa kalafi Rre [[Richard Kambinda]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=CMO Letsholathebe Hospital |url=http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/MinistryofHealth-MOH/Departments-of-MOH/MOA-Departments2/ |access-date=14 October 2017 |website=Botswana Ministry of Health}}</ref> jo51ozfbqqtbiy0xqvbpo91323lzpk6 0 14433 53214 52493 2026-07-25T16:55:19Z Khumo Batolomi 11767 Created by translating the section "Members of Parliament" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1323045917|Mmadinare (Botswana constituency)]]" 53214 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mmadinare''' ke kgaolo ya Botswana e e emetsweng mo [[Kokoanong Bosetšhaba ya Botswana]] fa e sale ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone ke Ketlhalefile Motshegwa, MP wa [[Umbrella for Democratic Change]] (UDC) fa e sale ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone. == Popego ya Kgaolo ya Botlhophi == kgaolo e e ne e le lefelo le le thata la [[Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP), e ne e nna e ntsha bontsi jwa batho go tswa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le botlhano go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone Botswana general election, fa [[Umbrella for Democratic Change]] (UDC) e ne e se naya kganetso. Phetogo eno e ne e le ka ntlha ya go wela tlase ga palo ya batho ba ba neng ba tlhopha BDP, e leng se se neng sa dira gore lekoko leno le fetse dingwaga di le masome a matlhano le borobabobedi le laola kgaolo eno. Se se botlhokwa ke gore, setulo se se ne se ntse se lejwa jaaka se se bolokesegileng sa BDP, segolo thata mo setheong se se kwa ntle ga Serowe. Ka sekai, e ne e le setilo se se bolokesegileng go gaisa sa BDP mo lefatsheng ka nako ya ditlhopho tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone. Phenyo eno e ne ya supa katlego e tona ya UDC kwa bokone jwa Botswana ka nako ya ditlhopho tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone , koo BDP e neng ya tswalelwa kwa ntle gotlhelele go tswa kwa [[Kgaolong ya Bogare]] - e e neng e le kgaolo ya yone e e maatla go gaisa mo ditsong. Kgaolo e e botona jwa selegae e e ikaegileng ka toropo ya meepo ya [[Selebi-Phikwe]] se akaretsa mafelo a a latelang:<ref>''[https://www.iec.gov.bw/images/2022_Delimitation_Final_Report.pdf 2022 DELIMITATION COMMISSION REPORT]'' (PDF). 2022.</ref> [[Mmadinare]] [[Sefophe]] [[Tobane]] [[Tshokwe]] [[Robelela]] Damochojenaa == Ditshupiso == == Maloko a Palamente == '''Tlhaloso:'''{{Party index link|Botswana Democratic Party}}{{Party index link|Umbrella for Democratic Change}} {| class="wikitable" ! width="100" |Ditlhopho ! colspan="2" width="175" |Mofenyi |- |[[Tempolete:Bechuanaland election link|Ditlhopho tsa 1965]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Botswana Democratic Party}}" width="5" | | rowspan="2" |[[Amos Dambe|Amose Dambe]] |- |[[Tempolete:Botswana election link|Ditlhopho tsa 1969]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Botswana Democratic Party}}" width="5" | |- |[[Tempolete:Botswana election link|Ditlhopho tsa 1974]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Botswana Democratic Party}}" width="5" | | rowspan="2" |Kebatlamang Morake |- |[[Tempolete:Botswana election link|Ditlhopho tsa 1984]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Botswana Democratic Party}}" width="5" | |- |[[Tempolete:Botswana election link|Ditlhopho tsa 1989]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Botswana Democratic Party}}" width="5" | | rowspan="6" |[[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]] |- |[[Tempolete:Botswana election link|Ditlhopho tsa 1994]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Botswana Democratic Party}}" width="5" | |- |[[Tempolete:Botswana election link|Ditlhopho tsa 1999]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Botswana Democratic Party}}" width="5" | |- |[[Tempolete:Botswana election link|Ditlhopho tsa 2004]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Botswana Democratic Party}}" width="5" | |- |[[Tempolete:Botswana election link|Ditlhopho tsa 2009]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Botswana Democratic Party}}" | |- | | bgcolor="{{party color|Botswana Democratic Party}}" | |- |[[Tempolete:Botswana election link|Ditlhopho tsa 2014]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Botswana Democratic Party}}" | |[[Kefentse Mzwinila]] |- |[[Tempolete:Botswana election link|Ditlhopho tsa 2019]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Botswana Democratic Party}}" | |[[Molebatsi Molebatsi]] |- |[[Tempolete:Botswana election link|Ditlhopho tsa 2024]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Umbrella for Democratic Change}}" width="5" | |Ketlhalefile Motshegwa |- |} lw9pzbk9a72bshdbyv88zumsr56k0u8 0 14475 53241 52626 2026-07-25T20:33:17Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53241 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sannah 'Sana' Mchunu''' (o tshotswe ka 19 Mopitlwo 1972) ke motshameki wa mo [[Aforika Borwa|Afrika Borwa]].<ref>Favour, Adeaga (21 August 2020). [https://briefly.co.za/74923-sannah-mchunu-sana-mchunu-bio-age-children-husband-parents-profile-facts.html "Personal life and career of Sannah Mchunu"]. ''Briefly''. Archived from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021.</ref> O itsege thata ka ditiro tsa {{Infobox person|name=Sana Mchunu|children=7|known for=Mzansi Bioskop & Zodwa mo Gomora|years active=2013–gompieno|occupation=Motshameki|birth_place=[[Soweto]], [[South Africa]]}} gagwe tsa thelebišene jaaka; eKasi: Our Stories, [[Muvhango]], [[The River]] le [[Gomora]].<ref>Machethe, Sindiswa (26 August 2021). [https://web.archive.org/web/20211129190450/https://celebioza.com/sana-mchunu-bio-husband-kids-roles-net-worth-gomora/ "Sana Mchunu Bio".] ''Celebioza''. Archived from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021.</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Mchunu o tshotswe ka 19 Mopitlwo ka ngwaga wa 1972 kwa Mofolo North, [[Soweto]], Afrika Borwa.<ref name=":0">[https://savannanews.com/sana-mchunu-biography-age-husband-kids-domestic-violence-tv-roles-net-worth-rhythm-city/ "Sana Mchunu Biography".] ''Savanna News''. 29 September 2020. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021.</ref> O ne a sa kgone go fetsa sekolo ka ntlha ya go nna le bana a sa le monnye thata.<ref>Nkosi, Joseph; MA[[. "Sannah Mchunu biography: age, husband, background, children - The Nation"]]. Archived from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021.</ref> Fa a le dingwaga di le 14, o ne a ima ka ngwana wa gagwe wa ntlha. Morago ga moo o ne a amogela ngwana wa gagwe wa bobedi a le dingwaga di le 19. O ne a ima gape morago ga gore batsadi ba gagwe ba mo busetse kwa sekolong.<ref>[https://africaupdates.co.za/sana-mchunu-reveals-don-reminded-her-of-her-ex-husband-who-dumped-her-with-their-5-children/ "Sana Mchunu reveals 'Don' reminded her of her ex-husband who dumped her with their 5 children"]. ''Africa Updates''. 22 November 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211129190443/https://africaupdates.co.za/sana-mchunu-reveals-don-reminded-her-of-her-ex-husband-who-dumped-her-with-their-5-children/ Archived] from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021.</ref> Fa batsadi ba gagwe ba sena go tlhokafala, o ne a nna le rraagwe ngwana wa gagwe wa bone.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210812093846/https://elegance7.com/gomora-actress-sana-mchunuzodwa-grateful-for-her-failed-marriage/ "Gomora actress Sana Mchunu(Zodwa) grateful for her failed marriage"]. Archived from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021.</ref> Fa a ne a ima ngwana wa gagwe wa botlhano, monna wa gagwe o ne a simolola go mo sotla mo mmeleng le mo maikutlong.<ref>Faeza. [https://www.news24.com/drum/archive/actress-sana-mchunu-opens-up-about-her-painful-past-and-how-acting-opened-many-doors-for-her-20170728 "Actress Sana Mchunu opens up about her painful past and how acting opened many doors for her".] ''Drum''. Archived from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021.</ref> Morago ga tlhakatlhakano eo yotlhe, o ne a tlogela bana le rragwe ngwana. O nale bana ba le supa ka palo.<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://savannanews.com/sana-mchunu-biography-age-husband-kids-domestic-violence-tv-roles-net-worth-rhythm-city/ "Sana Mchunu Biography"]. ''Savanna News''. 29 September 2020. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021.</ref> == Tiro == Mo dingwageng tsa gagwe e rile a le mmotlana, Sana o ne a tle a binele moswi [[Brenda Fassie]], e e neng ya mohiketsa moragonyana ke go ima ga gagwe gantsintsi. O ne a ya kwa ditekong morago ga ya tsala ya gagwe, Winnie Khumalo. Moragonyana o ne a tlhophiwa go tshameka karolo e e thusang mo go eKasi: Our Stories.<ref name=":0" /> Ka 2013, Sana o ne a tsenela e.tv anthology series eKasi: Our Stories mme a tshameka karolo ya "Mmamosadi Simelane" gantsi a bidiwa "Sis K". O ne a tswelela go nna naledi mo setlheng sa borataro sa motseletsele o o tshamekang ditiro tse dintsi jaaka "Rebecca", "Mrs. Khumalo", le "Gladys".O ne a tshameka karolo ya "Grace Letsoalo" mo Mzansi Magic miniseries Vuka Mawulele. Mo ngwageng ona oo, o ne a tlhagelela mo dithelebisheneng tse dingwe tse pedi: jaaka "Mmamosadi Qoboza" mo go [[SABC1]] ya sephiri ya End Game, le jaaka "Sibu" mo [[Mzansi Magic]] mini-serial Shabangu P.I.. Ka ngwaga wa 2014, o ne a tlhagelela mo mananeong a thelebišene mo Afrika Borwa: SABC1 drama Sticks and Stones (jaaka "Aunty Nena"), SABC1 docudrama Amagugu (jaaka "Lizzy"), SABC2 drama Gauteng Maboneng second season (jaaka "Rebecca"), Moja Love telenovela Hope (jaaka "Nelly") le mo terameng ya SABC1 Ihawu (jaaka "Rebo Modise"). Ka nako eo, karolo ya gagwe e e itsegeng thata mo thelebišeneng e ne e le ya "Nomarashiya" mo thelebišeneng ya SABC2 ya Muvhango. == Metswedi == a2g8uz0my45uvoiyzfr5su2exlqgq9n 0 14496 53250 52709 2026-07-25T22:37:39Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53250 wikitext text/x-wiki '''The Spar Group Ltd,''' e e itsegeng jaaka SPAR, ke ketane e tona ya mabenkele a matona mo Afrika Borwa, e bile ke e tona go gaisa mo lefatsheng ka palo ya mabenkele. E na le ntlokgolo kwa [[uMhlanga,]] [[KwaZulu-Natal|KwaZulu-Natal,]] mme e gwebisana le JSE Limited, e na le dilaesense tsa go tsamaisa mabenkele mo dinageng tse di farologaneng ka fa tlase ga letshwao la [[Dutch SPAR International.]] {{Infobox Company|name=The Spar Group Ltd|logo=The_Spar_Group_Ltd_Logo.jpg|image=Spar Store in De Waterkant, Cape Town.jpg|traded_as={{JSE|SPP}}|ISIN={{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|ZAE000058517}}|industry=[[Retail]]|hq_location=[[uMhlanga, KwaZulu-Natal|uMhlanga]], [[KwaZulu-Natal]], [[South Africa]]<ref name= "Spar ditches Pinetown, books R30m loss on HQ sale">{{cite web|url= https://www.moneyweb.co.za/news/companies-and-deals/spar-ditches-pinetown-books-r30m-loss-on-hq-sale/ |title= Spar ditches Pinetown, books R30m loss on HQ sale |author= Hilton Tarrant |publisher= Moneyweb |date= |access-date= 31 December 2025 }}</ref>|num_locations=4,449 <small>(2024)</small><ref name= "Integrated Annual Report 2024"></ref>|areas_served=[[Southern Africa]]<br />[[Sri Lanka]]<br />[[South West England]]<br />[[Ireland]]|key_people=Reeza Isaacs ([[CEO]])<ref name= "SPAR CEO quits – with former Woolworths director taking over">{{cite web|url= https://businesstech.co.za/news/banking/851626/spar-ceo-quits-with-former-woolworths-director-taking-over/ |title= SPAR CEO quits – with former Woolworths director taking over |author= Luke Fraser |publisher= BusinessTech |date= 20 February 2026 |access-date= 4 June 2026 }}</ref><br />Mike Bosman ([[Chairman]])|brands=SPAR<br />KWIKSPAR<br />SUPERSPAR<br />Spar express<br />Spar 2U<br />Pharmacy at SPAR<br />tops! at SPAR<br />SaveMor<br />EUROSPAR<br />Build it<br />BEAN TREE<br />Spar Gourmet<br />Pet Storey<ref name= "Our Brands">{{cite web|url= https://www.spar.co.za/Services/Our-Brands |title= Our Brands |author= |publisher= Spar |date= |access-date= 18 October 2025 }}</ref>|revenue={{increase}} [[South African rand|R]]152.33 billion <small>(2024)</small><ref name= "Integrated Annual Report 2024"></ref>|operating_income={{increase}} R2.11 billion <small>(2024)</small><ref name= "Integrated Annual Report 2024"></ref>|net_income={{decrease}} R352 million <small>(2024)</small><ref name= "Integrated Annual Report 2024"></ref>|assets={{decrease}} R59.25 billion <small>(2024)</small><ref name= "Integrated Annual Report 2024"></ref>|equity={{decrease}} R59.25 billion <small>(2024)</small><ref name= "Integrated Annual Report 2024"></ref>|num_employees=11,191 <small>(2024)</small><ref name= "Integrated Annual Report 2024"></ref>}} Spar e ne ya tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le bobedi, mme e dirisa motswako wa dimotlelara tsa kgwebo le tsa franchise mo mabenkeleng a yone. Gape kompone eno e tsamaisa mabenkele a a rekisang dijo tse di motlhofo a a bidiwang Spar express, a a dirwang ke Shell, a a leng mo dikagong tsa yone. Kompone e na le diteseletso tsa go dirisa leina la SPAR mo mafatsheng a le lesome le bongwe go akaretsa le Aforika Borwa. Kwa ntle ga naga ya gaabo, Spar e na le mabenkele kwa Borwa jwa Afrika, [[Sri Lanka]], South West [[England]], le [[Ireland]]. Kompone e dira jaaka kgwebo ya bobolokelo le kabo, e tlamela bagwebi ba ba ikemetseng (ba ba dirang ka fa tlase ga letshwao la Spar) ka dikuno tse di foreshe le dithoto, mmogo le ditirelo tse di farologaneng tsa tshegetso. Barekisi ba ka dirisa letshwao la Spar fa ba saena tumelano ya botokololo le SPAR Guild of Southern Africa. <ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20260421081136/https://thespargroup.com/about-us/our-value-chain/ "Our Value Chain".] Spar. Retrieved 18 October 2025.</ref> Kompone e dira jaaka kgwebo ya bobolokelo le kabo, e tlamela bagwebi ba ba ikemetseng (ba ba dirang ka fa tlase ga letshwao la Spar) ka dikuno tse di phepa le dithoto, mmogo le ditirelo tse di farologaneng tsa tshegetso. Barekisi ba ka dirisa letshwao la Spar fa ba saena tumelano ya botokololo le SPAR Guild of Southern Africa. <ref name=":0" /> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi lebone , Spar e na le mabenkele a ka nna dikete tse nne le makgolo a matlhanogo ralala mafatshe a le lesome le bongwe, mme e thapa batho ba ba fetang 1dikete tse lesome le bongwe. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241219150248/http://www.thespargroup.com/pdf/SPAR_IAR_2024.pdf Integrated Annual Report 2024"] (PDF). Spar. 2024. Retrieved 18 October 2025.</ref> == Ditso == Tirelo ya Spar mo Afrika Borwa e ne ya tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le boraro, kwa [[Cape Town|Cape Town,]] ke bagwebi ba le robedi, ba ba simolotseng go direla mabenkele a mannye a le makgolo a matlhano. Lefatshe le ne le la ntlha kwa ntle ga Yuropa go nna leloko la SPAR International organization.<ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20260630022730/https://thespargroup.com/about-us/history/ "Spar - History".] Spar. Retrieved 18 October 2025.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le botlhano, Spar e ne ya simolola letshwao la yone la SaveMor, le le neng le ikaeletse go direla baagi ba kwa magaeng. Dingwaga di le mmalwa morago ga moo, ka ngwaga wa se<ref name=":1" />kete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le borobabongwe setlhopha se ne sa bula setheo sa kabo (DC) kwa KwaZulu-Natal.<ref name=":1" /> Spar e simolotse letshwao la yone la mabenkele a kago, Build it, ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le botlhano, mme ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe, setlhopha se ne sa fudusetsa ntlokgolo ya sone kwa [[Pinetown]], KwaZulu-Natal, mme sa simolola ketane ya mabenkele a mannye a KWIKSPAR. Dingwaga tsa bo masome a robabongwe di tlisitse ditlhabololo tse dintsi mo setlhopheng, ka go tlhomiwa ga senthara ya yona ya kabo kwa Kapa Botlhaba ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le boraro, le go bulwa ga letshwao la lebenkele la SUPERSPAR ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi. <ref name=":1" /> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi, Spar e ne ya simolola go rekisa dilo tsa yone tse di kwa godimo! Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bone, setlhopha se se kwadisitsweng mo [[JSE Limited,]] e leng setheo se segolo sa kgwebo ya dithoto mo Aforika Borwa. DC ya boraro ya Spar e ne ya bulwa ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe, kwa Borwa jwa Gauteng. <ref name=":1" /> [[Setshwantsho:The Fresh, a Spar Cafe in De Waterkant, Cape Town.jpg|thumb|The Fresh, lefelo la go jela la Spar kwa De Waterkant, Cape Town]] Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bongwe, lebenkele la SPAR le ne la bulwa. SPAR e rekile 80% ya diabe tsa BWG Foods, khampani e e dirang kwa Ireland le South West England ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone, kompone ke mong wa mabenkele a SPAR koo, mmogo le difane tsa selegae jaaka Mace.<ref name=":1" /> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano, Spar e ne ya simolola lenaneo la maduo, ka fa e-dikhuphone e ne e tla naya bareki ditheko tse di kwa tlase mo dilwaneng tse ba di ratang. <ref>[https://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/458/238670.html "Revamped Spar Rewards programme gathers 1 million sign-ups in 6 days".] Bizcommunity.com. 23 May 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2025.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Fresh Produce Section in a Spar Store in De Waterkant, Cape Town.jpg|thumb|Lefelo la dijo tse di phepa mo lebenkeleng la Spar]] Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro, setlhopha se ne sa reka 60% ya SPAR Switzerland, mme ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bosupa , e ne ya simololwa kwa Sri Lanka ka koporasi magareng ga SPAR le Ceylon Biscuits Limited, motlhami wa dijo wa Sri Lanka.<ref name=":1" /> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe, SPAR e ne ya nna mong wa BWG Foods ka botlalo. <ref>Hancock, Ciaran. [https://www.irishtimes.com/business/wholesale-grocery-group-bwg-posts-annual-sales-of-1-3bn-a-rise-of-5-1.912555 "Wholesale grocery group BWG posts annual sales of €1.3bn, a rise of 5%".] ''The Irish Times''. Retrieved 13 August 2021.</ref><ref>Statement, Privacy; Conditions, Terms and; Policy, Cookies; Statement, Accessibility. "Our History – bwg.ie". Retrieved 3 April 2026</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi, kompone e ne ya simolola tirelo ya yona ya go tsamaisa ya Spar 2U e e ikaegileng ka app, ka teko ya tekelelo kwa mabenkeleng a a tlhophilweng kwa Joburg. <ref name=":2">[https://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/182/225096.html "Spar to roll out grocery delivery service in Johannesburg".] Bizcommunity.com. 16 February 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2025.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Confectionery Section of a Spar Outlet in De Waterkant, Cape Town.jpg|thumb|Lefelo le go rekisiwang dimonamone kwa go lone kwa Spar]] Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro, komponi e ne ya simolola gape lenaneo la yone la dituelo, mo lekgetlhong leno e le ka karata ya Spar Rewards. Karata e ne e na le batho ba ba fetang milione o le mongwe ba ba neng ba ikwadisa mo malatsing a yone a ntlha a le marataro. 40% ya ba ba ikwadisitseng e ne e le maloko a masha mo mananeong a go duela a Spar. <ref name=":2" /> Spar e ne ya emisa go dira kwa Poland ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro, morago ga dingwaga di le tharo.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260630022732/https://thespargroup.com/about-us/ About Us".] Spar. Retrieved 18 October 2025.</ref> Gape ka ngwaga wa dike tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano, setlhopha se ne sa oketsa seabe sa sona go ya go 100% mo letshwaong la SPAR Encore la private label. Seno se ne sa latela fa setlhopha se sena go nna le seabe se se laolang mo Encore ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi . Kgwebo e e dira jaaka motlamedi wa letshwaokgwebo la poraefete la setlhopha, mme e dira go reka, go paka, le go tlamela dikumo tsa letshwaokgwebo la Spar, tse di akaretsang dijo tse di rileng le mefuta e mengwe ya dithoto. <ref>Competition Tribunal of South Africa (31 January 2023). [https://lawlibrary.org.za/akn/za/judgment/zact/2023/20/eng@2023-02-27 "Spar Group Ltd v Spar Encore Ltd (LM133Oct22) &#x5B;2023&#x5D; ZACT 20 (27 February 2023) (Reasons)".] Law Library. Retrieved 18 October 2025.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Hirikgong ,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobe, Spar e ne ya itsise gore e ne e dirisana le batlamedi ba ba kgethegileng ba go isa kwa metsesetoropong, go akaretsa KasiD kwa Tembisa le Delivery Ka Speed kwa Mamelodi le Hamanskraal, go nolofatsa go isa kwa gae ga Spar 2U kwa metsesetoropong (e ka tlwaelo e neng e sa direlwe ke ditshupelo tse di ntseng jalo).<ref>[https://spar-international.com/news/spar-south-africa-redefines-rural-shopping-through-partnerships/ "SPAR South Africa redefines local shopping through partnerships".] Spar. 25 January 2024. Retrieved 18 October 2025.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone , banka ya kgwebo ya Aforika Borwa FNB e ne ya dirisana le Spar, gore badirisi ba pele ba simolole go bona maduo a eBucks fa ba reka kwa Spar. <ref>Staff Writer (1 February 2024). [https://mybroadband.co.za/news/banking/523506-fnb-expands-ebucks-rewards-to-spar.html "FNB expands eBucks Rewards to Spar"]. MyBroadband. Retrieved 18 October 2025.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano, Spar e ne ya simolola Spar Mobile, e leng motsamaisi wa marangrang a mobile virtual network (MVNO), e e dirang mo kgwebong ya MTN. Spar Mobile e ne ya tlhamiwa ka tirisanommogo le megsApp, MVNO e nngwe e e dirisang mafaratlhatlha a MTN. <ref name=":3">Jan Vermeulen (14 May 2025). [["Large retailer launches https://www.go2africa.com/african-travel-blog/rainbow-romance-gay-friendly-guide-cape-townmobile operator in South Africa".|"Large retailer launches mobile operator in South Africa".]] MyBroadband. Retrieved 18 October 2025.</ref> Komponi e ne ya golaganya diphuthelwana tsa data tsa MVNO le thulaganyo ya yone ya go duela. Ka nako eo, Spar a re mmaraka wa Aforika Borwa wa airtime le data o ne o lekanyetswa go nna R100 billion ka ngwaga, ka 86% ya ditransekshene di duelwa pele.<ref name=":3" /> Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano, Spar's CEO Max Oliva o ne a rola tiro, morago ga go nna mo kgwebong ka dingwaga di le masome a mararo.<ref>Staff Writer (10 June 2025). [https://businesstech.co.za/news/business/827584/spar-south-africa-ceo-resigns/ "SPAR South Africa CEO resigns".] BusinessTech. Retrieved 18 October 2025.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano, Spar e ne ya dirisana mmogo le Uber Eats go thusa go isa Spar le dilo tse di kwa godimo kwa gae! ka dilo tsa Spar ka app ya Uber.<ref>Staff Writer (8 July 2025). [https://businesstech.co.za/news/business/830815/spar-grocery-and-alcohol-deliveries-now-on-uber-eats-in-south-africa/ "SPAR grocery and alcohol deliveries now on Uber Eats in South Africa"]. BusinessTech. Retrieved 18 October 2025.</ref> Kakgwedi ya Lwetse,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano, setlhopha se ne sa itsise gore se rekisitse kgwebo ya sona ya kwa Switzerland ka R1 billion, mme se ne se rulaganyetsa go rekisa kompone ya sone ya kwa UK, gore se kgone go tsepamisa mogopolo mo kgwebong ya bagwebi ba Afrika Borwa.<ref>Bloomberg (9 September 2025). [https://www.news24.com/business/companies/spar-sells-its-swiss-stores-to-focus-on-south-africa-20250909-0464 "SPAR sells its Swiss stores to focus on South Africa"]. news24. Retrieved 18 October 2025.</ref> Mo go yone kgwedi eo, Spar e ne ya simolola lebenkele la yone la mabenkele a diruiwa. Go dira ka fa tlase ga letshwao la Pet Storey le lesha, lebenkele la ntlha le ne la bulwa kwa Boksburg. <ref>[https://supermarket.co.za/index.php/store-openings/7401-spar-launches-pet-storey-a-playful-new-pet-store-entrepreneurial-opportunity-a-wonderland-for-pets-and-their-owners "SPAR Launches Pet Storey, a playful new pet store & entrepreneurial opportunity – a wonderland for pets and their owners".] Supermarket & Retailer. 19 September 2025. Retrieved 18 October 2025.</ref>Lebenkele le le ne le le karolo ya komponi ya selegae Petmasters, mme le ne la fetolwa leina go nna Pet Storey. <ref name=":4">Bianke Neethling (19 September 2025). [https://dailyinvestor.com/retail/102784/spar-takes-on-checkers-and-woolworths-in-new-arena/ "SPAR takes on Checkers and Woolworths in new arena".] Daily Investor. Retrieved 17 May 2026.</ref>Ka nako ya go simololwa, Spar o ne a netefatsa gore o na le dithulaganyo tsa go atolosa letshwao la gagwe go nna magareng ga mabenkele a le masome a mabedi le botlhano le masome a mararo kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano, le bonnye jwa mabenkele a le lekgolo kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le borataro.<ref name=":4" /> Kompone e ne e le ya boraro go tsena mo kgwebong ya mabenkele a diruiwa mo Afrika Borwa, morago ga go gaisana le Absolute Pets le Petshop Science, tseo ka bobedi di leng tsa dikompone tsa disuphamakete tsa selegae.<ref>Nick Wilson (19 September 2025). [https://www.news24.com/business/companies/spar-pounces-on-r8bn-pet-market-and-furry-shoppers-will-be-welcome-20250919-0973 "SPAR pounces on R8bn pet market — and furry shoppers will be welcome".] news24. Retrieved 18 May 2026.</ref> Fa lebenkele la ntlha la Pet Storey le ne le bulwa, kgwebo e e neng e gaisana le ya Woolworths, ya Absolute Pets e ne e na le mabenkele a le lekgolo le masome a robabobedi mme ya Checkers e ne e na le mabenkele a le lekgolo le masome a mane le bone.<ref name=":4" />Retail chain Food Lover's Market le yone e simolotse go bula mabenkele a a ikemetseng a VetsMart.<ref>[https://businessexplainer.co.za/companies/2025/09/19/spar-enters-the-pet-market-with-new-franchise/ "Spar Enters The Pet Market With New Franchise"]. Business Explainer. 19 September 2025. Retrieved 17 May 2026.</ref> Gape ka kgwedi ya Lwetse ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano , bidio e e neng ya romelwa ke moeti wa lebenkele la ntlha la Pet Storey e ne ya bolela gore lebenkele leno le rekisetsa bana ba lone dintšanyana - e leng selo se se sa dirweng thata mo Afrika Borwa, e bile e se sa mabenkele a mangwe a a rekisang diphologolo. Morago ga go ganediwa ke batho ka ntlha ya matshwenyego ka ga boitekanelo jwa diphologolo le pabalesego mo mabenkeleng a a rekisang, lokwalodikgang lwa selegae lwa Business Report lo ne lwa ikgolaganya le Spar.<ref>Ashley Lechman (19 September 2025). [https://businessreport.co.za/companies/2025-09-19-spar-faces-backlash-over-live-puppy-sales-at-new-pet-store-in-alberton/ "SPAR faces backlash over live puppy sales at new pet store in Boksburg".] Business Report. Retrieved 17 May 2026.</ref> E ne ya bolela gore ka go dirisana mmogo le Petmasters (e e neng ya rewa leina la Pet Storey), e ne ya rekisa diphologolo tse di farologaneng go tswa kwa lebenkeleng leo. E ne ya bolela gore go ne go ntse jalo pele lebenkele leno le rekwa le bo le fetolwa leina. Spar e ne ya bolela gore ga e na maikaelelo a go rekisa dilo tseno kwa mabenkeleng a mangwe fa Pet Storey e ntse e gola. Mo godimo ga moo, Spar e ne ya bolela gore e ineetse mo boitekanelong jwa diphologolo, mme e tla leka go busetsa dintšanyana dipe fela tse di setseng mo lebenkeleng leo fa di ntse di letile go rekisiwa, ka go ikgolaganya le mekgatlho ya boitekanelo jwa diphologolo. Morago ga se, kompone e ne ya bolela gore ga e kitla e tlhola e nna le seabe mo thekisong ya dintšanyana. <ref>Lulama Klassen (21 September 2025). [https://www.capetownetc.com/news/spar-drops-live-animal-sales-at-pet-storey/ "SPAR drops live animal sales at Pet Storey".] Cape Town ETC. Retrieved 17 May 2026.</ref> == Metswedi == pljkkubl0kdc9uldmqd09s7cbpot8yh 0 14526 53257 52951 2026-07-26T08:14:17Z Lucrucia98 12161 53257 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Metshameko''' ya kwa [[Botswana]] e farologane mme e tlhabolotswe sentle. Le mororo kgwele ya dinao, ya diatla le diatleletiki e santse e le metshameko e e tumileng thata, metshameko e mengwe e mentsi, go akaretsa kerikete, rugby, judo, go thuma le tenese e latelwa thata mo nageng eno. Khomišene ya Bosetšhaba ya Metshameko ya Botswana (BNSC), mmogo le Komiti ya Bosetšhaba ya Diolimpiki ya Botswana (BNOC) le Lefapha la Baša, Metshameko le Setso (MYSC) di na le maikarabelo a go tsamaisa metshameko ka kakaretso mo nageng. Mo godimo ga moo, go na le Mekgatlho ya Metshameko ya Bosetšhaba e e fetang masome a mararo le mekgatlho ya metshameko ya dikolo e le meraro. <ref>Moustakas, Louis; Tshube, Tshepang (2020-10-21). [[doi:10.1080/19406940.2020.1832556|"Sport policy in Botswana".]] ''International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics''. '''12''' (4): 731–745. doi:[[doi:10.1080/19406940.2020.1832556|10.1080/19406940.2020.1832556]]. ISSN&#x20;1940-6940. S2CID&#x20;226336354.</ref> Botswana e tshwara metshameko ya Botswana Games dingwaga dingwe le dingwe di le pedi, mme e tshotse metshameko ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone ya Aforika ya Baša, International Working Group on Women in Sport, le ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bosupa2 Netball World Youth Cup. Gape ba ne ba batla go nna baamogedi ba Metshameko ya Diolimpiki ya Bašwa ya Selemo ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi, mme ba ne ba fenngwa ke ba ba neng ba tlile go nna baamogedi ba metshameko ya Dakar. == metshameko == === Metshameko ya Athletics === ==== Mabelo ==== [[Setshwantsho:Montsho Felix Daegu 2011.jpg|thumb|Amantle Montsho o ne a fenya Alyson Felix go nna mmampodi wa ntlha wa lefatshe kgotsa wa metshameko ya Olympic wa Botswana ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bongwe (2011).]] Botswana e ntse e dira sentle mo metshamekong ya diatleletiki ka go lebelela ditiro tsa [[Nijel Amos|Nijel Amo]]<nowiki/>s<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160817164158/http://www.all-athletics.com/node/422977 "Profile of Nijel AMOS | All-Athletics.com".] ''www.all-athletics.com''. Archived from the original on 2016-08-17. Retrieved 2015-07-31.</ref> a fenya sekgele sa selefera mo lobelong lwa banna lwa dimetara tse makgolo a robabobedi, e leng sekgele sa ntlha sa Diolimpiki sa lefatshe la gagwe.<ref>[http://www.breakingnews.com/item/ahZzfmJyZWFraW5nbmV3cy13d3ctaHJkcg0LEgRTZWVkGOO0xgkM/2012/08/09/nijel-amos-of-botswana-wins-silver-timothy-kitum-of-kenya-wins-bronze "Nijel Amos of Botswana wins silver, Timothy Kitum of Kenya wins bronze in men's 800-meter race - london2012.com".] Retrieved 2015-07-31.</ref> Kwa Metshamekong ya Commonwealth ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone, Amos o ne a gapa sekgele sa gouta sa dimetara di le makgolo a robabobedi ka 1:45.18. Amos o ne a tswa mo lebokoseng la metshameko mme a feta [[David Rudisha]] yo o tshotseng rekoto ya lefatshe mo dimetareng di le 50 tsa bofelo. <ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/commonwealthgames/11004554/David-Rudisha-is-beaten-by-Nijel-Amos-in-800m-final-at-Commonwealth-Games-as-Hampden-Park-witnesses-shock.html "David Rudisha is beaten by Nijel Amos in 800m final at Commonwealth Games as Hampden Park witnesses shock".] Retrieved 2015-07-31.</ref> Botswana e na le moatlelete yo o siameng [[Amantle Montsho]] yo o fentseng sekgele sa selefera kwa Dikgaisanong tsa Aforika tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borataro le sseetsele sa gauta se se emetseng lefatshe kwa Metshamekong ya Aforika yotlhe ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bosupa . Mo metshamekong e e tshwanang o ne a fetsa a le wa botlhano mo metshamekong ya dimetara di le makgolo a mabedi .<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071010170448/http://www.coja2007.dz/portail/programme/Results.html?discipId=ath&compId=COMP88 "2007 All-Africa Games, women's 200 m final".] ''www.coja2007.dz/''. Archived from the original on 2007-10-10.</ref> O ne a taboga rekoto e e gaisang ya Botswana ya 49.83 ya metsotswana go fenya dimetara di le makgolo a mane kwa Metshamekong ya Aforika ya Athletics ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi. E sa ntse e le rekoto ya Kgaisano eno. Ka 2011 World Championships in Athletics kwa South Korea, o ne a fenya Alyson Felix go nna mmampodi wa ntlha wa lefatshe kgotsa wa Olympic wa Botswana. Leslie Tebogo ke motabogi yo o itsegeng thata mo mabelong a dimetara di le lekgolo le di le makgolo a mabedi( 100 le 200 m). O ne a nna moatlelete wa ntlha wa mo Aforika go taboga ka fa tlase ga metsotswana e le masome a mabedi mo metshamekong ya dimetara di le makgolo a mabedi 200m kwa Dikgaisanyong tsa Lefatshe tsa Athletics tsa ba ba ka fa tlase ga dingwaga di le masome a mabedi, koo a neng a tlhoma direkoto tse dintsi tsa bašwa. Bosheng jaana kwa Metshamekong ya Di-Olimpiki ya Selemo ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone, o ne a gapa gouta ya banna ya dimetara di le makgolo a mabedi kwa Paris, a tsaya metsotso e le 19.46 (rekoto ya Afrika) go nna mmegadikgang wa ntlha wa Botswana wa go gapa gouta ya Di-Olimpiki. <ref>[https://www.olympics.com/en/olympic-games/paris-2024 "IAAF: Athlete profile for Kabelo Kgosiemang"]. ''olympics.com''. Retrieved 2025-09-26.</ref> ==== High Jump ==== Moatlelete yo mongwe yo o tumileng wa Botswana ke moatlelete wa go tlola kwa godimo Kabelo Kgosiemang, yo o kileng a nna mmampodi wa Aforika gararo.<ref>[http://www.iaaf.org/athletes/biographies/athcode=211047 "IAAF: Athlete profile for Kabelo Kgosiemang".] ''iaaf.org''. Retrieved 2015-07-31.</ref> === Basketball === Setlhopha sa bosetšhaba sa Botswana sa kgwele ya dinao ke setlhopha sa bosetšhaba sa kgwele ya dinao sa Botswana <ref>[https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fc/FIBA/fibaStru/nfLeag/nfProf.asp?nationalFederationNumber=4213 "Profile"]. FIBA.COM. Retrieved 2015-07-31.</ref> mme gape ke leloko la International Basketball Federation (FIBA) go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,amkgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bosupa (1997). Setlhopha se ga se ise se tlhagelele kwa [[FIBA World Championship]], FIBA Africa Championship kgotsa [[Basketball kwa Summer Olympics]] === Bridge === Papadi ya dikarata e na le balatedi ba le bantsi; e ne ya tshamekiwa la ntlha kwa Botswana dingwaga tse di fetang masome a mararo tse di fetileng mme ya tuma thata ka bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi (1980). Barutabana ba le bantsi ba kwa Boritane ba ba neng ba nna kwa dinageng di sele ba ne ba ruta motshameko ono mo dikolong tse dikgolwane tsa kwa Botswana. Botswana Bridge Federation (BBF) e ne ya tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borobabobedi mme e tsweletse go rulaganya dikgaisano. Bridge e ntse e tumile mme BBF e na le maloko a a fetang makgolo a robabobedi .<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080227184536/http://www.bnsc.co.bw/affiliates/bridge_federation.htm "BNSC - Botswana Bridge Federation"]. 2008-02-27. Archived from the original on February 27, 2008. Retrieved 2015-07-31.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bosupa , BBF e ne ya laletsa English Bridge Union go tshwara lenaneo la go ruta la beke ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi .<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080227184536/http://www.ebu.co.uk/general/news/2008/BotswanaTrip.htm "Botswana Trip".] 2008-02-27. Archived from the original on February 27, 2008. Retrieved 2015-07-31.</ref> === Cricket === Cricket e simolotse mo nageng ka batswagosele go tswa mo Afrika Borwa le mo kontinenteng ya India<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060217104503/http://www.cricketfundas.com/africa/botswana.html "History of cricket in Botswana".] Archived from the original on 2006-02-17.</ref>[Botswana e ne ya tlhophiwa go nna leloko la ICC ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bongwe ,<ref name=":0">[http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Countries/103.html "Botswana at Cricket Archive"]. ''www.cricketarchive.co.uk''. Retrieved 2015-07-31.</ref>mme ya tshameka mo Sejaneng sa Aforika kwa Zambia ngwaga o o latelang. Morago ga go fenya metshameko yotlhe ya bona ya motshameko wa ntlha kgatlhanong le Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia le Zimbabwe, ba ne ba fenya Kenya mo makgaolakgannyeng pele ba fenngwa ke Afrika Borwa mo makgaolakgannyeng ka dipalo tse makgolo a mabedi le masome a supa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cricketeurope4.net/CRICKETEUROPE/DATABASE/2002/TOURNAMENTS/AFRICACUP/about.shtml |title="2002 Africa Cup at CricketEurope". |access-date=2026-07-19 |archive-date=2012-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612095304/http://www.cricketeurope4.net/CRICKETEUROPE/DATABASE/2002/TOURNAMENTS/AFRICACUP/about.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe ,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bone , ba ne ba fenya kgaisano ya ditlhopho tsa maloko a Aforika tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le botlhano ICC Trophy, <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cricketeurope4.net/ICCT2005/DATABASE/QUALIFYING/africa.shtml |title=2005 ICC Trophy African qualifying at the tournament's official website". |access-date=2026-07-19 |archive-date=2011-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524025516/http://www.cricketeurope4.net/ICCT2005/DATABASE/QUALIFYING/africa.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref>ba ba tsenya mo kgatong e e latelang ya ditlhopho, African Cricket Association Championships. Ba ne ba fenya Nigeria le Tanzania mo kgaisanong eo kwa Zambia ka kgwedi ya Phatwe, ba fetsa mo maemong a bone, ka jalo ba latlhegelwa ke go tsenela ICC Trophy ya bone ya ntlha. Ba ne ba duelwa ka go tshameka mo kgaisanong eno ka go tlhatlosediwa go nna maloko a a kopaneng a ICC ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le botlhano.<ref name=":0" /> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borataro, ba ne ba tsaya karolo mo kgaisanong ya bobedi ya kgaolo ya Afrika ya World Cricket League, ba fetsa mo maemong a bobedi morago ga Tanzania. Seno se ne sa ba kgontsha go tsenela Division Five ya World Cricket League.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cricketeurope4.net/DATABASE/ARTICLES/articles/000045/004501.shtml |title=Jersey to host World Cricket League Division Five, ICC Media Release". |access-date=2026-07-19 |archive-date=2011-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524030159/http://www.cricketeurope4.net/DATABASE/ARTICLES/articles/000045/004501.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi , Botswana e ne ya ya kwa Jersey go tsaya karolo mo kgaisanong ya Division Five. Le fa Botswana e ne ya fenya Bahamas mo setlhopheng sa B, e ne e le phenyo ya bone e le nngwe fela mo kgaisanong ya ditlhopha mme ka go fenngwa gararo le motshameko o le mongwe o o neng wa tlogelwa ka ntlha ya pula, ba ne ba retelelwa ke go tsenela makgaolakgang. Botswana e ne ya fetsa e le mo maemong a borataro morago ga go fenya Jeremane mme ya fenngwa ke Singapore mo metshamekong ya playoff. E re ka go ne go na le ditlhopha di le pedi fela tse di neng di le kwa godimo mo kgaisanong eno tse di neng tsa kgona go tsenela kgaisano ya Division Four kwa Tanzania moragonyana mo ngwageng oo, Botswana e ne ya latlhegelwa ke tshono ya go ya kwa pele ka toro ya yone ya go tsaya Sejana sa Lefatshe sa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bongwe. <ref>[http://www.cricinfo.com/wcl/engine/match/349866.html 5th Place Play-off: Botswana v Singapore at St Clement, May 31, 2008 | Cricket Scorecard | ESPN Cricinfo"]. Retrieved 2015-07-31.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Phalane ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi, Botswana e ne ya tsaya karolo mo kgaolong ya bobedi ya kgaolo ya Afrika ya World Cricket League, ya fetsa e sa fenngwa mme ya fenya kgaisano. Phenyo eno e ba tlhatloseditse kwa Division One ya Kgaolo ya Afrika, le fa go ntse jalo letlha le lefelo la kgaisano eno le santse le tshwanetse go tlhomamisiwa. <ref>[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/story/373404.html "Botswana win promotion to Africa's top flight".] Retrieved 2015-07-31.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Phatwe,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe , Botswana e ne ya ya kwa Singapore go tsenela Division Six ya World Cricket League. Le fa Botswana e ne e na le kgaisano mo metshamekong e le mentsi, e ne ya fenya e le nngwe fela mo metshamekong e le metlhano ya setlhopha mme ya fetsa e le mo maemong a botlhano morago ga go fenya Norway mo kgaisanong ya makgaolakgang. <ref>[http://www.cricinfo.com/wcl/engine/series/418156.html "Results | ICC World Cricket League (Old) | ESPN Cricinfo".] ''Cricinfo''. Retrieved 2015-07-31.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bongwe, Botswana e ne ya nna moamogedi wa ICC World Cricket League Division Seven le setlhopha se se santseng se le sennye mme ya dira sentle thata, ya fenya metshameko e le meraro ya kgaisano kgatlhanong le Norway, Japane le Jeremane mme ya fenngwa ke bafenyi ba Kuwait, ba ba beileng Nigeria mo maemong a bobedi mme kwa bofelong ya fenngwa ke Jeremane mo motshamekong o o neng wa ba baya mo maemong a bobedi. Motshamekô kgatlhanong le Nigeria mo metshamekong ya kgwele ya dinao e ne e le go swetsa gore ke sefe sa ditšhaba tse pedi se se tlaa tlhatlogelang kwa ICC World Cricket League Division Six e e tlaa tshwarelwang kwa Malaysia ka kgwedi ya Lwetse,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bongwe mme ka go latlhegelwa ke motshamekô oo, Botswana e ne ya retelelwa ke go tlhatlogela kwa pele mme e tlaa sala mo Division Seven go fitlha ka kgwele ya dinao e e latelang ya ICC WCL. Ka kgwedi ya Moranang,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro , Botswana e ne ya fiwa ditshwanelo tsa go tshola gape kgaisano ya ICC World Cricket League Division 7 mo lekgetlhong la bobedi fa ba ne ba leka go tlhatlosiwa go tswa mo Division 7 morago ga go emisa go tlhatlosiwa mo kgaisanong e e fetileng. Botswana e ne ya fenya Ghana mo motshamekong wa ntlha, mme ya latlhegelwa ke motshamekô wa bobedi mo kgaisanong e e neng e le kgatlhanong le Vanuatu ka maemô a le masome a mabedi le boraro . Botswana e ne ya latlhegelwa ke motshameko wa boraro o o latelang thata go tswa mo go bafenyi ba WCL Div 7 le ba ba leng kgatlhanong le Nigeria. Botswana e ne ya leka go boela gape mo kgaisanong ya go tlhatlosiwa maemo mme morago ga motshameko o o neng o bapetse Jeremane, ditsholofelo tsotlhe tsa bone di ne tsa fela mme ba ne ba ka solofela fela go bona maemo a boraro. Se se ne sa fitlhelelwa ka go fenya Fiji mo motshamekong wa bofelo wa setlhopha mme morago ga moo ba ba fenya gape mo kgaisanong ya go tsaya maemo a boraro mme ba dira gore Botswana e bone maemo a boraro a a tlotlegang, ba feletsa ba le kwa morago ga Vanuatu le Nigeria ba ba neng ba tlhatlogela kwa Division 6 ya WCL. Ka tshwetso ya ICC ya go fedisa ICC World Cricket League Divisions 7 le 8, seno se raya gore Botswana jaanong e tla tshwanela go tsenela dikgaisanyo tsa kgaolo gore e tsenele ICC World Cricket League Division 6, e jaanong e tla nnang lefelo la go tsenela World Cricket League. === Kgwele ya Dinao === Kgwele ya dinao ke motshameko o o tumileng thata mo Botswana, mme go tsenela S[[ejana sa Mafatshe tsa Aforika]] sa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi ke phitlhelelo e kgolo go fitlha jaanong. Setlhopha sa bosetšhaba sa kgwele ya dinao sa Botswana, se laolwa ke [[Lekgotla la Kgwele ya Dinao la Botswana]],<ref>[http://www.goal.com/en/news/1717/editorial/2011/05/21/2495780/botswanas-football-taken-to-the-next-level-the-zebras-are "The mystery behind the rise of Botswana football"]. Goal.com. 2011-05-21. Retrieved 2013-11-15.</ref> se itsege thata ka leina la The Zebras mme se emela naga mo dikgaisanong tsa boditšhabatšhaba tsa kgwele ya dinao.<ref>[http://www.orange.co.bw/news/?p=147605 Orange reaffirms its role as a partner of the Zebras".] ''www.orange.co.bw''. Retrieved 2015-07-31.</ref>E ne ya tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa , mme ya kopanngwa le FIFA ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le borobabobedi le CAF ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le borataro . [[Mokgatlho wa Kgwele ya Dinao wa Botswana]] o rulaganya diligi tsa bosetšhaba tsa kgwele ya dinao le setlhopha sa bosetšhaba se se akaretsang beMOBILE Premier League, Botswana First Division North le Botswana First Division South. Le fa Botswana e tsene mo dikgaisanong tsa makgaolakgang tsa [[Sejana sa Lefatshe sa FIFA]] makgetlo a le matlhano, go ba tsere dingwaga di ka nna lesome le bongwe morago ga go tshameka motshameko wa bone wa ntlha go bona phenyo ya bone ya ntlha - phenyo ya 4-1 mo dikgaisanong tsa makgaolakgang tsa Afrika tsa kwa [[Germany 2006]] kgatlhanong le [[Lesotho]] Setšhaba sa borwa jwa Afrika se ne sa tsaya karolo mo kgaisanong ya bone ya ntlha ya pele ya [[Sejana sa Lefatshe sa FIFA sa 1994]] kwa [[USA,]] koo ba neng ba lebagane le [[Niger]] le [[Côte d'Ivoire]]. Ba ne ba kgona go tshameka motshameko wa maleka setlhopa (0 -0) le wa bofelo kwa Gaborone mme ba latlhegelwa ke metshameko ya bone e meraro e mengwe, ba fetsa ba le kwa bofelong mo setlhopheng sa bone. Kgaisano e e latelang e ba neng ba tsenela yone e ne e le ya Sejana sa Lefatshe sa FIFA sa 2002, koo ba neng ba lebagana le Zambia mo kgaisanong ya maoto a mabedi go swetsa gore ke setlhopha sefe se se neng se tla fetela kwa dikgaisanong tsa ditlhopha. [[Zambia]] e ne ya fenya metshameko e mebedi ya motshameko wa tie go ya kwa kgaolong ya makgaolakgang mme ya fenya Botswana. Morago ga moo Botswana e ne ya nna le dipholo tse di maswe ka setlhopha se ne sa latlhegelwa ke nno tse tharo go ya go lefela go tswa Zambia le go latlhegelwa ke ditlhopha tsa bobedi go tswa Afrika Borwa le Zimbabwe kwa gae kwa Gaborone, go swabisa batshegetsi ba le bantsi. Fa ba ne ba tshameka le setlhopha sa Madagascar se se neng se le mo maemong a bo lekgolo le masome a mane le borataro mo lefatsheng ka nako eo, seno se ne sa dira gore Mokgatlho wa Kgwele ya Dinao wa Botswana o leleke motsamaisi Colwyn Rowe, le fa a ne a eteletse Botswana pele go fitlha mo maemong a bo masome a robabongwe le botlhano a FIFA a a neng a le kwa godimo go gaisa otlhe a a kileng a nna teng. BFA e ne ya bolela fa kgato eno e tserwe ka gonne ba ne ba tshaba gore a ka se sireletsege mo babogeding ba ba galefileng. Stanley Tshosane o ne a tlhophiwa go nna motlhatlhami wa gagwe mme mo motshamekong wa gagwe wa ntlha, Botswana e ne ya fenya Mozambique ka di nnno tse pedi go e le nngwe go ba tsenya mo maemong a a kwa godimo mo setlhopheng sa bone sa ditlhopho. Le fa Botswana e kgonne go fenya Côte d'Ivoire, e feditse kwa tlase mo setlhopheng sa yone sa ditlhopho tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome FIFA World Cup kwa Afrika Borwa. Morago ga go swabisiwa gono go ne ga latela motlha o o atlegileng thata mo ditsong tsa Botswana. Botswana e ne ya fenya maemo a yone go nna setlhopha sa ntlha go tsenela Sejana sa Dinaga tsa Aforika sa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi, ba fenya [[Tunisia]] kwa gae le kwa moseja. Katlego eno e ne ya tsamaelana le go tlhatlogela kwa maemong a a kwa godimo a FIFA a bo53. Ba ne ba se ka ba kgona go aga mo godimo ga go tokafala ga bona mo motshamekong, ba ne ba fenngwa ke [[Ghana]] le [[Mali]] mme ba fenngwa thata ke Guinea ba bo ba felela kwa tlase mo setlhopheng sa bone ka dintlha di le lefela. Sebopego se se khutshwafaditsweng sa ditlhopho tsa Sejana sa Ditšhaba sa Aforika sa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borarose ne sa ba bona ba lebagane le Mali mo motshamekong wa maoto a mabedi, o ba neng ba latlhegelwa ke di nno tse supa go ele nngwe ka kakaretso. Morago ga moo ba ne ba retelelwa ke go tsenela Sejana sa Lefatshe sa FIFA sa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone, ba feleletsa ba le mo maemong a boraro mo setlhopheng sa bone ka dintlha di le supa morago ga [[Aforika Borwa|Afrika Borwa]] le [[Ethiopia]]. Ka kgwedi ya Phalane ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro Lekgotla la Kgwele ya Dinao la Botswana le ne la leleka Tshosane, ka go re "o paletswe ke go fitlhelela maikaelelo a a neng a a beetswe". Morago ga moo ba ne ba thapa Moesemane Peter Butler ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone .<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/26122912 "Butler appointed as Botswana coach"]. ''BBC''. Retrieved 2015-07-31.</ref> === Metshameko ya Dikoloi === Kalahari Botswana 1000 Desert Race ke kgaisano ya sekaka e e tshwerweng go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bongwe .<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/24442518 Botswana sack coach Tshosane"]. ''BBC''. Retrieved 2015-07-31.</ref> Ke motshameko wa maemo a a kwa godimo wa South African Rally Cross Country Series. === Golf === Lekgotla la Botswana Golf Union le na le lekgotla la go tshameka kolofo la batho ba ba ratang go tshameka kolofo le mo go lone batho ba ba ratang go tshameka kolofo ba gaisanang mo dikgaisanong le mo dikgaisanong. === Rugby === Setlhopha sa Botswana se ne sa tshameka motshameko wa sone wa ntlha wa boditšhabatšhaba ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola ga supa,ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borataro, kgatlhanong le [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe,]] se ne sa fenngwa ka lekgolo le masome a mararo go ya go lesome. Phenyo ya bone ya ntlha e ne ya tla ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bongwe mo motshamekong kgatlhanong le Swaziland, ba fenya ka lesome le boraro go ya go tse tharo. Gape ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bongwe ba ne ba tsaya karolo mo dikgaisanong tsa kwa Aforika tsa go tsenela Sejana sa Lefatshe sa Rugby sa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le boraro kwa Australia. Ka ngwaga wa idkete tse pedi le bone Botswana e ne ya fenya dikgaisano di le nne tsa boditšhabatšhaba ka go latelana, e fenya Tanzania, Swaziland, Nigeria le Mali. Morago ga moo Botswana e ne ya tsaya karolo mo dikgaisanong tsa Afrika tsa go tsenela Sejana sa Lefatshe sa Rugby sa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bosupa kwa Fora. Ba ne ba kgobokanngwa mo South Pool ya Round 1a, mmogo le ditšhaba tsa Zambia le Swaziland. Mo motshamekong wa bone wa ntlha kgatlhanong le [[Zambia]] kwa Lusaka, ba ne ba fenngwa ka masome a mabedi le borobabobedi go ya go masome a mabedi le bone. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110930114318/http://www.irb.com/unions/union=11000042/index.html "www.irb.com".] Archived from the original on 2011-09-30.</ref>Le fa go ntse jalo, ba ne ba fenya motshameko wa bone wa bobedi ka lesome le borobabongwe go ya go lesome le bobedi kgatlhanong le Swaziland kwa Botswana. Ba ne ba fetsa ba le mo maemong a bobedi mme ba se ka ba fetela mo kgaisanong e e latelang. Rugby union mo Botswana e na le batshameki ba ba kwadisitsweng ba le dikete tse thararo le makgolo a robabobedi le botlhano. Le fa go ntse jalo, go nna gaufi ga Botswana le morafe o mogolo o o tshamekang rugby wa [[Aforika Borwa]], le go gaisana le [[Zimbabwe]] mo dikopanong tsa mafatshe di le pedi, go dirile gore Botswana e nne le bajanala ba ba etelang mafatshe a mangwe le merafe e mengwe ya Aforika. 2<ref>''Bath, Richard (ed.) The Complete Book of Rugby''. 1997. [[:en:Special:BookSources/1862000131|ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>1862000131</bdi>.]]</ref> === Squash === [[Mokgatlho wa Botswana Squash Rackets Association]] ke mokgatlho wa bosetšhaba wa [[Squash]] mo Botswana <ref>[http://www.botswanasquash.co.bw/ "Botswana Squash Rackets Association - BSRA".] botswanasquash.co.bw. Retrieved 2015-07-30.</ref>mme botsalano jwa ona jwa kgaolo ke Squash Federation of Africa. Botswana Squash Rackets Association e emetswe ke [[Alister Walker]],<ref>Info, Squash. [https://www.squashinfo.com/player-52 "Squash Info | Alister Walker | Squash".] ''www.squashinfo.com''. Retrieved 2015-07-31.</ref> [[Lekgotla Mosope]],<ref>Info, Squash. [https://www.squashinfo.com/player/847-lekgotla-mosope "Squash Info | Lekgotla Mosope | Squash".] ''www.squashinfo.com''. Retrieved 2015-07-31.</ref> Jason Boyle le Theo Pelonomi. === Go thuma === Mokgatlho wa [[Botswana Swimming Sport Association]] ke mokgatlho wa bosetšhaba o o laolang metshameko ya go thuma mo [[Botswana|Botswana.]] <ref>[http://www.fina.org/H2O/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=444:bot-botswana&catid=91:africa&Itemid=638 "Botswana Swimming Sport Association"]. FINA. Retrieved 2013-08-01.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Botswana Junior Tennis Team training.jpg|thumb|Botswana Junior Tennis Team ba ikatisetsa metshameko ya bone e e tlang]] Mo dingwageng di le mmalwa tse di fetileng, Botswana e ntse e le mo maemong a a lesome a a kwa godimo mo Aforika mo motshamekong wa tenese wa bana ba bannye. Ga jaana motshameki yo o beilweng kwa godimo ke wa boraro mo Aforika mo setlhopheng sa dingwaga tse lesoem le borataro le tse di kwa tlase. [[Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Tennis]] o na le lenaneo le le rulagantsweng sentle la go godisa bašwa le le ikaeletseng go godisa motshameko wa tenese kwa tlase. Lenaneo le le amogela tshegetso e ntsi go tswa go BNSC, ITF le batsayakarolo ba bangwe ka gore madi a ba a abang a dirisediwa go diragatsa lenaneo le. Ga jaana lenaneo le le anamisitswe go ralala lefatshe go ya kwa dikolong tse di potlana di le mmalwa.<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/MeanwhileInBotswana/posts/442067662496893 "The Botswana Tennis Association is... - Meanwhile In Botswana | Facebook"]. Facebook. Retrieved 2015-08-01.</ref> == Metswedi == == Metswedi == iggeyisy3wl8nafbbqubm1hrbx5xgbu 3 14563 53202 52945 2026-07-25T12:56:42Z Mothusi Sekhomba 9433 /* Request for Support on Setswana Wikipedia Landing Page */ Reply 53202 wikitext text/x-wiki == Request for Support on Setswana Wikipedia Landing Page == Hello Amire, I hope you are doing well. I am currently working to strengthen the [[Tsebe ya konokono|Setswana Wikipedia]]. I am reaching out to request your guidance and technical support in improving the landing page (''Tsebe ya konokono''). Specifically, I would like help with: * Building some important templates that can make the page more engaging and user-friendly. * Setting up protections for the landing page to prevent accidental or disruptive edits. Our goal is to create a welcoming and stable entry point for new contributors, while ensuring the page reflects the importance of Setswana knowledge. Your experience would be invaluable in helping us achieve this. [[Modirisi:Mothusi Sekhomba|Mothusi Sekhomba]] ([[Puisano ya modirisi:Mothusi Sekhomba|talk]]) 11:59, 22 Phukwi 2026 (CAT) :Hi! :There's this new tool: [[:mw:Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit]] :Can you maybe try that? Some people who are in a similar situation to you tried and liked it. Maybe it will work for you, too. If not, please tell me. [[Modirisi:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni ]] ([[Puisano ya modirisi:Amire80|talk]]) 12:06, 22 Phukwi 2026 (CAT) ::@[[Modirisi:Amire80|Amire80]]Thanks for the suggestion. It seems more like a content page. How do i start? [[Modirisi:Mothusi Sekhomba|Mothusi Sekhomba]] ([[Puisano ya modirisi:Mothusi Sekhomba|talk]]) 14:56, 25 Phukwi 2026 (CAT) 2x3w2qz9k4xrwaaw1suub603tsh4hrd 0 14576 53261 53181 2026-07-26T09:36:50Z Khumo Batolomi 11767 Created by translating the section "Case Studies" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364346865|Desertification]]" 53261 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Global_distribution_of_dryland_subtypes_based_on_the_aridity_index.png|thumb|dikgaolo tsa lefatshe le le omeletseng di bontshiwa mo moalong lefatshe ka bophara , go lebilwe seelo sa komelelo se se badilweng mo palogareng ya dingwaga di le masome a mararo ka 1981 go ya go 2010. Dikaka tse di tlwaelesegileng di supiwa ke setlhopha sa hyper-arid (serolwana/mmala wa lephutshe yo o sa gatelelang). ]] [[File:Somalia,_Mudug,_Dhinowda_(02).jpg|right|thumb|234x234px|Go nna sekaka ga lefelo mo go feteletseng kwa Somalia]] '''Go nna sekaka ga lefelo''' ke mofuta wa go senyega ga lefatshe mo go diragalang ka iketlo mo lefatshe le le nonneng go fetoga go nna sekaka se se omeletseng ka ntlha ya kopano ya ditiragalo tsa tlholego le ditiro tsa batho. Selo se se bakang go nna sekaka gantsi ke go latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa dimela. Se se bakwa ke dintlha di le mmalwa, di le nosi kgotsa di kopantswe, jaaka komelelo, diphetogo tsa loapi, go epa mmu go dira temothuo, go fudisa go feta selekanyo le go rengwa ga dikgwa go bona lookwane kgotsa didirisiwa tsa kago. Le fa dimela di na le seabe se segolo mo go tlhomamiseng popego ya mmu, dithutopatlisiso di bontshitse gore, mo ditikologong tse dintsi, seelo sa kgothego le go elela ga metsi se fokotsega ka bontsi fa go khurumetsa mmu ga dimela go oketsega. <ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Geeson, Nichola |year=2002 |title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-84448-9 |page=58 |display-authors=etal |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mmu yo o sa sirelediwang fa godimo, le yo omeletseng e fokwa ke phefo kgotsa e gogolwa ke merwalela ya tshoganyetso, mo go tlogelang mmu yo o ka fa tlase yo o sa nonang thata gore o nne mo letsatsing mme o felele o omelela thata o ka seke o ungwe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref> <ref name="Zeng L17401">{{Cite journal |last=Zeng |first=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Banni ba kana masome a le boferabongwe mo lekgolong (90%) ba mafelo a a omeletseng ba nna mo mafatsheng a a santseng a tlhabologa, a mo go one gape ba sokodisiwang ke diemo tsa itsholelo le morafe. <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Seemo se se gakadiwa ke go fokotsega boleng jwa lefatshe mo go fokotsang go ungwa ga lone, go sa tlhomamang ga methale ya go itshetsa le go nna dingalo gore batho ba fitlhelele metswedi ya madi le ditshono. Dikgaolo mo lefatsheng tse di amegang thata di mo Aforika ( kgaolo ya Sahel ), Asia ( Sekaka sa Gobi le Mongolia ) le dikarolo tsa Amerika Borwa . Lefatshe le le omeletseng le tsaya mo e ka nnang masome a mane go ya go a le mane le bongwe mo lekgolong (40–41%) ya lefatshe la Lefatshe (Earth's land) mme ke legae la&nbsp;batho ba le dibilione di le pedi. Ditlamorago tsa go fetoga ga lefelo go nna sekaka di akaretsa ditsuatsue tsa motlhaba le lerole, go tlhoka go tshepha go nna teng ga dijo, le lehuma . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Carvalho |first=Keegan |date=2024-12-03 |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=Earth.Org |language=en}}</ref> Methale ya go fokotsa kgotsa go busetsa morago go nna sekaka ga lefelo go akaretsa go tokafatsa boleng jwa mmu, go dira dikaka ditala, go laola mafulo, le go jala ditlhare ( go jala dikgwa sesha le go jala dikgwa ) <ref>{{Cite web |last=N.V |first=GREEN EARTH GROUP |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=www.green.earth |language=en}}</ref> Mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa popego ya lefatshe, go nna teng ga dikaka go diragetse ka tlholego mo nakong e e telele thata. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}</ref> Thuto ya segompieno ya go fetoga sekaka ga mafelo e tlhagile go tswa mo thutong ya komelelo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1980 kwa Sahel . <ref name=":6">{{Cite book |date=2016 |title=The End of Desertification? |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |issn=2197-9596 |editor-last2=Mortimore |editor-first2=Michael}}</ref> == Ditlhaloso == Go nna sekaka ga lefelo ke tiragalo e e diregang ka iketlo ya go oketsega ga komelelo ya mmu . Go nna sekaka ga lefelo go tlhalositswe mo mokwalong wa Tumalano ya Ditšhabakopano ya go Lwantsha go Nna Sekaka (UNCCD) jaaka "go latlhegelwa ke boleng ga mmu mo dikgaolong tse di omileng, tse di omeletseng go le sekae le tse di omileng mme di na le bokgola jo bo kwa tlase mo go bakiwang ke mabaka a a farologaneng, go akaretsa le dipharologano tsa seemo sa loapi le ditiro tsa batho." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hulme |first=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Tlhaloso ya Sekaka – Lefelo mo lefatsheng le selekanyo sa pula le kapoko se leng kwa tlase thata go na le mafelo a mangwe, le palogare ya pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga e leng kwa tlase ga disenthimithara di le masome a mabedi le botlhano. Tlhaloso ka UNO (1995) – Go latlhegelwa ke boleng ga lefatshe mo mafelong a a senang sepe, a a bokgola le a a seng bokgola ka ntlha ya phetogo ya loapi le ditiro tsa batho go bidiwa go nna sekaka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> Go tloga ka 2005, go ne go na le kganetsano e tona ka ga tlhaloso e e siameng ya lefoko ''desertification(go nna sekaka)'' ka ditlhaloso tse di fetang lekgolo tsa semmuso tse di neng di le teng. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Geist |first=Helmut |date=1 October 2017 |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-24085-5 |location=London |doi=10.4324/9781315240855}}</ref> E e neng ya amogelwa thata ke ya thanodi ya Sekolo sa dithuto tse di kgolwane sa Princeton e e neng ya e tlhalosa jaaka " tiragalo e lefatshe le le nonneng ''le fetogang sekaka'' ka ntlha ya go rengwa ga dikgwa, [[Leuba|komelelo]] kgotsa temothuo e e sa siamang ".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2026)">citation needed</span>'' &#x5D;</sup> Tlhaloso e e bontshitse ka tlhamalalo kgolagano ya go fetoga ga lefatshe go nna sekaka le ditiro tsa batho, segolobogolo tiriso ya lefatshe le mekgwa ya taolo ya lefatshe. E ne gape ya tlhagisa ditlamorago tsa itsholelo, loago le tikologo tsa go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo. Le fa go ntse jalo, tlhaloso e ya ntlha ya gore go nna sekaka ga lefelo go ne go akaretsa go atolosiwa ga dikaka ke batho e gannwe ka gonne mogopolo o o ne wa tswelela ka go fetoga fa e sale ka nako eo. Gape go na le dikganetsano dingwe mabapi le go aroganngwa ga mefuta ya sekaka, go akaretsa, boammaaruri le mosola wa tlhaloso ya mafoko a a a tshwanang le "sekaka se se dirilweng ke batho" le "sekaka se se senang moalo". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geist |first=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == tse di bakang go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo == === tsa pele/ntlha fela === Selo se se bakang go nna sekaka ga lefelo ga ntlha fela ke go latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa dimela. Se se bakwa ke dintlha di le mmalwa, di le nosi kgotsa di kopantswe, jaaka komelelo, diphetogo tsa seemo sa loapi, go epa mmu go lema, go fudisa go feta selekanyo le go rengwa ga dikgwa go bona lookwane kgotsa didirisiwa tsa kago. Le fa dimela di na le seabe se segolo mo go tlhomamiseng popego ya mmu, dithutopatlisiso di bontshitse gore, mo ditikologong tse dintsi, seelo sa kgothego ya mmu le go elela ga metsi se fokotsega ka bontsi fa go khurumetsa ga dimela go oketsega. <ref name=":8"/> Mmu yo o fa godimo yo o sa sirelediwang, le yo o omeletseng e fokwa ke phefo kgotsa di gogolwa ke merwalela ya tshoganyetso, mo go tlogelang dikarolo tse di kwa tlase tsa mmu go fisiwa ke letsatsi mme di omelele thata di palelwe ke go ungwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2003-09-01 |title=Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |journal=Resources Policy |language=en |volume=29 |issue=3-4 |doi=10.1016/j.re |issn=0301-4207 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414114519/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |archive-date=2022-04-14}}</ref> === Tlhotlheletso ya ditiro tsa batho === Dithutopatlisiso tsa ntlha di ne di nganga gore nngwe ya dilo tse di tlwaelesegileng tse di bakang go nna sekaka ga lefelo e ne e le go fudisa go feta selekanyo, go ja dimela go feta selekanyo ke dikgomo le diruiwa tse dingwe. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |url-status=live |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |access-date=24 May 2022}}</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, seabe sa tiriso e e feteletseng ya selegae mo go bakang go nna sekaka ga mafelo mo nakong e e fetileng ya bosheng go na le dikganetsano. <ref name=":6"/> Jaanong go akanngwa gore komelelo mo kgaolong ya Sahel e bakilwe thata ke go fetoga ga seelo sa pula ka dipaka tse di dirwang ke go fetoga ga mogote wa metsi a fa godimo a lewatle, mo go bakwang thata ke go fetogafetoga ga tlholego le go ntshiwa ga di-aerosol ( dikarolwana tsa sulfate tse di bonaletsang ) le digase tse di bakiwang ke batho. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |article-number=e591}}</ref> Ka ntlha ya se, go fetoga ga mogote wa lewatle le go fokotsega ga mesi ya sulfate go dirile gore kgaolo e e nne tala gape. <ref name=":3" /> Se se dirile gore barutegi bangwe ba bolele gore go latlhegelwa ke dimela mo go bakiwang ke temothuo ke selo se sennye se se ka dirang gore lefelo le fetoge sekaka. <ref name=":6" /> Diphetogo tsa palo ya batho di na le ditlamorago tse di tona mo go fudiseng go feta selekanyo, go lema go feta selekanyo le go rengwa ga dikgwa, mekgwa ye ya pele e e neng e amogelesega lantlha e setse e sena tswelelopele jaanong. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Epule |first=Terence Epule |last2=Peng |first2=Changhui |last3=Lepage |first3=Laurent |date=February 2015 |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward |journal=GeoJournal |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=79–92 |bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z |issn=0343-2521 |s2cid=154503204}}</ref> Go na le mabaka a mantsi a balemibarui ba dirisang temothuo e e tseneletseng go na le temothuo e e tswelelang fela lebaka le legolo ke go oketsa thobo. <ref name=":52">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> Ka go oketsa thobo, ba tlhoka menontshane e mentsi thata, dibolaya-ditshedi le badiri go tlhokomela didirisiwa. Tiriso e e tswelelang e ya lefatshe e fetsa ka bonako dikotla tsa mmu mo go dirang gore go nna sekaka ga legelo go aname. <ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Intensive agriculture |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture |archive-date=24 June 2008 |access-date=19 November 2019 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> === Dipharologanyo tsa tlholego === Baitseanape ba maranyane ba dumalana gore go nna teng ga sekaka mo lefelong le sekaka sa Sahara se leng mo go lone jaanong ke ka ntlha ya dipharologanyo tsa tlholego tsa letsatsi ka ntlha ya go dikologa ga Lefatshe. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tierney |first=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352 |article-number=e1601503}}</ref> Dipharologanyo tse di tshwanang le tse di tlhotlheletsa maatla a Monsoon ya Aforika Bophirima, mo go bakang gore dimela di fetoge gape le go ntsha lerole le le di godisang go gefoga fa seemo sa loapi, pula e na gape go tla go nna le komelelo mo Sahara. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pausata |first=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Gape go na le kakanyo ya gore phetogo ya Sahara go tswa mo savanna go ya kwa sekakeng ka nako ya bogareng jwa Holocene e ne e le ka bontlhabongwe ka ntlheng ya go fulwa go feta selekanyo ke dikgomo tsa baagi ba lefelo le. <ref name="Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period">{{Cite journal |last=K. Wright |first=David |last2=Rull |first2=Valenti |last3=Roberts |first3=Richard |last4=Marchant |first4=Rob |last5=Gil-Romera |first5=Graciela |date=26 January 2017 |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |page=4 |bibcode=2017FrEaS...5....4W |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Baitseanape ba tsweletse ka go ithuta dikgaolo tse di botlhokwa, ba netefatsa gore ditiro tsa batho le boitekanelo jwa mmu di kopanela le mabaka a bosa jaaka dilo tse ditona tse di nang le seabe mo go nneng sekaka ga lefelo. Mo Sekakeng sa Mu Us, boitekanelo jwa mmu bo dira 37% ya ditiragalo tsa go nna sekaka fa ditiro tsa bosa le tsa batho di dira go lwantsha tiragalo e ka 46% le 17%, ka go latelana. Go nna sekaka mo teng ga Mongolia go tlhaolwa ka 24% ya mabaka a tsa bosa le 34.7% ya melemo ya mmu mo tikologong e yotlhe. Shaanxi ke sekai se se ganetsenang se mo go sone mabaka a bosa a berekang kgatlhanong le go nna sekaka mme mmu o one o gakatsa seemo, mo go supang ditlhotlheletso tse di farologaneng tsa mabaka a tlholego go tsamaya ka dikgaolo. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Jiaying |last2=Li |first2=Yu |last3=Wang |first3=Xuhui |last4=Ma |first4=Zhongxu |date=22 October 2024 |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.9154L |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Phetogo ya seemo sa loapi === Dipatlisiso ka ga go fetoga ga legelo go nna sekaka di farologane, mme ga go na seelo se le sengwe se se ka tlhalosang dintlha tsotlhe. Le fa go ntse jalo, phetogo e e tseneletseng ya seemo sa bosa e santse e solofetswe go oketsa mafelo a a omeletseng mo dikontinenteng tsa Lefatshe: go tswa go 38% kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga la bomasome mabedi go ya go 50% kgotsa 56% kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga, ka fa tlase ga Ditsela tsa Boemedi tsa "mo bogareng" le tse di thuthafetseng thata tsa dipalo 4.5 le 8.5. Bontsi jwa katoloso bo tla bonwa mo dikgaolong tse di tshwanang le "borwabophirima jwa Amerika Bokone, ntlha e e kwa bokone jwa Aforika, borwa jwa Aforika, le Australia". <ref name=":52"/> Dikgaolo tse di omeletseng di tsere 41% ya moalo jwa lefatshe mme di akaretsa 45% ya lefatshe la temothuo mo lefatsheng ka bophara. Dikgaolo tse di gareng ga dithulaganyo tsa tikologo tse di mo kotsing thata ya phetogo ya [[Phetogo ya Seemo sa Loapi|seemo sa loapi]] le tiriso ya lefatshe e e bakiwang ke batho ka jalo di mo kotsing ya go fetoga sekaka. Thutopatlisiso e e ikaegileng ka go lebelela seemo ya go nna sekaka ga mafelo e ne ya dirwa ka 2020 mme e ne ya tlhalosa phetogo ya seemo sa loapi, go fetogafetoga ga seemo sa loapi, menontshane ya CO2 mmogo le diphetogo tsa tikologo tse di bakiwang ke tiriso ya lefatshe ka iketlo le ka bonako. <ref name="Burrell" /> Thutopatlisiso e e ne ya bona gore, magareng ga 1982 le 2015, 6% ya mafatshe a a omeletseng a lefatshe a ne a fetoga go nna sekaka mo go bakilweng ke mekgwa ya tiriso ya lefatshe e e senang tswelelopele e e neng e okeditswe ke phetogo ya seemo sa loapi e e bakiwang ke batho. Le fa go nna tala ga lefatshe ka bophara go le teng, phetogo ya seemo sa loapi e e bakiwang ke batho e digile boleng jwa lefatshe ka 12.6% ( 5.43 milione ya km ² ) mo nageng e e omeletseng eo, mo go nang le seabe mo go fetogeng ga naga go nna sekaka le go ama batho ba le didikadike di le makgolo a mabedi le lesome le boraro , 93% ya bone e le ba ba nnang mo diitsholelong tse di santseng tlhabologang . <ref name="Burrell" /> === Temothuo le ditiro tsa temothuo === Ditiro tsa temothuo jaaka go fudisa go feta selekanyo di baka go nna sekaka ga lefelo. Mo tirong e ya temothuo, diruiwa tse di tshwanang le dikgomo di letlelelwa go fula mo karolong ya lefatshe e le nngwe ka nako e telele ntle le go jala bojang go busetsa jo bo fudilweng. Ka ntlha ya se, lefatshe le nna lebala fela, mo go dirang gore le betswe ke mogoten o o tswang mo letsatsing o o dirang gore le thatafale, phefo e e bokete gape le yone e dira gore lefatshe le latlhegelwe ke dikotla tsa lone. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Otterman |first=Joseph |date=1974-11-08 |title=Baring High-Albedo Soils by Overgrazing: A Hypothesized Desertification Mechanism |url=https://doi.org/10.1126/science.186.4163.531 |journal=Science |volume=186 |issue=4163 |pages=531–533 |doi=10.1126/science.186.4163.531 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> Go lemolola mmu go feta selekanyo le go jwala mofuta o le mongwe wa semela ke ditiro tse dingwe tsa temothuo tse di bakang go nna sekaka ga lefelo mo Aforika. Go jala semela se le sengwe kgapetsakgapetsa mo lefatsheng le le lengwe go ntsha dikotla tse di botlhokwa mo lefatsheng. Fa mmu o setse o fedile boleng, o latlhegelwa ke menontshane ya one ya tlholego le bokgoni jwa go boloka bokgola, mme se se dire gore mmu o thatafale le go phanyega. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2011-12-30 |title=Desertification, its Causes and why it Matters |url=https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119977759.ch1 |journal=Desertification, Land Degradation and Sustainability |pages=3–39 |doi=10.1002/9781119977759.ch1}}</ref> == Ditlamorago == === Ditsuatsue tsa motlhaba le lerole === [[File:SHB-Red-Dust.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa Borogo jwa Boemadikepe jwa Sydney jo bo khurumeditsweng ke lerole]] Go nnile le koketsego ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong (25%) ya lerole mo lefatsheng e le dipalo tsa ngwaga le ngwaga magareng ga bokhutlo jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesomeleboferabongwe go fitlha gompieno. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stanelle |first=Tanja |last2=Bey |first2=Isabelle |last3=Raddatz |first3=Thomas |last4=Reick |first4=Christian |last5=Tegen |first5=Ina |date=16 December 2014 |title=Anthropogenically induced changes in twentieth century mineral dust burden and the associated impact on radiative forcing |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |language=en |volume=119 |issue=23 |pages=13,526–13,546 |bibcode=2014JGRD..11913526S |doi=10.1002/2014JD022062 |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0024-A9A2-C |s2cid=128663108 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Koketsego ya go nna sekaka ga mafelo gape go okeditse selekanyo sa motlhaba o o motlhofo le lerole le phefo e ka le tsayang la felela le nna setsuatsue. Ka sekai, ditsuatsue tsa lerole kwa Botlhabagare "di nna kgapetsakgapetsa le go nna maatla mo dingwageng tsa bosheng jaana" ka gore "phokotsego ya pula ya paka e telele [e baka] bokgola jo bo kwa tlase jwa mmu le phokotsego ya khurumetso ya dimela ". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Namdari |first=Soodabeh |last2=Karimi |first2=Neamat |last3=Sorooshian |first3=Armin |last4=Mohammadi |first4=GholamHasan |last5=Sehatkashani |first5=Saviz |date=1 January 2018 |title=Impacts of climate and synoptic fluctuations on dust storm activity over the Middle East |journal=Atmospheric Environment |volume=173 |pages=265–276 |bibcode=2018AtmEn.173..265N |doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.016 |issn=1352-2310 |pmc=6192056 |pmid=30344444}}</ref> Difefo tsa lerole di ka nna le seabe mo malwetseng mangwe a go hema jaaka nyumonia, malwetsi a letlalo, khupelo le a mangwe a mantsi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudie |first=Andrew S. |date=1 February 2014 |title=Desert dust and human health disorders |journal=Environment International |volume=63 |pages=101–113 |bibcode=2014EnInt..63..101G |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2013.10.011 |issn=0160-4120 |pmid=24275707}}</ref> Di ka kgotlela metswedi ya metsi e e bulegileng , tsa fokotsa go atlega ga maiteko a lookwane/maatla a a phepa, le go emisa bontsi jwa mefuta ya dipalamo. Ditsuatsue tsa lerole le motlhaba di ka nna le ditlamorago tse di sa siamang mo seemong sa loapi mo go ka dirang gore go nna sekaka ga lefelo go nne maswe le go feta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hu |first=Tiantian |last2=Wu |first2=Di |last3=Li |first3=Yaohui |last4=Wang |first4=Chenghai |date=28 March 2017 |title=The Effects of Sandstorms on the Climate of Northwestern China |journal=Advances in Meteorology |language=en |volume=2017 |issue=1 |bibcode=2017AdMet201735609H |doi=10.1155/2017/4035609 |issn=1687-9309 |doi-access=free |article-number=e4035609}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wu |first=Yao |last2=Wen |first2=Bo |last3=Li |first3=Shanshan |last4=Guo |first4=Yuming |date=1 June 2021 |title=Sand and dust storms in Asia: a call for global cooperation on climate change |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |language=English |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=e329–e330 |bibcode=2021LanPH...5.e329W |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00082-6 |issn=2542-5196 |pmid=33915087 |s2cid=233460168 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dikarolwana tsa lerole mo phefong di phatlalatsa marang a a tsenang go tswa mo letsatsing (Hassan, 2012). Lerole le le ka dira khurumetso ya nakwana ya mogote yo o fa fatshe mme fela mogote wa lefaufau one o tla oketsega. Se se ka senya le go khutshwafatsa botshelo jwa maru se se ka felelang se baka pula e e nnye. <ref name=":52"/> === Go tlhoka go tsepama ga seemo sa go nna teng ga dijo === Go nna le dijo mo lefatsheng lotlhe go tshosediwa ke go fetoga ga naga go nna sekaka. Fa palo ya batho e gola, go tshwanetse ga jalwa dijo tse dintsi . Kgwebo ya temothuo e fudusiwa go tswa mo lefatsheng le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. Sekai, Yuropa ka palogare e reka dijo tsa bone di feta sephatlo mo lekgolong go tswa kwa ntle. Mme jalo, 44% ya lefatshe la temothuo le fitlhelwa mo mafatsheng a a omeletseng mme a tlamela ka 60% ya dijo tsa lefatshe lotlhe ka bophara. Go fetoga ga mafelo go nna sekaka go fokotsa selekanyo sa lefatshe le le nang le tswelelopele la tiriso ya temothuo mme letlhoko la dijalo le tsweletse ka go gola. Mo isagong e e gaufi, letlhoko le tlaa feta thobo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=WAD {{!}} World Atlas of Desertification |url=https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209170553/https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |archive-date=9 December 2019 |access-date=19 November 2019 |website=wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu}}</ref> Dikgotlhang tse di maswe tsa badisa le balemibarui kwa Nigeria, Sudan, Mali le mafatshe a mangwe mo kgaolong ya Sahel di gakaditswe ke [[Phetogo ya Seemo sa Loapi|phetogo ya seemo sa loapi]], go senyega ga lefatshe le kgolo ya palo ya batho . <ref>{{Cite news|date=22 January 2019|title=The battle on the frontline of climate change in Mali|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/the-reporters-46921487|access-date=18 December 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=6 August 2018|title=Farmer-Herder Conflicts on the Rise in Africa|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/farmer-herder-conflicts-rise-africa|access-date=18 December 2021}}</ref> === Koketsego ya lehuma === [[File:Soil_erosion,_Southfield_-_geograph.org.uk_-_367917.jpg|thumb|Kgothego ya mmu kwa ntle ga Leuchars]] Palo e ka nna 90% ya baagi ba mafatshe a a omeletseng ba nna mo mafatsheng a a santseng a tlhabologa, a mo go one gape ba sokolang ka ntlha ya maemo a a bokoa a itsholelo le lefatshe. <ref name=":9"/> Seemo se se gakadiwa ke go latlhegelwa ke boleng jwa lefatshe ka ntlha ya phokotsego ya bokgoni jwa lone jwa go ungwa, go sa tlhomamang ga maemo a botshelo le bothata jwa go fitlhelela metswedi le ditshono tsa go fetola diemo tse. Mafatshe a a sa tlhabologang ka bontsi a amiwa ke seemo sa go fudisa go feta selekanyo, go lapa ga lefatshe le go ntsha metsi a a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe go feta selekanyo ka ntlha ya dikgatelelo tsa go dirisa mafelo a a omeletseng a a kwa thoko go dira temothuo. Batsaa ditshwetso ga ba rate go beeletsa mo dikgaolong tse di omeletseng tse di nang le bokgoni jo bo kwa tlase. Go tlhoka dipeeletso mo go dira gore dikgaolo tse di kgaphelwe kwa thoko. Fa diemo tse di siamang tsa temothuo-seemo sa loapi di kopanngwa le go tlhoka mafaratlhatlha le phitlhelelo ya mebaraka, ga mmogo le mekgwa ya go lema dijo e e sa tlwaelesegang sentle le setšhaba se se sa jesiweng sentle gape se se sa rutegang sentle, bontsi jwa dikgaolo tse di ntseng jaana di kgaphelwa thoko mo tlhabololong. <ref name="csf-desertification.org">{{Cite web |title=Cornet A., 2002. Desertification and its relationship to the environment and development: a problem that affects us all. In: Ministère des Affaires étrangères/adpf, Johannesburg. World Summit on Sustainable Development. 2002. What is at stake? The contribution of scientists to the debate: 91–125.. |url=http://www.csf-desertification.org/index.php/bibliotheque/doc_details/119-cornet-antoine-2002-desertification-and-its-relationship-to-the-environment-and-development |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090809142606/http://www.csf-desertification.org/index.php/bibliotheque/doc_details/119-cornet-antoine-2002-desertification-and-its-relationship-to-the-environment-and-development |archive-date=9 August 2009}}</ref> Go fetoga ga lefelo go nna sekaka gantsi go dira gore mafelo a a kwa magaeng a se ka a kgona go tshegetsa palo ya batho e e tshwanang le ya pele e e neng e nna gone mo lefelong. Se se felela se baka khudugo ya bontsi mo tswa mo magaeng go ya kwa ditoropong segolobogolo mo Aforika mo go dirang letlhoko la ditiro le mekhukhu . <ref>{{Cite book |last=Pasternak, Dov |year=2001 |title=Combating desertification with plants |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-i8-DPf6xgC&pg=PA20 |last2=Schlissel, Arnold |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-306-46632-8 |page=20 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://books.google.com/books?id=B-i8-DPf6xgC&pg=PA20 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Briassoulis, Helen |year=2005 |title=Policy integration for complex environmental problems: the example of Mediterranean desertification |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CpYnV45hVRsC&pg=PA161 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |isbn=978-0-7546-4243-5 |page=161 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161052/https://books.google.com/books?id=CpYnV45hVRsC&pg=PA161 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Palo ya batshabi ba ba diemo tsa tikologo e a gola ngwaga le ngwaga, mme diponelopele tsa Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara di bontsha koketsego e e ka nnang teng go tswa mo didikadikeng di le lesome le bone ka 2010 go ya go didikadike di ka nna makgolo a mabedi ka 2050. Se se dira mathata kwa pele mo kgaolong e, ka gore ditšhaba tse di mabapi ga di na bokgoni jwa go tshegetsa palo ya batho ba le bantsi ya batshabi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Myers |first=Norman |date=29 April 2002 |title=Environmental refugees: a growing phenomenon of the 21st century |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences |volume=357 |issue=1420 |pages=609–613 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2001.0953 |pmc=1692964 |pmid=12028796}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Epule |first=Terence Epule |last2=Peng |first2=Changhui |last3=Lepage |first3=Laurent |date=5 February 2014 |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward |journal=GeoJournal |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=79–92 |bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z |s2cid=154503204}}</ref> Kwa Mongolia, 90% ya lefatshe ke le le omileng le le bokoa, se se dirang gore badisa ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa toropong go ya go bereka. Ka ditsompelo tse di lekanyeditsweng thata, badisa ba ba nnang mo lefatsheng le le omeletseng ba fudisa ka kelotlhoko thata gore ba kgone go somarela lefatshe. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2018 |title=Mongolia's nomadic way of life under threat |url=https://gulfnews.com/lifestyle/mongolias-nomadic-way-of-life-under-threat-1.2259998 |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref> Temothuo ke nngwe ya metswedi e megolo ya lotseno mo merafeng ya banni ba sekaka mo Aforika. Koketsego ya go nna sekaka ga mafelo mo dikgaolong tse go sentse lefatshe mo e leng gore batho ga ba tlhole ba kgona go lema le go rua ka tsela e e nang le thobo le go dira dipoelo. Se se amile itsholelo ka tsela e e sa siamang le go oketsa seelo sa lehuma. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stringer |first=Lindsay C. |last2=Dyer |first2=Jen C. |last3=Reed |first3=Mark S. |last4=Dougill |first4=Andrew J. |last5=Twyman |first5=Chasca |last6=Mkwambisi |first6=David |year=2009 |title=Adaptations to climate change, drought and desertification: local insights to enhance policy in southern Africa |journal=Environmental Science & Policy |volume=12 |issue=7 |pages=748–765 |bibcode=2009ESPol..12..748S |doi=10.1016/j.envsci.2009.04.002}}</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, go na le go oketsega ga bobueledi jwa lefatshe ka bophara, sekai ba UN SDG 15 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Goal 15 targets |url=https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904001634/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html |archive-date=4 September 2017 |access-date=24 September 2020 |website=UNDP |language=en}}</ref> go lwantsha go fetoga ga mafelo go nna sekaka le go buseletsa mafatshe a a setseng a amegile. == Mafelo a amegileng == Mafelo a a omeletseng a tsaya mo e ka nnang 40–41% ya kgaolo ya lefatshe lotlhe mme ke magae a batho ba ka feta dibilione di le pedi. <ref name=":4">{{Cite book |date=2006 |title=Governing global desertification: linking environmental degradation, poverty and participation |publisher=Ashgate [u.a.] |isbn=978-0-7546-4359-3 |editor-last=Johnson |editor-first=Pierre-Marc |series=Global environmental governance series |location=Aldershot |editor-last2=Johnson |editor-first2=Pierre Marc}}</ref> Go nnile le palo kakanyetso ya gore mo e ka nnang 10–20% ya mafelo a a omeletseng a setse a latlhegetswe ke boleng, lefelo lotlhe le le amilweng ke go fetoga sekaka ga mafelo le fa gare ga disekwerekhilomithara di le didikadike di le thataro le lesome le bobedi, gore mo e ka nnang 1–6% ya banni ba mafelo a a omeletseng ba nna mo mafelong a a sekaka, le gore batho ba le bilione ba mo kotsing ya go nna fa go fetogelang go nna sekaka go ya pele. <ref name="holtz">{{Cite web |date=10 October 2017 |title=UNCCD: Impact and role of drylands |url=https://www.unccd.int/un-decade-deserts-and-fight-against-desertification-impact-and-role-drylands |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107121026/https://www.unccd.int/un-decade-deserts-and-fight-against-desertification-impact-and-role-drylands |archive-date=7 November 2019 |access-date=7 November 2019 |website=UNCCD}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=World Bank |year=2009 |title=Gender in agriculture sourcebook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxBrq6hTs_UC&pg=PA454 |publisher=World Bank Publications |isbn=978-0-8213-7587-7 |page=454 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730160546/https://books.google.com/books?id=XxBrq6hTs_UC&pg=PA454 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Sahel === Ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya loapi le ditiro tsa batho mo go fetogeng sekaka ga lefelo di bonala mo kgaolong ya Sahel ya Aforika. Kgaolo e e tlhaolwa ka seemo sa loapi se se omeletseng go le mogote thata, dipalo tsa mogote tse di kwa godimo le pula e e kwa tlase (100–600&nbsp;mm ka ngwaga). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicholson |first=Sharon E. |date=17 February 2013 |title=The West African Sahel: A Review of Recent Studies on the Rainfall Regime and Its Interannual Variability |journal=International Scholarly Research Notices |language=en |volume=2013 |doi=10.1155/2013/453521 |doi-access=free |article-number=e453521}}</ref> Ka jalo, komelelo e a laola mo kgaolong ya Sahel. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Riebeek |first=Holli |date=3 January 2007 |title=Defining Desertification: Feature Articles |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Desertification/desertification2.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201211259/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Desertification/desertification2.php |archive-date=1 December 2016 |access-date=30 November 2016 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov}}</ref> Sahel e latlhegetswe ke lefatshe le ka nna botona jwa ba 650 000&nbsp;km ² ya lefatshe la yone la temothuo le le nang le dipoelo mo dingwageng di le 50 tse di fetileng; go anama ga go nna sekaka mo lefelong le go bonala thata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicholson |first=S. E. |last2=Tucker |first2=C. J. |last3=Ba |first3=M. B. |date=1 May 1998 |title=Desertification, Drought, and Surface Vegetation: An Example from the West African Sahel |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume=79 |issue=5 |pages=815–830 |bibcode=1998BAMS...79..815N |doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<0815:DDASVA>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Resource Stresses and Desertification in Africa |url=https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/use/?cid=nrcs142p2_054025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401055308/https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/use/?cid=nrcs142p2_054025 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=24 November 2020 |website=United States Department of Agriculture}}</ref> [[File:Village_Telly_in_Mali.jpg|thumb|Kgaolo ya Sahel ya Mali]] Seemo sa loapi sa Sahara se nnile le diphetogo tse dikgolo mo dingwageng di le dikete di le makgolo tse di fetileng, <ref name="Lakes">{{Cite journal |last=Kevin White |last2=David J. Mattingly |year=2006 |title=Ancient Lakes of the Sahara |journal=American Scientist |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=58–65 |doi=10.1511/2006.57.983}}</ref> se fetogafetoga fa gare ga go metsi (naga ya bojang) le go omelela (sekaka) dingwaga dingwe le dingwe di le dikete di le masome a mabedi, <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Jennifer Chu|date=2 January 2019|title=A "pacemaker" for North African climate|url=http://news.mit.edu/2019/study-regulating-north-african-climate-0102|access-date=20 January 2020|publisher=MIT News}}</ref> (tiragalo e go dumelwa gore e bakilwe ke diphetogo tsa nako e telele mo Seemong sa loapi sa Aforika Bokone, se se fetolang tsela ya Monsooni wa Aforika Bokone , mo e ka nnang ga dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mane, mo go one go sekama ga axis ya lefatshe go fetogang fa gare ga 22° le 24,5°). <ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite book |last=Houérou |first=Henry N. |date=10 December 2008 |title=Bioclimatology and Biogeography of Africa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Rvs7NkfeLEC&q=Sahara+rainfall+virtually+zero&pg=PA16 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-540-85192-9 |language=en |access-date=11 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730160547/https://books.google.com/books?id=_Rvs7NkfeLEC&q=Sahara+rainfall+virtually+zero&pg=PA16 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Dipalopalo dingwe di supile gore, fa e sale ka 1900, Sahara e atologile ka dikholomithara di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a matlhano go ya kwa borwa mo godimo ga karolo ya lefatshe mme go tswa kwa bophirima go ya kwa botlhaba ka dikete di le thataro tsa dikholomithara ka boleele. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Christian Bouquet |date=December 2017 |title=Le Sahara entre ses deux rives. Éléments de délimitation par la géohistoire d'un espace de contraintes |url=http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/afrique-dynamiques-regionales/articles-scientifiques/sahara-entre-deux-rives |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001607/http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/afrique-dynamiques-regionales/articles-scientifiques/sahara-entre-deux-rives |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=25 January 2018 |website=Géoconfluences |quote=Mais il aurait progressé de 250 km vers le sud depuis 1900 (Mainguet, 2003), et dépasserait donc 9 millions de km² soit 30 % de la superficie totale du continent africain.}}</ref> Letsha la Chad, le le mo kgaolong ya Sahel, le ile la kgala ka ntlha ya go gogwa ga metsi mo go lone go nosetsa le go fokotsega ga selekanyo sa pula. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Okpara |first=Uche T. |last2=Stringer |first2=Lindsay C. |last3=Dougill |first3=Andrew J. |date=November 2016 |title=Lake drying and livelihood dynamics in Lake Chad: Unravelling the mechanisms, contexts and responses |journal=Ambio |volume=45 |issue=7 |pages=781–795 |bibcode=2016Ambio..45..781O |doi=10.1007/s13280-016-0805-6 |pmc=5055484 |pmid=27371137}}</ref> Letsha le le ngotlegile ka go feta 90% fa e sale ka 1987, mme se sa fudusa didikadike tsa banni. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jiang |first=Ingrid |date=12 August 2022 |title=A Remarkable Size Shrinking in Lake Chad |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/e63a90f8552d4e5f98f4c56a56c06f9d |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=ArcGIS StoryMaps |language=en-ca |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002062620/https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/e63a90f8552d4e5f98f4c56a56c06f9d |url-status=dead }}</ref> Maiteko a mo bosheng a kgonne go dira kgatelopele nngwe mo go tsosoloseng go le buseletsa mme go sa ntse go tsewa fa le le mo kotsing ya go nyelela gotlhelele. <ref name="Remote sensing appraisal of Lake Ch">{{Cite journal |last=Onamuti |first=Olapeju Y. |last2=Okogbue |first2=Emmanuel C. |last3=Orimoloye |first3=Israel R. |date=8 November 2017 |title=Remote sensing appraisal of Lake Chad shrinkage connotes severe impacts on green economics and socio-economics of the catchment area |journal=Royal Society Open Science |volume=4 |issue=11 |bibcode=2017RSOS....471120O |doi=10.1098/rsos.171120 |pmc=5717671 |pmid=29291097 |doi-access=free |article-number=171120}}</ref> Go fokotsa go nna sekakaga mafelo, letsholo la Great Green Wall (Aforika) le ne la simololwa ka 2007 mme le ne le akaretsa go jala dimela mo karolong e e ka nnang dikholomithara di le dikete di le bosupa le makgolo a le bosupa le masome a masupa le botlhano (7 775 .&nbsp;km), dikholomithara di le lesome le botlhano ka bophara, go akaretswa mo lenaneong le mafatshe a le masome a mabedi le bobedi go fitlha ka 2030. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Green Wall Initiative |url=https://www.unccd.int/our-work/ggwi |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=UNCCD |language=en}}</ref> Maikaelelo a letsholo le ke tona le la go jala dimela ke go tokafatsa go boloka metsi mo mmung morago ga pula ya paka, ka jalo go rotloetsa tsosoloso ya lefatshe le temothuo ya mo bokamosong. [[Senegal]] e setse e tsentse letsogo mo lenaneong le ka go jala ditlhare tsa diheketara di le dikete di le masome a matlhano. Go bolelwa fa se se tokafaditse boleng jwa lefatshe le go baka koketsego ya tshono ya go gola ga itsholelo mo kgaolong e. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Great Green Wall &#124; National Geographic Society |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/great-green-wall/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222164123/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/great-green-wall/ |archive-date=22 December 2022 |access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> == Aforika == [[File:View_over_Bani_-_Sahel_Region_-_Burkina_Faso.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa Bani - Kgaolo ya Sahel - Burkina Faso]] === Kgaolo ya Sahel === Sahel, e leng kgaolo ya dikholomithara di dikete di le tlhano le makgolo a le mane e tsanaisana le phetogo ya seemo sa loapi sa Sekaka sa Sahara le dikgwa tse di bokgola tsa Sudan, e emela ngwe ya dikgaolo tsa lefatshe tse di ka tlhaselwang ke go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo ka bofefo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Case Study: Drought and Desertification in the Sahel |url=https://simplestudy.com/ie/leaving-cert/geography/revision-notes/option-atmosphere-ocean/climate-characteristics-and-economic-development/case-study-drought-and-desertification-in-the-sahel |access-date=June 19, 2026 |publisher=SimpleStudy}}</ref> Go ya ka dipelo go tswa kwa Lenaneong la Tikologo la Ditšhabakopano (UNEP), go senyega ga tikologo le go nna sekaka go ama mo e ka nnang 45% ya karolo yotlhe ya lefatshe mo teng ga Sahel, e leng mo e ka nnang disekwerekhilomithara di le didikadike di le 2.43 tsa lefatshe le le senyegileng. Dilo tse di bakang go nna sekaka kwa Sahel ke ditiro tsa batho le seemo sa loapi. Le fa dipalo tsa mogote mo kgaolong e di ile tsa oketsega ka 0,5°C go ya go 1,5°C mo lekgolong le le fetileng la dingwaga—tse di bakileng dipaka tse di sa tlhomamang thata tsa dipula tsa monsoon—go oketsega ga palo ya batho go ile ga oketsa kgatelelo ya tikologo le gone. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Re-Greening of the Sahel |url=https://adaptation.climate.columbia.edu/content/re-greening-sahel |access-date=June 19, 2026 |publisher=Columbia Climate School}}</ref> Ka palo ya batho ba kgaolo e e akanyediwang go atologa thata ka 2050, letlhoko la lefatshe le le ka lengwang le la go rua le dirile gore go feta 70% ya mafulo a Sahel a fulwe thata le 80% ya mafatshe a temothuo a itemogele go fokotsega mo go tseneletseng ga dikotla. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 3, 2026 |title=Desertification - Sahel case study |url=https://www.green.earth/blog/desertification-sahel-case-study |access-date=June 19, 2026 |publisher=Green Earth}}</ref> Tatlhegelo e ya khurumetso ya dimela e dira gore mmu o o senang sepe o amiwe ke diphefo tse di omileng tsa Harmattan, mme se se itlhaganedisa go atologa go ya kwa borwa, maemo a go fetoga sekaka se se omileng thata. Dikgato tsa go lwantsha se, segolobogolo letsholo la Great Green Wall, di ikaelela go busetsa diheketara di le didikadike di le lekgolo tsa lefatshe le le senyegileng le ka 2030. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 15, 2022 |title=Desertification in Africa: Causes, Effects and Solutions |url=https://earth.org/desertification-in-africa/ |access-date=June 19, 2026 |publisher=Earth.org}}</ref> == Dithutopatlisiso == === Sahel === Mo kgaolong ya Sahel—e e simololang kwa Senegal go ya kwa Chad—go nna sekaka ga legelo go bakwa thata ke kgatelelo e e tseneletseng ya batho e kopantswe le go fetofetoga ga seelo sa pula. Dithutopatlisiso tsa tikologo tsa mo bosheng di supa gore go latlhegelwa ke boleng ga lefatshe mo kgaolong e ke ga popego e bile go a oketsega. <ref>{{Citation|last=Osborne|first=Chetwynd|title=Achieving Land Degradation Neutrality through Active Restoration|date=2021-08-12|work=World Environment Day 2021: Essay Series on United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 2021-2030|pages=13–15|url=https://doi.org/10.52377/mxya1412|access-date=2026-06-19|publisher=Journal of Academic Research and Essays}}</ref> * '''Selekanyo sa go latlhegelwa ke boleng:''' Go ya ka tshedimosetso go tswa kwa Lenaneong la Tikologo la Ditšhabakopano (UNEP), go feta 45% ya kgaolo ya lefatshe kwa Sahel e amiwa thata ke go fetoga lefelo go nna sekaka, mme mo e ka nnang 80% ya masimo a temothuo a kgaolo e a setswe a laotswe gore a latlhegetswe ke boleng. * '''Go Sutela kwa Borwa (Mafelo a Nigeria a a kwa Pele):''' Kwa "mafelong a a kwa pele" a bokonebotlhaba jwa Nigeria (a a tshwanang le lefelo la Yobe), Sekaka sa Sahara se tsenelela kwa borwa. Tshedimosetso ya go tlhotlhomisa go tswa kgakala e bontsha gore go anama ga dithota tsa motlhaba go oketsegile go menagane go nna gabedi mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di sa tswang go feta, go ya kwa tlase ka seelo sa palo kakanyetso ya dikholomithara di le 0.6 ka ngwaga le go feta diheketara di ka nna dikete di le makgolo a mararo le masome a matlhano le bongwe tsa lefatshe la dijalo ka ngwaga. * '''Ditiro tsa batho tse di bakamg go fetiga sekaka ga lefelo tsa konokono:''' Le fa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e na le seabe, dithutopatlisiso mo mafelong ao di supa gore kgolo ya palo ya batho, lehuma la itsholelo le mekgwa mengwe ya temothuo e e tseneletseng ke tsone tse di dirang gore lefelo e nne sekaka ka bofefo. Go fudisa go feta selekanyo fela ka bo gone go dira mo e ka nnang 58% ya tshenyego ya lefatshe go ralala dikgaolo tse di omeletseng go le se kae, ka dipalopalo tsa leruo di apola khurumetso ya dimela tse di sireletsang mmu ka bonako go feta ka fa dimela tse di boang gape di gola ka bo tsone. === Lenaka la Aforika === Kwa Botlhaba jwa Lenaka la Afrika (bogolo jang Somalia, Ethiopia le Kenya), go nna sekaka ga mafelo go ile ga fefoswa thata ke diemo tsa seemo sa loapi tse di iseng di ko di nne teng e bile di latelana, e se ka ntlheng ya ditiro tsa batho fela. <ref>{{Citation|last=Osborne|first=Chetwynd|title=Achieving Land Degradation Neutrality through Active Restoration|date=2021-08-12|work=World Environment Day 2021: Essay Series on United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 2021-2030|pages=13–15|url=https://doi.org/10.52377/mxya1412|access-date=2026-06-19|publisher=Journal of Academic Research and Essays}}</ref> * '''Kgakgamatso ya seemo sa bosa ya dingwaga di le masome a masupa:''' Magareng ga 2020 le 2023, kgaolo e e ne ya nna le leuba le le sa tlwaelesegang mo ditsong la dingwaga di le dintsi le le neng le bakwa ke tiragalo ya La Niña e e neng ya tswelela dingwaga di le tharo. Se se ne sa felela ka gore go nne le dipaka tsa pula di le tlhano tse di latelanang tse di sa atlegang—e leng paka e e maswe go gaisa tsotlhe ya komelelo e e tsereng nako e telele mo kgaolo e e kileng ya gatisiwa mo dingwageng di le masome a masupa tse di fetileng. * '''Bokete jwa go sa sireletsega ga lefatshe:''' Go tlhaela ga bokgola jwa mmu mo go feteletseng go dirile gore dimela di swe ka bonako. Kwa Somalia, mo e ka nnang 49% ya lefatshe lotlhe mo bogompienong e itemogela go senyega ga tikologo mo go fa gare, fa 30% e arogantswe jaaka e e senyegileng thata mme e fetogela ka bonako go nna sekaka sa sennela ruri. * '''Tsa itsholelo ya batho:''' Mekgatlho e e elang tlhoko diemo tsa tikologo di bolela gore ka nako ya leuba/komeleo e e kwa godimo yeo, go feta 95% ya matsha a mannye a metsi a a kwa godimo ga lefatshe a ne a kgala mo dikgaolong tse di omeletseng. Se se ne sa pateletsa merafe ya badisa go tsamaya sekgala se se fa gare ga dikholomithara di le 8.6 le 17.6 go batla metswedi ya metsi e e ka dirisiwang, e e emelang koketsego ya 38% go feta palogare mo ditsong. * '''Tse di fefosang gore go nne le komelelo:''' Go ya ka ditso, dikomelelo tse di tona mo Lenakeng la Aforika di ne di diragala mo go ka nnang gangwe mo dingwageng dingwe le dingwe di le thataro. Fa e sa le ka 2005, dipalo tse di oketsegile go menagane go nna gabedi; dikomelelo tse di feteletseng jaanong di a ipoeletsa gangwe mo dingwageng dingwe le dingwe di le tharo, mme se ga se fe mmu yo o fa godimo nako e e lekaneng go buseletsa menontshane ya one ya tlholego kgotsa go boloka dikotla. === Tshwantshanyo ya Dikgaolo === Lenaneo le le latelang le farologanya tse di bakang go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo le ditlamorago tsa go latlhegelwa ke boleng ga lefatshe go ralala dikgaolo ka bobedi : <ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Release: World AIDS Day - 2014 |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-5133-2014042 |access-date=2026-06-19 |website=Human Rights Documents online}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Tshwantshanyo ya Diphetogo tsa go Nna Sekaka ga lefelo !Kgaolo !Lebaka la konokono !Dipalo !Ditlamorago tsa Konokono |- |'''Sahel''' |Ditiro tsa batho (Go fudisa go feta selekanyo, temothuo e e tseneletseng, kgatelelo ya palo ya batho) |masome a le boferabobedi mo lekgolong (80%) ya masimo a a senyegile kana a latlhegetswe ke boleng |Go tsenelela ga dithota tsa motlhaba go ya kwa borwa ka 0.6 km ngwaga le ngwaga |- |'''Lenaka la Aforika''' |Diemo tsa bosa tse di maswe thata (Komelelo e e ipoeletsang ya dingwaga di le dintsi, La Niña) |tshenyo ya masome a le mararo mo lekgolong (30%) e e masisi ya lefatshe (Somalia) |Go kgala ga 95% ya metswedi ya metsi e e godimo ga lefatshe; go swa ka bonako ga dimela. |} === Lenaka la Aforika === Mo Lenakeng la Aforika, go nna sekaka ga lefelo go bonala itshupa ka go phutlhama ga thulaganyo ya go tshela ga diphologolo tsa tikologo mo go bakwang ke diemo tse di latelanang, tse di di masisi tsa komelelo. Go nna mo kotsing ga mafulo a kgaolo a a omileng go sekae go ne ga supiwa ke go palelwa mo go tseneletseng ga dipaka tsa dipula tse di latelanang fa gare ga 2023 le 2025, mo go neng ga senya khurumetso ya dimela le go itlhaganedisa go omelela ga mmu o o fa godimo go ralala Somalia, botlhaba jwa Kenya, le borwa jwa Ethiopia. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 16, 2025 |title=Alert: An Extremely Poor October to December 2025 Rainfall Season in the Horn of Africa |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/alert-extremely-poor-october-december-2025-rainfall-season-horn-africa-urgent-action-needed-now-address-severe-food-security-risks-16-december-2025 |access-date=June 19, 2026 |publisher=Food Security and Nutrition Working Group via ReliefWeb}}</ref> Morago ga go palelwa gotlhelele ga dipula tsa bofelo jwa 2025, Somalia e ne ya itsise gore go na le seemo sa tshoganetso sa setšhaba sa komelelo, ka go senyega ga lefatshe le go latlhegelwa ke metswedi ya metsi a leruo go ne ga fudusa badisa ba ba fetang dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le botlhano kwa bofelong jwa 2025 le tshimologo ya 2026. Go fetoha ga mafelo a bojang a a ungwang go nna mafelo a a tshwanang le sekaka kwa Afrika Botlhaba go gakadiwa ke go rengwa ga dikgwa mo lefelong le go dira magala le go kgaoganngwa ga ditsela tsa setso tsa go fuduga ga batho, mo go bakang gore go nne le leruo le le ntsi mo mafulong a a bokoa. Go tsibogela seemo sa tatlhegelo ya mmu se se anameng, dipuso tsa dikgaolo di fetogetse kwa go direng ditekanyetso-kakanyetso tsa triro ya madi tse di ka kgonang go emelana le seemo sa bosa; ka sekai, maiteko a lefatshe mo diemong tsa tikologo kwa Kenya a remeletse thata mo tsosolosong ya ditikologo tsa mafulo tse di dirisitsweng go feta selekanyo go fokotsa go senyega ga mmu mo go tswelelang, gape le go thibela letlhoko le le tona la dijo mo itsholelong. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 11, 2026 |title=Desertification and Drought Day 2026: Insights from evidence of climate-resilient development across Africa and Asia |url=https://clareprogramme.org/update/desertification-and-drought-day-2026-insights-from-evidence-of-climate-resilient-development-across-africa-and-asia/ |access-date=June 19, 2026 |publisher=CLARE Programme}}</ref> === Sekaka sa Gobi le Mongolia === Lefelo le lengwe le le tona le le amiwang ke go fetoga ga sekaka ga lefelo ke Sekaka sa Gobi se se kwa Bokone jwa China le kwa Borwa jwa Mongolia. Sekaka sa Gobi ke sekaka se se atologang ka bonako go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng, ka gore se fetola go feta disekwerekhilomithara di le dikete di le tharo tsa naga ya bojang go nna naga e e latlhegetsweng ke boleng ngwaga le ngwaga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rechtschaffen |first=Daniel |title=How China's Growing Deserts Are Choking The Country |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielrechtschaffen/2017/09/18/how-chinas-growing-deserts-are-choking-the-country/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216110308/https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielrechtschaffen/2017/09/18/how-chinas-growing-deserts-are-choking-the-country/ |archive-date=16 February 2022 |access-date=28 August 2022 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> Le fa Sekaka sa Gobi ka bosone se sa ntse se le kgakala le [[Beijing]], dipego go tswa mo dithutong tsa lefelo di bolela gore go na le dithota tse ditona tsa motlhaba tse di ipopang sekgala sa dikholomithara di le masome a le bosupa fela kwa ntle ga toropo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2020 |title=Gobi Desert: A Complete Guide to East Asia's Largest Desert |url=https://www.youngpioneertours.com/gobi-desert-guide/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730160548/https://www.youngpioneertours.com/gobi-desert-guide/ |archive-date=30 July 2023 |access-date=3 April 2022 |website=Young Pioneer Tours |language=en}}</ref> Kwa Mongolia, mo e ka nnang 90% ya naga ya bojang e tsewa e le e e ka nnang sekaka ke UN . Palokakanyetso ya 13% ya go nna sekaka ga lefelo kwa Mongolia e bakwa ke mabaka a tlholego; a mangwe ke ka ntlha ya tlhotlheletso ya ditiro tsa batho segolobogolo go fudisa go feta selekanyo le kgothego ya mmu e e oketsegileng mo mafelong a a lemilweng. <ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Desertification and How Does It Impact Mongolia? |url=https://breathemongolia.org/en/news-article/desertification-impact-mongolia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401180828/https://breathemongolia.org/en/news-article/desertification-impact-mongolia |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=3 April 2022 |website=Breathe Mongolia – English |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Han |first=Jie |last2=Dai |first2=Han |last3=Gu |first3=Zhaolin |date=1 December 2021 |title=Sandstorms and desertification in Mongolia, an example of future climate events: a review |journal=Environmental Chemistry Letters |language=en |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=4063–4073 |bibcode=2021EnvCL..19.4063H |doi=10.1007/s10311-021-01285-w |issn=1610-3661 |pmc=8302971 |pmid=34335128}}</ref> Mo pakeng ya 1940 go ya go 2015, palogare ya mogote wa phefo e ne ya oketsega ka 2.24&nbsp;°C. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Han |first=Jie |last2=Dai |first2=Han |last3=Gu |first3=Zhaolin |date=1 December 2021 |title=Sandstorms and desertification in Mongolia, an example of future climate events: a review |journal=Environmental Chemistry Letters |language=en |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=4063–4073 |bibcode=2021EnvCL..19.4063H |doi=10.1007/s10311-021-01285-w |issn=1610-3661 |pmc=8302971 |pmid=34335128}}</ref> Paka e e bothitho thata ya dingwaga di le lesome e ne e le mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di sa tswang go feta mo bosheng go fitlha ka 2021. Pula e fokotsegile ka 7% mo pakeng e e mo go bakileng koketsego ya diemo tsa komelelo go ralala Mongolia. Sekaka sa Gobi se tswelela ka go atologa go ya kwa bokone, ka lefatshe le le fetang 70% la Mongolia le le senyegileng ka ntlha ya go fulwa go feta selekanyo, go rengwa ga dikgwa le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa. Mo godimo ga moo, puso ya Mongolia e kwadile melelo ya dikgwa, go swa ga dimela, ditiro tsa dikgwa tse di sa tsweleleng pele le tsa meepo jaaka dilo tse di bakang go fetoga ga naga sekaka mo nageng e . Phetogo go tswa mo temothuong ya dinku go ya kwa go ya dipodi gore go kgonwe go fitlhelela ditlhokego tsa go rekisa kwa ntle boboa jwa cashmere go bakile go senyega ga lefatshe la mafulo. Fa di bapisiwa le dinku, dipodi di dira tshenyo e ntsi mo mafulong ka go ja medi le dithunya. <ref>{{Citation|last1=Dorj|first1=O.|date=2013|pages=217–229|editor-last=Heshmati|editor-first=G. Ali|place=Dordrecht|publisher=Springer Netherlands|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-94-007-6652-5_11|isbn=978-94-007-6651-8|last2=Enkhbold|first2=M.|last3=Lkhamyanjin|first3=S.|last4=Mijiddorj|first4=Kh.|last5=Nosmoo|first5=A.|last6=Puntsagnamil|first6=M.|last7=Sainjargal|first7=U.|title=Combating Desertification in Asia, Africa and the Middle East|chapter=Mongolia: Country Features, the Main Causes of Desertification and Remediation Efforts|editor2-last=Squires|editor2-first=Victor R.}}</ref> Go fokotsa ditlamorago tsa letlhoko la madi ka ntlheng ya go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo kwa Inner Mongolia, Bai Jingying o ruta basadi go loga dilo tsa setso, tse morago ga moo ba di rekisang gore ba nne le lotseno lo lo oketsegileng. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Community threads together |url=https://www.chinadailyhk.com/hk/article/252552#Community-threads-together-2021-12-20 |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=chinadailyhk |language=en}}</ref> [[File:10-4-26_沙尘暴_-_panoramio_-_阿留申.jpg|thumb|Ditsuatsue tsa lerole kwa China tse di amanngwang le go fetoga ga lefelo go nna sekaka mo dikgaolong tsa yone tse di kwa bokone le kwa bokonebophirima]] === Amerika Borwa === Amerika Borwa ke lefelo le lengwe le le mo kotsing ya go fetoga sekaka, ka 25% ya lefatshe e tlhaolwa jaaka mafelo a a omeletseng <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2016 |title=Soil Degradation Threatens Nutrition in Latin America - World |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/soil-degradation-threatens-nutrition-latin-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403121753/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/soil-degradation-threatens-nutrition-latin-america |archive-date=3 April 2022 |access-date=3 April 2022 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}</ref> mme go feta 68% ya lefatshe le nnile le kgothego ya mmu ka ntlha ya go rengwa ga dikgwa le go fudisa go feta selekanyo. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2018 |title=Why We Should Invest in Land Management in Latin America |url=https://www.nrdc.org/bio/carolina-herrera/why-we-should-invest-land-management-latin-america |access-date=25 September 2023 |website=www.nrdc.org |language=en}}</ref> 27 go ya go 43% ya mafelo a lefatshe kwa Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador le Peru a mo kotsing ka ntlha ya go fetoga sekaka. Kwa Argentina, Mexico le Paraguay, lefelo le le fetang sephatlo sa lefatshe le sentswe ke go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo mme ga se le le ka dirisetswang temothuo. Kwa Amerika Bogare, komelelo e bakile go oketsega ga letlhoko la ditiro le go fokotsega ga pabalesego ya go nna teng ga dijo - gape e baka le go fuduga ga batho. Go ile ga bonwa ditlamorago tse di tshwanang le tse kwa magaeng a Mexico kwa botona jwa disekwerekhilomithara di le sekete tsa lefatshe di latlhegileng ngwaga le ngwaga ka ntlha ya go nna sekaka. <ref name=":0" /> Kwa Argentina, go fetoga ga sekaka ga lefelo go na le bokgoni jwa go kgoreletsa ditlamelo tsa dijo tsa lefatshe . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Torres |first=Laura |last2=Abraham |first2=Elena M. |last3=Rubio |first3=Clara |last4=Barbero-Sierra |first4=Celia |last5=Ruiz-Pérez |first5=Manuel |date=7 July 2015 |title=Desertification Research in Argentina |journal=Land Degradation & Development |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=433–440 |bibcode=2015LDeDe..26..433T |doi=10.1002/ldr.2392 |hdl=11336/48401 |s2cid=129476957 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> 7wvta9f0jh4es5tv8r9rt4386etfh2f 0 14579 53200 53011 2026-07-25T12:37:22Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53200 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Molao wa setshaba wa Batswana''' o laolwa ke [[Molaomotheo wa Botswana|molaomotheo]] wa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borataro wa lefatshe la [[Botswana]], o o fetotsweng go nna molao wa boagedi wa ngwaga sekete,makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi, le dipaakanyo tsa one le ditumalano tsa mafatshefatshe tse di dirilweng ke [[puso ya Botswana]].<ref>Manby, Bronwen (2010). ''[https://www.unhcr.org/4cbc60ce6.pdf Citizenship Law in Africa: A Comparative Study]'' (PDF) (2nd&nbsp;ed.). New York, New York: Open Society Foundations, Africa Governance Monitoring and Advocacy (AfriMAP), Open Society Justice Initiative. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-936133-29-1|<bdi>978-1-936133-29-1</bdi>.]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210215021424/https://www.unhcr.org/4cbc60ce6.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 15 February 2021.</ref> Melao e, e laola gore ke mang o o tshwanetseng kgotsa o o tshwanelang go nna [[Motswana]]. <ref>[https://www.unhcr.org/media/citizenship-law-africa-comparative-study-bronwen-manby Manby 2010,] p.&nbsp;96.</ref>Ditsela tsa molao tsa go tsaya boagedi, go nna leloko le le tletseng la lefatshe, dI farologana le botsalano jwa selegae gareng ga motho wa lefatshe le lefatshe, mo go itsegeng e le boagedi.<ref>Fransman, Laurie (2011). ''Fransman's British Nationality Law'' (3rd&nbsp;ed.). Haywards Heath, West Sussex: [[:en:Bloomsbury_Publishing|Bloomsbury Professional]]. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-84592-095-1|<bdi>978-1-84592-095-1</bdi>.]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Allan_Rosas|Rosas, Allan]] (1994). [https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=IXgpAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Citizenship+is+a+conglomerate+of+special+political+and+other+rights%22&redir_esc=y "Nationality and Citizenship in a Changing European and World Order"]. In Suksi, Markku (ed.). ''Law Under Exogenous Influences''. Turku, Finland: Turku Law School. pp.&nbsp;30–60. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-951-29-0284-2|<bdi>978-951-29-0284-2</bdi>.]]</ref> Boagedi jwa Botswana bo bonwa ka molao wa tshwanelo ya tsalo (jus sanguinis), go raya gore ka tsalo ya batsadi boo babedi e le [[Batswana]].<ref name=":0">[https://www.unhcr.org/media/citizenship-law-africa-comparative-study-bronwen-manby Manby 2010], p.&nbsp;40</ref> Bo ka neelwa batho ba ba ntseng mo lefatsheng ka sebaka sengwe sa nako, ba ba diretseng lefatshe ditiro dingwe tse di faphegileng kgotsa o o nang le tirisanommogo le lefatshe ka go nna moagedi ka go ikopela.<ref name=":1">[https://www.unhcr.org/media/citizenship-law-africa-comparative-study-bronwen-manby Manby 2010], p.&nbsp;68.</ref> == Botswana le boagedi jwa mafatshe a selekane == Batswana gape ke baagedi ba mafatshe a selekane ka tlholego fa e sale ka boipuso ka Lwetse a le malatsi a le masome a mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro. == Go tsaya boagedi jwa Botswana == Boagedi jwa Botswana bo tsewa ka nako ya tsalo kgotsa morago mo botshelong ka go bo fiwa.<ref>[https://www.unhcr.org/media/citizenship-law-africa-comparative-study-bronwen-manby Manby 2010], p.&nbsp;ix–x.</ref> === Ka tsalo === * Batho ba ba tsholetsweng gope fela, ke batsadi kgotsa motsadi a le mongwe wa Motswana.<ref name=":0" /> === Ka go bo fiwa === Go fiwa boagedi mo Botswana go diragadiwa ka go isa kopo kwa toneng o o lebaganeng le tsamaiso ya mesepele. Bakopi ba tshwanetse go supa bosupi jwa gore ke batho ba ba siameng, ba itse [[Setswana]] kgotsa puo e nngwe ya morafe mongwe wa Botswana; ba nne le maikaelelo a go nna mo Botswana; ba bo ba ntse mo kgaolong sebaka sa dingwaga di le lesome, ba ntse mo Botswana ba sa emise sebaka sa ngwaga pele ga ba ikopela boagedi. Kwa ntle ga batswakwa,<ref name=":1" /> batho ba ba ka bonang boagedi ka go bo fiwa ba akaretsa: * Mopati wa Motswana, fa ba ntse mo lefatsheng sebaka sa dingwaga di le tlhano; <ref name=":1" /> * Batshabi ba kwa [[Angola]] ba ba mo tumalanong ya mafatshe a mabedi le mookamedi wa [[United Nations General Assembly|United Nations]] wa batshabi, ba ba sa ikaeleleng go boela Angola;<ref>[https://www.unhcr.org/media/citizenship-law-africa-comparative-study-bronwen-manby Manby 2010], pp.&nbsp;92–93.</ref> * Bana ba bannye ba batho ba ba filweng boagedi jwa Botswana; <ref name=":2">[https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4c5818202.pdf "Chapter 01:01 — Citizenship"] (PDF). ''RefWorld''. Gaborone, Botswana: [[:en:Government_of_Botswana|Government of Botswana.]] 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref> * Bana ba ba ikopetsweng,<ref name=":2" /> * batho ba ba dirileng tiro nngwe e e faphegileng ba direla lefatshe, ka tshekatsheko ya ga tautona go sena tse di batliwang pele. <ref name=":1" /><ref>[https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4c5818202.pdf ''Citizenship Act'' 2004], p.&nbsp;4</ref> == Tatlhegelo ya boagedi == Batswana ba ka emisa boagedi jwa bone fa ba na le molao le selekanyo gape ba tsere boagedi jwa lefatshe le lengwe.<ref>[https://www.unhcr.org/media/citizenship-law-africa-comparative-study-bronwen-manby Manby 2010], p.&nbsp;8.</ref> Tsebe ya botlhano ya molao wa [[Aferika|Aforika]] wa ditshwanelo tsa batho o iletsa go boela morago boagedi kwa ntle ga tsheko le tsamaiso e e e maleba.<ref>[https://www.unhcr.org/media/citizenship-law-africa-comparative-study-bronwen-manby Manby 2010], p.&nbsp;25.</ref> Mo tshekong ya ga ''Modise kgatlhanong le Botswana'' (ya ngwaga wa dikete pedi)  lekoko la ditshwanelo tsa batho mo Aforika le ne la nna kgatlhanong le Botswana la bo la gakolola gore go retelelwa ke go lemoga maemo a molao a motho le maiteko a go boela morago go tsaya boagedi ga batho go kgatlhanong le molao, go utlusa motho botlhoko.<ref>[https://www.unhcr.org/media/citizenship-law-africa-comparative-study-bronwen-manby Manby 2010], p.&nbsp;26.</ref> Poelo morago go fiwa boagedi morago go ka diragala fa motho a na le boagedi mo mafatsheng a mabedi bo bo sa fitlheleleng melao e e beilweng; fa motho a tsere boagedi ka go tsietsa, kgotsa go fitlha sengwe, fa ba dirile melato kgatlhanong le lefatshe, fa ba dirile ditiro dingwe tse di bonwang e le go tlhoka go nna boikanyego; kgotsa fa ba sa tlhole ba nna mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":3">[https://www.unhcr.org/media/citizenship-law-africa-comparative-study-bronwen-manby Manby 2010], pp.&nbsp;79, 81, 84.</ref> == Boagedi jwa mafatshe a mabedi == Lefatshe la Botswana ga le letlelele boagedi jwa mafatshe a mabedi kwa ntle ga fa e le ngwana o monnye fa a sena go nna dingwaga tsa mogolo, kgotsa ka go tsaya boagedi jwa lefatshe le sele ka go nyalwa.<ref name=":4">[https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4c5818202.pdf ''Citizenship Act'' 2004], p.&nbsp;6.</ref> Ba ba ganetsweng ka boagedi jwa mafatshe a mabedi ba ka tsweledisa boagedi jwa bone jwa Botswana ka semolao. Le fa go ntse jalo, go boela morago boagedi jwa pele go a tlhokega ka dinako tsotlhe.<ref>[https://www.gov.bw/citizenship/citizenship-application-dual-citizenship "Botswana Dual Citizenship"]. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref> == Ditso == '''Magosi a Batswana (ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a supa go tsena ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabobedi le bone)''' Bogosi jwa Bangwaketse bo simolotse ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a supa ke batswakwa ba merafe ya [[Bahurutshe]] la [[Bakwena]] ba ba thibeletseng mo bathong ba [[Bakgalagadi]] le [[Barolong]] kwa kgaolong e e kwa borwabotlhaba jwa kwa e tlaa nnang Botswana.<ref>Parsons, Neil (April 1999). [http://www.thuto.org/ubh/bw/bhp1.htm "A Brief History of Botswana".] ''thuto.org''. Gaborone, Botswana: Neil Parsons. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref> Go gola ga palo ya batho le kgaisano ya ketelelo pele ya ditsela tsa kgwebo go ne ga baka dintwa le makgamu mo bogosing jwa Phofu jwa legae ka bone kwa kgaolong ya [[Transvaal]] bophirima, mo go neng ga baka phudugo ya bone.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240105180021/https://www.eisa.org/where-we-work/ "African Democracy Encyclopaedia Project: Botswana: The Tswana Polities (1700–1885)".] ''Eisa.org''. Johannesburg, South Africa: [[:en:Electoral_Institute_for_Sustainable_Democracy_in_Africa|Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa]]. June 2009. Archived from the original on 11 July 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2026.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano, bogosi jwa [[Bangwaketse]] e ne e le lefatshe le le nonofileng la sesole le okametse go epa kopore, go gatelela dikgomo, le go tsoma gaufi le kwa e leng [[Kanye]] gompieno. <ref name=":5">[http://www.thuto.org/ubh/bw/bhp1.htm Parsons 1999.]</ref>Setlhopha se sengwe sa Batswakwa ba Bakwena se ne sa thibelela gaufi le [[Molepolole]], jaaka setlhopha se se tlhamileng bogosi jwa [[Bangwato]] kwa bokone jwa lefelo le le gaufi ke [[Shoshong]], le le neng la atologela kwa bophirima go kgabaganya [[sekaka sa Kalahari]].<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |url=https://www.eisa.org/where-we-work/ |title=EISA 2009. |access-date=2026-07-23 |archive-date=2024-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105180021/https://www.eisa.org/where-we-work/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>  Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a supa le masome a supa, setlhopha se ne sa tswa mo Bangwatong sa tlhama bogosi jwa [[Batawana]] gaufi le [[Letsha la Ngami|letsha la Ngam]]<nowiki/>i.<ref name=":5" /> Ditlhopha tse di ne tsa tlhama ditsela tsa kgwebo go tswa kwa [[Angola]] go ya koloneng ya Kapa go ya [[Mozambique]], e e neng ya baka dikgatelelo tsa go gapa dikgomo, boboa, dinaka tsa tlou, makgoba le dithoto tse dingwe. Go tswa ka nako ya phetogo y a lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabongwe, nako e e neng e bidiwa [[Difaqane]], ya diphudugo tse di pateleditsweng, dikgotlhang le komelelo e ne ya baka go tlhoka go itshetlela ga banni ba borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a mabedi le bone, bogosi jwa ga Ngwaketse bo ne jwa tlhaselwa ke setlhopha se setona sa batswakwa ba [[Bakololo]], ba ba neng ba sutisitswe kwa bokone go tswa kwa Maputo Bay.<ref name=":5" /> Ba ya kwa bokone, Bakololo ba ne ba tswelela go ya kwa kgaolong ya Bangwato pele ga ba itshetlela kwa e leng Zambia ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi masome a mararo le botlhano. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi masome a mabedi le borobabobedi, ba Ndebele go tswa kwa bogosing jwa Zulu ba ne ba tlhasela magosi a Bangwaketse le Batawana, ba ba pateletsa go nna makgoba. Matebele morago ba ne ba kobelwa kwa lefelong le e leng [[Zimbabwe]] gompieno ke Maburu, mme ba tswelela ka go nna matshosetsi mo magosing a kgaolo. Magosi a Batswana a ne a tsaya taolo mo ditseleng tsa bone tsa kgwebo le kgaolo ka dingwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mane.<ref name=":6" /> Mafatshe a Batswana a [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bakwena]], [[Bangwato]] le Batawana a ne a rulaganya batlhanka ba bone ka dikgotla ka fa tlase ga dikgosi tse di neng di laolwa ke kgosikgolo.<ref name=":5" /> Kgosikgolo o ne a solofelwa go netefatsa gore go nna le tshisibalo ka molao, go tsaya ditshwetso le go aba didirisiwa. Gape o ne a ba le tetla ya go laola batho go dira tiro nngwe go fetsa mananeo a setshaba.<ref name=":6" /> Kgotla nngwe le nngwe e ne e na le lefelo la kgotla, kgansele ya motse e e neng e laola melao le dikgang tsa molao tsa motse. Basadi ba ne ba idiwa go tsaya karolo mo khanseleng, gape ba ne ba sa kgone go ikuela fa pele ga yone. Metse e ne e amangwa ke merafe le mafaratlhatlha a losika lwa matlo.<ref>Mafela, Lily (2007). [https://journals.openedition.org/etudesafricaines/7962 "Batswana Women and Law: Society, Education and Migration (c. 1840-c. 1980)".] [[:en:Cahiers_d'Études_Africaines|''Cahiers d'Études Africaines''.]] '''47''' (187–188): 523–566. doi:10.4000/etudesafricaines.7962. ISSN&nbsp;0008-0055. JSTOR&nbsp;40379886. OCLC&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/title/716055081 716055081.]</ref> Magae a Botswana a ne a dumela mo go reng rre ke tlhogo ya lolwapa ebile o etelela pele tsa selegae, itsholelo le sepolotiki. <ref name=":7">[https://journals.openedition.org/etudesafricaines/7962 Mafela 2007], p.&nbsp;526.</ref>Losika lwa ga rre e ne e le boremelelo jwa go aba bojaboswa jwa khumo, gantsi e le lefatshe le dikgomo,<ref name=":7" /> mme khumo e ne e supa serodumo sa poloriki le maatla mo setshabeng.<ref>[https://journals.openedition.org/etudesafricaines/7962 Mafela 2007], p.&nbsp;529.</ref> Basadi ba ne ba le mo maemong a go direla mo gae le mo molaong, basadi le bana ba ne ba ikaega ka tlhogo ya lelwapa kgotsa legae ka molao.<ref>[https://journals.openedition.org/etudesafricaines/7962 Mafela 2007], p.&nbsp;525.</ref> Merafe e mene ya Batswaba e ne ya aga ditirisanommogo le ditsela tsa kgwebo, e letla barongwa ba London Missionary Society go tlhama mafelo mo dikgaolong tsa bone gareng ga ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a mane le bone le ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi lesome le bosupa le bosupa.<ref name=":6" /> Go tswa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a matlhano le bobedi, [[Maburu]] ba ne ba simolola go tlhasela mafelo a Bangwato le Bakwena, ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a supa ba ne ba leka go dira masimo mo lefelong la Bangwaketse. Maburu a ne a lelekwa mme a felela a tlogela melao ya one ga go atolosa mafelo, ba lemoga ka molao ketelelo pele ya magosi ka sebaka sa ngwaga di le lesome. Ka dingwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi, ba ne ba ntshafatsa maikaelelo a bone a go gapa lefatshe la Batswana. Ba tshositswe ke go ata ga Maburu le go gola ga thotloetso ya ma Jeremane kwa South West Africa, barongwa ba Britain le ba ba amanang le bone ba ne ba itsalanya le magosi a Batswana.<ref name=":6" /> Fa Maburu a tlhasela kgaolo ya Britain a tlhama Stellaland le lefatshe la Goshen, a tlhama lefelo le le sireleditsweng mo kgaolong ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabobedi le bobedi, ba Britain ba ba neng ba le sebete se molangwana ba ne ba tsaya tshwetso ya go tsaya kgato.<ref>Stewart, John (1999). ''[[iarchive:africanstatesrul0000stew_l3o5/page/207/mode/1up|African States and Rulers]]'' (2nd&nbsp;ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. ISBN[[:en:Special:BookSources/0-7864-0613-5|&nbsp;<bdi>0-7864-0613-5</bdi>.]]</ref> '''Lefatshe le le sireleditsweng ke Britain (ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabobedi le bone go tsena ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro)''' Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabobedi le bone, fa ba tsibogela kopo ya thuso ke banni kwa lefelong la Batswana le go sireletsa dikeletso tsa bone mo Maburung, ma Jeremane le Mapotokisi, bogosi jwa Britain bo ne jwa tlhama Bechuanaland Protectorate kwa lefelong le le kwa bokone jwa [[noka ya Molopo]]. Lefelo le le kwa borwa jwa noka e ne ya nna kolone ya bogosi, British [[Bechuanaland]], e e neng ya kopanngwa le kolone ya Kapa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabongwe botlhano. Fa mafatshe a a sireleditsweng ke Britain a tlhamiwa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabongwe le botlhano, go ne go le pharologanyo e potlana gareng ga ditshwanelo tsa batlhanka ba Britain le batho ba ba sireleditsweng. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe lesome le bone, mafatshe a a sireleditsweng ke ma British a ne a bonwa e le mafelo a a kwa ntle a a tlhaelang puso ya mo gae. Fa lefatshe la Britain le atolosa maemo a lone mo kgaolong, le ne la tsaya maikarabelo a go busa mo gae le kwa ntle, le akaretsa botsalano jwa mafatshe a sele le tshireletso. Beng gae ba ne ba itsege e le Batho ba ba sireleditsweng ba Britain (British Protected Persons) ba ne ba se na tshwanelo ya go nna batho ba Britain. Batho ba ba neng ba bidiwa BPP ba ne ba sena tshwanelo ya go boela kwa [[United Kingdom]] ba sa kgone go nna le ditshwanelo tsa boagedi, le fa go ntse jalo, ba ne ba ka neelwa bukana ya mesepele ba kgone go bona dithuso le ditirelo tsa mafatshe a mangwe fa ba tsaya maeto. Batho ba ba tsholetsweng kwa British Protectorate ke rre wa kwa Britain ba ne ba tsaya lotso lwa motsadi wa bone.<ref>Dummett, Ann (2006). [https://www.jstor.org/content/oa_chapter_edited/j.ctt46n00f.19 "15. United Kingdom".] In Bauböck, Rainer; Ersbøll, Eva; Groenendijk, Kees; Waldrauch, Harald (eds.). ''Acquisition and Loss of Nationality: Policies and Trends in 15 European States''. Vol.&nbsp;2. Country Analyses. [[:en:Amsterdam_University_Press|Amsterdam: Amsterdam University]] Press. pp.&nbsp;551–586. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-921-4|<bdi>978-90-5356-921-4</bdi>.]] JSTOR&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/content/oa_chapter_edited/j.ctt46n00f.19 j.ctt46n00f.19.]</ref> '''Batlhanka ba Britain ba ba neng ba nna kwa Bechuanaland Protectorate (ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabobedi masome a robabobedi le bone go tsena ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borataro)''' Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe lesome le motso, kwa bokopanong jwa magosi tshwetso e ne ya tsewa ya go kwala palo ya lefatshe e e dirisiwang mo bogosing jwa Britain. Molao wa setshaba wa Britain le seemo sa batswakwa wa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe lesome le bone o ne wa letla magosi a mo gae mo magosing a a ipusang go tswelela a laola boagedi mo dikgaolong tsa bone, mme gape ba dira molao wa bogosi go dirisiwa mo lefelong. Molao wa batho botlhe o o simolotseng go bereka ka Firikgong a rogwa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe lesome le botlhano, o ne o tlhoka gore mosadi o o nyetsweng a tseye boagedi mo mopating wa gagwe, mo go rayang gore fa e le motho wa Britain, le ene ke mk Britain fa e le motswakwa le ene ke motswakwa. O ne o bua gore fa monna a latlhegelwa ke boagedi, mosadi o ka bolela fa a eletsa go tswelela e le motho wa Britain. O ne gape o bua gore fa lonyalo lo fedile, ka loso kgotsa tlhalo, motho o o tsholetsweng kwa Britain o o latlhegetsweng ke maemo a gagwe ka lonyalo o ka boelwa ke boagedi jwa Britain ka go bo fiwa a sa tlhokiwe sepe pele. Molao o ne wa boelela molao wa tlwaelesego wa batho ba ba tsholetsweng mo kgaolong ka letsatsi leo kgotsa morago ga lone. Ka go dirisa lefoko motho, molao o ne o sa tlhoke dipe kwa pele mo bathong ba ba tsholetsweng mo gae, mo go rayang gore ngwana o o tswang kwa ntle o ka tsaya lotso lwa ga mmaagwe. Ba ba tsholetsweng kwa ntle ka letsatsi leo kgotsa morago, ba ka tsewa ke ngwana mo go rraagwe wa Britain, o a neng a tshotswe kgotsa a filwe boagedi. Go fiwa boagedi go ne go tlhoka dingwaga di le tlhano tsa go nna kgotsa tsa go direla bogosi. Diphetogo tsa molao wa setshaba wa Britain di dirilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe lesome le borobabobedi, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a mabedi le bobedi, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a mararo le boraro le ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a mane le boraro di fetola go tsaya boagedi ka go tsaya jwa ga mogolwagolwane wa gago le go fetola go se kae  molao wa gore basadj ba latlhegelwe ke boagedi fa ba nyalwa. Ka ntlha ya go oketsega ga batho ba eseng ba lefatshe lepe, mosadi o a neng a sa tseye boagedi jwa monna wa gagwe ka tlholego fa a nyalwa kgotsa a ikopela mo lefatsheng le lengwe, o ne a sa latlhegelwe ke boahedi jwa Britain moragl ga ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a mararo le boraro. Paakanyo ya ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a mane le boraro, e ne e letla ngwana o o tsholetsweng kwa ntle ka nako nngwe le nngwe go nna mo Britain fa mokwaledimogolo wa lefatshe a dumalama go kwadisa tsalo. Mo molaong wa setshaba wa Brutajb wa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le borobabobedi, batho ba Britain kwa Bechuanaland Protectorate ba ne ba supiwa ka nako eo e le batho ba UK le dikolone tsa lone. Tsamaiso ya boagedi jwa Britain ga e a fetoga mo go kalo, ba e neng e le bathk ba Britain pele ba ne ba tswelela jalo. Diphetogo di ne di akaretsa gore basadi le bana ba ne sa tlhole ba tlhoka maemo a ga rraabo kgotsa monna wa bone, bana ba ba neng ba tsaya boagedi jwa ga rraabo ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhokowa go sula fa ba tlaa nna mo lefatsheng leo, le kwadiso ya bana ba ba tsholetsweng kwa ntle di ne tsa atolosiwa. === Batho ba Britain ba ba sireleditsweng ba nna kwa Bechuanaland Protectorate (ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabobedi le botlhano go tsena ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borataro) === Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe lesome le bone, molao wa batswakwa o ne o tlhalosa gore le ntswa BPP e se baagedi, mme gape ga se batswakwa. Fa molao o baakangwa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, lesome le borobabongwe, tse dingwe ga di fetoge, mo go rayang gore bathk ba BPP ba ka se fiwe boagedi. Go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a mararo le bone, fa molao wa batho ba ba sireleditsweng o kwalwa, maemo a BPP a ne a se mo molaong, mme a ne a neelwa ka taolo ya kgosi. Mo molaong wa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a mararo le bone, go nna motho wa golo mabapi le mafelo a a sireleditsweng go ne go tewa batho ba ba tshotsweng pele kgotsa morago ga molao wa tshireletso ba ba neng ba sena boagedi bope gape e se batlhanka ba Britain, kgotsa batho ba ba tsholetsweng kwa mafatsheng a sele ke motho wa lefatshe le le soreleditsweng ba ba neng ba sena boagedi bope ebile e se batlhanka ba Britain. Molao o ne o atologa go ya kwa bathong ba BPP, fa ba sena lefatshe, o supa gore fa mosafi a nyetswe ke mongwe o e neng e le wa lefatshe le sele, o latlhegelwa ke maemo a BPP. Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le boraro, molao wa setshaba wa Britain o ne o tlhaloss gore batho ba BPP ba ba tsholetsweng kwa mafatsheng a sele mo dikgaolong tse di mo mafelong a bogosi jwa Britain, ke batlhanka ba Britain ka jus soli, mme ba ba tsholetsweng mo mafelong a a soreleditsweng ga se batlhanka. Mo molaong wa Britain wa setshaba wa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a mane le borobabobedi, batho ba BPP ba Bechuanaland Protectorate ba ne ba sa fetoge maemo. Le fa go ntse jalo, molao o fa o tshegeditse gore batho ba BPP ga se batswakwa ebile ba ka se fiwe boagedi, o ne o letlelela batho ba BPP go ikwadisa e le BPP ba lefelo le le sireleditsweng kgotsa e le motlhanka wa Britain mo diemong dingwe. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a mane le borobabongwe, molao wa mafatshe a a sireleditsweng le batho ba ba sireleditsweng mo khanseleng o ne o emelela melao ya pele ka BPP's le ditaelo tse di tletseng tsa maemo a tshireletso. O ne. O laola gore batho ba ba sireleditsweng ke BPP ya lefatshe le le.sireleditsweng fa ba tsholetswe koo, fa ba tsholetswe kwa mafatsheng a sele ke rre o e leng wa legae le le sireleditsweng, kgotsa fa nako ya tsalo rraagwe e ne e le BPP. O ne gape o letla mosadi o o nyetsweng ke BPP go ikwadisa e le BPP gape o letla batho bangwe ba mafatshe a sele go ikwadisa e le BPP. Diphetogo tse dipotlana tsa maemo a a sireleditsweng di dirilwe ke melao ya khansele ya ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a matlhano le bobedi, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a matlhano le boraro, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano le borobabobedi, ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro, ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le motso le ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le bobedi, mme diphetogo tse ditona ga di a diragala go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le botlhano. Mo molaong wa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le botlhano, ditshetlana tsa molao wa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le borobabongwe di ne tsa tshegediwa, mme ditshetlana tse disha tsa batho ba BPP ka nako ya tsalo di ne di akaretsa batho ba ba tlaa nnang BPP kwa ntle fela fa rraabone a tlhokafetse, batho ba ba tsholetsweng kwa mafatsheng a sele ba tsile ka sekepe kgotsa sefofane se se kwadisitsweng mo lefatsheng le le sireleditsweng kgotsa se sa kwadisiwa mme e le sa puso ya lefatshe le le sireleditsweng, le bana ba ba senang batsadi ba ba fitlhetsweng mo lefatsheng le le sireleditsweng. Fa godimo ga foo, batho ba ba senang lefatshe ba ba tshotsweng pele ga Firikgong a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le borobabongwe ba ne ba letlelelwa go ikwadisa e le batho ba BPP fa mongwe wa batsadi e le BPP kgotsa a ka bo a nnile BPP fa e ne e se loso. Batho ba eseng ba lefatshe lepe ba ba tshotsweng morago ga letsatsi leo ba ne ba ka ikwadisa fa batsadi ba bone e ne e le BPP ka nako ya fa ngwana a tsholwa. Bechuanaland Protectorate e ne ya ema ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e le masome a mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borataro fa lefatshe la Republic of Botswana le ikemela. === Morago ga boipuso (ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borataro go tsena ka jaana) === Fa lefatshe la Botswana le tsaya boipuso, le ne le neela batho ba ba kileng ba nna BPP kgotsa CUK boagedi ba tsholetswe mo Bechuanaland Protectorate kgotsa rraabone a tsholetswe teng. Batho ba ba neng ba sireleditswe mme ba sa tsholelwa mo kgaolong ba ne ba sa neelwe boagedi ke Botswana, mme ba ne ba letlelelwa go ikopela boagedi fa ba ntse mo kgaolong sebaka sa dingwaga tse tlhano. Fa ba tsholetswe mo lefelong kgotsa ba tsere boagedi ba le mo lefelong le le neng le santse le le bontlha jwa United Kingdom le dikolone tsa lone, batho ba ba sa tsholelwang mo Botswana ba ne ba ka tshegetsa maemo a bone a bo CUK. Maemo a basadi a ne a ikaega ka maemo a banna ba bone, ka jalo fa monna a latlhegelwa ke maemo a bo CUK, le ene a ne a mo latlhegela. Fa monna a nna Motswana, kgotsa a ka bo e le Motswana fa e ne e se ka loso, mosadi wa gagwe o ne a letlelelwa go ikwadisa e le Motswana. Ba ba tshotsweng morago ga Lwetse a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borataro, ba ne ba nna baagedi fa rraabo e le Motswana. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la diragatsa molao wa baagedi ba Botswana wa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borataro, o o neng wa kwalolwa sesha ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bobedi. Molao wa boagedi wa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bobedi o ne o re ngwana mongwe le mongwe o o tsholetsweng mo Botswana o nna Motswana, kwa ntle ga fa ka nako ya tsalo a ne a tsaya boagedi go sele ka ntlha ya go sala morago lotso lwa ga rraagwe. O ne o letla bana ba e seng ba lonyalo fela go tsaya boagedi jwa ga mmaabo fa e le Motswana ka tlholego, mme go tsaya lotso lwa ga rraagwe, kopo e ne e le fela gore e bo e le Motswana. O ne o sa bue sepe ka mosadi o o nyetsweng gore o ka tsaya boagedi jwa monna wa gagwe wa o o tswang kwa lefatsheng le sele, le fa go ntse jalo, basadi ba batswakwa ba ne ba letlelelwa go tsaya boagedi morago ga go nna mo Botswana dingwaga di le pedi le sephatlo. Go tsamaelana le ditumalano tsa mafatshefatshe jaaka bokopano jwa boagedi jwa bomme ba ba nyetsweng le bokopano jwa go fedisa kgethololo epe fela kgatlhanong le basadi, o ne o sa tlhoke gore basadi ba tseye boagedi jwa monna wa bone ka nako ya lonyalo.<ref>Takirambudde, Peter Nanyenya (1983). [[:en:Pula_(journal)|"A Note on the 1982 Botswana Citizenship Act"]] (PDF). [[:en:Pula_(journal)|''Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies''.]] '''3''' (2). Gaborone, Botswana: [[University of Botswana]]: 76–81. ISSN&nbsp;0256-2316. OCLC&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/title/772470302 772470302]. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 July 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2026.</ref> Le ntswa molao wa ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le bobedi o ne o re ngwana mongwe le mongwe o o tsholetsweng mo Botswana o nna Motswana, lefatshe la Botswana le ne la fedisa tshetlana ya lone ya jus soli ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bone. Ditshetlana tse dingwe di ne tsa seka tsa fetoga di gatelela gore bana ba ba tsholetsweng gope fela ba ka tsaya boagedi jwa ga rraabo wa Motswana, bana ba ba sa tsholelwang mo lonyalong fela ke bone ba ka tsayang maemo a ga mmaabo, fa mosadi wa motswakwa a ka ikopela boagedi fa a nyetswe ke Motswana, se se ne se sa reye monna wa motswakwa o o neytseng mosadi wa Motswana. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le bobedi, Unity Dow o ne a atlega mo go nneng kgatlhanong le molao o, mo go neng ga rotloetsa basadi go lwela diphetogo ya melao ya boagedi mo Aforika. Molao o mosha wa boagedi o ne wa diriwa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le botlhano, o ntsha tlhoka tekatekano e e neng e le mo molaong wa pele.<ref>[https://www.unhcr.org/media/citizenship-law-africa-comparative-study-bronwen-manby Manby 2010,] p.&nbsp;50.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso, Sithabile Pauline Mathe, o ne a ema kgatlhanong le go iletsa boagedi jwa mafatshe a mabedi ga Botswana. Monthe o ne a re molao wa boagedi wa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi o ne o tlhaola ka o ne o tlhoka gore bana ba gagwe ba tlhophe fa gare ga boagedi jwa gagwe le jwa monna wa gagwe le gore ba dire maikano a go ema le lefatshe leo mo go neng go sa tlhokiwe mo bathong ba bangwe ba ba neng ba bonwa e le Batswana ka tsalo.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210711162229/https://www.thegazette.news/news/woman-takes-govt-to-court-over-dual-citizenship/#.YNc8ZkzLftU "Woman Takes Gov't to Court over Dual Citizenship"]. [[The Botswana Gazette|''The Botswana Gazette''.]] Gaborone, Botswana. 18 March 2021. Archived from the original on 11 July 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref><ref>Ontebetse, Khonani (16 March 2021). [https://www.sundaystandard.info/woman-wants-dual-citizenship-for-her-adult-children/ "Woman Wants Dual Citizenship for her Adult Children".] ''The Sunday Standard''. Gaborone, Botswana. Archived from the original on 26 June 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2026</ref> == Dintlha == # Molao wa boagedi wa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bone o farologanya gore a ngwana o o ikopetsweng o dingwaga tse di fetang boraro kgotsa kwa tlase. Ba ba kwa tlase ga dingwaga tse tharo ba tsaya boagedi ka tlholego, ba ba fetileng dingwaga tse tharo ba tshwanetsa go bo ba tsamaisana le ditshetlana tsa molao wa go ikopela ngwana wa lefatshe. <ref name=":2" /> # Modise o tsholetswe kwa Kapa, kwa Union of South Africa mme a seka a neelwa boagedi jwa Aforika Borwa ka rraagwe e ne e le motho o o sireleditsweng kwa Bechuanaland Protectorate. Rraagwe o tlhokafetse pele ga boipuso jwa Botswana,<ref name=":3" /> mo tsebeng ya masome mabedi ya molaomotheo wa boipuso wa Botswana, boagedi ka boipuso bo ne bo neelwa ba ba neng ba sena boagedi bope gape ba tsholetswe kwa ntle ga lefatshe fa rraagwe e ne e le Motswana kgotsa a ne a tlaa nna Motswana kwa ntle ga a tlhokafetse.<ref name=":4" /> Modise o ne a wela mo tshetlane e o mme o ne a nna a kobiwa mo Botswana gangwe le gape a ganelwa ka boagedi.<ref name=":3" /> == Metswedi == lfr6erb8lpza5ktejybw8ugu0yd8q7k 0 14581 53246 53020 2026-07-25T21:38:30Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53246 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Setlhopha sa motshameko wa Cricket sa Botswana''' ke setlhopha sa banna se se emelang Botswana mo motshameko wa Cricket kgwele ya boditšhabatšhaba. E ntse e le leloko la [[International Cricket Council (ICC)]] fa e sale ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le botlhano (2005), morago ga go nna leloko la affiliate fa e sale ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bongwe (2001)<ref>[http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Countries/103.html "The Home of CricketArchi]ve". ''cricketarchive.co.uk''. Retrieved 3 January 2017</ref>le leloko la associate ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bosupa (2017).<ref>[https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/422449 "Ireland and Afghanistan ICC newest full members amid wide-ranging governance reform"]. ''International Cricket Council''. 22 June 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2018.</ref>Ba mo Division Five ya [[World Cricket League]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110524030159/http://www.cricketeurope4.net/DATABASE/ARTICLES/articles/000045/004501.shtml Jersey to host World Cricket League Division Five] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524030159/http://www.cricketeurope4.net/DATABASE/ARTICLES/articles/000045/004501.shtml|date=24 May 2011}}, ICC Media Release</ref>mme ba mo maemong a bo masome a mabedi le borobabongwe lefatshe ka bophara ke ICC. Ke setlhopha sa bo tlhano sa maemo a a kwa godimo mo kgaolong ya Aforika. Mogokgo wa setlhopha ke motshameki wa maloba wa ODI wa kwa [[Kenya]] Joseph Angara, yo o neng a tlhophiwa ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano (2015).<ref>Deepak Madangarli (19 August 2015)[http://www.cricketbotswana.org/news/2015/08/19/bca-activities-update/ . BCA Activities Updat]e {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901221204/http://www.cricketbotswana.org/news/2015/08/19/bca-activities-update/|date=1 September 2018}} – Botswana Cricket Association. Retrieved 25 August 2015.</ref> == Ditso == Cricket e simolotse mo nageng ka batswagosele go tswa mo [[Afrika Borwa]] le mo [[kontinenteng ya India]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060217104503/http://www.cricketfundas.com/africa/botswana.html]{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20060217104503/http://www.cricketfundas.com/africa/botswana.html History of cricket in Botswana]}}</ref> Botswana e ne ya tlhophiwa go nna leloko la ICC ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le motso (2001),<ref name=":0">[http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Countries/103.html "The Home of CricketArchive".] ''cricketarchive.co.uk''. Retrieved 3 January 2017.</ref> mme ya tshameka mo Sejaneng sa Aforika kwa Zambia ngwaga o o latelang. Morago ga go fenya metshameko yotlhe ya bona ya motshameko wa ntlha kgatlhanong le Namibia, [[Tanzania]], [[Zambia]] le [[Zimbabwe,]] ba ne ba fenya [[Kenya]] mo semi-final pele ba fenngwa ke [[South Africa]] ka 270 runs mo makgaolakgannyeng. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120612095304/http://www.cricketeurope4.net/CRICKETEUROPE/DATABASE/2002/TOURNAMENTS/AFRICACUP/about.shtml "2002 Africa Cup at CricketEurope".] Archived from the original on 12 June 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2007.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bone(2004), ba ne ba fenya kgaisano ya ditlhopho tsa maloko a Aforika tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le botlhano (2005) ICC Trophy, ba ba tsenya mo kgatong e e latelang ya ditlhopho, [[African Cricket Association Championships]]. Ba ne ba fenya Nigeria le Tanzania mo kgaisanong eo kwa Zambia ka kgwedi ya Phatwe, ba fetsa mo maemong a bone, ka jalo ba latlhegelwa ke go tsenela [[ICC Trophy]] ya bone ya ntlha. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110524025516/http://www.cricketeurope4.net/ICCT2005/DATABASE/QUALIFYING/africa.shtml "2005 ICC Trophy African qualifying at the tournament's official website"]. Archived from the original on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2007.</ref>Ba ne ba duelelwa tiragatso ya bone mo kgaisanong eno ka go tlhatlosediwa go nna maloko a a kopaneng a ICC ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le botlhano (2005). <ref name=":0" /> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borataro (2006), ba ne ba tsaya karolo mo kgaisanong ya bobedi ya kgaolo ya Afrika ya World Cricket League, ba fetsa ba le mo maemong a bobedi morago ga Tanzania.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070116192748/http://www.cricketeurope4.net/CRICKETEUROPE/DATABASE/2006/TOURNAMENTS/WCLAFRICA2/about.shtml 2006 WCL Africa Region Division Two] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070116192748/http://www.cricketeurope4.net/CRICKETEUROPE/DATABASE/2006/TOURNAMENTS/WCLAFRICA2/about.shtml|date=16 January 2007}} at CricketEurope</ref> Se se ne sa ba kgontsha go tsenela Division Five ya [[World Cricket League.]] Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi( 2008), Botswana e ne ya ya kwa Jersey go tsaya karolo mo kgaisanong ya Division Five. Le fa Botswana e ne ya fenya Bahamas mo setlhopheng sa B, e ne e le phenyo ya bone e le nngwe fela mo kgaisanong ya ditlhopha mme ka go fenngwa gararo le motshameko o le mongwe o o neng wa tlogelwa ka ntlha ya pula, ba ne ba retelelwa ke go fitlha kwa makgaolakgannyeng. Botswana e ne ya fetsa e le mo maemong a borataro morago ga go fenya Jeremane mme ya fenngwa ke Singapore mo metshamekong ya playoff. E re ka go ne go na le ditlhopha di le pedi fela tse di neng di le kwa godimo mo kgaisanong eno tse di neng tsa kgona go tsenela kgaisano ya Division Four kwa Tanzania moragonyana mo ngwageng oo, Botswana e ne ya latlhegelwa ke tshono ya go tsaya toro ya bone ya Sejana sa Lefatshe sa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le motso (2011) go ya kwa pele.<ref>[http://www.cricinfo.com/wcl/engine/match/349866.html, Cricinfo, Accessed 2 September 2009]</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Phalane ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi (2008), Botswana e ne ya tsaya karolo mo kgaisanong ya bobedi ya kgaolo ya Aforika ya World Cricket League, ya fetsa e sa fenngwa mme ya fenya kgaisano. Phenyo e e ne ya ba tlhatlosetsa kwa Division One ya Kgaolo ya Afrika.<ref>, [http://www.cricinfo.com/wcl/engine/series/418156.html Cricinfo], Accessed 1 November 2008</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Phatwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe (2009), Botswana e ne ya ya kwa Singapore go tsenela [[Division Six ya World Cricket League]]. Le fa Botswana e ne e na le kgaisano mo metshamekong e le mentsi, e ne ya fenya e le nngwe fela mo metshamekong e le metlhano ya setlhopha mme ya fetsa e le mo maemong a botlhano morago ga go fenya Norway mo kgaisanong ya makgaolakgang.<ref>[http://www.cricinfo.com/wcl/engine/series/418156.html Cricinfo], Accessed 18 September 2009</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le motso (2011), Botswana e ne ya nna moamogedi wa [[ICC World Cricket League Division]] Seven le setlhopha se se santseng se le sennye mme ya dira sentle thata, ya fenya metshameko e le meraro ya kgaisano kgatlhanong le Norway, Japane le Jeremane mme ya fenngwa ke bafenyi ba Kuwait, ba ba beileng [[Nigeria]] mo maemong a bobedi mme kwa bofelong ya fenngwa ke Jeremane mo motshamekong o o neng wa ba baya mo maemong. Motshameko kgatlhanong le [[Nigeria]] mo metshamekong ya kgwele ya dinao e ne e le go swetsa gore ke sefe sa ditšhaba tse 2 se se tla tswelelang kwa kgaisanong ya [[ICC World Cricket League Division S]]<nowiki/>ix e e tla tshwarelwang kwa Malaysia ka kgwedi ya Lwetse ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le motso (2011)-+ mme ka go latlhegelwa ke motshameko oo, Botswana e paletswe ke go tswelela pele mme e tla sala mo kgaisanong ya bosupa go fitlha kgaisanong e e latelang ya ICC WCL. Ka kgwedi ya Moranang ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro (2013), Botswana e ne ya fiwa ditshwanelo tsa go tshola gape ICC World Cricket League Division 7 mo lekgetlong la bone la bobedi go leka go tlhatlogela kwa ntle ga Division 7 morago ga go emisa go wa ga kgaogano mo kgatisong e e fetileng. Botswana e ne ya fenya Ghana mo motshamekong wa ntlha, mme ya latlhegelwa ke motshamekô wa bobedi mo kgaisanong e e neng e le kgatlhanong le Vanuatu ka maemô a le masome a mararo . Botswana e ne ya latlhegelwa ke motshameko wa boraro o o latelang thata go tswa mo go bafenyi ba WCL Div 7 le ba ba leng kgatlhanong le Nigeria. Botswana e ne ya leka go boela gape mo kgaisanong ya go tlhatlogela kwa godimo mme morago ga motshameko o o neng o bapile ka go tshwana le Jeremane, ditsholofelo tsotlhe tsa bone di ne tsa fela mme ba ne ba ka solofela fela go nna mo maemong a boraro. Se se ne sa fitlhelelwa ka go fenya Fiji mo motshamekong wa bofelo wa setlhopha mme morago ga moo ba ba fenya gape mo motshamekong wa makgaolakgannyeng wa go bona maemo a boraro mme ba dira gore Botswana e bone maemo a boraro, ba feleletsa ba le kwa morago ga Vanuatu le Nigeria tse ka bobedi di neng di tlhatlogetse kwa Division 6 ya WCL. Morago ga tshwetso ya ICC ya go fedisa dikgaolo tsa bosupa le borobabobedi tsa ICC World Cricket League, Botswana jaanong e tla tshwanelwa ke go tsenela dikgaisano tsa dikgaolo go tsena mo kgaolong ya borataro ya [[ICC World Cricket League]], e jaanong e tla nnang lefelo la go tsenela World Cricket League. === 2018 - go fitlha jaanong === Ka Moranang ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi (2018), ICC e ne ya swetsa go naya maloko otlhe a yone maemo a [[T20 International (T20I]]). Ka jalo, metshameko yotlhe ya Twenty20 e e tshamekiwang magareng ga Botswana le maloko a mangwe a ICC go tloga ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e thola bongwe ,ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019) e na le maemo a T20I ka botlalo.<ref>[https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/672322 "All T20 matches between ICC members to get international status".] ''International Cricket Council''. 26 April 2018. Retrieved 1 September 201</ref> Motshameko wa Botswana wa ntlha wa T20I e ne e le kgatlhanong le [[Ugand]]<nowiki/>a ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong e le masome a mabedi ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019), morago ga go fetsa kwa setlhopheng sa kwa pele sa kwa kgaolong ya kwa borwa, ba ya kwa makgaolakgannyeng a kgaolo ya 2018-19 ICC [[World Twenty20 Africa Qualifier]].<ref>[https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/896163 "Botswana and Namibia seal passage into Africa Finals".] ''International Cricket Council''. Retrieved 3 November 2018.</ref> == Metswedi == iustb1btz749e0lr7i7novbkq88uzzr 0 14642 53198 2026-07-25T12:15:01Z MmaBaggio 11091 #Wikipedia25BW KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Lekgotla la BajiBareki (Botswana) 53198 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Botswana Consumer Watchdog party 2007.JPG|thumb|Tautona Festus Mogae kwa Moletlong wa 2007 wa Lekgolta la BajiBareki]] Lekgotla la BajiBareki ke karolo ya Business & Enterprise Solutions Botswana (Pty) Ltd,<ref>[http://www.bes.bw/ http://www.bes.bw] besbw</ref> e leng komponi e e ikemetseng ka nosi e e kwadisitsweng mo [[Botswana]] mme e le kwa [[Gaborone|Gaborone.]] Ka kgatiso ya beke le beke mo pampiring ya dikgang e e rekwang thata mo lefatsheng ya [[The Voice (Botswana)|The Voice,]] mmogo le blog,<ref>[https://consumerwatchdogbw.blogspot.com/ https://conhttps://consumerwatchdogbw.blogspot.com/sumerwatchdogbw.blogspot.com/]</ref> le setlhopha sa maranuane a [[Facebook]] sa maloko a a fetang dikete tse makgolo a mabedi, Lekgotla la BajiBareki le na le phitlhelelo e tona mo mererong ya badirisi mo Botswana. Mokgatlho wa Consumer Watchdog o o tlhomilweng ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bone , o na le maikaelelo a a latelang: * Go dira letsholo la molao go sireletsa Bajibareki<ref>Brian Benza (2008-05-30). [http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=4&aid=44&dir=2008/May/Friday30 "Survey unveils massive raw deal at credit stores".] [[:en:Mmegi|Mmegi.]] Retrieved 2009-02-19.</ref> * Go emela Bajibareki le go ba buelela * Go dira gore batlamedi ba ditirelo mo Botswana ba ikarabele * Go ruta Bajibareki ka ga ditshwetso tsa bona, ditshwanelo tsa bona le maikarabelo a bone<ref>Francinah Baaitse[http://www.thevoicebw.com/NEWS/govt-has-no-say-in-food-price-controls.html . "Govt has no say in food price controls"]. [[:en:The_Voice_(Botswana)|The Voice]]. Retrieved 2009-02-19.</ref> Ditirelo tse di tlamelwang ke BES, e leng khampani e e tlhokomelang Consumer Watchdog, di akaretsa go katisa batho ka ditirelo tsa bareki, go tlhatlhoba tsela e mokgatlho o dirang dilo ka yone le go reka ka tsela e e sa lemotshegeng. Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong e le masome a mararo le bongwe ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bosupa.Lekgotla la Baji-Bareki le ne laa keteka moletlo wa lona wa bobedi wa matsalo, ka Tautona wa Botswana [[Festus Mogae]] jaaka moeng wa tlotla. Bafenyi ba tirelo ya Baji-bareki ba le lekgolo le masome a robabobedi ba ne ba ketekwa fa pele ga Tautona, bobegadikgang le morafe.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928221957/http://www.bes.bw/Consumer%20Watchdog/CWbirthdayparty2007.htm Consumer Watchdog 2nd Birthday Party".] Business & Enterprise Solutions Botswana. Archived from [http://www.bes.bw/Consumer%20Watchdog/CWbirthdayparty2007.htm the original] on 2007-09-28.</ref> Baemedi ba Lekgotla la Baji-bareki ba ile ba dira mmogo le kompone tsa kwa Botswana le kwa borwa jwa Afrika, go akaretsa le dibanka tse ditona tsa kwa Botswana. Gape ba dira le puso, dikompone tsa poloko , mabenkele a a rekisang<ref>[http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=4&aid=25&dir=2007/March/Friday16 Consumer Watchdog, Pick N Pay educates consumers"]. [[:en:Mmegi|Mmegi.]] 2007-03-16. Retrieved 2009-02-19.</ref> le mafelo a dijo. == Metswedi == ckynayvdmjnlxz838n383otdsyvxk87 0 14643 53201 2026-07-25T12:40:28Z MmaBaggio 11091 #Wikipedia25BW KE RANOTSE ya Mabelo a Botswana Golden Grand Prix 53201 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Botswana National Stadium (Gaborone) 2010.jpg|thumb|Lebala la Sechaba,Botswana]] '''Mabelo a Botswana Golden Grand Prix''', a pele e neng e bitswa '''Gaborone International Meet''', ke motshameko wa go taboga o o tshwarelwang kwa [[Lebaleng la Sechaba la Botswana]] kwa [[Gaborone]]. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro, e ne e le kopano ya maemo a gauta ya [[World Athletics Continental Tour]] - kopano ya bobedi e e kwa godimo ya metshameko ya mabelo morago ga Mabelo a [[Diamond League]]. E fokoditswe go nna bokopano jwa maemo a selefera go tloga ka bokopano jwa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano , fa e ntse e tshola leina la yone. Bokopano jo bo ne jwa simololwa ke Sport View Runners Club jaaka Sports View International morago ga gore Gaborone e tshware dikgaisano tsa [[2011 African Junior Athletics Championships,]] le fa gone bokopano jwa ntlha jwa boditšhabatšhaba bo ne jwa tshwarwa go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi .<ref>KALA, THATO (2012-03-02). [https://www.mmegi.bw/sport/sports-view-unveils-invitational-races-plan/news "Sports View unveils invitational races plan".] ''Mmegi Online''. Retrieved 2024-02-15.</ref>E ne ya bidiwa Gaborone International Meet ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bosupa pele ga e tsaya leina la yone la ga jaana ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi . <ref>Mlilo, Portia (2020-11-03). [https://thevoicebw.com/gim-appoint-technical-delegate/ "GIM appoint technical delegate » TheVoiceBW".] ''TheVoiceBW''. Retrieved 2024-02-15.</ref><ref>[https://allafrica.com/stories/202010060820.html Botswana: World Athletics Admits Gaborone International Meet"]. 6 October 2020.</ref><ref>[https://allafrica.com/stories/201505210144.html "Botswana: Sports View Hosts International Competitions".] ''Botswana Daily News''. 20 May 2015.</ref> E ne e le motshameko wa boraro mo Aforika go tlhatlosediwa kwa maemong a Continental Tour Gold, morago ga [[Rabat Diamond League]] kwa Morocco le [[Kip Keino Classic]] kwa Kenya. Go ya ka tumelano e e beilweng monwana ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro , e tla nna kopano ya maemo a gauta go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano.<ref>Rannoba, Anita (2022-11-14). [https://www.sundaystandard.info/gim-turns-gold/ "GIM turns Gold | Sunday Standard".] Retrieved 2024-02-15.</ref>Motabogi wa pele wa dimetara di le makgolo a robabobedi [[Glody Dube]] o tlhalositswe jaaka "boboko jo bo neng bo le kwa morago" ga tiragatso.<ref>Mlilo, Portia (2022-05-10). [https://thevoicebw.com/glory-and-goodbyes-at-gim/ "Glory and goodbyes at GIM » TheVoiceBW".] ''TheVoiceBW''. Retrieved 2024-02-15.</ref> Kgatiso ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone, e e neng e rulaganyeditswe go tshwarwa ka kgwedi ya Moranang e le lesome le bone e ne ya phimolwa ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe e le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe ka ntlha ya dikgotlhang tsa tsamaiso ka ga gore a Dube kgotsa puso ya Botswana e tla rulaganya tiragalo eno. [[Mmegi]] o ne a bega gore motho mongwe o ne a ba bolelela gore, "World Athletics go begwa fa e batla go thapa kompone ya Amerika mmogo le puso gore e tseye marapo a go rulaganya tiragalo eno, e e rulaganyeditsweng go tshwarwa ka kgwedi ya Morananag e le lesome le bone . Dube o ne a sekisa World Athletics, mme kwa bokhutlong jwa kgwedi ya Mopitlwe, kgetsi e ne e santse e tsweletse mme Botswana Athletics Association e ne ya tshwanelwa ke go e phimola. <ref>Dube, Mqondisi (2024-02-20). [https://www.mmegi.bw/sports/showdown-looms-over-golden-grand-prix/news "Showdown looms over Golden Grand Prix".] ''Mmegi Online''. Retrieved 2024-03-31.</ref><ref>Staff Writer (2024-03-30). [https://www.mmegi.bw/sports/baa-wants-grand-prix-cancelled/news "BAA wants Grand Prix cancelled"]. ''Mmegi Online''. Retrieved 2024-03-31.</ref> == Metswedi == 8g7i6myvd22qsbype5i4cc1nit4xyr1 0 14644 53204 2026-07-25T13:38:34Z MmaBaggio 11091 #Wikipedia25BW KE RANOTSE TSEBE Lekgotla le le okametseng Makgetlho la Botswana 53204 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lekgotla le le okametseng Makgetlho la Botswana''' (BURS) <ref>[http://www.burs.org.bw/ Home".] ''www.burs.org.bw''. Retrieved 19 October 2019.</ref> ke tirelo ya lekgetho la Lekgetlho la <ref>[http://www.gov.bw/en/Business/Topics/Financial-and-Development-Institutions/Financial-and-Development-Institutions/ Republic of Botswana - Government portal"]. ''www.gov.bw''. Retrieved 19 October 2019.</ref> puso ya Botswana. Tirelo ya Lekgetho ya Botswana e na le maikarabelo a go kokoanya makgetho le go tsamaisa Molao wa Tirelo ya Lekgetho ya Botswana. Tiro ya Lekgotla la Makgetlho e akaretsa go thusa bakgethi ka tsa lekgetho le go batlisisa le go rarabolola dikgetse tsa go tsaa ekgetho ka tsela e e phoso kgotsa ka tsietso. == Go kokoanya madi == Tirelo ya Lekgetho ya Botswana e na le maikarabelo a go sekaseka, go kgobokanya le go bala lotseno ka Lephata la Madi le Tlhabololo ya Itsholelo jaaka go tlhalositswe ke Molao wa Tirelo ya Lekgetho ya Botswana.<ref>[http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Ministry-of-Finance-and-Development-Planning1/Parastatals121/Understanding-Financing/ Republic of Botswana - Government portal".] ''www.gov.bw''. Retrieved 19 October 2019.</ref> Letseno le makgetho a a tsamaisiwang ke Tirelo e e Kopanetsweng ya Lekgetho la Botswana a akaretsa; * Lekgetho la Lotseno * Duela Jaaka o Gapa (PAYE) * Lekgetho la Boleng jo bo Oketsegileng * Makgetho a a ntshitsweng kwa motsweding * Lekgetho la tlhwatlhwa * Lekgetho le le kgethegileng * Lekgetho la poelo ya madi * Lekgetho la khabone * Dituelo tsa go tsamaya mo tseleng * Lekgetho le le okeditsweng * Lekgetho la setempe * Lekgetho la dithoto * Makgetho a go akanngwang gore a teng == Metswedi == ikav9zmd0ibjwbyfim4n7kr5d26ej38 0 14645 53211 2026-07-25T15:59:45Z MmaBaggio 11091 #Wikipedia25BW KE RANOTSE TSEBE ya Tswii 53211 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Nymphaea nouchali5.JPG|thumb|Tswii]] '''Tswii''' ke lelapa la dimela tse di thunyang, tse gantsi di bidiwang dithunya tsa metsi. Di tshela jaaka dimela tsa mo metsing tse di nang le metswi mo mafelong a a tsididi le a a bokgola mo lefatsheng lotlhe. Lelapa le na le mephato e le metlhano<ref>[http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-7000000417 "''Nymphaeaceae'' Salisb. Ann. Bot. (König & Sims) 2: 70. 1805. (Jun 1805)".] ''World Flora Online''. The World Flora Online Consortium. 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.</ref>le mefuta e e ka nnang masome a supa e e itsegeng. <ref>Christenhusz, M. J. M. & Byng, J. W. (2016). [http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase".] ''Phytotaxa''. '''261''' (3): 201–217. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Phytx.261..201C Bibcode:2016Phytx.261..201C.] [[doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1]]</ref>Dithunya tsa namune di mela mo mmung mo metsing, mme [[matlhare]] le [[dithunya]] tsa tsone di a kokobala kgotsa di a tlhatloga. Matlhare a [[Barclaya]] a motopo e bile a bopegile jaaka pelo. Matlhare a yone a kgolokwe, a na le mokgokolosa o o tshwanang le wa [[Nymphaea]] le [[Nuphar,]] mme a kgolokwe ka botlalo mo go [[Victoria]] le [[Euryale]]. Dithunya tsa metsi ke lelapa la dimela le le ithutilweng sentle ka gonne dithunya tsa lone tse dikgolo tse di nang le dikarolo tse dintsi tse di sa tlhomamang di ne di tsewa e le tsa dimela tsa ntlha tse di nang le dithunya. Dipatlisiso tse di neng tsa dirwa moragonyana tsa dijini di ne tsa tlhomamisa gore di ne di iphetogetse go nna di-angiosperm. Tshekatsheko ya dimorpholoji tsa dithunya le dimelo tsa dimolekhule le go di bapisa le taxon e e tshwanang, lelapa la Cabombaceae, le supa, le fa go ntse jalo, gore dithunya tsa dithunya tsa dithunya tsa dithunya tsa dithunya tse di nang le dikarolo tse dintsi tsa dithunya di tswa go feta tsa mefuta e e nang le dikarolo tse di mmalwa tsa dithunya. Mefuta e e nang le dikarolo tse dintsi tsa dithunya, Nuphar, Nymphaea, Victoria, e na le bolwetse jwa go kgotlelwa ke di-beetle, fa mefuta e e nang le dikarolo di le mmalwa e kgotlelwa ke [[dintshi]] kgotsa [[Dinotshi|dinotshe]], kgotsa e kgotlelwa ka boyone kgotsa ke phefo. <ref name=":2">Phylogeny, Classification and Floral Evolution of Water Lilies (Nymphaeaceae; Nymphaeales): A Synthesis of Non-molecular, rbcL, matK, and 18S rDNA Data, Donald H. Les, Edward L. Schneider, Donald J. Padgett, [[:en:Pamela_S._Soltis|Pamela S. Soltis,]] Douglas E. Soltis and Michael Zanis, Systematic Botany, Vol. 24, No. 1, 1999, pp. 28-46</ref> Ka jalo, palo e tona ya dikala tsa dithunya tse di sa tlhomamang mo setlhareng sa Tswii ga se maemo a borremogologolwane ba clade. == Tlhaloso == === Popego ya semela sa === Tswii ke dimela tsa ngwaga kgotsa tse di sa feleng,<ref name=":0">Christenhusz,&nbsp;M.&nbsp;J.&nbsp;M., Fay,&nbsp;M.&nbsp;F., Chase,&nbsp;M.&nbsp;W. (2017). [https://www.google.de/books/edition/Plants_of_the_World/LLo7DwAAQBAJ?hl=de&gbpv=1&dq=Barclaya%20flora%20of&pg=PA91&printsec=frontcover Plants of the World: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Vascular Plants.] p. 91. Vereinigtes Königreich: University of Chicago Press.</ref> tse di nnang mo metsing, tse di nang le metswi.<ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1">[https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/family/nymphaeaceae/ "Family: Nymphaeaceae (water-lily family): Go Botany".] ''gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org''. Retrieved 2021-05-07.</ref>Lelapa le gape le tshwaetswa ke go phatlalala ga dikgofa tsa ditshika mo dikaleng, le go nna teng ga latex gangwe le gape, gantsi e na le di-sclereid tse di farologaneng, tse di nang le makala a naledi tse di tlhagelelang mo ditseleng tsa mowa. Moriri o o bonolo, gantsi o ntsha mucilage (slime).<ref>Santra, S. C.; Deb, S. C. (2024-06-28)[https://aquaticfrontiers.com/index.php/aqu/article/view/AF240205 . "Aquatic Plant – Insect Interactions: A Study of Water Lily – Epollinator Systems"]. ''Aquatic Ecosystems and Environmental Frontiers''. '''2''' (2): 23–27. [[doi:10.70102/AEEF/V2I2/5|doi:10.70102/AEEF/V2I2/5.]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/3049-186X ISSN&nbsp;3049-186X]</ref> Matlhare a a farologana ebile a dikologa, a a lebagana kgotsa ka dinako tse dingwe a dikologa, ka bonya bonolo, kgotsa go le gonnye, a tletse ka meno kgotsa a kgaogantswe, a makhutshwane go ya go a maleele, a na le letlhare le le nweleletseng, a a kokobetseng kgotsa a a tlhagelelang, a na le palmate go ya go pinnate venation. <ref name=":1" /> Di-stipules di teng kgotsa ga di yo.<ref>Nymphaeaceae in Flora of North America @ efloras.org. (n.d.). Retrieved September 5, 2024, from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10618</ref><ref name=":3">L. Watson, & M. J. Dallwitz. (n.d.). The families of flowering plants - Nymphaeaceae Salisb. Retrieved September 5, 2024, from https://www-archiv.fdm.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/delta/angio/www/nymphaea.htm</ref> === Dipopego ka Kakaretso === Dithunya tsa tsone di nna di le nosi, di na le bong bo le bongwe, di na le sebopego sa kgolokwe, di na le lonaka le telele mme gantsi di a phaphasela kgotsa di tlhatlogela kwa godimo ga metsi, di na le dikgolokwe tsa ditshika mo teng ga tsone. <ref>Ito, Motomi (1986). "Studies in the floral morphology and anatomy of nymphaeales". ''The Botanical Magazine Tokyo''. '''99''' (2): 169–184. [[doi:10.1007/bf02488818]]. [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-808X ISSN&nbsp;0006-808X.] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2037133 S2CID&nbsp;2037133.]</ref> <ref>Supaphon, Preuttiporn; Keawpiboon, Chutima; Preedanon, Sita; Phongpaichit, Souwalak; Rukachaisirikul, Vatcharin (2018). "Isolation and antimicrobial activities of fungi derived from Nymphaea lotus and Nymphaea stellata". ''Mycoscience''. '''59''' (5): 415–423. [[doi:10.1016/j.myc.2018.02.012|doi:10.1016/j.myc.2018.02.012.]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1340-3540 ISSN&nbsp;1340-3540.] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:89844294 S2CID&nbsp;89844294.]</ref>Mefuta e mengwe ke e e tsenang mo bongweng mme e tsadisa peo, mme ka ntlha ya gore dikgato tsa tona le tsa namagadi di a kopana ka letsatsi la bobedi la go thunya, le ka ntlha ya gore e kgona go ikgotsofatsa, go ka kgonega gore e ikentshe peo ka boyone.<ref>Ervik, F.; Renner, S.S.; Johanson, K.A. (1995). "Breeding system and pollination of Nuphar luteum (L.) Smith (Nymphaeaceae) in Norway". ''Flora''. '''190''' (2): 109–113. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995FMDFE.190..109E Bibcode:1995FMDFE.190..109E]. [[doi:10.1016/s0367-2530(17)30639-4|doi:10.1016/s0367-2530(17)30639-4.]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0367-2530 ISSN&nbsp;0367-2530.]</ref>Dikarolo tse di namagadi le tse di tonanyana tsa sethunya gantsi di dira ka dinako tse di farologaneng, go thusa go tsadisa, le fa e le gore eno ke nngwe ya ditsela tse di farologaneng tsa go ikatisa tse di dirisiwang ke dimela tseno.<ref>Wiersema, John H. (1988). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/35833 "Reproductive Biology of Nymphaea (Nymphaeaceae)".] ''Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden''. '''75''' (3): 795–804. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988AnMBG..75..795W Bibcode:1988AnMBG..75..795W.] [[doi:10.2307/2399367|doi:10.2307/2399367.]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2399367 JSTOR&nbsp;2399367]</ref> Go na le di-sepals di le nne go ya go tse lesome le bobedi, tse di farologanang le tse di tshwanang, tse di kopaneng, mme gantsi di tshwana le dikgapetla. Matlhare a a tlhaelang kgotsa a robabobedi go ya go a le mantsi, a a sa lemotshegeng go ya go a a bonalang, gantsi a kgaogane le di-stamens. Di-stamen di ka nna tharo go ya go di le dintsi, tse di kwa tengteng ka dinako tse dingwe di emelwa ke di-staminode. Magala a a farologana, a gololesegile kgotsa a golagane le di-staminode tsa petaloid, a a tshesane mme a farologana sentle go tswa go anthers go ya go laminar mme a farologana ka tsela e e bokoa go tswa go anthers; dithoro tsa mmudula gantsi di monosulcate kgotsa ga di na diphatlha. Di-carpel di ka nna tharo go ya go di le dintsi, di farologane kgotsa di a tshwana. Maungo a teng a na le ditlhatsana, moretlwa, kgotsa a na le popego e e sa tlwaelegang e e tshwanang le ya sepontšhe.<ref name=":3" /> Gantsi dipeo tsa tsone di na le di-arillate, mme ga di na endosperm. == Tlhatlhobo == [[Setshwantsho:Barclaya longifolia in Thailand crooped.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa Barclaya longifolia se se nang le dithunya, Thailand]] [[Setshwantsho:Victoria cruziana flower.jpg|thumb|Sethunya sa Victoria cruziana, Santa Cruz water lily]] Twii ile ya batlisiswa ka mokgwa o o rulagantsweng ka dingwagangwaga ka gonne baitsaanape ba dimela ba ne ba akanya gore popego ya dithunya tsa yone e emela nngwe ya ditlhopha tsa ntlha tsa angiosperms. <ref name=":2" /> Ditshekatsheko tsa segompieno tsa dijini tse di dirilweng ke babatlisisi ba Angiosperm Phylogeny Group di netefaditse boemo jwa yone jwa motheo mo dimeleng tse di thunyang.<ref>Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III", ''Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society'', '''161''' (2): 105–121, [[doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x|doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x,]] [[hdl:10654/18083]]</ref> <ref name=":4">Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016). [[doi:10.1111/boj.12385|"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV".]] [[:en:Botanical_Journal_of_the_Linnean_Society|''Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society''.]] '''181''' (1): 1–20. [[doi:10.1111/boj.12385]]. [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0024-4074 ISSN&nbsp;0024-4074]</ref><ref name=":5">''[http://www.linnean.org/index.php?id=448 As easy as APG III - Scientists revise the system of classifying flowering plants]'', The Linnean Society of London, 2009-10-08, retrieved 2009-10-29</ref><ref name=":6">''[http://www.hortweek.com/channel/OrnamentalsProduction/rss/article/943975/APG-III-tidies-plant-family-tree/ APG III tidies up plant family tree]'', [[:en:Horticulture_Week|Horticulture Week]], 2009-10-08, retrieved 2009-10-29</ref>Mo godimo ga moo, Nymphaeaceae e farologane thata ka dijini le go phatlaladiwa go feta angiosperms tse dingwe.<ref>Mario Coiro & Maria Rosaria Barone Lumaga (2013): Aperture evolution in Nymphaeaceae: insights from a micromorphological and ultrastructural investigation, Grana, DOI:10.1080/00173134.2013.769626</ref> <ref>Insights into the dynamics of genome size and chromosome evolution in the early diverging angiosperm lineage Nymphaeales (water lilies), Jaume Pellicer, Laura J Kelly, Carlos Magdalena, Ilia Leitch, 2013, Genome, 10.1139/gen-2013-0039</ref>Nymphaeaceae e beilwe mo thulaganyong ya Nymphaeales, e e leng setlhopha sa bobedi sa di-angiosperm morago ga Amborella mo thulaganyong e e amogelwang thata ya go kgaoganya dimela tse di thunyang, APG IV system.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> [[Setshwantsho:Euryale ferox kz06.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa Euryale ferox se se nang le dithunya se se lemilweng kwa Botanischer Garten Berlin-Dahlem, kwa Jeremane]] Tswii ke lelapa le lennye le le nang le mefuta e le meraro go ya go e le merataro: Barclaya, Euryale, Nuphar, Nymphaea, Ondinea, le Victoria. Mofuta wa Barclaya ka dinako tse dingwe o bewa mo maemong a lelapa la ona, Barclayaceae, go ya ka thanele e e atolositsweng ya perianth (di-sepal le di-petal tse di kopantsweng) tse di tswang kwa godimo ga ovary le ka di-stamens tse di kopanngwang kwa tlase. Le fa go ntse jalo, tiro ya phylogenetic ya molekhule e e akaretsa mo Tswii.<ref>Les DH, Schneider EL, Padgett DJ, Soltis PS, Soltis DE, Zanis M (1999) Phylogeny, classification and floral evolution of water lilies (Nymphaeaceae; Nymphaeales): a synthesis of non-molecular, rbcL, matK, and 18S rDNA data. Systematic Botany 24: 28–46.</ref> Mofuta wa Ondinea o sa tswa go supiwa fa e le mofuta wa Nymphaea, mme jaanong o akareditswe mo mofuteng ono.<ref>Löhne C, Wiersema JH, Borsch T (2009) The unusual ''Ondinea'', actually just another Australian water-lily of ''Nymphaea'' subg. ''Anecphya'' (Nymphaeaceae). Willdenowia 39: 55–58.</ref> Ditlhopha tsa Euryale, tsa kwa botlhaba jo bo kgakala jwa Asia, le Victoria, go tswa kwa Amerika Borwa, di amana thata le fa di le kgakala thata, mme kamano ya tsone le Nymphaea e tlhoka dipatlisiso tse dingwe.<ref>Löhne C, Borsch T, Wiersema JH (2007) Phylogenetic analysis of Nymphaeales using fast-evolving and noncoding chloroplast markers. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 154: 141–163.</ref><ref>Borsch T, Löhne C, Wiersema J (2008) Phylogeny and evolutionary patterns in Nymphaeales: integrating genes, genomes and morphology. Taxon 57: 1052–1081.</ref><ref>Dkhar J, Kumaria S, Rama Rao S, Tandon P (2012) Sequence characteristics and phylogenetic implications of the nrDNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS) in the genus Nymphaea with focus on some Indian representatives. Plant Systematics and Evolution 298: 93–108.</ref> Pele go ne go akanngwa gore sethunya sa lotus se se boitshepo ke sethunya sa metsi, mme gone jaanong go lemogilwe gore ke sethunya sa eudicot se se fetotsweng thata se se mo lelapeng la sone la Nelumbonaceae la setlhopha sa Proteales. === Di-fossil === Go na le mefuta e le mentsi ya ditshedi tse di epolotsweng, go akaretsa le baemedi ba Cretaceous ba Nymphaea, mmogo le mefuta ya ditshedi tse di epolotsweng jaaka Jaguariba go tswa kwa Cretaceous ya Brazil, Allenbya go tswa kwa Ypresian ya British Columbia,<ref>Cevallos-Ferriz, S. R.; Stockey, R. A. (1989). "Permineralized fruits and seeds from the Princeton chert (Middle Eocene) of British Columbia: Nymphaeaceae". ''Botanical Gazette''. '''150''' (2): 207–217. [[doi:10.1086/337765]]. [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86651676 S2CID&nbsp;86651676]</ref>Notonuphar go tswa kwa Eocene ya Antarctica,<ref>Taylor, David Winship; Gee, Carole T. (1 October 2014). [https://bioone.org/journals/bulletin-of-the-peabody-museum-of-natural-history/volume-55/issue-2/014.055.0208/Phylogenetic-Analysis-of-Fossil-Water-Lilies-Based-on-Leaf-Architecture/10.3374/014.055.0208.full "Phylogenetic Analysis of Fossil Water Lilies Based on Leaf Architecture and Vegetative Characters: Testing Phylogenetic Hypotheses from Molecular Studies"]. ''Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History''. '''55''' (2): 89–110. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014BPMNH..55...89T Bibcode:2014BPMNH..55...89T]. [[doi:10.3374/014.055.0208|doi:10.3374/014.055.0208.]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0079-032X ISSN&nbsp;0079-032X.] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84253809 S2CID&nbsp;84253809.]</ref> <ref>Friis, Else M.; Iglesias, Ari; Reguero, Marcelo A.; Mörs, Thomas (2017-08-01). [[doi:10.1007/s00606-017-1422-y|"Notonuphar antarctica, an extinct water lily (Nymphaeales) from the Eocene of Antarctica".]] ''Plant Systematics and Evolution''. '''303''' (7): 969–980. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PSyEv.303..969F Bibcode:2017PSyEv.303..969F.] [[doi:10.1007/s00606-017-1422-y|doi:10.1007/s00606-017-1422-y.]] [[hdl:11336/49547]]. [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2199-6881 ISSN&nbsp;2199-6881.] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23846066 S2CID&nbsp;23846066.]</ref>Nuphaea go tswa kwa Eocene ya Jeremane,<ref>Gee, C. T., & Taylor, D. W. (2019). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carole-Gee/publication/334812929_An_Extinct_Transitional_Leaf_Genus_of_Nymphaeaceae_from_the_Eocene_Lake_at_Messel_Germany_Nuphaea_engelhardtii_Gee_et_David_W_Taylor_gen_et_sp_nov/links/5e344e9b92851c7f7f119674/An-Extinct-Transitional-Leaf-Genus-of-Nymphaeaceae-from-the-Eocene-Lake-at-Messel-Germany-Nuphaea-engelhardtii-Gee-et-David-W-Taylor-gen-et-sp-nov.pdf "An Extinct Transitional Leaf Genus of Nymphaeaceae from the Eocene Lake at Messel, Germany: ''Nuphaea engelhardtii'' Gee et David W. Taylor gen. et sp. nov."] ''International Journal of Plant Sciences'', 180(7), 724-736.</ref> Susiea go tswa kwa Late Paleocene Almont Flora ya North Dakota, USA,<ref>Taylor, W., DeVore, M. L., & Pigg, K. B. (2006). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kathleen-Pigg/publication/242342941_Susiea_newsalemae_gen_et_sp_nov_Nymphaeaceae_Euryale_-like_Seeds_from_the_Late_Paleocene_Almont_Flora_North_Dakota_USA/links/00b7d51ebd00e5e9d3000000/Susiea-newsalemae-gen-et-sp-nov-Nymphaeaceae-Euryale-like-Seeds-from-the-Late-Paleocene-Almont-Flora-North-Dakota-USA.pdf "''Susiea newsalemae'' gen. et sp. nov.(Nymphaeaceae): ''Euryale''-like seeds from the Late Paleocene Almont Flora, North Dakota, USA."] International Journal of Plant Sciences, 167(6), 1271-1278.</ref>le Barclayopsis go tswa kwa Maastrichtian ya Eisleben, Germany.<ref>''Barclayopsis urceolata'' Erv. Knobl., Mai. (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved December 30, 2024, from https://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=8DEE67A3-FE1B-58F6-36B6-215B7189280B</ref> == Go tlhasela == [[Setshwantsho:Water Lilies Canada 0517.jpg|thumb|Dithunya tsa tswii tsa kwa Ontario, Canada]] Bontle jwa dithunya tsa masoma bo dirile gore di dirisiwe thata e le dimela tse di kgabisang. Dithunya tsa metsi tsa kwa Mexico, tse di tlholegang kwa Gulf Coast ya Amerika Bokone, di jalwa mo kontinenteng eno yotlhe. Ga e tlhole e lengwa mme e setse e tseneletse mo mafelong mangwe, jaaka kwa San Joaquin Valley kwa California. E ka tlhasela metsi a a tsamayang ka bonya mme go thata go e fedisa. Dipalo tsa tsone di ka laolwa ka go fokotsa kgolo ya tsone. Dibolayatlhatshana di ka dirisiwa gape go laola dijalo ka go dirisa glyphosate le fluridone. <ref>[https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/plant/IPC/encycloweedia/weedinfo/nymphaea.htm "Nyphaea genus".] ''www.cdfa.ca.gov''. Retrieved 2018-09-13.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Nuphar variegata 15-p.bot-nuphar.vari-002.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa Nuphar variegata se se nang le dithunya le maungo]] == Ngwao == Dithunya tsa metsi ke sethunya sa bosetšhaba sa Bangladesh, Iran, le Sri Lanka.<ref>Hettiarachchi, Kumudini (7 November 2010). [https://www.sundaytimes.lk/101107/Plus/plus_01.html "The 'great pretender'".] ''[[:en:The_Sunday_Times_(Sri_Lanka)|The Sunday Times]] (Sri Lanka)''. Retrieved 14 September 2024.</ref>Sefapaano sa naga ya Bangladesh se na le sethunya se se kokobetseng mo metsing. Gape ke sethunya se se tsalwang ka kgwedi ya Phukwi. Twii e gape e bidiwang Nilufar Abi ka Seperesia, e ka bonwa mo ditshwantshong tse dintsi tsa motlha wa ga Achaemenid (552 BC) jaaka sefikantswe sa ga Anahita kwa Persepolis. Sethunya sa lotus se ne se akareditswe mo Derafsh ya ga Kaveh wa mothudi wa tshipi mme moragonyana e le folaga ya Mmusomogolo wa Sasanian Derafsh Kaviani. Gompieno, e itsege e le letshwao la khalendara ya Solar Hijri ya Ba-Iran. Lily pads, e e itsiweng gape jaaka Seeblätter, ke letshwao le le tlhagelelang mo dingwalong tsa kwa Yuropa Bokone, gantsi di na le mmala o mohibidu (gules), mme di tlhagelela mo folageng ya Friesland le mo seaparong sa Denmark (mo kgannyeng ya bofelo gantsi di emisediwa ke dipelo tse di khibidu). Dithunya tsa metsi di na le maemo a a kgethegileng mo dibukeng tsa Sangam le tsa Se-Tamil, koo di tsewang di tshwantshetsa kutlobotlhoko ya go kgaogana; di tsewa di tsosa ditshwantsho tsa go phirima ga letsatsi, lotshitshi lwa lewatle le shaka. === Mo go tsa botaki === Dithunya tsa metsi di ne tsa tshwantshiwa ke motaki wa Mofora Claude Monet (1840 -1926) mo motseletseleng wa ditshwantsho.<ref>Muir, Kimberley; Sutherland, Ken (2021-02-09). [https://www.artic.edu/articles/862/color-chemistry-and-creativity-in-monets-water-lilies "Color, Chemistry, and Creativity in Monet's Water Lilies"]. ''Art Institute Chicago''.</ref> === Ba-Maya === Tiro ya konokono ya babusi ba Ba-Maya ka nako ya pele ga motlha wa ga Columbus kwa Mesoamerica e ne e le go naya baagi ba bone metsi a a phepa le a a nowang ka dinako tsa komelelo le tsa pula. Go atlega ga bone mo go fitlheleleng seno ke gone go go neng ga ba letla gore ba godise puso ya bone ka go ngoka badiri ba paka e e omileng. Ba ne ba dira seno ka go aga ditsamaiso tsa metsi tse di jaaka matamo a metsi, go tsosolosa mafelo a a bongola le go aga matamo le mesele go tshwara le go boloka metsi a pula. E re ka ba ne ba na le kitso e ntsi ka ditshedi tsa mafelo a a bongola, ba ne ba fetola matamo a a dirilweng ke batho gore e nne ditshedi tsa mafelo a a bongola. Tsela nngwe e ba neng ba leka go bona gore a thulaganyo ya metsi e ne e dira sentle e ne e le go bona gore a Nymphaeaceae e ne e gola sentle. Dithunya tsa metsi di ne tsa nna letshwao le le bonalang la gore metsi a phepa, ka jalo batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo ba Ba-Maya ba ne ba simolola go itsalanya le dithunya tseno.<ref>Lucero, Lisa J.; Gunn, Joel D.; Scarborough, Vernon L. (1 April 2011). [[doi:10.3390/w3020479|"Climate Change and Classic Maya Water Management"]]. ''Water''. '''3''' (2): 479–94. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Water...3..479L Bibcode:2011Water...3..479L]. [[doi:10.3390/w3020479|doi:10.3390/w3020479.]]</ref> Ba-Maya ba ne ba simolola go dirisa ditshwantsho tsa dithunya tsa metsi tse di neng di tshwantshitswe mo dikagong tse di tlhomologileng, mo dikagong tse dikgolo, mo ditshwantshong tse di takilweng mo dipoteng le mo mekwalong ya mekwalo ya bogologolo. Tota le kwa metseng ya Ba-Maya e e jaaka Palenque, koo metswedi ya metsi e neng e le metswedi le melatswana e e elelang (mafelo a dithunya tsa water lily di neng di sa kgone go gola kwa go one), dithunya di ne di le teng thata mo direkotong tsa bone tsa ditshwantsho. Batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo le ba bodumedi ba ne ba rwala difatlhego le/kgotsa diaparo tsa tlhogo ka nako ya meletlo e e neng e na le dithunya tsa metsi le/kgotsa matshwao a dithunya tsa metsi a a neng a lebega jaaka medimo.<ref name=":7">McDonald, Andrew (2012). "Water Lily and Cosmic Serpent: Equivalent Conduits of the Maya Spirit Realm". ''Journal of Ethnobiology''. '''32''' (1): 74–107. [[doi:10.2993/0278-0771-32.1.74|doi:10.2993/0278-0771-32.1.74.]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55165881 S2CID&nbsp;55165881]</ref> Gape go na le bosupi jwa gore dithunya tsa metsi di ne di dirisiwa jaaka dijalo tse di ntshang dijo. Ditlhaloso dingwe tsa ditiragalo tsa meetlo e e neng e dirwa ke Ba-Maya e ne e le tsa madi a a ntshiwang mo dikarolong tse di phunyegileng tsa mmele. Le fa go ntse jalo, fa go tlhatlhobiwa ka kelotlhoko go lemogiwa gore seno ke seedi se se elelang ka tlhamalalo go tswa mo dithunyeng tse di neng di le mo ditlhogong tsa medimo mengwe. <ref name=":7" />Go ka nna ga diragala gore Ba-Maya ba ne ba ja dimela tse go dira gore ba nne le kakanyo e e sa tlwaelegang, e e utlwalang ka gonne go na le setlhopha sa di-alkaloid tsa opiate mo Twii.<ref name=":7" />Ka kakaretso, dikai tseno di bontsha kafa mofuta ono wa tshwantshiso ya metsi o neng o le botlhokwa ka teng mo kgaolong yotlhe ya Ba-Maya. <ref>Lucero, Lisa J. (September 2002). [http://publish.illinois.edu/valleyofpeace/files/2019/07/collapseoftheclassicLucero2002.pdf "The collapse of the Classic Maya: A case for the role of water control"] (PDF). ''American Anthropologist''. '''104''' (3): 814–826. [[doi:10.1525/aa.2002.104.3.814|doi:10.1525/aa.2002.104.3.814.]] Retrieved 28 April 2023.</ref> == Dinepe == == Metswedi == [[Setshwantsho:Lilypad.jpg|thumb|Matlhare a dithunya a a kokobalang mo letsheng kwa Toronto, Canada]] [[Setshwantsho:Matkusjoki 20210709 142526.jpg|thumb|Matlhare a dithunya a a kokobetseng mo Nokeng ya Matkusjoki kwa Iisalmi, kwa Finland]] 0dveufdxrggd75nsakq9gmq1vuugr70 0 14646 53215 2026-07-25T17:10:38Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tsebe ya Knight Maripe 53215 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Knight Maripe''' (o tshotswe ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le bosupa (1927) a bo a thokafala ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borataro (2006) e ne e le radipolotiki yo o itsegeng wa Motswana, mokgatlho wa badiri le wa bosetšhaba yo o nnileng le seabe se segolo mo mekgatlhong ya badiri e e kgatlhanong le bokoloniale ya kwa Borwa jwa Rhodesia (e jaanong e leng Zimbabwe) le tlhabololo ya dipolotiki tsa kganetso kwa Botswana. == Botshelo jwa gagwe jwa pele == === Dingwaga tsa bongwana === Knight Maripe o belegetswe kwa Mapoka, Botswana ka kgwedi ya Moranang ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le bosupa (1927), e le mongwe wa barwa ba babedi ba ga Tumedi Maripe le Mayaya Maripe.<ref>[[:en:Knight_Maripe#CITEREFTutwane2006|Tutwane 2006]].</ref> === Thuto === Maripe o tsene sekolo sa poraemari sa mo motseng wa gaabo pele a ya kwa Sekolong sa Dombodema Mission sa Kgaolo ya Plumtree kwa [[Borwa jwa Rhodesia]]. Morago o ne a ya kwa [[Tonota]], kwa Kgaolong ya Bogare ya Bechuanaland, kwa a weditseng thuto ya gagwe ya poraemari ka go fetsa maemo a borataro ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le borataro (1946).<ref name=":0">[[:en:Knight_Maripe#CITEREFBarei2009|Barei 2009,]] p.&#x20;1</ref> == Tiro ya sepolotiki == Maripe o simolotse tiro ya gagwe ya sepolotiki mo masimologong a dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano (1950) mo mokgatlhong wa babereki le mo lekaleng la bosetšhaba la Borwa jwa Rhodesia. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le bobedi (1952), mmogo le [[Joshua Nkomo]], Grey Bango, le Benjamin Burongo, o ne a thaya motheo wa All-African Convention.<ref name=":0" />Mokgatlho ono o ne wa leka go kopanya makoko a a farologaneng a bosetšhaba, le fa gone o ne wa nna lobaka lo lokhutshwane ka ntlha ya dikgotlhang tsa boeteledipele jwa ka fa gare. Maripe o ne a ikgolaganya le lekala la [[Bulawayo]] la [[Bantu Congress]] le [[Southern Rhodesia African National Congress (SRANC).]] Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le bosupa (1957), Maripe le Nkomo ba ne ba kopana le [[Seretse Khama]] kwa Serowe go buisana ka go tlhomiwa ga Kongerese ya Bechuanaland e e neetsweng kgololosego ya kgaolo.<ref name=":0" /> Kwa bofelong o ne a nna Tautona wa [[Botswana People's Party (BPP)]] ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bobedi (1982), fela mokgatlho o ne wa latlhegelwa ke balatedi ba le bantsi ka fa tlase ga boeteledipele jwa gagwe pele a rola tiro ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe (1999.<ref name=":0" /> == Metswedi == smxbno5ur0ed69bd7drckzrvk93k44y 0 14647 53216 2026-07-25T17:25:12Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tsebe ya Mapoka 53216 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mapoka''' ke motse o monnye mo Kgaolong ya Bokone-Botlhaba jwa Botswana. Metsana e e bapileng le yone ke Nlapkhwane, Moroka le Masukwane.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091027140832/http://geocities.com/bndaba/mapoka.htm "Yahoo &#x7C; Mail, Weather, Search, Politics, News, Finance, Sports & Videos".] Archived from the original on 27 October 2009.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bongwe (2001) palo ya batho le matlo e ne e le sekete,makgolo a matlhano le masome a mane (1,540.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071124145438/http://www.cso.gov.bw/html/census/dist60.html "Distribution of population by sex by villages and their associated localities: 2001 population and housing census".] Archived from the original on 24 November 2007. Retrieved 8 December 2007.</ref> == Ditso le setso == Mapoka e na le ditshwantsho tse dintsi tse di takilweng mo lefikeng tse di tshwanang le tse di fitlhelwang kwa [[Dithabeng tsa Tsodilo.]] Ditshwantsho tseno di fitlhelwa mo magageng a a mo dithabeng tsa Dalale tse di anameng go tswa kwa Nlaphwane go ya kwa Plumtree kwa [[Zimbabwe]]. Tiragalo ya go dira pula ka go bina e tshwarwa ngwaga le ngwaga kwa Mapoka kwa lefelong le le kgethegileng le le bidiwang Gumbu. Baopedi ba ba bidiwang "wosana", ba apara diaparo tse dintsho, ba rwala dibaga tse dintsho le tse ditshweu, mme ba bina Mwali (Modimo) ba kopa pula.<ref>Phibion, Otukile (1 June 2013). [https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2868278 "The Rain Praying Music of the Bakalanga of Botswana and Zimbabwe".] Rochester, NY. SSRN&#x20;2868278</ref> Jaaka metse yotlhe ya Bokonebotlhaba fa go tla mo setlheng sa meletlo, motse o a tshela. Badiri botlhe ba ba nnang mo ditoropong ba dirisa malatsi a boikhutso go etela batsadi ba bone le ba malapa a bone. Kgwele ya dinao ke motshameko o mogolo mo motseng, o o tlisetsang motse otlhe madi - le fa go ntse jalo, gantsi ke tiro e e dirwang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga koo ditlhopha di le mmalwa tsa selegae di nnang le seabe mo metshamekong ya kgwele ya dinao. == Setšhaba sa baagi - Dikolo le mafaratlhatlha == Go na le seteišene sa mapodisi sa lefelo leo, tliliniki e e nang le lephata la baimana, ofisi ya poso le mabenkele a le mmalwa a mannye a a rekisang le a a rekisang dilo ka kakaretso. Go na le sekolo se le sengwe sa poraemari le sekolo se le sengwe sa sekontari mo motseng. Sekolo sa Mapoka Primary se tumile mo nageng ka go nna sengwe sa dikolo tsa bogologolo mo nageng le go ruta batho ba ba itsegeng thata mo nageng.<ref>[http://www.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20061023&i=Mogae_praises_community "Mogae praises community".] Botswana Press Agency (BOPA). Retrieved 8 December 2007.</ref>Ba ba kileng ba aloga mo sekolong seno ba akaretsa moatlhodimogolo wa Botswana Julian Nganunu, ditona tsa puso [[Charles Tibone]] le [[Phandu Skelemani]], moswi K[[night Maripe]] yo e leng mothei-mmogo wa lekoko la kganetso la Botswana People's Party, [[Milenje City Kealotswe]], [[Josia Moswela]] le barutegi ba le mmalwa ba [[mmadikolo wa Botswana]] go akaretsa Moporofesara [[Richard Tabulawa,]]<ref>[http://www.ub.bw/news.cfm?a=806 "Prof Tabulawa is UB Dean of Education".] ''University of Botswana – News''. Retrieved 13 April 2012.</ref>le Ngaka Badala Tachilisa Balule. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borataro (2006), sekolo se ne sa keteka dingwaga di le lekgolo le borataro se ntse se le teng ka moletlo o o neng o eteletswe pele ke poresidente wa naga, [[Festus Mogae.]] Motse wa Mapoka gape ke legae la Sekolo sa Sekontari sa Batanani. Sekolo seno se na le marobalo mme se amogela baithuti ba ba tswang kwa metseng e e fa gaufi. == Metswedi == 1l9q4tr3ixlg2f9th0y8wmkdae9ofu9 0 14648 53217 2026-07-25T17:38:04Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Motsamaisa dipuisano tsa palamente ya Botswana #Wikipedia25BW 53217 wikitext text/x-wiki Motsamaisa dipuisano tsa palamente ke mmereki wa puso wa palamente ya Botswana. Fa e sale lefatshe la Botswana le tsaya boipuso go tswa mo go la United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro botlhano, banna le basadi ba robabobedi ba berekile e le batsamaisa dipuisano tsa palamente. Wa ntlha, Alfred Merriweather, morongwa wa lotso lwa Scottish gape e le ngaka, o berekile go tswa ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le botlhano go tsena ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borobabobedi. Motsamaisa dipuisano tsa palamente wa gompieno ebong Dithapelo Keorapetse, o simolotse go nna motsamaisa dipuisano fa e sale ka Ngwanatsele a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bone. Batsamaisa dipuisano tsa palamente {| class="wikitable" |+ !Leina !Ofisi !Phathi ! |- |Alfred Merriweather OBE | |Botswana Democratic Party | |- |Albert Frank Lock | |Botswana Democratic Party | |- |James G Haskins OBE | | | |- |Moutlakgola P K Nwako | | | |- |Matlapeng Ray Molomo | | | |- |Patrick Balopi | | | |- |Margaret Nasha | | | |- |Gladys Kokorwe | | | |- |Phandu Skelemani | |Botswana Democrati Party | |- |Dithapelo Keorapetse | |Umbrella for Democratic Change | |} Metswedi iemrvjwdqjzk7kmsye6rgeig3p2wx2i 0 14649 53218 2026-07-25T17:39:00Z MmaBaggio 11091 #Wikipedia25BW KE RANOTSE TSEBE ya Dibaesekopo tsa Botswana 53218 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dibaesekopo tsa Botswana''' di akaretsa ditso tsa dibaesekopo le tlhagiso ya disupa ditshwantsho mo [[Botswana]], go tloga ka ditshwantsho tsa pele tse di setseng tsa kgaolo ya Bechuanaland mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bo masome a mabedi go fitlha ka go tlhagelela ga madirelo a dibaesekopo a a eteletsweng pele ke selegae ka bo ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bo ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi . Madirelo a tsa selegae a biditswe Botswood ke bangwe ba ba dirang le ba ba lebileng,<ref>[https://www.balancingact-africa.com/news/broadcast_en/15186/botswood-sees-film-production-start-to-blossom-in-botswana "'Botswood' sees film production start to blossom in Botswana".] ''Balancing Act Africa''. Retrieved 12 April 2026</ref>ba e tshwantsha le [[Bollywood]], [[Nollywood,]] le [[Hollywood]]. == Ditshwantsho tsa bogologolo tse di kwadisitsweng (1906 go ya go 1940s) == Go ya ka mokwalahisitori wa dibaesekopo e bong Neil Parsons, baesekopo ya ntlha e e kileng ya gatisiwa kwa Botswana e dirilwe magareng ga ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a robabongwe le borataro le ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le bosupa. Kompone nngwe ya kwa Lontone e e neng e le ya ga Charlie Urban e ne ya romela batho ba ba tsayang dinepe go tla go tsaya ditshwantsho tsa loeto lwa [[Ba-Bechuanaland Railways]] go ya kwa [[Diphororo tsa Victoria|diphororong tsa Victoria]] . Ka nako eo, moitseanape wa setso wa kwa Austria e bong [[Rudolf Pöch]] o ne a tla mo Botswana mme a dira motseletsele wa difilimi tse dikhutshwane tse di nang le modumo le mmala, go akaretsa le ditshwantsho tsa monna yo o bidiwang Kubi, yo Parsons a mo tlhalosang e le naledi ya ntlha ya dibaesekopo tsa Botswana.<ref name=":0">[http://www.thuto.org/ubh/cinema/bots-cinema-studies.htm "Botswana Cinema Studies"]. ''thuto.org''. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le bobedi, monna mongwe wa kwa Lontone yo o bidiwang W. Butcher o ne a gatisa mogwanto wa masole a [[Bangwato]] kwa [[Serowe]]. Go dirwa ga ditokomane tsa kgaolo eno go ne ga tswelela fa gare ga Dintwa tsa Lefatshe tse pedi, tse di neng di remeletse thata mo bathong ba kgaolo e e kwa bophirima le go gatisiwa ga dikgang ka ditiragalo tse di neng di diragala kwa botlhaba. Motlhami wa ntlha wa filimi go tswa kwa Botswana go begwa fa e ne e le '''Molefi Pilane,''' moeteledipele wa morafe wa selegae yo o neng a dirisa sekapaditshwantsho se nnye sa go gatisa . <ref>[https://southernafricancinema.wordpress.com/2014/06/12/267/ "History of Film in Southern Africa".] ''southernafricancinema.wordpress.com''. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref>Mosadi mongwe yo o itsegeng e le Miss Murchison o ne a gatisa mo e ka nnang diura di le pedi tsa filimi e e neng e bontsha ditiro tsa [[African Auxiliary Pioneers Corps]], tse go itsiweng gore go na le dikarolo di le pedi tsa tsone tse di sa ntseng di le teng. Filimi ya nako ya ntwa ya Bechuanaland Protectorate, e e dirilweng ka nako ya Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Lefatshe, e ne e bontsha masole a APC a boela gae go tswa kwa [[Afrika Bokone]] mme e ne e na le moeteledipele wa morafe [[Bathoen II]]. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le bosupa, motlhami wa difilimi wa kwa [[Cape Town]] Bill Lewis o ne a tla go tsaya filimi ya ketelo ya segosi kwa polaseng ya masole a maloba a APC. <ref name=":0" />Motlhami wa difilimi wa kwa Amerika Tom Larson o gorogile kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane mme a dira difilimi tse pedi, go akaretsa Rainmakers of the Okavango (1948).<ref name=":0" /> Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la dikgang tsa boditšhabatšhaba go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le borobabongwe go ya pele morago ga lenyalo la ga [[Seretse Khama]] le [[Ruth Williams Khama|Ruth Williams]], e leng kganetsano ya sepolotiki ka ntlha ya melao ya Kgaolo ya Kgethololo. Go setse difilimi tse dikhutshwane di le masome a mabedi le bongwe tsa dikgang tse di neng di bua ka ditiragalo tsa go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le borobabongwe go ya ko ngwageng wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le borataro. Dikompone tse di dirang difilimi tse di akaretsang Paramount Pictures le Universal News di dirile difilimi ka banyalani bano.<ref name=":0" /> == Kgatiso ya mo gae ka ngwaga Dingwaga tsa bo1950 == Filimi ya ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le boraro Remnants of a Dying Race, e e dirilweng ke Louis Knobel wa moagi wa [[Molepolole]] wa South African Information Services, e ne ya kwala matshelo a batho ba [[Ba-San]] kwa sekakeng sa [[Kalahari]]. The ''[[Hunters]]'' (1957), e e dirilweng ke motlhami wa difilimi wa kwa Amerika John Marshall, e ne ya akaretsa setšhaba se se tshwanang, fela jaaka go ne ga dira motseletsele wa BBC wa The Lost World of the Kalahari, o o neng o na le motshameki wa mo Afrika Borwa e bong Laurens van der Post. Difilimi tseno di ne di diretswe babogedi ba mafatshe a sele mme di ne di dira gore lefatshe leno le bonale mo thelebisheneng fa e ntse e bontsha baagi ba yone e le batho ba ba nang le seabe mo ditsong go na le gore e nne batshameki ba nako ya segompieno. Botswana e ne ya bona boipuso jwa yone ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le borataro, mme seo sa dira gore go nne le diphetogo mo dipolotiking, mo setšhabeng le mo setsong sa lefatshe leo, go akaretsa le tsela e difilimi di neng di dirwa le go anamisiwa ka yone. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi, John Marshall o ne a dira filimi ya ''N!'' ''ai, polelo ya Mosadi wa Kung,'' o ne a bua ka go kgaratlha ga mosadi wa gagwe! Mosadi mongwe wa Kung yo o bidiwang N! Ai, yo o neng a patelediwa go nyalwa ke ngaka ya setso a na le dingwaga di le robedi. == The Gods Must Be Crazy le ditlhamelo tsa boditšhabatšhaba (1980s to 1990s) == Filimi ya The Gods Must Be Crazy, ya ngwaga sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bongwe e e diragetseng kwa Botswana, e ne ya nna selo se se tumileng thata mo lefatsheng lotlhe mme ya nna le tatelano e le nngwe ya semmuso le tse dingwe tse di seng semmuso. The Gods Must Be Crazy II (1988) le yone e ne ya atlega mo mmarakeng ka difilimi tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa dira gore motshameki wa Mo-Namibia N!xau #Toma e nne naledi e e itsegeng lefatshe ka bophara. Crazy Safari (1991), e ne e le ya ntlha mo go tse tharo tse e seng tsa semmuso tse di dirilweng ke kompone ya kwa Hong Kong, gape e ne e na le N! xau #Toma. == Madirelo a difilimi tsa diphologolo tsa naga == Tikologo ya tlholego ya Botswana, segolobogolo [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango]], [[Chobe National Park|Chobe]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|Makgadikgadi Pans]], e ne ya ngoka batlhami ba difilimi tsa diphologolo tsa naga go tloga mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo masome mabedi la dingwaga go ya pele. Lenaneo la kwa Amerika la Mutual of Omaha's Wild Kingdom le ne la gatisiwa kwa Botswana ka makgetlo a le mmalwa ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro.<ref name=":0" />Dereck le Beverly Joubert ba dirile difilimi tsa diphologolo tsa naga tse di gapileng dikgele mo dithelebisheneng tsa boditšhabatšhaba go akaretsa National Geographic, mme Tim le June Liversedge ba dirile filimi ya sekwalwa ya tau e e bidiwang Roar!, e e bontshitsweng mo dithelebisheneng tsa IMAX lefatshe ka bophara. Kgato e ya ntshokuno e tlhodile setshwantsho sa boditšhabatšhaba sa mafelo a Botswana mme ga e a tlhola bokgoni jwa intaseteri ya selegae kgotsa ditiro tsa batlhami ba dibaesekopo ba Batswana. <ref>[https://www.mmegi.bw/news/what-chance-of-a-film-industry-in-botswana/news "What chance of a film industry in Botswana?".] Mmegi Online. 18 January 2008. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> Thulaganyo ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi ya Disney ya Whispers: An Elephant's Tale e ne ya gatisiwa kwa Botswana, e e neng e na le Angela Bassett. Dikarolo tsa filimi ya puo ya Se-Tamil ya Ayan (2009) le tsone di ne tsa gatisiwa kwa Botswana. == Setshwantsho sa motshikinyego sa Botswana le motlha wa dikgatiso tsa selegae tsa ntlha (2000s) == '''Setshwantsho sa Motshikinyego sa Botswana''' (BTV) se simolotse ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi jaaka mogasi wa sechaba mme ya nna yone tsela ya ntlha e ka yone diteng tsa selegae di fitlhelelang babogedi ba selegae. Ditirelo tsa selegae tsa bodiragatsi le dipampiri di simolotse go tlamela seteishene seno go tloga mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo dikete tse pedi go ya pele. Nngwe ya ditshwantsho tsa ntlha tse di neng tsa ngoka kgatlhego ya batho le go baka kganetsano e ne e le motshameko wa Botswana wa Thokolosi (2006), e e neng e bontsha boloi mo motseng o o bidiwang Bobonong. Motseletsele ono o ne wa tsosa kganetsano mo bathong, mme babogedi bangwe ba Bobonong ba ne ba o latofatsa ka gore o tlhaola batho ba motse wa bone. Badiri ba yone ba ne ba e buelela e le tiro e e rutang e e diretsweng go rotloetsa go ngangisana ka ga go kgaphela batho kwa thoko le go emela setso. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe , Rradijo, e ne e le motseletsele wa metlae o o neng o tshameka Radikgang Mandiane jaaka motho yo o neng a o tshameka, o ne wa gololwa mme wa rekisiwa ka dipalo di le 150,000 go ralala Botswana le Afrika Borwa, go bontsha gore diteng tse di dirilweng mo lefelong leo di na le mmaraka o o nonofileng wa kgwebo.<ref>"[https://www.sundaystandard.info/botswanaocos-direct-to-dvd-movies-gaining-popularity/ Botswana's direct-to-DVD movies gaining popularity"]. Sunday Standard. 2 February 2009. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> Lawrence Lekolwane wa Botswood Studios e ne e le mongwe wa batlhami ba baesekopo ba ntlha go aga tiro e e tsweletseng ya terama ya thelebišene, ditokomane le dibaesekopo kwa Botswana. O simolotse tiro ya gagwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le boraro jaaka mokwadi wa ditlhamo le mmatlisisi mo terameng ya Radio Botswana 2 ya Makgabaneng, mme a tlhagisa mananeo a thelebišene a a akaretsang Flat 101 (M-Net Africa Magic, 2004), Botshelo Jo (BTV, YTV, le Africa Magic, go tloga ka 2012), le difilimi tsa metshameko tsa Mpho le Mphonyana (2014), Pelo e ja Serati (2015), le The President's Daughter (2018). Botswood Studios e ne ya dira konteraka ya dingwaga di le dintsi le BTV ya Botshelo Jo, e e dirang gore e nne nngwe ya metseletsele ya diterama tse di tlhagisitsweng mo nageng eo. Filimi ya gagwe e khutshwane ya Nazara e ne ya gapa Seetsele sa Best Film Gold ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe.<ref>[https://botswood.co.bw/profile-lawrence-old/ "Lawrence Lekolwane Profile".] Botswood Studios. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> == No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency (2007 go ya go 2009) == Thulaganyo e e kopantsweng ya BBC le HBO ya T[[he No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency,]] e e theilweng mo motseletseleng wa dibuka tsa [[Alexander McCall Smith]] tse di rekisitsweng thata mo lefatsheng lotlhe, e ne e le yone filimi ya ntlha e kgolo ya boditšhabatšhaba go gatisiwa kwa Botswana. Porojeke eno e ne ya simololwa e le filimi e e ka dirisiwang kwa mafelong a bobogelo. Motsamaisi [[Anthony Minghella]], yo e neng e le morati wa dibuka, o ne a tlhopha ditshwanelo tsa filimi mo masimologong a dingwaga tsa bo-dikete tse pedi , mme motlhami Amy J. Moore, yo o neng a na le maitemogelo a mantsi mo difiliming tsa Afrika mme a kile a etela Botswana thata, o ne a mo thusa go mo tlhatswa pelo gore a thuntshe mo lefelong leo. <ref>[https://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0801/p01s02-woaf.html Ladies' Detective film brings Tinsel Town to tiny Botswana"]. Christian Science Monitor. 1 August 2007. Retrieved 13 April 2026.</ref> Ka nako eo Botswana e ne e se na mafaratlhatlha a difilimi e bile e se na thulaganyo ya go duelela ditshenyegelo, mme seno se ne se dira gore filimi eo e nne tlhwatlhwakgolo. Moore o ne a bua le Palamente ya Botswana ka tlhamalalo go buelela tshegetso ya puso. Puso e ne ya dumela, ya duelela diperesente tse di fetang masome a mararo tsa tiro ya go dira terama eno, e e neng ya ja madi a a fa gare ga dimilione di le tlhano le di le supa tsa diranta, fa fela bobotlana nngwetharong ya batshameki e ne e le Ba-Batswana le gore tiro eno yotlhe e dirwe mo lefatshengg leo. Setudio se sennye se se neng se bidiwa Kgalewood se ne sa agiwa kwa tlase ga [[Kgale Hill]] kwa [[Gaborone]] go tshola disete. Go gatisiwa ga terama eno go simolotse ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e tlhola gabedi,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bosupa mme motshameko ono o ne wa gasiwa mo thelebisheneng ya BBC ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo e le masome a mabedi le boraro ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi. Motseletsele wa dikarolo tse thataro o ne wa latela mo BBC le HBO ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe.<ref>[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/producers-no-1-goal-fulfilled-81780 "Producers' No. 1 goal fulfilled: Bringing character of Botswana to life for Ladies".] The Hollywood Reporter. 2 April 2009. Retrieved 12 April 2026.</ref> Go ne go thapilwe batho ba ba fetang dikete tse pedi le makgolo a mararo, go akaretsa le ba ba fetang ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a robabongwe, mme go ne go na le thulaganyo ya go thapisa baithuti ba ba fetang lekgolo go tswa kwa dikholetšheng tsa selegae le kwa dikolong tsa metswedi ya dikgang. Ka nako ya fa go ne go dirwa motseletsele ono, bontsi jwa badiri ba ba thapisitsweng mo lefelong leo ba ne ba tsamaisa mafapha a le mararo a go gatisa. Alexander McCall Smith o ne a tlhalosa tlhagiso jaaka tshono ya batho ba selegae go bona bokgoni jwa go dira difilimi.<ref>[https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-2009-10-13-voa54/414943.html "The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency Puts Spotlight on Botswana".] Voice of America. 13 October 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2026.</ref> Motseletsele o ne wa se ka wa ntšhwafadiwa ka setlha sa bobedi, mme lefelo la Kgalewood le ne la tlogelwa go senyega go na le go tlhabololwa jaaka lefelo la bojanala jaaka go ne go rulagantswe.<ref>[https://www.sundaystandard.info/no-1-ladies-detective-agency-movie-set-left-to-crumble/ "No. 1 Ladies Detective Agency movie set left to crumble"]. Sunday Standard. 4 February 2013. Retrieved 12 April 2026</ref> == A United Kingdom (2016) == ''A United Kingdom'' (2016), e e neng e tsamaisiwa ke [[Amma Asante]], e ne ya tshameka kgang ya boammaaruri ya ga Seretse Khama le [[Ruth Williams Khama|Ruth Williams,]] ba lenyalo la bone la semorafe ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le borobabobedi le neng la ganetsa kgatelelo ya bokoloniale jwa Boritane le puso ya nako ya tlhaolele ya Afrika Borwa. Filimi e ne e na le [[David Oyelowo]] le [[Rosamund Pike]] mme e ne ya dirwa ke Pathé le BBC. Le fa gone e ne e theilwe mo hisetoring ya sepolotiki ya Botswana e bile e le yone filimi e e tumileng thata mo dinageng di sele mo dingwageng tsa bo dikete tse pedi le lesome , e ne ya gatisiwa thata kwa United Kingdom, Afrika Borwa le Zimbabwe go na le kwa Botswana ka boyone. == Motshameko wa setshwantsho sa Motshikinyego sa selegae (2010s) == Colours ke motse wabodiragatsi ya motse wa 26 episodes, e laetswe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro le premiering ka kgwedi ya Letswe e le lesome ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi . E tshwaretswe kwa toropokgolong ya [[Gaborone]] le [[Ramotswa]], e bua ka tiriso e e sa siamang ya diokobatsi, HIV/AIDS, le go sa laolege ga basha. Motseletsele o latela Tirelo, lekawana le le kgaratlhelang go diragatsa maitlamo a gagwe mo botshelong. <ref>[https://www.weekendpost.co.bw/19060/weekendlife/colors-tv-drama-thrills-batswana/ "Colors TV Drama thrills Batswana".] Weekend Post. 23 October 2018.</ref>The series later reached South African audiences through broadcast on a regional platform.[ Motseletsele ono o ne wa fitlha kwa babogeding ba Aforika Borwa ka go gasiwa mo seraleng sa kgaolo.<ref>[https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/entertainment/2023-09-12-colours-exposes-sa-viewers-to-beauty-and-challenges-of-botswana/ "Colours exposes SA viewers to beauty and challenges of Botswana".] Sowetan Live. 12 September 2023.</ref> == Kgolo ya mafaratlhatlha a tsa kgaso (dingwaga tsa bo2010) == Ofisi ya Mmuso ya Difilimi e ne ya tlhomiwa ka fa tlase ga Lephata la Baša, Bong, Metshameko le Ngwao ka taolelo ya go tlhabolola le go rekisa difilimi le difilimi tsa setshwantsho sa motshininyego go ralala dikgaolo tsa Botswana. Ofisi eno e na le thulaganyo ya go bontsha difilimi tse dikhutshwane mo dikgaolong le thulaganyo ya go thusa ka madi e e dirang gore go tlhophiwe le go tshegetsa ka madi a a kana ka P60,000 nngwe le nngwe ya dibuka tse di kwadilweng go ralala lefatshe. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe, e ne e setse e amogetse metseletsele ya mananeo a le lekgolo le masome a marataro le borobabobedi a a feletseng fa e sale e simololwa. Gape e simolotse go nna le moletlo wa ngwaga le ngwaga wa difilimi wa boditšhabatšhaba, o o tla tshwarwang lekgetlo la ntlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro mme go tla nna le batsayakarolo go tswa kwa Zimbabwe, Zambia, Nigeria, Afrika Borwa le Namibia. Dibui kwa moletlong oo di ne tsa kopa gore go tlhomiwe Khomišene ya Difilimi e e ikemetseng, ba lemoga gore mafatshe a a fetang makgolo a mararo le botlhano lefatshe ka bophara di na le dikhomišene tsa difilimi tse di ikemetseng le gore Botswana ga e ise e tlhome epe ya tsone.<ref name=":1">[https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/filmmakers-call-for-film-commission/news "Filmmakers call for Film Commission".] Mmegi Online. 24 November 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> AFDA Botswana, e leng lekala la mo lefelong leo la sekolo sa dibaesekopo le tsa botaki sa Afrika Borwa, e thapisitse batlhami ba le mmalwa ba ba dirang mo lefatsheng leo ba dibaesekopo. Baithuti ba ba nang le dithutego tsa maemo a a kwa godimo ba akaretsa [[Lawrence Lekolwane]] le [[Lesedi Mphothwe]].<ref>[http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/mobile/news-details.php?flag=current&nid=21442 "AFDA Botswana to grow film industry"]. Daily News Botswana. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> Lenaneo la phapanyetsano ya setso la ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone Logaga lwa Ditiragalo (le le rayang "phapanyetsano ya ditso") le ne la dirwa kwa Botswana, ka maikaelelo a go boloka le go tsosolosa ditlwaelo tsa setso le go rotloetsa kutlwisisano magareng ga merafe e e farologaneng. <ref>[https://www.weekendpost.co.bw/39426/weekendlife/tv-show-explores-tswana-culture/ "TV Show explores Tswana culture".] Weekend Post. 6 February 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> == Go amogelwa ke dinaga tse dingwe == == Moreetsi Gabang le NEFTI Africa (2023) == Motsamaisi '''Moreetsi Gabang''' wa Mainane Studios o fentse NEFTI Africa Best Film Award ($5,000) le Audience Choice Award ($2,000) kwa Durban FilmMart ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ngwaga wa dikete tse le masome a mabedi le boraro, ka motshameko wa gagwe o mokhutshwane wa Horror-comedy Zombie Date Night in Tlokweng. Filimi e bua ka kgang ya banyalani bao bosigo jwa bone jwa go intsha bo kgorelediwang ke fa motho yo ba nnang mmogo a boela gae go tswa kwa tirelong ya bodumedi e e nang le moya wa bodimona, a dirisa ngwao ya batho ba Batlokwa ya go fitlha baswi ba bone mo mafelong a bonno jaaka motheo wa yone. Gabang o ne a nna motsamaisi wa ntlha wa Botswana go fenya kgaisano ya NEFTI Africa, e e atlholwang ke batho ba ba itsegeng mo madirelong a difilimi go akaretsa le motshameki wa difilimi Vivica A. Fox, Bruce Cohen yo o neng a gapa Sekgele sa Academy, le Ted Gagliano, yo e leng Poresidente ya Disney Post-Production. Moanegwa wa Afrika Borwa Marcus Mabusela le motshameki wa metlae wa Botswana William Last KRM ba ne ba tshameka karolo eo.<ref>"[https://deadline.com/2023/07/haifaa-al-mansour-vertigo-films-alula-moreetsi-gabang-nefti-durban-1235448350/ Botswana Director Moreetsi Gabang Wins Durban NEFTI Award".] Deadline. 26 July 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> === Mzansi Magic premiere (2025) === Ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano, go ne ga tlhagisiwa dibaesekopo tse tharo tsa Botswana mo seteisheneng sa pan-Aforika sa Mzansi Magic ka tirisanommogo le MultiChoice Botswana: Route 2 (e e tsamaisitsweng ke Afentse Fenny Lekolwane), Abashwe (e e tsamaisitsweng ke Johnson Otlaadisa), le The Prophet (e e tsamaisitsweng ke Tumelo Chaba). Tonakgolo e ne e tshwaya lekgetlo la ntlha fa dibaesekopo tse di dirilweng kwa Botswana di tlhagelela mo seraleng sa thelebišene se se duelang mo kontinenteng yotlhe.<ref>[https://www.mmegi.bw/sponsored/botswanas-film-industry-shines-three-new-local-films-set-to-premiere-on-mzansi-magic-this-november/news "Botswana's Film Industry Shines: Three New Local Films Set to Premiere on Mzansi Magic".] Mmegi Online. October 2025. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> == Moletlo wa di difilimi == === Moletlo wa Difilimi wa Bantu === [[Mokete wa Difilimi wa Bantu,]] o o tlhomilweng ke motlhami wa difilimi [[Lesedi Mphothwe]] ka Butterscotch Productions, ke moletlo wa difilimi o o ikemetseng wa Afrika o o tshwarwang ngwaga le ngwaga kwa [[Gaborone]] go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi . Moletlo ono o kopanya go bontshiwa ga difilimi tsa Seafrika le di-workshop, ditlelase tse di kgethegileng le dipuisano tsa setlhopha. Kgatiso ya boraro ka kgwedi ya Phalane ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone e ne ya tshwarelwa kwa New Capitol Cinema, Riverwalk, le sekolo se segolwane sa Botswana ka setlhogo sa go kopanya Aforika ka Cinema, e e neng e bontsha difilimi di le masome a mararo go tswa kwa mafatsheng a mantsi a Aforika go akaretsa tse tharo go tswa kwa Botswana. Filimi e e simolotseng e ne e le Seipone e khutshwane e e tshosang ya mo lefelong leo, e e neng e tsamaisiwa ke Kgosigadi Mokokwe le Wazwagwa Ntabeni. Bangwe ba ba neng ba ba ema nokeng e ne e le Okavango Diamond Company. Balekane ba boditšhabatšhaba ba akareditse Namibia Film Commission, Ladima Foundation, Human Rights Tattoo, le Yunibesithi ya Botswana.<ref>[https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/82193 "Botswana film industry promising".] Daily News Botswana. 9 October 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> === Moletlo wa Boditšhabatšhaba wa Difilimi wa Botswana === Ofisi ya Mmuso ya Difilimi e simolotse go tshwara moletlo wa ngwaga le ngwaga wa difilimi wa boditšhabatšhaba, mme kgatiso ya ntlha e tla tshwarwa ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro. Moletlo o ne wa ngoka batsayakarolo go tswa kwa Zimbabwe, Zambia, Nigeria, Afrika Borwa, le Namibia, mme o ne wa direla jaaka lefelo la dipuisano tsa intaseteri go akaretsa le dikopo tsa go tlhomiwa ga Khomišene ya Bosetšhaba ya Difilimi.<ref name=":1" /> == Basadi mo metshakong ya Botswana == Women in Film Guild Botswana (WIF Botswana) e ne ya tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe ke basadi ba ba neng ba alogile mo dithulaganyong tse di amanang le difilimi mme ba sa bone thulaganyo ya go tshegetsa basadi ba ba setseng ba dira mo lephateng leno. Basimolodi-mmogo ba akaretsa Nikita Mokgware le Serena Mmifinyana. WIF Botswana e ne ya tsenela Cannes Film Festival ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro, e e neng ya duelwa ka madi ke Female Invest e baemedi ba yone ba neng ba kopane kwa Forbes 30 Under 30 summit. Mokgatlho o diretse jaaka molekane wa semmuso wa Banthu Film Festival mme o thusitse maloko go aga diporofeili tsa IMDb tsa seporofeshenale. Leloko Lebogang Mpofu o ne a tlhophiwa jaaka mogokaganyi wa Botswana wa Afro International Film Market and Festival.<ref>Larona Makhaiza (3 March 2023). [https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/women-in-film-guild-to-uplift-women/news "Women in Film Guild to uplift women".] Mmegi Online. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> Lesedi Mphothwe, jaaka Mokaedi wa Moletlo wa Filimi wa Bantu le mothei wa Butterscotch Productions, o dirile jaaka moatlhodi wa Moletlo wa Filimi wa Boditšhabatšhaba wa Mpumalanga le wa U.S. O ne a nna kwa Botswana, mme ke leloko la Global Impact Producers Alliance. Filimi ya gagwe e khutshwane ya Cell 10 (2022) e ne ya tlhophiwa mo meletlong e le mene ya boditšhabatšhaba.<ref>[https://entrepreneurs.co.bw/lesedi-mphothwe-shaping-botswanas-film-industry-through-vision-and-impactful-storytelling/ "Lesedi Mphothwe: Shaping Botswana's Film Industry Through Vision and Impactful Storytelling"]. Botswana Entrepreneurs Magazine. 9 October 2025. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> == Dikompone tsa di dibaesekopo == Botswana e na le ditlamo di le mmalwa tsa dibaesekopo le tsa dibaesekopo, go akaretsa New Capitol Cinemas <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211026155623/http://www.newcapitolcinema.co.bw/ "New Capitol Cinemas"]. ''newcapitolcinema.co.bw''. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref>le Gaborone Cine Centre.<ref>[http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/botswana/gaborone "Movie Theaters in Gaborone, Botswana"]. ''Cinema Treasures''. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> == Metswedi == bm6f4sdlyw801mi3g4bnz1ulnf5y67q 0 14650 53219 2026-07-25T17:44:51Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Patlo maikutlo ya go fetola tsamaiso ya ditlhopho tsa Botswana ya ngwaga wa 1997 #Wikipedia25BW 53219 wikitext text/x-wiki Patlo maikutlo ya phetolo ya tsamaiso ditlhopho e ne e tshwaretswe kwa Botswana ka Phalane a le malatsi a mane ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le bosupa. Patlo maikutlo e, e ne e na le ditshetlana tse tharo tse di farologaneng, ebile di tsile di sala morago ditsholofetso tse di dirilweng ke tautona Quett Masire morago ga megwanto e e dikgoka ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le botlhano. Ditshetlana tsotlhe ka boraro di ne tsa fetisiwa, le ntswa batlhophi ba ba iponagaditseng ba ne ba le lesome le bosupa fela mo lekgolong. Potso ya ntlha Potso ya ntlha e ne e botsa batlhophi gore a ba dumalana le go fetolwa ga molaomotheo, le go emeletsa maemo a mookamedi wa ditlhopho, a a simolodisitsweng morago ga tlhopho ya ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le bosupa, ba a emisetsa ka lekgotla le le ikemetseng la tlhopho. Ditlhopho % Ba ba dumalanang Ba ba kgatlhanong Tse di senyegileng Palo yotlhe Batlhophi ba ba ikwadisitseng Motswedi Potso ya bobedi Potso ya bobedi e ne e botsa batlhophi gore a ba dumalana le go fetolwa ga molaomotheo go letla Batswana ba ba nnang kea mafatsheng a sele go tlhopha. Ditlhopho Ba ba dumalanang Ba ba kgatlhanong Tse di senyegileng Dipalo tsotlhe Batlhophi ba ba ikwadisitseng Motswedi Potso ya boraro Potso ya boraro e ne e botsa batlhophi gore a ba dumalana le go fetolwa ga molaomotheo go fokotsa dingwaga tsa motho o o nang le tshwanelo ya go tlhopha go tswa kwa go masome a mabedi le motso go nna lesome le borobabobedi. Ba ba dumalanang Ba ba kgatlhanong Tse di senyegileng Dipalo tsotlhe Batlhophi ba ba ikwadisitseng Motswedi gqj39oueca9ior6ky0tdhqh6h9p1o8b 0 14651 53220 2026-07-25T17:51:59Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1961 (Bechunaland) #Wikipedia25BW 53220 wikitext text/x-wiki Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso di ne di tshwaretswe kwa Bechuanaland Protectorate ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le motso. Tse di diragetseng pele Molaomotheo o mosha o simolotse go tsena mo tirisong ka Morule ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro, o o neng wa tlhama khansele ya molao le khansele ya bogakolodi ya Aforika. Khansele ya molao e ne e na le maloko a feta masome a mararo; matona a kolone a le lesome, batho bantsho ba le lesome, batho basweu ba le lesome, motho wa lotso lwa Asia a le mongwe le maloko a mangwe a a tlhophilweng. Maloko a a lesome a mantsho a ne a tlhophiwa ke khansele ya Aforika, fa batho basweu ba ba lesome le wa Asia ba ne ba tlhophilwe ka tlhamalalo. Khansele ya Aforika e ne e na le bagogi ba magosi a Batswana ba robabobedi le maloko a a tlhophilweng. Maduo Seretse Khama o ne a amogela ditlhopho tse dintsi mo tlhophong ya baemedi ba bantsho, Khansele e ne ya tlhomamisiwa semmuso ka Seetebosigo. Metswedi ea25mxsfa5fhvszjp7zicigmp10o7lo 0 14652 53222 2026-07-25T17:54:08Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Thomo ya ga Balopi #Wikipedia25BW 53222 wikitext text/x-wiki Thomo ya ga Balopi Thomo ya ga tautona ya go sekaseka dikarolo tsa masome a supa le bosupa, masome a supa le borobabobedi le masome a supa le borobabongwe tsa molaomotheo wa Botswana, e e itsegeng gape ka leina la thomo ya ga Balopi e reeletswe ka modulasetilo wa thomo Patrick Balopi, ke thomo ya Botswana ya go tshekatsheko e e tlhomilweng ka Phukwi a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi go tsibogela tlhoko tekatekano ya merafe gareng ga merafe ya Batswana e e mentsi le merafe e mebotlana jaaka wa Wayeyi. Tse di diragetseng pele -Sir Seretse Khama o ne a le kgatlhanong le kgethololo ebile a ka se letle kgethololo epe mo molaomotheong. O ne a sa rate bogosi ka o ne a re bo a tlhaola. Go ya ka ene, go bua ka batho o re ba merafe e metona kgotsa ba merafe e mebotlana e ne e ka nna matlhapa. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le botlhano, Lydia Nyati-Ramahobo, motlhatlhelela dithuto kwa Mmadikolo wa Botswana, o ne a tlhama lekgotla la Kamanakao, le maikaelelo a lone e neng e le go tlhabolola le go tshegetsa puo ya Shiyeyi le ngwao. Wayeyi ke setlhopha se sebotlana sa batho bantsho ka fa tlase ga Batawana. Ka ntlha ya maikutlo a kgatelelo ka fa tlase ga Batawana, morafe wa Wayeyi, ka thuso ya lekgotla la Kamanakao, ba ne ba tlhoma kgosikgolo wa bone Shikati Calvin Kamanakao, ka Moranang a le masome mabedi le bone ngwaga wa sekete, makgoloba robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe, mo go neng go le kgatlhanong ld molao wa bogosi, le karolo ya masome a supa le bosupa go tsena e le masome a supa le borobabongwe ya molaomotheo wa Botswana. Mothusa moatlhodimogolo Ian Kirby o ne a fetola Wayeyi ka lokwalo ka Phukwi a le lesome le botlhano ngwaga wa sekete makgoll a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe, a kwala gore ka Wayeyi e le morafe o o sa lemogiweng, ga ba ka ke ba nna le kgosi ya bone. Ka ntlha ya kgotlhang ya Wayeyi le tshutiso ya palamente ya ga Olifant Mfa ka Tlhakole a le lesome le bosupa ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le botlhano go kwalolola dikarolo tsa masome a supa le bosupa go tsena masome a supa le borobabongwe tsa molaomotheo gore di akaretse merafe yotlhe, tautona Festus Mogae o ne a tlhopha batho ba le masome a mabedi le motso mo thomong ya ga tautona ya tshekatsheko ya dikarolo tsa masome a supa le bosupa, masome a supa le borobabobedi le masome a supa le borobabongwe tsa molaomotheo wa Botswana, e e neng gape e bidiwa thomo ya ga Balopi, e reeletswe ka Patrick Balopi modulasetolo wa thomo eo. Thomo e o e ne e ya go diragatsa dilo di le tharo: go kanoka dikgaolo tsa masome a supa le bosupa, masome a supa le borobabobedi le masome a supa le borobabongwe tsa molaomotheo wa Botswana le go batla tsela e e tlaa ntshang go bona dikgaolo tseo di kgetholola; (b) go kanoka le go tswa ka mokgwa o o siameng wa go tlhopha maloko a ntlo ya dikgosi; le (c) go tswa ka dikakanyo le mekgwa ya go atolosa go diragatsa ka botswapelo ga Ntlo ya Dikgosi. Mekgwa Go tsaya maikutlo a setshaba, maloko a thomo a ne a etela metse le ditoropo di le masome a mane le bongwe, ya tshwara dikopano di le masome a mane le boraro,  ba reetsa dikopano tsa setshaba di le masome a mararo le borobabobedi, ba amogela dikwalo tsa  ditlhopha di le lesome le tsa batho ba le masome a mane. Dikopano di ne di tshwaretswe kwa dikgotleng tsa merafe. Dikgakolo Thomo e ne ya dira dikgakololo tse di latelang mo pegong ya ntlha ya ngwaga wa dikete pedi le motso: Le fa dikarolo tsa masome a supa le bosupa go tsena tsa masome a supa le borobabongwe di sokamela mo lotlhakoreng longwe, tsone le go kaiwa ga morafe ope fela di tshwanetse go ntshiws mo molaomotheong ka ntlha ya ka fa beng gae ba di bonang di tlhaola ka teng. Lefoko chief mo molaomotheong, masalela  a bogosi jwa Britain, le tshwanetse go beelelwa ka la Kgosi. House of Chiefs ya Botswana e tshwanetse go tswelela ka go nna teng  ka e emetse tshwaragano ya lefatshe, e tshwanetse go fetolwa leina go nna Ntlo ya Dikgosi, mo puso e neng ya go dira ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi ka molao wa Bogosi. Maloko a House of Chiefs ga a tshwanela go letlelelwa go nna maloko a diphathi dipe tsa sepolotiki Maloko a tshwanetse go tlhophiwa go ya ka mafelo a bone a bogosi, e le tsela ya go tlhama kemedi ya tikologo eseng mofuta o mogologolo wa go tlhopha merafe e e tshwanetseng go nna le maloko mo ntlong. Ditsibogo Tautona o ne a galalediwa maiteko a gagwe ke morafe o mmotlana es Batswapong kwa botlhaba jwa Botswana mme o ne a kgalwa thata ke Bamangwato ka ba ne ba dumela gore a tlaa baya kgodikgolo wa bone (le mothusa tautona wa nako e o wa Botswana) Ian Khama mo selekanyong se le sengwe le magosi a merafe e mebotlana. Molao wa bogosi o ne wa fetisiwa ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi, o emelela molao wa pele. Molao o o ne o ntsha tiriso ya lefoko chief o le fetolela kwa go Kgosi. Phetolo Phetolo ya dikgakololo e dirilwe ka Moranang ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bobedi ka setlhogo sa pego ya bobedi ya ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bobedi e e tlhophileng go tlogela tlhopho ya magosi e ntse e tshwana: dikgosi tse di robangbobedi tsa merafe e metona di tlaa nna mo maemong a tsone, tshutiso e House of Chiefs ka bo yone e e tlhomamisitseng. Tautona Mogae o ne a tsaya maeto a mangwe go dikologa lefatshe ka Motsheganong ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bobedi go tshwara dingangisano ka diphetogo tsa mo isagong tsa molaomotheo, mme bontsi jwa beng gae ba ne ba ntse ba sa kgotsofala. Tona wa botsogo Joy Phumaphi o ne a re phetolo ke maiteko ga e ntshe kgethololo. Matona a mangwe a ne a dumela gore ga ba na nako e e lekaneng go ntsha mafatlha a bone ka tsamaiso ya phetolo. Tshekatsheko ya ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa ya Mmadikolo wa Botswana e ne ya lemoga fa palo e e bonalang ya bafetodi e supa fa molaomotheo o tshwanetse go fetolwa gore o lemoge merafe yotlhe e e mo Botswana ka tekatekano. Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe Molao wa Bogosi Ntlo ya Dikgosi Kgosi Metswedi9 n9vsc9vr64ab8dx4upd78v2ai6tji21 0 14653 53223 2026-07-25T18:00:55Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Ditlhopho tsa khansele ya Yuropa ya bogakolodi tsa 1939 kwa Bechuanaland #Wikipedia25BW 53223 wikitext text/x-wiki Ditlhopho tsa khansele ya Yuropa ya bogakolodi di ne di tshwaretswe kwa Bechuanaland Protectorate ka Morule ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mararo Tsamaiso ya ditlhopho Khansele ya Yuropa ya bogakolodi e ne e na le maloko a supa a a tlhophilweng, botlhe ba tlhophilwe go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa botlhophi tsa bontlhopheng ba le bangwe. Batlhophi e ne e le batlhanka ba Britain fela ba lotso la Yuropa, ba ba ntseng mo lefatsheng le le sireleditsweng sebaka sa ngwaga pele ga ditlhopho gape ba: Na le lefatshe kgotsa ba le adimilwe ka tlhwatlhwa ya diponto di le makgolo a mabedi Ba na le didirisiwa tsa temothuo tsa tlhwatlhwa ya diponto di le makgolo a mabedi Ba ne ba teseletso ya lebentlele potlana. Ba na le letseno la ngwaga la diponto di feta makgolo a mabedi go tswa mo metsweding ya lefatshe le le mo tshireletsong Bo ntlhopheng ba ne ba tlhokiwa gore ba bo ba tlhophilwe ke batho ba ba ikwadiseditseng ditlhopho ba le batlhano, le go ntsha madi a peeletso a diponto di le masome mabedi le botlhano. Madi a peeletso a ne a busiwa fela fa ba iponetse tlhopho e e fetang masome a mabedi mo lekgolong la tlhopho ya mofenyi. Maduo Metswedi s831ekwd6cku0pvopne9qj52ghdnpqp 0 14654 53225 2026-07-25T18:10:09Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Ditlhopho tsa khansele ya Yuropa ya bogakolodi kwa Bechuanaland ngwaga wa 1933. #Wikipedia25BW 53225 wikitext text/x-wiki Ditlhopho tsa khansele ya bogakolodi ya Yuropa di ne di tshwaretswe mo Bechuanaland Protectorate ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a mararo le boraro Tsamaiso ya ditlhopho Khansele ya Yuropa ya bogakolodi e ne e na le maloko a a tlhophilweng a supa, botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa ntlhopheng a le mongwe. Go tlhopha go ne go seegetswe kwa thoko batho ba e neng e le batlhanka ba Britain ba lotso lwa Yuropa ba ba nnileng mo lefatsheng le le sireleditsweng sebaka sa ngwaga pele ga ditlhopho, kgotsa batho ba ba sa nneng kwa Britain ba ba ntseng mo kgaolong e sebaka sa dingwaga di le tlhano. Batlhophi botlhe ba ne ba tlhokiwa gore ba bo ba: Na le setsha kgotsa ba se tlhokometse, sa madi a diponto di le makgolo mabedi. Ba na le didirisiwa tsa temo tsa tlhatlhwa ya diponto di feta makgolo a mabedi Ba na le teseletso ya lebentle potlana kgotsa ba amogela madiba a fetang diponto di le makgolo mabedi ka ngwaga go tswa mo metsweding e e mo lefatsheng le le sireleditsweng. Bo ntlhopheng ba ne ba tlhokiwa go bo ba tlhophilwe ke batlhophi ba le batlhano ba ba ikwadisitseng. Maduo Metswedi 5qpv4jud54eqpagb8c6bh5wcy7s7yvs 0 14655 53226 2026-07-25T18:18:29Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Patlo maikutlo ya ditlhopho tsa Botswana ya ngwaga wa 1987 #Wikipedia25BW 53226 wikitext text/x-wiki Patlo maikutlo ya tsamaiso ditlhopho e ne e tshwaretswe mo Botswana ka Phalane a le masome a mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa, e le lantlha go diriwa patlo maikutlo  mo lefatsheng leo. Molao kakanyetso o ne o akaretsa go tlhamiwa ga maemo a mookamedi wa ditlhopho, o o tlaa thapiwang ke puso. Patlo maikutlo e ne ya fetisiwa ka batlhophi ba le masome a supa le borobaobedi le motso o le mongwe mo lekgolong ba dumalana le mogopolo. Morago ga patlo maikutlo e, ditlhopho tse di latelang tse di tshwerweng ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe, ba Botswana National Front ba ne ba seka ba tsaya karolo mo go tsone ka ntlha ya gore diphetogo di ne di sa akaretse lekgotla le le ikemetseng la ditlhopho. Diphetogo di ne tsa boelwa morago morago ga patlo maikutlo e nngwe ya ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le bosupa. Maduo Ditlhopho % Ba ba dumalanang Ba ba kgatlhanong Dipalo tsotlhe Ba ba ikwadisitseng Motswedi Metswedi 0vpzawizeigu6gonn7eyvhkztgyn7up 0 14656 53228 2026-07-25T18:24:10Z MmaBaggio 11091 #Wikipedia25BW KE RANOTSE TSEBE ya Polase ya Tuli Block 53228 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Botswana location map.svg|thumb|Lefelo la Thuli Block]] Tuli Block ke karolo e tshesane ya lefatshe mo molelwaneng wa botlhaba jwa Botswana e e kgabaganyang Zimbabwe kwa bokone le botlhaba le Aforika Borwa kwa borwa. [1] E na le dipolase tsa diphologolo tsa naga tse e leng tse di ikemetseng ka nosi tse di dirang bojanala jwa safari. Karolo e e kwa botlhaba go fitlha kwa Redshield go akarediwa le yone e ile ya bolelwa e le lefelo le le sireleditsweng la diphologolo, le le itsegeng e le Northern Tuli Game Reserve. [[Setshwantsho:Lions Tuli Block Botswana.jpg|thumb|Ditau kwa Tuli Block Botswana]] Tuli e itsege ka mafelo a yona a thutafatshe - Lerako la ga Solomone le le gaufi le [[Noka ya Motloutse]] kwa sekhutlong sa borwabophirima jwa Tuli Block, mmogo le lefelo la yone le le gaufi le Dithaba tsa [[Tswapong]] le Lepokole kwa bagologolwane ba batho ba San ba neng ba tlogela ditshwantsho tsa bone tsa ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo lefikeng. Tuli e fitlhelelwa motlhofo ka tsela go tswa mo Afrika Borwa le kwa ditoropong tsotlhe tse ditona tsa Botswana.[ 2] == Dipopego tsa lefatshe == Tuli e elela go tswa kwa sekhutlong sa borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana, kwa Noka ya Shashe le Noka ya Limpopo di kopanang gone, go ya kwa Noka ya Notwane e e kwa bokone jwa Olifants Drift kwa Borwa Bophirima. Lefelo lotlhe le le sireleditsweng, go akaretsa le lefelo la safari le le gaufi le Tuli Circle, le bogolo jwa diheketara di le 800 000. Tuli Block e farologane thata le mafelo a mangwe a Botswana. E bidiwa Hardveld ka ntlha ya mafika a yone le maje a mantsi le maje a a bopegileng ka ditsela tse di farologaneng le ka bogolo jo bo farologaneng. Motlhaba o mohibidu wa kgaolo ya Tuli ke selo se se sa lebalesegeng, mmogo le ditlhare tse dikgolo tse di fitlhelwang go bapa le dintshi tsa Limpopo. 3] == Ditso == Ka 1885, Boritane e ne ya bolela gore e sireletsa Bechuanaland. Dingwaga di le lesome morago ga moo, Kgosi Khama III o ne a naya Khampani ya Boritane ya Afrika Borwa kgaolo eo. Boikaelelo e ne e le go dira gore lefelo leno le lennye le le nang le matlapa le se ka la tlhaselwa ke balemirui ba Ba-Boer ba Afrika Borwa. Gape e ne e le mo tseleng e e yang kwa Rhodesia koo Cecil Rhodes a neng a ikaeletse go aga seporo sa gagwe go tswa kwa Kapa go ya kwa Cairo. Ka bonako fela Rhodes o ne a lemoga gore lefelo le le neng le kgabaganya dinoka di le mmalwa, mekgatšha le mafika a a neng a le fa godimo ga lefatshe le ne le sa siamela go aga seporo sa terena gotlhelele, ka jalo o ne a fetola tsela eo gore e nne tsela e e dirisiwang gompieno, e e tsamayang ka go tshwana mme e kgabaganya dipoa tse di sephaphathi go ela kwa bophirima. BSAC e ne ya aga Fort Tuli go sireletsa lefatshe la yone le dikgomo, mme ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe e ne ya bona tiriso e nnye ya ikonomi ya block ya Tuli. Tsholofelo ya go bona gouta mo lefelong leo e ne ya fela ka bonako. Ka jalo, morago ga dingwaga di le lesome, khampani eno e ne ya rekisetsa balemirui ba e seng ba puso lefatshe la yone. Go ise go ye kae ba ne ba lemoga gore lefelo leno le le makgwakgwa, le le tletseng matlapa, le le nang le dinoka tse di nang le merwalela, le ne le sa siamela sepe fa e se fela go rua leruo le lennye. Morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe balemirui ba ne ba lemoga gore go ne go ka dirwa madi a mantsi mo mmarakeng o o golang wa bojanala go na le go lema ka tlhamalalo. Kgaolo ya Tuli ke lefelo le le nang le bontle jwa tlholego jo bo tlhomologileng le le nang le matlapa a magolo, dimela tse di sa tlwaelegang, diphologolo tse dintsi tsa naga, dinonyane tse dintsi le dilo tse di humileng tsa bogologolo tsa baithutamarope. Seno se ne sa dira gore beng ba naga ba fetole karolo yotlhe ya Strip gore e nne dipolasi tsa diphologolo tsa naga le mafelo a a sireleditsweng a mo go one bajanala ba neng ba ka newa malatsi a boikhutso a a kgethegileng. Gompieno batho ba ka kgona go tsena mo kgaolong ya Tuli fela ka go dirisa dikhampani tsa safari le dipolasi le mafelo ano a a sireleditsweng. Fa go sa nna jalo, batho ba ba etelang lefelo leno ba ka tsena fela mo tseleng e kgolo e e tsamayang mo karolong eno ya toropo. North East Tuli Game Reserve, e e mo motsweding wa dinoka tsa Limpopo le Shashe, ke leina le le kopanetsweng la mafelo a le mmalwa a a leng a poraefete a a akaretsang Mashatu le Tuli Game Reserves, a a akaretsang lefatshe lotlhe le le kwa bokone jwa Noka ya Motloutse. Lefelo lotlhe le le nang le mafelo a diphologolo tsa naga di sireleditsweng mo go lone, mafelo a go tsoma le a go sireletsa diphologolo tsa naga le akaretsa diheketara di le 300 000 mme ke lefelo le legolo go a gaisa otlhe le le sireleditsweng la diphologolo tsa naga le le leng mo diatleng tsa poraefete mo Borwa jwa Afrika. Mashatu Game Lodge e na le palo e kgolo go di gaisa tsotlhe ya ditlou mo lefatsheng la poraefete. === Ntwa ya Maburu === Palapye o ne a amogetse dikgang ka 16 Diphalane 1899 gore Waterberg commando, ka fa tlase ga Mothusa Molaodi-Kakaretso Frederick A. Grobler, o ne a kokoana mo letlhakoreng la botlhaba la Limpopo kwa Seleka (kgahlano le Ngwapa), gaufi le motlhala o moragonyana o neng wa tshwaiwa mo dimmapeng tsa Aforika Borwa jaaka Groblersbrug. Mo letsatsing le le latelang Khama o ne a laela mophato wa Maolola (kana Mafhiri), o o neng o eteletswe pele ke morwarraagwe Kebailele, go disa borogo jwa seporo sa Mahalapye. Ka di 20 le di 21 go ne ga tla tshedimosetso e e nepagetseng ya gore sesole sa ga Grobler se ikaeletse go tlhasela Palapye ka tsela ya ditlhaselo kwa thoteng ya Ngwapa, thoteng ya Sefhare, le kwa Ratholo kwa tlase ga dithaba tsa Tswapong. Khama o ne a romela mophato wa banna ba le 400 ka yone nako eo go ya go nonotsha Ngwapa, e leng kago e kgolo ya phemelo ya tlholego mo lefelong leo. Diura di le masome a mararo le borataro morago ga moo, masole a le lekgolo a basweu ba Rhodesia ba ne ba goroga kwa seteisheneng sa Palapye Road ba tshotse ditlhobolo tsa dikilogerama di le supa. Ba le 80 ba bone ba ne ba ya kwa toropong ya Palapye, koo kago e kgolo ya kereke e neng ya fetolwa go nna kago e e thata ya phemelo e e neng e le mo teng ga legora le le menaganeng gabedi la mabota a maje, e tletse ka dijo tsa kgwedi yotlhe tsa basweu. Ka Diphalane 22, Khama o ne a amogela lekwalo la bofelo go tswa go Frederick Grobler, le le neng le kwadilwe ka tlotlo, le mo itsise ka maikaelelo a Rephaboliki ya Aforika Borwa a go tlhasela. Grobler o ne a tlhagisa Khama gore a se tseye letlhakore. Mo letsatsing le le latelang Khama o ne a araba jaana: 'Fa lo ka tsena le banna ba ba tlhometseng mo nageng ya me, le mo mafelong a dikgomo tsa me di bewang mo go one, ke tla lo lwantsha.' O ne a oketsa ka gore batho ba basweu ba ne ba sireleditswe ke ene, e seng ba basweu ba sireleditswe ke ene. Grobler ga a ka a gatela pele ka bonako. O ne a tshwenngwa ke go palelwa ga go kgoromeletsa kwa bokone ga masole a Marico le Rustenburg go ya kwa Mahalapye ka seporo. Ka go tlhoka bopelotelele, o ne a ikgogela morago le banna ba le 400 ba ya borwa mme a tlhagelela gape kwa bokone kwa Rhodes' Drift, gaufi le Tuli, go nonotsha Soutpansberg commando ya Commandant van Rensburg - kgatlhanong le masole a British Rhodesian a Colonel Plumer. Kopo ya ga Grobler ya go tlhasela Rhodesia le van Rensburg e ne ya ganwa ke Pretoria. Ka jalo, ka kgotsa ka 5 Ngwanatsele, Grobler o ne a tla gape kwa kampeng kwa motseng wa Seleka, ka maatlafatso go tswa kwa Soutpansberg commando. Go begwa gore jaanong go ne go na le Ba-Boers ba le 637 kwa Seleka ba na le dikoloi tsa ntwa di le 97 le di-field-piece di le 4, mmogo le batlhabani ba Afrika ba ka nna 750 ba ba tlhometseng. Khama o ne a romela mophato o mongwe wa banna ba le 370 kwa thabeng ya Ngwapa, e e neng e le kago ya phemelo ya tlholego e e neng e le kwa godimo ga mokgatšha - e leng se se neng se dira gore go nne le batlhabani ba le 700 koo. Ka Labobedi, Ngwanatsele 7, 1899, mephato e e kopaneng ya Transvaal e ne ya kgabaganya noka ya Limpopo mme ya thuntsha dikolo di le nne kwa Ngwapa. Go tswa foo ba ne ba boela kwa moseja ga noka mme ba simolola go aga kago ya phemelo e e ageletsweng ka mmu. Go ne go se na ope yo o bolailweng mo ntweng eno. Ba kgotsofaditswe ke pontsho eno ya maatla, go kgobokana ga masole a Maburu kwa Seleka go ne ga phatlalala go ya kwa bokone le borwa go bapa le Bechuanaland. 4] Soutpansberg commando, ka thuso ya Waterberg, e ne ya dira ditlhaselo go kgabaganya Limpopo mo mephatong ya ga Plumer kwa Rhodes Drift ka Ngwanatsele 16/18. Mme Grobler le van Rensburg ba ne ba phatlalala mme ba latlhegelwa ke maiteko a sesole. 5] == Dimela le diphologolo == Bontsi jwa lefelo leno ga bo na magora mme seno se letla diphologolo tseno go kgarakgatshega ka kgololosego fa gare ga dinoka tsa Motloutse le Limpopo. Dimela tsa teng di dintle tota, mme go na le dilo tse di farologaneng tse di kgatlhang. Ditlhare tse dikgolo tsa nyala le ditlhare tsa yellow barked fever di gola go bapa le dintshi tsa dinoka. Ditlhare tse di bokete tsa sesame di mela mo mafikeng. Ditlhare tse di tlhomologileng tsa baobab di fitlhelwa gongwe le gongwe mo ditlhareng tsa koppie. Diphologolo di tshela sentle mo nageng. Di-wildebeest, di-kudu, di-eland, di-impala le di-waterbuck di fudugela mo lefelong leno. Ditau (tse dingwe tsa tsone di nang le menamo e mentsho), mangau le di-cheetah di latela diphologolo tseno mme di itsalanya le matsomane a magolo a ditlou. Dithutlwa tsa Nile di dintsi thata mo matamong a magolo a Noka ya Limpopo, mme ka dinako tse dingwe go na le mekgantitswane. Ditshedi tsa dinonyane di ntsifala mo tikologong eno e e farologaneng. Tuli ke nngwe ya mafelo a a molemo thata mo borwa jwa Afrika mo bathong ba ba ratang go ithuta ka dinonyane. Go lemogilwe mefuta e e fetang 350 ya dinonyane mo lefelong leno, go akaretsa di-rock thrush, di-boulder chats, di-shrikes le di-cormorant. Mefuta e e farologaneng ya di-kingfisher e thuma mo dinokeng le mo melatswaneng, fa di-wadger tsone di nna mo metsing a a seng boteng. Lengau le le sa tlwaelegang la Pel's le le tshwarang ditlhapi le nna mo dintshing tsa dinoka tse dikgolo tse di fa godimo ga tsone, mme le bonwa botoka bosigo. Mo dikarolong tse dingwe tsa Botswana go kgweetsa bosigo ga go a letlelelwa, mme fano, mo lefatsheng la motho ka namana, go na le mafelo a go kgweetsa diphologolo tse di sa bonweng motlhofo mo go one, koo baeti ba ka kgonang go bona ditshedi tse di sa bonweng motlhofo tse di tsamayang bosigo tse di bonwang sewelo motshegare, tse di jaaka lengau, kgama, phiri ya naga le kolobe ya naga. Motshegare, batho ba ba nang le maitemogelo ba ba batlang go bona mafelo a a kgatlhang ba ka isa baeng kwa sekgweng ka dikoloi tsa bone tsa maotwana a manè kgotsa ka dinao, fa go palama dibaesekele tsa kwa dithabeng mo ditseleng tse di rulagantsweng gone go ntse go ratwa thata. == Dilo tse di kgatlhang == === Lebota la ga Solomone === Lebota la ga Solomone ke mafika a basalt, a a bogodimo jwa dimetara di le 30, a a kileng a nna letamo la tlholego go kgabaganya noka ya Motloutse. Letsha le legolo le le neng le le kafa morago ga lone le ne la tlala, le le nang le phororo ya metsi e e neng e elela mo godimo ga letamo leno ka nako ya dipula, e tlogela diminerale tse dintsi tse di jaaka quartz, agate le maje a mangwe a a tlhwatlhwakgolo. E ne e le mo motlhabeng o o kwa godimo ga noka ya Motloutse koo go neng ga fitlhelwa diteemane tsa ntlha tsa alluvial kwa Botswana, e leng se se neng se bontsha gore go ne go tlile go nna le khumo e kana kang. Kwa Molalatu, e e kwa bokone jwa kgaolo ya Tuli, ditlogolwana tsa banni ba koo ba bogologolo di sa ntse di tshela. Baagi ba motse oo ba ba leng mo lekokong la Kereke ya Bokeresete ya Ba-Zion ba ile ba loga leano le le botlhale la go sireletsa leruo la bone mo diphologolong tsa naga tsa mo lefelong leo. Ba tsadisa 'dintša tsa dipodi.' Fa dipotsane di sa ntse di le dinnye ba di naya dipodi tse di anyisang tse di di tshwarang jaaka bana ba tsone. Dintšanyana tseno di gola di akanya gore ke dipodi mme di sa ntse di na le mekgwa ya tsone ya go nna dintša. Fa di ntse di gola di tsamaya le matsomane a dipodi mo sekgweng mme ka tlholego fela di di sireletsa mo dibataneng. Le fa gone di sa tshwane le diphologolo tse dikgolo tsa naga, tsela e di itshwarang ka yone e a gakgamatsa e bile gantsi e tshosa batho ba ba ka nnang ba di tlhasela. Banni ba motse ba di tsaya jaaka selo se se thibelang, mme ba duedisa baeng madi a mannye go bona 'dintša tsa dipodi'. === Dithaba tsa Tswapong le Lepokole === Kgaolo ya Tuli e itsege gape ka dithaba tsa Tswapong le Lepokole tse di leng dikilometara di ka nna 140 go ya kwa borwabophirima. Tswapong e kwa botlhaba jwa Palapye. Go ralala dingwaga, dinoka le metswedi ya metsi di ile tsa dira dikhuti tse di boteng mo matlapeng a bogologolo a granite. Diphororo tsa metsi, matamo a matlapa le dimela tse di dikologileng di tlhomologile mo Botswana. 6] Go tlhakatlhakana ga maje a hematite le a granite le kopjes go bopa Dithaba tsa Lepokole, e leng karolo e e kwa bophirima ya Dithaba tsa Matobo kwa Zimbabwe. Di dikilometara di le 15 kwa bokone jwa Bobonong. Ba-San ba bofelo kwa botlhaba jwa Botswana ba ne ba nna mo dithoteng tseno mme ba tlogela ditshwantsho tsa bone tse dintsi tse di takilweng mo matlapeng le mo dikgageng. Didirisiwa tsa Motlha wa Letlapa le dijana tsa letsopa tsa bogologolo tse di gasagasameng go dikologa dithaba ke bosupi jwa gore go ne go na le batho ba ba neng ba nna koo pele ga moo. 7] fyy556e1mortsm2hsfyckat4009h0g5 53231 53228 2026-07-25T18:57:09Z MmaBaggio 11091 #Wikipedia25BW KE RANOTSE TSEBE Polase ya Tuli Block 53231 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Botswana location map.svg|thumb|Lefelo la Thuli Block]] Tuli Block ke karolo e tshesane ya lefatshe mo molelwaneng wa botlhaba jwa Botswana e e kgabaganyang Zimbabwe kwa bokone le botlhaba le Aforika Borwa kwa borwa. <ref>[http://www.safari.co.uk/botswana/tuli-block Tuli Block] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Archive.today_guidance][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive.today]{{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120909215801/http://www.safari.co.uk/botswana/tuli-block|date=2012-09-09}}</ref>E na le dipolase tsa diphologolo tsa naga tse e leng tse di ikemetseng ka nosi tse di dirang bojanala jwa safari. Karolo e e kwa botlhaba go fitlha kwa Redshield go akarediwa le yone e ile ya bolelwa e le lefelo le le sireleditsweng la diphologolo, le le itsegeng e le Northern Tuli Game Reserve. [[Setshwantsho:Lions Tuli Block Botswana.jpg|thumb|Ditau kwa Tuli Block Botswana]] Tuli e itsege ka mafelo a yona a thutafatshe - Lerako la ga Solomone le le gaufi le [[Noka ya Motloutse]] kwa sekhutlong sa borwabophirima jwa Tuli Block, mmogo le lefelo la yone le le gaufi le Dithaba tsa [[Tswapong]] le Lepokole kwa bagologolwane ba [[batho ba San]] ba neng ba tlogela ditshwantsho tsa bone tsa ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo lefikeng. Tuli e fitlhelelwa motlhofo ka tsela go tswa mo Afrika Borwa le kwa ditoropong tsotlhe tse ditona tsa Botswana.<ref>[http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/ Botswana Tourism] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503122813/http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/|date=2009-05-03}}</ref> == Dipopego tsa lefatshe == Tuli e elela go tswa kwa sekhutlong sa borwabotlhaba jwa [[Botswana]], kwa [[Noka ya Shashe]] le [[Noka ya Limpopo]] di kopanang gone, go ya kwa [[Noka ya Notwane]] e e kwa bokone jwa Olifants Drift kwa Borwa Bophirima. Lefelo lotlhe le le sireleditsweng, go akaretsa le lefelo la safari le le gaufi le Tuli Circle, le bogolo jwa diheketara di le 800 000. Tuli Block e farologane thata le mafelo a mangwe a Botswana. E bidiwa Hardveld ka ntlha ya dithaba tsa yone le mantswe a mantsi a a bopegileng ka ditsela tse di farologaneng le ka botona jo bo farologaneng. Motlhaba o mohibidu wa kgaolo ya Tuli ke selo se se sa lebalesegeng, mmogo le ditlhare tse dikgolo tse di fitlhelwang go bapa le dintshi tsa Limpopo.<ref>[http://www.discover-botswana.com/articles/tuliblock.php Discover Botswana]</ref> == Ditso == Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robaboedi le botlhano,lefatshe la Boritane le ne la bolela gore le sireletsa Bechuanaland. Dingwaga di le lesome morago ga moo, [[Kgosi Khama III]] o ne a neela Kompone ya Boritane ya Afrika Borwa kgaolo eo. Boikaelelo e ne e le go dira gore lefelo leno le lennye le le nang le matlapa le se ka la tlhaselwa ke balemibarui ba Ba-Boer ba Afrika Borwa. Gape e ne e le mo tseleng e e yang kwa [[Rhodesia]] koo [[Cecil Rhodes]] a neng a ikaeletse go aga seporo sa gagwe go tswa kwa Kapa go ya kwa Cairo. Ka bonako fela Rhodes o ne a lemoga gore lefelo le le neng le kgabaganya dinoka di le mmalwa, melapo le dithaba tse di neng di le fa godimo ga lefatshe le ne le sa siamela go aga seporo sa terena gotlhelele, ka jalo o ne a fetola tsela eo gore e nne tsela e e dirisiwang gompieno, e e tsamayang ka go tshwana mme e kgabaganya dipoa tse di sephaphathi go ela kwa bophirima. BSAC e ne ya aga Fort Tuli go sireletsa lefatshe la yone le dikgomo, mme ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe e ne ya bona tiriso e nnye ya itsholelo ya block ya Tuli. Tsholofelo ya go bona gouta mo lefelong leo e ne ya fela ka bonako. Ka jalo, morago ga dingwaga di le lesome, khampani eno e ne ya rekisetsa balemibarui ba e seng ba puso lefatshe la yone. Go ise go ye kae ba ne ba lemoga gore lefelo leno le le makgwakgwa, le le tletseng matlapa, le le nang le dinoka tse di nang le merwalela, le ne le sa siamela sepe fa e se fela go rua leruo le lennye. Morago ga [[Ntwa ya Lefatshe]] balemibarui ba ne ba lemoga gore go ne go ka dirwa madi a mantsi mo mmarakeng o o golang wa bojanala go na le go lema ka tlhamalalo. Kgaolo ya Tuli ke lefelo le le nang le bontle jwa tlholego jo bo tlhomologileng le le nang le matlapa a magolo, dimela tse di sa tlwaelegang, diphologolo tse dintsi tsa naga, dinonyane tse dintsi le dilo tse di humileng tsa bogologolo tsa baithutamarope. Seno se ne sa dira gore beng ba lefatshe ba fetole karolo yotlhe ya Strip gore e nne dipolasi tsa diphologolo tsa naga le mafelo a a sireleditsweng a mo go one bajanala ba neng ba ka newa malatsi a boikhutso a a kgethegileng. Gompieno batho ba ka kgona go tsena mo kgaolong ya Tuli fela ka go dirisa dikhampani tsa safari le dipolasi le mafelo ano a a sireleditsweng. Fa go sa nna jalo, batho ba ba etelang lefelo leno ba ka tsena fela mo tseleng e kgolo e e tsamayang mo karolong eno ya toropo. North East Tuli Game Reserve, e e mo motsweding wa dinoka tsa Limpopo le Shashe, ke leina le le kopanetsweng la mafelo a le mmalwa a a ikemetseng ka nosi a a akaretsang Mashatu le Tuli Game Reserves, a a akaretsang lefatshe lotlhe le le kwa bokone jwa [[Noka ya Motloutse]]. Lefelo lotlhe le le nang le mafelo a diphologolo tsa naga di sireleditsweng mo go lone, mafelo a go tsoma le a go sireletsa diphologolo tsa naga le akaretsa diheketara di le 300 000 mme ke lefelo le legolo go a gaisa otlhe le le sireleditsweng la diphologolo tsa naga le le leng mo diatleng tsa poraefete mo Borwa jwa Afrika. Mashatu Game Lodge e na le palo e ntsi go di gaisa tsotlhe ya ditlou mo lefatsheng le le ikemetseng ka nosi. === Ntwa ya Maburu === Palapye o ne a amogetse dikgang ka kgwedi ya Phalane ele lesome leborataro ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe gore Waterberg commando, ka fa tlase ga Mothusa Molaodi-Kakaretso Frederick A. Grobler, o ne a kokoana mo letlhakoreng la botlhaba la Limpopo kwa Seleka (kgahlano le Ngwapa), gaufi le motlhala o moragonyana o neng wa tshwaiwa mo dimmapeng tsa Aforika Borwa jaaka Groblersbrug. Mo letsatsing le le latelang Khama o ne a laela mophato wa Maolola (kana Mafhiri), o o neng o eteletswe pele ke morwarraagwe Kebailele, go disa borogo jwa seporo sa Mahalapye. Ka di kgwedi ya Phalane ele masome a mabedi le fa ele masome a mabedi le bongwe go ne ga tla tshedimosetso e e nepagetseng ya gore sesole sa ga Grobler se ikaeletse go tlhasela Palapye ka tsela ya ditlhaselo kwa thoteng ya Ngwapa, thoteng ya Sefhare, le kwa Ratholo kwa tlase ga dithaba tsa Tswapong. Khama o ne a romela mophato wa banna ba le makgolo a mane ka yone nako eo go ya go nonotsha Ngwapa, e leng kago e kgolo ya phemelo ya tlholego mo lefelong leo. Diura di le masome a mararo le borataro morago ga moo, masole a le lekgolo a basweu ba Rhodesia ba ne ba goroga kwa seteisheneng sa Palapye Road ba tshotse ditlhobolo tsa dikilogerama di le supa. Ba le 80 ba bone ba ne ba ya kwa toropong ya Palapye, koo kago e kgolo ya kereke e neng ya fetolwa go nna kago e e thata ya phemelo e e neng e le mo teng ga legora le le menaganeng gabedi la mabota a maje, e tletse ka dijo tsa kgwedi yotlhe tsa basweu. Ka kgwedi ya Phalane le masome a mabedi le bobedi , Khama o ne a amogela lekwalo la bofelo go tswa go Frederick Grobler, le le neng le kwadilwe ka tlotlo, le mo itsise ka maikaelelo a Rephaboliki ya Aforika Borwa a go tlhasela. Grobler o ne a tlhagisa Khama gore a se tseye letlhakore. Mo letsatsing le le latelang Khama o ne a araba jaana: 'Fa lo ka tsena le banna ba ba ipapanneng ka dibetsa mo lefatsheng lame, le mo mafelong a dikgomo tsa me di bewang mo go one, ke tla lo lwantsha.' O ne a oketsa ka gore batho ba basweu ba ne ba sireleditswe ke ene. Grobler ga a ka a gatela pele ka bonako. O ne a tshwenngwa ke go palelwa ga go kgoromeletsa kwa bokone ga masole a Marico le Rustenburg go ya kwa Mahalapye ka seporo. Ka go tlhoka bopelotelele, o ne a ikgogela morago le banna ba le makgolo a mane ba ya borwa mme a tlhagelela gape kwa bokone kwa Rhodes' Drift, gaufi le Tuli, go nonotsha Soutpansberg commando ya Commandant van Rensburg - kgatlhanong le masole a British Rhodesian a Colonel Plumer. Kopo ya ga Grobler ya go tlhasela Rhodesia le van Rensburg e ne ya ganwa ke Pretoria. Ka jalo, ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele e tlhola ga tlhano Grobler o ne a tla gape kwa kampeng kwa motseng wa Seleka, ka maatlafatso go tswa kwa Soutpansberg commando. Go begwa gore jaanong go ne go na le Ba-Boers ba le makgolo a marataro le masome a mararo le bosupa kwa Seleka ba na le dikoloi tsa ntwa di le masme a robabongwe le bosupa le di-field-piece di le nne, mmogo le batlhabani ba Afrika ba ka nna makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano ba ba ipapanneng ka dibetsa tsa ntwa. Khama o ne a romela mophato o mongwe wa banna ba le makgolo a mararo le bosupa kwa thabeng ya Ngwapa, e e neng e le kago ya phemelo ya tlholego e e neng e le kwa godimo ga mokgatšha - e leng se se neng se dira gore go nne le batlhabani ba le makgolo a supa koo. Ka Labobedi, Ngwanatsele e tlhola ga supa ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe, mephato e e kopaneng ya Transvaal e ne ya kgabaganya noka ya Limpopo mme ya thuntsha dikolo di le nne kwa Ngwapa. Go tswa foo ba ne ba boela kwa moseja ga noka mme ba simolola go aga kago ya phemelo e e ageletsweng ka mmu. Go ne go se na ope yo o bolailweng mo ntweng eno. Ba kgotsofaditswe ke pontsho eno ya maatla, go kgobokana ga masole a Maburu kwa Seleka go ne ga phatlalala go ya kwa bokone le borwa go bapa le Bechuanaland.<ref>Neil Parsons, ''Brief History of Botswana'', University of Botswana</ref> Soutpansberg commando, ka thuso ya Waterberg, e ne ya dira ditlhaselo go kgabaganya Limpopo mo mephatong ya ga Plumer kwa Rhodes Drift ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ele lesome le borataro kgotsa lesome le borobabobedi. Mme Grobler le van Rensburg ba ne ba phatlalala mme ba latlhegelwa ke maiteko a sesole.<ref>[http://www.thuto.org/ubh/afhist/saw/saw01.htm University of Botswana History Department]</ref> == Dimela le diphologolo == Bontsi jwa lefelo leno ga bo na magora mme seno se letla diphologolo tseno go tsamaya ka kgololosego fa gare ga dinoka tsa [[Motloutse River|Motloutse]] le [[Limpopo River|Limpopo.]] Dimela tsa teng di dintle tota, mme go na le dilo tse di farologaneng tse di kgatlhang. Ditlhare tse ditona tsa nyala le ditlhare tsa yellow barked fever di gola go bapa le dintshi tsa dinoka. Ditlhare tse di bokete tsa sesame di mela mo mafikeng. Ditlhare tse di tlhomologileng tsa [[Mowana]] di fitlhelwa gongwe le gongwe mo ditlhareng tsa koppie. Diphologolo di tshela sentle mo nageng. Di-wildebeest, bokudu , ditshephe, diphala le di-waterbuck di fudugela mo lefelong leno. [[Ditau]] (tse dingwe tsa tsone di nang le menamo e mentsho), mangau le Latotse di latela diphologolo tseno mme di itsalanya le matsomane a magolo a [[Ditlou|ditlou.]] Dithutlwa tsa Nile di dintsi thata mo matamong a magolo a Noka ya Limpopo, mme ka dinako tse dingwe go na le mekgantitswane. Ditshedi tsa dinonyane di ntsifala mo tikologong eno e e farologaneng. Tuli ke nngwe ya mafelo a a molemo thata mo borwa jwa Afrika mo bathong ba ba ratang go ithuta ka dinonyane. Go lemogilwe mefuta e e fetang makgolo a mararo le masome a matlhano ya dinonyane mo lefelong leno, go akaretsa di-rock thrush, di-boulder chats, di-shrikes le di-cormorant. Mefuta e e farologaneng ya di-kingfisher e thuma mo dinokeng le mo melatswaneng, fa di-wadger tsone di nna mo metsing a a seng boteng. Lengau le le sa tlwaelegang la Pel's le le tshwarang ditlhapi le nna mo dintshing tsa dinoka tse dikgolo tse di fa godimo ga tsone, mme le bonwa botoka bosigo. Mo dikarolong tse dingwe tsa Botswana go kgweetsa bosigo ga go a letlelelwa, mme fano, mo lefatsheng la motho ka namana, go na le mafelo a go kgweetsa diphologolo tse di sa bonweng motlhofo mo go one, koo baeti ba ka kgonang go bona ditshedi tse di sa bonweng motlhofo tse di tsamayang bosigo tse di bonwang sewelo motshegare, tse di jaaka lengau, kgama, [[phiri ya naga]] le [[kolobe ya naga]]. Motshegare, batho ba ba nang le maitemogelo ba ba batlang go bona mafelo a a kgatlhang ba ka isa baeng kwa sekgweng ka dikoloi tsa bone tsa maotwana a manè kgotsa ka dinao, fa go palama dibaesekele tsa kwa dithabeng mo ditseleng tse di rulagantsweng gone go ntse go ratwa thata. == Dilo tse di kgatlhang == === Lebota la ga Solomone === Lebota la ga Solomone ke mantswe a basalt, a a bogodimo jwa dimetara di le masome a matlhano a a kileng a nna letamo la tlholego go kgabaganya noka ya Motloutse. Letsha le letona le le neng le le kafa morago ga lone le ne la tlala, le le nang le phororo ya metsi e e neng e elela mo godimo ga letamo leno ka nako ya dipula, e tlogela diminerale tse dintsi tse di jaaka quartz, agate le maje a mangwe a a tlhwatlhwakgolo. E ne e le mo motlhabeng o o kwa godimo ga noka ya Motloutse koo go neng ga fitlhelwa diteemane tsa ntlha tsa alluvial kwa Botswana, e leng se se neng se bontsha gore go ne go tlile go nna le khumo e kana kang. Kwa Molalatu, e e kwa bokone jwa kgaolo ya Tuli, ditlogolwana tsa banni ba koo ba bogologolo di sa ntse di tshela. Baagi ba motse oo ba ba leng mo lekokong la Kereke ya Bokeresete ya Ba-Zion ba ile ba loga leano le le botlhale la go sireletsa leruo la bone mo diphologolong tsa naga tsa mo lefelong leo. Ba tsadisa 'dintša tsa dipodi.' Fa dipotsane di sa ntse di le dinnye ba di naya dipodi tse di anyisang tse di di tshwarang jaaka bana ba tsone. Dintšanyana tseno di gola di akanya gore ke dipodi mme di sa ntse di na le mekgwa ya tsone ya go nna dintša. Fa di ntse di gola di tsamaya le matsomane a dipodi mo sekgweng mme ka tlholego fela di di sireletsa mo dibataneng. Le fa gone di sa tshwane le diphologolo tse dikgolo tsa naga, tsela e di itshwarang ka yone e a gakgamatsa e bile gantsi e tshosa batho ba ba ka nnang ba di tlhasela. Banni ba motse ba di tsaya jaaka selo se se thibelang, mme ba duedisa baeng madi a mannye go bona 'dintša tsa dipodi'. === Dithaba tsa Tswapong le Lepokole === Kgaolo ya Tuli e itsege gape ka dithaba tsa Tswapong le Lepokole tse di leng dikilometara di ka nna lekgolo le masome a mane go ya kwa borwabophirima. Tswapong e kwa botlhaba jwa [[Palapye|Palapye.]] Go ralala dingwaga, dinoka le metswedi ya metsi di ile tsa dira dikhuti tse di boteng mo matlapeng a bogologolo a granite. Diphororo tsa metsi, matamo a matlapa le dimela tse di dikologileng di tlhomologile mo Botswana. <ref>[http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/tswapongHills.php Tswapong Hills] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515135158/http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/tswapongHills.php|date=2012-05-15}}</ref> Go tlhakatlhakana ga mantswe a hematite le a granite le kopjes go bopa Dithaba tsa Lepokole, e leng karolo e e kwa bophirima ya [[Dithaba tsa Matobo]] kwa Zimbabwe. Di dikilometara di le lesome le botlhano kwa bokone jwa [[Bobonong]]. Ba-San ba bofelo kwa botlhaba jwa Botswana ba ne ba nna mo dithoteng tseno mme ba tlogela ditshwantsho tsa bone tse dintsi tse di takilweng mo matlapeng le mo dikgageng. Didirisiwa tsa Motlha wa Letlapa le dijana tsa letsopa tsa bogologolo tse di gasagasameng go dikologa dithaba ke bosupi jwa gore go ne go na le batho ba ba neng ba nna koo pele ga moo. <ref>[https://wanderingis.blogspot.com/2011/06/journey-to-lepokole-hills.html The Journey to the Lepokole Hills]</ref> == Metswedi == s4kni9jc2h0xscph3bvqzzjqvbuh2dd 0 14657 53229 2026-07-25T18:34:42Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Ditlhopho tsa patlo maikutlo tsa ngwaga wa 2001 mabapi le phetogo ya kgotlatshekelo mo Botswana #Wikipedia25BW 53229 wikitext text/x-wiki Ditlhopho tsa patlo maikutlo ya phetogo ya kgotlatshekelo mo Botswana di tshwerwe ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le motso Ngwanatsele a le malatsi a mararo, pele di ne di rulaganyeditswe go tshwarwa ka Phalane a le malatsi a marataro mme tsa tlosolosiwa. Ditlhopho tse di ne di botsa dipotso di robabobedi tse di farologaneng ka baatlhodi le dikgotlatshekelo, tsotlhe di ne tsa tlhomamisiwa, di supa ka tlhopho e e fetileng masome a supa mo lekgolong. Batho ba ba neng ba tsile go tlhopha ba ne ba le bane le metso e robabongwe mo lekgolong, ditalama di dikete di le masome mabedi le bobedi le makgolo a marataro go tswa mo palong yotlhe ya batlhophi ya dikete di le makgolo a mane masome a marataro, makgolo a mabedi masome a matlhano le bobedi ba ba neng ba ikwadisitse. Tlosoloso ya ditlhopho ke puso,go ema kgatlhanong ga setlhopha sa Pitso Ya Batswana, le go rotloetsa batho go sa tsenelele ditlhopho ga setlhopha se e ne e le mabaka a a neng a ka tswa a bakileng palo potlana ya batho ba ba tsileng go tlhopha. Pitso Ya Batswana e ne e re ditlhopho tse ke maiteko a morafe wa Bakalaka, go oketsa palo ya bone mo kgotlatshekelong le ntswa ba ne ba ntse ba na le palo e ntsi mo tsamaisong ya kgotlatshekelo. Potso ya ntlha Potso ya ntlha e ne e le mabapi le thuto ya batho ba ba tlaa thapiwang e le baatlodi kwa kgotlatshekelong kgolo. A o dumalana gore, gore motho a thapiwe e le moatlhodi kwa kgotlatshekelong kgolo, o tshwanetse gore a bo a lekane gape a na le tetla ya go bereka e le mmueledi dingwaga di se kwa tlase ga lesome, kgotsa a lekane go bereka e le mmueledi, a rutile molao mo sekolong se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro dingwaga di se kwa tlase ga lesome, kgotsa a nna makaseterata mogolo o o nnileng mo ofising eo dingwaga di se kwa tlase ga botlhano? Molao kakanyetso o ne wa fetisiwa ka tumalano ya masome a supa le bone le metso e mebedi mo lekgolong. Ditlhopho Ba ba dumalanang Ba ba kgatlhanong Tse di senyegileng Palo yotlhe Batlhophi ba babikwadisitseng Motswedi Potso ya bobedi Potso ya bobedi e ne e le mabapi le thutego ya batho ba ba ka thapiwang e le baatlhodi lwa kgotlatshekelong ya boikuelo: A o dumalana gore, gore motho a thapiwe e le moatlhodi wa kgotlatshekelo ya boikuelo, o tshwanetse gore a bo a na le dithutego gape e le mmueledi o o ka diragatsang dingwaga di se kwa tlase ga lesome kgotsa a a na le tetla ya go bereka e le mmueledu, a rutile molao kwa sekolong se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro, sebaka se se fetang ngwaga e le nngwe? Molao kakanyetso o ne wa fetisiwa ka tumalano ya masome a supa le bone, metso e robabobedi le motso. Ditlhopho Ba ba dumalanang Kgatlhanong Tse di senyegileng Palo yotlhe Batlhophi ba ba ikwadisitseng Motswedi Potso ya boraro Potso ya boraro e ne e le mabapi le phetogo ya maemo a baatlhodi ba kgotlatshekelo kgolo: A o dumalana gore maemo a baatlhodi ba kgotlatshekelo a baatlhodi ba puisne a fetolwe go nna baatlhodi? Molao kakanyetso o ne wa fetisiwa ka tumalano ya masome a supa le borataro metso e supa le bone. Ditlhopho Ba ba dumalanang Ba ba kgatlhanong Tse di senyegileng Palo yotlhe Batlhophi ba ba ikwadisitseng Motswedi Potso ya bone e ne e le mabapi le go tsholetsa dingwaga tsa go tlogela tiro ka bogodi tsa baatlhodi ba kgotlatshekelo kgolo le kgotlatshekelo ya boikuelo A o dumalana gore dingwaga tsa go ithola tiro ka bogodi tsa baatlhodi ba kgotlatshekelo kgolo le kgotlatshekelo ya boikuelo e okediwe go tswa kwa masome a marataro le botlhano go ya kwa masome a supa? Molao kakanyetso o ne wa fetisiwa, le ntswa o ne o dumalanwe ke masome a matlhano le boraro le metso e robabongwe le boraro mo lekgolong fela, e le palo e e kwa tlase thata go na le dipotso tse dingwe. Ditlhopho Ba ba dumalang Ba ba kgatlhanong Tse di senyegileng Palo yotlhe Batlhophi ba ba ikwadisitseng Motswedi Potso ya botlhano Potso ya botlhano e ne e le mabapi le go tlhophiwa ga maloko a lekgotla la bodiredi jwa kgotlatshekelo: A o dumalana gore maloko a lekgotla la ditirelo tsa kgotlatshekelo ba ba tlhophilweng ke lekgotla la molao kgotsa ba thapilwe ke tautona ba tshwanetse go bereka sekgala sa dingwaga tse pedi se se ka ntshafadiwang, gape ba ka ntshiwa ke lekgotla mo sekgaleng sa ntlha le ke tautona mo go sa bobedi fa ba sa dire tiro kgotsa ba sa itshware sentle? molao kakanyetso o ne wa fetisiwa ka masome a supa le bobedi le metso e le masome a mane le botlhano mo lekgolong. Ditlhopho Ba ba dumalanang Ba ba kgatlhanong Tse di senyegileng Palo yotlhe Batlhophi ba ba kwadisitsweng Motswedi Potso ya borataro Potso ya borataro e ne e le mabapi le lekgotla la ditirelo tsa kgotlatshekelo: A o dumalana gore maloko a lekgotla la ditirelo tsa kgotlatshekelo, a a tlaa tsayang tshwetso ka tlhopho ya bontsi, modulasetilo a na le tlhopho fa go ditlhopho di lekalekana, e tshwanetse go nna molaodimogolo e le modulasetilo, tautona kgotsa motlhaodi o motona wa kgotlatshekelo ya boikuelo, moatlhodimogolo, modulasetilo wa lekgotla la bodiredi kwa setshaba, leloko la lekgotla la molao a tlhophilwe ke lone, le motho wa tlhwatlhwa le kitso o e seng mmueledi o o thapilweng ke tautona? Molao kakanyetso o ne wa fetisiwa ka masome a supa le bobedi metso e le merataro le borobabobedi mo lekgolong. Ditlhopho% Ba ba dumalanang Ba ba kgatlhanong Tse di senyegileng Palo yotlhe Ba ba ikwadisitseng Motswedi Potso ya bosupa Potso ya bosupa e ne e le mabapi le kgotlatshekelo ya madirelo: A o dumalana gore kgotlatshekelo ya madirelo e tshwanetse go nna yone e tona? Ditlhopho % Ba ba dumalanang Ba ba kgatlhanong Tse di senyegileng Palo yotlhe Ba ba ikwadisitseng Motswedi Potso ya borobabobedi Potso ya borobabobedi ebile e le ya bofelo e ne e le mabapi le moatlhodimogolo A o dumalana gore moatlhodimogolo a neelwe dithata tsa go thapa komiti ya bogakolodi ya melao ya kgotlatshekelo go mo gakolola ka phetolo ya melao ya ditirelo le tsamaiso ya kgotlatshekelo e kgolo? Molao kakanyetso o fetisitswe ka tlhopho ya masome a supa le borataro metso e le masome a marataro le borobabobedi mo lekgolong, e le yone e e kwa godimo mo melao kakanyetsong yotlhe. Ditlhopho Ba ba dumalanang Ba ba kgatlhanong Tse di senyegileng Palo yotlhe Ba ba ikwadisitseng Motswedi. Metswedi 9l89uddl8mqt37elhryp6hqqcgtg9fy 0 14658 53232 2026-07-25T19:07:48Z JudithShe 9421 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1322544292|Roy Blackbeard]]" 53232 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Roy Warren Blackbeard''' (O o tshotsweng ka Moranang a le lesome le borataro ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano le boraro – a tlhokafala ka Phatwe a le lesome le le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome mabedi le bone) e ne e le moemedi wa lefatshe gape e le mopolotiki wa Motswana. O berekile e le moemedj wa lefatshe la United Kingdom kwa Botswana go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabobedi. Morago ga go berekela kompone ya De Beers le ya Price Waterhouse, gammogo le go tlhama kompone ya gagwe, o ne a nna leloko la khuduthamaga ya Botswana ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe, a emetse kgaolo ya botlhophi ya Serowe e le ntlhopheng wa [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] . O ne a tlhomiwa go nna mothusa tona wa lephata la Temothuo ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le bobedi, a tlhomiwa tona wa lephata leo ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le bone, maemo a annileng mo go one go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le bosupa; ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi, o ne a tswa mo palamenteng mme a tlhomiwa go nna moemedi yo mogolo kwa Lontone. Blackbeard o tlhokafetse ka Phatwe a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bone, a le dingwaga di le masome a supa le bobedi. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Blackbeard: Influential former BDP leader passes away|url=https://www.mmegi.bw/ampArticle/114100|access-date=13 August 2024|publisher=Mmegi Online|date=13 August 2024}}</ref> == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} gmo0m80l7igjk0ege6chkqt8izrskti 0 14659 53235 2026-07-25T19:23:20Z JudithShe 9421 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363413038|New Democratic Front (Botswana)]]" 53235 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''New Democratic Front''' e ne e le phathi ya polotiki e e neng e gatetse pele kwa[[Botswana]] e e neng e sena kemedi kwa palamenteng. E ne e eteletswe pele ke Dick Bayford, e ne ya ikgaoganya le [[Botswana National Front|phathi ya Botswana National Front]] ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le boraro. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rabasimane |first=Olopeng |date=October 22, 2020 |title=Is UDC A Brewing Political Storm? |url=https://www.thegazette.news/news/is-udc-a-brewing-political-storm/ |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=Botswana Gazette |language=en}}</ref> E fentse 0.78% ya ditalama tsa batho kwa ditlhophong tse di neng tsa latela. Morago ga go sa dire sentle mo [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 2004 (Botswana)|ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa 2004]], phathi e ne ya ikopanya le ya boraro ka bogolo mo Botswana, ya[[Botswana Congress Party]] . == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} 9vgofsgorqr591udfj6v0f9rln4ngv5 53236 53235 2026-07-25T19:24:39Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Botswana Democratic Front #Wikipedia25BW 53236 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''New Democratic Front''' e ne e le phathi ya polotiki e e neng e gatetse pele kwa [[Botswana]] e e neng e sena kemedi kwa palamenteng. E ne e eteletswe pele ke Dick Bayford, e ne ya ikgaoganya le [[Botswana National Front|phathi ya Botswana National Front]] ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le boraro. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rabasimane |first=Olopeng |date=October 22, 2020 |title=Is UDC A Brewing Political Storm? |url=https://www.thegazette.news/news/is-udc-a-brewing-political-storm/ |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=Botswana Gazette |language=en}}</ref> E fentse 0.78% ya ditalama tsa batho kwa ditlhophong tse di neng tsa latela. Morago ga go sa dire sentle mo [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 2004 (Botswana)|ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa 2004]], phathi e ne ya ikopanya le ya boraro ka bogolo mo Botswana, ya [[Botswana Congress Party]] . == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} l24fc295blwywus83de422hv9jqhse7 0 14660 53237 2026-07-25T19:29:32Z MmaBaggio 11091 #Wikipedia25BW KE RANOTSE TSEBE Lefelo la mabenkele la Gamecity 53237 wikitext text/x-wiki Lefelo la mabenkele la Gamecity ke lefelo le le kwa [[Gaborone]], [[Botswana]]. Mo nakong ya gompieno le na le mabenkele a le lekgolo le masome a mabedi le borataro. mme a mangwe a tla bo a setse a le teng fa gare ga ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone. <ref>[http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=194&dir=2012/may/friday11/ Botswana malls in the grip of cartels".] Mmegi Online. 11 May 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.gazettebw.com/?p=4577/ "The Parlotones billed to perform in Botswana"]. ''Botswana Gazette''. 17 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131021165626/http://www.thevoicebw.com/2013/08/16/tourism-expo-botswana-held/ Tourism Expo Botswana Held"]. ''The Voice''. 16 August 2013. Archived from [http://www.thevoicebw.com/2013/08/16/tourism-expo-botswana-held/ the original] on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131021192313/http://voicesofbotswana.com/content/places-go "Places to go".] Voices of Botswana. Archived from [http://voicesofbotswana.com/content/places-go/ the origina]l on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.knowbotswana.com/botswana-food-restaurants-and-accommodation.html "Botswana food, restaurants and accommodation".] Knowbotswana.com. 29 May 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.</ref> Kago eno ke ya kopone ya Turnstar Holdings Limited ya kwa Botswana e bile e laolwa ke yone. Marekisetso a a itsegeng ba akaretsa: * [[Checkers (Lebentlele la marekisetso)|Checkers]] Hyper - Dijo * [[Woolworths (Aforika Borwa)|Woolworths]] - Dijo, Diaparo * [[Edgars]] - Diaparo, Ditlolo * [[Mr. Price]] - Diaparo * [[Choppies]] - Maranayne * [[Toys "R" Us]] - ditshamikisiwa tsa Bana * [[Ster-Kinekor]] - Difilimi Stuttafords e ne e le lebenkele la thwathwa go fitlha le tswalwa ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bosupa.<ref>Nash, Dallas (9 August 2017). [http://www.botswanaguardian.co.bw/style/item/2702-garlick-dead.html "Garlick dead"]. Botswana Guardian. Retrieved 5 July 2020.</ref> Marekisetso a dijo a bojelo a itsegeng: * [[KFC]] * [[Wimpy]] * [[Nando's]] Dibanka tse di itsegeng: * Banka ya BancABC<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131021183712/http://www.sundaystandard.info/article.php?NewsID=12300&GroupID=3 BancABC opens Game City branch". ''S'']''unday Standard - Online Edition''. Sundaystandard.info. 26 October 2011. Archived from [http://www.sundaystandard.info/article.php?NewsID=12300&GroupID=3 the original] on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.bancabc.co.bw/contact-us.aspx "Contact us]". BancABC. Retrieved 21 October 201 Includes list of bank locations.</ref> * Banka ya Barclays <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131021181730/http://www.sundaystandard.info/article.php?NewsID=14396&GroupID=3 "Barclays Game City branch opens its doors"]. ''Sunday Standard - Online Edition''. Sundaystandard.info. 2 July 2012. Archived from [http://www.sundaystandard.info/article.php?NewsID=14396&GroupID=3 the original] on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013</ref> * Banka ya First National <ref>[http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=4&aid=6565&dir=2010/November/Thursday18 "FNB introduces scheme to save time at new branch"]. Mmegi Online. Retrieved 21 October 2013</ref> * Banka ya Stanbic * Banka ya Standard Chartered <ref>[http://www.standardchartered.co.bw/personal-banking/services/branch-banking-hours/en/ "Personal Banking - Services - Branch Banking Hours"]. Standard Chartered Bank Botswana. Retrieved 21 October 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.standardchartered.co.bw/bw/branches/en/ "Branches"]. Standard Chartered Bank Botswana. Retrieved 21 October 2013.</ref> == Metswedi == nwkhlvckvk1rwmt4ntqewtm3k2iculr 0 14661 53238 2026-07-25T19:41:38Z JudithShe 9421 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1181192203|Botswana Workers Front]]" 53238 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Botswana Workers Front''' e ne e le phathi ya polotiki mo [[Botswana]] . Phathj e, e tlhamilwe ke [[Shawn Nthaile]] ka Lwetse ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le boraro kwa bokopanong jo bo faphegileng kwa [[Mahalapye]], morago ga go tlogela phathi ya [[Botswana National Front]] . <ref name="pu" /> Nthaile o ne a bolela fa a ne a sa tsene mo maemong a a kwa godimo mo BNF ka ntlha ya morafe wa gagwe. Ka BWF Nthaile o ne a batla go rotloetsa dikgatlhego tsa babereki le tsa morafe wa gagwe wa Bakgalagadi. Letshwao la BWF e ne e le hamole le sekele . Phathi e e ne e remeletse kwa [[Toropo ya Jwaneng|Jwaneng]] . Ka nako ya [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 1994|ditlhopho tsa palamente tsa 1994]] BWF e ne ya ikopanya le United Democratic Front, e leng kopano ya diphathi tse di neng di le kgatlhanong le diphathi tse pedi tsa [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) le BNF. Ga go na ntlhopheng ope wa BWF kgotsa wa UDF yo o kgonneng go tlhophiwa. <ref>Sebudubudu, David and Bertha Z. Osie-Hwedie. ''http://www.giga-hamburg.de/openaccess/afrikaspectrum/2006_1/giga_as_2006_1_sebudubudu.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401023909/https://www.giga-hamburg.de/openaccess/afrikaspectrum/2006_1/giga_as_2006_1_sebudubudu.pdf|date=1 April 2022}}''</ref> BWF e ne ya letla maloko go nna le boloko jwa diphathi tse pedi tsa BWF le BNF. Mothusi Akanyang e ne e le tautona yo o simolotseng BWF. O tlhokafetse ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le botlhano. <ref name="dn" /> Ka nako eo, Nthaile o ne a bereka e le mothusa tautona wa phathi eo. == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Karolo:Articles with short description]] 5ymygii5y5c3xa3q6s8ugp7jlg7yhhc 0 14662 53239 2026-07-25T20:04:01Z MmaBaggio 11091 #Wikipedia25BW KE RANOTSE TSEBE Buti Billy 53239 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Honest Buti Billy''' ke radipolotiki ebile ke morutabana wa [[Motsana wa Ngarange|Motswana]]. O ne a direla jaaka Mothusa Tona ya Banana Bong, Metshameko le Ngwao kwa Botswana, [1] a tlhophilwe mo maemong ao ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe ke Tautona wa pele wa [[Botswana]],<ref>[https://www.herald.co.zw/new-role-for-namibian-sports-minister/ New role for Namibian sports minister".] ''The Herald''. Retrieved 2023-12-21.</ref> [[Mokgweetsi Masisi|Mokgweetsi Masisi.]] Paka ya gagwe e simolotse ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e le lesome le boraro ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi mme ya fela ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone.<ref>[http://www.botswana.se/News/CABINET-APPOINTMENTS "Republic of Botswana ♦ Embassy in Stockholm, Sweden ♦".] ''www.botswana.se''. Retrieved 2023-12-13.</ref><ref>[https://www.govpage.co.za/botswana-government-ministries.html "Botswana Government Ministries".] ''www.govpage.co.za''. Retrieved 2023-12-13</ref> Mo [[ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa Botswana]] tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone , Billy o ne a fenngwa mo ditlhophong tsa pele tsa [[Francistown Botlhaba|Francistown]] [[Francistown Botlhaba|Botlhaba]] <ref>Mosikare, Lebogang; Dube, Chakalisa (2024-08-06). [https://www.mmegi.bw/news/billy-files-primaries-loss-protest/news "Billy files primaries loss protest".] ''Mmegi Online''. Retrieved 2024-10-31.</ref> == Metswedi == k93bxg630fx7dlyocm644ohxkic5dti 0 14663 53240 2026-07-25T20:16:21Z Khumo Batolomi 11767 Created by translating the opening section from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363146401|Honey badger]]" 53240 wikitext text/x-wiki Matshwane ( '''''Mellivora capensis''''' ) o gape a bidiwang '''ratel''' ( {{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɑː|t|əl}} kgotsa {{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|eɪ|t|əl}} ), ke phologolo e e amusang e e anameng go ralala [[Aferika|Aforika]], Borwabophirima jwa Asia, le kontinentepotlana ya India . Ke yone fela moemedi yo o tshelang wa Mellivorinae lesika potlana la Mustelidae . O na le mmele o moleele o o lekaneng, o o nang le mokwatla o o mokima gape o le bophara le letlalo le le lepeletseng ka, mo go letlang matshwane go retologa le go ithapolola ka kgololesego, Ke Mustelid yo o motona go gaisa tsotlhe mo Afrika, matshwane o botona jwa disenthimithara di le masome a matlhano ke botlhano go ya go di le masome a masupa le bosupa ({{cvt|55|to|77|cm}}) ka boleele le bokete jwa go fitlha kwa dikhilokremong di le lesome ke borataro ({{cvt|16|kg}}) . dipopego go ya ka bong di itemogetswe mo mofuteng o, tse ditonanyana di ditona gape di bokete go feta tse di namagadi. E na le dipara di le pedi tsa mammae, le kgetsana ya marago e e kgonang go fetoga. Matshwane ke phologolo e e nnang e le nosi e e nnang matlhagatlhaga ka nako nngwe le nngwe ya letsatsi, go tswa gore o nna mo lefelo lefe. Ke mofuta wa phologolo o o jang nama thata mme o na le dibatana tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe tse di ka o tlhasela di le mmalwa ka ntlha ya letlalo la yone le lekima, maatla le bokgoni jwa go nna bogale go itshireletsa. Tse di godileng di tlhokomela mefuta e metona ya magae ya tsone, mme di na le mokgwa wa go tshwaya monko . Phologolo e ga e na paka e e tlhomameng ya go bekara/bekarwa. Morago ga boimana jwa malatsi a le malatsi a le masome a matlhano go ya go a le masome a masupa, namagadi e tsala palogare ya ngwana a le mongwe go ya go ba le babedi ba ba tla nnang ka fa tlase ga tlhokomelo ya gagwe sebaka sa ngwaga go ya kwa ngwageng le sephatlo. Ka ntlha ya go anama ga yone le go nna teng mo mafelong a a farologaneng, e kwadilwe jaaka e e sa tshwenyegeng thata mo lenaneong la IUCN . Mo metsweding ya dikgang e e tlwaelesegileng thata, matshwane o itsege thata e le phologolo e e bogale, e le botlhale , e e sa boifeng gape e le thata ka tlholego ya yone. 52xz8tyxfto4ecmx3qsmp27qxomdwzc 0 14664 53242 2026-07-25T20:48:26Z MmaBaggio 11091 #Wikipedia25BW KE RANOTSE TSEBE Kefentse Mzwinila 53242 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Hon Dr Mzwinila.png|thumb|Motlotlegi '''Kefentse C. Mzwinila''']] Kefentse C. Mzwinila (o belegwe ka Ferikgong 6, 1975), ke modiredi wa setšhaba le moithutatlhaloganyo<ref name=":0">[https://news.nwu.ac.za/botswana-minister-obtains-his-phd-nwu-business-school "Botswana minister obtains his PhD from the NWU Business School | news.nwu.ac.za".] ''news.nwu.ac.za''. Retrieved 2024-03-27.</ref> go tswa [[Botswana|Botswana.]] O itsege thata ka go nna maitsanape wa malwetse a tlhaloganyo wa ntlha go kwadisiwa mo Botswana mme o kile a dira jaaka [[Tona ya Merero ya Mafatshe le Metsi.]]<ref name=":1">Ramaphane, Realabilwe. [https://www.weekendpost.co.bw/33869/news/mzwinila-pumps-p4-5-billion-into-water-projects/ "Mzwinila pumps P4.5 billion into water projects".] ''Weekend Post''. Retrieved 27 March 2024.</ref> O ne a tlhophiwa mo maemong ao ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi ke Tautona wa Botswana, [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]].<ref name=":2">[https://yourbotswana.com/2019/11/10/president-masisi-appoints-cabinet-ministers/ "President Masisi appoints cabinet ministers – YourBotswana".] 2020-06-25. Retrieved 2024-03-28.</ref> Mo Lephateng le, o okamela tsamaiso ya lefatshe, tsamaiso ya metswedi ya metsi, le ditirelo tsa boitekanelo mo Botswana. <ref name=":3">Lute, Aubrey (19 March 2024). [https://www.weekendpost.co.bw/39724/news/minister-mzwinila-rolled-sleeves-and-delivered-99/ "Minister Mzwinila rolled sleeves and delivered 99%"]. Retrieved 30 March 2024.</ref> O ne a dira jaaka motlhankedi mo lephateng la sesole sa Botswana pele a dira mo lephateng le le ikemetseng ka nosi la malwetsi a tlhaloganyo.<ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4">Sunday Standard (2016). [https://www.sundaystandard.info/this-is-the-most-overeducated-member-of-parliament/ "This is the most overeducated Member of Parliament".] ''Sunday Standard''.</ref><ref name=":5">Saunders, Sharon (2015-08-03). [https://magazine.lafayette.edu/summer2015/2015/08/03/mzwinila-97-elected-to-national-assembly-in-botswana/ "Mzwinila '97 Elected to National Assembly in Botswana".] ''Lafayette Magazine Summer 2015''. Retrieved 2024-04-02.</ref>O na le dithutego tsa Ph.D. tsa Economics le Management Sciences ka go tsepamisa maikutlo mo go Tsamaiso ya Kgwebo (2022) go tswa kwa Sekolong sa Kgwebo se segolwane sa kwa Bokone-Bophirima <ref name=":0" />kwa [[Aforika Borwa|Afrika Borwa]]. == Se se diragetseng == === Botshelo jwa gagwe jwa pele === Kefentse Mzwinila o tshotswe ka kgwei ya Hirikgong e tlhola borataro ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le botlhano , kwa Botswana. O ne a fetsa malatsi a gagwe a ntlha a sekolo kwa United States koo batsadi ba gagwe ba neng ba ithuta teng. Fa a le dingwaga di le thataro, o ne a isiwa kwa sekolong se se kgethegileng se se neng se tsaya baithuti ba ba nang le bokgoni. Fa a boela kwa Botswana, o ne a tsweletsa dithuto tsa gagwe kwa sekolong se sebotala sa Broadhurst mme moragonyana a ya [[Maru a Pula School|Maruapula]]. <ref name=":6">https://allafrica.com/stories/200502281330.html</ref>O ne a le matlhagatlhaga mo metshamekong ka nako ya fa a ne a le kwa sekolong se segolwane mme a simolola go kgatlhegela dipolotiki fa a ntse a ithuta kwa Waterford Kamhlaba College kwa [[Swaziland]] ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe. O ne a nna Tautona wa Lekgotla la Baemedi ba Baithuti (SRC) ka nako ya fa a sa ntse a tsena sekolo. O ne gape a nna Tautona wa Mokgatlho wa Baithuti ba Aforika ka paka tse tharo tse di latelanang fa a ne a ithuta kwa Kholetšheng ya Lafayette kwa United States. Ka nako ya fa a ne a le kwa Lafayette College, gape o ne a le karolo ya katiso ya sesole le ditiro tsa maano. Maitemogelo a gagwe le diphitlhelelo tsa gagwe mo dingwageng tsa gagwe tsa bongwana di bopile bokamoso jwa gagwe mme tsa thusa mo katlegong ya gagwe mo tirong ya gagwe. <ref name=":6" /><ref>Kaelo, Goitsemodimo (2024-04-01). [https://www.mmegi.bw/news/mzwinila-fights-land-allocation-woes-for-churches/news "Mzwinila fights land allocation woes for churches".] ''Mmegi Online''. Retrieved 2024-06-09.</ref> == Tiro == === Boitsaanape jwa Tlhaloganyo === Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bongwe , Mzwinila o ne a tlhoma Psychologists Botswana (Pty) Ltd<ref>[https://www.localbotswana.com/company/11785/PSYCHOLOGISTS_BOTSWANA "PSYCHOLOGISTS BOTSWANA".] ''Botswana Business Directory''. 7 January 2021. Retrieved 2024-03-27.</ref>e e neng e le mo lefelong le le siameng go ralala Botswana kwa [[Gaborone]], [[Francistown]], [[Maun]] le [[Serowe]]. Kwa Psychologists Botswana o ne a dira ditiro tse di latelang: Lead Consultant, Clinical Psychologist, Organizational Psychologist le Consultant Economist.<ref name=":4" /> Mzwinila o na le maitemogelo a mantsi mo go tsa thutotlhaloganyo ya kwa dikokelwaneng e a ntseng a e dira ka dingwaga di le dintsi. O ne a bereka le batho ba ba farologaneng, go akaretsa batho ka bongwe, banyalani le malapa, a ba thusa go lepalepana le mathata a botsogo jwa tlhaloganyo a a jaaka go tlhobaela, go tshwenyega thata mo maikutlong, go utlwa botlhoko mo maikutlong le go nna le mathata mo dikamanong tsa bone. E re ka Mzwinila e le moithutatlhaloganyo, o na le maitemogelo mo go tlhatlhobeng, go tlhatlhoba le go alafa malwetse a tlhaloganyo. O na le bokgoni mo dithulaganyong tse di farologaneng tsa kalafi, go akaretsa le kalafi ya go lemoga se motho a se dirang le tsela e a itshwarang ka yone (CBT [cognitive-behavioral therapy]), kalafi ya tlhaloganyo le kalafi ya lelapa. O amogetse katiso gape mo tharabololong ya tlhaloganyo ya maitsholo e e ikaegileng ka kgobalo mme o na le maitemogelo a go dira le batho ba ba falotseng kgobalo. <ref name=":4" /> Mzwinila o ne a dira mo mafelong a a farologaneng, go akaretsa kwa dikokelong tsa poraefete, dikokelo le ditleliniki. Gape o ile a thusa mo dikolong le mo mekgatlhong e e thusang batho ba ba tlhokang thuso. Mo godimo ga tiro ya gagwe ya kwa tliliniking, Mzwinila o ntse gape a dira dipatlisiso mme o gatisitse ditlhogo tse di buang ka botsogo jwa tlhaloganyo. O tlhagisitse patlisiso ya gagwe kwa bokopanong le kwa diithutontshong, a thusa go anamisa kitso mo lephateng la thutotlhaloganyo ya kalafi.<ref name=":4" /> === Bodirela Puso le Sepolotiki === Go tloga ka kgwedi ya Moranang e tlhola ga tlhano ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi, Mzwinila o ntse a direla jaaka Tona ya Merero ya Mafatshe le Metsi,<ref>Staff Writer (2019-11-06). [https://www.mmegi.bw/news/new-cabinet-sworn-in/news "New cabinet sworn in".] ''Mmegi Online''. Retrieved 2024-03-27</ref> a eteletse pele maiteko a a botlhokwa mo tlhabololong ya lefatshe e e tswelelang pele jaaka go dira maiteko a go itlhaganedisa go abelwa ga ditsha<ref>Selatlhwa, Innocent (2023-11-21). [https://www.mmegi.bw/news/no-plot-allocated-in-gabs-in-nine-years/news "No plot allocated in Gabs in nine years".] ''Mmegi Online''. Retrieved 2024-03-27</ref><ref>Kalabamu, Faustin Tirwirukwa (2006-06-01). [https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=14746743&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA266225078&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs "The limitations of state regulation of land delivery processes in Gaborone, Botswana"]. ''International Development Planning Review''. '''28''' (2): 209–234. [[doi:10.3828/idpr.28.2.5|doi:10.3828/idpr.28.2.5.]]</ref><ref>[https://thevoicebw.com/a-lifetime-of-waiting-for-a-plot/ "A lifetime of waiting for a plot » TheVoiceBW".] ''TheVoiceBW''. 2021-12-14. Retrieved 2024-03-27.</ref>le go oketsa go nna teng ga metsi a a phepa mo Botswana.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />Lephata la Merero ya Mafatshe le Metsi, ka fa tlase ga boeteledipele jwa Mzwinila, go begilwe fa le tsentse tirisong ditiro tse di farologaneng ka fa tlase ga taolelo ya lona mo ngwageng wa ditšhelete wa 2023/24.<ref name=":5" /> Mo ngwageng o o fetileng wa matlole, lefapha le fitlheletse kelo e e kwa godimo ya tiriso ya tekanyetsokabo ya 99% e e supang tsamaiso e e nonofileng ya matlole le tiragatso ya tiro mo Lephateng . <ref name=":3" />Go ya ka [[Tona wa Madi|Tona]] [[Tona wa Madi|wa Madi]] Motlotlegi [[Peggy Serame]], mo puong ya gagwe ya tekanyetsokabo ya 2024/25 (6 Tlhakole 2024), Botswana e ntse e itemogela dikgwetlho mo go diragatseng mananeo a puso le diporojeke tse di tlogelang karolo e kgolo ya tekanyetsokabo ya tlhabololo e sa dirisiwe. <ref name=":7">[https://www.finance.gov.bw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=613&catid=22&Itemid=108/files/publications/2024%20Budget%20Speech%20Final%20-%20Febrary%205%202024.pdf "2024 Budget Speech - Ministry of Finance"] (PDF). ''www.finance.gov.bw''. Retrieved 2024-03-30.</ref>Ka jalo, seelo se se kwa godimo sa tiriso ya metsi ke phitlhelelo e e amogelesegang mo morafeng wa borwa jwa Aforika o o batlang go fitlhelela maemo a lotseno lo lo kwa godimo ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mararo le borataro .<ref name=":7" /> Mzwinila o ne a direla jaaka mothusa Tona ya Thotloetso ya Banana, Metshameko le Tlhabololo ya Ngwao.<ref>[http://www.botswana.se/News/CABINET-APPOINTMENTS "Republic of Botswana ♦ Embassy in Stockholm, Sweden ♦".] ''www.botswana.se''. Retrieved 2023-12-13.</ref> O ne gape a direla jaaka Leloko la Palamente la kgaolo ya Mmadinare (2014-2019).<ref>Basimanebotlhe, Tsaone (2023-06-19). [https://www.mmegi.bw/news/mzwinila-fancies-mmadinare-comeback/news "Mzwinila fancies Mmadinare comeback".] ''Mmegi Online''. Retrieved 2024-03-27.</ref><ref name=":5" />O tshwere maemo a boeteledipele a le mmalwa mo [[Botswana Democratic Party]] a a akaretsang go nna Moeteledipele wa Bosetšhaba wa Banana ba Lekoko magareng ga ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borataro le wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi.<ref name=":4" /> <ref name=":0" /><ref>Mooketsi, Lekopanye (28 February 2005). [https://allafrica.com/stories/200502281330.html "Botswana: The Brain Power of Mzwinila".] ''Mmegi''. Retrieved 28 March 2024</ref>le Mokhanselara kwa Sowa Town Council go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe go ya go wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone.<ref name=":5" /> == Matsholo == Mzwinila e ntse e le motho wa botlhokwa mo maitekong a Botswana a go tlhabolola lefatshe, a dira ka natla go netefatsa gore lefatshe le abiwa sentle le ka tekatekano mo baaging. Gape o dirile letsholo la go laola metswedi ya metsi ka tsela e e nang le mosola, ka maikaelelo a go netefatsa gore metswedi ya metsi ya Botswana e dirisiwa ka tsela e e nang le mosola le e e tswelelang. Mo godimo ga moo, o ne a rotloetsa maiteko a go maatlafatsa baša, a batla go neela banana ditšhono tsa go nna le seabe mo itsholelong le dipolotiki. Go feta moo o bueletse maano a tlhabololo ya ikonomi a a ikaeletseng go farologanya itsholelo ya Botswana le go fokotsa go ikaega ga yona ka ditaemane go akaretsa go dira matsholo a go oketsa kitso ka ga mathata a boitekanelo jwa tlhaloganyo le go fokotsa kgobo e e amanang le bolwetse jwa tlhaloganyo. <ref name=":6" /> Mzwinila o gateletse botlhokwa jwa thuto mme o dirile ka natla go tokafatsa phitlhelelo ya thuto ya boleng jo bo kwa godimo go baagi botlhe ba Botswana mme o dirile letsholo kgatlhanong le bogodu, a batla go rotloetsa ponalo le boikarabelo mo pusong. O ne a buelela ditirelo tsa boitekanelo tse di tokafaditsweng, go akaretsa go oketsa phitlhelelo ya tlhokomelo ya boitekanelo e e nang le boleng le dikgetho tsa tlhokomelo ya boitekanelo tse di tlhwatlhwa e e kgonegang.<ref name=":6" /> == Dithutego == Thutego ya ga Mzwinila e supa mokgwa wa go ithuta o o farologaneng. O ne a bona dithutsa tsa degree tse di latelang:<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> ** International Baccalaureate Diploma  (1993) from [[Waterford Kamhlaba United World College]]. ** Advanced Diploma in Military Science (1997 from [[US Army ROTC.]] ** Bachelor of Arts in Economics and Business Administration (1997) from Lafayette College. ** Bachelor of Science in Psychology (1997) from [[Lafayette College.]] ** Master of Arts in Economics (1999) from [[Yale University.]] ** Master of Science in Psychology (1999) from Yale University. ** Doctor of Philosophy in Economics and Management Sciences (Business Administration) (2022)<ref name=":0" /> [[North-West University.]] Ke mokanoki yo dipatlisiso tsa gagwe di tseneletseng mo go tsa maano a tsamaiso ya kitso le thotloetso ya ona mo tiragatsong ya ditheo tse di botlhokwa jaaka Botswana Water Utilities Corporation. Thesis ya gagwe ya PhD e e neng e na le setlhogo se se reng, 'Exploring and developing a framework for knowledge management in the Botswana Water Utilities Corporation' e ne ya tlhalosa gore kgolo ya itsholelo ya lefatshe, segolo thata mo temothuong, meepo le boitekanelo jwa malapa, e ikaegile thata ka tsamaiso e e siameng ya metswedi ya metsi.<ref name=":0" /> Mzwinila o gatisitse dikwalo tsa makwalodikgang tse di buang ka dintlha tse di tserweng mo thesiseng ya gagwe. <ref>Mzwinila, K.C.; Okharedia, A.A.; Lekunze, J.N. (2022). [[doi:10.24052/JBRMR/V16IS02/ART-02|"The role of knowledge management capabilities in the performance of Botswana water utilities corporation".]] ''Journal of Business & Retail Management Research''. '''16''' (2). [[Doi:10.24052/JBRMR/V16IS02/ART-02|doi:10.24052/JBRMR/V16IS02/ART-02]]</ref>Mo godimo ga moo, o ne a dira jaaka motlhatlheledi wa nako e khutshwane wa tlhaloganyo, tshidilo mailkulto, and Guidance kwa sekolong se setona sa Botswana magareng ga ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le boraro le wa dikete tse pedi le bone. == Filimi == Mzwinila o ne a botsolotswa ka ga phetogo ya tlelaemete le dikgwetlho tsa tsamaiso ya metswedi ya metsi mo Borwa jwa Aforika ke Sekolo sa Kgwebo sa Yunibesiti ya Bokone-Bophirima morago ga go fetsa dithuto tsa gagwe tsa bongaka. <ref>''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PxTLDrMzqP0 Climate change and water resource management challenges in Southern African by Dr Kefentse Mzwinila]''. Retrieved 2024-03-28 &#x2013; via www.youtube.com.</ref> Mzwinila o ne a tshwere kopano ya bobegakgang go neela tshedimosetso ka ditlhabololo le tswelelopele ya ditiro tse di tswelelang tsa metsi, le maemo a kabo ya lefatshe.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m_TfKyYWIuQ ''𝐈𝐍𝐂𝐑𝐄𝐀𝐒𝐄 𝐈𝐍 𝐋𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐀𝐋𝐋𝐎𝐂𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍''.] Retrieved 2024-03-28 &#x2013; via www.youtube.com.</ref> == Metswedi == dev6zich1wj951o6moigtab3houp08l 0 14665 53243 2026-07-25T20:52:14Z JudithShe 9421 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363409344|2024 Mmamatlakala bus crash]]" 53243 wikitext text/x-wiki Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo e le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi ke bone, bese ya bapagami e ne ya thula gaufi le Mmamatlakala kwa [[Kgaolo ya Limpopo|Limpopo]], kwa kgaolong e e kwa bokone jwa [[Aforika Borwa]], ya bolaya batho ba le masome a mane le botlhano mme ya tlogela mosetsana wa dingwaga di robabobedi, yo a neng a bone dikgobalo tse di masisi, e le ene fela yo o neng a falola. <ref name="BBC News">{{Cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Phelan|date=28 March 2024|title=South Africa: Girl, 8, only survivor as 45 killed in bus crash|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68690454|access-date=28 March 2024|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> <ref name="CNN">{{Cite news|last=Cassidy|first=Amy|date=28 March 2024|title=Bus carrying Easter worshippers falls off cliff killing 45 people in South Africa|url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/28/africa/bus-carrying-easter-worshippers-falls-off-cliff-intl/index.html|work=[[CNN]]|access-date=28 March 2024}}</ref> Go ya ka lephata la dipalamo la kwa Aforika Borwa, tiragalo e e diragetse fa mokgweetsi a sena go latlhegelwa ke taolo. Bese e ne ya tlola borogo mme morago ga moo ya tuka. Bese e ne e tsamaisa baeti ba Paseka go tswa kwa [[Molepolole]], kwa Botswana, go ya kwa Moria, kwa Aforika Borwa. <ref name="BBC News" /> <ref name="CNN" /> <ref name="Reuters">{{Cite news|last=Sishi|first=Siyabonga|date=28 March 2024|title=Bus accident in South Africa kills at least 45, Transport Ministry says|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/bus-accident-south-africa-kills-least-45-transport-ministry-says-2024-03-28/|access-date=28 March 2024|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> == Tse di diragetseng pele == Lefatshe la Aforika Borwale na le mafaratlhatlha a a tlhabologileng thata mo Aforika, mme le itsege ka dipalopalo tsa tlhoko pabalesego. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Bus plunges off South Africa bridge killing 45: ministry|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/bus-plunges-off-south-africa-bridge-killing-45-ministry/article68003917.ece|access-date=31 March 2024|work=The Hindu|date=29 March 2024}}</ref> Ka malatsi a boikhutso a paseka a mane ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le boraro, lefatshe le, le ne la bega ditiragalo di le lekgolo masome a robabobedi le botlhano tsa dikotsi tsa dikoloi tse di neng tsa baka dintsho di le makgolo mabedi masome a mabedi le botlhano. <ref name="DW">{{Cite news|date=28 March 2024|title=South Africa bus crash leaves dozens dead|url=https://www.dw.com/en/south-africa-bus-crash-leaves-dozens-dead/a-68695354|work=Deutsche Welle|access-date=28 March 2024}}</ref> Mo poegong e e dirilweng dioura di le mmalwa pele ga kotsi e, tautona [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] o ne a kopa batho ba Aforika Borwa go nna kelotlhoko mo ditseleng ka mafelo a beke a Paseka, a bolela gore moletlo o "ga o tlhoke go nna nako e re nnang fela re emetse go bona dipalopalo tsa masetlapelo kgotsa dikgobalo mo ditseleng tsa rona." <ref name="DW" /> [[Kereke ya Sion|Kereke ya Sekeresete ya sione (ZCC)]], e e leng yone go gaisa mo borwa jwa Aforika, e na le ofisikgolo kwa Moria mme e ngoka didikadike tsa Bakeresete go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa le mafatshe a a mabapi ka maeto a yone a bodumedi a ngwaga le ngwaga a Paseka. <ref name="The New York Times">{{Cite news|last=Eligon|first=John|newspaper=and|date=3 April 2024|title=Girl, 8, Is Sole Survivor of Bus Plunge: 'No One Can Explain This Miracle'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/29/world/africa/south-africa-botswana-bus-crash.html|access-date=29 March 2024|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Leeto la bodumedi la ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bone ne e le la ntlha le diragala mo toropong e fa e sale ka [[Bolwetse jwa Mogare wa Khorona 2019|segajaja sa COVID-19]] . <ref name="Associated Press">{{Cite news|last=Imray|first=Gerald|date=28 March 2024|title=Bus plunges off a bridge in South Africa, killing 45 people. An 8-year-old is only survivor|url=https://apnews.com/article/south-africa-bus-crash-dead-a5b31e9085a5f843f90d0582676ded37|access-date=29 March 2024|work=[[AP News]]}}</ref> <ref name="CBS News">{{Cite news|last=Dev|first=S.|date=28 March 2024|title=Bus in South Africa plunges off a bridge and catches fire, killing 45 people|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bus-crash-bridge-south-africa-botwana-45-dead/|access-date=28 March 2024|work=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> == Kotsi == [[Setshwantsho:Brug_in_die_Kloofpas,_Mogalakwena-pm,_Limpopo,_b.jpg|thumb| Borogo jwa Mma Matlakala ka 2021]] Bese e ne e na le dipalo tsa kwadiso tsa Botswana e ne e pegile baeng go tswa kwa kerekeng ys St Engenas Zion kwa Molepolole, oura go tswa kwa Gaborone, ba ba neng ba ya tirelobg ya kereke kwa Moria ya malatsi a paseka. E ne e pegile bapalami ba le masome a mane le borataro e tsamaya ka tsela ya 518 go ralala Kloof Pass, tsela e e dithaba e e fapoganh gantsi. Dipego tsa pele di ne di supa fa mokgweetsi a ne a seka a fapoga kwa a tshwanetseng teng go tsena mo tseleng e e boreledi ya N11.<ref name="The New York Times">{{Cite news|last1=Eligon|first1=John|last2=Mooka|first2=Yvonne|newspaper=and|date=3 April 2024|title=Girl, 8, Is Sole Survivor of Bus Plunge: 'No One Can Explain This Miracle'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/29/world/africa/south-africa-botswana-bus-crash.html|access-date=29 March 2024|work=[[The New York Times]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEligonMooka2024">Eligon, John and Mooka, Yvonne (3 April 2024). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required">[https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/29/world/africa/south-africa-botswana-bus-crash.html "Girl, 8, Is Sole Survivor of Bus Plunge: 'No One Can Explain This Miracle'"]</span>. ''[[The New York Times]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240329135733/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/29/world/africa/south-africa-botswana-bus-crash.html Archived] from the original on 29 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Smith|first1=Benedict|date=28 March 2024|title=Girl, 8, only survivor after South Africa bus crash kills 45|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/45-killed-bus-falls-bridge-190405806.html|access-date=28 March 2024|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ledwaba|first1=Lucas|title=Botswana pilgrims' families wait in agony after Limpopo bus tragedy that killed 45|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2024-03-30-botswana-pilgrims-families-wait-in-agony-after-limpopo-bus-tragedy-that-killed-45/|access-date=31 March 2024|work=The Daily Maverick|date=30 March 2024}}</ref> Bese e ne ya wela mo letlhakoreng la borogo jwa Mmamatlakala, <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Eligon|first1=John|date=28 March 2024|title=8-Year-Old Survives Bus Plunge Off Bridge That Left 45 People Dead|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/28/world/africa/south-africa-bus-crash.html|access-date=28 March 2024|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> kwa Mmamatlakala fa gare ga Mokopane le [[Marken, South Africa|Marken]], <ref name="BBC News">{{Cite news|last1=Chatterjee|first1=Phelan|date=28 March 2024|title=South Africa: Girl, 8, only survivor as 45 killed in bus crash|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68690454|access-date=28 March 2024|work=[[BBC News]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChatterjee2024">Chatterjee, Phelan (28 March 2024). [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68690454 "South Africa: Girl, 8, only survivor as 45 killed in bus crash"]. ''[[BBC News]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240328202657/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68690454 Archived] from the original on 28 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Mokoena|first1=Sophie|title=Eight-year-old survivor of Limpopo bus crash still in hospital|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/929347-2/|access-date=4 April 2024|work=SABC News|date=31 March 2024}}</ref> mme ya tsena mo mogogorong, ya tshwara molelo morago ga go thulana le matlapa a a ka nnang dimithara di le masome a matlhano kwa tlase ga borogo. <ref name="Associated Press">{{Cite news|last1=Imray|first1=Gerald|date=28 March 2024|title=Bus plunges off a bridge in South Africa, killing 45 people. An 8-year-old is only survivor|url=https://apnews.com/article/south-africa-bus-crash-dead-a5b31e9085a5f843f90d0582676ded37|access-date=29 March 2024|work=[[AP News]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFImray2024">Imray, Gerald (28 March 2024). [https://apnews.com/article/south-africa-bus-crash-dead-a5b31e9085a5f843f90d0582676ded37 "Bus plunges off a bridge in South Africa, killing 45 people. An 8-year-old is only survivor"]. ''[[AP News]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240328224626/https://apnews.com/article/south-africa-bus-crash-dead-a5b31e9085a5f843f90d0582676ded37 Archived] from the original on 28 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Lephata la dipalamo la Aforika Borwa le tlhalositse fa mokgweetsi a ne a latlhegelwa ke taolo ya bese, mme se sa dira gore e thulane le dikgoreletsi mme e tswe mo letlhakoreng la borogo. <ref name="BBC News" /> <ref name="The Guardian">{{Cite news|last1=Badshah|first1=Nadeem|date=28 March 2024|title=45 dead as bus plunges from bridge into ravine in South Africa|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/28/45-dead-as-bus-plunges-from-bridge-into-ravine-in-south-africa|access-date=28 March 2024|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> <ref name="Forbes">{{Cite web |last=Bushard |first=Brian |date=28 March 2024 |title=45 Killed In South Africa Bus Crash |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianbushard/2024/03/28/45-killed-in-south-africa-bus-crash/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328210458/https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianbushard/2024/03/28/45-killed-in-south-africa-bus-crash/ |archive-date=28 March 2024 |access-date=28 March 2024 |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> Gape e ne e goga letoroko, go ya ka babereki ba thuso ya potlako, le oketsa bokete.<ref name="CBS News">{{Cite news|last1=Dev|first1=S.|date=28 March 2024|title=Bus in South Africa plunges off a bridge and catches fire, killing 45 people|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bus-crash-bridge-south-africa-botwana-45-dead/|access-date=28 March 2024|work=[[CBS News]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDev2024">Dev, S. (28 March 2024). [https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bus-crash-bridge-south-africa-botwana-45-dead/ "Bus in South Africa plunges off a bridge and catches fire, killing 45 people"]. ''[[CBS News]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240328214218/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bus-crash-bridge-south-africa-botwana-45-dead/ Archived] from the original on 28 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Molelo o ne o akaretsa mabotlo a gase, a bapagami ba le bantsi ba neng ba a shotse go a dirisa go apaya. Bapalami ba ba neng ba falola ba ne ba tshearegile mo kotsing mme ba ne ba sa kgone go fitlhelelwa ka bonako ke bafalotsi pele ga ba fisiwa ke molelo ba ntse ba tshela. <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Giokos|first1=Heidi|date=28 March 2024|title=45 killed after bus plunges off bridge in Limpopo|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KWl6YpI5c4k|access-date=29 March 2024|work=BBC News}}</ref> Ditiro tsa go namola di ne tsa simolola mme tsa tswelela go fitlhelela maitseboa. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Arshad|first=Minnah|date=28 March 2024|title=Bus accident in South Africa kills at least 45, Transport Ministry says|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2024/03/28/bus-crash-south-africa-fatal/73136067007/|access-date=28 March 2024|work=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> == Dikgobalo == Batho ba le masome a mane le botlhano ba tlhokafetse mo kotsing. Mofalodi a le esi, mosetsana wa dingwaga di le robabobedi, o ne a robadiwa kwa kokelong ka dikgobalo tse di masisi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-03 |title=8-year-old lone survivor of South Africa bus crash will be discharged from hospital |url=https://apnews.com/article/south-africa-bus-crash-survivor-discharge-63c01782b86db7a90f53695e2c71abd2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404000456/https://apnews.com/article/south-africa-bus-crash-survivor-discharge-63c01782b86db7a90f53695e2c71abd2 |archive-date=4 April 2024 |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> O ne a patilwe ke mmaagwemogolo, o a neng a tlhokafala, mme moragonyana go ne ga begiwa fa a le mo seemong sa go ritibala, a na le dintho tse dinnye mo matsogong, mo maotong, mo tlhogong le mo mokwatleng. Mokgweetsi le bapalami botlhe e ne e le baagedi ba Botswana. <ref name="The New York Times">{{Cite news|newspaper=and}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEligonMooka2024">Eligon, John and Mooka, Yvonne (3 April 2024). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required">[https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/29/world/africa/south-africa-botswana-bus-crash.html "Girl, 8, Is Sole Survivor of Bus Plunge: 'No One Can Explain This Miracle'"]</span>. ''[[The New York Times]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240329135733/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/29/world/africa/south-africa-botswana-bus-crash.html Archived] from the original on 29 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Mosetsana yo o ne a gololwa ka Moranang a le malatsi a le mararo mme a busediwa kwa Botswana ka sefofane a patilwe ke mmaagwe. Mengwe mebele e ne e shele mo e neng e sa lemogiwe, fa e mengwe go ne go le thata go goroga kwa go yone ka ntlha ya matlakala a a neng a gasame mo lefelong la kotsi. <ref name="Forbes">{{Cite web |last=Bushard |first=Brian |date=28 March 2024 |title=45 Killed In South Africa Bus Crash |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianbushard/2024/03/28/45-killed-in-south-africa-bus-crash/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328210458/https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianbushard/2024/03/28/45-killed-in-south-africa-bus-crash/ |archive-date=28 March 2024 |access-date=28 March 2024 |website=[[Forbes]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBushard2024">Bushard, Brian (28 March 2024). [https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianbushard/2024/03/28/45-killed-in-south-africa-bus-crash/ "45 Killed In South Africa Bus Crash"]. ''[[Forbes]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240328210458/https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianbushard/2024/03/28/45-killed-in-south-africa-bus-crash/ Archived] from the original on 28 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Mosadi mongwe o tlhokafetse morago ga go rwalwa ka sefofane go tswa mo lefelong leo. Ka Mopitlo a le masome mabedi lr borobabonhwe, , go ne go bonwe mebele e le masome a mararo le bone kwa lefelong leo, ba robabongwe fela ke bone ba kgonneng go lemogiwa gore ke bomang. <ref name="The New York Times">{{Cite news|newspaper=and}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEligonMooka2024">Eligon, John and Mooka, Yvonne (3 April 2024). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required">[https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/29/world/africa/south-africa-botswana-bus-crash.html "Girl, 8, Is Sole Survivor of Bus Plunge: 'No One Can Explain This Miracle'"]</span>. ''[[The New York Times]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240329135733/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/29/world/africa/south-africa-botswana-bus-crash.html Archived] from the original on 29 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Ditlhatlhobo tsa batswasetlhabelo di dirilwe ka Moranang a le malatsi a mabedi Ka Motsheganong a le malatsi a mane, go ne ga tshwarwa thulaganyo ya phitlho ya batswasetlhabelo botlhe ba le masome a mane le bone kwa [[Molepolole]], Botswana. <ref>{{Cite news|date=5 May 2024|title=In Botswana, 44 victims of an Easter bus crash in South Africa are laid to rest|url=https://apnews.com/article/south-africa-easter-bus-crash-botswana-limpopo-b6b2bd237aeaeb09e5d1fe2d8ef25447|access-date=5 May 2024|work=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> == Ditsibogo == Tautona Ramaphosa o rometse matshediso kwa go tautona wa Botswana [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]], <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Imray|first1=Gerald|last2=Ntshangase|first2=Nqobile|newspaper=and|date=29 March 2024|title=Investigators search for bodies of Easter pilgrims in bus that crashed off a bridge in South Africa|url=https://apnews.com/article/south-africa-moria-bus-crash-accident-629834eb5a308166afe7cdbbd4c7de3d|access-date=29 March 2024|work=[[AP News]]}}</ref> mme a ikana go ema lefatshe nokeng. <ref name="Reuters">{{Cite news|last1=Sishi|first1=Siyabonga|date=28 March 2024|title=Bus accident in South Africa kills at least 45, Transport Ministry says|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/bus-accident-south-africa-kills-least-45-transport-ministry-says-2024-03-28/|access-date=28 March 2024|work=[[Reuters]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSishi2024">Sishi, Siyabonga (28 March 2024). [https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/bus-accident-south-africa-kills-least-45-transport-ministry-says-2024-03-28/ "Bus accident in South Africa kills at least 45, Transport Ministry says"]. ''[[Reuters]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Masisi o ne a romela matona a puso a le mabedi kwa Aforika Borwa go ya go ema nokeng malwapa a batswasetlhabelo. <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Mokoena|first1=Sophie|date=31 March 2024|title=Eight-year-old survivor of Limpopo bus crash still in hospital|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/929347-2/|access-date=8 April 2024|work=[[SABC]]}}</ref> Tona wa dipalamo ya kwa Aforika Borwa [[Sindisiwe Chikunga]] o ne a tsaya loeto go ya kwa lefelong la kotsi, kwa a neng a kopa gore go kgweediwe ka maikarabelo ka malatsi a boikhutso a paseka mme a isa matshediso le dithapelo kwa malwapeng a batswasetlhabelo. O ne a tlatsa ka gore puso ya Aforika Borwa e tlaa thusa go busetsa ditopo tseo kwa Botswana le go tshwara dipatlisiso tse di tletseng. <ref name="CNN">{{Cite news|last1=Cassidy|first1=Amy|date=28 March 2024|title=Bus carrying Easter worshippers falls off cliff killing 45 people in South Africa|url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/28/africa/bus-carrying-easter-worshippers-falls-off-cliff-intl/index.html|work=[[CNN]]|access-date=28 March 2024}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCassidy2024">Cassidy, Amy (28 March 2024). [https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/28/africa/bus-carrying-easter-worshippers-falls-off-cliff-intl/index.html "Bus carrying Easter worshippers falls off cliff killing 45 people in South Africa"]. ''[[CNN]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240328210243/https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/28/africa/bus-carrying-easter-worshippers-falls-off-cliff-intl/index.html Archived] from the original on 28 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="CBS News">{{Cite news|last1=Dev|first1=S.|date=28 March 2024|title=Bus in South Africa plunges off a bridge and catches fire, killing 45 people|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bus-crash-bridge-south-africa-botwana-45-dead/|access-date=28 March 2024|work=[[CBS News]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDev2024">Dev, S. (28 March 2024). [https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bus-crash-bridge-south-africa-botwana-45-dead/ "Bus in South Africa plunges off a bridge and catches fire, killing 45 people"]. ''[[CBS News]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240328214218/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bus-crash-bridge-south-africa-botwana-45-dead/ Archived] from the original on 28 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Tona wa merero ya mafatshe a sele wa kwa Botswana, [[Lemogang Kwape]] o biditse tiragalo eo a re ke matlhotlhapelo, mme a re o amogetse mogala go tswa go molekane wa gagwe wa Aforika Borwa [[Naledi Pandor]] go mmaya mo dinakong ka seemo seo. <ref name="The New York Times">{{Cite news|last1=Eligon|first1=John|last2=Mooka|first2=Yvonne|newspaper=and|date=3 April 2024|title=Girl, 8, Is Sole Survivor of Bus Plunge: 'No One Can Explain This Miracle'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/29/world/africa/south-africa-botswana-bus-crash.html|access-date=29 March 2024|work=[[The New York Times]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEligonMooka2024">Eligon, John and Mooka, Yvonne (3 April 2024). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required">[https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/29/world/africa/south-africa-botswana-bus-crash.html "Girl, 8, Is Sole Survivor of Bus Plunge: 'No One Can Explain This Miracle'"]</span>. ''[[The New York Times]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240329135733/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/29/world/africa/south-africa-botswana-bus-crash.html Archived] from the original on 29 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Ka Moranang a le malatsi a mabedi, tona wa botsogo Joe Phaahla le molekane wa gagwe wa kgaolo Phophi Ramathuba ba ne ba etela mofalodi a le esi wa kotsi kwa [[Mokopane Hospital|kokelong ya Mokopane]] . Phaahla o tlhalositse go falola ga gagwe e le "kgakgamatso". <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Makungo|first1=Michael|date=3 April 2024|title=It's a miracle that one person survived Limpopo bus crash: Phaahla|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/its-a-miracle-that-one-person-survived-limpopo-bus-crash-phaahla/?hilite=limpopo|access-date=8 April 2024|work=[[SABC]]}}</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe ==   * Dipalamo kwa Aforika Borwa * Kotsi ya bese ya Venice ya 2023 * Kotsi ya bese ya Centane ya 2020 * Kotsi ya bese ya Chongqing ya 2018 * Kotsi ya bese ya Letamo la Sol Plaatje == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Coordinates on Wikidata]] 3jybwrghjea83vyrbvi3jrbuott0okk 53244 53243 2026-07-25T20:54:55Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya kotsi ya bese lwa Mmamatlaka ka 2024 #Wikipedia25BW 53244 wikitext text/x-wiki Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo e le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi ke bone, bese ya bapagami e ne ya thula gaufi le Mmamatlakala kwa [[Kgaolo ya Limpopo|Limpopo]], kwa kgaolong e e kwa bokone jwa [[Aforika Borwa]], ya bolaya batho ba le masome a mane le botlhano mme ya tlogela mosetsana wa dingwaga di robabobedi, yo a neng a bone dikgobalo tse di masisi, e le ene fela yo o neng a falola. <ref name="BBC News">{{Cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Phelan|date=28 March 2024|title=South Africa: Girl, 8, only survivor as 45 killed in bus crash|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68690454|access-date=28 March 2024|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> <ref name="CNN">{{Cite news|last=Cassidy|first=Amy|date=28 March 2024|title=Bus carrying Easter worshippers falls off cliff killing 45 people in South Africa|url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/28/africa/bus-carrying-easter-worshippers-falls-off-cliff-intl/index.html|work=[[CNN]]|access-date=28 March 2024}}</ref> Go ya ka lephata la dipalamo la kwa Aforika Borwa, tiragalo e e diragetse fa mokgweetsi a sena go latlhegelwa ke taolo. Bese e ne ya tlola borogo mme morago ga moo ya tuka. Bese e ne e tsamaisa baeti ba Paseka go tswa kwa [[Molepolole]], kwa Botswana, go ya kwa Moria, kwa Aforika Borwa. <ref name="BBC News" /> <ref name="CNN" /> <ref name="Reuters">{{Cite news|last=Sishi|first=Siyabonga|date=28 March 2024|title=Bus accident in South Africa kills at least 45, Transport Ministry says|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/bus-accident-south-africa-kills-least-45-transport-ministry-says-2024-03-28/|access-date=28 March 2024|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> == Tse di diragetseng pele == Lefatshe la Aforika Borwa le na le mafaratlhatlha a a tlhabologileng thata mo Aforika, mme le itsege ka dipalopalo tsa tlhoko pabalesego. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Bus plunges off South Africa bridge killing 45: ministry|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/bus-plunges-off-south-africa-bridge-killing-45-ministry/article68003917.ece|access-date=31 March 2024|work=The Hindu|date=29 March 2024}}</ref> Ka malatsi a boikhutso a paseka a mane ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le boraro, lefatshe le, le ne la bega ditiragalo di le lekgolo masome a robabobedi le botlhano tsa dikotsi tsa dikoloi tse di neng tsa baka dintsho di le makgolo mabedi masome a mabedi le botlhano. <ref name="DW">{{Cite news|date=28 March 2024|title=South Africa bus crash leaves dozens dead|url=https://www.dw.com/en/south-africa-bus-crash-leaves-dozens-dead/a-68695354|work=Deutsche Welle|access-date=28 March 2024}}</ref> Mo pegong e e dirilweng dioura di le mmalwa pele ga kotsi e, tautona [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] o ne a kopa batho ba Aforika Borwa go nna kelotlhoko mo ditseleng ka mafelo a beke a Paseka, a bolela gore moletlo o "ga o tlhoke go nna nako e re nnang fela re emetse go bona dipalopalo tsa masetlapelo kgotsa dikgobalo mo ditseleng tsa rona." <ref name="DW" /> [[Kereke ya Sion|Kereke ya Sekeresete ya sione (ZCC)]], e e leng yone go gaisa mo borwa jwa Aforika, e na le ofisikgolo kwa Moria mme e ngoka didikadike tsa Bakeresete go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa le mafatshe a a mabapi ka maeto a yone a bodumedi a ngwaga le ngwaga a Paseka. <ref name="The New York Times">{{Cite news|last=Eligon|first=John|newspaper=and|date=3 April 2024|title=Girl, 8, Is Sole Survivor of Bus Plunge: 'No One Can Explain This Miracle'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/29/world/africa/south-africa-botswana-bus-crash.html|access-date=29 March 2024|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Leeto la bodumedi la ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bone ne e le la ntlha le diragala mo toropong e fa e sale ka [[Bolwetse jwa Mogare wa Khorona 2019|segajaja sa COVID-19]] . <ref name="Associated Press">{{Cite news|last=Imray|first=Gerald|date=28 March 2024|title=Bus plunges off a bridge in South Africa, killing 45 people. An 8-year-old is only survivor|url=https://apnews.com/article/south-africa-bus-crash-dead-a5b31e9085a5f843f90d0582676ded37|access-date=29 March 2024|work=[[AP News]]}}</ref> <ref name="CBS News">{{Cite news|last=Dev|first=S.|date=28 March 2024|title=Bus in South Africa plunges off a bridge and catches fire, killing 45 people|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bus-crash-bridge-south-africa-botwana-45-dead/|access-date=28 March 2024|work=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> == Kotsi == [[Setshwantsho:Brug_in_die_Kloofpas,_Mogalakwena-pm,_Limpopo,_b.jpg|thumb| Borogo jwa Mma Matlakala ka 2021]] Bese e ne e na le dipalo tsa kwadiso tsa Botswana e ne e pegile baeng go tswa kwa kerekeng ys St Engenas Zion kwa Molepolole, oura go tswa kwa Gaborone, ba ba neng ba ya tirelobg ya kereke kwa Moria ya malatsi a paseka. E ne e pegile bapalami ba le masome a mane le borataro e tsamaya ka tsela ya 518 go ralala Kloof Pass, tsela e e dithaba e e fapoganh gantsi. Dipego tsa pele di ne di supa fa mokgweetsi a ne a seka a fapoga kwa a tshwanetseng teng go tsena mo tseleng e e boreledi ya N11.<ref name="The New York Times">{{Cite news|last1=Eligon|first1=John|last2=Mooka|first2=Yvonne|newspaper=and|date=3 April 2024|title=Girl, 8, Is Sole Survivor of Bus Plunge: 'No One Can Explain This Miracle'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/29/world/africa/south-africa-botswana-bus-crash.html|access-date=29 March 2024|work=[[The New York Times]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEligonMooka2024">Eligon, John and Mooka, Yvonne (3 April 2024). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required">[https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/29/world/africa/south-africa-botswana-bus-crash.html "Girl, 8, Is Sole Survivor of Bus Plunge: 'No One Can Explain This Miracle'"]</span>. ''[[The New York Times]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240329135733/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/29/world/africa/south-africa-botswana-bus-crash.html Archived] from the original on 29 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Smith|first1=Benedict|date=28 March 2024|title=Girl, 8, only survivor after South Africa bus crash kills 45|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/45-killed-bus-falls-bridge-190405806.html|access-date=28 March 2024|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ledwaba|first1=Lucas|title=Botswana pilgrims' families wait in agony after Limpopo bus tragedy that killed 45|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2024-03-30-botswana-pilgrims-families-wait-in-agony-after-limpopo-bus-tragedy-that-killed-45/|access-date=31 March 2024|work=The Daily Maverick|date=30 March 2024}}</ref> Bese e ne ya wela mo letlhakoreng la borogo jwa Mmamatlakala, <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Eligon|first1=John|date=28 March 2024|title=8-Year-Old Survives Bus Plunge Off Bridge That Left 45 People Dead|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/28/world/africa/south-africa-bus-crash.html|access-date=28 March 2024|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> kwa Mmamatlakala fa gare ga Mokopane le [[Marken, South Africa|Marken]], <ref name="BBC News">{{Cite news|last1=Chatterjee|first1=Phelan|date=28 March 2024|title=South Africa: Girl, 8, only survivor as 45 killed in bus crash|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68690454|access-date=28 March 2024|work=[[BBC News]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChatterjee2024">Chatterjee, Phelan (28 March 2024). [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68690454 "South Africa: Girl, 8, only survivor as 45 killed in bus crash"]. ''[[BBC News]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240328202657/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68690454 Archived] from the original on 28 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Mokoena|first1=Sophie|title=Eight-year-old survivor of Limpopo bus crash still in hospital|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/929347-2/|access-date=4 April 2024|work=SABC News|date=31 March 2024}}</ref> mme ya tsena mo mogogorong, ya tshwara molelo morago ga go thulana le matlapa a a ka nnang dimithara di le masome a matlhano kwa tlase ga borogo. <ref name="Associated Press">{{Cite news|last1=Imray|first1=Gerald|date=28 March 2024|title=Bus plunges off a bridge in South Africa, killing 45 people. An 8-year-old is only survivor|url=https://apnews.com/article/south-africa-bus-crash-dead-a5b31e9085a5f843f90d0582676ded37|access-date=29 March 2024|work=[[AP News]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFImray2024">Imray, Gerald (28 March 2024). [https://apnews.com/article/south-africa-bus-crash-dead-a5b31e9085a5f843f90d0582676ded37 "Bus plunges off a bridge in South Africa, killing 45 people. An 8-year-old is only survivor"]. ''[[AP News]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240328224626/https://apnews.com/article/south-africa-bus-crash-dead-a5b31e9085a5f843f90d0582676ded37 Archived] from the original on 28 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Lephata la dipalamo la Aforika Borwa le tlhalositse fa mokgweetsi a ne a latlhegelwa ke taolo ya bese, mme se sa dira gore e thulane le dikgoreletsi mme e tswe mo letlhakoreng la borogo. <ref name="BBC News" /> <ref name="The Guardian">{{Cite news|last1=Badshah|first1=Nadeem|date=28 March 2024|title=45 dead as bus plunges from bridge into ravine in South Africa|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/28/45-dead-as-bus-plunges-from-bridge-into-ravine-in-south-africa|access-date=28 March 2024|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> <ref name="Forbes">{{Cite web |last=Bushard |first=Brian |date=28 March 2024 |title=45 Killed In South Africa Bus Crash |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianbushard/2024/03/28/45-killed-in-south-africa-bus-crash/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328210458/https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianbushard/2024/03/28/45-killed-in-south-africa-bus-crash/ |archive-date=28 March 2024 |access-date=28 March 2024 |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> Gape e ne e goga letoroko, go ya ka babereki ba thuso ya potlako, le oketsa bokete.<ref name="CBS News">{{Cite news|last1=Dev|first1=S.|date=28 March 2024|title=Bus in South Africa plunges off a bridge and catches fire, killing 45 people|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bus-crash-bridge-south-africa-botwana-45-dead/|access-date=28 March 2024|work=[[CBS News]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDev2024">Dev, S. (28 March 2024). [https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bus-crash-bridge-south-africa-botwana-45-dead/ "Bus in South Africa plunges off a bridge and catches fire, killing 45 people"]. ''[[CBS News]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240328214218/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bus-crash-bridge-south-africa-botwana-45-dead/ Archived] from the original on 28 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Molelo o ne o akaretsa mabotlo a gase, a bapagami ba le bantsi ba neng ba a shotse go a dirisa go apaya. Bapalami ba ba neng ba falola ba ne ba tshearegile mo kotsing mme ba ne ba sa kgone go fitlhelelwa ka bonako ke bafalotsi pele ga ba fisiwa ke molelo ba ntse ba tshela. <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Giokos|first1=Heidi|date=28 March 2024|title=45 killed after bus plunges off bridge in Limpopo|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KWl6YpI5c4k|access-date=29 March 2024|work=BBC News}}</ref> Ditiro tsa go namola di ne tsa simolola mme tsa tswelela go fitlhelela maitseboa. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Arshad|first=Minnah|date=28 March 2024|title=Bus accident in South Africa kills at least 45, Transport Ministry says|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2024/03/28/bus-crash-south-africa-fatal/73136067007/|access-date=28 March 2024|work=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> == Dikgobalo == Batho ba le masome a mane le botlhano ba tlhokafetse mo kotsing. Mofalodi a le esi, mosetsana wa dingwaga di le robabobedi, o ne a robadiwa kwa kokelong ka dikgobalo tse di masisi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-03 |title=8-year-old lone survivor of South Africa bus crash will be discharged from hospital |url=https://apnews.com/article/south-africa-bus-crash-survivor-discharge-63c01782b86db7a90f53695e2c71abd2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404000456/https://apnews.com/article/south-africa-bus-crash-survivor-discharge-63c01782b86db7a90f53695e2c71abd2 |archive-date=4 April 2024 |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> O ne a patilwe ke mmaagwemogolo, o a neng a tlhokafala, mme moragonyana go ne ga begiwa fa a le mo seemong sa go ritibala, a na le dintho tse dinnye mo matsogong, mo maotong, mo tlhogong le mo mokwatleng. Mokgweetsi le bapalami botlhe e ne e le baagedi ba Botswana. <ref name="The New York Times">{{Cite news|newspaper=and}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEligonMooka2024">Eligon, John and Mooka, Yvonne (3 April 2024). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required">[https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/29/world/africa/south-africa-botswana-bus-crash.html "Girl, 8, Is Sole Survivor of Bus Plunge: 'No One Can Explain This Miracle'"]</span>. ''[[The New York Times]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240329135733/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/29/world/africa/south-africa-botswana-bus-crash.html Archived] from the original on 29 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Mosetsana yo o ne a gololwa ka Moranang a le malatsi a le mararo mme a busediwa kwa Botswana ka sefofane a patilwe ke mmaagwe. Mengwe mebele e ne e shele mo e neng e sa lemogiwe, fa e mengwe go ne go le thata go goroga kwa go yone ka ntlha ya matlakala a a neng a gasame mo lefelong la kotsi. <ref name="Forbes">{{Cite web |last=Bushard |first=Brian |date=28 March 2024 |title=45 Killed In South Africa Bus Crash |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianbushard/2024/03/28/45-killed-in-south-africa-bus-crash/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328210458/https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianbushard/2024/03/28/45-killed-in-south-africa-bus-crash/ |archive-date=28 March 2024 |access-date=28 March 2024 |website=[[Forbes]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBushard2024">Bushard, Brian (28 March 2024). [https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianbushard/2024/03/28/45-killed-in-south-africa-bus-crash/ "45 Killed In South Africa Bus Crash"]. ''[[Forbes]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240328210458/https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianbushard/2024/03/28/45-killed-in-south-africa-bus-crash/ Archived] from the original on 28 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Mosadi mongwe o tlhokafetse morago ga go rwalwa ka sefofane go tswa mo lefelong leo. Ka Mopitlo a le masome mabedi lr borobabonhwe, , go ne go bonwe mebele e le masome a mararo le bone kwa lefelong leo, ba robabongwe fela ke bone ba kgonneng go lemogiwa gore ke bomang. <ref name="The New York Times">{{Cite news|newspaper=and}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEligonMooka2024">Eligon, John and Mooka, Yvonne (3 April 2024). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required">[https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/29/world/africa/south-africa-botswana-bus-crash.html "Girl, 8, Is Sole Survivor of Bus Plunge: 'No One Can Explain This Miracle'"]</span>. ''[[The New York Times]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240329135733/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/29/world/africa/south-africa-botswana-bus-crash.html Archived] from the original on 29 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Ditlhatlhobo tsa batswasetlhabelo di dirilwe ka Moranang a le malatsi a mabedi Ka Motsheganong a le malatsi a mane, go ne ga tshwarwa thulaganyo ya phitlho ya batswasetlhabelo botlhe ba le masome a mane le bone kwa [[Molepolole]], Botswana. <ref>{{Cite news|date=5 May 2024|title=In Botswana, 44 victims of an Easter bus crash in South Africa are laid to rest|url=https://apnews.com/article/south-africa-easter-bus-crash-botswana-limpopo-b6b2bd237aeaeb09e5d1fe2d8ef25447|access-date=5 May 2024|work=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> == Ditsibogo == Tautona Ramaphosa o rometse matshediso kwa go tautona wa Botswana [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]], <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Imray|first1=Gerald|last2=Ntshangase|first2=Nqobile|newspaper=and|date=29 March 2024|title=Investigators search for bodies of Easter pilgrims in bus that crashed off a bridge in South Africa|url=https://apnews.com/article/south-africa-moria-bus-crash-accident-629834eb5a308166afe7cdbbd4c7de3d|access-date=29 March 2024|work=[[AP News]]}}</ref> mme a ikana go ema lefatshe nokeng. <ref name="Reuters">{{Cite news|last1=Sishi|first1=Siyabonga|date=28 March 2024|title=Bus accident in South Africa kills at least 45, Transport Ministry says|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/bus-accident-south-africa-kills-least-45-transport-ministry-says-2024-03-28/|access-date=28 March 2024|work=[[Reuters]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSishi2024">Sishi, Siyabonga (28 March 2024). [https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/bus-accident-south-africa-kills-least-45-transport-ministry-says-2024-03-28/ "Bus accident in South Africa kills at least 45, Transport Ministry says"]. ''[[Reuters]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Masisi o ne a romela matona a puso a le mabedi kwa Aforika Borwa go ya go ema nokeng malwapa a batswasetlhabelo. <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Mokoena|first1=Sophie|date=31 March 2024|title=Eight-year-old survivor of Limpopo bus crash still in hospital|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/929347-2/|access-date=8 April 2024|work=[[SABC]]}}</ref> Tona wa dipalamo ya kwa Aforika Borwa [[Sindisiwe Chikunga]] o ne a tsaya loeto go ya kwa lefelong la kotsi, kwa a neng a kopa gore go kgweediwe ka maikarabelo ka malatsi a boikhutso a paseka mme a isa matshediso le dithapelo kwa malwapeng a batswasetlhabelo. O ne a tlatsa ka gore puso ya Aforika Borwa e tlaa thusa go busetsa ditopo tseo kwa Botswana le go tshwara dipatlisiso tse di tletseng. <ref name="CNN">{{Cite news|last1=Cassidy|first1=Amy|date=28 March 2024|title=Bus carrying Easter worshippers falls off cliff killing 45 people in South Africa|url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/28/africa/bus-carrying-easter-worshippers-falls-off-cliff-intl/index.html|work=[[CNN]]|access-date=28 March 2024}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCassidy2024">Cassidy, Amy (28 March 2024). [https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/28/africa/bus-carrying-easter-worshippers-falls-off-cliff-intl/index.html "Bus carrying Easter worshippers falls off cliff killing 45 people in South Africa"]. ''[[CNN]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240328210243/https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/28/africa/bus-carrying-easter-worshippers-falls-off-cliff-intl/index.html Archived] from the original on 28 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="CBS News">{{Cite news|last1=Dev|first1=S.|date=28 March 2024|title=Bus in South Africa plunges off a bridge and catches fire, killing 45 people|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bus-crash-bridge-south-africa-botwana-45-dead/|access-date=28 March 2024|work=[[CBS News]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDev2024">Dev, S. (28 March 2024). [https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bus-crash-bridge-south-africa-botwana-45-dead/ "Bus in South Africa plunges off a bridge and catches fire, killing 45 people"]. ''[[CBS News]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240328214218/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bus-crash-bridge-south-africa-botwana-45-dead/ Archived] from the original on 28 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Tona wa merero ya mafatshe a sele wa kwa Botswana, [[Lemogang Kwape]] o biditse tiragalo eo a re ke matlhotlhapelo, mme a re o amogetse mogala go tswa go molekane wa gagwe wa Aforika Borwa [[Naledi Pandor]] go mmaya mo dinakong ka seemo seo. <ref name="The New York Times">{{Cite news|last1=Eligon|first1=John|last2=Mooka|first2=Yvonne|newspaper=and|date=3 April 2024|title=Girl, 8, Is Sole Survivor of Bus Plunge: 'No One Can Explain This Miracle'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/29/world/africa/south-africa-botswana-bus-crash.html|access-date=29 March 2024|work=[[The New York Times]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEligonMooka2024">Eligon, John and Mooka, Yvonne (3 April 2024). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required">[https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/29/world/africa/south-africa-botswana-bus-crash.html "Girl, 8, Is Sole Survivor of Bus Plunge: 'No One Can Explain This Miracle'"]</span>. ''[[The New York Times]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240329135733/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/29/world/africa/south-africa-botswana-bus-crash.html Archived] from the original on 29 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Ka Moranang a le malatsi a mabedi, tona wa botsogo Joe Phaahla le molekane wa gagwe wa kgaolo Phophi Ramathuba ba ne ba etela mofalodi a le esi wa kotsi kwa [[Mokopane Hospital|kokelong ya Mokopane]] . Phaahla o tlhalositse go falola ga gagwe e le "kgakgamatso". <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Makungo|first1=Michael|date=3 April 2024|title=It's a miracle that one person survived Limpopo bus crash: Phaahla|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/its-a-miracle-that-one-person-survived-limpopo-bus-crash-phaahla/?hilite=limpopo|access-date=8 April 2024|work=[[SABC]]}}</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe ==   * Dipalamo kwa Aforika Borwa * Kotsi ya bese ya Venice ya 2023 * Kotsi ya bese ya Centane ya 2020 * Kotsi ya bese ya Chongqing ya 2018 * Kotsi ya bese ya Letamo la Sol Plaatje == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Coordinates on Wikidata]] 9bqpd4brr6e61j54mmwqmxavmvn4cx4 0 14666 53247 2026-07-25T21:48:39Z JudithShe 9421 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364237304|2020 Botswana–Namibia border killings]]" 53247 wikitext text/x-wiki Ka Ngwanatsele a le malatsi a mane ngwaga wa dikete pedi le masome a mabedi, masole a a lwantshanang le go tsoma diphologolo a [[Botswana Defence Force|Sesole sa Botswana]] ( BDF ) a ne a bolaya banna ba le bane kwa setlhaketlhakeng sa [[Sedudu]] kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] kwa molelwaneng wa Botswana le Namibia . Banna ba e ne e le bana ba motho Tommy Nchindo, Martin Nchindo le Wamunyima Nchindo, le ntsalaabone Sinvula Munyeme. Se se ne sa baka tiragalo ya mafatshefatshe fa gare ga mafatshe a Botswana le Namibia. == Tse di diragetseng pele == Lefatshe la Botswana le tswa goo lowe le kgaratlhela go rarbolola go tsomiwa ga diphologolo tsa naga, puso e ne e rebotse masole go dirisa molao wa go thuntshetsa go bolaya go sireletsa ditshedi tsa koo. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Tau |first=Poloko |date=12 November 2020 |title=Namibia citizens up in arms over Botswana's 'shoot to kill' approach |url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/namibia-citizens-up-in-arms-over-botswanas-shoot-to-kill-approach-20201112 |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=City Press |language=en-US}}</ref> Molao o o, o tsositse mekubukubu mo kgaolong ya Borwa jwa Aforika, mme baganetsi ba one ba nganga gore o matshosetsi mo beng gae ba ba senang molato. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Rantsimako |first=Sesupo |date=1 December 2022 |title=Namibian Lives Matter accuses Botswana of legalising Atrocities |url=https://www.thegazette.news/news/namibian-lives-matter-accuses-botswana-of-legalising-atrocities/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=Botswana Gazette |language=en}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedii, batho ba le lesome le bobedi ba go belaelwang ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo ba ne ba bolawa ke sesole sa Botswana se se kgattlhanong le go tsomiwa ga diphologolo, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Konopo |first=Joel |date=2020-11-23 |title=Did Botswana execute 'poachers' ? |url=https://mg.co.za/africa/2020-11-23-botswana-execute-poachers/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> mme palo yotlhe ya baagedi ba Namibia ba le masome a mararo le bosupa ba ne ba bolawa mo ditlhaselong tsa go tsoma ka Morule ngwaga ws dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso. <ref name=":2" /> Mafatshe a Botswana le Namibia a na le [[Botsalano jwa mafatshe a Botswana le Namibia|botsalano jo bo kwa godimo]] <ref name=":1" /> mme molao wa go thuntshetsa go bolaya o bakile dikgotlhang magareng ga dipuso tse pedi le baagedi ba one. <ref name=":2" /> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabobedi, puso ya Botswana e ne ya thapa monna mongwe wa kwa Namibia go ela tlhoko ditiragalo mo [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] fa a ntse a bereka e le mokaedi wa bajanala . Mokaedi wa bajanala o ne a tsibosa BDF morago ga go bona banna ba le bane kwa nokeng ya Chobe. Morwarraagwe mongwe wa batswasetlhabelo o o santseng a tshela o bolela fa mokaedi wa bajanala a ne a itse lelwapa loora Nchindo ka namana pele ga dipolao tseo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kooper |first=Lugeretzia |date=2023-01-04 |title='We are forced to coexist with our brothers' killers' |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?page=read&id=118657 |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=The Namibian |language=en}}</ref> == Dipolao == Ka nako e e ka nnang lesome le motso bosigo ka Ngwanatsele a le malatsi a mane ngwaga wa dikete pedi le masome a mabedi, batsalammogo Tommy Nchindo, Martin Nchindo, le Wamunyima Nchindo, le ntsalabone Sinvula Munyeme ba bolawa ke masole a Botswana a a lwantshang go tsomiwa ga diphologolo kwa setlhaketlhakeng sa [[Sedudu]] mo [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] kwa molelwaneng wa Botswana le Namibia . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Konopo |first=Joel |date=2020-11-23 |title=Did Botswana execute 'poachers' ? |url=https://mg.co.za/africa/2020-11-23-botswana-execute-poachers/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKonopo2020">Konopo, Joel (23 November 2020). [https://mg.co.za/africa/2020-11-23-botswana-execute-poachers/ "Did Botswana execute 'poachers' ?"]. ''The Mail & Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Ba masika a bone ba ne ba re ga se batsomi ba diphologolo, mme tota ke bathwara ditlhaphi ba ba neng ba sa tshwara dibetsa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Tau |first=Poloko |date=12 November 2020 |title=Namibia citizens up in arms over Botswana's 'shoot to kill' approach |url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/namibia-citizens-up-in-arms-over-botswanas-shoot-to-kill-approach-20201112 |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=City Press |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTau2020">Tau, Poloko (12 November 2020). [https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/namibia-citizens-up-in-arms-over-botswanas-shoot-to-kill-approach-20201112 "Namibia citizens up in arms over Botswana's 'shoot to kill' approach"]. ''City Press''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> == Ditlamorago == Tiragalo eno e ne ya fetola botsalano magareng ga Botswana le Namibia mme ya simolola go ya magoletsa ga kganetsano ya sebaka se seleele ya ditiro tsa sesole sa BDF kwa molelwaneng wa Botswana–Namibia. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Rantsimako |first=Sesupo |date=2022-07-27 |title=Namibia probes alleged BDF Aggression |url=https://www.thegazette.news/news/namibia-probes-alleged-bdf-aggression/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=Botswana Gazette |language=en}}</ref> Morago ga tiragalo eo, Tautona [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] wa Botswana le Tautona Hage Geingob wa Namibia ba ne ba buisana ka mogala ka ditlhotlhomiso tse di kopanetsweng, mme Geingob a amogela ba lelwapa la ba ba tlhokafetseng kwa ntlong ya puso. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Tau |first=Poloko |date=12 November 2020 |title=Namibia citizens up in arms over Botswana's 'shoot to kill' approach |url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/namibia-citizens-up-in-arms-over-botswanas-shoot-to-kill-approach-20201112 |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=City Press |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTau2020">Tau, Poloko (12 November 2020). [https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/namibia-citizens-up-in-arms-over-botswanas-shoot-to-kill-approach-20201112 "Namibia citizens up in arms over Botswana's 'shoot to kill' approach"]. ''City Press''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Geingob o ne a kgala molao wa go thuntshetsa go bolaya mme a dumalana le mafoko a gore banna ba ba bolailweng e ne e le baagedi ba ba se nang molato. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tjitemisa |first=Kuzeeko |date=2020-11-17 |title=Namibian lives matter - Geingob |url=https://neweralive.na/posts/namibian-lives-matter-geingob |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=New Era Live |language=en}}</ref> Dintlha tsa botsalano jwa mafatshe tsa tiragalo e di ne di dirilwe marara ke lefelo le dipolao di diragaletseng go lone kwa setlhaketlhakeng sa Sedudu, se se neng se kile sa nna lebaka la dikgogakgono tsa molelwane tse di tseneletseng dingwaga di le masome a mabedi le motso pele ga tiragalo e. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Charles |first=Thalefang |date=2020-11-13 |title=Sedudu killings reopen old wounds |url=https://www.mmegi.bw/features/sedudu-killings-reopen-old-wounds/news |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=Mmegi Online |language=en}}</ref> Go tsibogela dipolao tseo, go ne ga nna le megwanto kgatlhanong le Botswana kwa ditoropong tsa Namibia tse di akaretsang Windhoek le Katima Mulilo . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Konopo |first=Joel |date=2020-11-23 |title=Did Botswana execute 'poachers' ? |url=https://mg.co.za/africa/2020-11-23-botswana-execute-poachers/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKonopo2020">Konopo, Joel (23 November 2020). [https://mg.co.za/africa/2020-11-23-botswana-execute-poachers/ "Did Botswana execute 'poachers' ?"]. ''The Mail & Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Puso ya Botswana e itsisitse dipatlisiso ka dipolao tse ka Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso. [[Namibian Lives Matter]] e ne ya kgala kgato eno, ka go nganga gore e tshwanetse go isiwa kwa kgotlatshekong e kgolo ya Botswana e le tsheko ya polao . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Keleboge |first=Mpho |date=2021-10-22 |title=Botswana's rights body enters controversy over shot Namibians |url=https://www.sundaystandard.info/botswanas-rights-body-enters-controversy-over-shot-namibians/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=Sunday Standard |language=en-GB}}</ref> Modulasetilo [[Taboka Mopipi]] o ne a atlhola ka Firikgong ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi gore dipolao tseo e ne e le tsela ya go iphemela morago ga go tlhomamisa gore banna ba ba bolailweng ke bone ba ntlha go thuntsha. Moeteledipele wa Namibian Lives Matter Sinvula Mudabeti o kgadile katlholo eo, a e tlhalosa e le "go senyegelwa ke tshiamiso", a nganga gore ga go na dibetsa tse di fitlhetsweng kwa lefelong leo. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Chiringa |first=Kelvin |date=2022-01-21 |title=Heartbreak Over BDF Killing of Nchindos |url=https://www.eaglefm.com.na/news/heartbreak-over-bdf-killing-of-nchindos/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=Eagle FM |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Dikakanyetso tse disha di ne tsa dirwa ke puso ya Namibia ka Morule ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso gore banna ba ba bolailweng ba ne ba gapiwa ka dikgoka go tswa mo lefelong la Namibia ke sesole sa BDF mme ba isiwa Botswana go ya go ba bolaya, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lute |first=Aubrey |date=2021-12-13 |title=BDF abducted, murdered Namibian fishermen – report |url=https://www.weekendpost.co.bw/33021/news/bdf-abducted-murdered-namibian-fishermen-report/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=Weekend Post |language=en-GB}}</ref> le fa ntlha e e ne ya amogelwa ke puso ya Namibia kwa bokhutlong jwa dipatlisiso. <ref name=":4" /> Komiti ya Namibia ya merero ya mafatshe a sele, tshireletso le tshireletsego e ne ya simolola dipatlisiso tsa yone tsa ditiro tsa sesole sa BDF mo Nokeng ya Chobe ka Phukwi ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Rantsimako |first=Sesupo |date=2022-07-27 |title=Namibia probes alleged BDF Aggression |url=https://www.thegazette.news/news/namibia-probes-alleged-bdf-aggression/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=Botswana Gazette |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRantsimako2022">Rantsimako, Sesupo (27 July 2022). [https://www.thegazette.news/news/namibia-probes-alleged-bdf-aggression/ "Namibia probes alleged BDF Aggression"]. ''Botswana Gazette''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} 38wu2pg3326c2j2rsl5t3iozci7thc1 53248 53247 2026-07-25T21:49:11Z JudithShe 9421 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364237304|2020 Botswana–Namibia border killings]]" 53248 wikitext text/x-wiki Ka Ngwanatsele a le malatsi a mane ngwaga wa dikete pedi le masome a mabedi, masole a a lwantshanang le go tsoma diphologolo a [[Botswana Defence Force|Sesole sa Botswana]] ( BDF ) a ne a bolaya banna ba le bane kwa setlhaketlhakeng sa [[Sedudu]] kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] kwa molelwaneng wa Botswana le Namibia . Banna ba e ne e le bana ba motho Tommy Nchindo, Martin Nchindo le Wamunyima Nchindo, le ntsalaabone Sinvula Munyeme. Se se ne sa baka tiragalo ya mafatshefatshe fa gare ga mafatshe a Botswana le Namibia. == Tse di diragetseng pele == Lefatshe la Botswana le tswa goo lowe le kgaratlhela go rarbolola go tsomiwa ga diphologolo tsa naga, puso e ne e rebotse masole go dirisa molao wa go thuntshetsa go bolaya go sireletsa ditshedi tsa koo. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Tau |first=Poloko |date=12 November 2020 |title=Namibia citizens up in arms over Botswana's 'shoot to kill' approach |url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/namibia-citizens-up-in-arms-over-botswanas-shoot-to-kill-approach-20201112 |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=City Press |language=en-US}}</ref> Molao o o, o tsositse mekubukubu mo kgaolong ya Borwa jwa Aforika, mme baganetsi ba one ba nganga gore o matshosetsi mo beng gae ba ba senang molato. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Rantsimako |first=Sesupo |date=1 December 2022 |title=Namibian Lives Matter accuses Botswana of legalising Atrocities |url=https://www.thegazette.news/news/namibian-lives-matter-accuses-botswana-of-legalising-atrocities/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=Botswana Gazette |language=en}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedii, batho ba le lesome le bobedi ba go belaelwang ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo ba ne ba bolawa ke sesole sa Botswana se se kgattlhanong le go tsomiwa ga diphologolo, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Konopo |first=Joel |date=2020-11-23 |title=Did Botswana execute 'poachers' ? |url=https://mg.co.za/africa/2020-11-23-botswana-execute-poachers/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> mme palo yotlhe ya baagedi ba Namibia ba le masome a mararo le bosupa ba ne ba bolawa mo ditlhaselong tsa go tsoma ka Morule ngwaga ws dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso. <ref name=":2" /> Mafatshe a Botswana le Namibia a na le [[Botsalano jwa mafatshe a Botswana le Namibia|botsalano jo bo kwa godimo]] <ref name=":1" /> mme molao wa go thuntshetsa go bolaya o bakile dikgotlhang magareng ga dipuso tse pedi le baagedi ba one. <ref name=":2" /> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabobedi, puso ya Botswana e ne ya thapa monna mongwe wa kwa Namibia go ela tlhoko ditiragalo mo [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] fa a ntse a bereka e le mokaedi wa bajanala . Mokaedi wa bajanala o ne a tsibosa BDF morago ga go bona banna ba le bane kwa nokeng ya Chobe. Morwarraagwe mongwe wa batswasetlhabelo o o santseng a tshela o bolela fa mokaedi wa bajanala a ne a itse lelwapa loora Nchindo ka namana pele ga dipolao tseo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kooper |first=Lugeretzia |date=2023-01-04 |title='We are forced to coexist with our brothers' killers' |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?page=read&id=118657 |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=The Namibian |language=en}}</ref> == Dipolao == Ka nako e e ka nnang lesome le motso bosigo ka Ngwanatsele a le malatsi a mane ngwaga wa dikete pedi le masome a mabedi, batsalammogo Tommy Nchindo, Martin Nchindo, le Wamunyima Nchindo, le ntsalabone Sinvula Munyeme ba bolawa ke masole a Botswana a a lwantshang go tsomiwa ga diphologolo kwa setlhaketlhakeng sa [[Sedudu]] mo [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] kwa molelwaneng wa Botswana le Namibia . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Konopo |first=Joel |date=2020-11-23 |title=Did Botswana execute 'poachers' ? |url=https://mg.co.za/africa/2020-11-23-botswana-execute-poachers/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKonopo2020">Konopo, Joel (23 November 2020). [https://mg.co.za/africa/2020-11-23-botswana-execute-poachers/ "Did Botswana execute 'poachers' ?"]. ''The Mail & Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Ba masika a bone ba ne ba re ga se batsomi ba diphologolo, mme tota ke bathwara ditlhaphi ba ba neng ba sa tshwara dibetsa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Tau |first=Poloko |date=12 November 2020 |title=Namibia citizens up in arms over Botswana's 'shoot to kill' approach |url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/namibia-citizens-up-in-arms-over-botswanas-shoot-to-kill-approach-20201112 |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=City Press |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTau2020">Tau, Poloko (12 November 2020). [https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/namibia-citizens-up-in-arms-over-botswanas-shoot-to-kill-approach-20201112 "Namibia citizens up in arms over Botswana's 'shoot to kill' approach"]. ''City Press''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> == Ditlamorago == Tiragalo eno e ne ya fetola botsalano magareng ga Botswana le Namibia mme ya simolola go ya magoletsa ga kganetsano ya sebaka se seleele ya ditiro tsa sesole sa BDF kwa molelwaneng wa Botswana–Namibia. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Rantsimako |first=Sesupo |date=2022-07-27 |title=Namibia probes alleged BDF Aggression |url=https://www.thegazette.news/news/namibia-probes-alleged-bdf-aggression/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=Botswana Gazette |language=en}}</ref> Morago ga tiragalo eo, Tautona [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] wa Botswana le Tautona Hage Geingob wa Namibia ba ne ba buisana ka mogala ka ditlhotlhomiso tse di kopanetsweng, mme Geingob a amogela ba lelwapa la ba ba tlhokafetseng kwa ntlong ya puso. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Tau |first=Poloko |date=12 November 2020 |title=Namibia citizens up in arms over Botswana's 'shoot to kill' approach |url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/namibia-citizens-up-in-arms-over-botswanas-shoot-to-kill-approach-20201112 |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=City Press |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTau2020">Tau, Poloko (12 November 2020). [https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/namibia-citizens-up-in-arms-over-botswanas-shoot-to-kill-approach-20201112 "Namibia citizens up in arms over Botswana's 'shoot to kill' approach"]. ''City Press''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Geingob o ne a kgala molao wa go thuntshetsa go bolaya mme a dumalana le mafoko a gore banna ba ba bolailweng e ne e le baagedi ba ba se nang molato. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tjitemisa |first=Kuzeeko |date=2020-11-17 |title=Namibian lives matter - Geingob |url=https://neweralive.na/posts/namibian-lives-matter-geingob |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=New Era Live |language=en}}</ref> Dintlha tsa botsalano jwa mafatshe tsa tiragalo e di ne di dirilwe marara ke lefelo le dipolao di diragaletseng go lone kwa setlhaketlhakeng sa Sedudu, se se neng se kile sa nna lebaka la dikgogakgono tsa molelwane tse di tseneletseng dingwaga di le masome a mabedi le motso pele ga tiragalo e. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Charles |first=Thalefang |date=2020-11-13 |title=Sedudu killings reopen old wounds |url=https://www.mmegi.bw/features/sedudu-killings-reopen-old-wounds/news |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=Mmegi Online |language=en}}</ref> Go tsibogela dipolao tseo, go ne ga nna le megwanto kgatlhanong le Botswana kwa ditoropong tsa Namibia tse di akaretsang Windhoek le Katima Mulilo . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Konopo |first=Joel |date=2020-11-23 |title=Did Botswana execute 'poachers' ? |url=https://mg.co.za/africa/2020-11-23-botswana-execute-poachers/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKonopo2020">Konopo, Joel (23 November 2020). [https://mg.co.za/africa/2020-11-23-botswana-execute-poachers/ "Did Botswana execute 'poachers' ?"]. ''The Mail & Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Puso ya Botswana e itsisitse dipatlisiso ka dipolao tse ka Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso. [[Namibian Lives Matter]] e ne ya kgala kgato eno, ka go nganga gore e tshwanetse go isiwa kwa kgotlatshekong e kgolo ya Botswana e le tsheko ya polao . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Keleboge |first=Mpho |date=2021-10-22 |title=Botswana's rights body enters controversy over shot Namibians |url=https://www.sundaystandard.info/botswanas-rights-body-enters-controversy-over-shot-namibians/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=Sunday Standard |language=en-GB}}</ref> Modulasetilo [[Taboka Mopipi]] o ne a atlhola ka Firikgong ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi gore dipolao tseo e ne e le tsela ya go iphemela morago ga go tlhomamisa gore banna ba ba bolailweng ke bone ba ntlha go thuntsha. Moeteledipele wa Namibian Lives Matter Sinvula Mudabeti o kgadile katlholo eo, a e tlhalosa e le "go senyegelwa ke tshiamiso", a nganga gore ga go na dibetsa tse di fitlhetsweng kwa lefelong leo. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Chiringa |first=Kelvin |date=2022-01-21 |title=Heartbreak Over BDF Killing of Nchindos |url=https://www.eaglefm.com.na/news/heartbreak-over-bdf-killing-of-nchindos/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=Eagle FM |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Dikakanyetso tse disha di ne tsa dirwa ke puso ya Namibia ka Morule ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso gore banna ba ba bolailweng ba ne ba gapiwa ka dikgoka go tswa mo lefelong la Namibia ke sesole sa BDF mme ba isiwa Botswana go ya go ba bolaya, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lute |first=Aubrey |date=2021-12-13 |title=BDF abducted, murdered Namibian fishermen – report |url=https://www.weekendpost.co.bw/33021/news/bdf-abducted-murdered-namibian-fishermen-report/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=Weekend Post |language=en-GB}}</ref> le fa ntlha e e ne ya amogelwa ke puso ya Namibia kwa bokhutlong jwa dipatlisiso. <ref name=":4" /> Komiti ya Namibia ya merero ya mafatshe a sele, tshireletso le tshireletsego e ne ya simolola dipatlisiso tsa yone tsa ditiro tsa sesole sa BDF mo Nokeng ya Chobe ka Phukwi ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Rantsimako |first=Sesupo |date=2022-07-27 |title=Namibia probes alleged BDF Aggression |url=https://www.thegazette.news/news/namibia-probes-alleged-bdf-aggression/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=Botswana Gazette |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRantsimako2022">Rantsimako, Sesupo (27 July 2022). [https://www.thegazette.news/news/namibia-probes-alleged-bdf-aggression/ "Namibia probes alleged BDF Aggression"]. ''Botswana Gazette''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> == Metswedi == {{Reflist}}8 g6ioyx1xfzhuyr4ymlsjbgbbfwaje2o 53249 53248 2026-07-25T21:51:07Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Dipolao tsa 2020 kwa molelwaneng wa Botswana le Namibia #Wikipedia25BW 53249 wikitext text/x-wiki Ka Ngwanatsele a le malatsi a mane ngwaga wa dikete pedi le masome a mabedi, masole a a lwantshanang le go tsoma diphologolo a [[Botswana Defence Force|Sesole sa Botswana]] ( BDF ) a ne a bolaya banna ba le bane kwa setlhaketlhakeng sa [[Sedudu]] kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] kwa molelwaneng wa Botswana le Namibia . Banna ba e ne e le bana ba motho Tommy Nchindo, Martin Nchindo le Wamunyima Nchindo, le ntsalaabone Sinvula Munyeme. Se se ne sa baka tiragalo ya mafatshefatshe fa gare ga mafatshe a Botswana le Namibia. == Tse di diragetseng pele == Lefatshe la Botswana le tswa goo lowe le kgaratlhela go rarabolola go tsomiwa ga diphologolo tsa naga, puso e ne e rebotse masole go dirisa molao wa go thuntshetsa go bolaya go sireletsa ditshedi tsa koo. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Tau |first=Poloko |date=12 November 2020 |title=Namibia citizens up in arms over Botswana's 'shoot to kill' approach |url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/namibia-citizens-up-in-arms-over-botswanas-shoot-to-kill-approach-20201112 |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=City Press |language=en-US}}</ref> Molao o o, o tsositse mekubukubu mo kgaolong ya Borwa jwa Aforika, mme baganetsi ba one ba nganga gore o matshosetsi mo beng gae ba ba senang molato. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Rantsimako |first=Sesupo |date=1 December 2022 |title=Namibian Lives Matter accuses Botswana of legalising Atrocities |url=https://www.thegazette.news/news/namibian-lives-matter-accuses-botswana-of-legalising-atrocities/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=Botswana Gazette |language=en}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi, batho ba le lesome le bobedi ba go belaelwang ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo ba ne ba bolawa ke sesole sa Botswana se se kgattlhanong le go tsomiwa ga diphologolo, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Konopo |first=Joel |date=2020-11-23 |title=Did Botswana execute 'poachers' ? |url=https://mg.co.za/africa/2020-11-23-botswana-execute-poachers/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> mme palo yotlhe ya baagedi ba Namibia ba le masome a mararo le bosupa ba ne ba bolawa mo ditlhaselong tsa go tsoma ka Morule ngwaga ws dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso. <ref name=":2" /> Mafatshe a Botswana le Namibia a na le [[Botsalano jwa mafatshe a Botswana le Namibia|botsalano jo bo kwa godimo]] <ref name=":1" /> mme molao wa go thuntshetsa go bolaya o bakile dikgotlhang magareng ga dipuso tse pedi le baagedi ba one. <ref name=":2" /> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabobedi, puso ya Botswana e ne ya thapa monna mongwe wa kwa Namibia go ela tlhoko ditiragalo mo [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] fa a ntse a bereka e le mokaedi wa bajanala . Mokaedi wa bajanala o ne a tsibosa BDF morago ga go bona banna ba le bane kwa nokeng ya Chobe. Morwarraagwe mongwe wa batswasetlhabelo o o santseng a tshela o bolela fa mokaedi wa bajanala a ne a itse lelwapa loora Nchindo ka namana pele ga dipolao tseo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kooper |first=Lugeretzia |date=2023-01-04 |title='We are forced to coexist with our brothers' killers' |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?page=read&id=118657 |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=The Namibian |language=en}}</ref> == Dipolao == Ka nako e e ka nnang lesome le motso bosigo ka Ngwanatsele a le malatsi a mane ngwaga wa dikete pedi le masome a mabedi, batsalammogo Tommy Nchindo, Martin Nchindo, le Wamunyima Nchindo, le ntsalabone Sinvula Munyeme ba bolawa ke masole a Botswana a a lwantshang go tsomiwa ga diphologolo kwa setlhaketlhakeng sa [[Sedudu]] mo [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] kwa molelwaneng wa Botswana le Namibia . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Konopo |first=Joel |date=2020-11-23 |title=Did Botswana execute 'poachers' ? |url=https://mg.co.za/africa/2020-11-23-botswana-execute-poachers/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKonopo2020">Konopo, Joel (23 November 2020). [https://mg.co.za/africa/2020-11-23-botswana-execute-poachers/ "Did Botswana execute 'poachers' ?"]. ''The Mail & Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Ba masika a bone ba ne ba re ga se batsomi ba diphologolo, mme tota ke bathwara ditlhaphi ba ba neng ba sa tshwara dibetsa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Tau |first=Poloko |date=12 November 2020 |title=Namibia citizens up in arms over Botswana's 'shoot to kill' approach |url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/namibia-citizens-up-in-arms-over-botswanas-shoot-to-kill-approach-20201112 |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=City Press |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTau2020">Tau, Poloko (12 November 2020). [https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/namibia-citizens-up-in-arms-over-botswanas-shoot-to-kill-approach-20201112 "Namibia citizens up in arms over Botswana's 'shoot to kill' approach"]. ''City Press''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> == Ditlamorago == Tiragalo eno e ne ya fetola botsalano magareng ga Botswana le Namibia mme ya simolola go ya magoletsa ga kganetsano ya sebaka se seleele ya ditiro tsa sesole sa BDF kwa molelwaneng wa Botswana–Namibia. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Rantsimako |first=Sesupo |date=2022-07-27 |title=Namibia probes alleged BDF Aggression |url=https://www.thegazette.news/news/namibia-probes-alleged-bdf-aggression/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=Botswana Gazette |language=en}}</ref> Morago ga tiragalo eo, Tautona [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] wa Botswana le Tautona Hage Geingob wa Namibia ba ne ba buisana ka mogala ka ditlhotlhomiso tse di kopanetsweng, mme Geingob a amogela ba lelwapa la ba ba tlhokafetseng kwa ntlong ya puso. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Tau |first=Poloko |date=12 November 2020 |title=Namibia citizens up in arms over Botswana's 'shoot to kill' approach |url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/namibia-citizens-up-in-arms-over-botswanas-shoot-to-kill-approach-20201112 |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=City Press |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTau2020">Tau, Poloko (12 November 2020). [https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/namibia-citizens-up-in-arms-over-botswanas-shoot-to-kill-approach-20201112 "Namibia citizens up in arms over Botswana's 'shoot to kill' approach"]. ''City Press''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Geingob o ne a kgala molao wa go thuntshetsa go bolaya mme a dumalana le mafoko a gore banna ba ba bolailweng e ne e le baagedi ba ba se nang molato. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tjitemisa |first=Kuzeeko |date=2020-11-17 |title=Namibian lives matter - Geingob |url=https://neweralive.na/posts/namibian-lives-matter-geingob |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=New Era Live |language=en}}</ref> Dintlha tsa botsalano jwa mafatshe tsa tiragalo e di ne di dirilwe marara ke lefelo le dipolao di diragaletseng go lone kwa setlhaketlhakeng sa Sedudu, se se neng se kile sa nna lebaka la dikgogakgono tsa molelwane tse di tseneletseng dingwaga di le masome a mabedi le motso pele ga tiragalo e. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Charles |first=Thalefang |date=2020-11-13 |title=Sedudu killings reopen old wounds |url=https://www.mmegi.bw/features/sedudu-killings-reopen-old-wounds/news |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=Mmegi Online |language=en}}</ref> Go tsibogela dipolao tseo, go ne ga nna le megwanto kgatlhanong le Botswana kwa ditoropong tsa Namibia tse di akaretsang Windhoek le Katima Mulilo . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Konopo |first=Joel |date=2020-11-23 |title=Did Botswana execute 'poachers' ? |url=https://mg.co.za/africa/2020-11-23-botswana-execute-poachers/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKonopo2020">Konopo, Joel (23 November 2020). [https://mg.co.za/africa/2020-11-23-botswana-execute-poachers/ "Did Botswana execute 'poachers' ?"]. ''The Mail & Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Puso ya Botswana e itsisitse dipatlisiso ka dipolao tse ka Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso. [[Namibian Lives Matter]] e ne ya kgala kgato eno, ka go nganga gore e tshwanetse go isiwa kwa kgotlatshekong e kgolo ya Botswana e le tsheko ya polao . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Keleboge |first=Mpho |date=2021-10-22 |title=Botswana's rights body enters controversy over shot Namibians |url=https://www.sundaystandard.info/botswanas-rights-body-enters-controversy-over-shot-namibians/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=Sunday Standard |language=en-GB}}</ref> Modulasetilo [[Taboka Mopipi]] o ne a atlhola ka Firikgong ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi gore dipolao tseo e ne e le tsela ya go iphemela morago ga go tlhomamisa gore banna ba ba bolailweng ke bone ba ntlha go thuntsha. Moeteledipele wa Namibian Lives Matter Sinvula Mudabeti o kgadile katlholo eo, a e tlhalosa e le "go senyegelwa ke tshiamiso", a nganga gore ga go na dibetsa tse di fitlhetsweng kwa lefelong leo. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Chiringa |first=Kelvin |date=2022-01-21 |title=Heartbreak Over BDF Killing of Nchindos |url=https://www.eaglefm.com.na/news/heartbreak-over-bdf-killing-of-nchindos/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=Eagle FM |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Dikakanyetso tse disha di ne tsa dirwa ke puso ya Namibia ka Morule ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso gore banna ba ba bolailweng ba ne ba gapiwa ka dikgoka go tswa mo lefelong la Namibia ke sesole sa BDF mme ba isiwa Botswana go ya go ba bolaya, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lute |first=Aubrey |date=2021-12-13 |title=BDF abducted, murdered Namibian fishermen – report |url=https://www.weekendpost.co.bw/33021/news/bdf-abducted-murdered-namibian-fishermen-report/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=Weekend Post |language=en-GB}}</ref> le fa ntlha e e ne ya amogelwa ke puso ya Namibia kwa bokhutlong jwa dipatlisiso. <ref name=":4" /> Komiti ya Namibia ya merero ya mafatshe a sele, tshireletso le tshireletsego e ne ya simolola dipatlisiso tsa yone tsa ditiro tsa sesole sa BDF mo Nokeng ya Chobe ka Phukwi ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Rantsimako |first=Sesupo |date=2022-07-27 |title=Namibia probes alleged BDF Aggression |url=https://www.thegazette.news/news/namibia-probes-alleged-bdf-aggression/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=Botswana Gazette |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRantsimako2022">Rantsimako, Sesupo (27 July 2022). [https://www.thegazette.news/news/namibia-probes-alleged-bdf-aggression/ "Namibia probes alleged BDF Aggression"]. ''Botswana Gazette''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> == Metswedi == {{Reflist}}8 su3dr47dj99q1aqc6wdrvaehhoyskdg 0 14667 53255 2026-07-26T07:41:40Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tsebe ya Sechele II 53255 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sechele II Kealeboga Sebele''' (o ne a tshotswe ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro (1860)a bo a thokafala ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le borobabobdi (1918) e ne e le [[Kgosi ya morafe|kgosi]] ya morafe wa [[Kwena]] kwa [[Bechuanaland Protectorate]] (Botswana ya segompieno) go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le motso (1911) go fitlha a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le borobabobedi (1918). Puso ya gagwe e ne ya lemogiwa ka go kgaogana ga morafe ka ntlha ya dikgosana tse di neng di le kgatlhanong le ene tse di neng di eteletswe pele ke bomalomeagwe ba ne ba gana taolo ya gagwe. Sechele II o ne a tlhatlhamiwa ke morwawe e bong [[Sebele II.]] == Botshelo == Sechele II Kealeboga Sebele o tshotswe ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro (1860), mme o ne a nna [[Kgosi ya morafe|kgosi]] ya [[morafe wa Kwena]] ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le motso (1911).<ref name=":0">[[:en:Sechele_II#CITEREFMortonRamsay2018|Morton &#x26; Ramsay 2018,]] Sechele II Kealeboga Sebele.</ref> Puso ya ga Sechele II e ne ya tlhaselwa ke setlhopha sa dikgosana se se neng se eteletswe pele ke bomalomeagwe e bong Kebohula le Moiteelasilo. Setlhopha se ne se akanya gore o ne a rotloetsa bagakolodi ba le bantsi ba ba neng ba se na maemo mo morafeng, mme ba ne ba ganetsa tshegetso ya gagwe ya ditlwaelo tsa setso tse e seng tsa Sekeresete jaaka go nyala lefufa le bogwera.<ref name=":1">[[:en:Sechele_II#CITEREFRamsay1996|Ramsay 1996]], p.&#x20;65</ref> Setlhopha se se ne se tshegediwa ke London Missionary Society, yo Sechele II a neng a mo kgaogantse morago ga gore a letlelele Anglicanism go dirisiwa ke Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le bobedi (1912).<ref name=":0" />Go ne ga nna le kgaogano ka ngwaga wa ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le botlhano (1915), fa Sechele II a ne a fudusa kgotla ya morafe go tswa kwa Borakalalo go ya kwa Ntsweng, a fetola se se neng se dirilwe ke yo o tlileng pele ga gagwe.<ref name=":2">[[:en:Sechele_II#CITEREFMortonRamsay2018|Morton &#x26; Ramsay 2018]], Molepolole</ref> Kganetso e ne ya sala kwa Borakalalo, mme ya kgaoganya morafe. <ref name=":1" />Kgaogano e ne ya seka ya baakanngwa go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le bosupa (1937), fa Boritane e ne ya ba pateletsa go kopana le go senya bontsi jwa Ntsweng.<ref name=":2" /> Sechele II o ne a na le mosadi, Lena Rauwe, yo o neng a okamela go tsenngwa ga Anglicanism mo [[Kweneng]]. <ref>[[:en:Sechele_II#CITEREFMortonRamsay2018|Morton &#x26; Ramsay 2018]], Anglicans.</ref>Gape o ne a nyala Gagoumakwe Kgari Sechele, molwela-kgololosego yo o neng a tswelela go nna le tlhotlheletso ya sepolotiki morago ga loso lwa ga Sechele II. <ref>[[:en:Sechele_II#CITEREFMortonRamsay2018|Morton &#x26; Ramsay 2018]], Gagoumakwe Kgari Sechele (1910–2007).</ref>Mokwaledi wa ga Sechele II jaaka kgosi e ne e le Richard Sidzumo.<ref>[[:en:Sechele_II#CITEREFMortonRamsay2018|Morton &#x26; Ramsay 2018]], African National Congress (ANC).</ref> Sechele II o ne a letlelela BaKwena Tribal Council go bopiwa ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le borataro (1916),<ref name=":3">[[:en:Sechele_II#CITEREFMortonRamsay2018|Morton &#x26; Ramsay 2018]], Chronology.</ref> mme o ne a lekanyetsa maatla a yone ka go rotloetsa ditsala tsa gagwe. <ref name=":0" />[[Baruti Kgosidintsi,]] yo e neng e le motho yo mogolo wa kganetso kgatlhanong le [[Sebele I]] le Sechele II, o ne a fitlhelwa a le molato wa go imisa mosadi wa ga Sechele II ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le borataro (1916). <ref>[[:en:Sechele_II#CITEREFMortonRamsay2018|Morton &#x26; Ramsay 2018]], Baruti Kgosidintsi (1842–1922).</ref> == Loso le boswa == Sechele II o ne a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le borobabobedi (1918). <ref name=":0" />O ne a tlhatlhamiwa ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e le lesome le bobedi , ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le borobabobedi (1918) <ref name=":3" />ke morwawe Sebele II, morago ga go boela morago go tswa go direla kwa [[South African Native Labour Corps]]. <ref>[[:en:Sechele_II#CITEREFMortonRamsay2018|Morton &#x26; Ramsay 2018]], Sebele II, Kelebantse Sechele (1892–1939).</ref>Setlogolo sa ga Sechele II [[Bonewamang Padi Sechele]] o ne a amogelwa jaaka mojaboswa wa semolao wa bogosi jwa Kwena ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le boraro (1963) mme kgotlatshekelo e ne ya ganela gore ke ene yo o latelang go mo tlhatlhama. <ref name=":4">[[:en:Sechele_II#CITEREFMortonRamsay2018|Morton &#x26; Ramsay 2018]], Bonewamang Padi Sechele (1926–1978).</ref>Morwa wa ga Sechele II yo mmotlana, [[Neale Sechele]], o ne a tlhophiwa ke tsamaiso ya bokoloniale jaaka tumelano mme a tlhophiwa jaaka kgosi, mme puso ya gagwe e ne ya se ka ya amogelwa ke Bakwena.<ref>[[:en:Sechele_II#CITEREFVengroff1977|Vengroff 1977]], p.&#x20;56</ref>Bonewamang Padi Sechele o ne a direla jaaka moeteledipele wa [[morafe wa Kweneng]] go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa (1970) go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le borobabobedi (1978) morago ga go tlosiwa ga Neale Sechele.<ref name=":4" /> == Metswedi == gq6njaljhbl4u11heozg90ceirtjbqe 0 14668 53256 2026-07-26T07:48:13Z MmaBaggio 11091 #Wikipedia25BW KE RANOTSE TSEBE Setsuatsue sa Dineo 53256 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Dineo 2017-02-15 1115Z alternate.png|thumb|Setsuatsue sa Dineo]] '''Setsuatsue sa Dineo''' e ne e le nngwe ya ditsuatsue tse di bolayang thata tse di kileng tsa begiwa kwa South-West Indian Ocean le kwa Southern Hemisphere ka kakaretso.<ref>[https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/Tropical-Cyclone-Idais-Death-Toll-Mozambique-May-Exceed-1000?cm_ven=cat6-widget "Tropical Cyclone Idai's Death Toll in Mozambique May Exceed 1,000 by Dr. Jeff Masters | Category 6]". ''Weather Underground''. Retrieved 21 March 2019.</ref>E ne e le kgwanyape ya ntlha ya boboatsatsi go tlhasela Mozambique fa e sale ka [[setsuatsue sa Jokwe]] ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi. == Ditso tsa Seemo sa Loapi == Tshimologo ya Dineo e ka latelwa morago kwa setlhopheng sa diphefo tsa matlakadibe tse di neng tsa rulaganngwa go nna lefelo la kgatelelo e e kwa tlase kwa Mozambique Channel ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e le lesome le bongwe. Mo malatsing a mabedi a a latelang, tsamaiso e ne ya tsamaya ka iketlo mo tseleng e e kwa borwa jaaka e ne e nna le maatla mme ya dira gore JTWC e ntshe TCFA. <ref>[http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTXS21-PGTW_201702121300.htm "Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) - Cyclone Dineo".] Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC). Retrieved 20 October 2017.</ref>Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e le lesome le bobedi , RSMC La Réunion e ne ya bolela gore go nnile le kgoreletso ya setsuatsue mo kgaolong mme ya simolola go ntsha dikgakololo. <ref>[http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO24-FMEE_201702130015.htm "Tropical Cyclone Warning 001 (RSMC) - Cyclone Dineo"]. RSMC La Réunion. Retrieved 20 October 2017.</ref>E ne e le mo tikologong e e siameng thata, mme ka bonako fela e ne ya nna maatla thata mme RSMC le JTWC di ne tsa lemoga diphefo tsa bobotlana 65 km/h (40 mph) moragonyana mo letsatsing leo, mme RSMC e ne ya bitsa sefefo seno Dineo. Dineo e ne ya nna setsuatsue sa boboatsatsi moragonyana. E ne ya fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa yone ka diphefo tse di maatla tsa 85 mph (140 km/h) le kgatelelo e e kwa tlase ya 955 hPa (mbar); 28.20 inHg ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e le lesome le botlhano. Dineo e ne ya fitlha kwa lotshitshing lwa Mozambique, mme e ne ya simolola go koafala fa e sena go fitlha kwa lotshitshing ka lone letsatsi leo. Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e le lesome le bouspa morago ga go fitlha kwa lefatsheng, JTWC e ne ya ntsha kgakololo ya bofelo ka Dineo. Dineo o ne a nyelela morago ga diura di le mmalwa ka lone letsatsi leo.<ref>[http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO24-FMEE_201702131224.htm "Tropical Cyclone Warning (RSMC) 003 - Cyclone Dineo".] RSMC La Réunion. Retrieved 20 October 2017.</ref><ref>[http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTXS31-PGTW_201702131500.htm "Tropical Cyclone Warning (JTWC) 001 - Cyclone Dineo".] Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Retrieved 20 October 2017.</ref> == Ditlamorago == Dineo o ne a tlhasela Mozambique ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e le lesome le botlhano jaaka kgwanyape ya boboatsatsi, a tlisa pula e e nang thata le diphefo tse di senyang.<ref name=":0">Shenaaz Jamal (16 February 2017). [http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/2017/02/16/Dineo-lashed-Mozambique-with-200mm-of-rain1 "Dineo lashed Mozambique with 200mm of rain".] Times Live. Retrieved 16 February 2017.</ref> Dineo e ne e le kgwanyape ya ntlha ya boboatsatsi go tlhasela Mozambique fa e sale ka Kgwanyape Jokwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi .<ref name=":0" /> Dipalopalo tse di tswang mo sathalaeteng di supile gore go ne ga na pula ya dimilimetara di le makgolo a mabedi (7.9 in) kwa Inhambane. Batho ba le supa ba ne ba bolawa go ralala lefatshe ,<ref>[http://www.timeslive.co.za/africa/2017/02/16/Storm-Dineo-kills-at-least-seven-people-in-Mozambique-govt "Storm Dineo kills at least seven people in Mozambique - govt"]. Times Live. Reuters. 16 February 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2017.</ref>go akaretsa ngwana yo o neng a gatakwa ke setlhare se se wetseng kwa Massinga.<ref name=":1">[http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/child-killed-by-falling-tree-as-cyclone-dineo-hits-mozambique-20170216 "Child 'killed by falling tree', as cyclone Dineo hits Mozambique".] News 24. 16 February 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2017.</ref> Go fopholediwa gore matlo a le dikete tse masome a mabedi a ne a senngwa mme batho ba ba ka nnang 130 000 ba ne ba amega ka tlhamalalo. <ref name=":1" />Merwalela e e anameng e ne ya diragala kwa Zimbabwe, mme Mutare, Chiredzi, le Beitbridge di ne tsa amega thata. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170217062141/https://www.newsdzezimbabwe.co.uk/2017/02/cyclone-dineo-hits-zimbabwe.html "Cyclone Dineo Hits Zimbabwe".] NewsdzeZimbabwe. 16 February 2017. Archived from the original on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2017.</ref>Batho ba le makgolo a mabedi le masome a supa le bongwe ba ne ba bolawa ke sefefo mme tshenyo e ne ya feta US$200 million.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180302001946/http://thoughtleadership.aonbenfield.com/Documents/20180124-ab-if-annual-companion-volume.pdf "Companion Volume to Weather, Climate & Catastrophe Insight"] (PDF). ''Aon Benfield''. 24 January 2018. Archived from [http://thoughtleadership.aonbenfield.com/Documents/20180124-ab-if-annual-companion-volume.pdf the original] (PDF) on 2 March 2018. Retrieved 18 March 2019.</ref><ref>[http://reliefweb.int/report/zimbabwe/urgent-call-assistance-flood-victims "Urgent call for assistance to flood victims - Zimbabwe"]. 7 March 2017.</ref><ref>[http://reliefweb.int/report/zimbabwe/zimbabwe-flood-snapshot-09-march-2017 "Zimbabwe Flood Snapshot (As of 09 March 2017) - Zimbabwe"]. 9 March 2017.</ref>Masalla a sefefo a ne a baka merwalela e e senyang kwa [[Botswana|Botswana.]] <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170322202747/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/MDRBW003.pdf "Emergency Plan of Action (EPoA) - Botswana: Floods"] (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 March 2017.</ref>Mo kgweding e e latelang kgwanyape, go runya ga kholera kwa Mozambique le Malawi go ne ga tshwaetsa batho ba feta sekete le makgolo a mabedi mme ga bolaya batho ba le babedi.<ref>[http://reliefweb.int/report/malawi/malawi-registers-new-cases-cholera Malawi Registers New Cases of Cholera"]. ReliefWeb. Voice of America. 18 March 2017. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref><ref>[https://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/aid-agencies-mozambique-call-support-cyclone-dineo-response Aid agencies in Mozambique call for support for Cyclone Dineo response - Mozambique".] ''ReliefWeb''. 6 March 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2019.</ref> == Metswedi == m0p96f6inys1p04n7byhmx25tk6ouwz 0 14669 53258 2026-07-26T08:36:59Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tse be ya Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Tennis 53258 wikitext text/x-wiki Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Tennis (BTA) ke mokgatlho wa sechaba o o laolang motshameko wa tenese mo [[Botswana]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090114095524/http://www.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20060126 "BOPA Daily News Archive".] 2009-01-14. Archived from [http://www.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20060126 the original] on January 14, 2009. Retrieved 2015-07-31.</ref> Botswana e mo maemong a ntlha mo go a le lesome le botlhano mo go tsa tennis mo Aforika. BoTA e ikgolagantse le [[International Tennis Federation le Confederation of African Tennis]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101231104814/http://www.cattennis.com/english/national-associations.php?lien1=0&action=2# "CAT"]. ''www.cattennis.com''. Archived from [http://www.cattennis.com/english/national-associations.php?lien1=0&action=2 the original] on 2010-12-31. Retrieved 2015-07-30.</ref> == Ditso == Botswana e ne ya tsenelela dikgaisano tsa Fed Cup tsa yone tsa ntlha ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobongwe le masome a robabongwe le botlhano.<ref>[http://www.fedcup.com/en/teams/team/profile.aspx?id=BOT "Fed Cup - Team - Botswana (BOT)"]. ''www.fedcup.com''. Retrieved 2015-07-31.</ref> Phelelo ya bone e e molemo e ne e le go nna mo maemong a bone mo setlhopheng sa bone sa Group II ka Nbgwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bobedi le ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le boraro. Tapiwa Marobela o kwadisitse palo e e kwa godimo ya diphenyo tsa setlhopha sa Botswana Fed Cup, diphenyo di le thataro go tswa mo metshamekong e le lesome le boraro ya di-singles le diphenyo di le pedi go tswa mo metshamekong e le lesome le bongwe ya di-doubles magareng ga ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bongwe le ngwaga wa dikete tsepedi le bone, pele a tsena mo Florida State University go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bone go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120331223205/http://www.seminoles.com/sports/w-tennis/mtt/marobela_tapiwa00.html "Tapiwa Marobela - Profile".] ''College Network - Seminoles''. CBSSports.com. Archived from [http://www.seminoles.com/sports/w-tennis/mtt/marobela_tapiwa00.html the original] on March 31, 2012. Retrieved June 30, 201</ref> Botswana e ne ya tsenela Davis Cup ya yone ya ntlha ka 1996. Botswana Tennis Association le yone e tsere karolo mo [[metshamekong ya 2014 African Youth Games]] e e neng e tshwaretswe kwa Gaborone, Botswana. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140116141211/http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/news-details.php?nid=4792 "Support Gaborone 2014 games'"]. ''www.dailynews.gov.bw''. Archived from the original on 2014-01-16. Retrieved 2015-07-30.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140625130035/http://gaborone2014.com/venues/ "Gaborone 2014 - 2nd African Youth Games .:: Venues ]::". ''www.gaborone2014.com''. Archived from [http://www.gaborone2014.com/venues/ the original] on 2014-06-25. Retrieved 2015-07-30.</ref> Go na le mekgathonyana e le lesome le boraro ya tenese e e leng mo mokgatlhong ono. Mokgatlho o dira mmogo le Mekgatho e mengwe jaaka Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Metshameko ya dikolo tse di fa gare le tse dikgolwane , Mokgatlho wa Metshameko wa Botswana Premier League (mokgatlho wa metshameko ya lephatha la tsa thuto e e kwa godimo, dikolo tse dipotlana == Sejana sa Davis == Setlhopha sa Botswana sa Davis Cup se ne sa ipaakanyetsa go tshameka mo setlhopheng sa boraro ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le botlhano morago ga go tlhatlosiwa mo setlhopheng sa boraro ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bobedi {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |Sejana sa Botswana sa Davis Cup |- !Ngwaga !Batshameki |- |2009 | * Matshidiso Malope * Thabiso Shatiso Mabaka * Shingirai Muzondiwa * Lefa Ashley Mthandazo Sixtus Sibanda |- |2010 | * Shingirai Muzondiwa * Thabiso Shatiso Mabaka * Lefa Ashley Mthandazo Sixtus Sibanda * Bakang Duke Mosinyi |- |2013 | * Phenyo Matong * Shingirai Muzondiwa * Innocent Tidimane (junior player) * Aobakwe Lekang |- |2014 | * Phenyo Matong * Shingirai Muzondiwa * Thabiso Shatiso Mabaka * Lame Botshoma |} == .Ditlamelo tsa batho == === Bakatisi === Go na le bakatisi ba le lesome le botlhano (15) ba ITF ba ba katisitsweng ka tirisanommogo magareng ga ITF le International Olympic Committee (IOC).<ref name=":0">[http://www.bnsc.co.bw/bnsc-sports.php?sports_name=3&sec_page=Other "Welcome to BNSC .:: Tennis ::]". ''www.bnsc.co.bw''. Retrieved 2015-08-01.</ref> === Batsamaisi === Lekgotla le na le moatlhodi wa ITF Level II (White Badge) le baatlhodi ba Level I ba ba fetang masome a mane.<ref name=":0" /> Baithaopi ba bangwe ba akaretsa dingaka tsa metshameko tse di bitswang gangwe le gape go thusa kwa ditiragalong tse di tlhophilweng, segolobogolo dikgaisano tsa boditšhabatšhaba. <ref name=":0" /> == Metswedi == 9exfztwiiat9l5ewrh7a9i6p3m753m7 0 14670 53260 2026-07-26T09:02:59Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tsebe ya Stanley Tshosane 53260 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Stanley Tshosane''' (16 Hirikgong 1957  -  25 Moranang 2025) e ne e le mokaedi wa kgwele ya dinao wa Motswana. == Tiro == O ne a tlhophiwa go nna manejara wa Botswana ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi , morago ga go nna mogolwane wa nakwana.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101105160534/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/news/newsid=1327296.html "Zebras spurred into fantastic turnaround".] FIFA.com. 2 November 2010. Archived from [https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/news/newsid=1327296.html the original] on 5 November 2010. Retrieved 10 January 2012</ref> O ne a kobiwa ka kgwedi ya Phalane ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro.<ref>Mtokozisi Dube (8 October 2013). [https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/24442518 "Botswana sack coach Tshosane".] BBC Sport. Retrieved 8 October 2013</ref> Batshwayadiphoso ba ne ba akantsha gore o ne a fiwa tiro eo fela ka gonne Lekgotla la Kgwele ya Dinao la Botswana le ne le sa kgone go hira "leina" le le itsegeng botoka. <ref>Nthoi, Tshepo (1 April 2011). [http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=2&aid=2097&dir=2011/April/Friday1 "Only if Stan Tshosane was a foreigner... maybe of a white race?"]. Mmego Online. Retrieved 10 January 2012.</ref> Pele ga moo o ne a le mothusi wa motsamaisi wa Seesemane Colwyn Rowe mo setlhopheng sa sechaba.<ref>[http://news.egypt.com/en/200807093263/news/sports/rowe-heads-to-egypt.html Rowe heads to Egypt".] news.egypt.com. 9 July 2008. Retrieved 10 January 2012.</ref> Fa a ntse a dira jaaka mothusi wa setlhopha sa sechaba, o ne gape a le mogolwane wa setlhopha sa kgwele ya dinao sa Botswana Defence Force BDF XI. Jaaka motshameki, o ne gape a tshamekela BDF XI. <ref>Kala, Thato (15 December 2011). [http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=6&aid=582&dir=2011/December/Thursday15 "Does sexual frustration boost aggression?"]. Mmegi Online. Retrieved 10 January 2012.</ref> Pele ga a nna mo BDF XI, o ne a kile a nna motsamaisi wa setlhopha sa sechaba pele ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bobedi .<ref>[https://www.rsssf.org/intldetails/2002af.html "International matches - 2002"]. ''RSSSF''. Retrieved 10 January 2012.</ref> == Metswedi == rz99btto22mp8bjbsyyjqbl19tkt3ru 0 14671 53265 2026-07-26T11:02:13Z Atsile Edith 11759 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360922394|African traditional religions]]" 53265 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles> == Go anama le go kopana le ditumelo tsa ga Aborahame == Balatedi ba ditumelo tsa setso mo [[Aferika|Afrika]] ba anamisitswe mo mafatsheng a le 43 mme go fopholediwa gore ba feta dimilione di le lekgolo. == Dilo tsa motheo == [[Setshwantsho:Ganvie_Voodoo_Dancer_(21596115932).jpg|thumb| Motantshi wa setso wa Vodun yo o kgatlhang medimo le meya, kwa Ganvie, kwa Benin]] [[Setshwantsho:Début_de_pas_de_danse_du_Zangbéto_-_Bénin.jpg|thumb| Moletlo wa selegae kwa Benin o o nang le zangbeto]] [[Setshwantsho:Koku_Dancer.jpg|thumb| Motantshi wa setso wa Koku]]   [[Setshwantsho:West_african_religion.jpg|thumb| Kgotlatshekelo ya bodumedi kwa borwa jwa Ghana]] [[Setshwantsho:Statuette_protectrice_nkisi,_71.1892.52.2,_Musée_du_quai_Branly.jpg|thumb| Nkisi nkondi wa Bakongo . Ke setlhotshwana sa nkisi, dilo tse go dumelwa gore di agiwa ke meya, tse di tlwaelegileng go ralala Congo Basin .]] [[Setshwantsho:Masques_BaKongo.JPG|thumb| Dimaseke tsa Bakongo go tswa kwa Kongo Bogare]] [[Setshwantsho:Early_20th_century_Yoruba_divination_board.jpg|thumb| Boto ya go bolelela pele ya Bayoruba ya mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la bo20 la dingwaga]] [[Setshwantsho:Sangoma_reading_the_Bones.jpg|left|thumb| [[Dingaka tsa setso tsa Borwa jwa Aforika|Ngaka ya setso ya Aforika Borwa]] e dira boitseanape ka go buisa marapo]] n6q4n92xtsnvhq7xqb518vcwbj8z24r 0 14672 53266 2026-07-26T11:49:41Z MmaBaggio 11091 #wikipediaBW25 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Dabilo Moses 53266 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dabilo Moses''' ke mmampodi wa Mmabontle wa Motswana yo o emetseng Botswana kwa dikgaisanong tsa mmabontle tsa [[Miss Supranational 2023]] mme o tla emela lefatshe la gagwe kwa [[Miss Universe 2026.]] {{Infobox pageant titleholder|title={{ubl|Miss Independence Botswana 2022<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kgamanyane|first=Nnasaretha|date=7 October 2022|title=Moses hopes to tackle mental health|url=https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/moses-hopes-to-tackle-mental-health/news|url-status=live|access-date=5 February 2026|website=[[Mmegi]]|language=en|archive-date=9 October 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221009100234/https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/moses-hopes-to-tackle-mental-health/news}}</ref>|[[Miss Botswana#Miss Supranational Botswana|Miss Supranational Botswana]] 2023|[[Miss Universe Botswana]] 2026}}|nationalcompetition={{ubl|[[Miss Botswana]] 2021|(Top 16)|Miss Supranational Botswana 2023|(Winner)|[[Miss Supranational 2023]]|(Top 24)|Miss Universe Botswana 2025|(1st Runner-Up)|[[Miss Universe 2026]]|({{abbr|TBD|To be determined}})}}|alma_mater=[[Limkokwing University of Creative Technology]]|birth_place=[[Tutume]], Botswana}} == Botshelo jwa gagwe jwa pele == Dabilo Moses o belegetswe kwa Tutume mme a golela kwa [[Gaborone]], Botswana, mme o tswa kwa [[Maitengwe]] kwa bokone jwa Botswana.<ref>Motsumi, Gosego (20 April 2023). [https://www.thegazette.news/lifestyle/dabilo-moses-is-bws-first-miss-supranational/ "Dabilo Moses Is BW's First Miss Supranational"]. ''[[:en:The_Botswana_Gazette|The Botswana Gazette]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20251107150346/https://www.thegazette.news/lifestyle/dabilo-moses-is-bws-first-miss-supranational/ Archived] from the original on 7 November 2025. Retrieved 5 February 2026.</ref><ref name=":0">[https://www.botswanayouth.com/20-things-you-should-know-about-dabilo-moses/ 20 Things You Should Know About Dabilo Moses"]. ''Botswana Youth''. 30 November 2024. [https://web.archive.org/web/20260103041718/https://www.botswanayouth.com/20-things-you-should-know-about-dabilo-moses/ Archived] from the original on 3 January 2026. Retrieved 5 February 2026.</ref> O ithutela dithuto tsa Bachelor of Arts (Honours) mo go tsa kgaso le bobegadikgang kwa [[Limkokwing University of Creative Technology]] kwa Gaborone. <ref name=":0" /> == Mma Bontle == === Miss Botswana === Moses o ne a gaisana mo kgaisanong ya Miss Botswana tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe, mme a fitlha mo go ba ba lesome le borataro ba ba kwa godimo. Moragonyana o ne a tsenela kgaisano ya Miss Botswana tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano, mme a se ka a nna mo go ba ba masome a mabedi le botlhano ba ba kwa godimo. <ref>[https://www.botswanayouth.com/dabilo-moses-emerging-as-the-peoples-choice-for-miss-botswana-2025/ "Dabilo Moses Emerging as the People's Choice for Miss Botswana 2025".] ''Botswana Youth''. 29 November 2024. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250804022525/https://www.botswanayouth.com/dabilo-moses-emerging-as-the-peoples-choice-for-miss-botswana-2025/ Archived] from the original on 4 August 2025. Retrieved 5 February 2026.</ref><ref>[https://www.botswanayouth.com/10-contradictions-from-the-dabilo-moses-miss-botswana-drama/ 10 Contradictions From the Dabilo Moses & Miss Botswana Drama".] ''Botswana Youth''. 30 November 2024. [https://web.archive.org/web/20251228052513/https://www.botswanayouth.com/10-contradictions-from-the-dabilo-moses-miss-botswana-drama/ Archived] from the original on 28 December 2025. Retrieved 5 February 2026.</ref><ref>[https://www.botswanayouth.com/dabilo-moses-addresses-miss-botswana-drama-a-good-soul-cant-be-brought-down/ "Dabilo Moses Addresses Miss Botswana Drama: "A Good Soul Can't Be Brought Down"".] ''Botswana Youth''. 2 December 2024. [https://web.archive.org/web/20251012210303/https://www.botswanayouth.com/dabilo-moses-addresses-miss-botswana-drama-a-good-soul-cant-be-brought-down/ Archived] from the original on 12 October 2025. Retrieved 5 February 2026.</ref><ref>[https://www.botswanayouth.com/dabilo-moses-miss-botswana-is-rigged-they-have-a-favorite-they-want-to-win/ "Dabilo Moses: "Miss Botswana is Rigged, They Have a Favorite Contestant They Want to Win""]. ''Botswana Youth''. 5 December 2024. [https://web.archive.org/web/20251012210303/https://www.botswanayouth.com/dabilo-moses-addresses-miss-botswana-drama-a-good-soul-cant-be-brought-down/ Archived] from the original on 12 October 2025. Retrieved 5 February 2026</ref> === Miss Supranational === Moses o ne a fenya Miss Supranational Botswana tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro, mme a fitlha mo go ba ba masome a mabedi le bone ba ba kwa godimo kwa Miss Supranational ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro. E ne e le mosadi wa ntlha go tswa kwa Botswana go gaisana mo kgaisanong.<ref>Kgamanyane, Nnasaretha (17 April 2023). [https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/moses-is-miss-supranational-botswana-2023-queen/news "Moses is Miss Supranational Botswana 2023 queen".] ''Mmegi''. Archived from the original on 7 February 2025. Retrieved 5 February 2026.</ref><ref>Bracamonte, Earl D.C. (15 July 2025). [https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/2023/07/15/2281267/ecuador-miss-supranational-2023-philippines-pauline-amelinckx-1st-runner-up "Ecuador is Miss Supranational 2023; Philippines' Pauline Amelinckx is 1st runner-up".] ''[[:en:The_Philippine_Star|The Philippine Star]]''. Archived from the original on 29 March 2025. Retrieved 5 February 2026.</ref><ref>Kgamanyane, Nnasaretha (13 May 2024). [https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/former-miss-supranational-botswana-queen-gets-her-haval/news "Former Miss Supranational Botswana queen gets her Haval".] ''Mmegi''. Archived from the original on 24 May 2024. Retrieved 5 February 2026</ref><ref>Mokgwathi, Leungo (24 April 2023). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250915190735/https://thevoicebw.com/all-hail-the-queen/ "All hail the queen"]. ''[[:en:The_Voice_(Botswana)|The Voice]]''. Archived from the original on 15 September 2025. Retrieved 5 February 2026.</ref> === Miss Universe === Moses e ne e le mmampodi wa ntlha kwa Miss Universe Botswana ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano.<ref>Shabani, Thamani (1 September 2025). [https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/88410 "Andries new Miss Universe Botswana".] ''[[:en:Daily_News_Botswana|Daily News Botswana]]''. Archived from the original on 4 September 2025. Retrieved 5 February 2026.</ref> O ne a tlhophiwa jaaka Miss Universe Botswana ngwaga wa dikete tse pedile masome a mabedi le borataro ke Miss Universe Botswana Organization.<ref>Motsumi, Gosego (4 February 2026). [https://www.thegazette.news/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/04-FEBRUARY-2026.pdf "A new format, a new tempo"] (PDF). ''The Botswana Gazette''. p.&nbsp;22. Retrieved 5 February 2026.</ref>O tla emela Botswana kwa kgaisanong ya Miss Universe wa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, e e rulaganyeditsweng go tshwarwa ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le borataro kwa [[San Juan]], Puerto Rico.<ref>[https://www.missuniverse.com/press-releases/miss-universe-press-release-11/ Puerto Rico to Host the 75th Anniversary of Miss Universe in November 2026"]. ''[[:en:Miss_Universe|Miss Universe]]''. 23 September 2025. Archived from the original on 5 December 2025. Retrieved 5 February 2026.</ref><ref>[https://www.metro.pr/entretenimiento/2025/09/23/miss-universe-2026-se-llevara-a-cabo-en-puerto-rico/ "Miss Universe 2026 se llevará a cabo en Puerto Rico" &#x5B;Miss Universe 2026 will be held in Puerto Rico&#x5D;]. ''Metro Puerto Rico'' (in Spanish). 23 September 2025. Archived from the original on 23 September 2025. Retrieved 5 February 2026.</ref> == Metswedi == k5i66ai1rou6x4jl94aqwe10qyr2vfw